XAVERIAN  BROTHERS'  LIBRARY 

BALTIMORE,  MD. 


Case 


No. 


■  / 

4 


GENERAL  GAZETTEER  IMPROVED; 

OR,  A  NEW  AND  COMPENDIOUS 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY; 

CONTAINING 

A  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE 

EMPIRES,  KINGDOMS,  STATES,  PROVINCES,  CITIES 
TOWNS,  FORTS,  SEAS,  HARBOURS,  RIVERS, 
LAKES,  MOUNTAINS,  CAPES,  &c. 

W    IN  THE 

KNOWN  WORLD ; 

WITH  THE 

GOVERNMENT,  CUSTOMS,  MANNERS,  AND  RELIGION 
OF  THE  INHABITANTS  ; 

The  Ixtent,  Boundaries,  and  Natural  Productions  of  each  Country  ;  the  Trade, 
M  lufactures,  and  Curiosities  of  the  Cities  and  Towns  ;  their  Longitude,  Lati- 
tu Bearings  and  Distances  in  English  Miles,  from  remarkable  places  ;  and 
th  various  events  by  which  they  have  been  distinguished  : 

INCLUDING 

A  *)|TAIL  OF  THE  COUNTIES,  CITIES,  BOROUGHS,  MARKET-TOWNS,  AND 
PRINCIPAL  VILLAGES,  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND: 

TOGETHER  WITH 

succinct  Account  of,  at  least,  one  thousand  Cities,  Towns,  and  Villages  in 
the  United  States,  more  than  has  appeared  in  any  foreign  Edition  of  the  same 
Work;  in 'which  the  numerous  mistakes  and  deficiencies  of  European  Gazet- 
teers, respecting  this  country,  are  corrected  and  supplied. 

ILLUSTRATED  BY  EIGHT  MAPS,  NEATLY  EXECUTED 


ORIGINALLY  WRITTEN 

BY  R.  BROOKES,  M.  D. 


THE  SECOND  AMERICAN  EDITION,  FROM  THE  LATEST  EUROPEAN, 
WITH  GREAT  ADDITIONS  ASD'iMPRO  VEME.VTS  IN  EVERY  PARI. 

PUBLISHED 
BY  JOHNSON  AND  WARNER,  PHILADELPHIA. 
AND  RICHMOND,  VIRGINIA. 


1812. 


DISTRICT  OF  PENjYS  YL  VANIA,  ss. 

********  gE  IT  remembered,  That  on  the  twentieth  day  of 

*  L  S.  J  February,  in  the  thirtieth  year  of  the  Independence  of 
*##****!  the  United  States  of  America,  A.  D.  1806.  Jacob  John- 
son Sc  Co  of  the  said  district,  have  deposited  in  this  office 

the  Title  of  a  Book,  the  right  whereof  they  claim  as  Proprietors,  in  the 

words  following,  to  wit : 

"  Brookes's  General  Gazetteer  Improved  ;  or,  a  new  and  compendious 
"  Geographical  Dictionary,  containing  a  description  of  the  Empires,  King- 
"  doms.  States,  Provinces,  Cities,  Towns,  forts,  Seas,  Harbours,  Rivers, 
"  Lakes,  Mountains,  Capes,  Sec.  in  the  known  World.  W  ith  the  Govcrn- 
"  ment,  Customs,  Manners,  and  Religion  of  the  Inhabitants  ;  the  Extent, 
"  Boundaries  and  natural  Productions  of  each  Country  ;  the  T^afle  Ma- 
"  nufactures,  and  Curiosities  of  the  Cities  and  Towns;  their  Longitude, 
"  Latitude,  Bearings  and  Distances  in  English  miles,  from  remarkable 
"  places;  and  the  various  events  by  which  they  have  been  distinguished. 
6<  Including  a  detail  of  the  Counties,  Cities,  Boroughs,  Market-towns,  and 
«  principal  Villages,  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  :  together  with  a  succinct 
«  Account  of,  at  least,  seven  hundred  Cities,  Towns  and  villages  in  the  Jnit- 
"  ed  States,  more  than  has  appeared  in  any  preceding  Edition  otthesame 
"  Work  ;  in  which  the  numerous- mistakes  and  deficiencies  of  European 
"  Gazetteers,  respecting  this  country,  are  corrected  and  supplied,  tllus- 
"  trated  by  Eight  Maps,  neatly  executed.     Originally  written  y  R. 
"  Brookes,  M.  D.    The  first  American  Edition  from  the  latest  ^uro 
"  pean,  with  great  additions  and  improvements  in  every  part." 

In  Conformity  to  an  Act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  en- 
titled, "  An  Act  for  the  Encouragement  of  Learning,  by  securim  the 
Copies  of  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books,  to  the  Authors  and  Proprietcs  01 
such  Copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned."  And  also  to  the\ct. 
entitled,  "  An  Act  Supplementary  to  an  Act,  entitled,  An  Act  foithe 
Encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  Copies  of  Maps,  Chartsand 
Books  to  the  Authors  and  Proprietors  of  such  Copies  during  the  tnes 
therein  mentioned ;"  and  extending  the  Benefits  thereof  to  the  Ar  of 
designing,  engraving,  and  etching  historical  and  other  Prints." 

D.  CALDWELL,  Clerk  of  t} 
District  of  Penn sylvan  $ 


\ 


ADVERTISEMENT  TO  THE  TWELFTH  EDITION". 

THIS  edition  has  been  carefully  revised  and  corrected ;  and  besides 
considerable  improvements  which  have  been  introduced  in  former  edi- 
tions of  this  Gazetteer,  the  publishers  have  availed  themselves  of  all  the 
latest  and  most  approved  publications,  which  could  be  of  any  utility  in 
the  compilation  of  this  work.  Park's  Travels  into  Africa  have  been  con- 
sulted, and  the  alterations  introduced  by  that  traveller  into  the  geography 
of  Africa  have  been  particularly  attended  to ;  the  late  Embassy  to  Ava, 
and  Journey  to  Thibet,  have  been  carefully  perused,  and  several  altera- 
tions in  the  Geography  of  these  countries  have  been  introduced,  besides 
the  names  of  several  towns  and  other  topographical  corrections.  No  pains 
have  been  spared  to  render  this  edition  as  correct  as  possible,  and  every 
publication  has  been  consulted  by  the  publishers,  from  which  new  geo- 
graphical information  could  be  obtained.  The  very  material  changes 
which  have  been  introduced  in  the  state  of  the  different  kingdoms  of 
Europe  within  these  few  years,  by  the  vicissitudes  of  war,  or  the  still 
more  uncertain  operations  of  internal  tumult,  have  been  particularly  no- 
ticed, and  the  historical  events  have  been  all  brought  down  to  the  pe- 
riod when  the  work  went  to  press  ;  and  the  distances,  longitudes,  and  la- 
titudes have  been  given  with  all  possible  accuracy. 

IN  addition  to  the  improvements  detailed  in  the  foregoing  adver- 
tisement, the  present  edition  being  the  second  of  this  well  known  Gazet- 
teer, that  has  issued  from  the  American  press,  contains  a  description  of  at 
least  one  thousand  principal  towns,  &c.  in  the  United  States  ;  which, 
doubtless,  will  render  it  the  most  valuable  edition  of  the  work  that  has  yet 
appeared.  Am.  Ed. 


3fe 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


TO  ASTRONOMY  AXD  GEOGRAPHY. 


ASTRONOMY,  is  the  science  of  the  celestial  bodies  ;  and  Geogra- 
phy, is  a  description  of  the  Earth.  As  these  two  sciences  have  in  many 
respects,  a  necessary  connection,  we  shall  take  a  cursory  view  of  each. 

OF  ASTRONOMY. 

Astronomy  is  a  science,  which  has  been  the  study  and  admiration  oi 
the  most  remote  ages.  The  true  system  of  the  universe  appears  to  have 
been  known  in  the  earliest  tirres.  Pythagoras  in  particular,  who  flourish- 
ed near  500  years  before  Christ,  was  undoubtedly  acquainted  with  the  pre- 
sent doctrine  of  the  planetary  motions,  which  he  is  supposed  to  have  learn- 
ed during  his  residence  with  some  more  enlightened  nations  in  the  East. 
Hence  this  doctrine,  for  many  ages  was  called  the  Pythagorean  System. 
This  system  supposes  the  Earth  at  rest  in  the  centre  of  the  universe,  and  that 
the  heavens  revolve  round  it  from  east  to  west,  carrying  all  the  celestial 
bodies  along  with  them,  in  t,venty-four  hours.  Being  consonant  to  ap- 
pearances) it  was  adhered  to  for  many  ages,  till  happily  in  the  year  1530, 
the  true  system  was  revived  by  Nicolaus  Copernicus,  a  native  of  Thorn 
in  Western  Prussia. 

OF  THE  SOLAR  SYSTEM. 

As  by  the  universe  is  to  be  understood  the  whole  frame  of  nature,  to  the 
utmost  extent  of  the  creation,  by  the  solar  system  is  meant  that  portion  onh 
of  the  universe  which  comprehends  the  Sun,  planets,  satellites,  and  com 
cts.    Of  this  system  the  Sun  is  the  centre  ;  and  there  are  seven  planet: 
which  revolve  round  him,  each  in  its  path  or  orbit.    The  names  of  these 
planets,  in  the  order  of  their  distance  from  the  Sun,  are  Mercury,  Venus 
the  Earth,  Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  and  the  Georgian.    The  first  two,  be 
cause  they  move  within  the  orbit  of  the  Earth,  are  called  inferior  planets .: 
and  the  last  four,  on  account  of  their  movinp;  without  that  orbit,  are  cal- 
led superior  planets.  $ 


VI 


INTRODUCTION. 


THE  SUN. 

The  Sun,  the  centre  of  our  system,  the  parent  of  the  seasons,  and 
"  great  delegated  source  of  light  and  life,"  is  in  the  form  of  a  spheroid, 
higher  under  the  equator  than  about  the  poles.  His  diameter  is  763-000 
miles,  his  solid  bulk  a  million  of  times  larger  than  the  Earth's;  and  his 
distance  from  the  Earth  is  95,173,  000  miles  This  distance  is  so  prodi- 
gious, that  a  cannon-ball.  v.  hich  moves  at  the  rate  of  about  eight  miles  in 
a  minute,  would  be  something  more  than  twenty-two  years  and  a  half  in  go- 
ing from  the  Earth  to  the  Sun.  A  number  of  maculae,  or  dark  spots,  by 
means  of  a  telescope,  may  be  seen  on  different  parts  of  his  surface.  These 
spots  are  supposed  to  be  immense  excavations  in  the  body  of  the  Sun. 
They  have  a  motion  from  east  to  west ;  and  as  they  are  observed  to  r  ove 
quicker  when  they  are  near  the  central  regions,  it  follows  that  the  Sun 
must  be  a  spherical  body,  and  revolve  on  his  axis.  The  time  in  which  he 
performs  this  revolution  is  twenty -five  days  and  six  hours. 


THE  PLANETS. 


The  planets  are  all  opaque  spherical  bodies,  and  have  no  light  of  then 
own,  but  shine  by  means  of  that  borrowed  light  which  they  receive  from 
the  Sun.  From  the  regular  appearance  antl  disappearance  of  several  re- 
markable dark  spots,  which,  by  means  of  a  telescope,  are  constantly  to 
be  seen  on  their  bodies,  it  may  be  demonstrated,  that  each  has  a  motion 
round  its  axis,  and  from  their  seeming  sometimes  to  be  stationary,  and  at 
other  times  retrograde,  it  is  equally  certain,  they  must  have  a  progressive 
motion  round  the  Sun.  As  the  Earth,  moteover,  is  similar  to  the  other 
six  planets,  it  may  reasonably  be  concluded!  by  analogy,  that  they  must  be 
designed  for  the  same  purposes,  although,  fj-om  their  different  proportions 
of  heat  and  cold,  it  is  not  credible  that  beings  of  our  make  and  tempera- 
ment could  live  upon  ail  of  them.  We  nov  proceed  to  the  consideration 
of  each  planet  in  particular. 

1.  Mercury,  the  nearest  planet  to  the  aim,  revolves  round  that  lumi- 
nary in  about  eighty-seven  days  and  twenty-three  hours,  or  little  less 
than  three  of  our  months,  which  is  the  length  of  his  year.  Being  seldom 
seen,  however,  on  account  of  his  proximity  to  the  Sun,  and  no  spots  ap- 
pearing on  his  disk,  the  time  of  his  rotation  on  his  axis,  or  the  length  of 
his  days  and  nights  is  unknown.  His  distance  from  the  Sun  is  36.841,000 
miles  ;  his  diameter,  3,100  ;ancl  in  his  annual  revolution  round  the  Sun,  he 
moves  at  the  rate  of  105,000  miles  an  hour.  These  calculations,  as  well 
as  those  of  the  other  planets  which  follow,  are  founded  on  astronomical 
observations  made  on  the  transit  of  Venus  over  the  Sun,  in  the  year  1761. 
Mercury  seems,  when  viewed  in  different  positions  with  a  good  telescope, 
to  have  all  the  phases  or  appearances  of  the  Moon,  except  that  he  can, 
at  no  time,  be  seen  entirely  round,  or  quite  full;  because  his  enlightened 
side  is  never  turned  directly  toward  us,  but  when  he  is  so  near  the  Sun 
as  to  be  hid  in  his  beams. 

2.  Venus,  which  is  the  brightest,  and  in  appearance  the  largest,  of  all 
the  planets,  is  the  next  beyond  Mercury.  She  is  68,891,000  miles  from 
the  Sun,  and,  by  moving  at  the  rate  of  76,000  miles  an  hour,  completes 
her  annual  revolution  in  224  days  and  seventeen  hours,  or  about  seven 


INTRODUCTION. 


vii 


months  and  a  half.  Her  diameter  is  7,360  miles,  and  her  diurnal  rotation 
on  her  axis  is  performed  in  twenty-four  days  and  eight  hours.  When  this 
planet  appears  to  the  west  of  the  Sun,  she  rises  before  him  in  the  morning, 
and  is  called  the  morning  star;  and  when  she  appears  to  the  east  of  that 
luminary,  she  shines  to  the  evening,  and  is  called  the  evening  star.  She 
is  in  each  situation,  alternately,  for  about  290  days  ;  and  during  the  whole 
of  her  revolution,  appears,  through  a  telescope,  to  have  the  various  pha- 
ses of  the  Moon. 

5.  The  Earth,  the  next  planet  beyond  Venus,  is  95,173,000  miles 
distant  from  the  Sun,  and  by  travelling  at  the  rate  of  58,000  miles  an  hour, 
performs  its  annual  revolution  in  in  365  days,  five  hours,  and  49  minutes, 
which  is  the  space  of  our  year.  This  motion,  although  120  times  swifter 
than  that  of  a  cannon  ball,  is  little  more  than  half  the  velocity  of  Mercu- 
ry in  his  orbit.  The  diameter  of  the  Earth  is  7,970  miles  ;  and  as  it 
tarns  round  its  axis  every  twenty-four  hours,  from  west  to  east,  it  occa- 
sions an  apparent  motion  of  all  the  heavenly  bodies  from  east  to  west,  in 
the  same  time.  The  line  which  it  describes  in  its  annual  motion  is  cal- 
led the  ecliptic,  and  in  this  line  it  proceeds  from  west  to  east,  according  to 
the  order  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac.  This  motion  is  the  cause  of  the 
different  seasons  of  spring,  summer,  autumn,  and  winter,  and  consequent- 
ly of  the  different  length  of  day  and  night  in  these  seasons.  The  rotation 
of  the  Earth  on  its  axis  in  twenty-four  hours,  makes  it  day  in  those  parts 
which  are  turned  towards  the  Sun,  and  night  in  the  parts  which  are  turn- 
ed from  him-  It  is  now  received  as  an  incontrovertible  truth,  that  the 
Earth  is  of  a  spherical  figure,  nearly  resembling  that  of  a  globe.  This  is 
evident  from  the  voyages  of  several  celebrated  circumnavigators,  who, 
by  steering  continually  westward,,  arrived  at  length,  at  the  place  whence 
they  departed  ;  which  could  never  have  happened,  had  the  Earth  been  of 
any  other  than  a  spherical  figure.  This  form  is  also  evident  from  the  cir- 
cular appearance  of  the  sea  itself,  and  the  circumstances  which  attend 
large  objects  when  seen  at  a  distance  on  its  surface  ;  for,  when  a  ship  is 
sailing  from  the  shore,  we  first  lose  sight  of  the  hull,  afterward  of  the 
rigging,  and,  at  last,  discern  the  top  of  the  mast  only.  This  is  evidently 
occasioned  by  the  convexity  of  the  water  between  the  eye  and  the  object; 
for,  otherwise,  the  largest  and  most  conspicuous  part  would  be  visibl  -  the 
longest.  Another  proof  of  the  globular  form  of  the  Eatth  is  taken 
from  the  circular  form  of  its  shadow  on  the  face  of  the  Moon,  in  the 
time  of  an  eclipse.  The  unevennesses  on  the  surface  of  the  Earth,  which 
are  caused  by  mountains  and  vallies,  do  not  afford  an  objection  to  its  be- 
ing considered  as  a  circular  body  :  for  the  mosi  lofty  men:. tains  bear  less 
proportion  to  the  vast  magnitude  of  the  Earth,  than  the  small  risings  on 
the  coat  of  an  orange  do  to  the  orange  itself,  or  a  grain  of  sand  to  an  ar- 
tificial globe  of  a  foot  in  diameter.  Accordingly,  we  find,  that  these  tri- 
lling protuberances  occasion  no  irregularities  in  the  shadow  of  the  earth 
during  the  time  of  a  lunar  eclipse.  It  has  been  demonstrated,  however, 
that  the  Earth  is  not  a  perfect  globe.  Sir  Isaac  Newton  found,  by  mathe- 
matical calculations  of  the  action  of  gravity  on  a  revolving  sphere,  that 
the  Earth  must  be  flatted  toward  the  poles;  which  hypothesis  was  fully 
confirmed  by  the  mensuration  of  a  degree  in -"Lapland  ana  France,  from 
which  it  appeared,  that  the  polar  diameter  of  the  Earth  is  to  the  equato- 
rial, as  229  is  to  230;  or,  that  the  regions  of  the  equator  are  elevated 
about  thirty -five  miles  more  than  those  of  the  poles  ;  and  that  the  true  fig- 


■viii 


INTRODUCTION. 


ure  of  the  Earth,  consequently,  was  that  of  an  oblate  spheroid,  or  a  body 
nearly  resembling  an  orange. 

4.  Mars,  the  next  planet  beyond  the  orbit  of  the  Earth,  is  distant  from 
'.he  Sun  1 45,0 14,000  miles.  He  moves  at  the  rate  of  55,000  miles  an 
hour,  and  completes  his  revolution  round  the  Sun  in  little  less  than  two 
of  our  years.  His  diameter  is  5,150  miles;  and  his  diurnal  rotation  on 
bis  axis  is  performed  in  twenty-four  hours  and  thirty-nine  minutes.  He 
sometimes  appears  gibbous,  but  never  horned,  like  the  Moon;  which  evi- 
dently demonstrates,  that  his  orbit  includes  that  of  the  Earth,  and  that  he 
shines  not  by  any  native  light.  This  planet  is  diversified  with  spots  like 
the  Moon  ;  and  from  his  ruddy  and  obscure  appearance,  as  well  as  from 
other  circumstances,  it  is  concluded,  that  his  atmosphere  is  nearly  of  the 
same  density,  with  that  of  the  Earth. 

5  Jupiter,  the  largest  of  all  the  planets,  is  the  next  in  the  system  be- 
yond Mars.  His  distance  from  the  Sun  is  494,990,000  miles.  He  tra- 
vels at  the  rate  of  29,000  miles  an  hour,  and  completes  his  annual  revolu- 
tion in  something  less  than  twelve  of  our  years.  His  diameter  is  94,100 
miles ;  and  by  a  prodigious  rapid  motion  on  his  axis,  he  performs  his  di- 
urnal rotation  in  nine  hours  and  fifty-six  minutes.  The  telescopic  ap- 
pearance of  this  planet  affords  a  vast  field  for  the  curious  inquirer.  It  is 
surrounded  by  several  faint  substances,  resembling  belts  or  bands,  which 
are  parallel  to  the  plane  of  its  orbit.  They  are  not  regular  or  constant 
in  their  appearance  ;  for  sometimes  one  only  is  to  be  seen,  and  sometimes 
five ;  and,  in  the  latter  case,  two,  of  them  have  been  known  to  disappear 
during  the  time  of  observation.  This  planet  is  also  diversified  with  a 
number  of  large  spots,  which  are  on  the  brightest  parts  of  the  surface  ; 
but,  like  the  belts,  they  are  subject  to,  various  mutations,  both  in  their  fi- 
gure and  periods.  His  moons,  or  satellites,  which  are  four  in  number, 
were  discovered  by  Galileo,  in  1610,  soon  after  the  invention  of  the  teles- 
<  ope  ;  but  the  belts  were  not  discovered  till  near  twenty  years  after. 

6.  Saturn,  the  next  planet  beyond  Jupiter,  is  907,956,000  miles  from 
the  Sun  ;  and,  by  travelling  at  the  rate  of  22,000  miles  an  hour,  performs 
Ids  annual  circuit  round  that  luminary  in  about  twenty  nine  and  a  half  of 
our  years.  His  diameter  is  77,990  miles  ;  and  he  is  surrounded  by  belts, 
like  Jupiter,  by  observations  on  which  Dr.  Herschel  determined,  in  Janua^ 
iv  179 4,  that  his  diurnal  rotation  is  performed  in  ten  hours  and  sixteen 
minutes.  Saturn  is  observed  to  be  attended  by  seven  satellites.  Of  these, 
five  were  discovered  in  the  last  century  ;  and  the  other  two  were  first  ob- 
served by  Dr.  Herschel,  in  1783.  A  magnificent  luminous  ring  encom- 
passes this  planet,  at  such  a  distance,  that  several  of  the  stars  may  fre- 
quently  be  seen  between  the  inward  surface  of  the  ring  and  the  body  of 
the  planet  ;  its  distance  from  which  is  equal  to  its  breadth,  which  is  about 
21,000  miles.  This  ring  was  discovered  by  Huygens,  about  the  year 
1655. 

7,  The  Georgian,  the  most  remote  planet  in  our  system,  had  esca- 
ped the  observation  of  every  astronomer  (at  least  as  a  planet)  till  the  13th 

[arch  1781,  when  it  was  seen  by  Dr.  Herschel,  who  gave  it  the  name 
of  Georgwm  Stylus,  as  a  mark  of  respect  to  his  present  majesty,  and  to  con- 
vey an  idea  to  posterity  of  the  time  and  place  of  the  discovery.  Its  dis- 
tance from  the  Sun  is  1,316.455,000  miles,  which  is  nineteen  times  grea- 
ter than  that  of  the  Earth.  Its  diameter  is  55,220  miles  ;  and  it  revolves 
round  the  Sun  at  the  rate  of  7,000  miles  an  hour,  in  about  82  years.  It 
shires  with  a  faint  steady  light,  somewhat  paler  and  fainter  than  Jupiter  ; 


INTRODUCTION. 


but  its  apparent  diameter  being  only  about  four  seconds,  it  can  seldom  be 
seen  plainly  by  the  naked  eye,  but  may  be  easily  discover -d  in  a  clear 
night,  when  above  the  horizon,  by  a  good  telescope.  Six  satellites,  atten- 
ding upon  it  have  since  been  discovered.  \^0Ok'- 


THE  SECONDARY  PLANETS. 


Besides  the  primary  planets,  there  are  eighteen  others,  called  secon- 
dary planets,  satellites,  or  moons,  which  regard  their  primaries  as  the 
centres  of  their  motions,  and  revolve  round  them  in  the  same  manner  as 
those  primaries  do  round  the  Sun  ;  namely,  the  Moon,  which  attends 
our  Earth  ;  the  four  satellites  of  Jupiter;  the  seven  that  belong  to  Sa- 
turn:  and  the  six  that  attend  the  Georgian.  From  the  continual  change 
of  their  phases  or  appearances,  it  is  evident  that  these  also  are  opaque 
bodies,  and  shine  only  by  the  reflection  of  the  light  which  they  receive 
from  the  Sun. 

The  Moon  which  is  the  constant  attendant  ojBBfckglobe,  is  the  most 
conspicuous  of  these  satellites.   She  accompanM^Hpfearth  in  its  annual 

progress  through  the  heavens,  and  revolves  roumflrtcon  tin  u  ally  by  a  dif- 
ferent motion,  in  the  space  of  a  month.  The  diameter  of  the  Moon  is 
2,180  miles;  her  distance  from  the  Earth  240,000  miles;  and,  in  bulk, 
she  is  sixty  times  less  than  the  Earth.  The  rotation  of  the  Moon  on  her 
axis  is  performed  exactly  in  the  same  time  that  she  moves  once  round 
the  Earth,  as  is  evident  from  her  always  presenting  the  same  face  to  us 
during  the  whole  of  her  monthly  revolution.  On  viewing  the  moon 
through  a  telescope,  the  hypothesis  of  planetary  worlds  receives  additi- 
onal confirmation.  Vast  cavities  and  asperites  are  observed  upon  various 
parts  of  her  surface,  exactly  resembling  vallies  and  mountains  :  and  every 
other  appearance  seems  to  indicate,  that  she  is  a  body  of  the  same  nature 
with  the  Earth.  Dr.  Hersche],  the  superiority  of  whose  telescopes  is 
well  known,  has  stated,  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions  for  1787,  his 
observations  on  three  different  volcanoes  in  the  Moon.  Several  astrono- 
mers have  given  exact  maps  of  the  Moon,  with  the  figure  of  every  spot, 
as  it  appears  through  the  best  telescopes,  distinguishing  each  of  them 
by  a  proper  name.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  circumstance:  attending 
the  Moon,  is  the  continual  change  of  figure  to  which  she  is  subject. 
While  that  half  of  her  which  is  toward  the  Sun  is  illumined,  the  other 
half  is  dark  and  invisible.  Hence,  she  disappears  when  she  comes  be- 
tween the  Earth  and  the  Sun,  because  her  dark  side  is  then  towards  us. 
When  she  is  gone  somewhat  forward  we  see  a  little  of  her  enlightened 
side,  which  still  increases  to  our  view  as  she  advances,  until  she  comes 
to  be  opposite  the  Sun,  when  her  entire  enlightened  side  is  toward  the 
Earth,  and  she  appears  with  a  full  illumined  orb,  which  we  call  the  Full 
Moon  ;  her  dark  side  being  then  turned  away  from  the  Earth.  From  the 
full  she  decreases  gradually  as  she  proceeds  through  the  other  haif  of 
her  course;  showing  us  less  and  less  of  her  bright  side,  every  day,  till 
her  next  change  or  conjunction  with  the  Sun,  and  then  she  disappears 
as  teftte*-^    . l'*f?iffi   *:^lwSSfc  ■  '  v  * 


X 


INTRODUCTION. 


THE  COMETS. 


Comets,  arc  solid  opaque  bodies,  of  different  magnitudes,  like  the 
planets.  Their  number  is  unknown  ;  but  they  have  been  found  to  move 
round  the  Sun,  and  to  cross  the  orbits  of  the  planets  in  all  manner  of  di- 
rections: They  are  principally  distinguished  from  the  planets  by  long 
fiery  tails,  which  continually  issue  from  the  side  that  is  furthest  from  the 
Sun.  The  orbits,  in  which  these  vast  bodies  move,  are  exceedingly  long 
ovals,  or  very  eccentric  ellipses,  of  such  amazing  circumferences,  that 
iti  some  parts  of  their  circuit  through  the  heavens,  they  approach  so  near 
the  Sun  as  to  be  almost  vitrified  by  his  heat;  and  then  go  off  again  into 
the  regions  of  infinite  space,  to  such  immense  distances,  as  to  be  totally 
deprived  of  the  light  and  heat  which  the  rest  of  the  planets  receive  from 
that  luminary.  The  paths  which  they  describe,  and  the  laws  to  which 
they  are  subject,  hayebeen  discovered  by  Newton.  Their  revolutions 
are  governed  throudHfet  by  the  same  law,  of  describing  equal  areas  in 
equal  times,  whicl^^^Mfwn  to  regulate  the  motions  of  all  the  other  bo 
dies  in  the  system.^W 


OF  THE  FIXED  STARS. 


What  a  magnificent  idea  of  the  Creator  and  his  works  is  presented  in 
this  account  of  the  solar  system!. In  the  centre  is  placed  the  Sun,  a  stu- 
pendous bo'dy  of  fire,  around  whose  orb,  the  planets,  satellites,  and 
comets,  perform  their  revolutions,  with  an  exactness  and  regularity  which 
must  fill  the  mind  with  the  most  sublime  conceptions  of  their  divine 
origin.  Who  can  contemplate  the  magnitudes  and  distances  of  those  vast 
bodies,  and  not  be  struck  with  the  wonders  of  Omnipotence  ?  But  to  form 
some  idea,  however  imperfect,  of  the  extent  of  the  universe,  and  the 
more  glorious  works  of  creation,  we  must  extend  our  views  to  those  nu- 
merous and  splendid  orbs,  which  are  dispersed  far  beyond  the  bounds  of 
our  solar  system. 

The  fixed  stars  arc  distinguished  from  the  planets  by  being  more  lumi- 
nous, and  by  continually  exhibiting  that  appearance  which  we  call  the 
twinkling  of  the  stars.  But  a  more  remarkable  property  of  the  fixed  stars 
(and  from  which  they  obtain  their  name)  is  their  never  changing  their  si- 
tuation with  regard  to  each  other,  as  the  planets  do;  for  although  the  ro- 
tation of  the  Earth,  on  its  axis,  occasions  an  apparent  diurnal  motion  of 
the  whole  frame  of  the  heavens,  in  a  contrary  direction,  yet  any  two  fixed 
stars  being  observed,  at  distant  intervals  of  time,  will  always  be  found  to 
preserve  the  same  relative  position  during  the  whole  of  this  revolution. 

The  stars  which  are  the  nearest  to  us  seem  the  largest,  and  are  there- 
fore called  stars  of  the  fr.-st  magnitude,  and  soon  as  far  as  the  sixth,  which 
includes  all  the  stars  that  are  visible  without  a  telescope  ,  and  since  the 
invention  of  that  instrument,  their  number  is  considered  as  immense. 
But  the  immensity  of  their  number  is  not  alone  worthy  of  admiration ; 
their  immense  distance  from  us,  and  from  each  other,  must  equally  exalt 


1 


INTRODUCTION. 


xi 


mr  ideas  of  the  wonders  of  Omnipotence,  and  the  inconceivable  extent 
of  the  creation.  The  nearest  star  to  us,  or  that  supposed  to  be  such  from 
being  the  largest  in  appearance,  is  Sirius,  or  the  dog-star ;  its  distance 
from  the  Sun  is  computed  to  be  above  32  millions  of  millions  of  miles, 
which  is  further  than  a  cannon  ball  would  fly  in  seven  millions  of  years. 

The  stars  being  at  such  immense  distances  from  the  Sun,  cannot  re- 
ceive from  him  so  strong  a  light  as  they  seem  to  possess,  ncr  even  a  de- 
gree of  brightness  sufficient  to  make  them  visible  to  us.  They,  there- 
fore, shine  by  their  own  lustre,  and,  in  this  respect,  are  totally  different 
from  the  planets. 

The  vulgar  and  uninformed  imagine,  that  all  the  stars  were  made  only 
to  give  a  faint  glimmering  light  to  the  inhabitants  of  this  globe,  although 
many  of  these  stars  are  so  far  from  benefiting  us,  that  they  cannot  be  seen 
without  a  telescope ;  and  there  are  innumerable  others  which  the  eye, 
even  by  the  aid  of  that  instrument  can  never  reach.  It  cannot  be  ima- 
gined therefore,  that  the  omnipotent  Creator,  who  acts  with  infinite  wis- 
dom, and  never  acts  in  vain,  should  have  created  so  many  glorious  suns 
fitted  for  so  many  important  purposes,  and  placed  at  such  distances  from 
each  other,  without  suitable  objects  sufficiently  near  them  to  be  benefited 
by  their  influence.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  reasonable  to  conclude,  that 
they  were  created  for  the  same  purposes  with  our  Sun;  to  bestow  light, 
heat,  and  vegetation,  on  a  certain  number  of  planets  revolving  round 
them.  And,  from  analogy  we  may  infer,  that  all  these  innumerable 
systems  are  with  equal  wisdom  contrived  for  the  accommodation  of  ra- 
tional inhabitants;  perhaps  of  still  higher  orders  of  intelligent  beings,  all 
capable,  in  the  different  scales  of  existence,  of  a  perpetual  progression  in 
knowledge  and  virtue,  in  perfection  and  felicity 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  ARTIFICIAL  SPHERE. 


ON  the  convex  part  of  the  terrestrial  globe,  which  is  an  artificial  sphc- 
icaj  body,  is  truly  represented  the  whole  world,  as  it  consists  of  land 
and  water.  The  circumference  of  the  globe  is  divided  into  360  degrees, 
every  degree  containing  60  geographic  miles ;  consequently  the  globe  is 
21,600  such  miles  round:  but  as  60  geographic  miles  are  about  69  miles 
English  measure,  the  circuit  of  the  globe  is  therefore  24,840  English 
miles.  The  circles  represented  on  the  globe  are,  L.The  Equator,  and 
the  circles  parallel  to  it.  2.  The  Meridian,  and  the  rest  of  the  meridinal 
lines.  3.  The  Horizon.  4.  The  Eciiptic.  5.  The  two  Tropics  ;  and  6. 
The  two  Polar  Circles. 

The  Equator,  or  Equinoctial,  is  a  great  circle,  ninety  degrees 
distant  from  the  poles  of  the  world,  and  so  named,  because  it  divides  the 
world  into  two  equal  parts  ;  that  in  which  the  arctic  pole  is  found,  is  cal- 
led the  northern  half ;  and  that  in  which  the  antarctic  pole  is  placed,  is 
the  southern  halff  It  is  divided  into  360  acgrees,  or  180  degrees  east, 


xii 


INTRODUCTION. 


and  the  same  west,  from  the  first  meridian,  which  on  English  globes  par- 
ses through  London ;  and  its  principal  use  is  to  show  the  longitude  of 
any  place,  east  or  west,  from  such  first  meridian.  When  the  Sun  is  in 
this  circle,  there  is  an  equality  of  days  and  nights  all  over  the  world : 

hence  these  points  are  called  the  equinoxes. 

The  Meridian  is  a  great  circle  supposed  to  pass  through  the  poles  of 
the  world  and  those  of  the  horizon,  cutting  the  sphere  into  two  equal 
parts,  the  one  oriental,  and  the  other  occidental.  It  also  passes  through 
the  zenith  and  the  nadir  in  every  place,  and  cuts  the  horizon  at  right  an- 
gles. It  is  called  the  Meridian,  because  it  marks  half  the  space  of  time 
during  which  the  Sun  and  stars  appear  above  the  horizon.  As  there  is 
an  infinite  number  of  zeniths  and  horizons,  the  number  of  Meridians  is 
also  infinite;  for  the  Meridian  its  changed^  as  well  as  the  zenith  and  hori- 
zon every  step  wc  take  toward  the  east  or  west ;  but  if  we  pass  in  a  right 
line  northward  or  southward,  we  still  continue  under  the  same  Meridian, 
though  we  constantly  change  the  zenith  and  horizon.  However,  geogra- 
phers only  reckon  360  Meridians,  which  are  supposed  to  pass  through 
every  degree  of  the  equinoctial.  It  has  been  customary  for  geographers 
to  establish  a  first  Meridian  ;  though  this  is  altogether  arbitrary  ■  Ptolemy 
placed  it  at  the  island  of  Ferro,  which  is  the  most  western  of  the  Cana- 
ries; but  the  common  method,  at  present,  is  for  every  geographer  to 
make  the  Meridian  of  the  capital  of  his  country  the  First  Meridian  ;  and, 
accordingly,  the  longitudes  in  this  Dictionary  are  reckoned  east  or  west 
from  the  Meridian  of  London.  The  use  of  the  brass  Meridian  of  a  globe 
is  to  show  when  it  is  noon  or  midnight  at  the  place  to  which  it  is  applied  ; 
uid  also  to  find  the  latitude  of  places,  north  or  south  from  the  equator. 

The,  Ecliptic  is  a  great  circle  that  cuts  the  equator  obliquely,  and 
represents  that  path  in  the  heavens,  which  the  sun  seems  to  describe  by 
the  Earth's  annual  course  round  it.  It  is  divided  into  12  parts,  called 
signs,  and  each  of  those  into  30  more,  called  degrees,  corresponding  to 
the  12  months  and  the  days  of  the  month. 

The  Horizon  is  a  great  circle,  which  divides  the  world  into  two  equal 
parts  or  hemispheres,  of  which  one  is  superior  and  visible,  and  the  other 
inferior  and  invisible.  When  the  Sun  is  above  this  circle  it  is  then  day, 
and  when  it  is  sunk  18  degrees  beneath  it,  night  then  commences.  This 
circle  is  of  wood,  and  the  brass  meridian  is  inclosed  therein  with  all  the 
rest  of  the  sphere  :  it  is  also  immoveable,  and  on  it  are  marked  the  de- 
grees of  the  12  signs  of  the  ecliptic,  and  the  days  of  the  12  months  of  the 
year. 

The  Tropics  are  two  small  circles  parallel  to  the  equinoctial,  describ- 
ed by  the  first  points  of  the  first  degrees  of  the  signs  termed  Cancer  and 
Capricorn,  that  is,  where  they  touch  the  ecliptic.  They  are  distant  from 
the  equinoctial  very  near  23  degrees  and  a  half.  The  Sun  describes  these 
Tropics  about  the  20th  of  June,  and  the  21st  day  of  December.  When 
he  touehes  the  Tropic  of  Cancer,  he  makes  the  longe'st  day  for  the  in- 
habitants between  the  equator  and  the  north  pole  ;  and  when  he  comes 
to  the  beginning  of  Capricorn,  he  makes  the  longest  day  for  the  people 
between  the  equator  and  the  south  pole.  On  the  contrary,  the  shortest 
day  to  the  former  will  be  when  the  Sun  touches  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn, 
and  to  the  latter  when  he  comes  to  the  Tropic  of  Cancer.  For  this  rea- 
son, those  points  are  called  the  winter  and  the  summer  Tropics,  or  the 
southern  and  northern;  and  they  are  as  it  were  the  two  barriers,  beyond 
which  the  Sun  never  passes,  « 


INTRODUCTION.  xiii 

The  Polar  Circles  are  distinguished  by  the  names  of  the  arctic  and 
antarctic,  or  the  north  and  the  south,  and  are  circles  parallel  to  the  equi- 
noctial. They  are  termed  Polar,  because  they  are  near  the  poles  of  the 
world,  being  only  23  degrees  and  a  half  from  each  pole. 

The  Map,  of  the  World,  at  the  beginning  of  this  book  represents  the 
globe,  taken  out  of  its  horizon,  cut  through,  turned  up  and  squeezed  flat. 
The  circles  bounding  the  projection,  represent  the  brass  meridian;  and 
the  curve  lines  running  across  at  every  10  degrees,  show  the  latitude, 
north  or  south  from  the  equator.  The  top  and  bottom  are  the  north  and 
south  poles  ;  and  the  curve  lines  uniting  them,  are  the  other  meridians 
on  the  globe,  which  are  drawn  at  every  10  degrees  on  the  equator,  and 
show  the  longitude,  east  or  west,  from  the  meridian  of  London.  The 
equator  or  equinoctial  is  the  straight  line  running  across  the  meridians 
exactly  in  the  middle.  The  tropics  and  polar  circles  are  delineated  at 
their  proper  distances  on  each  side  towards  the  north  and  south. 


OF  THE  ZONES. 


The  Zones  are  five  broad  spaces  encompassing  the  globe,  and  are  dis- 
tinguished chiefly  by  the  temperature  of  the  air.  The  torrid  Zone  con- 
tains all  the  space  between  the  two  tropics,  and  is  so  called  from,  its  ex- 
cessive heat,  the  Sun  being  vertical  twice  every  year  to  all  that  inhabit 
it.  This  circle  is  about  47  degrees  broad.  The  two  temperate  Zones 
are  so  called  from  their  lying  between  the  two  extreme  degrees  of  heat 
and  cold,  viz.  between  the  torrid  Zone  and  the  frigid  Zones,  the  one  be- 
ing called  the  Northern  temperate  Zone,  and  the  other  the  Southern 
temperate  Zone.  These  are  both  43  degrees  broad.  Of  the  two  frigid 
Zones,  the  one  encompasses  the  arctic  or  north  pole,  and  extends  to  the 
distance  of  23  degrees  and  a  half  from  it;  and  the  other,  the  antarctic  or 
south  pole,  to  the  same  distance. 


OF  THE  CLIMATES. 


A  Climate  is  a  space  of  the  Earth  comprehended  between  two  parai 
iels,  at  the  end  of  which  the  length  of  the  longest  days  are  increased  half 
an  hour  in  the  summer  season.  The  better  to  understand  this  we  must 
observe,  that  under  the  equator  the  longest  day  is  no  more  than  twelve 
hours,  and  that  In  proportion  as  we  advance  toward  the  polar  circle,  the 
days  of  each  climate  increase  half  an  hour,  till  we  arrive  at  the  polar  cir- 
cles ;  for  then  the  longest  days  consist  of  24  hours.  Thus  there  are  24 
Climates*  in  all,  on  each  side  of  the  equator.  It  is  easy  to  know  in  what 
Climate  a  city  is,  by  observing  the  longest  day ;  as  for  instance,  at  Lon- 
don, where  the  days  are  16  hours  long,  we  need  only  subtract  12  from 
the  number,  and  there  will  remain  four;  then  multiply  this  by  two,  and 
you  will  have  eight,  which  is  the  Climate  of  London,  The  same  may  be 
done  on  any  other  Climate. 


INTRODUCTION. 


OF  THE  POINTS  OF  THE  COMPASS. 


The  Earth  may  be  considered,  with  regard  to  the  four  cardinal  Points, 
which  are  the  north,  south,  east,  and  west ;  and  all  the  points  included 
between  them  may  have  respect  lo  a  particular  place.  By  this  means  we 
know  the  situation  of  the  different  countries  of  the  world,  with  regard  to 
each  other ;  for  some  are  oriental  or  toward  the  east,  with  regard  to 
those  that  are  occidental,  or  lie  westerly  of  them.  Thus  Ireland  is  to  the 
west  of  England,  Poland  is  to  the  east  of  Germany,  and  Africa  is  to  the 
south  of  Europe.  We  may  easily  distinguish  the  points  that  lie  between 
those  that  are  cardinal :  thus,  though  Spain  is  to  the  south  of  France,  yet 
it  likewise  lies  to  the  westward  thereof :  but  as  they  do  not  lie  exactly 
south  or  west  of  each  other,  Spain  may  be  said  to  lie  southwest  of 
France ;  and  for  the  same  reason,  on  the  contrary,  France  will  be  north- 
east with  regard  to  Spain.  The  like  may  be  said  of  any  two  other 
countries. 


OF  THE  TERMS  USED  IN  GEOGRAPHY. 


The  word.  Geography  comes  from  the  Greek,  and  signifies  a  description 
of  the  Earth.  By  the  Earth  is  meant  the  terraqueous  globe  composed  of 
land  and  water,  and  it  is  commonly  called  the  terrestrial  globe.  Choro- 
graphy  is  the  description  of  a  country,  province,  or  county ;  as,  for  in- 
stance, Dorsetshire.  Topography  is  the  description  of  a  particular  place, 
as  a  town  and  the  like.  Hydrography  is  a  description  of  the  water,  such 
as  oceans,  seas,  and  lakes. 

As  the  Earth  may  be  represented  either  in  the  whole,  or  in  part,  it 
forms  the  difference  between  geographical  charts  or  maps,  which,  how- 
ever, may  be  reduced  to  two  kinds ;  namely,  general  and  particular. 
Among  the  former  is  the  map  of  the  world,  or  planisphere,  which  shows 
the  two  surfaces  of  the  whole  terrestrial  globe,  cut  in  two  by  the  meri- 
dian passing  through  the  equinoxes  ;  as  also  the  maps  which  describe 
some  principal  part  of  the  globe  ;  such  as  Europe,  Asia,  or  Africa  :  and 
even  kingdoms ;  as  Sweden,  Spain,  or  Great  Britain.  However,  those 
maps  may  be  called  particular,  which  represent  any  particular  country  ; 
but  they  are  more  properly  such  as  give  an  account  only  of  a  part,  as 
Naples  in  Italy,  Normandy  in  France,  and  Staffordshire  in  England. 

After  all,  nothing  can  givc*a  better  or  more  general  idea  of  the  Earth 
than  a  globe,  because  it  is  of  the  same  shape  and  figure ;  but  as  it  is  im- 
possible to  make  one  large  enough  to  shew  every  part  of  the  land  and 
sea  distinctly,  there  is  a  necessity  of  having  recourse  to  general  and  par- 
ticular maps. 

Geography,  as  well  as  other  arts  and  sciences!  has  terms  proper  to  it- 
self, some  of  which  have  relation  to  the  land,  and  others  to  the  water. 

A  Continent  is  a  large  part  of  land  that  comprehends  several  countries 
not  separated  by  any  sea  :  thus  Europe  is  a  continent. 

hlav.d,  or  Ide,  is  a  portion  of  land  entirely  surrounded  by  water. 


INTRODUCTION. 


xv 


A  Peni?iaula,  or  Chersonesus,  is  a  quantity  of  land  which  is  joined  to  a 
continent  only  by  a  neck  of  the  same,  it  being  every  where  else  encom- 
passed with  water  ;  as  the  peninsula  of  the  Crimea. 

An  Istinnus,  or  neck  of  land,  is  that  part  by  which  a  peninsula  is  joined 
to  the  land ;  as  the  isthmus  of  Suez. 

A  Promontory  is  a  high  part  of  land,  which  projects  into  the  sea,  and 
is  commonly  called  a  Cape,  when  it  appears  like  a  mountain  ;  but  when 
the  advanced  part  has  little  elevation,  it  is  termed  a  Point.  Thus  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  is  a  mountainous  promontory. 

An  Ocean  is  a  large  collection  of  waters  surrounding  a  considerable 
part  of  the  continent ;  such  as  the  Atlantic  and  Northern  Oceans. 

A  Sea  is  a  smaller  collection  of  Waters,  when  understood  in  a  strict 
sense,  as  the  Irish  Sea  ;  but,  in  general,  every  part  of  the  ocean  may  be 
called  the  sea ;  and  it  is  still  more  general,  when  the  terraqueous  globe 
is  said  to  consist  of  land  and  sea. 

A  Channel  is  a  narrow  sea,  confined  between  an  island  and  a  continent, 
or  between  two  islands  ;  as  the  English  Channel,  and  St.  George's 
Channel. 

A  Gulfis  a  part  of  the  sea  surrounded  by  land,  except  in  one  part, 
where  it  communicates  with  the  ocean  ;  as  the  Gulf  of  Bengal,  the  Gulf 
of  Florida  :  and  yet  these  are  more  properly  seas  than  the  Mediterranean, 
the  Baltic,  and  the  Black  Seas,  which  properly  speaking,  are  gulfs,  as 
well  as  the  Gulf  of  Venice.  W-^< 

A  Bay  is  said  to  differ  from  a  gulf  only  in  being  less,  and  more  nar- 
row at  the  entrance  than  within  ;  but  this  is  far  from  being  true  ;  for  a 
bay  has  a  wider  entrance  in  proportion  than  a  gulf,  and  it  may  be  also 
larger  than  some  gulfs ;  as  for  instance,  the  Bay  of  Biscay ;  though  it 
must  be  acknowledged  that  bays  in  general  are  much  smaller,  ♦^V, 

A  Creek  is  a  small  inlet,  and  is  always  much  less  than  a  bay. 

A  Road  is  a  place  upon  any  coast  where  there  is  a  good  anchorage,  and 
where  vessels,  in  some  sense,  are  sheltered  from  the  wind. 

A  Siruit  is  a  narrow  passage  which  joins  two  seas,  two  gulfs,  or  a  sea 
and  a  gulf;  su  Ji  as  the  Sound,  near  the  Baltic  ;  and  the  Straits  of  Gibral- 
tar, between  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

A  Lake  is  a  collection  of  standing  water  surrounded  by  land,  having 
no  visible  conimunication  with  the  sea.  Thus  the  Caspian  Sea  is  truly 
and  properiy  t  lake.  Smaller  hikes  are  those  of  Lagoda,  Geneva,  and 
several  Others.  4  '  ...  ,r 


DESCRIPTION  OF  A  MAP, 


The  top  of  most  modern  Maps  is  considered  as  the  north,  the  bottom  as 
the  south,  the  right  hand  as  the  cast,  and  the  left  hand  as  the  west.  In  old 
Maps,  where  this  rule  is  not  always  strictly  followed,  a  flower  de  luce  is 
generally  placed  on  some  part  of  it,  pointing  toward  the  north,  by  which 
the  other  points  are  easily  known. 

v  n  the  top  of  the  Map,  between  the  marginal  lines,  are  placed  the  se- 
veral figures,  which  show  the  number  of  degrees  of  eastern  or  western 
longitu'.! .  '>f  every  place  that  is  directly  under  those  figures.  At  the  bot- 
tom 0  Maps  are  placed  ti.e  same  figures  as  those  at  the  top  ;  but  in 
Maps  : r      I      sort,  instead  thereof  are  placed  the  number  of  hours  or 


1 


xvi  -INTRODUCTION. 

minutes  every  place  in  it  lies  distant,  east  or  west,  from  its  chief  town  or 
first  meridian.  For  instance,  every  place  which  is  situate  one  degree  east 
of  another,  will  appear  to  have  the  Sun  four  minutes  of  time  before  it ; 
and  any  one  place,  situate  one  degree  west  of  another,  will  appear  to 
have  the  Sun  four  minutes  of  time  after  it.  Again,  a  place  situate  fifteen 
degrees  east  of  us,  as  Naples,  will  appear  to  have  the  Sun  one  complete 
hour  before  us  at  London  ;  and  any  place  situate  fifteen  degrees  west  of 
us,  as  the  island  of  Madeira,  will  appear  to  have  the  Sun  one  hour  after 
us  at  London:14!^!^']!^ 

On  the  right  and  left  hand  of  every  Map,  between  the  marginal  lines, 
are  placed  figures  that  shew  the  number  of  degrees,  either  north  or  south 
latitude  which  every  place  parallel  with  them  is  distant  from  the  equator. 
Thus  London  is  situate  5  1  degrees  30  minutes  of  north  latitude  ;  that  is, 
it  is  so  many  degrees  and  minutes  north  from  the  equator.  Over  most 
Maps  are  drawn  lines  from  the  top  to  the  bottom,  and  from  the  right  hand 
to  the  left ;  those  which  run  from  the  top  to  the  bottom,  are  lines  of  lon- 
gitude, and  those  which  cross  them,  lines  of  latitude  ;  but  these  are  some- 
times omitted,  when  a  Map  is  too  full  to  admit  of  them. 

Kingdoms  or  Provinces,  are  divided  from  each  other  by  a  row  of  single 
points,  and  they  are  often  stained  with  different  colours.  Cities  or  great 
towns  are  made  like  little  houses,  with  a  small  circle  in  the  middle  of 
them;  but  smaller  towns  or  -villages  are  marked  only  with  little  circles. 
Mountains  are  imitated  in  the  form  of  little  rising  hillocks  ;  and  forests 
are  represented  by  a  collection  of  little  trees.  The  names  of  villages  are 
written  in  a  running  hand,  those  of  cities  in  a  Roman  character,  and  those 
of  provinces  in  large  capitals.  The  sea  is  generally  left  as  an  empty  space 
on  the  Map,  except  where  there  are  rocks,  sands,  or  shelves,  currents  of 
water  or  wind.  Rocks  are  sometimes  made  in  Maps  like  little  pointed 
things  sticking  up  sharp  in  the  sea.  Sands  or  shelves  are  denoted  by  a 
great  heap  of  little  points  placed  in  the  shape  of  these  sands,  as  they  have 
been  found  to  lie  in  the  ocean,  by  sounding  the  depths.  Currents  of  water 
are  described  by  several  long  parallel  crooked  strokes,  imitating  a  cur- 
rent. The  course  of  winds  is  represented  by  the  heads  of  arrows  point- 
ing to  the  coast  toward  which  the  wind  blows.  Small  rivers  are  described 
by  a  single  crooked  waving  line,  and  large  rivers  by  such  double  and 
treble  lines  made  strong  and  black.  Bridges  are  distinguished  by  a  double 
lin$  across  the  rivers. 


GENERAL  GAZETTEER: 

OR  COMPENDIOUS 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


A  A  R 

A A,  a  river  of  Dutch  Brabant,  which 
waters  Helmont,  and  falls  into  the 
Dommel,  a  little  above  Bois-le-duc. 

Aa,  a  river  of  the  United  Provinces, 
which  waters  Zwoll,  and  enters  the  VecJp, 
opposite  Hasselt. 

Aa,  a  small  river  of  Germany  in  West- 
phalia, which  rises  near  Minister,  waters 
that  city,  and  falls  into  the  Embs. 

Aa,  a  river  that  rises  in  the  department 
of  Somme  in  France,  becomes  navigable 
near  St.  Omer,  passes  on  to  Gravelines, 
where  it  falls  into  the  German  ocean. 

Aa,  a  river  of  Corn-land,  that  rises  in 
Samojitia,  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Riga. 

Aa,  a  river  of  Swisserland,  which  rises 
in  the  valley  of  Engelberg,  crosses  Under, 
walden,  from  S  to  N,  and  falls'into  the 
Waldstaetter  Sea.  Near  the  abbey  of  En- 
gelberg, it  has  a  noble  cataract. 

Aar,  a  large  river  of  Swisserland, 
which  issues  from  a  lake,  near  Mount 
Saalberg,  in  the  S  of  the  canton  of  Bern, 
and  running  N  W  through  the  whole  ex- 
tent of  the  lakes  of  Brientz  and  Thun  to 
Bern,  takes  a  circuitous  course  to  Sol- 
eure,  whence  it  flows  E  to  Arburg,  and 
N  E  to  Brug,  below  which  it  is  joined  by 


ABA 

the  Reuss  and  Limmar,  and  then  enteTs 
the  Rhine  below  Zurzach.  Gold  dust  is 
found  in  its  bed,  conveyed  to  it  by  the 
river  Emme.  Aar  is  also  the  name  of  a' 
small  island  in  the  Baltic. 

Aarassus,  a  town  of  Pisidia  in  the  Hi- 
ther Asia,  thought  to  be  the  Anassus  of 
Ptolemy. 

Aaronsburg,  a  post  town,  in  Northum- 
berland county,  Pennsylvania ;  situated 
on  the  X  side  of  Penn's  creek,  (a  branch 
of  the  Susquehannah)  about  30  miles  W 
of  Lewisburg,  and  40  of  Northumber- 
land, containing  about  300  inhabitants. 

Aasar,  a  town  of  Palestine  in  the  tribe 
of  Judah,  situate  between  Azotus  and 
Askalon. 

Abacoeva,  a  town  of  Media,  and  ano- 
ther of  Cuna  in  the  Hither  Asia. 

Abacoenum,  a  town  of  Sicily,  whose 
ruins  are  supposed  to  be  those  lying  near 
Trippi. 

Abach  a  market  town  of  Germany  in 
Lower  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube,  seven 
miles  S  W  of  Ratisbon.  It  has  a  citadel, 
and  is  remarkable  for  Roman  antiquities, 
and  some -fine  springs  of  mineral  water. 
Lon.  11  59  E  lat.  48  53  N. 

**C*    1  '  ;.;/- 

■   wt  m  * 


^hbacoochcc,  a  r*ivSflR%»e  Unnxd  StaiS^  *  ,ift«V»-f>i|f 

.  IbFilks,  or 
;  I  shire,  shjJK 


B  E 


which  risc'^Jn  the  State  of  Teni<ja«*<*c 
and,  uni(iB»^TTn^4l1u^Oakt\isJ^€  iu  the 

territory  o^Uie  C  r  e  eklnTfiai  i       irms  the 
Alabaahma.  It  iaTrs%)t<>  Uie~A.tKftiic*re^aff  '  i 

near  the  latitude  of  30  N. 

Abakanskoi,  a  town  of  Siberia,  in  the 
province  of  Tobolsk,  seated  on  the  Janes 
ka.  It  is  provided  with  artillery,  and  ha: 
a  garrison.  Lon.  94  5  E,  lat.  53  5  N. 


e  J\  lilt  on. 
•wood  Castle,  in  Stafford- 
n  a  lofty  round  promon- 


Abalak,  a  town  in  Siberia,  two  miles 
from  Tobolsk ;  famous  for  an  image  of 
the  Virgin,  constantly  visited  by  a  great 
number  of  pilgrims  ;  the  clergy  carry  it 
every  year  in  procession  to  Tobolsk.  Len. 
68  20  E,  lat  58  11  N. 

Abuno,  a  village  five  miles  S  W  of  Pa- 
dua, in  Italy,  famous  for  warm  baths,  in 
one  called  Bagno  di  Fango,  the  patients 
are  covered  with  the  warm  mud,  in  hopes 
of  a  cure. 

Abara,  a  town  in  the  Greater  Armenia, 
under  the  dominion  of  the  Turks. 

Abaraner,  a  town  of  Armenia,  where 
the  archbishop  of  Naksivan  often  resides  : 
he  is  an  Armenian,  and  yet  there  are  300 
Iloman  Catholics  said  to  be  in  this  place. 
It  is  20  miles  N  of  Naksivan.  Lon.  63  59 
E,  lat  39  0  N. 

Abascia,  or  Abcas,  a  country  in  Asia, 
tributary  to  the  Turks,  situated  on  the 
coast  ot  the  black  sea.  The  people  are 
poor,  thievish  and  treacherous.  Their 
commodities  are  furs,  buck  and  tiger 
skins,  linen  yarn,  box-wood,  and  bees- 
wax ;  but  their  greatest  traffic  is  in  sel- 
ling their  own  children,  and  even  one 
ano.her  to  the  Turks. 

AbusLaja,  a  town  of  Siberia,  on  the  ri- 
ver Isehim.  The  church  is  surrounded  by 
a  rampart  and  palisades,  and  garrisoned 
by  dragoons.   Lon.  69  5  E,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Abasias,  a  town  of  Uie  Greater  Phrygia 
in  Asia.-  ■  ^. 

Abbeville,  the  principal  town  of  Abbe 
ville  county,  South  Carolina :  seated  or: 
the  N  W  side  of  St.  John's  creek,  25  miles 
N  W  of  Cambridge,  120  W  of  Columbia, 
and  229  N  \V  of  Charleston.  Here  is  ; 
post  office,  and  the  seat  of  the  county 
courts.  The  county  contains  about  15>000 
inhabitants. 

Abbeville,  a  town  of  France,'  in  the  de- 
partment of  Somme  and  late  province  of 
Picardy,  seated  in  a  pleasant  valley,  where 
the  Somn.e  divides  into  several  branches, 
and  separates  the  town  into  two  parts.  A 
manufacture  of  woollen  cloth  was  set  up 
here  in  1665;  they  also  make  sail-clotl., 
coarse  linen,  and  black  and  green  so. ti- 
lt is  52  miles  b  of  Calais,  and  80  N  by  AY 
of  Paris.  Lon.  1  55  E,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Abbey  Boyle.  See  Boyle. 

Abben  Holm.  See  Holm. 


toj^-!fficla<steep  ridge* of  hills  (conjec- 
•,!;-u.tL*6*ffi\  e  been  one  continued  fortifi- 
cation, and  a  work  of  the  ancient  Britons) 
seven  miles  from  Wolverhampton. 

Abbots- 11  vomley,  called  also  Pagetes- 
Jiromley,  a  town  of  Staffordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday-  It  is  six  miles  E  of 
Stafford,  and  129  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  53  W,  lat.  52  51  N. 

Abbotsbury,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire, 
where  there  is  a  famous  swannery.  It  has 
a  market  on  Thursday,  and  is  seven  miles 
S  W  of  Dorchester,  and  127  VV  by'S  of 
London.  Lon.  2  42  W,  lat.  50  38  N. 

Abbots- Langley,  a  village  m  Herts,  four 
miles  S  W  of  St.  Alban's,  famous  for  be- 
ing the  birth-place  of  Nicholas  Break- 
speare,  who,  under  the  name  of  Adrian 
IV.  was  the  only  Englishman  that  ever 
became  pope. 

Abbottstovin,  a  post  town  in  York  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  seven  miles  N  of  Hano- 
ver, 18  S  W  of  York  (the  county  town) 
and  93  N  of  the  city  of  Washington 

Abbotstoivn,  a  town  in  Kennebeck  coun- 
ty and  district  of  Maine,  containing  about 
100  inhabitants. 

Abenvadc,  a  town  of  Denmark  in  Sles 
wick,  in  a  territory  of  its  own  name.  It 
is  a  flourishing  place,  and  seated  on  a 
spacious  bay  of  the  Baltic,  surrounded  on 
three  sides  by  high  mountains.  Lon.  9  14 
E,  lat.  55  6  N. 

Abensburg;  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  on  the  river  Abens,  near 
he  Danube,  15  mileir  S  W  of  Ratisbon. 
Lon.  11  55  E,  lat.  48  46  N. 

Aberavon,  a  town  of  Glamorganshire, 
staied  at  the  mouth  of  the  Avon,  19  miles 
X  W  of  Co  vv  bridge,  and  195  W  of  Lon- 
vion.  Lon.  3  48  W.  lat  51  35  N. 

Aberbrot/nvick,  or  Arbroath,  a  noyal  bo- 
rough of  Angushire.  It  is  a  flourishing 
place,  well  built  and  still  increasing.  The 
own  has  been  in  an  improving  state  for 
the  last  40  years,  and  the  number  of  in- 
habitants has  greatly  augmented;  which 
is  owing  to  the  introduction  of  manufac- 
tures. The  inhabitants  principally  consist 
>f  weavers  of  Osnaburghs  and  sailcloth  ; 
ahi  rs  are  employed  in  white  and  colour- 
ed threads.  The  glory  of  this  place  was 
the  abbey,  whose  stupendous  and  mag- 
nificent ruins  give  some  idea  of  its  former 
magnificence.  It  was  founded  in  117b,  by 
W  illiam  the  Lion,  and  dedicated  to  the 
.  clebrated  Thomas  a  Becket.  It  is  15 
miles  N  E  of  St.  Andrews,  and  40  N  N  E 
ot  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  39  W,  lat.  56  36  N. 

Aberdeen.  Old.,  a  city  in  Aberdeenshire, 
about  a  mile  to  the  north  of  the  new,  at 


ABE 


A  B  I 


the  mouth  of  the  river  Don,  over  which 
is  a  fine  Gothic  bridge  of  a  single  arch 
greatly  admired,  which  rests  at  both 
sides  on  two  rocks.  The  old  town  was 
the  seat  of  the  bishop,  and  had  a  large 
cathedral,  commonly  called  St.  Machers. 
Two  very  antique  spires  and  one  aisle, 
which  is  used  as  a  church,  arc  now  the 
only  remains  of  it.  But  the  capital  build- 
ing is  the  King's-college,  on  the  soinh 
side  of  the  town,  which  is  a  large  and 
stately  fabric.  It  is  built  round  a  square 
with  cloisters  on  the  S  side.  The  chapel 
is  very  ruinous  within  ;  but  there  still  re- 
mains some  woodwork  of  exquisite  work- 
manship. 

Aberdeen,  New,  a  handsome  city  in 
Aberdeenshire,  for  largeness,  trade,  and 
beauty  it  greatly  exceeds  any  town  in  the 
north  of  Scotland.  It  is  built  on  a  rising- 
ground,  and  lies  on  a  small  bay  formed 
by  the  Dee,  over  which  about  two  miles 
from  the  town  is  an  elegant  bridge  of 
seven  arches.  The  buildings,  which  are 
of  granite  from  the  neighbouring  quar- 
ries, are  generally  four  stories  high,  and 
have  for  the  most  part  gardens  behind 
them,  which  give  it  a  beautiful  appear- 
ance. On  the  high  street  is  a  large  church, 
which  formerly  belonged  to  the  Francis- 
cans. In  the  middle  of  Castle  street  is  an 
octagon  building  with  neat  bas  relievos 
of  the  kings  of  Scotland  from  James  I.  to 
James  Vll.  The  town-house  makes  a 
good  figure,  and  has  a  handsome  spire  in 
the  centre.  The  grammar  school  is  a  low 
but  neat  building.  Gordon's  hospital  is 
handsome  ;  in  front  is  a  good  statue  of 
the  founder ;  it  maintains  40  boys,  who 
arc  apprenticed  at  proper  ages.  The  in- 
firmary is  a  large  plain  building,  and 
sends  out  between  8  and  900  cured  pa- 
tients annuall; .  But  the  chief  public  build- 
ing in  the  new  town  is  the  Marischal  col- 
lege, founded  by  earl  Marischal  in  1593. 
In  both  colleges  the  languages,  mathe- 
matics, natural  philosophy,  divinity,  fee. 
are  taught  by  very  able  professors.  The 
harbour,  which  was  formerly  w  ry  dan- 
gerous, is  defended  by  a  pier,  erected 
some  y,  ars  ago  ;  this  pier  is  1200  feet  in 
length,  and  gradually  increases  in  height 
and  thickness,  as  it  appro  tches  the  sea, 
where  the  head  or  rounding  is  60  feet 
diameter  at  the  base,  and  the  perpendi- 
cular elevation  is  38  feet.  It  was  built  un- 
der the  direction  of  Mr.  Smeaton,  and 
cost  upwards  of  17,0001.  Beside  the  coast- 
ing trade,  vessels  are  sent  hence  to  Nor- 
way, Holland,  Portugal,  Sweden,  -Spain, 
and  Italy,  and  to  tiie  northern  states  o! 
Europe.  The  principal  manufacture  is 
stockings.    The  thread  manufacture  is 


likewise  carried  to  great  perfection.  A 
manufactory  of  sailcloth  and  Osnaburghs 
has  lately  been  established.  They  have 
likewise  excellent  salmon  fisheries.  The 
number  of  inhabitant?  in  Old  and  New 
Aberdeen,  and  the  suburbs,  is  estimated 
at  25,000.  Aberdeen  is  84  miles  N  W  of 
Edinburgh.  Lon.  1  50  W,  lat.  57  6  N. 

Aberdeensldre,  a  county  of  Scotland 
bounded  on  the  N  W  of  BamfFshire  and 
the  river  Deveron  ;  on  the  N  and  N  E  by 
the  German  Ocean  ;  on  the  S  by  1he  coun- 
ties of  Kincardine,  Angus,  and  Perth  ; 
and  on  the  W  by  Invernesshire.  Its 
length,  from  N  E  to  S  W,  is  80  miles  ; 
its  breadth  not  quite  30.  The  N  E  part, 
extending  toward  the  river  Ythan,  is  cal- 
led Buchan.  There  is  much  excellent  pas- 
ture in  the  high  parts  ;  and  the  level 
tract,  called  Strath  bogie,  contains  many 
well  cultivated  fields. 

Aberdour,  a  village  in  Fifeshire,  on  the 
N  coast  of  the  frith  of  Forth,  about  12 
miles  from  Edinburgh. 
.  Aberford,  or  Aberforth,  a  town  in  the 
W  riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on 
Wednesday,  for  horses,  &c.  It  is  16  miles 
S.W  of  York,  and  184  N  N  W  of  London 
Lon.  1  21  W,  lat.  53  50  N. 

Aberfraw,  a  village  in  the  isle  of  Angle- 
sey, formerly  a  place  of  great  account, 
the  princes  of  N  Wales  having  then  a 
palace  here.  It  is  six  miles  N  \V  of  New- 
burgh. 

Abergavenny,  a  populous  well  built 
town  in  Monmouthshire,  containing  about 
500  houses,  with  two  parish  churches, 
and  an  old  castle.  It  has  a  market  on 
Tuesday  and  Friday,  and  is  16  miles  W 
of  Monmouth,  and  143  \V  bv  N  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  .3  5  W,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Abernethy,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Stra- 
thern  on  the  river  Tay,  formerly  the  seat 
of  the  Pictish  kings,  and  afterward  the 
see  of  an  archbishop. 

Abevystivitk,  a  small  town  in  Cardigan- 
shire, on  the  Itiddal,  near  its  confluence, 
with  the  Istwith,  where  it  falls  into  Car- 
digan Bay.  The  market,  on  Monday,  is 
considerable.  It  is  30  miles  N  E  of  Car- 
digan, and  203  W  N  \V  of  London.  Lon, 
4  0  W,  lat,  52  25  N. 

Abex,  a  country  of  \frica,  on  tin  Red 
Sea,  which  bounds  it  on  the  E  ;  Abyssinia 
and  Nubia  lie  on  the  W  ;  Eg)  pt  on  the 
N  ;  and  the  coast  of  Ajan  to  the  S.  The 
principal  towns  are  Ei  ucco  and  Suaqitam 
which  is  the  capital.  It  is  very  sandy  and 
barren,  being  desatuie  of  water.  The 
inhabitants  are  Mahometans. 

Ab'tud,  a  town  on  the  coast  of  Abex,  on 
a  high  mountain,  and  reiruakable  for  its 
trade  in  ebony  and  aromatic  plants. 


J 


ABL 


A  B  R 


Abiagrasso,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  seat- 
ed on  a  canal,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan 
Lon.  9  24  E,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Abingdon,  a  town  in  Tk-uks,  on  the 
Thames,  with  a  market  on  Monday  and 
Friday.  The  assizes,  sessions,  and  other 
county  meetings,  are  often  held  here.  It 
has  a  handsome  townhall  for  the  assizes, 
&c,  and  two  churches.  The  town  consists 
of  several  well  built  streets,  which  centre 
in  a  spacious  corn-market;  and  great 
quantities  of  malt  are  made  here,  and 
sent  in  barges  to  London.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  six  miles 
and  a  half  S  of  Oxford,  and  56  \V  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  1  12  W?  lat.  51  42  N. 

Abingdon,  a  post  town,  and  the  princi- 
pal seat  of  justice  in  Washington  county, 
Virginia ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of  IIol- 
stein  river,  58  miles  S  W  of  ♦Wythe  court- 
house, 300  W  )f  Richmond  the  capitaL  of 
the  state,  and  24  N  E  of  Blountsville  in 
Tennessee,  and  408  S  W  of  Washington. 

Abingdon,  a  town  in  Hartford,  state  of 
Maryland,  of  inconsiderable  size,  con- 
taining above  300  inhabitants.  Here  is  a 
college  established  by  the  Methodists, 
and  a  meeting  house  belonging  to  tke 
same  society. 

Abingdon,  a  township  in  Plymouth  coun- 
ty and  state  of  Massachusetts.  It  is  a  lit- 
tle more  than  20  miles  S  E  of  Boston  and 
contains  about  1800  inhabitants. 

Abingdon,  a  township  in  the  county  of 
Montgomery  and  state  of  Pennsylvania, 
containing  about  1200  inhabitants.  The 
principal  village  is  Jenkinstown  where  a 
post-office  is  kept,  11  miles  N  from  Phila- 
delphia. 

Abiid,  a  town  of  Beira  in  Portugal,  con- 
taining upwards  of  1300  inhabitants.  Lon. 
7  10  W,  lat.  40  20  N. 

Abkhas,  one  of  the  seven  nations  in  the 
countries  comprehended  between  the 
Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian.  Their  prin- 
cipal and  most  ancient  establishments  are 
on  the  southern  slope  of  the  mountains 
comprehended  between  the  river  Cuban 
and  the  Black  Sea.  They  are  tributary 
to  the  Turks,  and  are  divided  into  two 
governments,  the  western  and  the  east- 
ern :  each  subject  to  a  bashaw,  commonly 
chosen  out  of  the  principal  native  fami- 
lies ;  one  of  whom  resides  at  Sbtchufckale, 
and  the  other  at  Soghumkale.  The  Abk- 
has speak  an  original  language,  essen- 
tially different  from  all  the  known  lan- 
guages, though  appearing  to  have  a  very 
remote  affinity  to  that  of  the  Circassians. 
They  have,  at  present,  very  little  religion, 
although  they  still  preserve  some  traces 
of  Christianity.  Their  capital  is  Anacopir 
formerly  Nicopsis. 

Ablaij,  a  country  in  Great  Tartary,  sub- 


ject to  the  Russians  :  but  their  chief  is  a 
Calmuck  prince.  Lon.  from  72  to  83  E, 
lat.  51  to  54  N. 

Abloe,  a  town  in  Little  Tartary,  be- 
tween  the  river  Dnieper,  and  the  Black 
Sea.  Lon.  33  15  E,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Abnakis,  a  savage  people  of  North  A- 
merica,  between  New  England  and  Ca- 
nada. They  hate  labour,  and  could  never 
be  brought  to  cultivate  the  ground. 

Abo,  a  seaport,  the  capital  of  Swedish 
Finland,  on  the  point  where  the  gulphs 
of  Bothnia  and  Finland  unite.  In  con- 
tains several  brick  houses  ;  but  the  gene- 
rality are  of  wood  painted  red.  Here  is 
a  university,  founded  in  1640,  by  queen 
Christiana ;  and  here  likewise  is  a  royal 
botanic  garden,  established  by  the  late 
unfortunate  Custavus.  The  inhabitants 
export  linen,  corn,  flax,  iron,  and  planks. 
Abo  is  an  episcopal  see,  140  miles  N  E 
of  Stockholm.  Lon.  22  18  E,  lat.  60  27  N. 

Abo-fot,  or  Abo-hus,  an  ancient  fort  in 
Finland,  on  a  peninsula,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Aura.  It  has  often  suffered 
from  the  enemy,  and  by  fire. 

Abon,  Abonu,  or  Abonis,  a  town  and 
river  of  Albion  ;  the  town  is  supposed  to 
be  Abingdon,  and  the  river  the  Avon. 

Aboukir,  a  small  town  of  Egypt  situat- 
ed in  the  desert  between  Alexandria  and 
llosetta,  rendered  for  ever  famous  by  the 
memorable  victory  gained  in  Aboukir-bai/, 
by  the  gallant  admiral  Lord  Nelson,  1/99. 

Abontige,  Abutish,  or  Abobibe,  a  town 
in  Upper  Egypt,  near  the  Nile,  where 
there  grows  plenty  of  poppies,  of  which 
the  best  opium  is  made.  It  is  now  a  mean 
place.  Lat.  26  50  N. 

Abrahamado.f,  a  small  town  in  Hun- 
gary, but  well  inhabited.  Lon.  19  50  E, 
lat.  46  20  N. 

Abrantea,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estra- 
madura,  on  the  river  Tajo.  It  contains 
35,000  inhabitants,  has  four  convents,  an 
alms-house,  and  an  hospital.  Lon.  7  18 
YV,  lat.  39  13  N. 

Abrciro,  a  town  of  Tra-los-montes,  in 
Portugal.  Lon.  7  10  W,  lat.  41  20  N. 

Abrolhos,  dangerous  shoals,  about  50 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Brasil,  near  the 
island  of  St.  Barbie. 

Abrug-banva,  a  populous  town  in  Tran- 
sylvania, situated  on  the  river  Ompay,  3.5 
miles  above  Alba  Julia,  near  which  are 
mines  of  gold  and  silver.  Lon.  23  24  E, 
lat,  46  50  N. 

Abvuzzo,  a  province  of  Naples,  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  the  gulph  of  Venice,  on 
the  N  and  W  by  Anconia,  Umbria  and 
Campagna  di  Roma;  and  on  the  S  by 
Terra  di  Lavora  and  Molisc.  It  is  divid- 
ed into  two  parts  by  the  river  Pescara, 
whereof  one  is  called  Ulterior,  and  has 


4 


A  B  Y 


A  C  H 


Aquilla  for  its  capital ;  and  the  other  Ci- 
terior,  of  which  Solmono  is  the  capital. 
Reside  the  Appennine  Mountains,  there 
are  two  others  called  Monte  Cavallo  and 
Monte  Mayallo.  This  country  is  fertile 
in  corn,  rice,  fruit,  and  saffron  ;  but  the 
woods  abound  with  bears  and  wolves. 

Absteinen,  a  bailiwick  beyond  the  river 
Memel,  in  the  circle  ofTapieu,  belong- 
ing" to  the  kingdom  of  Prussia.  It  is  a 
mountainous,  but  pleasant  country,  and 
abounds  in  corn  and  cattle. 

Abydos,  a  town  and  castle  ofNatolia; 
m  the  strait  of  Gallipoli.  Lon.  37  36  E, 
lat.  40  16  N. 

Abyo,  or  Abuyo,  one  of  the  Philippine 
islands,  where  the  Spaniards  have  a  fort. 
Lon.  122  15  E,  lac.  10  0  N. 

Abyssinia,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Nubia ;  on  the  E  by  tne 
Red  Sea  and  Dancala  ;  on  the  W  by  Gor- 
ham  and  part  of  Gingira;  and  on  the  S 
by  Gingia  and  Alaba ;  lying  between  6 
and  20  N  lat.  and  26  and  40  E  lon.  It  is 
about  900  miles  long  and  800  broad.  The 
rainy  season  continues  from  April  to  Sep- 
tember, which  is  succeeded,  without  in- 
terval, by  a  cloudless  sky,  and  a  vertical 
sun.  Cold  nights  as  immediately  follow 
these  scorching  days.  The  earth,  not- 
withstanding these  days,  is  perpetually 
so  cold,  as  to  feel  disagreeable  to  the 
soles  of  the  feet;  partly  owing  to  the  six 
months  rain,  when  no  sun  appears,  and 
partly  to  perpetual  equality  of  nights  and 
days.  There  is  no  country  in  the  world 
ihat  produces  a  greater  variety  of  qua- 
drupeds, both  wild  and  tame  ;  but  ihere 
are  no  tigers.  The  hyenas,  however,  are 
very  numerous,  and  dreadful  in  their  ra- 
vages. Beside  many  species  of  eagles, 
vultures,  &c.  there  is  a  species  of  glede, 
called  haddayan,  which  is  very  frequent 
in  Egypt,  and  comes  punctually  into  A- 
byssinia,  at  the  return  of  the  sun,  after 
the  tropical  rains  ;  ami  storks  cover  the 
plains  in  May,  when  the  rains  become 
constant:  there  are  few  owls  ;  but  these 
are  of  an  immense  size  and  beauty.  The 
most  remarkable  insect  in  the  Ttsaltsal 
or  fly,  which  is  so  fatal  to  cattle,  that  in 
some  particular  countries,  great  emigra- 
tions are  obliged  to  take  place  in  the  be- 
ginning (;f  the  rainy  season,  to  prevent 
all  their  stock  of  cattle  from  being  de- 
stroyed. Even  the  camel  must  yield  to 
this  insect,  for  when  once  attacked,  his 
body,  head,  and  legs,  break  out  into 
large  bosses,  which  swell,  break,  and 
putrefy,  to  the  certain  destruction  of  the 
mimal.  According  to  Mr.  Bruce,  the  ce- 
lebrated river  Nile  has  its  source  in  this 
country,  near  the  village  of  Geesh,  in 
Ion,  36  55  E,  and  lat.  10  59  N.  Gondaris 


the  metropolis.  There  is  a  remarkable 
coincidence  between  the  customs  in  the 
court  of  ancient  Persia  and  those  of  A- 
byssinia  The  religion  of  the  country  is 
a  mixture  of  Judaism  and  of  the  Chris 
tianity  of  the  Greek  church  :  and  the  lan- 
guage is  Ethiopic,  which  bears  a  great 
affinity  to  the  Arabic. 

Acadia.  See  J\"ova  Scotia. 

Acaviboit,  a  kingdom  on  the  coast  of 
Guinea,  in  Africa,  whose  king  is  ab- 
solute, and  all  his  subjects  slaves  ;  which, 
however,  does  not  prevent  them  from 
beirtg  haughty  and  insolent. 

Acanny,  an  inland  country  of  Guinea, 
affording  the  best  gold,  in  great  plenty 
There  is  a  town  or  village  of  the  same 
name.  Lon.  0  30  E,  lat.  8  30  N. 

Acapvlco,  a  considerable  town  of  Mex- 
ico, seated  on  a  bay  of  the  S  Sea.  It  has 
a  fine  harbour,  from  whence  a  ship  an 
nually  sails  to  Manila  :  and  another  re- 
turns annually  thence  to  this  port,  laden 
with  all  the  treasures  of  the  E  Indies.  One 
of  these,  laden  with  silver,  was  taken  by 
commodore  Anson,  in  i743.  Lon.  102  20 
W,  lat.  17  22  S. 

Acarnama,  the  first  country  of  free 
Greece,  bounded  on  the  W  by  the  Sinus 
Ambraicus,  and  separated  from  iEtoliu 
by  the  river  Achelous  on  the  east. 

Acaria,  a  town  of  S  America,  in  Para- 
guay, built  by  the  Jesuits  in  1624.  Lon. 
51  5  W,  lat.  26  0  S. 

Acbarabad.    See  Agra. 

Accomack  Court  House,  a  village  in  Ac- 
comack county,  Virginia,  situated  near 
the  head  of  the  peninsula,  25  miles  N  of 
Northampton  Court-House,  31  S  ol  Snow 
Hill,  in  Maryland,  and  197  S  E  of  the 
city  of  Washington.  Here  is  a  post-of- 
fice, and  the  principal  seat  of  the  county 
courts. 

Acerenza,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Basilicata.  It  was  formerly  the 
see  of  an  archbishop.  Lon.  16  5  E,  lat.  40 
20  N. 

Acerno,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  citeriov 
principality  of  Naples,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  12  miles  N  E  of  Salerno.  Lon.  15  6 
E  lat.  40  45  N. 

Acerra,  a  town  of  Naples,  on  the  rivet 
Agno,  se^en  miles  N  E  of  Naples.  Lou 
14  30  E,  lat.  40  55  N. 

Ach,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  landgr^- 
vate  of  Nellenburg,  on  the  river  Ach,  14' 
miles  N  E  of  SchafThausen, 

Ac/iqcif  a  town  of  the  island  of  Rhodes, 
said  to  be  built  by  the  Heliades. 

Acfiaia,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  feu- 
rope,  now  called  Livadia,oi  which  Athens 
was  the  capital. 

Acluim,  a  country  in  Asia,  bounded  ©n 
the  N  by  Boutan,  on  the  E  by  China,  on 


A  C  H 


A  QU 


the  S  by  Burmah,  and  on  the  W  by  Ilin- 

doostan. 

Acheen,  a  kingdom  in  the  N  W  part  of 
the  island  of  Sumatra,  now  very  different 
from  earlier  times,  when  it  was  powerful 
enough  to  expel  the  Portuguese  from  the 
island,  and  its  sovereigns  received  em- 
bassies from  some  of  the  greatest  poten- 
tates of  Europe.  Achem  is  comparatively 
healthy,  being  more  free  from  woods  and 
swamps  than  most  other  pans  of  the 
island.  The  soil  is  light  and  fertile  and 
produces  fine  fruits,  rice,  cotton,  gold 
dust^  and  sulphur.  The  Achinese  differ 
from  the  other  Sumatrans  and  are,  in  ge- 
neral, taller,  stouter,  and  much  darker 
complcxioned.  They  are  more  active 
and  industrious  than  their  neighbours, 
and  have  more  sagacity  and  penetration. 
They  are  Mahometans. 

Acheen,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  in  Sumatra,  seated  on  a  river 
which  flows  into  the  sea,  near  the  N  YV 
point  of  the  island,  about  two  miles  from 
the  mouth  :  it  lies  in  a  wide  valley,  form- 
ed like  an  amphitheatre  by  two  lofty 
ranges  of  hills.  The  river,  by  emptying 
itself  in  several  channels,  is  very  shallow 
at  the  bar.  It  is  an  open  town,  in  the 
centre  of  which  is  the  king's  palace,  a 
rude  piece  of  architecture,  designed  to 
resist  the  force  of  an  enemy,  and  sur- 
rounded for  that  purpose  by  a  wide  and 
deep  moat,  and  strong  walls.  The  houses 
are  built  of  bamboos  and  rough  timbers, 
and  are  raised  some  feet  from  the  ground, 
on  account  of  the  place  being  overflow.,  d 
in  the  rainy  season.  A  barge  manufacture 
of  a  ihick  species  of  cotton  cloth,  arftl  ot 
stuff  for  the  short  drawers  worn  by  the 
Malays  and  Achenese,  is  ^established 
here.  Payments  are  commonly  made  in 
gold  dust,  which  is  carried  about  in  blad- 
ders. The  Achenese  are  expert  and  bold 
navigaiors.  The  laws  of  the  Achenese 
are  very  severe,  but  the  poor  suffer 
chiefly  by  their  severity.  Petty  theft  is 
punished  by  suspending  the  offender  from 
a  tree,  with  a  gun,  or  heavy  weight,  tied 
to  his  feet ;  or  by  cutting  off  a  finger, 
hand,  or  leg,  according  to  the  nature  of 
the  thefc.  Many  of  these  mutilated  people 
are  to  be  seen  daily  in  the  streets  High- 
way-robbers and  housebreakers  are 
drowned  ;  and  their  bodies  are  exposed, 
a  few  days,  on  a  stake  ;  but  if  a  priest  be 
robbed,  the  offender  is  burnt  alive.  An 
adulterer  is  not  screened  by  his  friends, 
but  is  delivered  up  to  the  relations  of  the 
husband,  who  take  him  to  a  larg,  plain, 
and  forming  themselves  into  a  circle, 
place  him  in  the  middle  ;  a  large  weapon 
is  then  delivered  to  him  by  one  of  his  fa- 
mily, and  if  he  can  force  his  way  through 


he  is  not  liable  to  further  prosecution ; 
but  he  is  generally  cut  to  pieces  in  an  in- 
stant :  and  his  relations  bury  him  as  they 
would  a  dead  buffalo,  refusing  to  admit 
the  corpse  into  their  house,  or  to  perform 
any  funeral  rites.  Yet,  after  all,  the 
Achenese  are  supposed  to  be  the  most 
dishonest  and  flagitious  people  in  the 
EasU  Acheen  ts  1000  miles  S  E  of  Ma- 
dras. Lon.  95  34  E,  lat.  9  22  N. 

Achmim,  a  large  town  of  Upper  Egypt, 
on  the  eastern  bank  of  >he  Nile.  Though 
this  town  be  fallen  from  its  ancient  splen- 
dor, it  is  still  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
of  Upper  Egypt.  An  Arab  prince  com- 
mands there,  and  the  police  is  well  at- 
tended to.  The  streets  are  wide  and 
clean,  and  commerce  and  agriculture 
flourish.  It  has  a  manufactory  of  cotton, 
stuffs  and  pottery  which  are  conveyed 
over  all  Egypt.  It  is  the  same  that  Hero- 
dotus calls  Chemmisy  and  Str:  bo  Pano- 
' potts.  It  has  lost  i  s  ancient  edifices  and 
much  of  its  extent.  Nothing  remains  of 
the  temple  described  by  Abulfeda,  but 
some  stones  so  large  that  the  Turks  have 
not  been  able  to  move  them. 

Achonry,  a  small  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Sligo,  on  the  Shannon. 

Achmetschet,  a  town  of  Crim  Tartary, 
in  the  Russian  province  of  Taurida  and 
government  of  Catharineslaf.  Loh.  33  20 
E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Achyt,  a  strong  town  and  castle  of  the 
Ukraine,  on  the  river  Uorsklo,  127  miles 
W  of  Kiow.  Lon.  36  10  E,  lat.  49  32  N. 

Acierno.  See  Acerno. 

Ac/ten,  a  small  town  in  the  duchy  of 
Magdeburg.  It  has  a  citadel,  and  stands 
on  the  Elbe,  five  miles  below  Dessaw. 

A  coma,  a  town  of  New  Mexico,  seated 
on  a  high  mountain,  with  a  strong  castle. 
It  is  the  capital  of  the  province.  Lon.  104 
15  W,  lat.  35  0  N. 

*  Acqs,  a  town  of  France,  at  the  foot 
of  the  Pyrenees,  in  the  department  of 
Arriege.  So  called  from  the  hot  waters  in 
these  parts.    Lon.  1  40  E,  lat.  43  0  N. 

Acqua,  a  town  in  Tuscany,  noted  for 
warm-baths.    Lon.  12  10  E,  fat.  43  45  N. 

Acqua-che-fa,v'eUa,  a  celebrated  fountain 
ot  Naples,  in  Calabri.  Citeriore.  It  is  near 
the  mouth  ot  the  river  Crata,  and  its  ruins 
are  called  StbtfTi  liovinata.  * 

Aequo  pendente,  a  large  town  of  Orvieto, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain  near  th.  river  Paglia,  50  miles 
N  bv  V/  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  17  E,  lat.  42 
43  N. 

Acquaria,  a  small  town  in  Frigana;  a 
distno  of  M.idena,  noted  for  medicinal 
waters.  It  is  12  miles  S  of  Modena.  Lon. 
11  19  E,  la.  44  12  N. 

.  Iquasco,  a  post-town  in  Prince  George's 


ADA 


ADO 


county,  Maryland  ;  lying"  on  the  W  side 
of  the"  river  Patuxent,  9  miles  N  of  Bene- 
dict, 41  S  by  W  of  Annapolis,  and  39  S 
of  the  city  of  IVasldngton. 

Acquavivu,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Bari.  Lon.  16  20  E,  lat.  41  10  N. 

Acqui,  a  town  of  Montserrat,  with  com- 
modious baths,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Bormia,  25  miles  N  W  of 
Genoa.  Lon.  8  35  E,  lat.  44  40  N. 

Acra,  a  town  on  the  coast  of  Guinea, 
where  the  English,  Dutch,  and  Danes, 
have  forts,  and  each  fort  its  particular 
villagg.  Lon.  0  2  W,  lat.  5  0  N. 

Acre,  a  seaport  of  Palestine,  formerly 
celled  Ptolemais.  It  is  a  bishop's  see.  It 
was  famous  in  the  time  of  the  crusades, 
and  underwent  several  sieges  ;  it  has  be- 
come lately  very  famous  for  the  obstinate 
resistance  it  has  made,  under  the  conduct, 
of  the  gallant  Sir  Sidney  Smith  and  a 
handful  of  English  officers,  against  the 
reiterated  but  fruitless  attacks  of  the 
French  army  under  Bonaparte.  It  is  28 
miles  S  of  Tyre,  and  37  N  of  Jerusalem. 
Lon.  35  25  E,  lat.  32  32  N. 

Acron,  a  territory  on  the  Gold  coast  of 
Guinea.  The  Dutch  have  a  fort  here  cal- 
led fort  Patience  :  and  under  it  is  the 
village,  inhabited  only  by  fishermen.  The 
other  inhabitants  are  husbandmen,  and 
sell  their  corn  to  other  countries.  There 
is  plenty  of  game,  which  is  very  commo- 
dious for  the  Dutch  factory.  This  is  cal- 
led Little  Acron,  Great  Acron  being  fur- 
ther inland,  and  a  kind  of  republic. 

Acrotevi,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Santo- 
rim.  Lon.  26  1  E,  lat.  36  25  N. 

Acton,  East,  a  village  six  miles  W  of 
London,  noted  for  its  medicinal  waters. 

Acton- Bicrnel,  a  village  in  Shropshire, 
eight  miles  from  Shrewsbury.  A  parlia- 
ment was  held  here  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward I.  when  the  lords  sat  in  the  castle, 
and  the  commons  in  a  barn,  which  is  still 
standing.  A  great  part  of  the  castie  re- 
mains, the  walls  exceedingly  strong,  and 
adorned  with  fine  battlements  and  rows 
of  windows  curiously  carved  ;  it  must 
have  been  a  magnificent  structure. 

Acton,  a  township  in  the  county  of 
Cheshire  and  state  of  Massachusetts,  con- 
taining about  1000  inhabitants. 

Adam's  Pike,  a  high  mountain  in  the 
island  of  Ceylon  ;  on  the  top  of  which 
they  believe  the  first  man  was  created. 

Adams,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Penn- 
sylvania, bordering  on  ihe  state  of  Mary- 
land. It  contains  about  320,000  acres  of 
land,  and  16,000  inhabitants. 

Adams,  a  township  in  the  state  of  New 
Hampshire  and  county  of  Grafton.  It  h 
but  few  inhabitants,  the  census  in  1800 
being  180. 


Adams,  a  county  of  Mississippi  terri- 
tory, containing  about  6000  inhabitants, 
more  than  a  third  of  whom  are  slaves. 

Adamstoxvn,  a  village  in  Lancaster  coun- 
ty and  state  of  Pennsylvania,  being  about 
20  miles  NE  of  Lancaster  and  the  same 
distance  from  Heading,  the  capitol  of 
Berks  county. 

Adand,  an  ancient  and  handsome  town 
ofNatolia,  in  a  charming  climate,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Choquen, 
25  miles  N  E  of  Tarsus.  Lon.  36  12  E, 
lat.  37  26  N. 

Adda,  a  river  of  Swisserland,  which 
rises  in  the  country  of  ihe  Grisons,  and 
falls  into  the  Po,  near  Cremona. 

Addison,  a  township  of  Somerset  coun- 
ty, in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania.  It  con- 
tains about  800  inhabitants. 

Addison,  a  township  of  Washington 
county,  in  the  district  of  Maine,  situated 
between  Englishman's  bay  and  Pleasant 
river. 

Addison,  the  chief  town  of  Addison 
county,  Vermont,  seated  on  the  E  side 
of  lake  Champlain,  10  miles  S  of  Ver- 
gennes,  and  47  N  by  W  of  Rutland,  the 
seat  of  state  government.  Here  is  a  post- 
office  509  miles  from  the  city  of  Wash- 
ington. The  inhabitants  may  be  stated  at 
800. 

Adel,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  S. 
coast  of  the  strait  of  Babelmandei.  It  sel- 
dom rains  here,  and  yet  the  country  is 
fruitful,  being  well  watered  by  rivers.  It 
abounds  with  wheat,  millet,  frankincense, 
and  pepper  ;  and  the  tails  of  their  sheep 
weigh  25lb.  each.  Zeita,  its  capital,  is  a 
rich,  town  and  has  a  good  trado.  The  in- 
habitants are  Mahometans. 

Aden,  once  a  rich  and  considerable 
seaport  of  Arabia  Felix,  60  miles  E  of 
Mocha.  Lon.  46  30  E.  lat.  13  10  N. 

Adenburg,  or  Addeniurg,  a  town  of 
Westphalia,  in  the  dutchy  of  Berg,  sub- 
ject to  the  elector  palatine,  12  miles  N  E 
of  Cologne.  Lon.  7  16  E,  lat.  51  2  N. 

Adige,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  has  its 
source  to  the  S  of  the  lake  Glace,  among 
the  Alps,  and  runs  S  by  Trent,  and  E  by 
Verona,  into  the  gulf  of  Venice. 

Admiralty  Islands,  lie  in  about  2  18  lat. 
146  44  long,  in  tin  S  Pacific  Ocean.  They 
were  discovered  in  1767. 

Jdon,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Stuhel-Weissemburg,  seated  in 
>  fruitful  country  near  the  Danube.  Lon. 
19  25  E,  lat.  47  33  N. 

Adoni,  a  town  of  Golconda,  in  the  pen- 
insula of  Hindostan,on  one  of  the  branches 
of  the  Tfungebadda,  It  is  175  miles  S  W 
of  Hydrabad,  and  310  N  W  of  Madras; 
Lon.  77  0E,  lat.  15  37  N. 

Adour,  a  river  of  France,  which  riser 


A  F  R 


in  the  department  of  the  Upper  Pyrenees, 
and  running  by  Tarbes  and  Dax,  falls 
into  the  bay  of  Biscay  below  Bayonne. 

Adra,  a  seaport  of  Granada,  in  Spain, 
47  miles  S  E  of  Granada.  Lon.  2  37  \Y, 
lat.  36  42  X. 

Adria,  a  tow  n  in  the  territory  of  Venice, 
which  gives  name  to  the  Adriatic.  Sea.  Il 
is  a  bishop's  see,  25  n.iles  S  S  W  of  Ven- 
ice. Lon.  12  5  E,  lat.  45  8  X. 

Adriano,  a  mountain  of  Spain  in  Biscay. 
There  is  a  road  over  it  to  Aalba  and  Old 
Castile,  which  is  very  difficult :  at  its  be- 
ginning-there is  a  dark,  path  of  150  paces, 
cut  through  a  rock ;  .after  which  is  the 
mountain  that  must  be  passed  over.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  may  be  about 
100,000.  The  air  is  wholesome,  and  the 
country  very  pleasant.  It  is  one  of  the 
highest  of  the  Pyrenees  ;  and  is  only  in- 
habited by  a  few  shepherds,  who  live  in 
cottages. 

Adrianople,  a  celebrated  town  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  in  Romelia,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's see  ;  situate  in  a  fine  plain,  on 
the  river  Marazi,  115  miles  N  W  of  Con- 
stantinople. The  grand  signior  often  visits 
this  place.  It  is  eight  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, but  the  streets  are  narrow  and 
crooked,  Lon.  26  27  E,  lat  41  45  N. 

Adriatic  Sea.  See  Venice,  Gidf  of. 

Adventure  Island,  a  small  island  in  the 
3  Pacifick  Ocean,  so  called  from  the  ship 
Adventure,  in  which  captain  Furneaux 
sailed.  The  people  are  mild  and  cheer- 
ful, with  little  of  that  wild  appearance 
which  savages  in  general  have.  They 
are,  however,  almost  totally  devoid  of 
activity  or  genius,  and  arc  nearly  on  a 
level  with  the  wretched  natives  of  Terra 
del  Fuego,  Lou.  147  29  W,  lat.  43  21  S. 

Adsonstoion  in  the  state  of  Xew  Jersey, 
situated  about  27  miles  X  of  Morris-town 
and  24  X  W  of  Patterson. 

Adula,  a  mountain  of  Spain,  in  Xa- 
varre,  in  which  are  the  fountains  of  the 
Rhine. 

Adzenota,  a  small  town  of  Spain,  in  Va- 
lentia,  seated  on  mount  Pegna  Goloso, 
Lon.  2  16  W,  lat.  3^10  X.^rl 

AEsfades,  or  AZgates,  three  small  islands 
on  the  W  side  of  Sicily,  between  Mar- 
sella  and  Trapani ;  their  names  are  Le- 
venzo,  Favignana,  and  Maretama. 

Aegean  Sea,  now  the  Archipelago,  a 
part  of  the  Mediterranean,  separating 
Europe  from  Asia  and  Africa. 

AZgimurus,  an  island  on  the  bay  of  Car- 
thage, about  30  miles  distant  from  that 
city  now  the  Galetta. 

ARgium,  a  town  of  Achaia  Proper,  fa- 
mous for  the  council  of  the  Achxans 
which  usually  met  there. 

Ailnwortfi,  a  township  of  Xew  Hamp- 


shire state,  in  the  county  of  Cheshire 
con  I. -lining  about  1600  inhabitants. 

AEolia,  a  country  of  Hither  Asia,  set- 
tled by  colonies  of  jEolian  Greeks.  It 
comprehends  all  Traas,  and  the  coast  of, 
the  Hellespont  to  the  Propontes. 

Aershot,  a  town  in  Brabant,  on  the 
river  Demur,  ten  miles  E  of  Mechlin. 
Lon.  4  49  E,  lat  51  IX. 

Africa,  one  of  the  four  principal  parts 
of  the  world;  bounded  on  the  X  by  the 
Mediterranean  ;  on  the  W  by  the  Atlan- 
tic ;  on  the  E  by  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  the 
Red  Sea,  and  the  Indian  Ocean;  and  on 
the  S  by  the  Southern  Ocean.  It  isapen- 
insula  of  prodigious  extent,  being  joined 
to  Asia  by  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  winch  is 
60  miles  over.  In  its  greatest  length, 
from  the  most  northern  part  to  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  it  is  4600  miles ;  and  in 
the  broadest  part  from  (  ape  Yerd  to  Cape 
Guardafui,  it  is  3500.  The  greatest  part 
of  it  is  within  the  torrid  Zone,  which  ren- 
ders the  heat  almost  insupportable  in 
many  places.  However,  the  coasts  in  ge- 
neral are  very  fruitful,  the  fruits  excel 
lent,  and  the  plants  extraordinary.  There 
are  more  wild  beasts  in  Africa,  than  in 
any  other  part  of  the  world :  there  are 
also  some  animals  peculiar  to  this  coun- 
try ;  as  the  hippopotamus,  or  river  horse  ; 
the'  rhinoceros,  with  two  horns  on  its 
nose;  and  the  beautiful  striped  zebra. 
Beside  these,  they  have  crocodiles,  ost- 
riches, camels,  and  many  other  animals 
not  to  be  met  with  in  Europe.  There  are 
several  deserts,  particularly  one  of  a  large 
extent,  called  Zahara,  which  is  almost 
without  water  ;  but  these  are  not  quite 
without  inhabitants.  There  are  many- 
large  rivers  ;  but  the  chief  are  the  Xile, 
Xigei*,  Senegal  and  Gambia,  the  two  last 
having  been  falsely  supposed  branches 
of  the  Xiger.  The  most  considerable 
mountains  are  the  Atlas,  the  Mountains 
of  the  Moon,  and  the  Sierra  Leone,  or 
the  Mountains  of  the  Lions.  The  inhabi- 
tants consist  of  Pagans,  Mahometans, 
and  Christians.  The  first,  which  possess 
the  greatest  part  of  the  country,  from 
the  Tropic  of  Cancer  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  are  the  most  numerous,  and  are 
generally  black.  The  Mahometans,  who 
are  tawny,  possess  Egypt  and  the  coast 
of  Barbiary.  The  people  of  Abyssinia  are 
denominated  Christians,  but  retain  many 
Pagan  and  Jewish  rites.  In  the  X  of 
Africa  are  some  Jews,  who  manage  all 
the  little  trade  of  that  part  of  the  coun- 
try. The  principal  divisions  of  Africa 
are  Barbary,  Egypt,  Biledulgerid,  Za- 
hara, Xegroland,  Guinea,  Bornou,  Ca- 
snna,  Fezzan,  Senna,  Xubia,  Abyssinia, 
Abex,  Loango,  Congo,  Angola,  Benguela, 


A  G  E 


A  G  R 


Mai  am  an,  Zangucbar,  Monomotapn,  Mo- 
nomugi,  Sofola,  Caffraria,  and  the  coun- 
try of  die  Hottentots.  In  1788,  an  asso- 
ciation was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
ploring- the  interior  regions  of  Africa: 
and  Mr.  Led  yard  and  Mr.  Lucas  were  se- 
lected as  their  missionaries.  Mr.  Led- 
yard  died  on  his  journey.  Mr.  Luc.  s  was 
prevented  from  pursuing-  the  plan  sketch  - 
ed  out  for  him,  and  w  as  oblig-ed  to  con- 
tent himself  with  such  imperfect  infor- 
mation as  his  guides  could  give  him.  In 
1795,  the  African  association  despatched 
Mr.  Park  to  explore  this  immense  con- 
tinent. His  journey  has  brought  to  our 
knowledge  more  important  facts  respect- 
ing the  geography  of  Africa,  than  the  ac- 
counts of  any  former  traveller.  He  has 
pointed  out  to  us  the  sources  of  the  great 
rivers,  the  Senegal,  Gambia,  and  Niger  ; 
the  course  of  this  last  he  has  determined 
to  be  from  W  to  E,  and  thus  set  this 
much  disputed  point  for  ever  at  rest. 

Africa,  a  seaport  town  of  Tunis,  70 
miles  SSE  of  Tunis.  It  was  taken  by 
Charles  V.  who  demolished  the  fortifica- 
tions.   Lon.  11  10       lat.  35  36  N. 

Afrique,  St.  a  small  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Averion,  six  miles  E 
of  Vabres. 

Agades,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  in  Xe- 
groland,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
tributary  to  the  king  of  Tomboctou.  It 
produces  excellent  senna  anc\  manna. 
Lon.  13  20  E,  lat.  19  10  X. 

Agumenticus,  a  mountain  of  Xorth  A- 
merica,  in  the  district  of  Main.  It  is  a 
noted  landmark  for  sailors,  about  eight 
miles  from  the  sea,  in  1  t.  43  16. 

Agamenticua,  a  sm;  11  river  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Maine,  running  into  the  Atlantic 
ocean  not  far  from  the  town  of  York.  It 
is  navigable  but  a  few  miles. 

Agatha,  St.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the 
Ulterior  Principality,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
20  miles  \  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  36  E, 
lat.  41  5  X. 

Agatton,  a  town  near  the  mouth  of  the 
1  ormosa,  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  80  miles 
S  of  Renin.  Lon.  7  6  E,  lat.  7  20  X. 

Agile,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Heraul;  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  seated  on  the  river  Herault,  a 
mile  and  a  half  from  its  mouth  in  the  gulf 
of  Lyons,  where  there  is  a  small  fort  to 
defend  the  entrance.  It  is  17  miles  X  E 
of  Xarbonne.  Lon.  3  33  E,  lat.  45  19  N. 

Agen,  a  city  of  France,  in  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Guienne,  the  episcopal  see  of  the 
department  of  Aveiron.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Garonne,  in  a  pleasant  country 
Prunes,  on  account  of  their  antiscorbutic 
property,  form  here  a  considerable  ob- 
ject of  commerce  ;  of  which  the  Dutch 


take  great  quantities  for  long  voyages^ 
Great  part  of  the  hemp  m  the  neighbour* 
hood  is  manufactured  into  table  hnen, 
which  is  sent  to  Cadiz,  and  thence  ex- 
ported to  the  Spanish  islands.  Here  are 
likewise  manufactures  of  camblets,  ser- 
ges, and  sailcloth.  Agen  is  108  miles  SE 
of  Iiourdeaux.  Lon.  0  40  E,  lat.  42  12  N. 

Agenabal.  a  town  of  Transylvania  :  10 
miles  X  B  of  Hermanstadt.  *Lon.  24  50 
E,  hu.  46  32  X. 

Agev,  a  small  town  of  Catalonia  in 
Spam.  Lon.  1  50  E,  lat  41  50  X. 

Agga,  or  Aggona,  a  town  and  country 
on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  in  which  t  he  Eng- 
lish have  a  fort.  Lon.  0  0,  lat.  6  0  X. 

Aggerhuys,  a  town  of  Xorway,  and  ca- 
pital of  a  province  of  the  same  name, 
which  is  full  of  mountains.  It  is  30  mdes 
X  W  of  Frederickshall.  Lon.  10  20  E. 
lat.  59  30  X.  See  Christiana. 

Aghrinu  a  village  in  the  county  of  Gal* 
way,  memorable  for  the  victory,  gained 
by  king  William,  over  James  II. 

Aghrin,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Wick- 
low,  13  miles  SWofWicklow.  Lon.  6 
21  W,  lat.  52-45  X. 

Agimere,  or  Azmerc,  the  capital  of  a 
territory  of  the  same  name  in  Hindostan 
Proper,  built  at  the  foot  of  a  very  high 
mountain  :  on  the  top  of  which  is  a  for- 
tress of  great  strength.  It  is  230  miles  W 
of  Agra.  Lon.  75  20  E,  lat.  26  35  N. 

Agincourt,  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  straits  of  Calais  and 
la  e  county  of  Artois,  seven  miles  N  of 
Hesdin,  famous  for  the  victory  obtained 
oy  Henry  V,  of  England,  over  the  French, 
in  1415. 

Agmat,  a  town  of  Morocco,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  and  on  the  declivity 
of  one  of  the  mountains  of  Atlas,  where 
the  soil  is  fertile.  It  is  16  miles  S  of  Mo- 
rocco. Lon.  7  15  W,  lat.  30  56  X. 
Agmondesham  See  Amersham. 
Agnadelha,  a  village,  of  the  Milanese, 
famous  for  a  victory  gained  by  Lewis  XI L 
over  the  Venetians,  in  1509,  and  by  die 
duke  of  Vend  me  over  prince  Eugene,  in 
1705.  It  is  seated  on  the  canal  between 
Adda  and  Serio,  five  miles  S  E  of  Cas- 
sana,  and  10  X  of  Lodi.  Lon.  9  26  E,  lat 
45  25  N. 

AgnaiiOjvSi  circular  lake,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  seven  miles  from  Puz- 
zoli.  It  is  about  tialf  a  mile  in  diameter, 
surrounded  by  mountains ;  and  on  its 
margin  is  situate  the  famous  Grotta  del 
Cane.    See  Cane,  Crotta  del 

Agtettt,  a  seaport  town  of  Sicily,  with 
an  excellent  harbour.    The  greatest  part 
of  it  was  destroved  bv  an  earthquake  in 
1693.  Lon.  15  15  E,  lat.  37  35  X. 
Agra,  the  capital  of  a  prcvinee  of  the 
D 


A  I  C 


A  I  L 


same  name,  in  Hindostan  Proper,  on  the 
S  bank  of  the  river  Jumna,  which  is  sel- 
dom fordable.  It  was  once  the  most 
splendid  of  all  the  Indian  cities,  and  now 
exhibits  the  most  magnificent  ruins. 
About  the  year  1566,  the  emperor  Acbar 
made  it  his  capital,  and  gave  his  name  to 
it ;  since  which  time  it  is  often  named 
Acbarabad.  It  was"  then  a  small  fbrlified 
town  ;  but  it  soon  sprung  up  to  an  exten- 
sive well  built  city,  reguiarly  fortified 
according  to  the  Indian  method,  and  with 
a  fine  citadel  of  red  freestone.  -  Agra  is 
100  miles  S  by  E  of  Delhi.  Lon.  78  30 
B,  hit.  27  0  N. 

Agreda,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Old  Castile, 
eight  miles  S  W  of  Taracona.  Lon.  2  0 
W,  lat.  41  53  N. 

Agriu,  a  small,  but  strong  town  of  Up- 
per Hungary,  with  a  bishop's  see  and  a 
citadel.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in 
1596,  and  retaken  in  1687-  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Agria,  47  miles  N  E  of  Buda. 
Lon.  20  10  E,  'lat  48  10N. 

Agrignan,  one  of  the  Ladrone  islands, 
which  is  40  miles  in  compass.  Lon.  146 
0  E,  lat.  19  40  N. 

Agua  de  Pao,  a  town  in  the  island  of' 
St.  .Michael,  one  of  the  Azores  in  the  At- 
lantic. Lon.  25  40  W,  lat.  38  0  N. 

Aguas  Hellas,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Estramadura,  with  a  district  of  two  pa- 
rishes. Lon.  8  5  W,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Aguila,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
seated  on  the  river  of  that  name. 

Agvilur,  a  town  of  Spain  in  the  king- 
dom of  Navarre,  24  miles  W  of  Estella. 
Lon.  2  30  E,  lat.  42  35  N.  It  is  also  the 
name  of  another  town  in  Old  Castile. 

Agurcmde,  a  small  town  of  France  in 
the  department  of  Indre  and  late  province 
of  Berry.  Lon.  2  10  E,  lat.  47  20  N. 

Ahuys,  a  town  of  Sweden,  strong  by 
situation,  in  the  province  of  Gothland, 
with  a  good  harbour,  15  miles  S  E  of 
Christianstadt.  Lon.  14  15E,  lat.  56.15  N. 

Ai,  a  town  of  Judea  to  the  north  of 
Jericho,  taken  by  Joshua. 

AjatQio,  or  Ajazzo,  a  line  seaport  of 
Corsica  on  the  Vv -side  of  the  island,  built 
on  a  point  of  land  that  juts  into  the  gulf. 
Lon.  8  50  E,  lat.  55  50  N. 

Ajazzo,  a  seaport  of  Natolia,  in  the 
province  of  Caramania,  anciently  Silesia, 
seated  on  the  Mediterrane  an,  30  miles  N 
ofAntioch,  and  40  W  ©f  Aleppo,  where 
stood  the  city  of  Issus,  and  where  Alex- 
ander fought  his  second  battle  with  Dari- 
us. Lon.  33  10  E,  lat.  37  0  N. 

.•lick,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Par, 
taken  by  the  Swedes  in  1634,  and  after- 
wards burnt.  Lon.  11  20  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

AiChstat,  a  town  of  Francoma,  capital 
of  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name.  It  is  re- 


markable for  a  curious  piece  of  workman- 
ship, called  the  Sun  of  the  Holy  Sacra- 
ment, which  is  in  the  church  it  is  of 
massy  gold,  and  is  enriched  with  350 
diamonds,  1400  pearls,  250  rubies,  and 
other  precious  stones.  This  place  is  mo- 
derately large,  and  lies  in  a  valley,  on 
the  river  Altmul,  30  miles  S  of  Nurem- 
berg. Lon.  11  10  E,  lat.  48  57  N.  The 
bishopric  is  45  miles  in  length,  and  17  in 
breadth. . 

Aiello,  a  small  town  of  Naples  in  A- 
bruzzo  Ulterior,  belonging  to  the  here- 
ditary prince  of  Modena.  Lon.  15  20  E, 
lat.  41  40  N. 

Aigle,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  seated  on  the  Rhone,  six 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  lake  of 
Geneva.  All  the  houses,  even  the  mean- 
est, are  built  of  white  marble,  found  in 
the  neighbourhood. 

Aigh,  a  small  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Orne  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  47  miles  S  W  of  Rouen.  Lon. 
1  0  E,  lat.  48  45  N. 

Mgncm,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Loire  and  Cher  and  late 
province  of  Blasois.  It  is  in  the  shape  of 
an  amphitheatre,  at  the  foot  of  which 
runs  the  river  Cher,  at  the  distance  of 
60  miles  from  Bourges. 

Aigue  JWorte,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  nf  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc.  It  is 
very  strong,  on  account  of  its  situation 
among  the  morasses,  though  at  some  pit- 
tance from  the  sea.  It  had  a  harbour, 
which  is  now  choked  up.  Lon.  4  3E, 
lat.  43  34  N. 

Aigue-Perse,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Puy  de  Dome  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Auvergne,  18  miles  N  of  Cler- 
mont, and  261  S  of  Paris.  It  has  a  foun- 
tain, once  regarded  as  a  prodigy,  its  cold 
water  having  the  appearance  of  boiling. 
The  water  of  this  spring  is  said  to  be  fatal 
to  tlte  animals  that  drink  it.  Lon.  3  20  E, 
lat.  46  6  N. 

Ailah,  a  town  of  Arabia  Petrea^  on  the 
E  side  of  the  Red  sea,  near  the  road  which 
the  pilgrims  take  from  Egypt  to  Mecca. 
Lon,  36  40  E,  lat,  29  10  N. 

Aiiesbury,  the  largest  and  most  popu- 
lous town  in  Buckinghamshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  consists  of  seve- 
ral streets  though  the  houses  are  not 
ver>'  contiguous ;  these  lie  about  the 
market  place,  in  the  middle  of  which  is 
a  convenient  hall,  in  which  this  town 
shares  the  assizes  with  Buckingham.  It 
is  also  the  centre  of  the  business  of  the 
vale  of  Aiiesbury  which  occupies  the 
centre  of  the  county,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  fertile  tracts  in  England.    The  in- 


A  I  X 


ALA 


habitants  of  this  town,  and  its  neighbour- 
hood,  supply  the  London  market  with 
early  duckling's.  They  carry  this  trade 
to  such  an  extent,  that  it  is  said,  30001. 
have  been  received  at  Ailesbury  fiom 
London  in  six  weeks,  for  that  article 
This  town  sends  two  members  to  parlia 
ment ;  and  is  16  miles  S  E  of  Bucking- 
ham, and  41  X  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  42 
W,  lat.  51  50  X. 

Aiha,  a  great  insulated  rock,  to  the  S 
of  the  isle  of  Arran,  in  Scotland.  Its  base 
is  two  miles  in  circumference.  It  con 
sists  of  a  stupendous  assemblage  of  pre 
cipitous  cliffs,  rising  in  a  wild  series 
forming  a  pyramidal  mountain,  900  feet 
high,  accessible  only  on  the.  X  E.  The 
lower  parts  are  inhabited  by  goats  and 
rabbits,  and  the  lofty  summits  are  the 
refuge  of  innumerable  sea  fowls.  The 
depth  of  water  at  the  base  is  from  7  to 
48  fathoms.  The  ruins  of  a  chapel,  and 
of  a  castle,  are  still  seen  ;  and  with- 
in 30  yards  of  the  latter  is  a  spring  of 
fresh  water. 

.  lime,  or  Axima,  a  small  town  in  Savoy, 
on  the  river  Isere. 

A  in,  a  department  of  France,  lately  the 
province  of  Bresse. 

Ainsa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon. 
seated  in  a  plain,  on  the  river  Ara. 

Aire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Landes  and  late  province  of  Gas- 
cony,  seated  on  the  river  Adour,  on  the 
declivity  of  a  mountain,  65  miles  S  of 
Bourdeaux.    Lon.  0  16  E,  lat.  43  42  X. 

Aire,  a  strong  town  in  the  department 
of  the  straits  of  Calais,  and  late  provinc  e 
of  Artois.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Lis, 
22  miles  S  of  Dunkirk,  and  communicates 
with  St.  Omer,  bv  a  canal  from  the  river 
Aa.  Lon.  2  29  E,.  lat.  30  42  X. 

Aisne,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing the  late  provinces  of  Soissonnois  and 
Vermandois. 

Aix,  an  ancient  city  of  France.  It  was 
the  capital  of  the  late  province  of  Pro- 
vence, when  it  had  a  parliament.  It  is 
seated  in  a  plain,  where  there  are  hot 
baths  near  the  river  Arc.  It  is  75  miles 
E  of  Montpellicr.  Lon.  5  31  E,  lat.  43 
32  X. 

Aix,  an  ancient  town  of  Savoy,  on  the 
lake  of  Bourget.  Here  are  mineral  waters, 
much  frequented.  It  is  eight  miles  X  of 
Chamberrv.    Lon.  6  10  E,  lat.  45  40  X. 

Aix,  a  small  island  on  the  coast  of 
Franr.c,  between  the  isle  of  Oleron  and 
the  continent.  It  is  memorable  for  an  in- 
glorious expedition  of  the  English  in 
1757,  against  Rochefort,  when  they  re- 
turned without  doing  any  thing,  except 
demolishing  the  fort  of  this  island.    It  is 


I  12  miles  N  W  of  Rochefort.  Lon.  15  W, 
1  lat,  46  5  X. 

Aix-la-chapelle,  a  free  and  imperial  city 
of  Westphalia.  The  emperor  Charle- 
magne chose  this  place  for  his  residence 
on  account  of  its  beauty.  He  is  interred 
"in  the  church  of  Xotre  Dame,  where  they 
keep  his  sword  and  belt,  and  the  Four 
Evangelists,  written  in  letters  of  gold, 
which  are  made  use  of  at  the  coronation 
of  the  emperors.  Its  famous  mineral  wa- 
ters draw  a  great  number  of  persons 
every  year.  In  1668  and  1748,  it  was 
distinguished  by  two  celebrated  treaties 
of  peace.  The  French  took  it  in  1792  ; 
it  was  retaken  by  the  Austrians  in  1793, 
and  again  taken  by  the  French  in  1794. 
It  is  seated  in  a  bottom,  surrounded  by 
mountains,  22  miles  X  E  of  Liege.  Lon. 
6  3  E,  lat.  50  48  X. 

Akissat,  the  ancient  Thyatyra,  a  town 
of  Xatolia,  built  in  a  fine  plain  18  miles 
broad,  which  produces  plenty  of  corn 
ami  cotton.  It  is  inhabited  by  about  5000 
Mahometans,  and  is  seated  on  the  river. 
Hermits,  50  miles  S  E  of  Pergamo.  Lon. 
28  30  E,  lat.  38  48  X. 

Alaba,  or  Aluva,  one  of  the  three  smal- 
lest districts  of  Biscay  in  Spain,  but 
pretty  fertile  in  rye,  barley,  and  fruits. 
There  are  in  it  very  good  mines  of  iron. 
Vitoria  is  the  capital. 

Aladulia,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
between  Amasia  and  the  Mediterranean, 
toward  Mount  Taurus.  The  country  is 
rough,  rugged,  and  mountainous ;  yet 
I  here  are  good  pastures,  and  plenty  of 
horses  and  camels. 

Alagoa,  a  town  in  the  isle  of  St.  Mi- 
chael, one  of  the  Azores. 

Alais,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gard  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
uedoc,  situated  on  the  river  Gardon, 
near  a  beautiful  meadow,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Cevennes.  It  contains  10,000  inha- 
itants,  was  lately  an  episcopal  see,  and 
has  a  citadel.  It.  is  37  miles  X  of  Mont- 
pel  lier.  Lon.  4  10  E,  lat.  44  8  X. 

Aland,  a  cluster  of  islands  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  in  the  Bal- 
tic Sea.  The  principal  island,  which 
gives  natne  to  the  rest,  is  40  miles  long, 
and  from  12  to  16  broad.  It  is  included 
in  the  government  of  Swedish  Finland, 
and  is  75  miles  X  E  of  Stockholm.  Lon. 
20  0  E,  lat.  60  OX. 

Alabama,  a  large  river  in  X  America 
that  rises  in  the  Mississippi  territory, 
being>  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Aba- 
coochee  and  the  OakVuskee  rivers.  This 
noble  stream  is  joined  by  the  Tombigbee 
about  90  miles  from  its  outlet  in  the  bay 
of  Mobille.    The  banks  are  for  the  most 


ALB 


ALB 


part  seldom  overflowed,  and  the  current 
strong  enough  to  carry  boats  350  miles  "in 

9  or  10  days. 

Alabama,  an  Indian  village  situated  on 
the  last  mentioned  river,  inhabited  by  a 
tribe  of  Indians  of  the  same  name. 

Alatamea.  a  noble  river  of  N  America, 
called  also  St  George's  River  It  rises  in 
the  Alleghany  mountains,  and  running  S 
E  through  Georgia,  empties  i1self,  by 
several  mouths,  into  the  Atlantic  about 
60  miles  S  W  of  the  river  Savannah. 

Alatri,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 
di  Roma,  on  a  hill,  with  a  bishop's  see  ; 
5  miles  N  W  of  Vepoli  40  miles  8  E  of 
Rome.  Lon.  13  8  E,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Alutyr,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Asia,  on 
the  river  Sum,  40  miles  E  o*" Kasan 

Alauta,  considerable :  river  of  Turkej 
in  Eur  >pe,  which  rises  in  the  mountains 
that  separate  Moldavia  and  Transylvania, 
runs  through  Walachia,  and  falls  into  ihe 

D.  cube,  almost  opposite  to  Nicopolis. 
Alba,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Montserrat, 

with  a  bishop's  see;  seated  on  the  rive: 
Tanaro,  20  miles  S  E  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  5 

E,  lat.  44  46  N. 

Alba-Julia,  a  city  of  Transylvania,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  and  a  university  ;  situated 
on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  near  the  river 
Ompias,  25  miles  W  of  Hermanstadt. 
Lon.  24  0  E,  lat.  46  26  N. 

Albania,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, on  the  gulf  of  Venice  ;  bounded  by 
Livadia  on  the  S,  by  Thessalia  and  Mace- 
donia on  the  E,  and  on  the  N  b\  Bosnia 
and  Dalmatia.  It  produces  excellent 
wine  ;  and  the  inhabitants  are  good  horse- 
men, and  great  thieves-  They  are  Chris- 
tians of  the  Greek  ehurch,  and  descended 
from  the  ancient  Scythians.  Durazzo  is 
the  capital. 

Albano,  a  town  of  Italy,  on  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  in  Campagna  di  Roma, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  famous  for  its  excel- 
lent wine.  It  stands  15  miles  S  E  of 
Rome,  and  for  its  pleasantness  is  the 
summer  retirement  of  a  great  many  Ro- 
man princes.  Lon.  12  50  E,  lat.  41  43  N. 

Albano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata, 
remarkable  for  the  fertility  of  the  soil, 
and  the  nobility  of  the  inhabitants. 

Albanopolis,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, formerly  the  capital  of  Albania, 
seated  on  the  river  Drino,  43  miles  E  of 
Alessio.  Lon.  20  12  E,  lat.  41  48  N. 

Alban's,  St.  an  ancient  borough  of  Herts, 
on  the  river  Coin,  so  called  from  St. 
Alban,  who  was  the  first  martyr  in  Eng- 
land, and  was  buried  on  a  hill  in  the 
nighbourhood.  In  memory  of  St.  Alban, 
OfVa,  king. of  the  Mercians,  erected  an 
abbey  here,  calling  it  St.  Alban's,  Ed- 
ward VI.  incorporated  the  town,  which 


is  "governed  by  a  mayor,  high  stew-" 
ard,  recorder,  twelve  aldermen,  &c 
Here  are  three  churches,  beside  the  an- 
cient one  that  belonged  to  the  monastery, 
which  the  inhabitants  purchased  of  Ed-  ' 
ward  VI  for  4001.  and  is  now  a  parish 
church.  The  shrine  of  St.  Alban  stood 
in  the  east  part ;  and  in  the  pavement  are 
to  be  seen  six  holes,  in  which  the  sup- 
porters of  it  were  fixed.  The  church  of 
the  abbey  is  remaining  to  this  day.  In 
1703  a  tomb  was  discovered  in  this 
c hunch  said  to  be  that  of*  Humphrey  duke 
of  Gloucester;  when  the  leaden  coffin 
was  opened,  the  body  was  pretty  entire, 
being-  preserved  in  a  sort  of  pickle.  Not 
a  vestige  besjde  this  church,  remains  of 
the  abbey,  except  the  gatew  ay.  In  the 
church  of  St.  Michael  is  the  monument 
of  the  illustrious  Francis  Bacon,  viscount 
St.  Alban's.  In  the  centre  of  the  town 
stood  one  of  the  magnificent  crosses, 
erected  by  Edward  I,  in  honour  of  his 
queen  Eleanor  ;  and  a  building  erected 
in  its  stead,  in  1703,  still  retains  he 
name  of  the  Cross.  Near  the  town,  is  a 
kind  of  fortification,  supposed  by  some 
to  be  the  camp  of  Ostorius,  the  Roman 
propraetor;  but  others  imagine  it  to  have 
been  the  site  of  the  Saxon  royal  palace  at 
Kingsbury.  St.  Alban's  is  famous  for  the 
victory  obtained  hy  Richard  duke  of 
York,  in  1455,  over"  Henry  VI  ;  and  for 
a  victory  which  queen  Margaret  gained 
in  1461,  over  the  earl  of  Warwi ck.  This 
town  rose  from  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
city  of  Verulam,  nothing  of  which  re- 
mains except  the  old  walls.  The  market 
is  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  St.  Al- 
ban's sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
and  is  21  miles  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  14  W,  lat.  51  45  N. 

Albany,  a  fortress  belonging  to  the  Bri- 
tish, on  the  S  W  of  Hudson's  Bay.  Lon. 
81  20  W,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Albany,  a  county  in  the  state  of  New 
York,  rich  in  soil  and  w;ell  peopled.  It 
is  divided  into  eight  townships  and  con- 
tains about  42,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a 
well  watered  and  very  thriving  country. 

Albdny,  the  chief  town  of  Albany  coun- 
ty, New  York,  and  lately  become  the  seat 
of  state  government.  It  is  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  Hudson  river,  160  miles  N 
of  the  city  of  New  York,  and  340  S  of  Que- 
bec, in  the  lat.  of  42  36  N,  and  long,  of 
73  20  W  of  London.  At  the  last  enume- 
ration in  1800  it  contained  860  dwelling 
houses  and  5309  inhabitants,  one  tenth  of 
whom  were  slaves.  The  whites  are  a 
mixture  of  many  nations,  but  a  great  pro- 
portion are  the  descendants  of  the  early 
Dutch  settlers  — The  city  stands  on  the 
side  of  Tort  Grange,  a  fortification  erect- 


ALB 


A  L  C 


ed  by  the  Hollanders  in  1623 ;  and  is 
nearly  as  ancient  as  New  York.  It  was 
incorporated  by  Governor  Dougan  in 
1686,  and  is  now  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  a  mayor,  aldermen  and  assistants. — • 
The  situation  for  trade  is  admirable,  be- 
ing surrounded  by  a  fertile  country  and 
navigable  waters,  and  has  become  the 
staple  of  a  very  extensive  domestic  com- 
merce. The  population  increases  rapid- 
ly, having  gained  1800  persons  in  the  last 
iten  years. — The  houses  are  mostly  con- 
structed on  the  margin  of  the  river,  many 
of  them  in  the  old  Dutch  fashion,  with 
the  gable  ends  turned  to  the  streets.- 
though  those  lately  built  are  in  a  superior 
style.  It  is  well  supplied  with  whole- 
some water,  conducted  through  pipes 
from  a  spring  five  miles  distant. — The 
trade  supports  one  bank  of  discount  and 
deposit  with  approved  reputation. — The 
principal  public  edifices  are  a  hospital, 
city-hall,  a  jail,  and  six  or  seven  houses 
for  religious  worship,  some  of  which  are 
handsomely  constructed. 

Albarazin,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arra- 
gon,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the 
(.uadalavir,  100  miles  E  of  Madrid.  It 
is  an  anci.  nt  and  strong  place,  its  wool 
is  the  best  in  Arragon.  Lon.  1  16  W, 
lat.  40  30  N. 

Albazin,  a  town  of  Great  Tartary,  with 
a  strong  fortress  to  defend  it  against  the 
Chinese  and  Mogul  Tartars.  It  is  on  the 
road  from  Moscow  to  Pekin.  Lon.  103 
30  E,  lat.  54  0  N. 

Albemarle,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy.  From  this  town  the 
English  family  of  Keppel  take  the  title  of 
earl.  Its  serges  are  irk  high  esteem.  It 
is  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  35 
miles  N  N  E  of  Ronen,  and  70  N  N  W  of 
Paris.  Lon.  1  30  E,  lat.  49  50  N. 

Albemarle,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia, lying  between  southwest  mountain 
and  the  blue  ridge  ;  and  containing  about 
.18000  inhabitants,  nearly  one  half  of 
whom  are  slaves.  It  has  many  valuable 
mines  of  iron  ore,  and  some  iron  works. 

Albemarle  Sound,  a  spacious  bay  in  the 
state  of  North  Carolina,  into  which  .the 
Pasquo>ank,  Chowan,  Roanoke,  and  "se- 
veral other  considerable  rivers  emptv 
themselves.  It  extends  into  the  country 
from  the  ocean  about  50  miles,  and  is 
from  4  o  15  miles  in  width. 

Albengua,  an  ancient  strong  seaport  of 
Italy,  »n  the  territory  of  Genoa,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  surrounded  with  olive 
trei  s,  but  the  air  is  unwholesome.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Mediterranean  37  miles  S 
W  of  Genoa.    Lon.  8  3  E,  la  .  44  4  N. 

AlHsola,  a  small  town  belonging  to  the 


republic  of  Genoa,  Here  is  a  porcelain 
manufacture,  and  several  country  houses 
of  the  Genoese  nobility.  It  was  bombard- 
ed, in  1745,  by  the  English.  Lon.  8  20 
E.  lat.  44  15  N. 

Albreti  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Landes  and  late  province  of  Gas- 
conv,  37  miles  S  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  0  30 
W,  lat.  44  10  N 

Albnrg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N  Jut- 
land, with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  ca- 
nal 10  miles  from  the  sea,  and  30  N  of 
Wiburgh.  It  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
herrings  and  corn,  and  a  manufacture  of 
guns,  pistols,  saddles  and  gloves  ;  aerreat 
number  of  eels  are  likewise  taken  here- 
Lon.  9  46  E,  lat.  56  50N. 

Albuquerque,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estra- 
madura,  defended  by  an  almost  impreg- 
nable castle.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade 
in  wool  and  cl  1th,  ai/d  is  22  miles  S  W  of 
Alcantara.  Lon  7  3  W,  lat.  38  50  N. 

Alby,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  lately 
the  capital  of  the  territory  of  the  Aibi- 
geois  in  Languedoc,  and  an  archiepisco- 
pal  see.  It  is  situated  in  the  department 
of  Tarn,  and  contains  10,000  inhabitants. 
In  point  of  architecture  and  decorations, 
the  principal  church  is  one  of  the  most 
curious  in  France.  The  inhabitants  were 
called  Albigenses  ;  and  were  the  first  that 
disputed  the  authority  of  the  pope;  they 
were  comdemned  by  a  council  here  in 
1176  It  has  4  ga  cs  Ik  rough  which  you 
may  view  all  the  beauties  of  a  delightful 
plain,  which  produces  all  kinds  of  grain, 
excellent  wines,  flax,  hemp,  saffron,  ani- 
seed, coriander,  and  woad.  The  fine 
pastures  afford  wool  of  a  good  quality, 
which  is  manufactured  into  knit  stock-* 
ings  for  the  soldiers,  ratteens  of  all  co- 
lours, shalloons,  coarse  woollens,  &c. 
The  wax  candles  of  Alby  are  equal  in 
whiteness  to  those  of  Mans.  This  town 
is  42  miles  N  E  of  Toulouse,  and  335  S 
of  Paris.    Lon.  2  14  E,  lat.  4415N. 

Alcala-dc-Guadaira,  a  town  of  Andalu 
sia,  in  Spain,  seated  on  the  river  Guada- 
ira,  five  miies  S  E  of  Seville.  Lon.  5  16 
W.  lat.  37  28  N. 

Alcala-de-IIanarrz,  a  large  handsome 
town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with  a  fa- 
mous university,  a  fine  library,  and  a 
castle.  Ir  is  seated  on  the  river  Henarez, 
15  miles  E  N  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  6  W, 
lat.  40  26  N. 

Alcala-de-ReaU  a  tOMTn  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalusia with  a  famous  monastery  ;  seated 
near  the  river  Salado,  six  miles  S  of  Se- 
ville. Lon.  5  22  W,  lat.  37  38  N. 

Alcuma,  a  h  -ndsome  town  of  the  United 
Provinces,  'n  N  Holland,,  hi  the  environs, 
they  make  the  best  butter  and  cheese  in 
Holland,  .and  have  the  finest  tulips.  -It  is 


ALC 


ALE 


IT  miles  N  by  W  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4 
44  E,  lat.  52  40  N. 

Alcamo,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  valley 
of  Mazaro,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Boni- 
fati.  Lon.  13  52  E,  lat.  38  2  N. 

Alcantara,  a  small  but  strong  town  of 
Spain,  in  Estramadura,  and  the  chief 
place  of  the  knights  of  that  name.  It  has 
a  magnificent  bridge  over  the  Tajo,  built 
by  Trajan.  It  was  taken  by  the  earl  of 
Galway  in  1706,  but  retaken  the  same 
year.  It  is  42  miles  N  by  W  of  Seville. 
It  gif^s  name  to  one  of  the  three  orders 
of  k'nghthood.  Lon.  6  7  W,  lat.  39  20  N. 

Alcantara,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia. Lon.  5  10  W,  lat.  37  40  N. 

Alcassar,  a  city  of  Barbary  in  the  king- 
dom of  Fez.  It  was  formerly  a  city  of 
great  note,  but  is  now  fallen  into  decay, 
so  that  of  fifteen  mosques  there  are  only 
two  that  they  make  use  of.  Lon.  12  35 
W,  lat.  35  15  N. 

Alcaraz,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  La  Man- 
cha,  defended  by  a  strong  castle,  and  has 
a  remarkable  ancient  aqueduct ;  it  is  si- 
tuate near  the  source  of  the  Guadalqui- 
ver,  135  miles- S  S  E  ofMadrid.  Lon.  2 
5  W,  lat.  38  28  N. 

Alcazar,  a  town  of  Spain  in  New  Cas- 
tile, on  the  river  Guadamana.  It  has  a 
fortress  on  a  high  hill,  and  lies  in  a  very 
fruitful  country,  100  miles  N  W  of  Car- 
thagena.  Lon.  4  20  W,  lat.  38  15  N. 

Alcazar  Leguer^  town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Fez,  seated  on  the  straits  of  Gibraltar. 
It  was  taken  by  Alphonso,  king  of  Portu- 
gal, in  1468 ;  but  soon  after  abandoned. 
Lon.  5  30  W,  lat.  35  0  N. 

Alcazar-de-Sal,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Estramadura,  with  a  castle  reckoned  im- 
pregnable. They  make  fine  white  salt 
here,  whence  the  town  takes  its  name.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Cadoan,  15  miles 
from  the  sea,  and  35  S  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
9  0  W,  lat.  38  18  N. 

Alcmaer,  a  city  in  the  United  Provin- 
ces, about  4  miles  from  the  sea,  15  from 
Haerlem,  and  18  from  Amsterdam.  In 
1799  it  was  taken  by  the  British  in  their 
unfortunate  expedition  to  Holland,  who 
were  forced  soon  after  to  abandon  it. 

Alconchon,  a  castle  of  Spain,  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Estramadura,  seated  on  the  river 
Alcaraque,  that  falls  into  the  Guadiana, 
20  miles  S  by  W  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  6  58 
W,  lat.  38  12  N. 

Alcoutim,  a  small  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Algarva,  seated  on  the  river  Guadiana,  16 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  gulph  of 
Cadiz,  and  22  N  N  E  of  Tavira.  Lon.  7 
20  W,  lat.  37  20  N. 

Alcudia,  a  town  in  Majorca,  consisting 
of  about  1000  houses,  between  two  large 
harbours.    Lon.  3  0  E,  lat.  39  50  N. 


Ahlborongh,  a  borough  and  seaport  in 
Suffolk,  pleasantly  seated  in  a  dale,  be- 
tween a  high  hill  and  the  sea,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  A 
river  runs  on  the  S  W ;  and  the  harbour 
is  tolerably  good,  but  small.  The  town 
was  formerly  much  longer;  but  the  sea 
has  taken  away  whole  streets.  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  It  is  forty 
miles  E  of  Bury,  and  94  N  E  of  London. 
Lon.  1  42  E,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Aldborough,  a  borough  in  the  W  riding 
of  Yorkshire,  on  the  Ouse,  which  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  It  is  fifteen 
miles  N  W  of  York,  and  205  N  by  \V  of 
London.    Lon.  1  10  W,  lat.  54  8  N. 

Aldea,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrama- 
dura, 10  miles  S  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  55 
W,  lat  38  36  N. 

Alderbury,  a  village  in  Wiltshire,  on  a 
healthy  hill,  two  miles  from  Salisbury, 
and  near  the  Avon.  It  carries  on  a  ma- 
nufacture of  fustians,  and  received  consi- 
derable damage  by  a  fire  in  1777,  when 
200- houses  were  destroyed. 

Alderhohn,  a  pleasant  island  of  Sweden, 
formed  by  the  three  arms  of  a  river,  run- 
ning through  Gentle,  a  town  of  Norland, 
in  Sweden.  A  considerable  trade  is  car- 
ried on  here  in  planks  and  deals. 

Alderney,  an  island  in  the  English  chan- 
nel; it  is  eight  miles  in  compass,  separated 
from  the  coast  of  Normandy,  by  a  strait 
called  the  Race  of  Alderney,  which  is  a 
very  dangerous  passage,  on  account  of 
the  rocks  under  water.  It  is  a  healthful 
island,  and  fruitful  in  corn  and  pasture  ; 
but  has  only  one  church,  in  a  town  of  t  lie. 
same  name.    Lon.  2  7  W,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Alderette,  a  small  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Alentejo,  on  the  river  Caia,  which  falls 
into  the  Guadiana,  a  little  below  Badajoz. 
It  is  f  miles  S  E  of  Portalegre.  Lon.  7 
25  W,  la>.  39  2  N. 

Alentejo,  a  fertile  province  of  Portugal, 
bet  ween  the  Tajo  and  the  Guadiana.  The 
inhabitants  are  very  industrious. 

Alencon,  a  large  handsome  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  One  and 
late  province  of  Normandy.  Near  it  are 
stone  quarries,  fit  for  building,  wherein 
is  found  a  sort  of  chrystal  like  Bristol 
stories.  It  is  seated  in  an  open  country, 
abounding  in  all  sorts  of  corn  and  iVuits, 
on  the  river  Sart,  20  miles  N  of  Mans, 
and  97  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  10  E,  lat. 
48  18  N. 

Aleppo,  the  capital  of  Syria,  inhabited 
by  Turks,  and  four  sorts  of  Christians, 
who  have  each  a  bishop  and  a  church, 
and  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion. 
The  city  and  suburbs  contain  235,000  per- 
sons. Next  to  Constantinople  and  Cairo, 
ir*is  the  most  considerable  city  in  the 


ALE 


ALE 


Turkish  empire.  It  is  situated  in  the  vast 
plain,  which  extends  from  the  Orontes  to 
the  Euphrates,  and  which  towards  the 
south  terminates  in  the  desert.  It  is  built 
on  eight  hills,  on  the  highest  of  which  the 
castle  is  erected,  and  is  supposed  to  be 
the  castle  of  Berxa.  The  houses  are  large 
and  commodious,  having  terraces  on 
their  tops,  and  generally  sky-lights  in 
form  of  a  dome,  to  let  the  light  into  the 
rooms,  which  from  their  loftiness,  the 
gilding  on  the  window-shutters,  cup- 
boards, &c.  have  at  first  entrance  a  very 
agreeable  effect.  The  streets  are  carefully 
paved  ;  have  gutters  and  a  foot  pavement 
on  each  side  ;  and  the  middle  of  the  street 
is  laid  with  brick,  the  small  end  upwards, 
for  the  convenience  of  horses.  There  is 
also  a  cleanliness  observed  here,  unknown 
to  the  other  cities  of  Turkey,  there  being 
ass  drivers  who  go  about  the  city  and 
take  up  the  rubbish  and  dust,  which  eacli 
inhabitant  is  obliged  to  s  weep  together. 
The  mosques  are  numerous  and  some  of 
them  magnificent.  Before  each  of  them 
is  an  area,  with  a  fountain  in  the  middle, 
designed  for  ablutions  before  prayers. 
The  bazars  or  market-places  are  long  co- 
vered narrow  streets,  on  each  side  of 
which  are  a  great  number  of  small  shops, 
just  sufficient  to  hold  the  tradesman  and 
his  goods,  the  buyer  being  obliged  to 
stand  without.    The  situation  of  Aleppo 


rising  from  a  few  springs,  and  cause  the 
whole  to  be  overflowed  in  winter.  The 
extent  of  the  surface  prevents  this  water 
from  being  of  any  great  depth  ;  so  that  it 
is  soon  evaporated  by  the  sun,  when  it 
leaves  a  cake  of  salt,  in  some  places  half 
an  inch  thick ;  and,  in  April,  people  are 
employed  to  gather  this  salt,  which  is 
sufficient  to  supply  all  this  part  of  the 
country.  Aleppo  is  seated  on  a  small 
brook,  70  miles  E  of  Alexandretta,  and 
170  N  by  E  of  Damascus.  Lon.  37  20  E, 
lat.  35  45  N. 

Ale  si  a,  called  Alexiaby  Livy  and  others ; 
a  town  of  the  Mandubii,  a  people  of  Celtic 
Gaul. 

Alessano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see,  15 
miles  S  W  of  Otranto.  Lon.  18  25  E,  lat. 
40  10  N: 

Alessia,  a  town  of  Albania,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Drino. 
Eon.  20  6  E,  lat.  42  8  N. 

Alescio,  a  town  of  Turkish  Dalmatia, 
with  a  bishops'  see,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
25  miles  from  Spalatro. 

Alet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aude  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc.  It  was  lately  an  episcopal  see, 
and  is  remarkable  for  its  baths,  and  for 
the  grains  of  gold  and  silver  found  in  the 
stream  which  runs  from  the  Pyrenees,  at 
the  foot  of  which  it  stands.    It  is  seated 


besides  the  advantage  of  a  rich  and  fruit- '  on  the  river  Aude,  15  miles  S  of  Carcas- 
i'ul  soil,  possesses  also  that  of  a  stream  of  sone.  Lon.  2  25  E,  lat.  42  59  N. 
fresh  water,  which  never  becomes  dry. 
Xear  Aleppo,  its  banks  are  covered  with 
a  fertile  earth,  and  laid  out  in  gardens, 
or  rather  orchards,  which  in  a  hot  coun- 
try, and  especially  in  Turkey,  cannot  but 


Aleutean   Islands.      See  Archipelago, 
Northern. 

Alexandretta,  or  Seanderoon,  a  town  of 
Syria,  in  Asia,  at  the  extremity  of  the 
Mediterranean  sea,  and  the  seaport  of 
be  delightful.  The  city  is  itself  one  of  Aleppo,  from  which  it  is  distant  28  or  30 
the  most  agreeable  in  Syria.  On  whate-  j  leagues.  It  is  now  properly  speaking  no- 
vel* side  it  is  approached,  its  numerous  i  thing  else  but  a  village  without  walls,  in 
minarets  and  domes  present  an  agreeable  which  the  tombs  are  more  numerous  than 
prospect  to  the  eye,  fatigued  with  the  j  the  houses,  and  which  entirely  owes  its 


continued  sameness  of  the  brown  and 
parched  plains.  Aleppo  is  the  emporium 
of  Armenia  and  the  Diarbekar  ;  sends  ca- 
ravans to  Bagdad  and  into  Persia  ;  and 
communicates  with  the  Persian  gulf  and 
India,  by  Bassora,  with  Egypt  and  Mecca 
by  Damascus,  and  with  Europe  by  Alex- 
andretta and  Latakia.  Their  chief  com- 
modities are  raw  or  spun  cottons,  clumsy 
linens  fabricated  in  the  villages,  silk  stuffs 
manufactured  in  the  city,  copper,  coarse 
cloaths,  goats -hair,  the  gall-nuts  of  the 
Kourdestan,  the  merchandise  of  India, 
such  as  shawls  and  muslins.  Eighteen 
miles  S  E  of  Aleppo,  is  a  large  plain,  cal- 
led the  Valley  of  Salt,  bounded  by  low 
rocky  hills,  which  form  a  kind  ol  natural 
basin,  that  retains  the  rain  descending- 


xistence  to  the  road  which  it  commands. 
This  is  the  only  road  of  all  Syria,  where 
vessels  anchor  on  a  solid  bottom,  without 
their  cables  being  liable  to  chafe  :  but  in 
other  respects  it  has  many  inconveni- 
encies.  It  is  infested,  during  winter,  by 
a  peculiar  wind,  which  rushing  from  the 
snowy  summits,  frequently  forces  ships  to 
drag  their  anchors  several  leagues.  But 
the  worst  circumstance  is  the  extreme 
unwholesomness  of  the  air.  It  may  be 
affirmed  that  this  every  year  carries  off 
one  third  of  the  crews  of  the  vessels 
which  remain  here  during  the  summer, 
nay,  ships  frequently  lose  all  their  men  in 
two  months.  To  this  baneful  epidemic^ 
Alexandretta  from  its  situation  seems  to 
be  irremediably  condemned  ;  for  the  plain 


from  the  rocks,  together  with  the  water  on  which  the  town  is  built  is  so  low  and 


ALE 


ALF 


flat,  that  the  rivulets  finding-  no  declivity 
can  never  reach  the  sea.  On  this  ac- 
count, while  the  heats  are  excessive,  the 
principal  inhabitants  retire  to  the  neigh- 
bouring- villages,  among  the  mountains, 
where  there  is  excellent  water  and  deli- 
cious fruits.  It  is  70  miles  W  of  Aleppo. 
Lon.  36  23  E,  lat.  36  35  N. 

Alexandria,  a  strong  and  considerable 
town  of  Italy,  belonging  to  the  duchy  of 
Milan,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  strong 
castle.  It  was  taken  by  Buonaparte  when 
he  over-ran  Italy,  retaken  by  Suwarrow, 
and  since  taken  by  the  French,  June  1800. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Tanai-o,  40  miles  S  by 
E  of  Milan.    Lon.  8  43  E,  lat.  44  55  N. ' 

Alexandria  a  town  of  Virginia,  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  river  Potomac,  about 
160  miles  from  the  ocean.  It  is  the  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  and 
carries  on  a  considerable  trade  ;  the  an- 
nual exports  amount  to  about  600,000 
dollars,  chiefly  to  the  West  Indies.  It 
has  some  handsome  public  buildings, 
such  as  an  episcopal  church,  bank,  aca- 
demy, court-house  &c.  The  situation  is 
elevated  and  pleasant,  but  the  water  so 
bad,  that  the  inhabitants  are  obliged  to 
semi  nearly  a  mile  for  what  is  drinkable. 
The  original  settlers  laid  out  the  streets  on 
the  plan  of  Philadelphia  It  contains  up- 
wards of  500  houses,  many  of  which  are 
handsome,  and  4000  ,inabitants.  Nine 
miles  below  the  town,  on  the  Virginia 
bank  of  Potomac,  where  it  is  nearly  two 
miles  wide,  is  Mount  Verrion,  the  cele- 
brated seat  of  general  Washington.  Alex- 
andria is  ten  miles  S  from  Washington, 
and  100  miles  N  of  Richmond.  Lon.  77 
8  W,  lat.  38  30  N. 

Alexandria,  a  township  in  Hunterdon 
county  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  river 
Delaware,  opposite  to  Easton  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, It  has  about  200U  inhabitants. 

Alexandria,  a  township  in  Grajfton  coun- 
ty and  state  of  New  Hampshire,  It  con- 
tains about  500  inhabitants. 

Alexandria,  or  Sounder  in,  an  ancient 
and  once  rich  and  famous  town  of  Egypt, 
now  much  decayed,  though  there  are  still 
some  remains  of  its  ancient  splendour. 
This  city  was  built  by  Alexander  the 
Great,  about  333  years  before  Christ,  and 
was  a  league  and  a  half  long,  by  one- 
third  in  breadth,  which  made  the  circum- 
ference of  its  walls  about  four  leagues. 
Luke  Mareotis  bathed  its  walls  on  the 
south,  and  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
north.  It  was  intersected  lengthwise  by 
straight  parallel  streets.  This  direction 
left  a  free  passage  to  the  northerly  wind, 
which  alone  conveys  coolness  and  salu- 
brity into  Egypt.  A  street  of  2000  feet 
wide  began  at  the  gate  of  the  sea,  and 


terminated   at   the   gate   of  Canopus- 
This  street,  the  handsomest  in  the  uni- 
verse, was  intersected  by  another  of  the 
same  breadth,  which  formed  a  square  at 
their  junction  of  half  a  league  in  circum- 
i  ference.    At  present  the  city  of  Alexan- 
dria is  reckoned  to  have  about  14,000  or 
15,000  inhabitants;  a  strange  colluvies  of 
different  nations,  as  well  as  from  various 
parts  of  the  Turkish  empire.    The  pre- 
sent condition  of  Alexandria  is  very  des- 
picable, being  now  so  far  ruined,  that  the 
rubbish  in  many   places   overtops  the 
houses.     The  famous  tower  of  Pharos 
has  long  since  been  demolished,  and  a 
castle,  cailed  Farillon,  built  in  its  place 
Some  parts  of  the  old  walls  of  the  city 
are  yet  standing,  and  present  us  with  a 
masterpiece  of  ancient  masonry.  But 
what  m;jst  engages  the  attention  of  tra 
vellers  is  the  Pillar  of  Pompey,  as  it  is 
commonly  called,  situated  at  a  quarter  of 
a  league  from  the  southern  gate.    It  is 
composed  of  red  granite.    The  capital 
is  Corinthian  with  palm  leaves,  and  not 
indented.     It  is  nine  feet  high.  The 
shaft  and  the  upper  member  of  the  base 
are  of  one  piece  of  90  feet  long,  and  9  in 
diameter.    The  base  is  a  square  of  about 
15  feet  on  each  side.    This  block  of  mar- 
ble, 60  feet  in  circumference,  rests  on  two 
layers  of  stone  bound  together  with  lead 
Nothing  can  equal  the  majesty  of  this  mo- 
nument ;  seen  from  a  distance,  it  overtops 
the  town,  and  serves  as  a  signal  for  ves- 
sels.   Approaching  it  nearer,  it  produces 
an  astonishment  mixed  with  awe.  One 
can  never  be  tired  with  admiring  the 
beauty  of  the  Gapital,  the  length  of  the 
shaft,  nor  the  extraordinary  simplicity  of 
the  pedestal.    It  was  formerly  a  place  of 
great  trade,  all  the  treasures  of  the  East 
Indies  being  deposited  there  :  but  since 
the  discovery  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
tii is  trade  is  in  a  great  measure  lost 
This  place  is  subject  to  the  grand  signior, 
who,  however,  has  but  a  limited  authori- 
ty.   It  is  seated  on  the  most  westerly 
branch  of  the  river  Nile,  125  miles  N  W 
of  Cairo.    It  was  taken  by  the  French 
under  Buonaparte  in  their  predatory  ex- 
pedition to  Egypt,  but  they  have  been 
forc  ed  to  abandon  it.    Lon.  31  11  E,  lat. 
30  21  N. 

Alexandria,  a  post  town  of  Huntingdon 
county,  Pennsylvania  ;  standing  on  the 
Frankstown  branch  of  the  river  Juniata, 
25  miles  S  by  W  of  Centre  furnace,  43 
W  of  Lewistown,  and  190  of  Philadel- 
phia, with  about  200  inhabitants. 

Alfacs,  the  name  of  certain  islands 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Ebro,  in  the  prin- 
cipal, ty  o   Cat; .Ionia,  in  Spain. 

Alfeizerao,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Es>« 


ALG 


ALG 


tramadura,  on  the  sea  side.  Lon.  9  10 
W.  lat  39  3u  N. 

Alfeld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bi- 
shopric of  Hildesheim,  15  miles  S  S  W  of 
Ilildesheim.    Lon.  10  4  E,  lat.  51  38  N. 

Alfidena,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Abruzzo  Ceteriore.  Lon.  14  20  E,  lat. 
41  48  N. 

Alford,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday  :  seated  on  a  small 
brook,  six  miles  from  the  sea  and  20  N 
of  Boston.    Lon.  0  1   E,  lat.  53  16  % 

Afford,  a  township  of  Berkshire,  in  the 
state  of  Massachusetts,  situated  about 
140  miles  westward  from  Boston,  and 
containing-  about  600  inhabitants. 

Alfred,  a  post  town  of  York  county, 
Maine ;  situated  on  the  Mousam  river, 
576  miles  from  Washing-ton  city.  In  1800, 
the  township  contained  900  inhabitants. 

Alfreton,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday  ;  pleasantly  seated  on 
a  small  hill,  13  miles  N  of  Derby,  and  141 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  1  25  W,  lat. 
53  8N. 

Algagiola,  a  small  fortified  seaport  in 
Corsica.  It  was  almost  destroyed  by  the 
malcontents  in  1731,  but  has  since  been 
restored.    Lon.  8  55  E,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Algarva,  a  province  of  Portugal,  67 
miles  in  length,  and  20  in  breadth  :  bound- 
ed on  the  W  and  S  by  the  sea,  on  the  E 
by  the  Guadiana,  and  on  the  N"  by  Alen- 
teio.  It  is  fertile  in  fig's,  almonds,  dates, 
olives,  and  excellent  wine ;  the  capital  is 
Pharo. 

Algexira,  a  strong*  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalusia, on  the  straits  of  Gibraltar  ;  but 
at  present  in  a  mean  condition,  the  har- 
bour being  decaved.  It  is  10  miles  N  W 
of  Gibraltar.    Lon.  5  22  W,  lat.  36  14  N. 

Algher  or  Alceri,  a  town  of  Sardinia, 
on  the  NVV  coast,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
Lon.  8  40  E,  lat.  40  40  K. 

Algiers,  one  of  the  states  of  Barbary, 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Tunis,  on  the  N  by 
the  Mediterranean,  on  the  S  by  Mount 
Atlas,  and  on  the  W  by  Morocco.  It  ex- 
tends 600  miles  from  E  to  W.  The  air 
is  verv  temperate,  and  the  land  toward 
the  fertile  in  corn.  The  valleys  are 
full  of  fruit ;  but  a  great  part  is  dry, 
mountainous,  and  barren.  The  melons 
have  an  exquisite  taste,  some  of  which 
are  ripe  in  summer,  and  others  in  winter. 
The  stems  of  the  vines  are  so  large,  that 
a  man  can  hardly  grasp  them  with  his 
arms;  and  the  bunches  of  grapes  are  a 
foot  and  a  half  long.  It  is  divide^  into 
three  provinces,  namely,  TIemsarn  on 
the  W,  Titerie  on  the  S,  and  Constantia  to 
the  E  of  the  city  of  Algiers.  The  Turks, 
who  have  the  government  in  their  hands, 
are  not  above  7000  in  number ;  and  yet 


the  moors,  or  natives  of  Africa,  have  no 
share  in  it.  It  is  only  a  kind  of  republic 
under  the  protection  of  the  grand  signior, 
and  it  is  governed  by  a  sovereign  called 
the  dey,  but  he  can  do  nothing  of  conse- 
quence without  the  council  of  the  Janis- 
saries. The  Arabs,  who  live  in  tents,  are 
a  distinct  people,  governed  by  their  own 
laws  and  magistrates,  though  the  Turks 
interpose  as  often  as  they  please.  The 
dey  of  Algiers  is  an  absolute  monarch, 
but  elected  by  the  Turkish  soldiers,  and 
frequently  deposed,  and  put  to  death  by 
them.  The  revenues  of  the  government 
arise  from  the  tribute  paid  by  the  Moors 
and  Arabs,  a  detachment  of  the  army  be- 
ing sent  into  each  province  every  year  to 
collect  it ;  and  the  prizes  they  take  at  sea 
sometimes  equal  the  taxes  they  lay  upon 
the  natives.  The  dey  has  several  thou- 
sand Moors  in  his  service,  both  horse  and 
foot :  and  the  deys  or  viceroys  of  the 
provinces,  have  each  an  army  under  his 
command.  Their  religion  is  Mahometan- 
ism,  and  their  language  a  dialect  of  the 
Arabic.  They  have  likewise  a  jargon, 
composed  of  Italian,  French,  and  Spanish 
called  Lingua  Franca,  that  is  understood 
by  the  common  people  and  merchants. 
The  complexion  of  the  natives  is  tawny, 
and  they  are  strong  and  well  made. 

Algiers,  a  large  and  strong  town  of  A- 
frica,  in  Barbary,  the  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  Algiers  It  is  built  on  the  decli- 
vity of  a  mountain,  and  is  in  the  form  of 
an  amphitheatre  next  the  harbour  ;  inso- 
much, that  the  houses  appearing  one 
above  another,  make  a  very  fine  appear- 
ance from  the  sea.  The  tops  of  the 
houses  are  all  flat,  for  which  reason  they 
walkuprn  them  in  the  evening  to  take  the 
air  ;  besides,  they  are  covered  with  earth, 
and  serve  for  a  sort  of  gardens.  The 
streets  are  narrow,  and  serve  to  keep  off 
the  extreme  heat  of  the  sun.  The  mole 
of  the  harbour  is  500  paces  in  length,  ex- 
tending from  the  continent  to  a  small  is- 
land, where  there  is  a  castle  and  a  large 
battery  of  guns.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants is  said  to  be  100,000  Mahometans, 
15,000  Jews,  and  4000  Christian  slaves. 
Their  chief  subsistence  is  derived  from 
their  piracies,  for  they  make^prizes  of  all 
Christian  ships  that  are  not  at  peace  with 
them.  The  country  about  Algiers  is 
adorned  with  gardens  and  fine  villas,  wa- 
tered by  fountains  and  rivulets  ;  aud  thi- 
ther the  inhabitants  resort  in  the  hot  sea- 
sons. Algiers  tho'  it  has,  for  ages,  brav- 
ed the  resentment  of  the  most  powerful 
states  in  -  Christendom,  it  is  said,  could 
make  but  a  weak  defence  against  a  regu- 
lar siege.  The  emperor  Charles  V.  in 
1541,  lost  a  fine  fleet  and  army,  jn  an  ex- 

EL  ae-".        *•  1  -:-«; 


A  LI 


ALL 


pedition  against  it.  The  English  burnt 
their  vessels  in  the  harbour  in  1615  and 
1670  It  was  bombarded  by  the  French 
in  1688.  In  1775,  the  Spaniards  made  a 
descent  near  the  city  with  a  formidable 
army,  but  were  defeated  with  great 
slaughter.  In  1784,  they  sent  a  powerful 
fleet  to  attack 'the  forts  that  defend  the 
harbour;  but  they  were  repelled  by  the 
Algerines,  although  they  made  eight  suc- 
cessive attacks  with  great  spirit  and  bra- 
very. In  1767,  the  Algerines  took  the 
lead  of  the  other  states  of  Barbary,  in  re- 
fusing to  pay  any  longer  their  usual  tri- 
bute to  the  Porte.  Algiers  is  situate  op- 
posite Minorca,  380  miles  W  of  Tunis. 
Lon.  2u|8  Ei >laV34 $ ^••'^PPJ 

Alhama,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada. 
A  little  below  it  are  hot  baths,  accounted 
the  best  in  Spain.  It  is  seated  in  a  val- 
ley, surrounded  by  craggy  mountains,  25 
miles  SW  of  Granada.  Lon.  3  24  W 
lat.  36  56  N. 

Jllhambra,  the  ancient  fortress  and  re- 
sidence of  the  Moorish  monarchs  of  Gra- 
nada. In  many  countries  may  be  seen 
excellent  modern  as  well  as  ancient  ar- 
chitecture, both  entire  and  in  ruins:  but 
nothing  to  be  met  with  any  where  else 
can  convey  an  idea  of  this  edifice,  ex- 
cept the  decorations  of  an  opera  or  the 
tales  of  the  genii.  The  first  place  you 
come  to  is  the  court  called  the  communa, 
or  common  baths  ;  an  oblong  square  with 
a  deep  basin  of  clear  water  in  the  mid- 
dle ;  two  flights  of  marble  steps  leading 
down  to  the  bottom  ,  on  each  side  a  par- 
terre of  flowers,  and  a  row  of  orange 
trees.  The  c  eilings  are  gilt  or  painted, 
the  lower  part  of  the  walls  is  mosaic,  dis- 
posed in  fantastic  knots  and  festoons,  a 
work  so  novel,  so  exquisitely -finished, 
as  must  afford  a  stranger  the  most  agree- 
able sensations,  while  he  treads  this  m>a- 
gic  ground.  Opposite  the  door  of  the 
commuaa,  is  another  leading  into  the 
apartment  of  the  lions,  an  oblong  court 
100  feel  in  length  and  50  in  breadth,  en- 
vironed with  a  colonnade.  The  gate  that 
leads  into  the  hull  of  the  two  sisters,  ex- 
ceeds all  the  rest  in  proportion  of  orna- 
ments, and  in  beauty  of  prospect,  which 
it  aifords  through  a  range  of  apartments, 
where  a  multitude  of  arches  terminate  in 
a  large  window  open  to  the  country.  In 
a  gleam  of  sunshine,  the  variety  of  tints 
and  lights  thrown  upon  this  enhlade  are 
uncommonly  rich.  It  is  seated  near  the 
confluence  of  the  Oro  with  the  Xenil,  125 
miles  SW  of  Murcia,  and  225  S  of  Ma- 
drid.   Lon.  3  30  W,  lat.  37  8  N. 

AUcant,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia ;  remarkable  for  its  excellent  wine, 
and  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  which  pro- 


duces excellent  fruits,  and  plenty  of  rose- 
mary of  an  extraordinary  size.  The  cas- 
tle, on  a  high  rock,  was  reckoned  im- 
pregnable ;  but  it  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1706.  It  was  likewise  taken  by  the 
French  and  Spaniards,  after  a  siege  of 
almost  two  years ;  and  then  part  of  the 
rock  was  blown  up.  It  is  scaled  on  the 
Mediterranean,  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  25  miles  S  of  Valencia.  Lon.  0  0, 
lat.  38  16  N. 

Aligata,  a  town  of  Sicily,  remarkable 
for  corn  and  good  wine.  It  is  seated  on 
a  peninsula,  22  miles  SE  of  Gergenti.  Lon. 
13  48  E.  lat.  37  UN.*, 

Allahabad,  a  city  of  Oude,  in  Hindoo 
stan  proper,  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  two  great  rivers,  the  Ganges  and 
Jumna.  It  was  founded  by  the  emperor 
Acbar,  who  intended  it  as  a  placei  of 
arms  :  but  its  fortifications  will  hardly 
resist  the  battering  of  a  field-piece.  It  is 
470  miles  NYV  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  82  0  E, 
lat.  24  45  N. 

Allburg,  a  township  in  Franklin  conn 
ty  and  stale  of  Vermont.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Michiscoui  bay  and  contains  about 
1000  inhabitants. 

Alleghany,  the  name  of  one  of  the  wes- 
tern counties  of  Pennsylvania,  of  which 
Pittsburg  is  the  capital.  It  abounds  with 
fossil  coal,  and  some  mines  of  iron  and 
copper.  The  land  is  generally  rich,  and 
the  country  is  growing  fast  in  population. 
Tt  is  supposed  at  present  to  contain  20,000 
inhabitant^v'^'^^^ilip  ' 

Alleghany,  or  Appalachian  Mountains,  a 
long  range  of  mountains  in  N  America, 
between  the  Atlantic,  the  Mississippi,  and 
the  lakes  ;  extending  nearly  parallel  with 
the  seacoast,  900  miles  in  length,  and 
from  60  to  200  in  breadth.  The  different 
ridges  which  compose  this  immense  range 
have  different  names  in  the  different 
states.  Advancing  from  the  Atlantic,  the 
first  ridge  of  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and 
North  Carolina,  is  the  Blue  Ridge,  or 
South  Mountain,  from  130  to  200  miles 
from  the  sea,  and  about  4000  feet  high 
from  its  base.  Between  this  and  the 
North  Mountain,  spreads  a  large  fertile 
vale.  Next  lies  the  Alleghany,  which  is  the 
principal  ri'dgo,  and  has  been  descrip- 
tively called  the  back-bone  of  the  United 
States.  Beyond  this  is  the  long  ridge  cal- 
led the  Laurel  Mountains,  in  a  spur  of 
which,  in  lat.  36  is  a  spring  of  water,  50 
feet  deep,  very  cold,  and  as  blue  as  in- 
digo. From  these  several  ridges  proceed 
innumerable  nameless  branches  or  spurs. 
The  Kittatiny,  or  Blue  Mountains,  run 
through  the  northern  parts  of  New  Jersey 
ancWennsylvania.  These  mountains  are 
not  confusedly  scattered  and  broken,  ris- 


ALL 


A  L  M 


ing  here  and  there  into  high  peaks  over- 
topping- each  other,  but  stretch  along-  in 
uniform  ridges,  scarcely  half  a  mile 
high.  They  spread  as  they  proceed  S, 
and  some  of  them  terminate  in  high  per- 
pendicular  bluffs.  Others  gradually  sub- 
side into  a  ley^l  country,  giving  rise  to 
the  rivers  w  hich  run  southerly  into  the 
gulf  of  Mexico.  In  the  back  parts  of 
Pennsylvania,  scarcely  one  acre  in  ten  of 
this  range  is  capable  of  culture  :  but  this 
is  not  the  case  in  all  parts  ;  for  numerous 
tracts  of  fine  arable  and  pasture  land  in- 
tervene  between  the  ridges,  having  gene- 
rally a  rich  black  soil.  Indeed,  some  of 
the  mountains  will  admit  of  cultivation 
almost  to  their  tops. 

Alleghany  Iliver,  is  an  important  stream 
in  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania.  The 
head  waters  have  their  rise  in  the  N  part 
of  Pennsylvania  near  New  York  state  and 
nearly  in  an  E  and  W  centre  of  the  state. 
Winding  a  NW  direction  it  passes  in;o 
New  York,  and  then  taking  a  SW  course 
through  a  fertile  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
joins  with  the  Monongahela  at  Pittsburg, 
and  forming  the  Ohio  river.  A  very  slight 
inspection  of  the  Map  of  Pennsylvania 
will  convince  a  person  that  this  river  will 
at  some  future  day,  perhaps  not  very  dis- 
tant, be  the  channel  of  communication 
between  the  Great  Western  and  Easteri 


ladelphia  and  the  Ohio  waters,  giving 
the  industrious  planter  a  choice  of  a  mar- 
ket either  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  or  in 
the  metropolis  of  his  own  state,  one  at  a 
distance  of  2000  miles,  the  other  not  more 
than  300  from  his  own  door. 

Allc/n/rch,  a  village  of  Worcestershire. 
It  has  an  alms-house  founded  in  1580,  and 
the  Roman  Ickneld  street  passes  through 
it.  The  bishop  of  Worcester  had  formerly 
a  palace  here. ;  and  the  church,  several 
parts  of  which  are  of  Saxon  architecture, 
contains  many  antique  monuments.  It  is 
five  miles  E  by  N  of  Bromsgrove. 

Aliegranza,  one  of  the  Canary  islands, 
lying  to  the  N  of  Graciosa,  and  to  the  E 
of  St.  Clare.  There  are  several  castles 
that  defend  the  harbour. 

Allendorft  a  smalltown  in  the  landgra- 
vate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  remarkable  for  its 
salt-works,  and  three  stone  bridges.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Weser,  15  miles  E  of 
Cassel.    Lon.  9  59  E,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Allen's  Fresh,  a  small  town  in  Charles 


count}',  Maryland. 
SSW  of  Baltimore, 


It  lies  about.  90  miles 
and  about  50  S  of 


waters.    At  present  the  transportation  is 
considerable  on  one  of  its  small  branches 
French  creek  is  the  only  stream  of  con 
sequence  which  the  Alleghany  receives 
from  the  westward.    This  creek  has  its 
source  near  Lake  Erie,  from  which  to 
Waterford  the  commencing  point  of  navi- 
gation there  is  a  portage  over  a  turnpike 
of  14  miles.    Upwards  of  70,000  bushel 
of  salt  from  the  Onondaga  works  in  New 
1'ork,  were  entered  in  one  year  at  Erie 
a  considerable  portion  of  which  descend- 
ed French  creek  and  the  Alleghany  for 
the  supply  of  the  different  Ohio  river 
towns.    It  is  the  Eastern  branches  of  the 
Alleghany  which  interlocking  with  the 
navigable  branches  of  the  Susquehanna 
make  this  river  of  great  importance  to 
the   state   of  Pennsylvania.     Of  these 
branches,  Toby's  creek  from  the  NW  and 
Kiskimenetas  river  from  the  SW  are  the 
most  conspicuous.  The  navigable  branch- 
es of  the  former  approach  the  navigable 
waters  of  the  \V  branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna within  20  miles,  while  the  navi- 
gable head  waters  of  the  former  may  be 
connected  with  the  navigable  waters  of 
Juniatta  by  a  portage  of  25  miles.  Thus 
nature  has  left  comparatively  but  little 
for  the  exertions  of  man  to  form  a. com- 
plete water  communication  betweewPhi- 


the  city  of  Washington. 

Allemtown,  a  township  in  Rockingham 
county,  and  state  of  New  Hampshire  ; 
about  25  miles  NW  of  Exeter,  and  about 
40  from  Portsmouth.  It  has  but  few  in- 
habitants. 

Allentoivn,  a  town  in  Monmouth  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  10  miles  SE  of  Tren- 
ton, 22  S  by  W  of  Monmouth  courthouse, 
and  40  NE  of  Philadelphia. — And  a  vil- 
lage, in  Northampton  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 6  miles  SW  of  Bethlehem,  18  of 
Easton  in  the  same  direction,  and  56  N 
of  Philadelphia.  Post  offices  are  establish- 
ed at  both  these  small  towns. 

Aller,^  a  river  which  rises  in  the  duchy 
of  Magdeburg,  waters  Zell,  and  falls  into 
the  Weser  below  Verden. 

Alleria,  a  decayed  town  in  Corsica,  a 
bishop's  see,  and  the  place  where  king- 
Theodore  first  landed  in  1736.  Lon.  8  50 
E,  lat.  42  5  N. 

Allier,  a  department  of  France,  lately 
the  province  of  Bourbonnois. 

Alloa,  a  commercial  town,  on  the  Frith 
of  Port.h ,  about  20  miles  higher  up  the 
river  than  Lcith,  and  five  miles  E  of  Stir- 
ng.  It  consists  of  one  spacious  street, 
well  paved,  and  shaded  with  rows  of 
lime  trees.  Here  is  a  custom-house  for 
the  convenience  of  shipping  in  this  part 
of  the  north,  and  it  is  the  resort  of  all  the 
coal  vessels  in  the  neighbourhood.  It 
has  a  glass-house  and  some  other  manu- 
factures.   Lon.  3  45  W,  lat.  56  10  N. 

Almacarron,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  Murcia,  at  the  mouth  of  the 


ALP 


A  LS 


Guadalantine,  near  the  Mediterranean,  j 
20  mik  s  SW  of  Carthagena.    Lon.  0  56 
\V,  lut.  37  28  N. 

Almanza,  a  town  of  New  Castile,  re- 
markable for  the  defeat  of  the  allies,  by 
the  French  and  Spaniards,  in  1707,  when 
most  of  the  English  were  killed  or  taken, 
having  been  abandoned  by  the  Portuguese 
horse  at  the  first  charge.  It  is  50  miles 
SW  of  Valencia.  Lon.  0  56  W,  lat.  38  54  N. 

Almeda,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estra- 
madura,  seated  on  the  Tajo,  opposite 
Lisbon.  Lon.  9  4  W,  lat.  38  33  N. 

Almedia,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province-  of  Tra-los-montes,  on  the  con- 
fines of  Leon,  17  miles  N  W  of  Civadad 
Rodrigo.  Lon.  6  15  W,  lat.  40  45  N. 

Almeida,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal, 
in  \  he  province  of  Beira,  on  the  river 
Coa.    Lon.  8  15  W,  lat.  40  38  N. 

Almendvalaio,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tramadura,  near  the  borders  of  Portugal. 
Lor.  5  6  W,  lat.  38  36  N. 

Almeria,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Granada,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  river  Almcria,  62  miles 
SE  f  Granada.  Lon.  2  0  W,  lat.  36  51  N. 

Almissa,  a  small  but  strong  town,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Cetina,  in  Dalmatia, 
famous  for  its  piracies.  It  is  10  miles  E 
of  Spalatro.    Lon.  17  45  E,  lat.  44  4  N. 

Almondbury,  a  village  in  the  West  riding 
of  Yorkshire,  2  miles  SSEof  Huddersfield. 

Almo?idsbury .  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shin  .  eight  miles  N  of  Bristol. 

Almunecar,  a  seaport  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Granada,  seated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean, with  a  good  harbour,  defended  by 
a  strong  casvle,  30  miles  SSE  of  Alhama. 
Lon.  3  45  W,  lat.  36  30  N. 

Alnwick,  the  county  town  of  Northum- 
berland, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Alne,  and  is  a  popu- 
lous well-built  town,  with  a  town-house. 
It  has  three  gates,  which  remain  almost 
entire,  and  show  that  it  was  formerly  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall.  It  was  defended  by 
an  old  iUitely  Gothic  castle,  the  seat  of 
the  chike  of  Northumberland,  which  has 
been  lately  repaired  and  beautified.  It  is 
30  miles  N  of  Newcastle,  26  S  of  Ber- 
wick, and  305  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  30  W,  lat.  55  25  N. 

Most,  a  town  of  Flanders,  or  the  river 
Dender,  in  the  mid-wa)  between  Brussels 
and  Ghent.    Lon.  4  12  E,  lat.  50  58  N. 

Alpnach,  a  town  of  Su  isscrland,  in  Un- 
derwrtldtn,  seated  on  lake  Alpnach,  an 
arm  of  the  lake  of  the  Four  (  antons,  with 
which  it  unites  near  Stantzstadt. 

Alps,  the  highest  mountains  in  Europe, 
separating  Italy  from  France  and  Germa- 
ny. They  begin  on  the  side  of  France  to- 


wards the  Mediterranean,  between  the 
territory  of  Genoa  and  county  of  Nice  ; 
and  terminate  at  the  gulf  of  Carmero, 
which  is  part  of  the  gulf  of  Venice.  They 
consist  of  lofty  chains  of  mountains,  ran- 
ging one  upon  another,  with  only  narrow 
valleys  between.  They  are  composed  of 
stupendous  rocky  masses,  two,  four  and 
even  six  being  piled  upon  each  other,  and 
from  4000  to  12000  feet  high.  There  are 
few  passes  over  them,  and  those  of  diffi- 
cult access.  Swisserland  takes  up  a  good 
part  of  these  mountains,  or  rather  the 
vallies  between  them.  The  famous  Han- 
nibal attempted  to  cross  the  Alps  on  the 
side  of  Piedmont,  in  the  winter  season, 
when  he  invaded  Italy,  and  lost  most  of 
his  elephants  among  them. 

Alps,  Upper,  a  department  of  France, 
comprehending  part  of  the  late  province 
of  Daunhiny. 

Alps,  Lower,  a  department  of  France, 
containing  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Florence. 

Alpuxares,  high  mountains  of  Granada 
in  Spain,  near  the  coast  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, inhabited  by  the  Moriscoes,  who 
carefully  cultivate  the  ground,  which 
produces  excellent  wines  and  fruits. 

Alresford,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  has  about  200 
houses,  two  principal  streets,  which  are 
large  and  broad,  and  a  small  manufacture 
of  linseys.  It  is  18  miles  ENE  of  South- 
ampton, and  57  WSW  of  London.  Lon.  1 
1  W,  lat.  51  6  N. 

Alsace,  a  late  province  of  France,  boun- 
ded on  the  E  by  the  Rhine,  on  the  S  by 
Swisserland  and  Franche  Comte,  on  the 
W  by  Lorrain,  and  on  the  N  by  the  pala- 
tinate of  the  Rhine,  now  in  the  depart- 
ments of  the  Upper  and  Lower  Rhine.  It 
is  a  very  fertile  country,  producing  plenty 
of  all  sorts  of  corn,  wine,  pasture,  wood, 
flax,  tobacco,  pulse  and  fruit.  There  are 
mines  of  silver,  copper,  and  lead,  as  well 
as  mineral  waters.  It  is  diversified  with 
pleasant  hills,  and  mountains  covered 
with  forests,  in  which  are  pine  trees  120 
feet  high.  The  language  is  the  German, 
it  having  been  part  of  the  empire. 

Alsace,  a  township  of  Berks  county,  in 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the  east 
side  of  the  river  Schuylkill.  It  contains 
about  1200  inhabitants. 

Alsen,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Lit- 
tle Belt,  or  entrance  into  the  Baltic,  be- 
tween Sleswick  and  Funen.  It  has  no- 
thing remarkable,  but  two  castles,  and  is 
100  miles  W  of  Gopenhagen. 

Alsfehl  an  ancient  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  lundgravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  12 
miles  NW  of  Marburg.    It  is  an  ancient 


ALT 


A  M  A 


town,  and  its  inhabitants  were  the  first 
of  this  coumry  who  embraced  the  refor- 
mation.   Lon.  9  0  E.  lat.  50  55  N. 

Alsheda,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Smoland,  near  which  a  gold  mine 
■WuS  discovered  in  1738. 

Alston-Moor,  a  town  in  Cumberland, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  a 
hill,  at  the  bottom  of  which  runs  the  Tyne, 
with  a  stone  bridge  over  it  ;  and  near  the 
town  is  plenty  of  lead  ore.  It  is  20  miles 
E  by  S  of  Carlisle,  and  303  NNW  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  2  14  W,  lat  54  50  N. 

Altamont,  a  lown  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citerior,  15  miles  NW  of  Basigniano.  Lon. 
16  22  E,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Altamura,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Bari,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appen- 
nines.    Lon.  16  58  E,  lat.  41  6  N. 

Altea,  a  seaport  of  Valencia,  in  Spain. 
It  was  taken  in  1705,  in  favour  of  the  arch- 
duke Charles  ;  but  lost  after  the  famous 
battle  of  Almanza.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Mediterranean,  42  miles  SE  of  Valen- 
cia, and  110  S  by  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  0 
15  E,  lat.  38  34  N. 

Altena,  a  flourishing-  seaport  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  c  ;mmodi- 
ously  seated  on  the  Elbe,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Hamburg-.  The  Danes  built  it  in  that 
situation,  that  it  might  rival  Hamburg  in 
commerce.  It  was  burnt  by  the  Swedes 
in  1712,  but  has  been  since  beautifully  re- 
built. Lon.  9  52  E,  lat.  53  37  N. 

Altenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  with  a  strong 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Pleisse,  20 
miles  S  of  Leipsic.  Lon.  12  28  E,  lat.  50 
59  N. 

Altenberg,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  18 
miles  S  ot  Weissemburg.  Lon.  23  15  E, 
lat.  46  0  N. 

Altenburg  or  Oxvar,  a  town  of  Lower 
Hungary  on  the  Danube,  15  miles  S  of 
Presburg,  and  40  S  E  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17 
13  E,  lat  48  0  K. 

Altenburg,  or  Oldenburg,  an  ancient 
v  town  ipf. Germany  in  Holstein.  *'"*mL 

Altesson,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  between 
the  rivers  Dore  and  Stura,  near  Lauvene- 
rie.    Lon.  7  20  E,  lat.  44  36  N. 

Altetey,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany, 
in  the  Palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  15  miles'S 
W  of  Mentz.    Lon.  8  12  E,  lat  49  40  N. 

Altkirch,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Upper  Rhine,  on  the 
river  Ille,  45  miles  SSW  of  Strasburg. 
Lon.  7  20  E,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Altmore,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  thecoun 
ty  of  Tyrone,  seven  miles  NW  of  Dun- 
gannon.    Lon.  6  45  W,  lat.  54  43  N. 

Alton,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  seated  on 
the  river  Wey,  with  a  market  on*  Satur- 
lagr.    It  has  one  church,  a  famous  free- 


school,  a  large  manufacture  of  plain  and 
figured  baragons,  ribbed  druggets,  &  ser- 
ges de  Nismes  ;  and  round  the  town  are 
plantations  of  hops.  It  is  18  miles  ENE 
of  Southampton,  and  48  WSW  of  London. 
Lon.  0  56  VV,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Alton,  a  township  of  Strafford  county, 
in  4he  State  of  New  Hampshire,  contain- 
ing about  1000  inhabitants. 

Altorf.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Nuremburg,  with  a  famous  univer- 
sity, a  library,  and  a  physic  garden.  It  is 
10  miles  SE'of  Nuremburg/lon.  11  22  E, 
lat.  4920N. 

Altorf,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Suabia,  20  miles  NE  of  Constance,  and 
subject  to  the  house  of  Austria.  Lon.  9 
30  E,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Altorf,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capital 
of  the  canton  of  Uri,  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Russ,  on  the  lake  of 
Lucern,  20  miles  SE  of  Lucern.  Lon.  8 
25  E,  lat.  46  55  N. 

Altringham,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  10  miles  E  of  War- 
rington, anc  180  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2 
32  W,  lat.  53  23  N. 

Alva-de-Tormes,  a  considerable  town  of 
Spain,  in  Leon,  with  a  strong  castle,  seat- 
ed on  the  Tormes,  12  miles  SE  of  Sala- 
manca.   Lon.  5  4  W,  lat.  41  0  N. 

Alvesto?i,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire. 
On  the  top  of  a  hill  near  the  Severn,  is 
a  large  round  camp,  called  Oldbury, 
where  several  antiquities  have  been  dug 
up.    It  is  eight  miles  N  by  E  of  Bristol. 

Alzira,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Valencia,  on 
the  river  Xucar,  17  miles  S  of  Valencia- 
Lon.  0  10  E,  lat.  39  6  N. 

Amadan,  or  Hamadan,  a  town  of  Persia, 
200  miles  NE  of  Bagdad.  Lon.  47  4  E, 
lat.  35  15  N. 

Amadia,  a  trading  town  of  Asia,  in 
Curdistan,  belonging  to  the  Turks  ;  seat- 
ed on  a  high  mountain,  40  miles  SE  of 
Gezira.    Lon.  41  5  E,  lat.  36  5  N. 

Amah,  an  island  in  the  Baltic,  near  Co- 
penhagen, from  which  it  is  separated  by 
a  canal.  It  is  four  miles  longhand  two 
broad,  and  is  chiefly  peopled  by  the  des- 
cendants of  a  colony  from  E  Friesland, 
to  whom  the  island  was  consigned  by 
Christian  II,  at  the  request  of  his  gueen, 
for  the  purpose  of  supplying  her  with  ve- 
getables, cheese  and  butter.  From  the 
intermarriages  of  these  colonists  with  the 
Danes,  the  present  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
descended  ;  but  as  they  wear  their  own 
dress,  and  enjoy  peculiar  privileges,  they 
appear  a  distinct  race,.  It  has  two  church- 
es, in  which  the  ministers  preach  occa- 
sionally in  Dutch  and  Danish.  The  men 
wear  broad-brimmed  hats,  black  jackets, 
full-glazed  breeches  of  the  same  colour 


A  MA 


AM  B 


loose  at  the  knee,  and  tied  round  the 
waist.  The  women  are  chiefly  dressed 
in  black  jackets  and  red  petticoats,  with 
a  piece  of  blue .  glazed  cloth  bound  on 
their  heads.  The  island  is  laid  out  in 
gardens  and  pastures  ;  and  still,  accord- 
ing- to  the  original  design,  supplies  Cop- 
enhagen with  milk,  butter,  and  vegetables. 

Amal,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Gothland,  with  a  good  harbour 
on  lake  Wenner,  175  miles  SW  of  Upsal, 
It  carries  on  a  great  trade  in  timber,  deals, 
and  tar.    Lon.  12  40  E,  lat.  59  0  N. 

Amalfi,  an  ancient  town  in  the  Citerior 
Principality  of  Naples,  and  an  archbish- 
op's see.  Flavio  Gioia,  who  is  said  to  have 
invented  the  mariner's  compass,  about  the 
beginning  of  the  14th  century,  was  a  na- 
tive of  this  town.  It  is  seated  in  a  char- 
ming country,  on  the  western  coast  of 
the  gulf  of  Salerno,  13  miles  SW  of  Saler- 
no.   Lon.  14  45  E,  lat.  40  28  N. 

Amand,  St.  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cher,  and  late  territory  of 
Bourbonnois,  seated  on  the  river  Cher,  20 
miles  S  of  Bourges.  Lon. 2  30 E,lat. 46 45  N. 

Amand,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  and  in  the  late 
French  Flanders,  seated  on  a  Scarpe,  se- 
ven miles  N  of  Valenciennes.  It  had 
lately  a  celebrated  abbey,  which  is  now 
plundered.  When  the  Prussians  and 
Austrians,  invaded  France  in  1792,  it  was 
taken  by  them,  but  evacuated  on  their 
retreat.    Lon.  3  35  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Amantea,  a  seaport  town  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Citerior,  near  the  bay  of  Eufe- 
mia,  20  miles  SW  of  Cosenza.  Lon.  16 
10  E,  lat.  39  12  N. 

Amapalla,  a  seaport  of  N  America,  in 
Guatimala,  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same 
name,  220  miles  SK  of  Guatimala.  Lon. 
86  40  W,lat.  12  30  N. 

Amasia,  an  ancient  town  of  Natolia,  the 
birthplace  of  Strabo,  the  geographer.  It 
is  the  residence  of  a  bashaw,  and  gives 
its  name  to  the  province  it  stands  in,  where 
there  are  the  best  wines  and  fruits  of  Na- 
tolia. It  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake, 
July  3,  1794.  It  is  seated  near  the  river 
Casalmack,  36  miles  N  of  Tocat.  Lon. 
36  0E,  lat  40  31  N. 

Amazon,  or  Orelhma,  a  great  river  of  S 
America,  which  has  its  source  in  Peru, 
not  far  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  run- 
ning E  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  84 
channels,  which  in  the  rainy  season  over- 
flow their  banks,  and  fertilize  the  country. 
Its  course  is  between  4  and  5000  miles, 
including  all  its  windings.  Its  mouth  is 
150  miles  broad;  and  it  receives,  in  its 
progress,  near  200  other  rivers,  many  of 
which  have  a  course  of  5  or  600  leagues, 
some  of  them  not  inferior  to  the  Danube 


or  the  Nile;  and  1500  miles  from  its 
mouth,  it  is  30  or  40  fathoms  deep. 

Amazonia,  a  country  in  S  America, 
bounded  on  the  N*  by  Terra  Firma  and 
Guiana,  on  the  E  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  Brasil,  on  the  S  by  La  Plata,  and  on 
the  W  by. Peru.  It  is  1200  miles  long,  and 
960  broad.  It  was  discovered  In  1580, 
by  Francisco  Orellana,  who  sailed  down 
the  river  Amazon  to  the  Atlantic.  Ob- 
serving companies  of  women  in  arms  on 
its  banks,  he  called  the  country  Amazonia, 
and  gave  the  name  of  Amazon  to  theTl-' 
ver.  But  this  was  probably  a  fiction,  for 
M.  Condamine  could  perceive  no  such 
women.  It  is  generally  a  flat  region, 
abounding  in  woods,  lakes,  rivers,  bogs, 
and  morasses.  The  soil  is  very  rich  and 
fertile  ;  the  trees  and  plants  are  verdant 
all  the  year.  The  rivers  and  lakes  are 
infested  by  alligators  and  water-serpents. 
Their  banks  are  iphabited  by  different 
tribes  of  Indians,  governed  by  petty  sove- 
reigns, the  marks  of  whose  dignity  are  a 
crown  of  parrots  feathers,  a  chain  of  li- 
ons teeth  or  claws  hung  round  his  neck, 
and  a  wooden  sword  which  he  carries  in 
his  hand.  The  Spaniards  have  made  ma- 
ny vain  attempts  to  settle  this  country. 
On  that  part  of  the  coast  between  Cape 
North  and  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  the 
Portuguese,  indeed  have  some  settle- 
ments. 

Amberg,  a  handsome  town  of  Germany, 
capital  of  the  Upper  Palatinate  of  Bavaria. 
It  has  a  strong  castle,  and  is  seated 
on  the  river  Ills,  40  miles  E  of  Nurem- 
burg.    Lon.  12  7  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Ambert,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Puy  de  Dome  and  late 
province  of  Auvergne,  seated  in  a  beau- 
tiful valley,  on  the  river  Ore.  It  was  re- 
markable, before  the  French  Revolution, 
for  the  great  number  of  paper  manufac- 
turers in  its  vicinity,  and  for  its  trade  in 
coarse  laces,  camlets,  Sx.  It  is  21  miles 
E  of  Issoire,  and  300  S  by  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  50  E,  lat.  45  25  N. 

Ambleside,  a  town  of  Westmoreland, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on 
Winander-mere,  13  miles  NYV  of  Kendal, 
and  271  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  3  6  W, 
lat.  54  28  N.  '  ■ 

Ambleteuse,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and 
late  province  of  Picardy,  eight  miles  N 
of  Boulogne,  defended'  by  a  battery  of 
cannon.    Lon.  1  41  E,  lat,  50  49  N. 

Amboise,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Touraine,  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Loire  and  Massee.  The 
staircase  of  the  castle,  being  without 
steps,  may  be  ascended  to  the  very  top. 


A  M  E 


AME 


Here  Lewis  XL  instituted  the  order  of  St. 
Michael ;  and  here  in  1506,  was  formed 
the  famous  conspiracy  against  the  Guises, 
known  by  the  name«of  Amboise.  It,  is! 
12, miles  E  of  Tours,  and  118  S  by  W  of 
I'aris.  Lon.  0  5i  E,  hit.  47  25  X.  "  |PJ 
Amboy,  sometimes  called  Perth  Amboy, 
the  capital  of  East  Jersey,  in  Middlesex 
county.  This  town  is  finely  situated  for 
a  seaport,  lying-  open  to  Sandy-hook,  and 
approachable  from  the  sea  with  any  wind 
that  blows.  Some  efforts  have  been  made 
to  introduce  commerce,  but  with  small 
success,  the  exports  having  hardly  ever 
exceeded  60,000  dollars  per  annum.  The 
inhabitants  are  about  600. — It  lies  in  the 
lat.  of  40  35  N.  and  Long-  of  75  W,  35 
miles  from  New  York,  and  70  from  Phi- 
ladelphia. 

Amboyna,  an  island  of  Asia,  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  with  a  garrison  tawn  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  the  chief  of  the  Mo- 
luccas, and  remarkable  for  the  quantity 
of  cloves  and  nutmegs  it  produces.  The 
English  and  Dutch  had  factories  here  at 
the  beginning-  of  the  17th  century  ;  but 
the  Dutch  expelled  the  English,  and  tor- 
tured them  with  the  most  savage  cruelty. 
The  natives  wear  large  whiskers,  and 
their  dress  is  only  a  slight  piece  of  stuff 
wrapped  round  their  middle.  The  men 
buy  their  wives  of  their  paients,  and  if 
they  prove  barren,  the  marriage  is  void. 
They  are  generally  Mahometans ;  but 
there  are  some  Roman  catholics  among 
them.    Lon.  127  0  E,  lat.  4  0  S. 

.  lmbresbun,,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  and  three  fairs;  six 
miles  X  of  Salisbury,  and  78  W  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  40  W,  lat  51  11  X. 

Ambrym,  one  of  the  new  Hebrides,  in 
the  S  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  168  12  E,  lat. 
16  10  X. 

Amedabad,  a  large  and  populous  city  of 
Indostan,  and  the  capital  of  the  province 
of  Guzerat.  It  is  one  of  the  best  forti- 
fied places  in  India,  but  was  taken  by  ge- 
neral Goddard,  in  1780,  from  the  Poonah 
Mahrattas  to  whom  it  was  restored  in 
1783.  It  stands  in  a  beautiful  plain  on 
the  banks  of  a  navigable  river  that  falls  in- 
to the  gulf  of  Cambay,  321  miles  N  of 
Bombay.  Lon.  72  37  E,  lat.  22  58  X. 

Amedangur,  a  city  of  Hindoostan  in  the 
Deccan  ,•  once  the  capital  of  the  soubah 
of  the  same  name,  which  now  is  better 
known  by  that  of  Dowlatabad.  This  city 
was  the  residence  of  the  emperor  Au- 
rungzebe,  during-  his  conquest  of  the 
Deccan,  and  the  Carnatic.  It  is  181 
miles  by  Poonah,  from  Bombav.  Lon.  75 
0  E.  lat  19  10  X. 

Amelia,  an  episcopal  city  of  Italy,  in  the 
state  of  the  church,  in  the  duchy  of  Spo- 


letto,  20  miles  SW  of  Spoletta,  and  45  X 
of  Rome.    Lon.  12  30  E,  lat.  41  33  N. 

Amelia,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Virgi- 
nia, lying  between  the  waters  of  the  Not- 
toway  and  Appomatox  rivers.  It  contains 
about  8000  inhabitants. 

Amenia,  a  township  of  Duchess  county, 
in  the  state  of  "New  York.  It  contains 
about  4000  inhabitants. 

America,  one  of  the  four  parts  of  the 
world,  and  by  much  the  largest.  It  is 
bounded  on  all  sides  by  the  ocean,  as  ap- 
pears from  the  latest  discoveries  ;  it  being* 
formerly  supposed  to  join  to  the  north 
east  part  of  Asia.  It  took  its  name  from 
Americus  Vespucius,  a  Florentine,  who 
is  said  to  have  discovered  that  part  of 
the  country  seated  under  the  line.  But 
America  was  first  discovered  by  Christo- 
pher Columbus,  a  Genoese,  in  1401.  It  is 
called  the  Xew  World  with  great  proprie- 
ty ;  for  not  only  the  men,  but  the  birds 
and  beasts  differ,  in  some  respects  from 
those  known  before.  It  has  likewise  a 
great  number  of  trees  and  plants,  that 
grew  no  where  else,  before  they  were 
transplanted  to  other  places.  All  the 
men,  except  the  Eskimaux,  near  Green- 
land, seem  to  have  the  same  original ;  for 
they  agree  in  every  particular,  from  the 
straits  of  Magellan,  in  the  S,  to  Hudson's 
Bay,  in  the  X.  Their  skins,  unless 
daubed  with  grease  or  oil,  are  of  a  red 
copper  colour,  and  they  have  no  beards, 
or  hair  on  any  other  part  of  their  bodies, 
except  the  head,  where  it  is  black,  straight, 
and  coarse.  Many  are  the  conjecture^ 
about  the  peopling  of  this  vast  continent, 
and-  almost  as  various  as  their  authors 
America  is  so  long,  that  it  takes  in  not 
only  all  the  Torrid,  but  also  the  Terripe- 
jate  and  part  of  the  Frigid  Zones.  It  i^ 
hard  to  say  how  main  different  languages 
there  are  in  America,  a  vast  number  be- 
ing spoken  by  the  different,  people  in  dif- 
ferent parts  ;  and  as  to  their  religion, 
there  is  no  giving-  any  tolerable  account 
of  it  in  general,  though  some  of  the  most 
civilized  among-  them  seem  to  have  wor- 
shipped the  sun.  The  principal  motive 
of  the  Spaniards  in  sending  so  many  co- 
lonies here,  was  the  thirst  of  gold  ;  and 
indeed  they  and  the  Portuguese  are  pos- 
sessed of  all  those  parts  where  it  is  found 
in  greatest  plenty.  This  immense  conti- 
nent is  divided  into  X  and  S  America, 
which  are  joined  by  the  isthmus  of  Da- 
rien.  -It  has  the  loftiest  mountains  in  the 
world,  such  as  those  that  form  the  im- 
mense chain  called  the  Andes  ;  and  the 
largest  rivers,  such  as  the  Amazon,  Plata, 
Oronoko,  Mississippi,  Illinois,  Missourie, 
Ohio,  St.  Lawrence,  Hudson,  Delaware, 
Susquehannah,  Potomac,  ike.  Beside  the 


A  M  I 


AMP 


Indians  who  inhabit  the  interior  parts, 
and  the  United  States  of  America,  who 
possess  most  of  the  territory  that  former- 
ly belonged  to  Great  Britain,  the  different 
European  powers  have  rich  and  flourish- 
ing' colonies  here.  The  United  States 
possess,  New  England,  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Mary- 
land, Virginia,  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina, Keiuucky;  and  all  the  country  to 
the  N  of  the  Ohio,  extending  from  Penn- 
sylvania on  the  E,  the  lakes  on  the  N, 
and  the  Mississippi  on  the  W.  The  coun- 
tries possessed  by  Great  Britain,  are,  La- 
brador or.  New  Britain,  Upper  and  Lower 
Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Bruns- 
wick. In  N  America,  Spain  possesses 
East  and  West  Florida,  Louisiana,  New 
Mexico,  California,  and  old  Mexico  or 
New  Spain ;  in  S  America,  they  have 
Terra  Firma,  Peru,  Chili,  and  Paragua. 
In  S  America,  the  Portuguese  have  Bra- 
sil :  the  French  Cayenne  ;  and  the  Dutch, 
Surinam,  both  in  Guiana. 

Amersfort,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Utrecht,  seated  in  a  fertile  country  on 
the  river  Embs,  12  miles  E  of  Utrecht. 
Lon.  5  22  E,  lat.  52  14  N. 

Amersham,  or  Agmondesham,  a  borough 
of  Bucks,  consisting  of  about  200  houses 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  26  miles  S 
E  of  Buckingham,  and  29  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  0  35  W,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Ameabury,  a  town  in  Essex  county,  and 
State  of  Massachusetts,  about  four  miles 
from  Newburyport,  and  fifty  miles  N  by 
E  from  Boston.  It  is  a  flourishing  place, 
being  situated  on  a  navigable  river. 

Ameicell,  atownship  of  Hunterdon  coun  - 
ty,  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  about  34 
miles  N  byE  of  Philadelphia  It  contains 
about  7000  inhabitants. 

Amherst,  a  post  town  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire.  It  lies  on  the 
Souhegan  R.  18  miles  E  of  Peterborough. 
19  W  of  Londonderry,  and  about  6  W  by 
S  of  Portsmouth,  containing  about  2000 
inhabitants. 

Amherst  { a.  township  of  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, and  State  of  Massachusetts,  about  90 
miles  W  of  Boston,  with  about  1500  inha- 
bitants. 

Amherst,  a  popidous  county  in  the  State 
of  Virginia,  containing  about  20,000  inha- 
bitants, one  third  slaves.  It  is  separated 
from  Bedford  county  in  the  same  State  by 
James  River. 

Amily,  a  township' of  Berks  county,  in 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated 
on  the  NE  side  of  Schuylkill  river,  and 
contains  about  1000  inhabitants. 

Amid,  a  town  <  f  Natolia.  4 J  miles  E  of 
Amasia.  Lon.  36  40  E,  lat.  40  30  N. 


Amien,  a  principal  city  of  Mesopotamia, 
called  Ammxa  by  Ptolemy  ;  it  is  situated 
on  a  high  mountain,  on  the  borders  of  As- 
syria, on  the  Tigris,  where  it  receives  the 
Nimphius. 

Amiens,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Somme  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Picardy.  The  cathedral  was  one 
of  the*  largest  and  most  magnificent  in 
France,  previous  to  the  French  revolu- 
tion. Three  branches  of  the  river  Som- 
me enter  this  city.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1597,  but  retaken  by  Henry 
IV,  who  built  a  citadel  here.  It  has  ma- 
nufactures in  linen  and  woollen  cloth,  es- 
tablished by  Colbert,  which  employ  in 
the  city  and  adjacent  country  30,000 
people.  It  is  20  miles  SE  of  Abbeville, 
and  75  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  28  E,  lat.  49 
54  N. 

Ammercot  a  fort  in  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  a  very  extensive  sandy  desert,  between 
the  Indus,  the  territories  of  Agimere  and 
Moultan,  and  the  Puddar.  This  place  is 
celebrated  as  the  retreat  of  the  emperor 
Humaioon,  during  his  troubles  ;  and  here 
was  born  his  son,  the  illustrious  Acbar, 
It  is  190  miles  N  by  E  of  Tatta. 

Amol,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Usbec  Tarta- 
rv,  seated  on  the  river  Gihon,  60  miles  W 
of  Bokhara.    Lon.  64  30  E,  lat.  39  20  N. 

Amorgus,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
fertile  in  wine,  oil,  and  corn.  The  best 
parts  belong  to  a  monastery  ;  and  the 
greatest  inconvenience  of  this  island  is 
the  want  of  fuel.  It  is  30  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  67  N  of  Candia.  Lon, 
26  15  E,  lat.  36  20  N. 

Amonoosuck,  Upper  and  Lower,  names 
of  two  rivers  in  the  state  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, both  of  which  rise  in  the  White 
mountain,  and  both  of  them  fall  into  the 
Connecticut  river,  about  thirty  miles 
apart. 

Amour,  a  river  of  Asia,  whose  source 
is  in  Siberia ;  it  runs  E  through  Chinese 
Tartary,  and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Corea. 

Amay,  an  island  on  the  SW  coast  of 
China.  The  English  had  a  factory  here, 
but  abandoned  it,  on  account  of  the  im- 
positions of  the  inhabitants. 

Amphipolis,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, anciently  the  capital  of  Macedonia, 
on  the  river  Strvmon,  70  miles  NE  of  Sa- 
lonichi.  Lon.  24'  16  E,  lat.  41  38  N. 

Amplepuis,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire.  It  is  ce- 
lebrated for  its  wines,  and  is  16  miles  E 
of  Roanne. 

Ampthill,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  pleasanth 
between  two  hills,  but  in  a  barren  soil 
It  is  six  miles  S  of  Bedford,  and  45  NW 
of  London.   Lon.  0  30  W,  lat.  52  6  N- 


ANA 


AND 


Ampurias,  a  seaport  of  .Spain,  in  Cata- 
tonia, seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Fluvia,  60  miles  NE  of  Barcelona.  Lon. 
3  6E\lat.  42  5  N. 

Amras,  a  very  strong-  castle  in  Ger- 
many, seated  in  the  Tirol,  two  miles  SE 
of  Inspruck.  It  is  remarkable  for  a  rich 
library,  adorned  with  the  portraits  of 
many  learned  men.  Lon.  11  29  E,  lat. 
47  9  N. 

Amsterdam,  a  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  in  the  state  of  New  York. 

Amsterdam,  a  Urge,  rich  and  populous 
city  in  Holland,  capital  of  the  United 
Provinces.  The  walls  are  high,  and  well 
fortified;  and  the  bridge  which  joins  the 
.  rampart  is  built  over  the  river  Amstel, 
%  and  is  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  Archi- 
■C,  tecture  in  these  parts.  Few  cities  have 
*  their  public  buildings  so  fine,  numerous, 
and  well  kept.  Here  are  many  handsome 
churches,  and  hospitals  for  persons  of  all 
religions  and  countries.  The  exchange 
is  one  of  the  principal  ornaments  of  trie 
city,  and  the  harbour  is  one  of  the  larges1 
and  finest  in  Europe,  where  a  vast  num- 
ber of  merchant  ships  may  always  be 
seen;  though  there  is  a  bar  at  its  en- 
trance, which  is,  however,  a  great  secu- 
rity against  foreign  enemies.  The  foun- 
dation of  this  town  is  laid  upon  piles, 
driven  into  a  morass,  and  under  the 
stadthouse  alone  are  13,000.  The  streets 
are  spacious  and  well  paved,  and  most 
of  .them  have  canals,  with  rows  of  trees 
on  each  side.  It  is  computed  to  be  about 
half  as  big  as  London.  It  surrendered  to 
the  king  of  Prussia  in  1787,  when  that 
prince  invaded  Holland,  in  favour  of  the 
stadtholder,  but  was  evacuated  on  the 
restoration  of  the  latter  to  his  rights. 
Since  it  surrendered  to  the  French  in 
1795,  its  trade  has  greatly  diminished, 
j  and  its  merchants  have  been  impoverish- 
ed by  tiie  repeated  exactions  of  their  ra 
pacious  conquerors.  It  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  rivers  Amstel  and  \V;  t, 
65  miles  N  of  Antwerp,  175  E  by  X  of 
London,  240  N  bv  E  of  Paris,  and  560 
W  of  Vienn  .  Lon.  4  50  E,  lat.  52  23  NT. 

Amivell,  a  village  near  Ware,  in  Hert- 
fordshire, famous  for  giving  rise  to  th 
sew  River,  which  supplies. London  wiiii 

Am.vell,  a  township  in  Washington 
county  and  state  of  Pennsylvania.  It  con- 
tains about  1600  inhabitants. 

Anadir,  a  considerable  river  of  Sibe- 
ria in  Asia,  that  falls  into  the  Eastern 
Ocean. 

Anagni,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in  Cam- 
pagna  di  Roma ;  a  bishop's  see,  32  miles 
E  of  R  >me.  Lon.  13  25  E,  lat.  41  56  N. 

Jtmcerpir,  thife  capita)  of  the  nation  of 


thAAbkhas,  on  the  river  Makai,  which 
falls  below  it  into  the  Black  Sea. 

Anattom,  an  island,  one  of  the  New 
Hebrides,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
Lon.  170  9  E.  lat.  20  10  S. 

Ancarano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  mar- 
quisate  of  Ancona,  five  miles  N  of  Ascoli, 
and  82  NE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  29  E',  lat. 
42  48  N. 

Ancaster,  a  small  town  in  Lincolnshire9 
15  miles  S  of  Lincoln.  It  was  anciently 
a  Roman  village,  on  a  Roman  highway, 
and  lies  under  a  hill  abounding  with  an- 
tiquities, for— * 

Ancenis,  a  town  of  France,  seated  on 
the  Loire,  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Loire  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  20 
miles  E  of  Nantes.  Lon.  15  W,  lat.  47 
15  N. 

Anclam,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Pomc- 
ran  ia,  on  the  river  Pene,  20  miles  S  of 
Gripsyyald.    Lon.  14  2  E,  lat.  53  52  N. 

.  Incober,  a  territory  on  the  gold  coast 
of  Guinea,  having  a  river  of  the  same 
name  Mowing  through  it,  the  banks  of 
which  are  adorned  with  lofty  trees.  On 
the  western  bank  is  a  populous  village. 

Ancocus,  a  river  of  the  stale  of  New 
Jersey,  falling  into  the  river  Delaware 
about  6  miles  below  Burlington. 

Ancona,  a  province  in  the  ecclesiastical 
State. 

Ancona,  an  ancient  town  and  citadel  of 
Italy,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  in  the  mar- 
quisate  of  Ancona.  It  was  originally  built 
upon  a  hill,  and  the  cathedral  stands 
upon  the  highest  part,  but  the  houses 
have  been  gradually  extended  down  the 
side  of  the  eminence  toward  the  sea.  The 
•ommerce  of  Ancona  has  rapidly  increas- 
ed of  late  years  ;  for  which  it  is  indebted 
c<)  pope  Clement  XIT,  who  made  it  a  free 
port,  and  buih  a  mole,  to  render  the  har- 
bour safe  :  it  is  erected  on  the  ruins  of 
die  ancient  mole,  raised  by  the  emperor 
frajan,  and  is  above  2000  feet  in  length, 
100  in  breadth,  and  about  60  in  depth 
:']  om  the  surface  of  the  s*t-a.  The  triumphal 
arch  of  Trajan,  remains  id  most  entire* 
with  its  inscription.  The  street!  are  nar- 
row and  uneven,  the  cathedral  is  a  low 
and  dark  structure  ;  and  though  the  front 
is  covered  with  marble,  the  architecture 
has  neither  beauty  nor  regularity.  Here 
likewise  Clement  erected  a  lazaretto, 
which  adyances  a  little  way  into  the  sea, 
in  the  form  of  a  pentagon,  and  is  a  noble 
as  well  as  useful  edifice.  Ancona  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1796.  It  is  116 
miles  N  by  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  35  E, 
lat.  43  38  N. 

Andalusia,  a  province  of  Spain,  250 
miles  in  length,  and  150  in  breadth.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  S  by  Granada,  on  the 
J  * 


AND 


AND 


iV  by  Algarva  and  the  Atlantic,  oajthe 
N  by  Estramadura,  and  on  the  E  by  Mur- 
eia.  The  Guadalquiver  runs  through  its 
whole  length  ;  and  it  is  the  best,  most 
fertile,  and  trading  part  in  Spain.  The 
capital  is  Seville. 

Andaman  Islands,  on  the  E  side  of  the 
entrance  into  the  bay  of  Bengal.  The  in- 
habitants are  the  most  savage  in  the 
whole  world.  They  go  quite  naked,  the 
women  wearing  a  fringe  round  their  mid- 
dle. The  men  are  crafty  and  revengeful ; 
and  frequently  express  their  aversion  to 
strangers  in  a  loud  and  threatening  tone 
of  voice.  Sometimes  they  appear  docile 
and  quiet  with  the  most  hostile  intent. 

Andaye,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees 
and  late  territory  of  Basques,  famous  for 
its  brandy.  It  is  situate  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Bidassoa,  opposite  Fontarabia 
in  Spain,  18  miles  SW  of  Bayonne.  Lon. 
1  45  W,  lat.  43  25  N. 

Andely,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  parted  by  a  paved  causeway 
into  two  li  tie  towns  called  Great  and  Lit- 
tle Aridely,  a  mile  from  each  other.  Great 
Andely  is  in  a  valley,  on  the  little  river 
Gambons.  It  is  20  miles  SE  of  Kouen, 
and  60  N\V  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  30  E,  lat. 
49  20  N.  r*Jk$Hk 

Andernach,  an  ancient  city  of  Germany, 
in  the  electorate  of  Cologne,  seated  on 
the  Rhine,  10  miles  NW  of  Coblentz. 
Lon.  7  22$  lat.  50  29  N. 

Andero,  St.  a  seaport  of  Spain  in  the 
bay  of  Biscay,  where  the  Spaniards  build 
and  lay  up  some  of  their  men  of  war.  It 
is  60  miles  W  of  Bilboa.  Lon.  4  30  E, 
lat.  43  25  X. 

Andes,  or  Cordilleras,  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains in  South  America,  which  running 
from  the  most  northern  part  of  Peru,  to 
the  Straits  of  Magellan,  are  the  longest 
and  most  remarkable  in  the  world.  They 
divide  the  whole  southern  part  of  Ame- 
rica, and  run  a  length  of  430(T'Jnfles. 
They  are  much  superior  in  height  to  any 
Other  mountains  ;  for  the  plain  of  Quito,, 
which  may  be  considered  as  the  base  of 
the  Andes,  is  elevated  further  above  the 
sea  than  the  top  of  the  Pyrenees ;  and* 
they  rise,  in  different  places,  more  than 
one' third  above  the  Peak  of  Tenenfie, 
once  thought  to  be  the  highest  land  i. 
the  ancient  hemisphere.  The  Andes  may 
literally  be  said  to  hide  theirhcads  in  the 
clouds  :  the  storms  often  roll,  and  the 
thunder,  bursts  below  their  sun. nuts, 
which,  though  exposed  to  the  rays  of  the 
sun  in  the  torrid  zone,  are  covered  with 
everlasting  snow.  From  experiments  made 
with  a  barometer  on  the  mountain  of  Co- 


topaSi,  it  appeared  that  its  summit  \\  a 
elevated  6252  yards  above  the  surface  of 
the  sea,  something  more  than  three  geo- 
graphical miles.     In  these  mountains, 
there  are  said  to  be  16  volCanos. 

Anrf'jver,  a  borough  in  Hampshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  governed 
by  a  mayor.  It  is  10  miles  N  by  W  of 
Winchester,  and  65  W  by  S  of  London 
Lon.  1  20  W,  lat.  51  14  N.  M 

Andover,  a  town  in  Essex  county,  Mas- 
sachusetts, about  20  miles  N  of  Boston 
— And  a  town  in  Sussex  county,  New 
Jersey,  about  10  miles  S  by  E  of  New- 
ton, famous  for  its  iron  works. 

Andover,  a  township  of  Windsor  coun- 
ty, in  the  state  of  Vermont  ;  situated  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Green  Mountains,  and 
containing  about  1500  inhabitants. 

Andover,  a  township  of  Hillsborough 
county,  belonging  to  the  state  of  New 
Hampshire,    It  has  1500  inhabitants. 

Andover,  a  township  in  the  district  of 
Maine,  situated  between  the  Amoriscog- 
gin  and  Nomecot  rivers.  It  is  but  thinly 
settled.  '         ^fSrt^^fe^  ' 

Andrarwn,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Goth- 
land, three  miles  S  of  Christianstadt : 
where  there  is  the  greatest  alum  work  in 
the  kingdom.  .if 

Andrew,  St.  a  parish  of  Charleston  dis- 
trict, in  the  state  of  S  Carolina.  It  is  si- 
tuated »on  the  Ashley  river,  and  in  the 
year  18^0  contained  about  600  free  whites 
with  a  population  of  4500  slaves 

Andrew,  St.  a  fort  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, at  the  E  end  of  the  isle  of  Bom - 
mel  Wae8tt  * 

Andrew,  St.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ca- 
l  inthia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the 
river  Levant,  95  miles  S  by  W  of  Vienna 
Lon.  15  10  E,  lat.  46  52  N. 

Andrew's,  St.  a  city  in  Fifeshire,  with 
an  university.  It  was  formerly  the  see  of 
an  archbishop,  and  is  seated  at  the  bot- 
lorn  of  a  bay,  on  the  level  top  of  a  small 
hill,  extending  E  and  W,  having  an  open 
prospect  of  the  German  Ocean.  The 
town  of  St.  Andrewjs  was  erected  into  a 
royal  borough  by  David  I.  in  the  year 
1140  and  their  privileges  afterwards  con- 
tirmed.  The  charter  of  Malcolm  II.  is 
preserved  in  the  toibooth ;  and  appears 
.  ritten  on  a  bit  of  parchment,  but  the 
contents  equally  valid  with  what  would 
at  this  time  require  whole  skins.  Here 
also  are  kept  the  silver  keys  of  the  city  ; 
which,  for  form's  sake,  arc  delivered  to 
the  king,  if  he  should  visit  the  place,  or 
to  a  victorious  enemy,  in  token  of  sub- 
mission. In  this  place,  likewise,  is  to  be 
seen  Hie  monstrous  axe  which,  in  1646, 
took  oft'  the  heads  of  Sir  Robert  Spots- 


A  N  G 


A  NG 


^sod  and  other  distinguished  loyalists. 
St.  Andrew's  is  now  greatly  reduced  in 
the  number  of  its  inhabitants  ,  at  present 
scarcely  exceeding-  2000.  It  is  impos- 
sible to  ascertain  the  sum  when  it  was 
the.  seat  of  the  primate  ;  all  that  can  be 
known  is,  that  during  the  period  of  its 
splendor,  there  were  between  60  and  70 
bakers  ;  but  now  9  or  10  are  sufficient  for 
the  place.  It  is  a  mile  in  circuit,  and 
contains  three  principal  streets.  On  en- 
tering the  west  port,  a  well-built  street, 
straight,  and  of  a  vast  length  and  breadth, 
appears  ;  but  so  grass-grown,  and  pre- 
senting such  a  dreary  solitude,  that  it 
forms  the  perfect  idea  of  having  been 
laid  waste  by  the  pestilence.  The  uni- 
versity, which  was  founded  by  bishop 
Wardlaw,  in  1411,  consists  of  three  col- 
leges. The  cathedral,  the  chapel  of  St. 
Regulus,  the  church  of  St.  Salvator,  and 
the  priory,  have*  been  noble  Gothic  struc- 
tures. The  castle  was  the  scene  of  the 
cruelty  and  punishment  of  cardinal  Beton; 
the  window  is  still  shown,  from  which  he 
beheld  the  martyrdom  of  George  Wish- 
art,  who  was  burnt  on  the  spot  beneath; 
and  in  this  castle  he  himself  was  assas- 
sinated in  1546.  The  houses,  though 
built  of  stone,  are  gone  to  decay,  there 
being  no  manufactures  to  support  the 
numerous  inhabitants  ;  nor  is  the  harbour 
in  a  good  condition.  It  is  30  miles  NE 
of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  45  W,  lat.  56  18  N. 

Andria,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Bari,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  four  miles  S  of  Barletta. 
Lon.  16  32  E,  lat.  41  25  N. 

Andros,  an  island  and  town  in  the  Ar- 
chipelago. The  inhabitants  are  of  the 
Greek  church,  and  have  a  bishop  and  se- 
veral monasteries.  The  principal  riches 
of  this  island  consist  in  silks,  and  the 
fields  are  very  pleasant  and  fertile  ;  be- 
ing planted  with  oranges,  citrons,  mul- 
berries, pomegranates,  and  figs.  It  lies 
to  the  N  of  Candia.  Lon.  25  30  E,  lat. 
37  50  N. 

Andvoscogg-in,  in  some  maps  called  the 
Amariscoggin,  a  considerable  river  in  the 
district  of  Maine.  It  unites  with  the  Ken- 
Rebeck  river  about  18  miles  from  the 
ocean,  after  passing  through  the  richest 
part  of  Maine. 

Anduxur,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, seated  on  the  Guadalquiver,  de- 
fended by  a  castle.  It  is  35  miles  E  of 
Cordova.    Lon.  64  7  W,  lat.  37  55  N. 

Anegada,  one  of  the  English  Virgin 
islands.    Lon.  64  7  W,  lat.  18  40  N. 

Angela,  St.  a  small  but  strong  town  of 
Naples,  in  Capitanata,  five  miles  N  of 
Manfreclonia,  and  two  from  the  sea.  Lon. 
16  13  E,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Angelas,  a  populous  and  trading  town 


of  Mexico,  with  a  bishop's  see.  The  air 
is  excellent,  and  the  land  abounds  in 
corn.  It  is  62  miles  SE  of  Mexico.  Lon. 
92  22  W,  lat.  19  30  N. 

Angers,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Maine  and  Loirerand 
the  late  province  of  Anjou.    It  is  seated 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Sarte  and 
Loire,  and  is  divided  by  the  Maine  into 
two  parts  ;  the  western  extending  into 
the  plain,  and  the  eastern  which  rises  on 
the  acclivity  of  a  hill.    Its  environs  pre- 
sent a  pleasing  view  of  numerous  country 
houses,  upwards  of  a  hundred  windmills, 
well  cultivated  kitchen-gardens,  and  emi- 
nences that  produce  good  white  wine 
The  cathedral  is  an  elegant  structure  : 
the  exquisite  neatness  of  the  wainscot  of 
the  choir,  the  width  of  the  nave,  and  the 
principal    gate,   surrounded    by  three 
steeples  (of  which  the  centre  one  has  no 
support  but  the  bases  of  the  other  two) 
are  particularly  admired.    In  this  cathe- 
dral is  the  tomb  of  Rene,  king  of  Sicily, 
and  several  bishops,  in  white  marble  , 
and  here  is  shown  an  urn,  which  is  pre- 
tended to  have  been  used  at  the  wedding 
of  Cana.    Before  the  late  dissolution  of 
convents,  monks  of  every  order  were  to 
be  seen  at  Angers  ;  and  out  of  four  ab- 
beys that  belonged  to  the  Benedictines, 
three  were  particularly  beautiful.  Here 
is  an  academy  of  Belles  lettres,  establish- 
ed in  1685.  The  inhabitants  are  comput- 
ed at  30,000 ;  and  here  is  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  handkerchiefs  and  sail- 
cloth. The  produce  of  the  slate  quarries, 
at  the  extremity  of  the  suburb  of  Bres- 
signy,  forms  likewise  an  important  ar- 
ticle of  commerce:  this  slate  is  so  com- 
mon, that  the  most  paltry  hovel  in  the 
suburbs  is  covered  with  it;  on  which  ac- 
count Angers  has  been  called  the  Black 
City.    The  castle,  flanked  by  18  great 
round  towers,  is  remarkable  only  for  its 
advantageous  situation  on  a  rock,  and 
the  width  of  its  ditches.    It  is  50  miles  E 
of  Nantes,  and  175  SW  of  Paris.    Lon.  0- 
55  W,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Anghiera,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Milan,  and  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name:  It  is  seated  on  the  east  side 
of  the  lake  Maggiore,  30  miles  NW  of 
Milan.  Lon.  8  40  E,  lat.  45  42  N. 

Anglesey,  an  island  and  the  most  west- 
ern county  of  N.  Wales.  It  is  24  miles  in 
length,  14  in  breadth,  and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  is  in  the  diocese  of 
Bangor,  is  divided  into  six  hundreds,  con- 
taining two  market  towns,  and  74  parish- 
es. It  Is  separated  from  Carnarvonshire 
by  a  long  and  narrow  strait  called  the 
Menai.  That  part  of  the  island  which 
borders  this  strait  is  finely  wooded,  re- 


A  N  G 

callingto  the  mind  its  ancient  state,  when 
it  was  the  celebrated  seat  of  the  Druids, 
whose  terrific  religious  rites  wen-  per- 
formed in  the  gloom  of  the  thi.kest  woods 
where  no  soul  ever  entered  but  the  pri.-st, 
who  at  noon,  and  at  midnight,  with  pale- 
ness on  his  brow,  and  tremor  in  his  s.ep, 
went  thither  to  celebrate  the  horrible 
mysteries  in  honour  of  that  terrific  deitv, 
whose  aspect  he  yet  dreaded  more  than 
death  to  behold.  Rude  mounds,  and  heaps 
of  stones,  said  to  be  druidical  remains, 
are  still  to  be  seen.  But  a  little  way 
within,  the  whole  appears  a  naked  tract, 
without  trees  or  hedges,  watered  by  nu- 
merous rills,  fertile  in  grass  and  corn,  and 
abounding  in  cattle.  Vast  quantities  of 
copper  are  procured  from  a  famous  mine 
on  Pans  mountain.  In  the  N\V  part  of 
the  island  is  a  quarry  of  green  marble, 
intermixed  with  that  curious  substance- 
called  asbestos. 

Angol,  a  town  of  S.  America,  in  Chili, 
125  miles  N  of  Baldivia.  Lon.  72  59  \V, 
lat.  37  36  S. 

Angola,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Congo  Proper,  on  the  E  by 
Malemba,  on  the  S  by  Benguela,  and  on 
the  W  by  the  ocean.  This  country  pro- 
duces Indian  corn,  beans,  oranges,  lem- 
ons, and  several  other  fruits.  The  inha- 
bitants are  very  lazy  and  generally  idola- 
ters, taking  as  many  wives  as  they  think 
fit.  The  country  is  divided  among  seve- 
ral petty  princes,  and  the  Portuguese  have 
several  settlements  on  the  coast;  but  the 
English  and  Dutch  traffic  with  the  natives, 
and  purchase  a  great  number  of  slaves. 

Angoulesme,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Charente  and  late  province  of 
Ang.  umois.  It  stands  on  a  mountain 
suriouaded  by  rocks.  The  river  Cha- 
rente runs  at  the  foot  of  it ;  there  were 
formerly  fine  paper  manufactories  in  its 
environs.  It  is  20  miles  W  of  Limoges, 
and  250  S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0.  14  E, 
lat.  45  39  N. 

i  Angoumois,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Pbito'u,  on  the  E 
by  Limosin  and  Marche,  on  the  S  by  Pe- 
rigord,  and  on  the  W  by  Saintonge.  It  is 
now  comprehended  in  the  department  of 
Charente. 

Angora,  a  city  of  Natolia,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Amasia,  formerly  Ancyra,  com- 
puted to  contain  100,000  inhabitants.  It 
is  a  Greek  archbishop's  see,  and  remark- 
able for  some  remains  of  ant  iquitv.  The 
castle  has  a  triple  inclosure,  and  the  walls 
are  of  white  marble  and  stone,  resemb- 
ling porphyry.  Here  they  breed  the  finest 
goats  in  the  world  ;  and  the  hair  is  of  a 
hne  white,  almost  like  silk,  which  they 
xrork  into  the  finest  stuffs,  particularly 


A  N  K 

camlets.  It  is  212  miles  SE  of  Constat 
tinople.    Lon.  32  5  E,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Angra,  the  capital  of  Tercera,  one  of 
the  Azores.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  the 
residence  of  the  governor  of  the  Azores. 
Lon.  27  7  W,  lat.  38  39  N. 

Angrogna*  a  town  of  Piedmont,  seven 
mdes  W  of  Pignerol.  Lon.  7  15  E,  lat 
45  0  N. 

Auguilla,  or  Snake  Island,  a  long  and 
narrow  island,  so  called  from  its  winding 
somewhat  in  the  manner  of  a  snake.  It 
is  woody,  but  perfectly  level  ;  and  is  the 
most  northerly  of  the  English  Leeward 
Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  60  miles  NW 
IS  l1-  £hrlst0Pher's-    Lon-  62  35  VY,  lat. 

AnguiUaba,  a  small  town  of  Italv,  in 
the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  15  miles  NW 
of  Rome. 

Angussliire.  a  countv  of  Scotland, 
(sometimes  called  Forfar,  from  the  name 
of  the  county  town)  bounded  on  the  X  by 
Aberdeenshire,  on  the  XE  by  Kincardine- 
shire, on  the  E  by  the  German  Ocean,  on 
the  S  by  the  frith  of  Tay,  and  on  the  W 
by  Perthshire.  Its  length  and  breadth 
are  nearly  equal,  about  35  miles.  It  has 
many  lakes  and  hills,  but  is  fruitful  in 
corn  and  pastures.  The  principal  rivers, 
are  the  North  and  South  Esk,  over  both 
of  which  there  is  a  bridge. 

Anhalt,  a  principality  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  42  miles  in 
length,  and  eight  in  breadth  ;  bounded 
on  the  S  by  Mansfield,  on  the  W  by  Hal- 
berstadt,  on  the  E  by  Saxony,  and  on  the 
N  by  Magdeburg.  It  abounds  in  corn, 
and  is  watered  by  the  Salde  and  the 
Mulda. 

Anhalt  an  island  of  Denmark,  lying  in 
the  Categate,  eight  miles  from  the  coast 
of  Jutland,  and  10  from  Zealand.  It  is 
dangerous  to  seamen,  for  which  reason 
there  is  a  lighthouse. 

Anion,  a  barren  sandy  desert  on  the  E 
coast  of  Africa,  near  the  Red  Sea,  lying 
between  40  and  50  E  lon.  and  between 
the  equator  and  10  N  lat. 

Anjcngo,  a  small  tow  n  and  factory  on 
the  coast  of  Malabar,  belonging  to  the 
East  India  company.  Their  merchan- 
dise consists  chiefly  in  pepper  and  cadi, 
coes.    Lon.  77  1  E,  lat.  9  0N. 

Anjou,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  X  by  Maine,  on  the  W  by 
Bretagne,  on  the  S  by  Poitou,  and  on  the 
E  by  I'ouraine.  It  is  now  comprehended 
with  the  late  provinces  of  Maine  and 
To-nraine,  under  the  departments  of 
Maine  and  Loire,  Indre  and  Loire,  Maine 
and  Sarte. 

Ankam,  a  rivulet  in  Lincolnshire,  fa- 
mous for  its  fine  eels.    It  empties  itself 


ANN 


ANT 


into  the  Humber,  and  has  been  made  na- 
vigable for  sloops  as  far  as  Glandford 
bridge. 

Anna,  a  town  of  Arabia  Petrea,  on  the 
western  bank,  of  the  Euphrates,  and  the 
pleasantest  place  in  all  these  parts,  there 
being  plenty  of  olives,  oranges,  citrons, 
lemons,  pomegranates,  and  dates.  The 
fields  are  sown  with  cotton;  and  the  corn 
grows  extremely  high.  It  is  130  miles  W 
of  Bagdad,  and  120  SSW  of  Moussol.  Lon. 
41  0  E,  lat.  33  35  N. 

Annamooka,  one  of  the  Friendly  islands, 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  b\ 
Tasman  in  1643,  and  visited  by  capta  n 
Cook  in  1774  and  1777-  The  island  is 
well  cultivated  in  many  places,  consisting 
of  plantations  of  yams  and  plantains.  Ma- 
ny of  them  are  extensive,  and  often  en- 
closed with  neat  fences  of  reed.  The 
bread-fruit  and  cocoa-nut  trees  are  inter- 
spersed with  little  order,  but  chiefly  near 
the  habitations  of  the  natives,  who  are  a 
friendly  people,  and  much  addicted  to 
stealing.  It  is  situated  about  187  E  lon. 
and  20  S  lat. 

Annan,  the  capital  of  Annandale,  a  di- 
vision of  Dumfriesshire,  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver Annan,  about  60  miles  S  from  Edin- 
burgh.   Lon.  15  4  W,  lat.  55  0  X. 

Annan,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  ris- 
ing in  the  Moffat  Hills,  and  flowing,  in  a 
southerly  direction,  through  Annandale, 
empties  itself  into  Solway  Frith. 

Annandale,  a.  district  of  Dumfriesshire 
in  Scotland,  so  called  from  the  river  An- 
nan. The  mountains  in  the  northern  part 
of  this  district,  sometimes  named  Moffat 
Hills,  are  the  highest  in  the  S  of  Scotland. 
From  these  descend  the  Tweed,  the 
Clyde,  and  the  Annan. 

Annano,  a  strong  fort  in  the  duchy  of 
Milan,  seated  on  the  Tenaro,  12  miles  S 
of  Casal.    Lon  8  36  E,  lat.  44  56  N. 

Annapolis,  the  capital  of  Maryland,  in 
North  America,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Severn  river,  30  miles  S  of  Baltimore. 
The  houses,  about  260  and  inhabitants 
2000  in  number,  are  generally  large  and 
elegant.  The  design  of  those  who  plan- 
ned the  city  was  to  have  the  whole  in  the 
form  of  a  circle,  with  the  streets,  like  ra- 
dii, beginning  at  the  centre,  where  the 
stadthouse  stands,  and  thence  diverging 
into  every  direction.  The  principal  part 
of  the  buildings  are  arranged  agreeable 
to  this  plan.  The  stadthouse  is  the  no- 
blest building  of  the  kind  in  America, 
possesses  great  wealth  though  but  little 
commerce.    Lon.  77  20  W,  lat.  39  0  N. 

Annapolis,  a  fortified  town  of  Xova  Sco- 
tia, in  N  America.  Tt  stands  on  the  E  side 
of  the  bay  of  Fundy,  and  has  one  of  the  fi- 


nest harbours  in  the  world.  Lon.  64  5  W, 
lat.  44  52  N. 

Anne  Arundel,  a  county  of  the  western 
shore  of  Maryland,  containing  400,000 
acres.  Most  of  the  land  is  light.  It  has 
considerable  quantities  of  iron  ore,  and 
some  iron  works.  The  inhabitants  amount 
to  about  30,000,  including  nearly  10,000 
slaves.  5»^£jr 
Annecy,  a  town  of  Savoy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Genevois,  seated  on  the  river  Siers, 
and  on  a  hike  of  its  own  name,  about  ten 
miles  long,  and  four  broad.  It  is  70  miles 
S  of  Geneva,  and  22  XE  of  Chamberry. 
Lon.  65  E,  lat.  45  53  X. 

Annobona,  an  island  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Guinea,  so  called,  because  it  was 
found  out  on  New-year's-* i .ay.  It  is  well 
stocked  with  cattle  and  fruit,  and  the  air 
is  more  healthful  than  in  other  islands  on 
the  same  coast.  It  abounds  with  palm- 
trees,  cocoas,  oranges,  lemons,  bananas, 
and  several  other  fruits  j  with  hogs,  goats, 
sheep  and  chickens,  which  are  all  ex- 
tremely cheap.  Lon.  5  10  E,  lat.  1  50  S. 

.  Innonay,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardechy,  and  late  province 
of  Dauphmy,  formerly  a  fine  manufactory 
for  paper.  It  is  seated  on  the  confluence 
of  the  rivers  Cances  and  Deuim  s  12  miles 
SW  of  Vienne.  Lon.  4  55  E,  lat.  45  15  X. 

Ano-Capri,  the  largest  town  in  the 
island  of  Capri,  belonging  to  the  kingdom 
of  Xaples. 

Anson,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Xorth 
Carolina,  extending  about  48  miles  from 
E  to  W,  and  about  30  miles  from  X  to  S. 
It  contains  10,000  inhabitants,  one  eighth 
of  whom  are  slaves.  The  principal  town 
is  Wadesborough. 

Anson,  a  small  town  in  Kennebeek 
county  and  District  of  Maine ;  situated 
on  the  west  side  of  Kennebeek  river.  ^ 
Anspach,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany, 
in  Franconia,  and  capital  of  the  margra- 
vate  of  the  same  name.  The  king  of 
Prussia  found  means  to  prevail  upon  the 
present  prince  to  resign  his  dominions  in 
his  favour  in  consideration  of  a  stated  re- 
venue ;  he  has  since  married  an  English 
lady  and  settled  in  England.  The  pa- 
lace at  Anspach,  which  is  near  the  cas- 
tle, has  a  remarkable  cabinet  of  curiosi- 
ties. It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  25  miles  SW  of  Nuremburg.  Lon. 
10  47  E,  lat.  49  20  X. 

Anstruther,  a  borough  on  the  SE  coast 
of  Fifeshire,  25  miles' XE  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  2  34  W.  lat.  56  15  X. 

Anteqidera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Grana- 
da, divided  into  the  Upper  and  the  Low- 
er. The  Upper  is  seated  on  a  hill,  and 
has  a  castle  ;  the  Lower  stands  in  a  fer- 


ANT 


ANT 


tile  plain,  and  is  watered  with  a  great 
number  of  brooks.  There  is  a  large 
quantity  of  salt  in  the  mountain  ;  and  five 
miles  from  the  tow  n,  it  spring-  famous  for 
the  cure  of  the  gravel.  It  is  26  miles  N 
of  Malaga.    Lon.  4  30  W.  lat.  37  1  X. 

Anteqniera,  a  town  of  N  America,  in 
New  Spain,  in  the  province  or Guaxaqua, 
75  miles  SE  of  Guaxaqua. 

Anthony's  Nose,  a  point  of  land  project- 
ing over  the  Hudson  river,  about  50  miles 
N  of  New  York. 

Antibes,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
late  province  of  Provence,  now  in  the 
department  of  Van,  with  a  strong  castle. 
Its  territory  produces  excellent  fruit  ; 
and  it  is  seated  on  the  Mediterranean, 
nine  miles  W  of  Nice.  Lon.  7  13  E,  lat. 
43  35  N. 

Anticoste,  a  barren  island  of  N  Ame- 
rica, lying  in  the  mouth  of  the  river  St. 
Lawrence.    Lon.  64  16  W,  lat.  from  49  to 

52  N. 

Antietetn,  a  small  river  in  Washington 
county,  Maryland,  which  falls  into  the  Po- 
tomac, near  Shepherd's  town. 

.  Intjgua,  one  of  the  English  Leeward 
Islands  in  the  W  Indies,  about  20  miles  in 
length  and  breadth.  This  island  having 
no  rivers  and  but  few  springs,  or  such  as 
are  brackish,  the  inhabitants  are  obliged 
to  preserve  the  rain  water  in  cisterns. 
The  air  here  is  not  so  wholesome  as  in 
the  neighbouring  islands,  and  it  is  more 
subject  to'  hurricanes.  It  has  excellent 
harbours.  The  chief  produce  is  sugar, 
of  which  it  annually  makes  16,000  hogs- 
heads. The  capital  is  St.  John's.  It  is 
60  miles  E  of  St.  Christopher's.  Lon.  62 
5  W,  lat.  71  5  N. 

Antilles,  the  name  which  the  French 
give  to  the  Caribbee  Islands,  discovered 
by  Columbus,  in  1492.    See  Lidies,  West. 

Antio,  a  promontory  of  Italy,  in  the  pa- 
trimony of  St.  Peter,  near  which  is  a  har- 
bour lately  made.  It  takes  its  name  from 
the  ancient  city  of  Antium,  the  ruins  of 
which  extend  over  a  long  tract  of  land. 

Antiocha,  or  Antioch,  an  island  in  the 
Mediterranean,  near  Sardinia,  taken  from 
his  Sardinian  majesty,  by  the  French  in 
February  1793,  but  evacuated  soon  after. 

Antioch,  now  Anihakia,  an  ancient  and 
celebrated  town  of  Syria,  of  which  itwas 
formerly  the  capital ;  but  it  is  now  a  ruin- 
ous town,  whose  houses,  built  with  mud 
and  straw,  and  narrow  miry  streets,  ex- 
hibit every  appearance  of  misery  ;  the 
magnificent  ruins  which  remain  are  sad 
memorials  of  its  former  grandeur.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Orontes,  now  called 
Assi,  15  miles  E  of  the  Mediterranean 
and  40  SW  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  36  45  E, 
lat.  35  17  N.  4'  f^fxflT 


Antiochetta,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
in  Caramania,  with  a  bishop's  see,  oppo- 
site theisland  of  Cyprus.  Lon.  32  15  E, 
lat.  36-42  N.  fflHp^^H 

Antiparos,  the  ancient  Olearos,  an  island 
of  the  Archipelago,  two  miles  W  of  Pa- 
ros.  It  is  only  a  rock,  16  mdes  in  circuit ; 
yet  in  some  parts  it  is  well  cultivated, 
and  produces  as  much  barley  as  serves  a 
small  village.  It  has  a  grotto,  which  is 
one  of  the.  greatest  curiosities  in  nature  ; 
it  appears  to  be  about  80  yards  high  and 
100  broad ;  and  the  roof  forms  a  pretty 
good  arcli,  which  entertains  the  eye  with 
a  vast  variety  of  figures,  of  white  trans- 
parent chrystalline  substance.  It  was 
first  discovered  by  an  Italian  traveller, 
who  gives  a  very  entertaining  account  of 
it.  "  Our  candles  being  all  lighted  up, 
(says  he)  and  the  whole  place  completely 
illuminated,  never  could  the  eye  be  pre- 
sented with  a  more  glittering  or  more 
magnificent  scene.  The  roof  all  hung 
with  solid  icicles,  transparent  as  glass, 
yet  solid  as  marble.  The  eye  could 
scarce  reach  the  noble  and  lofty  ceiling  ; 
the  sides  were  regularly  formed  with 
spars  ;  and  the  whole  presented  the  idea 
of  a  magnificent  theatre,  illuminated  with 
an  immense  profusion  of  lights.  Lon.  25 
44  E,  lat.  37  8  N. 

Antivari,  a  town  of  Turkish  Dalmatia, 
with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see,  10  miles 
X  of  Dolcigno.  Lon.  19  10  E,  lat.  42  19  N. 

Antoine,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Isere  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny,  seated  among  the  mountains, 
13  miles  E  of  Lyons.  It  had  a  celebrat- 
ed abbey.  It  is  five  miles  RE  of  St.  Mar- 
dellan. 

Antonio,  St.  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd 
Islands,  15  miles  from  St.  Vincent.  It  is 
full  of  high  mountains,  whence  proceed 
streams  of  excellent  water,  which  render 
the  land  very  fruitful.  The  principal 
town  is  seated  among  the  mountains.  Lon. 
25  0  W,  lat.  17  0  N. 

Antrim,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ulster,  bounded  on  the  E  by  St. 
George's  Channel,  on  the  W  by  London- 
derry, on  the  N  by  the  Ocean,  and  on  the 
SE  by  Down.  It  is  46  miles  in  length, 
and  28  in  breadth,  and  is  pretty  fruitful. 
It  contains  56  parishes  ;  and  before  the 
Irish  Union,  sent  10  members  to  the  Irish 
parliament. 

Antrim,  the  capital  of  the  county  of  An- 
trim, at  the  N  end  of  the  lake  Lough- 
Neah.  It  is  a  poor  place,  13  miles  W  of 
Carrickfergus.    Lon.  6  6  W,  lat.  54  43  N. 

Antrim,  a  township  of  Hillsborough 
county,  in  the  State  of  New  Hampshire. 
It  lies  about  70  miles  W  of  Portsmouth, 
and  contains  about  1500  inhabitants. 


A  N  Z 


A  P  P 


Antrim,  a  township  of  Franklin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  bordering  on  the  state  of 
Maryland.  It  has  about  4000  inhabitants. 

Antwerp,  a  city  of  Brabant,  capital  of 
the  marquisate  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  It  lies  in  a  low,  marshy 
ground  on  the  Scheldt,  24  miles  N  of 
Brussels.  It  is  the  third  city  in  Brabant, 
large  and  well  built,  containing  22 
squares,  and  above  200  streets,  all 
straight  and  broad.  Most  of  the  houses 
are  of  free  stone,  and  have  an  air  of  anti- 
quity, being  high,  with  courts  bef  >rej  and 
gardens  behind.  The  cathedral  is  a  fine 
structure,  and  contained  an  assemblage 
of  paintings  by  the  greatest  masters  of 
the  Flemish  school,  particularly  Rubens 
and  Quintin  Matsys.  But  of  these  it  has 
probably  been  plundered  by  the  French, 
who  in  their  progress  into  Holland  took 
this  city.  The  stadt-house  and  the  ex- 
change are  magnificent  structures  :  the 
latter  is  the  first  building  of  that  kind  in 
Europe,  and  on  its  model  the  exchang-es 
of  London  and  Amsterdam  are  built.  Its 
pillars  are  all  of  blue  marble,  and  carved, 
but  all  in  a  different  manner.  Antwerp  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  15th  century  was 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  towns  in  the 
world.  The  Scheldt,  on  which  it  stands, 
being  20  feet  at  low  water,  and  rising  20 
feet  more  at  flood,  ships  of  the  greatest 
burden  came  up  to  the  keys  ;  but  when 
the  United  Province.*  formed  themselves 
into  a  free  state,  they  got  the  entire  com- 
mand of  the  navigation  of  the  Scheldt, 
which  ruined  the  trade  of  Antwerp,  and 
transferred  it  to  Amsterdam.  Among  the 
cloisters,  the  most  remarkable  are,  the 
noble  and  rich  Abbey  of  St.  Michael,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Scheldt,  tiie  apartments 
of  which  are  truly  royal.  As  to  the  for- 
tifications of  the  city,  it  is  environed  with 
a  fine  wall,  planted  with  rows  of  trees  on 
each  side,  with  walks  between,  broad 
enough  for  two  coaches  to  go  abreast, 
being  also  defended  by  a  very  strong, 
large,  regular  citadel,  in  form  of  a  penta- 
gon, erected  by  the  duke  of  Alva,  in  1568, 
which  commands  the  town  and  the  adja- 
cent country.  Antwerp  was  taken  by 
the  prince  of  Parma  in  1585,  after  a  long 
and  memorable  siege.  It  has  been  since 
taken  by  the  French  in  1700,  by  the  al- 
lies in  1706,  and  by  the  French  in  1746. 
It  has  been  twice  taken  by  the  French, 
since  the  beginning  of  the  present  war. 
(1800.)  It  is  22  miles  N  of  Brussels,  22 
NE  of  Ghent,  and  65  S  of  Amsterdam. 
Lon.  4  28  E,  lat.  51  1.3  N. 

Anvil,  a  township  of  Dauphin  county  in 
Pennsylvania,  with  about  1600  inhabi- 

Anzerma,  a' town  and  province  of  Po- 


payan,  in  South  America,  where  there  aris 
mines  of  gold.     The  town  is  seated  on 
the  river  Coca.  Lon.  75  25  W,  lat.  4  58  N* 
Aomus,  See  JBijore. 

Aousta,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of 
a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  and  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  remarkable  for  several 
monuments  of  the  Romans.  It  is  seated 
at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  on  the  river  Boria, 
50  miles  NW  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  30  E,  lat. 
45  48  N. 

Aousta,  a  duchy  of  Piedmont.  It  is  a 
valley  30  miles  in  length,  fertile  in  pas- 
tures, and  all  sorts  of  fruits. 

Apamea,  or  Afamea,  a  town  of  Syria, 
on  the  river  Assi,  35  miles  S  of  Antioch. 
Lon.  36  56  E,  lat.  34  32  N. 

Apanomia,  a  town  of  the  island  of  San- 
torini,  in  the  sea  of  Candia.  It  has  a  spa- 
cious harbour  in  the  shape  of  a  crescent, 
which  is  so  deep,  that  there  is  no  anchor- 
age.   L  m.  25  59  E,  lat.  36  18  N. 

Apee,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  near 
Malicollo,  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon. 
168  32  E,  lat.  16  46  S. 

Apenrade,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  Sles- 
wick,  with  a  citadel,  seated  at  the  bottom 
of  a  gulf  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  27  miles  N  of 
Sleswick.    Lon.  9  38  E,  lat.  55  6  N. 

Aphiom  Karahissart,  a  town  of  Natolia  „ 
called  Aphiom.  It  produces  a  great  deal 
of  opium.    Lon.  31  48  E,  lat.  38  35  N. 

Apoquinimink,  a  small  river  in  Newcas  - 
tle county,  State  of  Delaware,  which  falls 
into  Delaware  Bay,  a  little  below  Reedy 
Island. 

•  Appalachian.  ^^^mKK^B^W^^^' 
i  Appalachlkolu,  a  river  oi*  North  Ameri  ■ 
ca,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Chata- 
houchee  and  Flint,  which  rise  in  the  Al- 
leghany mountains;  and  running  S  unite; 
and  fall  into  the  guif  of  Mexico. 

Appamattox,  a  river  of  the  State  of  Vir- 
ginia, rising  in  Campbell  county,  and  join- 
ing tiie  James- river,  near  City  Point. 

A  quia,  a  small  town  in  Stafford  coun- 
ty, Virginia.  It  is  about  45  miles  below 
the  city  of  Washington. 

Apptmnines,  a  chain  of  mountains  which 
divide  Italy  throughout  its  whole  length, 
as  far  as  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
kingdom  of  Naples.  Hence  proceed  all 
the  rivers'  which  fertilize  Italy. 

.  i f  ;>'';, z  -!,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  ca- 
pital of  the  canton  of  the  same  name, 
which  is  divided,  into  twelve  communi- 
ties ;  six  called  the  interior  are  Roman 
catholics  ;  the  six  exterior,  are  protes- 
tants.  It  is  40  miles  E  of  Zuric.  Lon, 
9  31  E,,  lat.  47  21  N. 

Appleby,  the  county  town  of  Westmore- 
land, with  a  good  corn  market  on  Mon- 
day. It  has  gone  greatly  to  decay,  being 
only  one  broad  street  of  mean  houses. 


A  R  A 


A  R  A 


The  church  stands  at  the  lower  end  of 
the  town,  and  at  the  upper  part  is  the 
castle  and  town  house.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Eden,  by  which  it  is  almost 
surrounded,  and  sends  two  members  to 
parliament;  and  is  10  miles  S  E  of  Pen- 
rith, and  266  WW  of  London.  Lon.  2 
34  W,  lat.  54  34  N.         *    '      "  " 

.  Ipt,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
.lepartraent  of  the  mouths  of  the  Rhone 
and  late  province  of  Provence.  There 
are  many  fine  Roman  antiquities,  and  it 
is  sealed  on  the  Calaron,  20  miles  N  of 
Aix,  and  25  SE  of  Orange  Lon.  5  30  E, 
lat.  43  51  N.        .  $ 

Apulia,  the  E  side  of  the  kingdom  of 
Naples,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  is  di- 
vided into  three  provinces,  whose  mo- 
dern names  are  Capitanata,  Bari,  and 
Otranto. 

Apurima,  or  Aporarfila,  a  very  rapid 
river  of  S  outh  America  in  Peru. 

Aqua-Jfegra,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Mantuan,  on  the  river  Chiesa,  12 
miles  W  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  25  E,  lat. 
45  12  N. 

Aquila,  a  town  of  Naples,  capital  of 
Abruzzo  Ulterior,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
and  a  castle.  An  earthquake  happened 
here  in  1700,  by  which  24000  persons 
were  killed.  It  is  seated  on  the  Poscara, 
52  miles  NE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  39  E,  lat. 
42  20  N. 

Aquileia,  formerly  a  trading-  town  of 
Italy,  in  Venetian  Friuli,  It  is  seated 
near  the  gulf  of  Venice,  57  miles  NE  of 
Venice.    Lon.  13  8  E,  lat.  46  0  N. 

Aquino,  a  town  of  X  .pics,  in  Terra  di 
Lavora.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  but  was 
mined  by  the  emperor  Conrade,  and  now 
consists  of  about  35  houses.  It  was  the 
oirthplace  of  the  Roman  satirist,  Juvenal, 
and  is  30  miles  NW  of  Capua.  Lon.  13 
50  E,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Arabia,  a  country  of  Asia,  bounded  on 
the  W  by  the  Red  Sea  and  the  isthmus 
of  .Suez  ;  on  the  NE  by  the  Euphrates, 
which  divides  it  from  Diarb'  kar,  the  an- 
cient Mesopotamia ;  on  the  E  by  the  gulfs 
of  Persia  and  <  >rmus ;  and  on  the  S  by  the 
Indian  Ocean.  It  is  divided  lino  tin-ee 
Darts,  Arabia  Petrea,  Deserta,  and  Felix. 
Arabia  Petrea  is  the  smallest  of  the  three, 
and  toward  the  X,  is  full  of  mountains, 
with  few  inhabitants,  on  account  of  its 
barrenness.  It  had  its  name  from  tru 
town  Petrea,  its  ancient  capital,  now  d  • 
stroyed.  It  differs  little  from  Arabia  De- 
serta, so  called  from  the  nature  of  the 
soil,  which  is  generally  a  barren  sand  ; 
but  there  are  great  Ho  ks  of  sheep,  anr; 
herds  of  cattle  near  the  Euphrates,  where 
the  land  is'goo:!.  In  the  desert  are  great 
numbers  of  ostriches,  and  there  is  a  fine 


breed  of  camels  in  several  places.  Ara, 
bia  Felix  is  so  called,  on  account  of  its 
fertility  with  regard  to  the  rest.  The 
Arabs  in  the  desert  live  wandering  lives, 
removing  from  place  to  place,  partly  for 
the  sake  of  pasture,  and  partly  to  lie  in 
wait  for  the  caravans,  which  tiiev  often 
rob,  as  they  travel  over  part  of  this  de- 
sert from  Bassora  to  Aleppo,  and  from 
Egypt  to  Mecca,  in  order  to  visit  Maho- 
met's tomb.  Arabia  Felix  produces  frank- 
incense, myrrh,  balm  of  Gilead,  gum 
arabic,  and  coffee,  of  which  latter  they 
export  prodigious  quantities.  The  famous 
Mahomet  was  a  native  of  this  country . 
and  his  followers,  soon  after  his  death, 
conquered  a  great  part  of  Asia,  Africa, 
and  Europe,  establishing  their  religion 
wherever  they  came.  It  lies  between  35 
and  60  E  loft,  and  12  and  33  N  lat.  ex- 
tending 1430  miles  in  length,  and  1200  in 
breadth. 

Aracan,  or  lieccan,  a  country  of  Asia, 
bounded  on  tne  N  by  Roshaan,  on  the  E 
by  Burmah,  on  the  S  by  the  coast  of  Ava. 
and  on  the  W  by  the  gulf  of  Bengal.  It 
is  a  fertile  but  not  populous  country,  go- 
verned by  12  princes,  subject  to  the  chief 
king,  who  resides  in  Aracan  his  capital. 
In  his  palace,  which  is  very  large,  are 
contained  seven  golden  idols,  two  inches 
thick,  each  of  a  man's  height,  and  co- 
vered with  diamonds,  rubies,  and  other 
precious  stones.  They  have  only  two 
seasons,  the  rainy  season,  which  conti- 
nues from  April  to  October,  and  the  fair 
season,  which  includes  all  the  rest  of  the 
yearr  and  is  called  the  summer.  The  in- 
habitants are  idolaters,  and  the  women 
tolerably  fair  ;  but  the  longest  ears  are 
reckoned  the  most  beautiful,  and  in  these 
they  wear  many  rings.  There  are  such 
numbers  of  elephants,  buffaloes,  and  ti- 
gers, that  but  few  places  are  inhabited, 
on  account  of  the  ravages  made  by  these 
animals.  The  commodities  are  timber, 
lead,  tin,  and  elephants  teeth  ;  and  some- 
times the  traders  meet  with  diamonds, 
rubies,  and  other  precious  stones. 

Aral,  a  lake  of  Asia,  200  miles  E  of  the 
Caspian  sea.  It  is  300  miles  in  length, 
and  in  some  places  150  in  breadth,  It 
lies  between  58  and  62  of  E  lon.  and  be- 
tween 42  and  47  N  lat.      *  •<• 

Arande-de-Doui'vo,  a  handsome  town  oi 
Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  on  the  Douero,  4 
miles  E  of  Valladolid.    Lon  3  30  W,  lat 
41  40  N. 

Ararat,  a  high  mountain  of  Asia,  ir> 
Armenia,  where  it  is  said  Noah's  ark 

rested,    ji  •^^Mh0^fm§r^'  •  */r*MM^HH 
Ararat,  a  mountain  in  North  Carolina, 
about  9  miles  NW  of  Bethany,  in  Stokes 
county.    This  is  a  very  lofty  mountain. 


ARC 


ARD 


which  affords  from  its  top  a  very  exten- 
sive view  of  the  adjacent  country. 

Arassi,  a  maritime  and  populous  (own 
of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  five- 
miles  SW  of  Albenguay.  Lon.  7  56  E, 
lat.  44  2  N. 

Arava,  a  fortress  of  Upper  Hungary, 
situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  72 
miles  NW  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  20  0  E,  lat 
49  30  X. 

Aran,  or  Aarau,  in  Swisserland,  de 
rives  its  name  from  the  river  Aar  on 
which  it  is  seated.    It  is  27  miles  W  of 
Zurk,  Lon.  7  50  E,  lat.  47  25  X. 

Arauco,  a  fortress  and  town  of  Chili, 
in  South  America,  situated  in  a  fine  val- 
ley, on  a  river  of  the  same  name.  The 
natives  are  very  brave,  and  drove  the 
Spaniards  out  of  their  country,  though 
thev  had  no  fire  arms.  Lon.  73  20  W, 
lat.  37  30  S. 

Araxes,  or  Aras,  a  river  of  Asia,  which 
rises  in  Georgia,  and  runs  SE  across  Ar- 
menia, falls  into  the  Kur. 

Arbe,  an  episcopal  town  of  the  repub- 
lic of  Venice,  in  an  island  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  from 
which  it  is  five  miles  distant. 

Arbela,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Curdistan, 
where  Alexander  fought  the  last  battle 
with  Darius.  It  is  about  60  miles  SE  of 
Mousul.    Lon.  42  25  E,  lat.  35  5  X. 

Arberg,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  on  a  kind  of  island  form- 
ed by  the  two  branches  of  the  Aar.  It  is 
10  miles  NW  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  5  E,  lat. 
47  0  X. 

Arbois,  a  populous  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  Jura,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Franche-Comte,  famous 
for  its  white  wines.  It  is  22  miles  SW  oi 
Besancon.  Lon.  5  40  E,  lat,  46  55  X. 

Avbon,  an  ancient  town  of  Swisserland, 
on  the  S  side  of  the  lake  Constance,  in 
Thurgau.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants 
are  protestants.  It  is  12  miles  S  \\  of 
Constance.    Lon  9  30  E,  lat.  47  30  X. 

Arbroath.    See  Aberbrothtvick. 

Arburg,  or  Aarburg,  a  town  of  Swis- 
serland, in  Argau,  seated  on  the  Aar, 
with  a  citadel  cut  out  of  a  rock,  12  miles 
E  of  Soleure. 

Arcadia,  a  town  of  the  Morea,  near 
the  gulf  of  the  same  "name,  and  in  the 
province  of  Belvedere,  22  miles  X  of  Xa- 
varin.  Lon.  21  42  E,  lat.  37  24  X. 

Arceuil,  a  village  of  France,  three  miles 
S  of  Paris,  remarkable  for  an  aqueduct, 
which  is  thought  to  equal  the  works  of 
the  ancient  Romans.  It  was  built  in  1624, 
by  Mary  de  Medicis  :  its  water  is  distri- 
buted into  different  parts  of  Paris. 

Archangel,  a  seaport  of  Russia,  capital 
of  the  government  of  the  same  name.    It  » 


was  the  only  seaport  of  Russia  for  many 
years,  and  was  first  resorted  to  by  the 
English  in  1553.  Great  part  of  t*e  city 
was  burnt  to  the  ground  in  1793  :  but  it 
is  now  rebuilding  with  neatness  and  even 
elegance.  Archangel  is  seated  on  the 
Dwina,  four  miles  from  the  .White  Sea, 
and  400  XE  of  Petersburgh.  Lon.  39  0 
E,  lat.  64  34  X. 

Archipelago,  a  considerable  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  having  Romania  on 
the  X,  Xatolia  on  the  E,  Macedonia,  Li- 
vadia,  and  the  Morea  on  the  W,  and  the 
isle  of  Candia  on  the  S.  It  is  partly  in 
Europe,  and  partly  in  Asia,  containing 
45  principal  islands. 

Archipelago.  Northern,  four  principal 
groupes  of  islands,  between  Kamtschatka 
and  the  W  coast  of  America.  The  first 
contains  5  :  the  second  8 ;  the  third  16  ; 
and  the  fourth,  16  ;  in  all  45. 

Arcis-snr-Anbe,  a  small  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  ot  Aube  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne,  seated  on  the  river 
Aube,  15  miles  X  of  Troyes.  Lon.  4  12  E^ 
lat.  48  32  X. 

Arco,  a  town  and  castle  in  the  Tren- 
tin,  taken  by  the  French  in  1703,  and 
abandoned  soon  after.  It  stands  on  the 
river  Sarca,  15  miles  SW  of  Trent.  Lon. 
11  12  E,  lat.  46  0  X. 

Arcos,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia, 
on  a  craggy  rock,  at  the  foot  of  which 
runs  the  Gaudaleto,  28  miles  XE  of  Ca- 
diz. Lon.  5  46  W,  lat.  36  52  X. 

.Ircot,  a  city  and  capital  of  the  Car- 
natir,  in  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan.  It 
is  73  miles  W  by  S  of  Madras,  and  217 
E  by  X  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  79  0  E, 
lat.  "12  30  X. 

Ardcbil,  one  of  the  most  famous  and 
ancient  town9  in  Persia,  the  residence 
and  burial  place  of  many  kings  ;  particu- 
larly of  Shiek  Sessi,  the  author  of  the 
Persian  sect.  Pilgrims  resort  to  this 
place  from  all  parts  of  Persia.  It  is  25 
miles  E  of  Tauris.  Lon.  48  20  E,  lat.  38 
15  X. 

./;•,'/. -rhe,  a  department  of  France,  part 
of  the  late  province  of  Dauphiny. 

Ardenbnrg,  a  town  of  Dutch  Flanders, 
10  miles  NE  of  Bruges.  Lon.  3  30  E,  lat. 
51  16  X. 

Ardennes,  a  department  of  France,  part 
of  the  late  province  of  Champagne,  so 
named  from  the  famous  forest  of  that 
name. 

Ardennes,  a  famous  forest  lying  on  the 
river  M*_use,  extending,  in  Cesar's  time, 
far  into  Germany.  What  remains  of  it 
lies  between  Thionville  and  Liege. 

Ardrah,  a  small  kingdom  ot  Africa,  in 
Guinea.  It  lies  at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf 
of  St.  Thomas.    The  inhabitants  are  very 


# 


AUG 


ARG 


licentious,  and  have  neither  temple  nor 
any  place  for  religious  worship.  How- 
ever thfcy  are  very  courageous,  and  their 
king  was  absolute,  till  the  king  of  Da- 
homy  reduced  and  burnt  the  towns.  The 
air  is  very  unwholesome  to-  Europeans  ; 
yet  the  natives  live  to  a  great  age ;  but 
the  small  pox  makes  great  destruction 
among  them.  This  country  is  fertile  in 
Indian  corn,  palm  wine,  plants,  and  fruits, 
which  last  all  the  year ;  and  they  make  a 
great  deal  of  salt.  It  has  a  town  of  the 
same  name.    Lon.  3  5  E,  lat.  6  0  X. 

Jtrdress,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  lately 
m  the  province  of  Picardy.  It  is  eight 
miles  S  of  Calais.  Lon.  1  59  E,  lal.  50 
50  X. 

Arebo,  or  Arebon,  a  town  on  the  Slave 
Coast  of  Guinea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Formoso.  The  English  had  once  a  fac- 
tory- here,  as  the  Dutch  have  still.  Lon 
5  5  E,  lat.  6  0  N. 

Arekea,  a  seaport  of  the  Red  Sea,  55 
miles  from  Suaquam. 

Aremberg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  on  a  river,  22  miles  S  of  Cologne. 
Lon.  7  3  E,  lat.  50  22  N". 

Arensburg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  on  a 
hill,  in  the  county  of  the  same  name,  by 
the  river  Roer,  50  miles  NE  of  Cologne. 
Lon.  8  20  E,  lat-  51  25  N. 

Arensburg,  an  episcopal  see  and  sea- 
port in  the  isle  of  Oesel.  It  is  included 
in  the  Russian  government  of  Riga.  Lon. 
25  40  E,  lat-  50  15  N. 

Arenshard,  a  tract  in  the  duchy  of  Sles- 
wick,  containing  the  greatest  part  of  the 
famous  rampart,  built  by  the  Danish  king 
Cotric,  in  the  beginning  of  the  9th  cen- 
tury, as  a  defence  against  the  irruptions 
of  the  Saxons.  It  extends  across  the 
country,  about  nine  miles  in  length. 

Arewnvald?,  a  town  of  the  new  marche 
of  Brandenburg,  on  the  lake  Slauin.  Lon. 
15  52  E,  lat.  53  13  X. 

Arequipa,  an  episcopal  town  of  S  Ame- 
!  rca  in  Peru,  seated  on  a  river,  \n  a  fer- 
tile country,  290  miles  S"by  E  of  Lima. 
Wear  it  is  a  dreadful  volcano.  Lon.  75 
30  W,  lat.  16  40  S. 

Arezzo,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  of 
ruscany.  ll  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  15 
miles  W  of  Citta-di-Castello.  Lon.  12  0 
E,  htt.  43  27  X. 

Ar  -ai:,  or  Aargav,  a  province  of  Swit- 
zerland in  the  canton  of  Bern. 

Atgencer,  a  town  of  France,  seated  on 
the  river  Meauce,  now  in  the  department 
of  Calvados  lately  in  the  province  of  Xor- 
mandv,  10  miles  E  of  Caen.  Lon.  0  2  W. 
lat.  49  12  N. 

Jb'gtntii^  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 


partment of  Orne  and  late  province  of 
Xormandy.  rt  is  seated  on  an  eminence, 
in  the  middle  of  a  fertile  plain,  on  tin 
banks  of  the  river  Orne,  and  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  lace.  It  is  12  miles 
N  W  of  Seez,  and  110  W  of  Paris.  Lon 
0  5  E,  lat.  48  45  X. 

Argenteuil,  a  town  of  the  Isle  of  France, 
on  the  Seine,  five  miles  X  W  of  Paris.  It 
is  a  very  beautiful  place,  with  a  fine  vine 
yard  ;  and  in  the  environs  they  have  quar- 
ries of  the  plaster  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  22  E, 
lat.  48  52  N. 

Argentiera,  a  barren  island  of  the  Ar- 
chipelago, which  takes  its  name  from  the 
silver  mines  in  it.  There  is  but  one  vil- 
lage in  the  island,  and  it  has  no  water 
but  what  is  kept  in  cisterns.  Lon.  23  10 
E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Argentiere,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ardeche  and  late  province 
of  Provence,  five  miles  SW  of  Aubenes, 
and  17  W  of  Viviers.  Lon.  4  22  E,  lat. 
44  30  X. 

Argenton,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  late  province  of 
Berry,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  river 
Creuse.  It  is  37  miles  SW  of  Bourges. 
Lon.  1  38  E,  lat.  46  35  X. 

Argos,  a  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  the  Morea,  25  miles  S  of  Corinth.  Lon. 
23  5  E,  lat.  37  30  X. 

Argostol,  a  seaport  of  the  isle  of  Ce- 
phalonia,  opposite  Albania  ;  it  is  the  best 
harbour  in  all  the  island,  and  the  prove- 
ditor  resides  in  the  fortress,  which  is  five 
miles  distant. 

Arguin,  an  island  and  fort  of  Africa, 
on  the  coast  of  Zahara,  30  miles  SB  of 
Cape  Blanco.  Lon.  17  5  W,  lat.  20  30  X. 

Argun,  a  river  of  Asia,  which  divides 
the  Russian  from  the  Chinese  empire. 

Argun,  a  town  of  East  Tartary,  on  the 
frontiers  of  the  Chinese  empire.  There 
are  mines  of  silver  and  lead  near  it ;  and 
a  pearl  fishery  in  the  river  Argun.  Lon 
103  56  E,  lat.  42  30  X. 

Argyle,  a  township  of  Washington 
county  and  state  of  Xew  York ;  situated 
on  the  E  side  of  the  river  Hudson,  S  oi 
Kinsburg,  and  contains  about  8000  in- 
habitants. 

Argylesliire,  a  county  of  Scotland* 
bounded  on  the  X  by  Inverness-shire,  on 
the  E  by  the  counties  of  Perth  and  Dum- 
barton, on  the  S  and  W  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  by  which  it  is  broken  into  islands 
and  peninsulas.  Its  extent  is  very  con- 
siderable, being  not  less  than  90  miles  in 
length  and  70  in  breadth.  This  county 
affords  a  very  wild  prospect  of  h  ills,  rocks 
and  huge  mountains,  piled  upon  each 
other  in  dreadful  disorder,  bare,  bleak, 
and  barren  to  the  view  ;  or  covered  with 


ARM 


A  R  N 


shagged  heath,  which  in  summer  is  va- 
riegated with  an  agreeable  bloom  of  a 
purple  colour.  These  high  grounds, 
though  little  fitted  for  cultivation,  afford 
excellent  pasture. 

Arhusen,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in 
Xorth  Jutland,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Baltic  Sea,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Guda,  and  surrounded  by  forests 
full  of  game.  It  is  25  miles  S  of  Wiberg. 
Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  56  5  N. 

Ariano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see  ;  15  miles 
E  ofBenevento,  and  10  NW  of  Trevico. 
Lon.  15  19  E,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Ariano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Ferra- 
resc,  on  a  branch  of  the  river  Po,  22 
miles  NE  of  Ferrara.  Lon.  12  8  E,  lat. 
45  0  N. 

Arica,  a  seaport  of  Peru,  550  miles  SE 
of  Lima.  Here  the  treasure  brought  from 
Potosi  is  shipped ;  and  there  are  many 
farms  employed  in  the  cultivation  of 
Guinea  pepper,  in  which  it  has  a  great 
trade  to  Lima.  Lon.  71  6  W,  lat.  18*27  S. 

Aripo,  a  town  on  the  west  coast  of  Cey- 
lon, at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Sarunda. 
To  the  east  of  it  is  a  pearl  fishery.  Lon. 
80  25  E,  lat.  8  42  N. 

Arkanza,  a  river  of  Louisiana,  which 
unites  with  the  Mississippi,  about  the  la- 
titude of  34  X. 

Ark-low,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Wicklow,  13  miles  S  of  Wick- 
low.  Lon.  6  5  W.  lat.  52  42  N. 

Aries,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone 
and  late  province  of  Provence.  Before 
the  French  Revolution  it  was  an  archie- 
piscopal  see.  The  country  around  is  very 
pleasant,  and  produces  good  wine,  ver- 
milion, manna,  oil,  and  fruits.  There 
are  a  great  number  of  antiquities,  of 
which  the  amphitheatre  and  obelisk  are 
the  most  remarkable  ;  and  the  emperor 
Constantine  took  great  delight  in  it.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Rhone,  12  miles  SE  of 
Nismes.    Lon.  4  43  E,  lat.  43  41  N, 

Arleshem,  a  handsome  town  of  Svvisser- 
land  in  the  bishopric  of  Basle,  where  the 
canons  of  that  city  reside. 

Arlington,  a  township  in  Bennington 
county  and  state  of  Vermont.  It  is  situ- 
ated about  12  miles  N  of  Bennington,  and 
contains  about  2000  inhabitants. 

Arlon,  an  ancient  town  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands,  now  dismantled.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  mountain,  10  miles  NW  of  Lux- 
emburg.   Lon.  5  56  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Armagh,  a  county  of  Ireland,  bounded 
on  the  E  by  Down,  on  the  W  by  Tyrone 
and  Monaghan,  on  the  N  by  Lough 
Neagh,  and  on  the  S  by  Louth.  It  is  in 
length  32  miles,  and  in  breadth  17,  con- 


tains 49  parishes,  and  sends  six  member 
to  parliament. 

Armagh,  a  city  of  Ii eland,  once  a  con- 
siderable town,  now  a  small  village  ;  but 
it  gives  name  to  a  county,  and  is  the  see 
of  an  archbishop,  who  is  primate  of  all 
Ireland.  It  is  45  miles  SE  of  Londonder- 
ry. Lon.  6  34  W,  lat.  54  27  N. 

Armagh,  a  township  of  Centre  county 
in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania. 

Armagnac,  a  late  province  of  Guienne, 
in  France,  55  miles  in  length  and  40  in 
breadth.  This  province  with  Gascony, 
is  now  included  in  the  department  of 
Gers. 

Annenia,  a  large  country  in  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  W  by  the  Euphrates,  on 
the  S  by  Diarbeker  and  Curdistan,  on  the 
E  by  Schirvan,  and  on  the  N  by  Georgia. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  countries  in 
Asia,  being  watered  by  several  large  ri- 
vers. Part  of  it  belongs  to  the  Persians 
and  part  to  the  Turks.  The  inhabitants 
are  much  attached  to  commerce,  and  un- 
dertake long  journies  to  carry  it  on.  They 
are  Christiai/S,  and  have  a  patriarch  and 
an  archbishop.  Polygamy  is  not  allowed 
among  them.  The  country  in  general  is 
full  of  mountains  and  valleys,  lakes  and 
rivers,  and  produces  rice,  cotton,  flax, 
melons,  and  grapes. 

Armentiers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  Flanders,  seat- 
ed on  the  Lis,  eight  miles  NW  of  Lisle. 
Lon.  3  3  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Armiers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  North  Hainault,  seated  on 
ihe  Sambre,  20  miles  S  of  Mons.  Lon. 
4  3  E,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Armiro,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  on  the 
gulf  of  Velo,  30  miles  SE  of  Larissa. 
Lon.  23  22  E,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Armstrong,  one  of  the  western  counties 
of  Pennsylvania,  containing  about  5000 
inhabitants. 

Armuijden,  a  seaport  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, m  the  island  of  Walcheren,  now 
inconsiderable,  the  sea  having  stopt  up 
the  harbour.  The  salt-works  are  its  chief 
resource.  It  is  three  miles  E  of  Middle- 
burg.    Lon.  3  42  E,  lat.  51  31  N. 

Arna,  a  seaport  of  Andros,  an  island 
of  the  Archipelago,  with  a  good  port. 

Arnay-le-JJuc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cote  d'Or  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley, 
near  the  river  Arroux,  25  miles  NW  of 
Baune.    Lon.  4  26  E,  lat.  47  7  N. 

Arneberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bran- 
denburg, on  the  Elbe,  three  mdes  from 
Werbern,  taken  by  the  Swedes  in  1631. 

Arnedo,  a  seaport  of  Peru,  25  miles  N 
of  Lima. 

Arnheim,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro 


A  R  R 


A  R  U 


vinces,  capital  of  Guelderland.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  N  of  Xime- 
guen.  Lon.  5  50  E,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Arno,  a  river  in  Tuscany.  It  has  its 
source  in  the  Appennines,  and  passing 
by  Florence  and  Pisa,  falls  into  the  Me- 
diterranean a  little  below  the  latter. 

Amsheim,  a  town  in  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  from 
Kretizenach. 

Amstadt,  a  town  of  Thuringia,  on  the 
river  Gera,  10  miles  SW  of  Erfurt.  Lon. 
11  15  E;  lat.  50  5^  N. 

Arona,  a  town  oi  "caly,  in  the  duchy 
of  Milan,  on  the  lake  Maggiore,  SO  miies 
NW  of  Milan.  Lon.  8  35"e,  lat.  45  40  N 

Aro?iches,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen 
tejo,  on  the  river  Caro,  five  miles  SE  of 
Portalepra.    Lon.  7  0  W,  lat.  39  3  X. 

Arool.  a  town  of  the  Russian  empire 
seated  on  the  Occa,  200  miles  S  of  Mos 
cow.    It  is  included  in  the  government  of 
Ktof.    Lon.  36  40  E,  lat.  51  58  N 

Arroivsike,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Maine,  containing  20.000  acres  of  land. 

Arpino,  a  town  of  Naples;  in  Terrad 
Lavora,  eight  miles  X  of  Aquino.  Lon 
13  46  E,  lat.  41  44  X. 

Argua,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  Paduan 
where  is  a  tomb  of  the  celebrated  Pe- 
trarch. It  is  10  miles  S  of  Padua.  Lon 
11  58  E,  lat.  45  13  X. 

Arques,  a  town  of  France,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Seine,  and  late  province  of  Nor 
mandy.  It  has  an  ancient  castle,  and  is 
four  miles  SE  of  Dieppe.  Lon.  1  13  E, 
lat.  49  53  X. 

Arragon,  a  province  of  Spain,  bounded 
on  the  X  by  the  Pyrenees,  which  separate 
it  from  France,  on  the  W  by  Xavarre  and 
the  two  Castiles,  on  the  S  by  Valencia, 
and  on  the  E  by  Valencia  and  Catalonia 
The  air  is  pure  and  wholesome ;  but  the 
country,  though  abounding  in  rivers,  is 
in  want  of  good  water.  It  is  fertile  in 
corn,  wine,  flax,  and  fruit,  near  the  ri- 
vers ;  but  in  other  places  dry  and  sandy 
It  produces  saffron,  and  there  are  many 
mines  of  salt.  Saragossa  is  the  capital, 
and  the  Ebro  the  largest  river. 

Arran,  an  island  of  Scotland,  in  the 
Frith  of  Clyde,  between  Kintyre  and  Cun- 
ningham, 23  miles  long  and  12  broad. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  are  about 
7000,  who  chiefly  inhabit  the  coast,  the 
far  greater  part  of  the  country  being  un- 
inhabited by  reason  of  the  vast  and  bar- 
ren mountains.  It  abounds  with  cattle, 
goats,  black  game,  and  grouse  ;  and  the 
streams  are  stored  with  fish,  especially 
salmon.  The  climate  is  very  severe,  but 
Salubrious,  and  many  invalids  resort 


hither  to  drink  the  whey  of  goats  milk 
Among  the  rocks  are  found  iron  ore, 
spar,  ana  a  great  variety  of  beautiful 
pebbles.  On  the  coast  are  many  wonder- 
ful caverns,  formerly  the  retreat  of  Scot- 
tish heroes,  now  degraded  into  a  shelter 
for  smugglers.  Tradition  preserves  the 
memory  of  Fingal ;  and  Robert  Bruce 
took  refuge  in  this  island,  during  the 
time  of  his  greatest  distress. 

Arras,  an  ancient  fortified  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  Straits 
of  Calais  and  late  province  of  Artois.  It 
was  lately  an  episcopal  see,  and  is  divid- 
ed into  two  parts,  the  toion  and  the  city. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Scarp,  12  miles 
SW  of  Douav,  and  22  NW  of  Cambrav. 
Lon.  2  51  E,  lat.  50  17  X. 

Arriege,  a  department  of  France,  con- 
taining the  late  provinces  of  Couserans 
and  Foix. 

Arroe,  a  small  island  of  Denmark  iu 
the  Baltic,  between  the  islands  of  Funen 
and  Alsen.    Lon.  10  20  E,  lat.  55  10  X. 

Arrojo-dc-St.-Servu?i,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Estramadttra,  eight  miies  S  of  Merida, 
and  25  E  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  6  20  W,  lat. 
38  36  X. 

Arta,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Albania,  with  a  Greek  arch- 
bishop's see.  It  carries  on  a  consider- 
able trade,  and  is  seated  on  the  river 
Asdhas,  70  miles  XX  W  of  Lepanto.  Lon 
21  20  E,  lat.  39  28  N. 

Artois,  a  late  province  of  the  French 
Netherlands.  It  now  forms  part  of  the 
department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais. 

Aruba,  an  island  near  Terra  Firma,  in 
South  America,  subject  to  the  Dutch. 
Lon.  67  35  W,  lat.  12  30  X. 

Ai^ve,  a  rapid  river  of  Savoy,  which 
rises  m  Faucignv,  and  joins  the  Rhone 
below  Geneva.  It  has  a.  cataract  near 
Salenche  in  Savoy.  Its  fall  is  said  to  be 
above  1100,  feet  rushing  with  great  noise 
and  violence  from  a  prodigious  impend- 
ing rock.    See  Arpenus. 

Artin,  a  river  of  Sussex,  which  mean- 
dering through  a  beauiiful  country,  falls 
into  the  English  channel,  below  Arundel. 
It  is  famous  for  mullets. 

Arundel,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It 
is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  tlx 
Arun,  where  small  ships  may  ride.  The 
castle,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  dukes  of 
Norfolk,  stands  on  the  summit  of  a  hill, 
and  is  said  to  be  a  mile  in  compass.  It 
is  governed  by  a  mayor,  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  is  eight  miles  E 
of  Chichester,  and  68  SSW  of  London, 
Lon.  0  29  W,  lat.  50  55  X. 
Arundel,  a  township  of  York  countv. 


ASH 


ASI 


in  the  district  of  Maine.  It  is  situated 
along  the  Saco  river,  about  20  miles  from 
York. 

Arwangen,  a  castle  and  village  of  Swis- 
serlaud,  on  the  river  Aar,  over  which  it 
has  a  covered  bridge. 

Arzilla,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Africa, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  once  in  posses- 
sion of  the  Portuguese,  who  abandoned 
if.  It  is  50  miles  SSW  of  Tangier.  Loh. 
5  3  W,  lat.  35  30  N. 

Arzina,  a  river  of  Russian  Lapland, 
into  a  bay  of  which,  in  1553,  two  English 
ships  (which  had  penetrated  as  high  as 
the  72  N.  lat.  to  Spitsbergen)  were  forced 
by  stress  of  weather ;  and  their  crews 
were  frozen  to  death. 

Asaph,  St.  a  city  of  Flintshire,  on  the 
river  Elway,  where  it  unites  with  the 
Ciwyd  ;  and  over  both  is  a  bridge.  It  is  a 
poor  place,  of  note  only  for  its  cathedral. 
It  is  24  miles  W  of  Chester,  and  209  N 
W  of  London.  Lon.  3  36  W,  lat.  53  12  N. 

Ascension,  a  barren,  uninhabited  island, 
in  the  Atlantic,  600  miles  NW  of  St.  He- 
lena. Lon.  14  18  W,  lat.  7  40  X. 

Aschuffenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  sub- 
ject to  tiie  elector  of  Mentz,  who  has  a 
palace  here.  It  is  40  miles  E  of  Mentz. 
Lon.  9  5  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Ascoli,  a  populous  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
marquisate  of  Ancona,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  on  a. mountain,  at  the 
bottom  of  .Inch  runs  the  Fronio,  80 
miles  NE  of  Home.  Lon.  13  29  E,  lat. 
42  44  N. 

Ascoli-di-Satriano,  an  episcopal  city  of 
Italy  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  st  ated 
on'a  mountain  70  miles  E  of  Naples.  Lon. 
15  50  E,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Aseer,  or  Aseergur,  a  strong  fortress 
of  the  Soubah  of  Candeish,  in  the  Deccan 
cf  Hindoostan,  20  miles  NE  of  B urban  - 
pour.     Lon.  76  0  E,  lat.  21  35  N. 

Ashborn,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  between  the 
rivers  Dove  and  Compton,  10  miles  NE 
of  Utoxeter,  and  139  NNW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  44  W,  lat.  53  3  N. 

Ashborough,  a  small  town  in  Randolph 
county,  N  Carolina,  about  80  miles  \V  of 
Raleigh. 

Ashburnham,  a  township  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts.  It  lies  about  50 
miles  VVNW  of  Boston,  and  contains  i 
about  1000  inhabitants. 

Ashbvrton,  a  borough  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday  for  wool  and 
yarn,  and  on  Saturday  for  provisions.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and  is 
one  of  the  four  stannary  towns.  It  is  seat- 
ed among  the  hills  (which  are  remark- 
able for  tin  and  coprjer)  near  the  river 
Dart,  19  miles  SW  of  Exeter,  and  193 


W  by  S  of  London.  It  has  a  handsome 
church.    Lon.  3  50  W,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Ashby  dt  la  Zoucli,  a  town  in  Leicester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  had 
a  castle  with  a  very  high  tower,  great 
part  of  which  is  still  standing-,  and  it  has 
a  free  school.  A  canal  is  now  made  from 
this  town,  which  communicates  with  the 
Coventry  canal.  Ashby  is  13  miles  S  of 
Derby,  and  115  NNW  of  London.  Lon  3 
50  W,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Ashden,  a  village  in  Essex,  three  miles 
NE  of  Saffron  Walden. 

Ashe,  a  county  in  the  State  of  North 
Carolina,  containing  about  4000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Ashford,  a  township  of  Windham  coun- 
ty, in  the  State  of  Connecticut,  lying  prin- 
cipally between  the  Biggalons  and  Mount- 
hope  rivers.  * 

Ashford,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market 
on  Saturday,  and  a  large  church  that  was 
formerly  collegiate.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Ash  or  Esh,  24  miles  SE  of  Maid- 
stone and  57  of  London.  Lon.  0  52  E,  lat, 

51 4  ^•JEjriMEjBre* 

Ashton-iinder-Line,  a  village  in  Lanca- 
shire, seven  miles  E  of  Manchester,  with 
n  manufactory  of  cotton,  and  an  iron  foun- 

Ash-well,  a  village  in  Hertfordshire,  on 
the  river  Rtiee,  that  issues  from  a  rock  at 
the  S  end  of  the  town.  Near  the  church 
are  the  remains  of  a  Roman  camp,  which 
consists  of  12  acres  of  land,  inclosed  by  a 
deep  ditch,  and  formerly  a  rampart.  It  is 
four  miles  N  of  Baldock. 

Asia,  one  of  the  four  great  parts  of  the 
world,  situated  between  25  and  180  E  lon. 
and  between  the  equator  and  80  N.  lat. 
It  extends  4,740  miles  from  the  Darda- 
nelles on  the  W,  to  the  E  shore  of  Tarta- 
ry  ;  and,  4,330  miles  from  the  most  sou- 
thern part  of  Malacca,  to  the  most  north- 
ern cape  of  Nova  Zembla  ;  being  superior 
in  extent,  as  well  as  in  many  other  res- 
pects, to  Africa  and  Europe.  It  is  sepa- 
rated from  Europe  by  the  Mediterranean, 
the  Archipelago,  the  Black  Sea,  the  Pa- 
ins Mxotis,  the  Don,  and  the  Dwina,  and 
from  Africa  by  the  Red  Sea  and  the  isth- 
mus of  Suez.  All  the  other  parts  are  sur- 
rounded by  the  ocean.  The  principal 
countries  in  this  continent,  are  Siberia, 
;  Tartary,  China,  Thibet,  Hindoostan, Siam, 
Burmah,  Persia,  Arabia,  Syria,  Palestine, 
Natol.a,  Diarbeckar,  Irac,  Armenia,  Geoi- 
gia,  Curdistan,  &c.  Asia  is  looked  upon 
as  that  part  of  the  world,  which,  of  all 
others  has  been  most  peculiarly  distin- 
guished by  heaven.  There  it  was  the 
first  man  was  created  ;  there  the  patri 
archs  lived  ;  there  the  law  was  given  to 
Moses,  and  the  greatest  and  most  cele- 


A  b  S 


AST 


brated  monarchies  were  formed.  Lastly, 
in  Asia,  Jesus  Christ  appeared,  and  from 
thence  it  is  that  the  light  of  the  gospel 
was  diffused  over  all  the  world.  Laws, 
arts,  sciences  and  religion,  almost  all  had 
their  original  in  Asia. 

Asinara,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, on  the  NW  coast  of  Sardinia,  17 
miles  N  by  W  of  Sassari.  It  is  28  miles 
in  compass.    Lon.  8  30  E,  lat.  41  0  N. 

Askeyton,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Limerick,  on  the  river  Shannon. 

Askrig,  a  town  in  the  N  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday,  6  miles 
S  by  E  of  York,  and  243  N  of  London. 
Lon,  1  0  W,lat.  53  55  N. 

Asne\    See  Es-ne. 

Asola,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Bresciano,  20 
miles  SE  of  Brescia.  Lon.  10  30  E,  lat. 
45  48  N. 

Asolu,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Trevisano,  on 
a  mountain  17  miles  NW  of  Treviso.  Lon. 
11  36  E,  lat.  45  59  X. 

Asoph,  a  sea,  anciently  the  Palus  Men- 
tis, lying  N  of  the  Blaek  Sea,  with  which 
it  has  a  communication  by  the  strait  of 
Caffa,  the  ancient  Cimmerian  Bosphorus. 
This  sea,  which  is  sometimes  called  the 
sea  of  Zabak,  extends  390  miles  from  SW 
to  XE.  Lon.  from  35  to  42  E,  lat.  from  45 
to  47  N. 

Asoph,  a  district  of  the  Russian  empire, 
in  the  province  of  Catharinenslaf,  including 
a  large  tract  of  territory  to  the  E  and  W 
of  Asoph.    Catharinenslaf  is  the  capital. 

Asoph,  the  late  capital  of  a  district  of 
the  same  name,  in  Asia,  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Don,  to  the  E  of  the  sea  of 
Asoph.  It  has  been  several  times  taken 
and  retaken  by  the  Turks  and  Russians. 
The  branch  of  the  Don,  upon  which  it 
stands,  is  now  so  choked  with  sand,  as 
scarcely  to  admit  the  smallest  vessel, 
which  renders  the  place  less  important 
than  it  was  formerly.  Lon.  41  30  E,  lat. 
47  18  X. 

Asperosa,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  on  the  coast  of  the 
Archipelago,  22  miles  SE  of  Xicopoli. 
Lon.  24  50  E,  lat.  40  58  X. 

Assa7n,  a  country  of  Asia,  bounded  on 
Ihe  W  by  Bengal  and  Bootan,  on  the  X 
by  Thibet,  and  on  the  SE  and  S  by  Meek- 
ley.  Its  capital  is  Ghergong,  and  the  ri- 
ver Bu  rumpooter  flows  through  the  whole 
length  of  it.  The  open  parts  are  marked 
with  population  and  tillage;  the  woods 
abound  with  elephants.  The  other  inha- 
bitants of  Assam  are  base  and  unprinci- 
pled, have  no  fixed  religion,  nor  any  rule 
but  their  inclination.  They  eat  all  flesh 
except  human,  and  even  animals  that  die 
a  natural  death.  They  are  enterprising, 
savage,  vindictive  and  fond  of  war.  They 


have  neither  horses,  asses,  nor  camels  ; 
but  they  are  sometimes  brought  there 
from  other  countries.  Asses  they  are 
fond  of,  but  are  so  much  afraid  of  a  horse 
that  one  trooper  would  put  an  hundred 
of  them  to  flight.  Assam  lies  between 
91  and  96  E  lon.  and  25  and  28  N  lat. 

Assancale,  a  town  of  Armenia,  on  the 
river  Aras,  22  miles  E  of  Erzerum.  Here 
are  hot  baths  much  frequented.  Lon.  41 
10  E,  lat  39  46  X. 

Assanchif,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Diarbeck, 
seated  on  the  Tigris,  40  miles  SE  of  Di- 
arbekar.  Lon.  40'  20  E,  lat.  37  30  X. 

Assens,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Funen.  It  is  the  common  pas- 
sage from  the  duchy  of  Sleswick  to  Co- 
penhagen, and  is  17  miles  SW  of  Odin- 
see.  Lon.  10  2  E,  lat.  55  17  X. 

Assisio,  a  city  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Spoleto,  on  the  side  of  a  high  mountain. 
The  cathedral  of  St.  Francis  is  magnifi- 
cent, and  composed  of  three  churches, 
one  above  another.  It  is  70  miles  N  of 
Rome.    Lon.  12  38  E,  lat.  43  0  X. 

Assos,  a  seaport  of  Xatolia,  on  a  bay  of 
the  Archipelago,  12  miles  SE  of  Troas. 
Lon.  26  36  E,  lat.  39  32  X. 

Assumption,  an  episcopal  city,  the  cap- 
ital of  Paraguay,  in  South  America.  It  is 
a  large,  populous,  and  handsome  town, 
and  stands  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  ri- 
ver Paraguay.  Lon.  57  40  W,"  lat.  26  0  S. 

As*ynt,  a  d:  strict  of  Sr/he'rland  in 
•Scotland,  containing  plenty  of  limestone 
and  marble. 

Assyria,  a  country  of  Asia,  celebrated 
in  ancient  history.  It  comprehended  the 
provinces  in  Asia  now  called  Diarbec, 
Curdistan  and  Irac. 

Ast'abat,  a  town  of  Armenia,  three  miles 
from  the  river  Aras,  and  12  S  of  Xuksi 
van.    Lon.  45  30  E,  lat.  38  28  X. 

Asti,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  Montserrat.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tana- 
ro,  22  miles  E  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  8  E,  lat. 
43  3  X. 

Astorga,  a  very  ancient  city  of  Spain, 
in  Leon,  well  fortified  by  art  and  nature, 
seated  in  a  pleasant  plain,  25  miles  SW 
of  Leon.    Lon.  5  32  W,  lat.  42  22  N . 

Astrabad,  a  large  town  of  Persia,  capi- 
tal of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
Caspian  Sea,  200  miles  X  of  Ispahan. 
Lon.  55  35  E,  lat.  36  50  X. 

Astracan,  an  episcopal  city  of  the  Rus- 
sian ^empire,  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  large  and  populous, 
has  a  good  harbour,  and  is  surrounded  by- 
strong  walls.  It  seldom  rains  here,  but. 
the  river  Volga,  on  which  it  stands,  over- 
flows like  the  Xile  ;  and  when  the  water 
is  run  off,  the  grass  grows  in  less  than  a 
month.    The  city  of  Astracan  is  about 


ATH 


A  TL 


two  miles  and  a  half  in  circumference, 
surrounded  by  a  brick  wall,  which  is  now 
in  u  ruinous  condition  :  but,  if  we  com- 
prehend the  suburbs,  the  circuit  will  be 
near  five  miles.  The  number  of  inhabit- 
ants amounts  to  70,000,  including  Arme- 
nians and  Tartars,  as  well  as  a  few  Per- 
sians and  Indians.  All  round  the  city,  at 
the  distance  of  two  miles,  are  seen  a 
great  number  of  gardens  and  orchards. 
This  city  is  supposed  to  have  been,  in 
early  times,  the  general  staple  for  the 
productions  of  Persia,  India,  and  Arabia. 
It  is  seated  on  an  ishmd  formed  by  the 
river,  50  miles  NW  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
Lon.  47  40  E,  lat.  46  22  N. 

Asturias,  a  province  of  Spain,  120 
miles  in  length,  and  45  in  breadth; 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Biscay,  on  the  S  by 
Old  Castile  and  Leon,  on  the  \V  by  Gal'i- 
cia,  and  on  the  N  by  the  Atlantic.  It  is 
divided  into  two  parts,  Asturia d'Oviedo, 
and  Asturia  de  Santillana.  This  province 
is  full  of  mountains  and  forests,  and  its 
wine  and  horses  are  excellent.  It  has 
mines  of  gold,  lapis  lazuli,  and  vermilion, 
and  belongs  to  the  eldest  son  of  the  king 
of  Spain,  who  is  styled  prince  of  Asturias. 

Asylum,  a  town  of  Luzerne  county, 
Pennsvlvania,  on  the  SW  side  of  Susque- 
hannah  river,  67  miles  NW  of  Wilkes- 
barre.  Here  there  is  a  post-office  327 
miles  from  Wushiiigton. 

Atacama,  a  harbour  of  South  America, 
in  Peru.  There  is  a  great  desert  of  the 
same  name.  Lon.  70  0  W,  lat.  22  U  S. 

Atacapas,  a  considerable  settlement  in 
lower  Louisiana,  containing  about  5000 
inhabitants. 

Atalaiia,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estra- 
raadura,  seated  on  an  eminence,  with  a 
strong  fortress,  live  miles  S  of  Tomar. 
Lon.  7  56  W,  lat.  39  25  X 

Atena,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Prineipato 
Citeriorc,  22  miles  X  of  Policastro.  Lon 
15  58  E,  lat.  40  36  N. 

Ath,  a  town  in  Austrian  Hainault,  seat- 
ed on  the  Dender,  12  miles  >fr\V  of  Mons. 
Lon.  3  44  E,  lat.  50  35  N.  , 

Athelney,  an  island  of  Somersetshire,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Thone  and  ['arret, 
memorable  for  having  afforded  shelter  to 
king  Alfred. 

Athens,  now  called  Setmcs,  once  a  cele- 
brated city,  the  capital  of  Ancient  Attica, 
but  now  of  Livadia,  in  European  Turkey. 
After  many  revolutions,  the  Turks  finally 
wrested  it  from  the  Venetians  ;  and  it 
has  now  not  more  than  10,000  inhabitants, 
of  whom  three  fourths  are  Christians  of 
the  Greek  church  ;  the  remainder  Turks. 
It  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop  ;  and  is  de- 
fended by  a  citadel  on  the  summit  of  a 
lofty  rock.    The  town  stands  beneath  the 


citadel ;  not  encompassing  the  rock  as 
formerly,  but  spreading  into  the  plain  to 
the  W  and  NW.  Some  masses  of  brick 
work,  standingseparate  without  the  town, 
belonged  perhaps  to  the  ancient  wall,  of 
which  other  traces  also  appear.  The 
houses  are  mostly  mean  and  straggling. 
In  the  lanes,  the  high  walls  on  each  side, 
which  are  commonly  white  washed,  re^ 
fleet  strongly  the  light  of  the  sun.  The 
streets  were  very  irregular  ,•  and  ancient 
ly  were  neither  uniform  nor  handsome 
There  are  many  magnificent  ruins,  which 
testify  its  former  grandeur.  It  is  situated 
on  the  gulf  of  Engia,  100  miles  NE  of 
Lacedemon,  and  320  S  by  W  of  Constan- 
tinople.   Lon.  23  57  E,  lat.  38  5  N. 

Athens,  or  Tyoga  Point,  a  post  town  of 
Luzerne  county,  Pennsylvania,  seated  at. 
the  confluence  of  Tyoga  river,  with  the 
east  branch  of  the  Susquehannah,  9.0 
miles  NW  of  Wilkesbarre,  and  150  N  of 
Northumberland. — And,  a  part  of  Clark 
county,  Georgia,  20  miles  SE  of  Clarks 
borougti,  and  90  NW  of  Augusta. 

Atherston,  a  town  in  Warwickshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday  ;  seated  on  the 
Anker,  indifferently  large  and  well  built: 
10  miles  N  of  Coventrv,  and  104  NW  o! 
London.    Lon.  1  30  W",  lat.  52  40  N. 

At/done,  a  town  of  Ireumd,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  West  Meath,  seated  on  the  Shannon , 
60  miles  W  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7  41  W,  lat' 
53  22  N. 

Athol,  a  district  of  Perthshire  ;  a  beau- 
tiful, romantic,  and  mountainous  country, 
containing  some  fine  lakes. 

Athol,  a  township  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  about  1200 
inhabitants.  It  is  situated  about  70  miles 
W  from  Boston. 

Athos,  or  Monte- Sunt *o,  a  mountain  of 
Macedonia,  in  a  peninsula,  to  the  S  of  the 
gulf  of  Confessa,  about  30  miles  in  cir- 
ca inference,  and  two  in  perpendicular 
height.  It  is  inhabited  by  a  great  num- 
ber of  Greek  monks,  who  have  many  for- 
tified monasteries  upon  it.  Here  they 
cultivate  olives  and  vines  ;  and  are  car- 
penters, masons,  &c.  leading  an  austere 
life,  and  living  to  a  great  age.  It  is  70 
miles  E  of  Sol'oriiehi.  Lon.  26  20  E,  lat. 
40  30  N. 

Athy,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Kildare,  and  province  of  Leinster, 
seated  on  the  river  Barrow,  12  miles  S  of 
Kildare.    Lon.  6  37  W,  lat.  52  58  N. 

Atlantic,  or  Atlantic  Ocean,  takes  its 
name  from  mount  Atlas  in  Africa,  and 
lies  between  the  W  continents  of  Africa 
and  Europe,  and  the  E  continent  of  Ame- 
rica. Its  least  breadth,  from  Guinea  in 
Africa,  to  Brasil  in  South  America,  is 
2300  miles.    On  one  side  of  the  equator. 


A  V  A 


AUG 


it  is  called  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  i     Ava,  a  long  tract  of  coast  in  Asia, 


and  on  the  other  the  South  Atlantic  O-  ihc  E  side  of  the  gulf  of  Bengal,  extend- 
:ean.  ing"  from  the  S  extremity  of  Aracan  to 

Cape  Negraias,  and  divided  from  Pegu 


Atlast  a  chain  of  high  mountains  in  A- 
frica,  separating'  Barbary  from  Bdediilge- 
rid.  They  are  inhabited  almost  in  even- 
place,  except  where  the  extreme  cold  will 
not  permit. 

Atooi,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands, 
discovered  by  captain  Cook,  in  1778. 
Towards  the  NE  and  \W  the  face  of  the 
country'  is  ragged  and  broken  ;  but  to  ihe 
S  it  is  more  even  The  hills  rise  from  the 
3ea-s:de  with  a  gentle  aclivity  and  at  a 
little  distance  back  are  covered  with 
wood.  The  natives  are  of  a  middle  size, 
and  in  general  stoutly  made.  They  are 
active,  vigorous,  and  most  expert  swim- 
mers, the  women  with  infants  at  their 
breasts  6ften  leaping  over-board  in  a  hea- 
vy surf,  without  endangering  their  little 
ones. 

Atri,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Abruzzo  Ulteriore.  It  is  seated  on  a  crag- 
gy mountain,  four  miles  from  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  and  10  SE  of  Teramo,  Lon.  13  48 
E,  tat!  41  35  Nt: 

Atsion,  a  village  in  Burlington  county. 
New  Jersey,  where  there  is  a  valuable 
iron  founders',  and  a  post-office  ;  26  miles 
WofTuckerton,  29  E  by  S  of  Philadelphia. 

Attlebury,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesdav,  14  miles  NE  of  Thet- 
ford  and  93  of  London.    Lon.  1  5  E,  lat.  j 
52  35  N. 

Attock,  a  city  and  fortress  of  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper,  ji  the  E  b:>.nk  of  the  Indus  ■ 
supposed  to  stand  on  the  site  of  the  Taxi- 
la  of  Alexander,  where  he  crosse  1  that 
river.  It  is  180  miles  N\V  of  Lahore.  Lon. 
70  36  E,  lat.  32  27  N. 

Attack,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  Tarta- 
rian mountains,  N  of  llindoostan,  passes 
by  Cabul,  and  flows  into  the  Indus  above 
Attock. 

Ava,  a  large  .  Iver  which  rises  in  Thi- 
bet, and  crossing  the  kingdoms  of  Bur- 
mah,  and  Pegu,  falls  into  the  bay  of  Ben- 
gal by  several  mouths. 

Ava,  a  large  city  in  Asia,  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Burmah,  and  seated  on 
river  Ava.  The  houses  are  built  with 
timber  or  Bamboo  canes,  with  tliatched 
roofs,  and  lloors  made  of  teak  plank  or 
split  bamboo.  The  streets  are  very 
straight  with  rows  of  trees  planted  on 
each  side.  The  royal  palace  is  a  mean 
structure,  although  very  large  and  built 
with  stone.  The.  inhabitants  are  well- 
shaped,  have  good  features,  and  an  olive 
complexion ;  but  the  women,  who  are 
small,  are  whiter  than  the  men.  Ava  is 
1150  miles  NE  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  96  30 
E,  lat.  21  0  X. 


on  the  E  by  the  river  Ava. 

Avalon,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Yonne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundv.  It  is  20  miles  SE  of 
Auxerre.    Lon.  3*52  E,  lat.  47  30  X. 

Aube,  a  department  of  France,  the  late 
province  of  Champagne. 

Aubenas,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de 
partment  of  Ardeche  and  late  province 
of  Dauphiny.  It  has  a  manufacture  of 
cloths  of  Spanish  wool,  and  of  red  cot- 
ton, in  imitation  of  Indian  handkerchiefs 
Beside  corri  and  wine,  its  district  pro- 
duces truffles,  oranges,  figs,  olives,  ches 
nuts,  and  walnuts'  The  silk-worm  and 
mulberry -tree  succeed  well  here.  Aube- 
nas is  seated  on  the  Ardeche,  at  the  fool 
of  the  Cevennes,  near  the  mineral  waters 
of  Valtz,  and  15  miles  NW  of  Viviers 
Lon.  4  30  E,  lat.  44  40  X. 

Aubigny,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cher  and  late  province'  of 
Berry.  It  has  a  castle,  and  is  seated  in 
a  fine  plain,  on  the  river  Nerre.  It  was 
a  dukedom  and  belonged  to  the  dukes 
of  Richmond ;  and  was  confirmed  to  the 
present  duke.  At  the  revolution  in 
France  it  shared  the  fate  of  all  other  ti- 
tles of  nobility. 

Aubin,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Jersey, 
with  a  good  harbour  and  a  fort. 

Aubin  da  Cormier,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Ille  and  Vilaine  and 
late  province  of  Bretagne ;  famous  for  a 
battle  between  viscount  Tremouille  and 
the  duke  of  Orleans,  afterwards  Lewis 
XII,  in  1488,  when  the  latter  was  made 
prisoner.  It  is  ten  miles  E  of  Bennes. 
Lon.  1  23  W,  lat.  48  15  N. 

Aubonne,  a  handsome  town  of  Swisser- 
land,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  10  miles  W  of  Lusanne. 
Lon.  6*30  E,  lat.  46  30  N. 

Auburn,  a$town  in  Wiltshire,  with  a. 
market  on  Tuesday.    It  is  but  an  indif- 
seated  on  a  branch  of  the 


. ierent  towi 
e  Kennet,  eight  miles  NE  of  Marlborough, 
and  81  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  32  W,  lat 
51  31  N. 

Aubusson,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Creusc  and  late  territory  of 
Marche.  It  had  a  manufacture  of  tapes- 
try, which  made  it  populous.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  "Creuse,  37  miles  NE  of 
Limoges.    Lon.  2  15  E,  lat.  45  58  N. 

Aucaugrel,  a  town  of  Africa,  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Adel,  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain.  Lon.  44  25  E,  lat.  0  10  N.  v* 

Audi,  an  episcopal  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Gcrs,  lately  an  archi- 


AVE 


AUG 


episcopal  see,  and  the  capital  of  Gasco- 
ny.  It  lies  on  the  summit  and  declivity 
ot  a  steep  kill,  at  the  foot  of  which  runs 
the  Gers.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  fi- 
nest in  jt'rance  ;  the  buildings  are  modern 
"  and  elegant,  and  the  streets  though  ge- 
nerally narrow  are  clean  and  well  paved. 
The  inhabitants  are  computed  to  be 
8000 ;  and  they  have  manufactures  of 
velvet,  serges,  crapes,  hats  and  leather. 
Auch  is  37  miles  W  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  0 
40  E,  lat.  43  39  N. 

Auckland,  Bishop's,  a  town  in  the  bisho- 
pric of  Durham,  with  a  market  on  Thurs- 
day. It  is  pleasantly  seated  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  and.  noted  for  i  Is  beautiful  cas- 
tle and  for  its  chapel,  whose  architecture 
is  very  curious.  It  is  eight  miles  S  by  W 
of  Durham,  and  251  NNW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  31  W,  lat.  54  43  N. 

Aude,  a  department  of  France,  part  of 
the  late  province  of  Languedoc. 

Aveiro,  a  town  of  Portugal,  on  the 
lake  of  Vouga,  with  a  good  harbour,  30 
miles  S  of  Oporto.  Lon.  8  30  W,  lat.  40 
40  H. 

Aveiron,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding the  late  province  of  Rouergue. 

Avetlino,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Principato  Citeriore.  It  was  almost 
ruined  bv  an  earthquake  in  1694,  and  is 
25  miles" E  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  0  E,  lat. 
40  50  N. 

Avenche,  a  town  of  Swisscrland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  formerly  capital  of  Swis- 
serland,  but  now  shows  its  former  great- 
ness onlv  by  its  nwns.  It  is  15  miles  W 
of  Bern."  Lon.  6  52  E,  lat.  46  50  X. 

Avavno,  a  lake  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Lavora,  two  miles  long,  and  one  broad. 
Virgil  and  others  have  said  that  the;  wa- 
ter was  so  bad,  that  birds  drop  dead  vfchen 
flying  over  it,  and  hence  they  call  \t  the 
lake  of  hell ;  but  it  is  now  found  to  have 
no  poisonous  quality  ;  for  birds  not  only 
fly  over  it,  but  swim  upon  it.  A  little  to 
the  W  of  the  lake  is  a  cave,  where  some 
pretend  they  went  formerly  to  consult 
the  Cumxan  Sybil.  There  are  also  some 
old  walls,  which  some  suppose  to  be  the 
ruins  of  a  temple  of  Apollo,  and  others  of 
Pluto. 

Aversa,  a  town  of  Naples,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see.  It  is  seated  in  a  very  fine 
plain,  eight  miles  N  of  Naples.  Lon.  14 
20  E,  lat.'  40  59  N. 

Avcv3js,boro%  a  post  town  of  Cumberland 
county,  North  Carolina  ;  standing  on  the 
E  side  of  the  NW  branch  of  Cape  Fear 
river,  35  miles  N  of  Fayettevillc,  and  36 
S  of  Raleigh. 

Aves,  or  the  Islands  of  Birds,  so  called 
from  the  groat  number  of  birds  that  fre- 


quent them.  They  are  70  miles  E  by  S  of 
Curacoa,  and  100  N  of  the  coubt  of  Terra 
Firma. 

Avesncs,  a  small  but  strong  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  North 
and  late  province  of  Hainault,  seated  on 
the  Hesper,  25  miles  E  of  Cambrav,  and 
1U0  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  58  E,  iat.  50  8  N, 

Aufmiy,  a  pleasant  little  island  in  the 
lake  of  Zuric,  below  Rapperschwyl. 

Augsburg,  an  ancient  city  of  Suabia,  in 
Germany.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  an  im- 
perial city,  or  sovereign  state,  being  go- 
verned by  the  town-council  and  the  re- 
presentatives of  the  burghers,  who  are 
hall  protcstants  and  half  papists.  The 
churches,  town-house,  and  other  public 
buildings  are  magnificent.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  beautiful  plains,  and  large  fo- 
rests, full  of  all  sorts  of  game.  In  the  bi- 
shop's palace,  the  Lutherans  presented 
their  confession  of  faith  to  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  in  1550  hence  called  the  con- 
fession of  Augsburg.  The  bishop  is  one 
of  the  princes  of  the  empire,  but  has  no 
share  in  the  government  of  the  town.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1703,  but  a- 
bandoned  in  the  year  following,  after  the 
battle  of  Hockstadt,  and  again  taken  by 
them  August  24,  1796.  It  is  seated  be- 
tween the  rivers  Werdach  and  Lech,  30 
miles  NW  of  Munich.  Lon.  11  4  E,  lat. 
48  27  N. 

Augusta,  the  capital  of  Georgia,  in  N« 
America,  situate  on  the  SW  bank  of  the 
river  Savannah,  120  miles  NW  of  the 
town  of  Savannah.  The  town  does  not 
consist  of  quite  300  houses;  but  as  it  is 
seated  on  a  fine  ph  in,  and  enjoys  the  best 
soil,  with  the  advantage  of  a  central  si- 
tuation between  the  upper  and  lower 
countries,  it  is  rising  into  importance. 
Lon.  82  0  W,  lat.  33  20  N. 

Augusta,  a  town  of  Kennebec  county, 
Maine  ;  Situated  on  the  N  side  of  Kenne- 
bec river,  2^piles  N  of  Wiscasset  ;  190 
NE  of  BosiHr  Here  is  a  post-office  667 
miles  from  Washington. 

Augusta,  a  populous  county  in  the 
State  of  Virginia,  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  watered  by 
the  head  waters  of  the  Shenandoah.  It 
contains  about  12000  inhabitants,  with  a 
small  proportion  of  slaves. 

Augusta,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Bracken 
county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small  town  de- 
lightfully situated  on  a  handsome  bank 
of  the  Ohio  river.  It  is  18  miles  below 
Limestone,  and  65  miles  from  Lexington. 

Auguste  or  Austa,  an  island  in  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  near 
Ragusa,  subject  to  Venice.  Lon.  17  0  E? 
gat.  42  55  N. 
H 


AUL 


A  UR 


Augustin,  St.,  a  town  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, on  the  E  coast  of  Florida.  It  was  ce- 
ded by  the  Spaniards  to  the  English  in 
1763,  but  restored  to  them  again  by  the 
peace  of  1783.  The  town  is  situated  at 
the  foot  of  a  pleasant  hill,  well  covered 
with  trees  ;  but  the  coast  is  too  shallow 
to  be  approached  by  vessels  that  draw 
more  than  12  feet  water ;  so  that  this 
place  is  ill  situated  for  trade,  though  it 
is  the  chief  town  of  E  Florida.  Lon.  81 
10  W,  lat.  30  10  N. 

Augustine,  a  cape  of  S.  America,  in 
Brasil,  300  miles  NE  of  the  bav  of  All- 
Saints.    Lon.  35  40  W,  lat.  8  30  Si* 

Augustoiv,  a  small  but  strong1  town  of 
Poland,  in  Polachia,  seated  on  the  Nari- 
eu,  44  miles  N  of  Bielisk.  Lon.  23  40  E, 
lat.  53  25  N:  ... 

Augustus,  Fort,  a  small  fortress  of  In- 
verness-shire, at  the  head  of  Loch  Ness, 
between  the  rivers  Taarf  and  Oich. 

Avigliano,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in 
Piedmont,  seven  miles  W  of  Turin.  Lon. 
7  38  E,  lat.  45  5  X. 

Avignon,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of 
a  territory  of  the  same  name,  which  de- 
pended lately  on  the  pope,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's see,  and  an  university.  It  was 
formerly  the  residence  of  the  popes,  who 
afterward  returned  to  Rome.  The  church- 
es are  handsome  ;  that  of  Notre  Dame  is 
ancient  but  not  large,  and  is  one  of  the 
best  adorned  in  the  city.  It  is  advanta- 
geously seated  on  the  Rhone,  20  miles  E 
of  Nismes.    Lon.  4  53  E,  lat.  43  57  N. 

Avila,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile.  It  has  an  university,  and  a  con- 
siderable bishopric.  It  stands  in  the  mid- 
dle of  a  fine  large  plain,  surrounded  with 
mountains,  and  covered  wi-h  fruit-trees 
and  vinevards,  40  miles  NW  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  4  35  W,  lat.  40  40  N." 

Aviles,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Asturias  d' 
Oviedo,  on  the  bay  of  Biscav,  25  miles  N 
of  Oviedo.    Lon.  6  5  W,  la^3  27  N. 

Avis,  a  smell  town  of  Portugal,  in  Al- 
entejo,  seated  on  an  eminence,  with  a 
castle,  near  the  river  Avis.  Hence  the 
military  order  of  the  knights  of  Avis, 
have  their  name.  It  is  65  miles  E  of  Lis- 
bon.   Lon.  7  40  W,  lat.  38  46  N. 

Aulcester,  a.tnvn  in  Warwickshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  was  a  Ro- 
man station,  as  appears  from  the  coins, 
bricks,  &c.  often  dug  up  in  and  near  it, 
and  from  the  Komiln  Ickneildstrcet  pass- 
ing through  it.  It  is  seven  miles  W  of 
Stratford  upon  Avon,  and  102  NW  of 
London.    Lon.  1  52  W,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Aulps,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Var  and  late  province  of  Pro- 
vence.   Lon.  6  30  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 


Aumale.  See  Albemarle. 
Aunis,  lately  a  small  territory  of  France 
in  Poitou,  and  now  forming  part  of  the 
department  ofl^ower  Charente. 

Avon,  a  river  that  rises  in  Wilts,  and 
coasting  the  edge  of  the  New  forest,  falls 
into  the  English  channel  at  Christchurch 
Hay  in  Hampshire. 

Avon,  a  river  that  rises  in  Leicester- 
shire, and  running  SW  by  Warwick  and 
Eversham,  falls  into  the  Severn,at  Tew- 
kesbury, in  Gloucestershire. 

Avon  LoHoer,  a  river  that  rises  in  Wilts, 
and  running  W  to  Bath,  becomes  naviga-  ( 
ble  there,  continues  its  course  to  Bristol, 
and  falls  into  the  Severn. 

Avrach,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  S  part  of  Suabia,  and  duchy  of 
Wirtemburg,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  on  the  rivulet  Ermst,  15  miles 
E  of  Tubingen.  Lon.  9  22  E,  lat.  48  26  N. 

Avranches,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  channel  and  late 
province  of  Normandy  ;  the  city  is  mean 
but  is  finely  seated  on  an  eminence,  near 
which  the  See  runs  about  a  mile  and  a . 
half  from  the  ocean  and  30  Eof  St.  Malo. 
Lon.  1  18  W,  \iit.  48  41  N. 

Auray,  a  small  seaport  of  France,  on 
the  gulf  of  Morbihan,  in  the  department 
of  that  name  and  late  province  of  Bre- 
tagne,  eight  miles  W  of  Vannes.  Lon.  2 
53  W,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Aurelius,  a  post  town  of  Cayuga  coun- 
ty, New  York :  the  township  is  situated 
at  the  head  of  Owasco  lake,  between  the 
townships  of  Junius  and  Marallus,  and 
contains  300  inhabitants. 

Aurich,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  E 
Friesland,  with  :i  eastlo,  where  the  count 
resides.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain  surround- 
ed i.j  forests  full  of  game,  12  miles  N  E 
of  Embden.  Lon.  7  12  E,  lat.  53  28  N. 

Aurillac,  a  populous  trading  town  of 
France,«jn  the  river  Jordanne,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cantal  and  late  province  of 
Auvergne.  Quantities  of  lace  and  velvet 
are  manufactured  here.  It  is  30  miles  S 
W  of  St.  Flour,  and  250  S  of  Paris.  Lon. 
2  22  E,  lat.  44  55  N.  . 

Aurora  Island,  an  island,  one  of  the 
New  Hebrides,  in  the  S  Pacific  ocean.  It 
is  about  twelve  leagues  long,  but  not 
above  five  broad.  Lon.  168  24  E,  lat. 
15  8  S. 

Aurungabad,  a  considerable  city  of 
Asia,  in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan.  It  is 
but  a  modern  city  ;  owing  its  rise,  from  a 
small  town,  to  the  capital  of  Dowlata- 
bad,  to  the  great  Aurungzebe,  from 
whom  it, had  its  name.  It  is  260  miles 
NE  of  Bombav.  Lon.  76  2  E,  lat.  19 
45  N. 


AWE 


AXM 


Austinville,  a  village  with  a  post  office, 
in  Wythe  county,  Virginia;  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Kanhawa  river  24  miles  E 
of  Wythe  court  house,  and  366  from  the 
city  of  Washington. 

Austria,  one  of  the  circles  of  the  Ger- 
man empire,  bounded  on  the  W  by  Swis- 
serland  ;  on  the  N  by  Suabia,  Bavaria, 
Bohemia,  and  Moravia;  on  the  E  by  Hun- 
gary ;  and  on  the  S  by  Italy  and  Croatia. 
It  contains  the  archduchy  of  Austria  ; 
the  duchies  of  Stiria,  Carinthia,  Car- 
niola,  and  Goritia  ;  the  county  of  Tirol ; 
and  the  bishoprics  of  Brixen  and  Trent. 

Austria,  an  archduchy,  in  the  circle 
of  the  same  name.  The  river  Ens  divides 
it  into  Upper  and  Lower  :  Vienna  is  the 
capital  of  the  Lower,  and  Lintz  of  the 
Upper.  Austria  excels  all  the  provinces 
of  Germany  in  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  the 
plenty  of  its  pastures  and  the  wholesome  - 
ness  of  the  air.  Corn,  wine,  and  fruit,  are 
plentiful ;  and  the  saffron  better  than  that 
of  the  East  Indies. 

Auiun,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  the 
episcopal  see  of  the  department  of  Saone 
and  Loire,  in  the  late  province  of  Bur- 
gundy ;  it  contains  a  great  many  mines, 
and  produces  a  great  quantity  of  sulphur. 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  three  moun- 
tains on  the  river  of  Arroux,  which 
washes  its  ancient  walls,  whose  ruins  are 
so  firm,  and  the  stones  so  closely  united, 
that  they  seem  almost  to  be  cut  out  of 
the  solid  rock  :  in  this  city  are  the  ruins 
of  three  temples,  one  of  which  was  dedi- 
cated to  Janus,  and  the  other  to  Diana. 
They  have  manufactures  of  tapestry  from 
cows  hair  and  thread,  carpets,  and  cover- 1 
lets.  Their  delft  ware  is  degenerated 
into  earthen,  although  with  little  indus- 
try, their  argil  would  be  very  proper  for 
porcelain.  In  St.  Martin's  church  is  the 
tomb  of  the  cruel  Brunehaud,  whom  Gre- 
gory of  Tours  mentions  as  the  monster  of 
the  sixth  century:  she  was  accused  of 
having  poisoned  her  son  Childebert,  and 
of  having  procured  the  death  of  10  kings; 
by  the  order  of  her  grandson  Clovis  II, 
she  was  tied  to  the  tail  of  a  wild  mare, 
and  thus  miserably  perished.  The  cathe- 
dral of  St.  Lazarus,  the  college,  and  the 
seminary  are  worthy  of  notice.  Autun.  is 
-15  miles  E  by  S  of  Nevers,  and  162SEt>f 
Paris.    Lon."4  23  E,  lat.  46  57  N. 

Auvergne,  a  late  province  of  France, 
100  miles  in  length,  and  75  in  breadth  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Bourbonnois. 
on  the  E  by  Forez  and  Velay,  on  the  W 
by  Limosin.  Querci,  and  La  Mwche,  and 
on  the  S  by  Rouergue  and  the  Cevcnnes. 
ft  now  forms  the  two  departments  of 
f'antal  and  Puy-de-Dome. 

Awe  Loch,  one  of  the  most  beautiful 


lakes  of  Scotland,  in  Argyleshire,  30 
miles  long,  and  in  some  parts,  above  two 
broad.  It  contains  many  fine  little 
islands,  tufted  with  trees.  The  river 
Awe,  the  outlet  of  this  lake,  is  discharg- 
ed into  Loch^Etive,  at  the  village  of 
Bun  a  we.  - 

Auxerre,  311  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Yonne,  lately  an  epis- 
copal see  of  Burgundy,  advantageously 
situated  on  the  Yonne.  The  inhabitants 
are  computed  at  16,000  ;  and  it  contains 
manv  fountains  and  squares.  It  is  25 
miles  S  of  Sens.  Lon.  3  39  E,  fat.  47  48  N. 

Auxoww,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cote  d'Or  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  with  a  castle,  an  arsenal, 
handsome  barracks,  and  a  foundery  for 
cannon.  It  is  seated  on  the  Saone,  over 
which  there  is  a  bridge  of  23  arches,  and 
is  17  miles  E  of  Dijon.  Lon.  5  29  E,  lat. 
47  11  N. 

Awutska-Bay,  a  harbour  of  Kamtschat- 
ka,  the  safest  and  most  extensive  that 
has  been  discovered,  and  the  only  one  in 
that  part  of  the  world,  that  can  admit 
vessels  of  a  considerable  burden.  Lon. 
158  48  E,  lat.  52  51  N. 

Aivlen,  a  small  imperial  town  of  Sua- 
bia, on  the  river  Cochen,  15  miles  W  of 
Oeting.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
August  1796.  Lon.  10  15  E,  lat.  48  36  N. 

Axbridge,  a  corporate  town  in  Somer- 
setshire, with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Ax  under  the  Men- 
dip  hills,  where  there  is  good  pasturage, 
10  miles  NW  of  Wells,  and  132  W  of 
London.    Lon.^  0  W,  lat.  51  17  N. 

Axel,  a  small  fortified  town  of  Dutch 
Flanders,  seated  in  a  morass,  10  miles  N 
of  Ghent.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1794.    Lon.  3  4.;  E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Axholm,  an  island  in  the  NW  part  of 
Lincolnshire,  in  England.  It  is  formed 
by  the  Trent,  Dun,  and  Idle,  and  is  ten 
miles  long  and  five  broad.  It  is  a  rich 
tract,  in  which  much  flax  is  cultivated. 

Axim,  a  territory  on  the  Gold  Coast  of 
Guinea,  containing  two  or  three  villages 
on  the  sea  shore.  The  inhabitants  are 
generally  rich,  and  sell  a  great  deal  of 
^old  to  the  English  and  Dutch.  They 
are  likewise  industrious  in  fishing  and 
tilling  the  ground.  The  excessive  mois- 
ture of  the  climate  renders  it  very  un- 
healthy, but  it  produces  plenty  of  rice, 
water-melons,  lemons,  oranges,  Sec.  The 
Dutch  have  a  fort  and  a  factory  here, 
called  St.  Anthony. 

Axminster,  a  town  of  Devonshire,  on 
the  river  Ax,  with  a  market  on  Saturday, 
[t  was  a  place  of  note  in  the  time  of  the 
Saxons,  but  now  contains  only  200  houses. 
Here  is  a  manufacture  of  broad  and  nar- 


A  Z  O 

row  cloths,  and  a  famous  one  for  carpets. 
It  is  18  miies  E  by  N  of  Exeter,  and  147 
W  of  London.   Lon.  3  8  W,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Axum.  formerly  a  large  city,  and  once 
the  capital  of  Abyssinia.  Its  ruins  are 
veiy  extensive,  but  consi^  altogether  of 
public  building's.  It  is  125  miles  W  of 
the  Red  Sea.    Lon.  36  4  E,  lat.  14  6  N. 

Ayamonte,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, with  a  strong  castle  built  on  a  rock 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Gaudiana,  op- 
posite Castro-Marino,  80  miles  NW  of 
Cadiz.    Lon.  7  15  W,  lat.  37  12  X. 

Ayleshum  a  town  in  Norfolk,  witli  a 
market  on  Saturday,  12  miles  N  of  Nor 
wich,  and  121  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  17 
E,  lat.  52  53  N. 

Aymouth,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ber- 
wickshire, six  miles  N  of  Berwick,  for- 
me iiy  fortified  to  curb  the  garrison  of 
that  town.  Lon.  1  46  W.  lat.  56  11  N. 

Ayr,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of 
an  extensive  county  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  situate  on  a  sand}'  plain,  on  both  sides 
of  the  river  Ayr,  over  which  is  a  bridge 
of  four  arches  It  appears  from  history 
and  oiher  documents  to  have  been  a  con- 
siderable place  at  the  time  of  the  Norman 
conquest.  Its  chief  trade  is  in  coal  and 
grain ;  the  fishery  being  in  a  manner 
g'iven  up.  In  the  new  town  are  man} 
g-ood  houses  and  the  ruins  of  a  Domini- 
can monastery,  founded  by  Alexander  11. 
in  1230.  A  mile  N  from  the  town,  is  a 
house  called  King's  Chapel,  founded  for 
lepers  by  Robert  Bruce  ;  the  leprosy  be- 
ing a  disease  so  common  in  those  days,  as 
to  be  the  subject  of  several  parliamen- 
tary statutes.  Avr  is  65  miles  SW  of 
Edinburgh.   Lon.' 4  39  E,  lat.  55  30  N. 

Ayrshire,  a  county  of  Scotland  bound- 
ed on  the  W  and  N  by  the  Frith  of  Clyde 
and  Renfrewshire,  on  the  E  by  the  coun- 
ties of  Lanerk  and  Dumfries,  and  on  the 
SE  and  S  by  the  shires  of  Kircudbright 
and  Wighton.  It  exhibits  the  shape  of 
two  wings,  extending  to  the  NW  and  S 
W,  and  forming  a  vast  bay  at  the  mouth 
of  the  frith  of  Clyde.  Between  its  ex- 
treme points  it  is  about  50  miles  ;  its 
greatest  breadth  is  not  quite  27  Its  most 
northerly  division  is  Cunningham,  the  N 
W  angle  of  which  though  mountainous, 
is  rich  in  pasture. 

Azamar,  a  small  seaport  of  Africa  in 
the  kingdom  of  .Morocco  ;  formerly  very 
considerable,  but  ruined  bv  the  Portu- 
guese in  1513.  Lon.  7  0  W,  lat.  32  50  N. 

Azem,    See  Assam. 

Azof.    See  Asoph. 

Azores,  or  Western  Islands,  a  group  *»f 
islands,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  between 
25  and  33  W  lon.  and  between  37  and  40 
N  lat,  900  miles  W  of  Portugal,  and  as 


BAB 

many  E  of  Newfoundland.  They  were 
discovered  by  the  Flemings  in  the  15th 
century,  but  were  afterwards  taken  pos- 
session of  by  the  Portuguese,  to  whom 
they  have  been  subject  ever  since.  They 
are  nine  in  number,  viz.  St.  Maria,  St. 
Michael,  Tercera,  St.  George,  Gracioso, 
F\  al,  Pico,  Flores,  and  Corvo.  The}  were 
called  the  Azores,  from  the  number  of 
hawks  found  among  them.  The  two  wes- 
ternmost  were  named  Flores  and  Corvo, 
from  the  abundance  of  flowers  on  the  one, 
and  pf  crows  on  the  other.  They  are  sub- 
ject to  a  governor-general,  who  resides 
at  Angra,  in  Tercera.  No  poisonous  anr- 
mal,  it  is  said,  is  to  be  found  in  the  A- 
zorcs,  and  if  carried  thither  it  will  ex- 
pire in  a  few  hours.  All  of  them  are  fer- 
tile, and  enjoy  a  salubrious  air,  but  arc- 
subject  to  violent  earthquakes. 


B 


BABELM1XBEL,  a  strait  fcetwfeeft 
the  coast  of  Africa  and  Arabia,  uniting 
the  Red  Sea  with  the  Indian  ocean.  Near 
it  is  a  small  island  and  a  mountain  of  the 
same  name.  Lon.  44  30  E,  lat.  12  40  N. 

Bubenhaiisen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  five  miles  N  of 
Tubingen.  Lon.  9  4  E,  lat.  48  35  X. 

Babolitza  Cai-ethui,  or  Baboliza,  a  town 
of  Sclavonia,  near  the  river  Drave,  be- 
tween Posega  and  Zygeth. 

Babylon,  once  a  famous  city  in  Asia, 
and  perhaps  at  that  time  the  largest  in 
the  world.  It  is  now  so  ruined,  that  the 
place  where  it  stood  cannot  be  discover- 
ed with  any  certainty.  However,  we  are 
sure  that  it  was  seated  on  the  river  Eu- 
phrates ;  and  i:s  some  think  over  against 
Bagdad,  which  is  by  many  travellers,  i 
falsely  called  Babylon.  This  was  also  the 
name  of  a  city  in  Egypt,  supposed  to  i 
stand  near  the  place  where  Cairo  stands 
now.  What  authors  tell  us  concerning 
the  bigness  of  Old  Babylon  is  almost  in- 
credible ;  for  they  affirm  it  was  366  sta- 
dia in  circumference,  which  is  about  50 
of  our  statute  miles  ;  however,  it  was  not 
full  of  houses  ;  for  within  the  walls,  were 
not  only  gardens  and  orchards,  but  culti- 
vated fields.  It  was  divided  by  the  Eu- 
phrates into  two  equal  parts  that  com- 
municated by  a  stone  bridge  624  feet  in 
length,  and  30  broad.  The  tower  of  Ba- 
bel, witlfin  this  city,  was  built  in  a 
square  form,  460  cubits  high  ;  and  the 
circumference  at  the  bottom  4  or  5000. 
The  hanging  gardens  at  Babylon  were 
such  a  prodigious  work,  that  they  passed 


BAD 


BAG 


ibr  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the 
world;  four  of  them  contained  each  four 
acres  of  land,  and  were  supported  by  vast 
columns,  at  the  top  of  a  palace  2,500 
paces  in  circumference  ;  they  were  dis- 
posed in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre. 
The  walls  of  Babylon  were  also  so  asto- 
nishing', that  these  also  passed  for  one  of 
the  seven  wonders  ;  they  were  built  of 
bricks  and  bitumen  ;  5*0  miles  in  circum- 
ference, 200  feet  high,  and  50  thick! 
There  was  also  a  temple  consecrated  to 
Belus,  whose  magnificence  corresponded 
with  the  grandeur  of  the  city,  first  the 
capital  of  the  Assyrian  empire,  and  after- 
wards that  of  -the  kingdom  of  Babylon 
founded  by  Nabonasser. 

Baca  or  Baza,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Granada,  15  miles  XE  of 
Gaudix.    Lon.  2  42  W,  lat.  37  18  N. 

Bacano,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  on  a  small  lake,  near 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  well  known  on 
account  of  the  defeat  of  the  Fabi?,  in  the 
277th  year  of  Rome. 

Bacaseray,  a  town  in  the  Russian  pro- 
vince of  Tauridi,  where  the  late  khans 
of  the  Crim  Tartars  were  accustomed  to 
reside.  It  is  70  miles  S  of  Precop.  Lorn 
35  40  E,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Bacarrach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  formerly  impe- 
rial. It  is  famous  for  its  wines,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  20  miles  W  of 
Mentz.  Lon.  7  52  E,  lat.  49  55  X. 

Bachian,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands,  in 
the  East  Indies,  which  produces  cloves. 
It  is  verv  fruitful  and  belongs  to  the 
Dutch.    Lon.  125  5  E,  lat.  0  25  S. 

Badajoz,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital  of 
Estramadura,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  in  a  fertile  territory  on  the  Gau- 
diana,  over  which  there  is  a  famous 
bridge  built  by  the  Romans.  On  this 
bridge  the  Portuguese  were  defeated  bv 
Don  John  of  Austria,  in  1661.  It  is  175 
miles  S  bv  W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  6  50  W, 
lat.  38  32  N. 

Badelona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  10  miles  N 
E  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  2  20  E,  lat.  41  28  X. 

Baden,  a  town  of  Suat>ia,  capital  of  a 
margravate  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cas- 
tle, on  the  top  of  a  mountain-,  where  the 
prince  often  resides.  It  is  remarkable 
for  its  baths,  whence  it  takes  its  name, 
and  is  seated  near  the  Rhine,  four  miles  S 
•>t'  Rastadt.    Lon.  8  14  E,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Baden,  a  margravate  of  Suabia,  bound- 
ed on  the  X  by  the  Palatinate  of  the 
Rhine  and  bishopric  of  Spire,  on  the  E 
by  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg  and  princi- 
pality of  Fustenburg,  on  the  S  by  the 
Brisgaw,  and  on  the.  W  by  the  Rhine 


It  is  divided  into  the  Upper  and  the 
Lower. 

Baden,  an  ancient  and  handsome  town 
in  a  county  of  the  same  name  in  Swisser- 
land.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  baths  men- 
tioned by  the  inhabitants  under  the 
names  of  Aqua:  and  Thermae  Helvetica  ; 
and  for  the  treaty  concluded  here  in  1714, 
between  Germany  and  Spain.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Limmat,  10  miles  N"W  of  Zuric. 
.Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  47  25  X 

Baden,  a  neat  little  walled  town  of 
Austria,  famous  for  its  hot  baths  ;  seated 
on  the  river  Suechat,  15  miles  SW  of  Vi- 
enna.   Lon.  16  25  E,  lat.  48  1  X. 

Badenvjeiller,  a  town  of  Suabia,  belong- 
ing to  the  lower  margravate  of  Baden, 
seated  near  the  Rhine,  10  miles  SE  of 
Friburg.    Lon.  7  52  E,  lat.  48  1  X. 

Badge-worth,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, remarkable  for  a  spring  of  mineral 
water,  called  Cold  Po  1,  nearly  the  same 
as  those  of  Cheltenham.  It  is  seven  miles 
XE  of  Gloucester. 

Baeza,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia. 
It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop  and  has  a  uni- 
versity, seated  on  the  Guadalquiver,  15 
miles' XE  of  Jaen.  Lon.  3  18  W,  lat  37 
45  X. 

Baffin's -Bay,  a  bay  in  Xorth  America, 
discovered  by  Mr.  Baffin,  an  Englishman, 
who  attempted  to  find  out  a  XW  passage 
that  way  to  the  South  Sea.  It  extends 
from  70* to  80  X  latitude. 

Baffo,  a  considerable  town  in  the  is- 
land of  Cyprus,  with  a  fort  near  the  an- 
cient Paphos,  of  which  considerable  ruins 
remain,  particularly  some  broken  co- 
lumns, which  probably  belonged  to  the 
temple  of  Venus.  Lon.  32  30  E,  lat.  34 
50  X. 

Bagdad,  falsely  supposed  to  be  ancient 
Babylon,  a  populous  city,  capital  of  Irac 
Arabia,  seated  on  the  Tigris,  and  inhabi- 
ted by  Christians,  Turks,  &c.  The  city 
is  large  and  populous  ;  and  the  advan- 
tage of  the  Tigris  is  so  considerable, 
with  regard  to  commerce,  that  although 
the  climate  is  excessive,  hot  and  in  other 
respects  far  from  being  agreeable,  yet  the 
number  of  its  inhabitants  is  computed  at 
300,000.  The  revenue  would  be  immense 
if  the  government  was  mild  ;  but  instead 
of  this  the  bashaw  is  continually  extort- 
ing money  from  the  poor  inhabitants ; 
from  none  more  than  from  the  Christians 
and  Jews,  many  of  whom  are  obliged  to 
leave  the  city.  In  tW  months  of  June, 
July,  and  August,  the  weather  is  so  ex- 
tremely hot,  as  to  oblige  the  inhabitants 
to  live  for  these  months  in  subterraneous 
apartments,  which  are  arched  over  to  ad- 
mit the  freer  circulation  of  the  air.  The 
houses  are  generally  large,  built  of  brick, 


BAG 


B  A  I 


and  cement,  and  are  arched  over ;  many 
of  the  windows  are  made,  of  elegant  Ve- 
netian glass  ;  the  ceilings  are  mostly  or- 
namented with  a  kind  of  checquered 
work,  which  has  generally  a  nohle  ap- 
pearance ;  most  of  the  houses  have  a 
court-yard  before  them,  in  the  middle  of 
which  is  a  plantation  of  orange  trees,  &c. 
that  has  a  pleasing  effect.  The  soil, 
which  would  produce  not  only  every  con- 
veniency  of  life,  but  almost  every  lux- 
ury, is  through  the  natural  indolence  of  the 
Turks,  in  a  great  measure  uncultivated  and 
neglected.  The  bazars  or  markets  here  are 
large  and  extensive,  being  covered  over 
with  arches  built  of  masonry,  and  divid- 
ed into  different  streets  filled  with  shops 
of  all  kinds  of  merchandise,  to  the  number 
of  12,000.  On  the  N  side  of  the  town  is  the 
citadel  which  commands  the  river.  In  the 
city  are  several  large  beautiful  mosques. 
There  are  also  a  number  of  antique 
buildings.  At  the  distance  of  about  10 
miles  stand  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  tower 
called  the  Tower  of  J\wirod.  "Whether 
this  tower  was  at  first  of  a  square  or 
round  form  is  now  difficult  to  determine. 
The  height  of  the  ruin  is  about  126  feet, 
the  diameter  of  the  largest  and  middle 
part  about  100  feet.  Bagdad  was  the 
capital  of  the  Saracen  empire,  till  taken 
by  the  Turks  in  the  13th  century ;  since 
which  it  has  been  taken  and  retaken  se- 
veral times  by  the  Turks  and  Persians  ; 
and  last  of  all  by  the  Turks  in  1638.  It 
is  250  miles  N  by  W  of  Bassora.  Lon.  43 
52  E,  lat.  33  20  X. 

Baglana,  or  Bocklana,  a  country  of 
Ilindoostan,  in  the  Deccan,  which  ex- 
tends from  the  Surat  river  to  Poonah, 
and  is  inclosed  by  a  ridge  of  mountains, 
called  the  Gauts.  It  is  bounded  on  the  X 
by  Candeish,  on  the  SW  by  Visiapour, 
and  on  the  SE  by  Dowlatabad. 

Bagnava,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  eight 
miles  S  of  Palma.  In  this  town  3017 
persons  perished,  by  the  dreadful  earth- 
quake in  1783.  Lon' 16  8  E,  lat.  38  15  N. 

Bagnarea,  a  town  of  Italy,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see,  in  the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter, 
live  miles  S  of  Orvieto.  Lon.  12  28  E,  lat. 
42  36  X. 

Bagnares,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Upper  Pyrenees  and 
'ate  province  of  Bigorre.  It  lies  at  the 
foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  on  the  river  Adour. 
1 1  is  much  frequented,  on  account  of  its 
hot  mineral  waters,  and  is  10  miles  SE  of 
Tarbcs.  Lon.  0  12  E,  lat  43  3  X. 

Bagnols,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Herault,  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc*  near  the  river  Cese,  8- 
miles  SW  of  Pont  St.  Esprit.  It  has  a 
.handsome   square    and    two  fountains 


which  rise  in  the  middle  of  the  town. 
Lon.  4  43  E,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Bahama,  or  Lucaya  Islands  situated  to 
the  S  of  Carolina,  between  22  and  27  N 
lat.  and  73  and  81  W  lon.  They  extend 
along  the  coast  of  Florida  to  Cuba,  and 
are  said  to  be  500  in  number,  some  of 
them  only  mere  rocks,  but  12  of  them 
are  large,  fertile,  and  in  nothing  different 
from  the  soil  of  Carolina.  These  islands 
were  the  first  fruits  of  Columbus's  disco- 
veries,but  they  are  all  uninhabited,  except 
Providence,  and  are  subject  to  the  Eng- 
lish, to  whom  they  were  not  known  till 
1667,  when  captain  Seyle  being  driven  a- 
mong  them  in  his  passage  to  Carolina, 
gave  his  name  to  one  of  them,  and,  being 
a  second  time  driven  upon  it,  called  it 
Providence-  The  cotton  seed  has  been 
recently  introduced  into  these  islands 
from  Georgia,  and  is  well  adapted  to  the 
soil  and  climate. 

Bahar,  a  country  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, bounded  on  the  W  by  Allahabad  and 
Guide,  on  the  N  by  Xapaul,  on  the  E  by 
Bengal,  and  on  ,  the  S  by  Orissa.  It  is 
subject  to  the  English  E  India  Company  ; 
and  most  of  the  saltpetre  they  export  is 
manufactured  in  this  province,  of  which 
Patna  is  the  capital. 

Baheren  Island  lies  in  the  gulf  of  Per- 
sia, and  was  once  famous  for  its  pearl 
fishery.  Lon.  49  5  E,  lat.  26  10  X. 

Bahus,  a  strong  town  of  Sweden,  capi- 
tal of  a  government  of  the  same  name,  on 
a  rock,  in  an  island,  10  miles  X  of  Got- 
tenburg.  Lon.  11  42  E,  lat.  57  52  X. 

Baia,  an  inconsiderable  town  of  Xa- 
ples,  in  Terra  di  Lavora  ;  it  was  famous, 
in  the  time  of  the  Romans,  for  its  hot 
baths  and  elegant  palaces.  Its  splendor 
may  be  inferred  from  its  innumerable 
ruins,  heaps  of  marble,  moisacs,  stucco, 
and  other  precious  fragments  of  taste.  It 
flourished  in  full  glory  down  to  the  days 
of  Theodoric  the  Goth  ;  but  the  destruc- 
tion of  these  enchanted  palaces  followed 
quickly  upon  the  irruption  of  the  north- 
ern conquerors.  Loss  of  fortune  left  not 
the  Romans  the  means  of  supporting 
such  expensive  establishments.  Xo  soon- 
er had  opulence  withdrawn  its  hand 
than  the  unbridled  s<ja  rushed  back  upon 
the  ground  from  whence  it  had  been 
forced  back  by  Roman  luxury ;  moles 
and  buttresses  were  torn  asunder  and 
washed  away;  whole  promontories  with 
the  proud  towers  that  once  crowned 
their  brows,  were  undermined  and  tum- 
bled headlong  into  the  deep,  where  many 
feet  below  the  surface,  pavements  of 
streets,  foundations  of  houses,  and  mas- 
ses of  walls  may  still  be  seen;  yet  Baia 
in  its  ruined  state,  and  stripped  of  all  its 


BAL 


BAL 


ornaments,  still  presents  many  beautiful 
and  striking-  objects  for  the  pencil.  It  is 
seated  on  the  bay  of  Naples,  12  miles  W 
of  Naples.  Lon.  14  5  E,  lat.  40  51  X. 

jBuja,  a  populous  town  of  Hungary,  on 
the  Danube,  35  miles  XW  of  Esseck. 
Lon.  20  0  E,  lat.  46  10  N. 

Bajador,  a  cape  on  the  W  coast  of 
Africa,  S  of  the  Canary  Islands.  Lon.  14 
22  W,  lat.  46  10  N. 

Baikal,  a  great  lake  in  Siberia,  in  the 
province  of  lrkutzk,  420  miles  long  and 
80  broad.  There  are  a  great  many  seals 
in  it  of  a  blackish  colour,  and  sturgeons 
of  a  monstrous  size. 

Bcrilleid,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  French 
Flanders,  nine  miles  SW  of  Ypres.  Lon. 
2  55  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Bain  Gonga,  or  Bain  River,  a  river  of 
Hindoostan,  which  rises  near  the  Nerbud- 
da,  runs  southward  through  Berar,  and. 
after  a  course  of  near  400  miles  unites 
with  the  Godavery,  within  the  hills  that 
bound  the  British  Circars. 

B air ds town,  a  post  town  of  Nelson 
county,  Kentucky,  with  about  600  inha- 
bitants. It  is  situated  on  the  N  side  of 
Beech  creek  (a  branch  of  Rolling  river) 
16  miles  NE  of  Bealsburg,  and  55  SW  of 
Frankfort. 

Bakewell,  a  town  in  the  Peak  of  Der- 
byshire, with  a  market  on  Monday,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Wye,  among  the  hills,  20 
miles  NNW  of  Derby  and  151  of  London. 
Lon.  2  42  W,  lat.  53  15  N. 

Bahu,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province 
of  Schirvan,  the  most  commodious  haven 
of  the  Caspian  Sea,  on  the  W  coast  of 
which  it  is  situated.  The  number  of  shoals 
and  sandbanks  render  the  entrance  some- 
what difficult.  Baku  is  a  fortress,  sur- 
rounded by  high  brick  walls,  300  miles  S 
of  Astracan.  Lon.  49  15  E,  lat.  40  2  N. 

Bala,  a  town  in  Merionethshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  stands  on  the 
lake  of  Bala,  or  Pemblemere,  which  is  13 
miles  in  length,  and  six  in  breadth,  and 
abounds  with  a  fish  called  a  guinard,  re- 
sembling a  salmon  in  shape,  and  tasting 
J  ike  a  trout.  The  river  Dec  runs  through 
fhis  lake.  The  town  is  noted  for  a  great 
trade  in  knit  woollen  stockings.  It  is  50 
miles  SSE  of  Holvhead,  and  195  XW  of 
London.  Lon.  3  35  W,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Balagat,  a  province  in  the  Deccan  of 
Mindoostan,  and  the  largest  of  the  three 
which  compose  that  kingdom.  It  consists 
of  a  -  extent  of  fertile  and  populous 
plains  i  r  ported  in  the  nature  of  a  ter- 
race, i  y  i  stupendous  wall  of  mountains, 
called  the  Cauts,  which  rises  abruptly 
from  the  low  country  called  the  Concan. 
This  tra-.t  is  so  elevated,  that  the  air  is 


cool  and  pleasant.  It  extends  through 
the  peninsula,  to  the  southern  extremity 
of  Mysore. 

Balaguer,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia,  on  the  river  Segra,  at  the  foot 
of  a  craggy  rock,  75  miles  NW  of  Bar- 
celona. Lon.  1  IE,  lat.  41  55  N. 

Balaruc,  a  town  of  France,  near  the 
road  from  Montpellier  to  Toulouse  ;  not- 
ed for  its  bath. 

Balasore,  a  seaport  to  the  NW  of  the 
bay  of  Bengal.  The  inhabitants  make 
stuffs  of  silk,  cotton,  and  a  sort  of  grass. 
It  is  180  miles  SW  of  Hoogly.  Lon.  87  1 
E,  lat.  21  20  N. 

Balbastro,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain, 
in  Arragon,  on  the  river  Vero,  42  miles 
NE  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  0  27  E,  lat. 
42  8  N. 

Balbec,  a  city  of  Asia  in  Syria,  ancient- 
ly called  Hdiopohs.  It  is  situated  at  the 
foot  of  Anti-Lebanon,  precisely  on  the  last 
rising  ground,  where  the  mountain  ter- 
minates in  a' plain.  On  the  E  side  are  the 
remains  of  ancient  ruins,  of  whose  mag- 
nificence it  is  difficult  to  give  an  ade- 
quate idea.  Among  the  most  magnificent 
are  the  ruins  of  the  temple  of  the  Sun,  for 
a  particular  description  of  which  we  re- 
fer our  readers  to  Mr.  Yv'ood  and  Mr. 
Dawkins  and  to  Volney.  The  ground 
around  this  temple  is  strewed  with  bro- 
ken columns,  mutilated  capitals,  and  the 
remains  of  pilastres,  entablatures  and 
cornices  !  around  it  is  a  row  of  ruined 
edifices  which  display  all  the  ornaments 
of  the  richest  architecture.  Balbec  is 
chiefly  inhabited  by  Christians  of  the 
Greek  church,  and  is  37  miles  N  of  Da- 
mascus.  Lon.  37  20  E,  lat.  34  22  N. 

Batch,  a  town  of  Usbec  Tartary,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Persia,  200  miles  S*  of  Bok- 
hara. Lon.  69  0  E,  lat.  .  7  20  N. 

Baldivia,  a  seaport  of  Chili,  in  South 
America.  It  was  built  by  the  Spanish 
general  Baldivia,  about  1551,  after  he 
had  conquered  Chili.  It  belongs  to  the 
Spaniards,  and  stands  between  the  Calla- 
calles  and  Portero,  where  thev  fall  into 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  73  20  W,  lat. 
39  38  S. 

Baldock,  a  town  in  Herts,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  between  the 
hills,  in  a  chalky  soil,  and  chiefly  of  note 
for  its  trading  in  malt.  It  is  nine  miles  \V 
S  W  of  Rovston,  and  37  NNW  of  London. 
Lon.  0  5  W,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Bali,  an  island  forming  the  N  side  of 
the  straits  of  Java,  through  which  the 
Last  India  ships  sometimes  return  from 
China  ;  but  the  passage  is  commonly  very 
difficult,  on  account  of  contrary  winds. 
This  island  is  extremely  populous,  and 
abounds  in  rice  and  all  sorts  of  fruits. 


BAL 


BAN 


The  inhabitarts  are  pagans,  and  very  war- 
like. Lon.  115  50  E,  hit.  7  10  S. 

Balaaghy,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  SUgo,  22  miles  S  of  Sligo,  Lon. 
8  40  W,  lat.  53  56  N. 

Ballyconnel,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cavan,  11  miles  XE  of  Cavan. 
Lo».  7  25  W,  lat.  54  10  N. 

Bullynakill,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
Queen's  county,  18  miles  N\V  of  Kilken- 
ny. Lon.  7  25  W,  lat.  52  50  X. 

Bally  shannon,  a  large  seaport  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Donnegal,  with  a 
good  harbour,  110  miles  NW  of  Dublin. 
Lon,  7  50  IV,  lat.  54  33  X. 

Ballocistan,  Little,  a  country  of  Nin- 
doostan  Proper,  bordering  on  the  X  of 
Mewat,  and  approaching  within  14  miles 
of  Delhi.  It  is  80  or  90  miles  long,  and 
from  30  to  40  broad.  Westward  it  bor- 
ders on  the  country  of  the  Seiks. 

Ballstoxvn,  a  township  of  Saratoga  coun- 
ty, New-York,  with  2000  inhabitants. 
Here  is  a  post-office,  25  miles  XW  of 
Waterford,  and  30  X  of  Albany. 

Ballstown  Springs  :  these  waters  are 
within  the  precincts  of  the  town,  and  are 
eminently  celebrious  for  their  medicinal 
rirtues.  There  are  several  bathing  houses 
erected,  and  tile  accommodations  for  vi- 
sitors are  very  convenient.  * 

Baltic,  a  large  sea  between  Denmark 
and  Sweden  to  the  W,  and  Germany,  Po- 
land, and  Russia  to  the  E,  from  which 
run  the  gulfs  of  Bothnia,  Finland,  Riga, 
and  Dantzic.  It  is  remarkable  that  this 
sea  neither  ebbs  nor  flows,  and  a  current 
always  sets  through  the  Sound  into  the 
Ocean.  Yellow  amber  is  found  on  the 
coast. 

Baltimore,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  seated  on  a  headland 
which  runs  into  the  sea,  nine  miles  X 
E  of  Cape  Clear.  Lon.  9  14  W,  lat.  51 
24  X. 

Baltimore  is  the  principal  town  of  Bal- 
timore county,  and  the  largest  in  the  state 
of  Maryland.  It  i.s  seated  on  the  X  side 
of  Potapsco  river,  at  the  head  of  Chesa- 
peal:  bay,  in  the  lat.  of  39  21  X,  and  lon. 
of  77  48  \V.  In  point  of  size  as  well  as 
commerce,  this  thriving  city  ranks  as 
fourth  in  the  United  States.  At  the  last 
enumeration  (1800)  the  inhabitants  were 
reckoned  26,514,  having  doubled  in  ten 
years  :  One  eighth  are  in  a  state  of  sla- 
very.— Fell's  Point  which  may  be  con- 
sidered as  part  of  the  town,  being  sepa- 
rated from  it  only  by  a  small  creek,  pos- 
sesses an  excellent  harbour,  where  all 
large  vessels  belonging  to  the  port  ladt 
and  unlade. — The  mouth  of  the  harbour 
is  defended  by  a  fortress  of  considerable 
strength — The  imports  of  1798  amount- 


ed to  12,000,000  of  dollars,  and  the  ship- 
ping to  59,000  tons.  There  are  in  the 
city  nine  places  of  public  worship  belong- 
ing to  as  many  sects,  three  banks,  be- 
sides a  branch  of  the  United  States  bank, 

and   several   insurance   offices.  The 

streets  are  of  a  convenient  width,  being 
from  40  to  150  feet  wide,  and  laid  with 
considerable  regularity,  mostly  paved  and 
HghteiT — The  markets  are  regular  and 
well  supplied  with  fresh  meat,  fish  and 
vegetables  :  the  butter  is  not  to  be  prais- 
ed, and  the  cheese  consumed  is  import- 
ed from  Europe  or  the  neighbouring 
states. 

Bamberg,  a  large,  handsome  town  of 
Franconia,  formerly  imperial,  but  now- 
capital  of  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name, 
of  considerable  extent,  with  an  universi- 
ty. It  surrendered  to  the  French  in  1796. 
It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Maine  and  Rednits,  35  miles  N  of  Xur- 
emburg.  Ltfn.  11  7  E,  lat..*50  2  N. 

Bamberg,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seated  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain,  30  miles  S  of 
Glatz.  Lon.  16  50  E,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Bampion,  a  town  of  Oxfordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Monday,  seated  near  tfie 
Thames,  12  miles  W  of  Oxford,  and  70 
W  bv  X  of  London.  Lon.  1  25  W,  lat.  51 
46  X. 

Bampton,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  in  a  bottom 
surrounded  bv  hills.  It  is  14  miles  NXE 
of  Exeter,  and  163  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  3  38  Y\",lat.  51  2  X. ' 

Banbvry,  a  borough  in  Oxfordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  <  harwell,  75  miles  NNW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  11  W,lat.  52  4  X. 

Banca,  an  island  of  Asia,  in  the  East 
Indies,  on. the  E  coast  of  Sumatra,  with 
a  town  and  strait  of  the  same  name.  Lon. 
106  50  E,  lat.  2  35  S. 

BancaUs,  a  seaport  on  the  E  coast  of 
Sumatra,  where  the  Dutch  have  a  settle- 
ment. Ii  is  130  miles  \Y  of  Malacca.  Lon- 
100  7  E,  lat.  1  15  N. 

Bansock,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Siam,  with  a  fort,  once  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  French,  who  were  expelled 
in  1688.  It  is  17  miles  N  of  the  sea,  and 
40  S  of  Siam.  Lon.  101  5  E,  lat.  13  35  X 

Banda,  the  general  name  of  five  islands 
in  the  East  Indies,  of  which  Banda  is  the 
chief.  These  islands  hav  been  subject 
to  the  Dutch,  ever  sin«e  1609,  when  they 
expelled  both  the  English  and  natives 
Since  the  present  war  (1S0J)  they  have 
been  captured  by  the  British.  They  are 
A\  very  small,  the  largest  being  scarcely 
20  miles  in  length  ;  and  are  subject  to 
earthquakes*  Banda  is  75  miles  SE  of 
Amboyna.    Lon.  128  5  E,  lat.  4  50  S. 


BAN 


BAR 


Bander  Coiigo,  a  seaport  of  Persia, 
seated  on  the  Persian  gulf,  80  miles  VV 
cf  Gombroon.  Lon.  55  3  E,  lat.  27  30  N. 

Bandera,  the  capital  of  Salsette,  an  isl- 
and separated  from  Bombay  bv  a  narrow 
channel.  Lon.  72  40  E,  lat.*  19*0  N. 

Banff,  a  seaport,  and  the  count y-town 
of  Banffshire,,  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
side  of  a  hill,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Deve- 
ron,  over  which  is  a  handsome  bridge  of 
seven  arches,  erected  by  government. 
Here  is  a  manufacture  of  thread,  and  an- 
other of  stockings  ,  and  the  children  at- 
tend the  factory  and  school  alternately  ; 
so  that  education  and  industry  are  united. 
It  lies  in  a  beautiful  plain  washed  by  the 
Deveron,  the  lofty  banks  of  which  clothed 
with  wood  on  the  opposite  side,  afford  a 
delightful  contrast  to  the  soft  vale  be- 
neath. Banff  is  32  miles  NW  of  Aberdeen. 
Lon.  2  15  W,  lat.  57  35  N. 

Banffshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  boun- 
ded on  the  N  by  the  Murray  Frith,  on 
the  SE  by  Aberdeenshire,  and  on  the  NW 
by  Murrayshire.  Its  greatest  length  is 
50  miles,  and  its  extent  along  the  coast 

nearly  30.  SfeS^?**-''  $$'4 

Bangalore,  a  strong  fortress  of  Mysore, 
in  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan.  It  is  a 
place  of  great  political  importance,  a9  it 
is,  from  its  situation,  the  key  of  Mysore, 
toward  Arcot.  It  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1791 ;  but  restored  in  1792.  It  is 
74  miles  NE  of  Seringapatam.    Lon.  77 

>7  e,  Urt.iisom'fW 

Bang/iir,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  King's 
county,  on  the  Shannon,  15  miies  S  of 
Athlone.  Lon.  7  41  W,  lat.  53  7  N. 

Bangor,  an  episcopal  city  in  Carnar- 
vonshire, With  a  market  on  Wednesday. 
U  was  once  so  considerable,  that  it  wa* 
called  Bangor  the  Great,  and  defended 
by  a  castle.  The  principal  buildings  are 
the  cath' dral,  the  bishop's  palace,  and  a 
free  school.  It  is  36  miles  W  uf  St.  Asaph, 
and  251  NW  of  London.  Lon.  4  12  W, 
lat.  53  12  N. 

Buncfor,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Down,  on  the  S  shore  of  Car- 
rickfergus,  opposite  the  town  of  that 
name.  Lon.  5  42  W,  lat.  54  40  N.- 

Btingor-,  a  post  town  of  Hancock  coun- 
ty, Maine  ;  lying  on  the  W  side  of  the 
r:\x-r  Penobscot,  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion, about  37  miles  N  of  Casting  on  the 
same  river. 

Banjar.  a  river  in  the  island  of  Borneo; 
at  the  mouth  of  which  there  is  a  town, 
where  the  English  have  a  factory. 

Banatcady  a  village  of  Surry,  noted  for 
its  downs,  one  of  the  most  delightful 
spots  in  England,  on  account  of  its  fine 
carpet  ground,  covered  with  short  her- 
bage, perfumed  with  thyme  and  juniper. 


These  downs  form  a  tract  of  30  miles, 
extending,  under  different  denominations* 
from  Croydon  to  Farnham.  Banstead  is 
13  miles  SSW  of  London. 

Bantam,  a  large  town  on  the  NW  coast 
of , lava.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  good  harbour, 
and  a  castle.  It  is  divided  into  two  towns 
by  a  river.  The  produce  is  pepper,  of 
which  they  export  vast  quantities.  Ban- 
tam, once  populous  and  flourishing,  is 
now  a  poor  and  wretched  place.  Lon. 
105  26  E,  hit.  6  20  S. 

Ba,ntry,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Cork,  on  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  to 
which  it  gives  name.  Lon.  9  25  W,  lat. 
51  36  N. 

Jicj>uume,  a  strong  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais 
and  late  province  of  Artois,  12  miles  SE 
of  Arras.    Lon  2  35  L,  lat.  50  8  N. 

Bar,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  in  Podo- 
lia,  on  the  river  Bog,  40  miles  NW  of 
Bracklaw.  Eo.i.  27  30  E,  lat.  49  14 N. 

Bar,  or  Barrois,  a  late  duchy  of  France* 
lying  on  both  sides  the  Meuse,  between 
Lorrain  and  Champagne.  It  now  forms 
the  department  of  Meuse. 

Bar-de-duc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meuse,  capital  of  the  late 
duchy  of  Bar,  with  a  handsome  castle. 
It  is  divided  into  the  upper  and  lower 
town  ;  being  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill, 
30  miles  W  of  Toul,  and  133  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  5  20  E,  lat.  48  44  N. 

Bur-sur-Aube,  an  ancient  town  of 
Trance,  in  the  department  of  Aube  and. 
late  province  of  Champagne,  famous  for 
its  wines.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  18  miles  SW  of  Joinville.  Lon. 
4  55  E,  lat.  48  15  N. 

Mar-sur- Seine,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Aube  and  late  province 
of  Champagne,  20  miles  SW  of  Bar-sur- 
Aube.  Lon.  4  32  E,  lat.  48  5  N. 

Jlum,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scotland, 
to  the  S  of  S  List.  It  is  five  miles  long 
and  three  broad.  At  low  water,  it  al- 
most communicates  with  Benbecula;  on 
which  account,  both  islands  are  some-, 
times  called  the  Long  Island.  The  W 
coast  of  Baras  is  low,  and  the  soil  in 
many  pans  Very  fertile  ;  but  the  ground 
rises  to  the  E  coast,  where  it  is  barren. 
Eon.  7  30  W,  lat.  56  55  N 

Buracou,  a  seaport  of  Cuba,  50  miles 
XE  of  St.  Jago  de  Cuba.  Lon.  76  10  W, 
lat.  21  0  X. 

Baranco  de  Malambo,  a  town  of  S  Ame- 
rica, in  Terra  1  irina,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
and  a  good  harbour  ;  seated  on  the  river 
Madalena,  75  miles  N  of  Carthagena. 
Lon.  75  30  W,, lat.  11  40  N. 

Baranwakr,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 


ii  A  K 


BAR 


taken  from  the  Turks  in  1684.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  rivulet  Crosso,  near  the  Da- 
nube, 90  miles  NW  of  Belgrade.  Lon. 
19  50  W,  lat.  45  55  N. 

Barbadocs,  -  the  easternmost  of  the 
Windward  Islands,  in  the  W  Indies,  25 
miles  in  length,  and  15  in  breadth.  It 
belongs  to  the  English  ;  and  the  number 
of  the  whites  is  about  20,000,  who  have 
100,000  slaves.  Their  exports  are  sugar, 
rum,  cotton,  indigo,  and  ginger;  and 
they  have  most  of  the  fruits  common  to 
the  climate.  The  sugar  exported  hence 
is  whiter  and  finer  than  that  of  any  other 
plantation  ;  and  they  have  one  particular 
production,  called  Barbadoes  tar,  which 
rises  out  of  the  earth,  and  swims  upon 
ihe  surface  of  the  water.  This  island 
lias  suffered  much  from  hurricanes  ;  par- 
ticularly from  a  dreadful  one,  Oct-  10, 
1780.  It  is  70  miles  E  of  St.  Vincent.  The 
capital  is  Bridgetown. 

Barbary,  a  country  of  Africa,  between 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  and  Egypt,  and  containing  the  coun- 
tries of  Barca,  Tripoli,  Tunis,  Algiers, 
Fez,  and  Morocco.  It  is  near  2000  miles 
in  length,  and,  in  some  places  750  in 
breadth.  It  was  known  to  the  ancients 
by  the  names  of  Mauritania,  Numidia 
Proper,  Africa,  and  Libya.  It  is  the 
best  country  in  all  Africa,  except  Egypt. 
The  air  is  mild,  and  the  soil  fertile  in 
corn,  dates,  almonds,  apples,  pears,  cher- 
ries, plumbs,  citrons,  lemons,  oranges, 
with  plenty  of  roots  and  herbs  in  then 
kitchen  gardens.  Their  chief  trade  con- 
sists in  their  fruits,  in  the  horses  called 
barbs,  Morocco  leather,  ostrich-feathers, 
indigo,  wax,  tin,  and  coral.  The  estab- 
lished religion  is  the  Mahometan,  and 
there  are  some  .lews;  but  no  Christians, 
except  the  slaves. 

Barbe,  St,  a  town  of  New  Biscay,  in 
Mexico,  near  which  are  rich  silver  mines. 
It  is  500  miles  NVV  of  Mexico.  Lon.  107 
5  W,  lat.  26  0  N. 

Barbering,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  seated 
at  the  foot  of  the  Appenine  mountains, 
on  the  river  Sieva,  12  miles  N  of  Flo- 
rence. Lon.  11  15  E,  lat.  43  59  N. 

BarbezleuXy  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Charente  and  late  province 
of  Angoumois.  It  is  45  miles  NE  of  Bour- 
deaux.  Lon.  0  0,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Barbuda,  one  of  the  British  Caribbee 
islands,  about  20  miles  long,  and  12 
broad.  The  inhabitants  (about  1500)  are 
chiefly  employed  in  raising  corn,  an  i 
breeding  cattle,  for  Which  they  find  a 
ready  market  in  the  neighbouring  is- 
la  ids.  It  is  the  property  of  the  Cod- 
rington  familv,  and  is  19  miles  NE  of  St. 
Christopher.  "Lon.  61  50  W,  lat.  17  49  N. 


Barca,  a  country  of  Barbary,  on  the  S 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  between  Tri- 
poli and  Egypt.  It  is  a  barren  desert,  in- 
habited by  none  but  wandering  Arabs. 
Here  was  seated  the  famous  temple  of 
Jupiter  Aramon,  so  difficult  of  access  on 
account  of  the  burning  sands. 

Barcelona,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, of  which  it  is  the  capital,  seated  on 
the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Its  shape  is  be- 
tween a  square  and  an  oval ;  it  contains 
about  15,000  houses,  and  is  defended  by 
a  fort,  called  Mont  Joy,  which  stands  on 
a  rocky  mountain,  a  mile  W  of  the  town. 
The  city  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
Old  and  the  New,  separated  from  each 
other  by  a  wall  and  a  large  ditch  ;  the 
streets  are  handsome,  well  paved  with 
large  stones,  wide,  and  very  clean.  It  is 
the  residence  of  a  viceroy,"  is  a  bishop's 
see,  has  a  fine  university,  a  mint,  a  good 
port,  and  is  adorned  with  handsome 
buildings.  The  cathedral  is  large,  hand- 
some and  adorned  with  two  towers.  The 
arsenal  contains  arms  for  several  thou- 
sand men,  and  docks  for  the  building  of 
gallies.  It  is  a  place  of  great  trade,  and 
they  make  curious  works  in  glass;  the 
knives  are  likewise  in  great  reputation, 
as  well  as  the  blankets.  It  is  250  miles  E 
of  Madrid.  Lon.  2  13  E,  lat.  41  26  N. 

Barcelonetta,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Lower  Alps  and  late 
province  of  Dauphinv,12  miles  SE  of 
Embrun.    Lon.  6  39  E,  lat.  44  23  N. 

Barcelone,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of  Malabar.  It 
was  a  Dutch  factory  130  miles  S  of  Goa. 
Lon.  74  15  E,  lat.  13  25  N. 

Barcelos,  a  town  of  Portugal,  on  the 
river  Sourdla,  20  miles  N  of  Oporto. 
Lon.  8  20  W,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Bar  de-wick,  formerly  a  larfe  town  ot 
Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Lunenburg, 
on  the  river  Ilmenau,  17  miles  SE  of 
Hamburgh.  Lon.  10  19  E,  lat.  53  24  N. 

Bardsey,  a  small  island  of  Carnarvon 
shire,  at  the  N  point  of  Cardigan  Bay. 

Bardt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Swedisli 
Pomerania,  with  a  castle  and  harbour, 
near  the  Baltic,  12  miles  W  by  N  of  Stral- 
sund.  Lon.  13  12  E,  lat.  54  23  N. 

Bareges,  a  village  of  France,  much  fre- 
quented on  account  of  its  mineral  baths 
U  is  seated  in  a  valley  of  the  same  name, 
12  miles  S  of  Bagneres. 

Baveith,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
margravate  of  Culembach,  with  a  famous 
college,  15  miles  SE  of  Culembach.  Lon. 
11  56  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Barefields,  a  post  town  in  Liberty 
county,  South  Carolina,  414  miles  from 
W ashington. 

Barjeicr,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 


BAR 


BAR 


partment  of  the  Channel  and  late  province 
of  Normandy.  The  cape  of  that  name  is 
12  miles  E  of  Cherburg,  and  near  it,  part 
of  the  navy  of  France  was  destroyed  bv 
the  English,  in  1692.  It  is  175  miles  NW 
of  Paris.  Lon.  1  6  W,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Hart,  formerly  a  good  seaport  town  of 
Naples,  till  its  harbour  was  ruined  by 
the  Venetians.  It  is  seated  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  is  the  capital  of  Terra  di  Bari, 
and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  20  miles  E 
of  Tram.  Lon.  17  5  E,  lat.  41  26  N. 

Bari,  or  Terra  di  Bari,  a  province  of 
Naples,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice.  The  air 
is  temperate,  and  the  soil  fertile ;  but 
there  are  many  serpents  and  tarantulas. 

Barkhamstead,  a  township  of  Litchfield 
county,  in  the  state  of  Connecticut,  wa- 
tered by  the  branches  of  Farmington 
river.  It  contains  about  2000  inhabitants 
and  lies  generally  NW  of  Hartford,  at 
the  distance  of  about  25  miles. 

Barking,  a  town  of  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  the  river 
Roding,  near  the  Thames,  in  an  unwhole- 
some air.  It  is  chiefly  celebrated  for  a 
magnificent  nunnery  founded  in  675;  a 
gateway  and  a  part  of  the  walls  of  which 
are  still  visible.  It  is  seven  miles  E  of 
London.    Lon.  0  12  E,  lat.  51  52  N. 

Barksdale,  a  village  of  Lincoln  county, 
Georgia,  with  about  1000  inhabitants, 
one  'hird  slaves. 

Barlett,  a  township  of  Grafton  county, 
in  the  state  of  New  Hampshire,  contain- 
ing 700  inhabitants. 

Barnard,  a  township  of  Windsor  coun- 
ty, in  the  state  of  Vermont,  containing 
about  1500  inhabitants.  It  lies  at  the  dis- 
tance of  about  60  miles  NE  from  Ben- 
nington. 

Bumegat,  an  inlet  from  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  on  the  E  coast  of  New  Jersey, 
about  70  miles  NE  from  Cape  May. 

Barletta,  a  handsome  and  strong  town 
of  Naples,  in  Bari,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  25  miles  \V 
SW  of  Bari.    Lon.  16  32  E,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Barnard-Castle,  a  town  in  the  county 
of  Durham,  with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Tees,  and 
has  a  manufacture  of  stockings,  30  miles 
SW  of  Durham,  and  244  NX W  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  1  49  W,  lat.  54  35  N. 

Unmet,  a  town  in  Caledonia  county, 
Vermont,  situated  on  the  W  side  of  Con- 
necticut river,  19  miles  N  of  Haverhill, 
\ew  Hampshire.  This  township  is  settled 
principally  by  emigrants  from  Scotland, 
as  the  name  implies,  who  were  estimat- 
ed at  858  in  1800.  Here  is  a  post  office 
596  miles  from  Washington. 

Barnet,  a  town  partly  in  Middlesex, 
nd  partly  in  Herts,  with  a  market  on 


Monday.  It  is  in  the  parish  of  East  Bar 
net,  and  situated  on  the  top  of  a  hill, 
whence  it  is  called  High  Barnet,  and 
also  Chipping  Barnet,  from  a  market, 
granted  here,  by  Henry  II.  to  the  monks 
of  St.  Alban's.  At  the  meeting  of  the 
St.  Alban's  and  Hatfield  roads  is  a  co- 
lumn, with  an  inscription  to  commemorate 
the  decisive  battle,  which  wi..s  fought 
1471  near  this  place  between  the  houses 
of  York  and  Lancaster.  Barnet  is  11 
miles  N  by  W,  of  London.  Lon.  0  5  Vv\ 
lat.  51  42  N. 

Barnsboyough,  a  village  in  Gloucester 
county  and  state  of  New  Jersey,  about  14 
miles  below  Philadelphia. 

Bamestead,  a  township  of  Strafford 
county,  in  the  state  of  New  Hampshire, 
containing  about  1500  inhabitants.  It  is 
30  miles  NW  of  Portsmouth. 

Barnsley,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday, 
and  a  considerable  manufacture  of  coarse 
linen.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill, 
13  miles  N  of  Sheffield,  and  174  N  by  W 
of  London.  Lon.  1  28  W,  lat.  53  35 

Bamsley,  a  village  of  Gloucestershire. 
It  is  noted  for  large  quarries  of  excellent 
freestone,  and  4  miles  NE  of  Cirencester: 

Barnstaple,  a  seaport  and  borough  of 
Devonshire,  with  a  market  on  Friday, 
seated  on  the  river  Tau,  12  miles  E  of 
Barnstaple  Bay  in  the  Bristol  Channel, 
38  mile  s  NNW  of  Exeter,  and  191  W  of 
London.  Lon.  4  5  W,  lat.  51  8  N. 

Barnstable,  a  town  of  Barnstable  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  where  there  is  a  post 
office.  It  is  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name  about  72  miles  SE  by  S  of  Boston. 
The  inhabitants  arc  enumerated  at  3000, 
who  depend  principally  on  the  sea  lor  a 
sustenance,  and  are  accounted  among  the 
most  expert  seamen. 

Baroach,  a  town  in  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan,  on  the  S  bank  of  the  Nerbudda, 
40  miles  N  of  Surat,  formerly  a  very 
commercial  place.  Lon.  72  55  E,  lat.  21 
25  N. 

I'.urraitx,  a  fortress  of  Dauphiny,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  valley  of  Gresivaudan, 
built  by  a  duke  of  Savoy  in  1597.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Isere,  six  miles  S  of  Cham- 
berry.  Lon.  5  52  E,  lat.  45  29  N. 

Jiarre,  a  post  town  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts:  it  is  distant  about  60 
miles  W  from  Boston,  and  contains  2000 
inhabitants.  And  a  village  with  a  post 
office  in  Orange  county,  Vermont,  about 
15  miles  from  Newbury  the  county  town. 

Barren,  a  county  of  Kentucky  state, 
containing  about  6000  inhabitants. 

Barren,  a  small  island,  in  Chesapeak 
bay,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Patuxent 
river. 


B  A  S 


B  AS 


Barren,  Great  and  Little,  two  consi- 
derable branches  of  Green  river,  in  tlu 
st.tK  of  Kentucky. 

Barrington,  a  township  of  Bristol  coun- 
ty, in  the  state  of  Rhode  Island,  situated 
on  the  S\V  side  of  Warren  river. 

Barrington,  a  township  of  New  Hamp- 
shire about  30  miles  NYV  of  Portsmouth, 
containing  about  3u00  inhabitants. 

Barrington  Great,  a  township  of  Berk- 
shire, Massachusetts,  about  150  miles 
west  ward  from  Boston. 

Bartholomew,  St.,  one  of  the  Caribbee 
islands,  in  tiie  "West  Indies,  30  miles  N 
of  St.  Christopher.  It  is  20  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  has  a  good  harbour. 
The  French  ceded  it  to  the  Swedes  in 
1785.  Lon.  63  10  W,  lat.  17  36  N. 

Bartholomew  St.,  a  parish  of  South  Ca- 
rolina in  the  district  of  Charleston  con- 
taming-  about  13,000  inhabitants,  three 
four t Us  slaves. 

Barton,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Humber,  where  there  is  a 
ferry  into  Yorkshire,  of  great  advantage 
to  the  town,  which  is  35  miles  N  of  Lin- 
coln and  166  of  London.  Ii  has  a  market 
on  Monday.  Lon.  0  20  W,  lat.  53  42  N. 

Baruth,  once  a  considerable  town  of 
Syri;<,  with  a  Christian  church,  30  miles 
NE  of  Seyda.  Lon.  36  30  E,  lat.  34  10  N. 

Basartschick,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Romania.  It  has  a  great  trade, 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Meritz.  Lon. 
24  40  E,  lat.  42  19  N. 

Basil,  or  Basle,  the  capital  of  the  can- 
ton of  Basil,  in  Swisserland,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see,  and  a  famous  university.  It 
is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  Rhine. 
The  cathedral  is  an  elegant  Gothic  build 
ing,  but  disfigured  by  a  daubing  of  rose 
coloured  paint,  spread  over  the  whole 
edifice.  The  great  Erasmus  is  interred 
here  under  a  marble  tomb.  The  town- 
house,  and  fine  paintings  in  fresco,  par- 
ticularly an  exquisite  piece  of  the  suffer- 
ings of  Christ  by  Holbein,  are  much  ad- 
mired. The  clocks  always  go  an  hour 
too  fast,  according  to  some  for  tbe  quirk 
despatch  of  business.  The  art  of  making 
paper  is  said  to  have  been  invented  here. 
They  have  several  manufactures,  parti- 
cularly of  ribands  and  cottons,  and  carry 
on  an  extensive  trade.  The  sumptuary 
laws  are  very  strict  at  Basil ;  and  no  per- 
son is  allowed  to  have  a  servant  behind 
his  carriage.  Basle  is  the  largest,  and 
seems  to  have  been  once  one  of  ihe  most 
populous  towns  in  Swisserland  :  but  the 
number  of  inhabitants  is  scarcely  more 
than  14,000.  Basle  has  now  lost  its  in- 
dependence, and  has  together  with  all 
Swisserland  been  obliged  'o  bow  to  the 
tyrannical  yoke  of  France,  who  without 


even  the  pretence  of  a  provocation  invad- 
d  and  laid  waste  this  tranquil  country, 
nd  reduced  it  to  slavery.  It  is  174  miles 
N  by  E  of  Geneva,  and  250  E  by  S  of 
Paris.    Lon.  7  29  E,  lat.  47  35  N.  ,|s 
Basilicato,   a  province  of  Naples  a- 
bounding  in  corn,  wine,  oil,  cotton,  ho- 
ney, and  saffron.  Cirenza  is  the  capital. 

Basitipotamo,  a  river  of  Turkey,  in  Eu- 
rope; in  the  Morea,  which  falls  into  the 
gulf  of  Calochina.  It  was  called  Eurotes 
by  the  ancients. 

Basingstoke,  a  corporate  town  in  Hamp- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  35 
miles  E  by  N  of  Salisburv,  and  47  W  by 
S  of  London.    Lon.  1  4  W,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Baskinridge,  a  post  town  in  Somerset 
county,  New  Jersey,  on  a  branch  of  the 
Passaic  river,  7  miles  S\V  of  Morristown  ; 
famous  for  the  capture  of  General  Lee, 
by  Col.  Harcourt  of  the  British  army;  in 
the  year  17/6. 

Basques,  a  late  territory  of  France, 
which  included  Lower  Navarre,  Labourd, 
and  Sould,  and  now  forms,  with  Berne, 
the  department  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees. 

Bass,  a  .great  insulated  rock  in  the 
German  Ocean,  one  mile  from  the  coast? 
of  Haddingtonshire,  at  a  small  distance 
from  the  town  of  North  Bet  wick.  In  sum-' 
mer  this  remarkable  rock,  which  over- 
hangs the  sea  in  a  tremendous  manner, 
rising  in  the  4b  rm  of  a  cone,  is  quite  cov 
ered  with  the  nests,  eggs,  and  young 
birds  of  the  gannets,  or  solan  geese  ;  so 
that  it  is  scarce  possible  to  walk  without 
treading  on  them.  These  birds  come  hith- 
er to  breed.    Lon.  2  35  W,  lat.  56  3  N. 

Bassano,  a  town  of  Vmcentino,  ,in  the 
territory  of  Venice,  on  the  river  Brante, 
in  a  country  fertile  in  excellent  wine. 
Lon.  11  24  E,  lat.  45  51  N. 

Basse,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North  and  late  province  of 
Flanders,  famous  for  the  many  sieges  it 
has  sustained  ;  but  its  fortifications  are 
now  demolished.  It  is  18  miles  SW  of 
Lisle.  Lon.  2  52  E,  lat.  50  28  N. 

Bassee?i,&  city  and  fortress  in  the  Deccan 
of  Hindoostan,  opposite  the  N  end  of  Sal- 
sette.  It  is  27  miles  N  of  Bombay:  Lon. 
72  10  E,  lat.  19  19  N. 

Bassentinvaite-water.  a  fine  lake  in  Cum- 
berland, three  miles  NW  of  Kes  wick.  It 
is  four  miles  lor.g,  bounded  on  one  side  b; 
high  hills,  wooded,_m  many  places,  to 
their  bases  ;  on  the  other,  by  the  fields, 
and  the  sk'rts  of  Skiduaw  . 

Basseterre,  the  capital  of  St.  Christo- 
pher, built  bj  the  French,  before  the  is- 
land was  ceded  to  the  English  in  1713. 

Basseten^e,  the  capital  of  Guadaloupc, 
in  a  district  of  the  Same  name,  in  the  W 
part  of  the  island.    Tt  is  defended  by  a 


BAT 


BAT 


citadel  and  other  fortifications.  Lon.  61 
59  W,  lat.  15  59  X. 

Bassora,  or  Bussarah,  a  city  and  sea- 
port of  Turkey  in  Asia,  40  miles  NAY  of 
the  gulf  of  Persia.  It  stands  on  the  Eu- 
phrates, a  canal  from  which  divides  the 
city  into  two  parts ;  and  over  it  is  a 
bridge  of  boats.  The  houses  are  con- 
structed of  bricks  dried  in  the  sun,  and 
have  a  very  mean  aspect.  The  circumja- 
cent tract  is  looked  upon  by  the  Arabs  to 
be  one  of  the  most  delightful  spots  in 
Asia,  and  even  as  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful gardens  in  the  world.  The  hot  winds 
that  blow  here  are  very  troublesome  to 
travellers,  sometimes  overwhelming  them 
with  sand  driven  out  of  the  neighbouring 
deserts.  In  1691,  the  plague  destroyed 
8'J.OOO  of  the  inhabitants.  It*  is  240  miles  S 
by  Ejtf  Bagdad.  Lon.  44  52  E,  lat  29  26  N. 

Bastia,  a  seaport  of  Albania,  in  Turkey 
in  Europe,  opposite  the  island  of  Corfu, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Calamu.  Lon. 
20  20  E,  lat.  39  40  X. 

Bastia,  the  capital  of  Corsica,  with  a 
good  harbour,  a  strong  castle,  and  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  surrendered  to  lord  Hood  in 
1794,  but  has  since  revolted  to  Trance.  It 
is  70  miles  SSW  of  Leghorn.  Lon.  9  30 
E,  lat.  42  36  X. 

1  Bastimentos,  the  name  of  some  small 
islands  near  Terra  Firma,  in  South  Ame- 
rica, at  the  mouth  of  the  bay  of  Xombre 
de  Dios,  with  a  fort  and  a  good  harbour. 

Bastiog-ne,  a  town  of  Austrian  Luxem- 
burg, 25  miles  XW  of  Luxemburg.  Lon. 
6  0E,  lat.  5u0  X. 

Batacola,  a  seaport  on  the  coast  of  .Ma- 
labar, between  Onore  and  Barcelore. 
Here  are  the  remains  of  a  once  consider- 
able ci-y,  on  the  banks  of  a  small  river, 
four  miles  from  the  sea.  The  countn 
produces  a  good  deal  of  pepper  ;  the  En- 
glish had  a  factory  here,  but  were  all 
massacred  by  the  natives,  because  one  of 
their  bull  dogs  killed  a  consecrated  cow. 

Bataseck,  a  tower  of  Lower  Ilungan, 
on  ..»e  Danube,  70  miles  S  of  Buda.  Lon. 
19  2J  E,  lat.  46  15  X. 

Batavia,  a  city  of  the  island  of  Java, 
capuai  uf  all  the  Dutch  settlements  in  tin / 
Eas.  Indies.  In  general,  the  place  is  ve- 
ry beautiful  and  built  of  white  stones  ; 
they  have  canals  in  the  principal  streets, 
planted  on  each  side  with  evergreen  trees. 
It  is  the  residence  of  the  governor-gene- 
ral of  all  the  Dutch  colonies  in  the  East 
Indies.  It  has  a  handsome  hospital  and 
arsenal  ;  and  all  the  goods  brought  from 
other  parts  of  the  East  Indies  are  laid  up 
here,  till  they  are  exported  to  their  places 
of  destination.  The  air  is  very  unwhole- 
some ;  and  this  place  is  represented  as 
the  grave  of  European  navigators.  Short- 


ly after  the  Du'ch  declared  war  against 
England,  Batavia  was  captured  by  the 
Bri  ish.    Lon.  106  51  E,  lat.  6  10  S. 

Batavia,  a  post  town  of  Green  county, 
Xew-York,  situated  on  Batavia  creek,  a 
branch  of  Schoharrie  river,  about  midway 
between  Bristol  and  Catskill,  being  30 
miles  AY  of  the  latter. 

Bath,  a  city  in  Somer.set  shire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday..  It 
has  been  famous  from  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
mans, for  its  hot  springs,  which  are  not 
only  used  as  baths,  but  internally  as  a  me- 
dicine. The  reputation  of  these  waters 
has  so  much  increased,  That  Bath  is  be- 
come the  principal  resort,  next  to  the 
metropolis,  for  the  nobility  and  gentry, 
and  the  constant  residence  of  many  opu- 
lent invalids,  as  well  as  of  numerous  vo- 
taries of  dissipation.  In  splendour  and 
elegance  of  buildings,  it  exceeds  even- 
town  in  England;  they  are  constructed  of 
a  white  stone,  and  the  fronts,  which  are 
all  three  stories  high,  are  adorned  with 
three  rows  of  columns  in  pairs,  of  the 
Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corimhian  orders.  The 
principal  seasons  for  the  waters  are  spring 
and  autumn.  The  poor  who  come  here 
to  drink  the  waters,  may  be  received  into 
a  magnificent  hospital.  Bath  is  seated  on 
the  Avon,  which  has  been  made  naviga- 
ble hence  to  Bristol  :  12  miles  ESE  of 
Bristol,  and  107  AY  of  London.  Lon.  2  21 
\Y,  lat.  51  22  X. 

Bath,  a  village  in  Steuben  county,  with 
a  post-office,  20  miles  XV."  of  the  Painted 
Post,  and  120  SE  of  Xiagara.  [ 

Bath,  a  village  with  a  post-office,  in 
Berkley  county,  Virginia  ;  situated  on 
the  S  side  of  Potomack  river,  about  35 
miles  W  of  Winchester,  and  famous  for 
its  warm  springs. 

Bath  court-house,  a  post  town  of  Bath 
connty,_,Virginia,  and  the  principal  seat, 
of  justice,  50  miles  W  of  Staunton,  ana 
227  of  Washingtrm. 

Bath,  an  extensive  count}  in  the  state 
of  Virginia1  ;  controlling  about  6000  Inha- 
bitants, and  famous  lor  its  medicinal  wa- 
ters, particularly  two  springs,  called  the 
warm  and  hot  springs.  The  springs  are  ge- 
nerally strongest  in  July  and  August  . 
when  they  are  most  frequented. 

Bath,  a  post  town  of  Lincoln  county,  in 
the  district  of  Maine,  about  165  miles  X 
E  of  Boston.  It  contains  about  1600  in- 
nabiiau.s,  and  enjoys  a  considerable  ex- 
port trade. 

Bath,  a  township  in  Grafton  county. 
s;ate  of  Xew  Hampshire,  about  97  miles 
XW  of  Portsmouth,  on  the  east  bank  oi-' 
Connecticut  river. 

Bath,  a  small  town  in  Beaufort  county, 
Xorth  Carolina. 


BAY 


BAY 


Bath,  a  village  in  Rcnsalaer  county, 
state  of  New-York,  near  Albany,  noted  for 
its  medicinal  waters. 

Batha  or  Bachia,  a  town  of  Hungary, 
in  a  county  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Da- 
nube, 110  miles  BSE  of  Buda.  Lon.  20 
40  E.  lat.  45  36  N. 

Battel,  a  town  in  Sussex,  with  a  market 
on  Thursday,  famous  for  the  decisive  vic- 
tory gained  by  William  I.  over  Harold  in 
1066  ;  in  memory  of  which  he  founded 
here  a  celebrated  abbey,  which  its  re- 
mains shew  to  have  been  a  noble  struc- 
ture. This  town  is  noted  for  a  manufac- 
ture of  gunpowder,  well  known  by  the 
name  of  Battel  powder.  It  is  22  miles  E 
of  Lewes,  and  57  SE  of  London.  Lon  0 
33  E,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Batecola,  a  fortified  town,  on  the  E 
coast  of  Ceylon.  Lon.  81  3  E,  lat.  5  55  N. 

Battenburg,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelder- 
land,  seated  on  the  N  bank  of  the  Mouse, 
ten  miles  SW  of  Nimeguen.  Lon.  5  33  E, 
lai.  51  48  N. 

Batterse'a,  a  village  in  Surry,  noted  for 
its  fine  asparagus.  Near  it  stands  a  dis- 
tillery and  a  curious  horizontal  airmill. 
Here  Sir  Walter  St.  John  founded  a  free- 
school  ;  and  here  is  a  timber  bridge  over 
the  Thames  to  Chelsea.  Battersea  is  four 
miles  WSW  of  London. 

Baton  Rouge,  a  settlement  in  Louisiana, 
on  the  river  Mississippi.  Here  the  banks 
of  the  river  first  rise  to  any  considerable 
height  above  the  elevation  of  the  water 
in  freshes.  It  is  about  60  miles  above 
New  Orleans.  Here  the  country  is  finely 
improved. 

Battlefield,  a  village  in  Shropshire,  five 
miles  N  of  Shrewsbury,  wlv  re  the  decis- 
ive victory  was  gained  by  Henry  IV.  over 
Henry  Percy,  sumamed  Hotspur. 

Battlelo'wn,  a  post  town  of  Frederick 
county,  Virginia,  eight  miles  W  by  N  of 
Stevensburg,  six  E  of  Winchester,  and  79 
NW  of  Washington. 

Bajaria,  one  of  the  circles, of  the  Ger- 
man empire,  bounded  on  the  W  by  Sua- 
bia,  on  the  NW  by  Franconia,  on  the  NE 
by  Bohemia,  and  on  the  E  and  S  by  Aus- 
tria. It  contains  the  duchy  of  Bavaria 
Proper,  the  upper  palatinate  of  Bavaria, 
the  bishoprics  of  Freisengen  and  Passau, 
the  duchy  of  Neuberg,  and  the  archbish- 
opric of  Saltzburg. 

Bavaria  Proper,  a  duchy,  and  the  prin- 
cipal part,  of  the  circle  of  Bavaria.  This 
duchy  is  125  miles  long  from  E  to  W,  and 
87  broad  from  N  to  S.  The  air  is  whole- 
sorne,  and  the  country  fertile.  It  is  di- 
vided into  Upper  and  Lower  Bavaria.  Its 
capital  is  Munich. 
Bavaria,  Upper  Palatinate  of ,  sometimes 
ailed  Nordgaw,  from  its  situation  in  the 


IN  part  of  the  circle  of  Bavaria.  It  is  a 
duchy,  subject  to  the  elector  palatine.  Its 
capital  is  Aniberg. 

i  Bavay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North  and  late  province  of 
Hainault.  It  is  three  miles  SW  of  Mal- 
plaquet,  and  12  SW  of  Mons.  Lon.  3  52 
E,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Bauge,  a  small  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Anjou.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Coesnon,  18  miles  E  of  Angers.  Lon 
0  1  W,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Baugenci,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loire,  and  late  province  of 
Orleanois,  seated  on  a  hill,  at  the  foot  of 
which  runs  the  Loire  It  is  famous  for 
its  wines,  and  is  six  miles  W  of  Orleans. 

Baume-les-JVo7ie8,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Daubs  and  late  provi  ice 
of  Franche  Comie.  It  had  before  the 
French  revolution  a  rich  nunnery,  i  om 
which  it  received  its  appellation.  \l  nie 
is  15  miles  SW  of  Besancon.  L  M 
E,  lat.  47  24  N. 

Bausk  or  Bautko,  a  small  but  important 
town  of  Courland,  on  the  f  rontiers  of  Po- 
land, with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  It  is  '  rat- 
ed on  the  river  Musza,  15  rr.iies  SE  of 
Mittau.    Lon.  23  56  E,  lat.  56  30  N.  | 

Bautzen,  a  considerable  town  of  tier- 
many,  and  capital  of  Upper  Lusatia,  with 
a  strong  citadel.  It  stands  on  the  river 
Spree,  30  miles  E  of  Dresden.  Lon.  14  42 
E,  lat.  51  10N. 

Baujc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone  and  late 
province  of  Provence.  It  is  built  upon  a 
rock,  at  the  top  of  which  is  a  strong  cas- 
tle 10  miles  E  by  N  of  Aries.  Lon.  4 
57  E,  lat.  43  43  N. 

Baivtffy,  a  town  in  *the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday, 
lt  is  seated  on  the  river  Idle,  seven  miles 
S  bv  E  of  Doncaster,  and  152  N  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  1  10  W,  lat.  53  27  N. 

Baya  or  Baja,  a  town  of  Lower  Hunga- 
ry, on  the  Danube,  32  miles  N  of  Esseck. 
Lon.  19  59  E,  lat.  46  12  N. 

Bayeux,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Calvados  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  once,  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Aure,  four  miles  from 
the  English  channel,  and  140  W  bv  N  of 
Paris.  Lon.  0  43  W,  lat.  49  16  X. 

Bayon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe  and  late  province  of 
Lorrain,  on  the  river  .Moselle,  12  miles 
S  of  Nanci.    Lon.  6  23  E,  lat.  49  38  N. 

Bayon,  or  Bayonet,  a  seaport  town  of 
Spain,  in  Gallicia,  situated  on  a  small  gulf 
of  the  Atlantic,  12  miles  W  of  Tuy.  Lon. 
8  34  W,  lat  42  0  N. 

Bayonne,  a  populous  and  commercial 


B  E  A 


BE  A 


city  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Pyrenees,  and  late  province  oi 

jK  Gascony,  seated  on  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Adour  which  forms  a  good  harbour.  It 
is  divided  into  three  parts.  There  is  a 
communication  between  these  different 
parts  by  a  bridge.  The  Nive  and  Adour, 
unite  their  streams  in  the  middle  of  this 
city,  and  proceed  to  the  sea,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  quarter  of  a  league.  The  citadel 
is  the  strongest  in  France.  The  military 
weapon,  the  bayonet,  bears  the  name  of 
this  city,  in  which  it  was  invented.  The 
hams  and  chocolate  of  Bayonne  are  fa- 
mous.   It  is  25  miles  SW  of  Dax,  and 

I  425  S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  30  W,  lat.  43 
f  29  N, 

Bay  ore  la  Four  die,  a  creek  or  fork  of 
I     the  Mississippi  in  Louisiana,  which  Hows 
into  the  gulf  of  Mexico.    On  the  banks  of 
this  creek  is  a  range  of  settlements  for  40 
miles. 

Bazas,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde  and  late  province  of  Gu- 
ienne,  and  Lately  an  episcopal  see.  Lon. 
0  2  W,  lat.  44  22  N. 

Heachii-hecuL  a  promontory  on  the  coast 
of  Sussex,  between  Hastings  and  Shora- 
ham,  where  the  French  fleet  defeated  the 
English  and  Dutch  in  1690.  Lon.  0  19 
E  «lat.  50  54  N.  . 

Beacons/ield,  a  town  in  Bucks,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  The  Poet  Waller 
died  here,  and  is  interred  in  the  church- 
yard, as  is  likewise  the  late  Edmund 
•  Burke  who  resided  here.  It  is  23  miles 
WNW  of  London.  Lon.  0  30  W,  lat.  51 
36  N. 

Beamlnater,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the 
Bert,  15  miles  WNW  of  Dorchester,  and 
138  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  52  W,  lat. 
50  50  N. 

Bettrn,  a  late  province  of  France,  boun- 
ded on  the  E  by  Bigorre,  on  the  S  by  Spa 
nish  Navarre,  on  the  W  by  Saule  and  a 
part  of  Lower  Navarre,  and  on  the  N  by 
Gascony  and  /Vrmagnac.  It  now  forms 
with  Basques,  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Pyrenees. 

Beaucaire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gard  on  the  Rhone,  opposite 
Tarascon,  with  which  it  has  a  communi- 
cation by  a  bridge  of  boats.  It  is  10  miles 
E  of  Nismes.    Lon.  4  39  E,  lat.  43  50  N. 

Beauce,  a  late  province  of  France,  be- 
tween the  Isle  of  France,  Blasois,  and  Qr- 
leanois.  It  now  forms  the  department  of 
Eure  and  Loire. 

Beaufort,  a  small  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Aniou,  containing  about 
100  houses.  It  is  15  miles  E  of  Angers. 
Lon.  0  9  W,  lat.  47  26  N. 


Beaufort,  a  strong  town  of  Savoy,  in 
Italy  on  the  river  Oron,  12  miles  NE  of 
Monstier.    Lon.  6  28  E,  lat.  45  50  N„ 

Beaufort,  a  district  in  South  Carolina, 
containing  4  parishes,  and  a  population  of 
about  20000  persons  ;  about  three  fourths 
of  whom  are  slaves.  This  is  a  maritime 
district,  and  has  a  considerable  propor- 
tion of  light  land  :  the  rest  yields  pretty 
good  crops  of  cotton,  indian  corn,  rice 
and  indigo. 

Beaufort,  a  post  town  in  South  Caroli- 
na, the  capital  of  the  last  mentioned  dis- 
trict, situated  in  Port  Royal  Island.  It 
contains  about  800  inhabitants,  more  than 
half  of  whom  are  siaves.  It  is  a  seaport- 
town  and  has  an  excellent  harbour ;  is  72 
miles  SW  of  Charleston,  and  60  NE  of 
Savannah,  in  latitude  32  25  N.  and  longi- 
tude 80  10  W. 

Beaufort,  a  county  of  North  Carolina, 
in  Newbern  district;  containing  about 
6000  inhabitants. 

Beaufort,  a  seaport  town  in  North  Ca- 
rolina, the  capital  of  Carteret  countv. 
Lat.  34  47  N.  lon.  78  5  W. 

Heaujeu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Lyonois,  with  an  old  castle: 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Ardiere,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  eight  miles  W  of  Sa- 
one.    Lon.  4  40  E,  laL.  46  9  W. 

Beaumaris,  the  county  town  of  Anglesey 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day. It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends 
one  member  to  parliament.  It  is  59  miles 
W  by  N  of  Chester,  and  241  NW  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  4  15  \V,  lat.  53  15  N.  • 

Beaumont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  French 
Hainault.  It  was  ceded  to  the  French  in 
1 1684,  and  taken  by  the  English  in  1691, 
i  who  blew  up  the  castle.  It  is  seated  be- 
tween the  Macse  and  Sambre,  10  miles  K 
of  Maubeuge.    Lon.  4  19  E,  lat.  50  12  N. 

Beaumont-de-Lomagne,  a  town  of  France 
in  the  department  of  Upper  Garonne,  on 
the  Gimonc,  five  miles  from  the  mouth  of 
that  river,  and  12  SE  of  Lectoure. 

Beaumont-le-Roger,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Lower  Seine  and  late 
province  of  Normandv,  22  miles  SW  of 
Rouen.  Lon.  0  56  E,  lat  49  7  N. 

Beaumont-le-Vicomte,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Sartc,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Maine,  10  miles  N  of  Mans.  Lon. 
0  12  E,  lat.  48  4  N.  - 

Beaumontsur-Oise,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Seine  and  Oise,  and 
late  province  of  the  isle  of  France,  seated 
on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  on  the  river 
Oise,  which  has  a  bridge,  20  miles  N  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  26  E.  lat.  49  9  N. 

Beaune,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  dc- 


13  E  L 


B  L  D 


part  merit  of  Cote  d'Or  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  remarkable  for  its  excel  cut 
wine.  It  25  miles  SW  of  Dijon.  Lon. 
4  47  E,  lat.  47  0  X. 

Beanvois,  an  episcopal  city  of  Fiance, 
in  the  department  of  O.se  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  Isle  of  Francfe.  It  was  be- 
sieged in  1463,  by  the  duke  of  Burgundy, 
when  the  women,  under  the  conduct  of 
Jeanne  Hachette,  forced  the  duke  to 
raise  the  siege  :  and  in  memory  of  their 
exploits,  they  used  to  walk  first  in  a  pro- 
cession on  the  10th  of  July,  the  anniver- 
sary of  their  deliverance.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Thesin,  42  miles  N  of  Paris. 
Lonj  2  5  E,  lat.  49  26  N. 

Beauvoir-siir-Jler,  a  seaport  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Vendee  and  late 
province  of  Poitou,  25  miles  SW  of  Nan- 
tes.   Lon.  1  54  W,  lat.  46  53  N. 

Beaver,  a  county  in  the  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania, watered  by  the  Alleghany  river 
and  Beaver  creek.  It  contains  about 
300,000  acres  of  land,  and  8000  inhabi- 
tants. The  county  town  is  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  a  small  town^situated  about  30 
miles  below  Pittsburg. 

Beuver,  a  township  of  Northumberland 
county.  Pennsylvania,  with  about  1500  in- 
habitants. 

Beaver  Dam,  a  township  of  considera- 
ble extent,  in  Northumberland  county, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the'  spur  of 
Jackson's  mountain. 

Beuverto-ivn,  a  village  in  the  Slate  of 
Ohio,  about  90  miles  XYV  of  Pittsburg. 

Bebelinguen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
"  duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  seated  on  a  lake 
from  which  runs  the  rivej*  Worm,  10 
miles  NW  of  Stutgard.    Lon.  9  2  E,  lat. 
48  58  N. 

Bee,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  province  o! 
Normandy.    Lon.  0  52  E,  lat.  49  14  N. 

Beccles,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  on  the  navi- 
gable river  Waveney,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday.  It  has  a  noble  church,  with  a 
lofty  steeple  ;  and  two  free  schools,  one 
of  them  with  ten  scholarships  for  Ema- 
nuel College,  Cambridge.  It  is  12  miies 
SW  of  Yarmouth,  and  108NE  of  London. 
Lon.  1  45  E,  lat.  52  36  X. 

Bec-iV-Arieiix.,  or  Bedarieux,  a  town  of 
Ff&nce,  in  the  province  of  Ilerault  and 
late  province  of  Languedoc,  on  the  river 
Obe,  20  miles  N  of  Beziers.  Lon.  3  20  E, 
lat.  43  39  N. 

Bechin,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  situated  on 
the  river  Lausnics,  55  miles  S  of  Prague. 
Lon.  14  53  E,  lat.  49  13  X 

Backet,  a  township  in  Berkshire  and 
State  of  Massachusetts,  about  170  miles 
W  of  Boston  ;  containing  about  1000  in- 
habitants. 


/>  chum,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  tke 
bishopric  of  Monster,  situated  at  the 
source  of  the  river  Verse,  20  miles  SE  of 
Munster.    Lon.  8  3  E,  lat.  51  44  X. 

Becmngil,  a  province  of  Asia,  in  Nato- 
lia,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Black  Sear 
on  the  W  by  the  S  a  of  Marmora,  on  the 
8  by  Proper  Xatolia,  and  on  the  E  by  the 
province  of  Bolli.  It  was  anciently  called 
Bithynia.  The  capital  is  Bursa. 

Brdul,  a  town  in  the  north  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  through  which  passes  a  Ro- 
man causeway.  It  is  10  miles  SE  of  Rich- 
mond, and' 220  NXYV  of  London.  Lon.  1 
25  W,  lat.  54  20  X. 

Beddington,  a  village  near  Croydon,  in 
Surry.  Here  is  Beddington  Park,  the  an- 
cient seat  of  the  Carews,  one  of  the  many 
said  to  have  been  the  residence  of  queen 
Elizabeth.  The  church  is  a  Gothic  pile, 
with  stalls  in  the  aisles,  like  a  cathedral 

Bedeii  or  Beding,  a  village  in  Sussex, 
13  miles  W  of  Lewes,  near  a  river  of  its 
>wn  r.ame,  which  runs  into  the  English 
channel  at  New  Shoreham. 

Bedtr,  a  fortified  city  of  the  Deccan 
of  Hindoostan,  in  Dowlatabad,  once  the 
capital  of  a  considerable  kingdom.  It  is 
80  miles  NW  of  llydrabad.  Lon.  78  0  E, 
lat.  17  ON. 

Bedford,  a  borough,  and  a  county-towY< 
of  Bedf  n-dshire,  with  a  market  on  Tues- 
day and  Saturday.  It.  is  divided  into  two 
parts  by  the  Ouse,  over  which  there  is  a 
bridge  with  a  gate  at  each  end.  It  has 
five  churches,  and  formerly  had  a  strong 
castle,  whose  site  is  now  a  bowling  green 
It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  27  miles 
K  by  N  of  Buckingham,  and  50  N  bv  W 
of  London.  Lon.  6  30  W,  lat.  52  13  N. 

Bedford,  a  village  with  a  post  office, 
in  West  Chester  county,  New  York;  a- 
bout  35  miles  North  Eastwardly  from  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  has  about  2400  in- 
habitants. 

'  Bedford,  an  incorporated  town,  the  ca 
pital  of  Bedford  county,  Pennsylvania, 
about  210  miles  W  of  Philadelphi  .,  106 
E  by  S  of  Pittsburg,  and  150  NW  of  Wa- 
shington. The  county  was  divided  from 
Cumberland,  and  Bedford  erected  into  a 
county  town,  March  17/1.  It  has  a  pdftt 
office  and  about  300  inhabitants. 

Bedford,  a  county  in  the  state  ofVir^i- 
nia,  situated  on  the  south  side  of  James 
River,  which  separates  it  from  Amherst 
county.  It  has  about  16000  inhabitants 
about  one  thijd  slaves. 

Bedford,  a  township  in  Massachusetts, 
about  13  miles  NW  of  Boston. 

Bedford  Levtf,  a  tract  of  fenny  land,  in 
the  Isle  or  E!  , consisting  of  300,000acres 
and  extending  into  the  counties  of  X  oi- 


B  E  I 


BEL 


folk,  Suffolk,  Huntingdon,  Northampton, '  province  of  the  same  name,  and  on  the  W 
and  Lincoln.    After  various  attempts  to  ,  by  the  Atlant  c. 


drain  these  fens,  in  the  reigns  of  Henry] 
VI.  and  Charles  I.  William  earl  of  Bed- 
ford, in  1649,  undertook  and  completed 
it  ;  and,  in  the  reigo  of  Charles  II.  a  c  or- 
poration was  established  for  the  govern- 
ment of  this  great  level. 

Bedfordshire,  a  county  in  England, 
hounded  on  the  XE  by  Huntingdonshire, 
on  the  E  by  Cambridgeshire,  on  the  SE  by 
Herts,  on  the  SW  by  Bucks,  and  on  the 
NW  by  Northamptonshire.  Its  utmost 
length  is  35  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth 
22.  The  air  is  healthy;  the  Ouse,  which 
in  its  course  receives  the  Ivel,  divides  it 
into  two  parts. 

Bedminster,  a  township  of  Bucks  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  containing  1200  inhabi- 
tants. 

Btdnore,  or  Bidanore,  a  town  of  the  pe- 
ninsula of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore.  It  is 
452  miles  SE  of  Bombay,  and  187  NW  of 
Seringapatam.    Lon.  75  30  E,  lat.  14  0  N. 

Beduuins,  a  modern  name  of  the  wild 
Arabs,  who  live  in  tents,  and  are  dispers- 
ed all  over  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  the  North 
of  Africa,  governed  by  their  own  chiefs, 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  patriarchs  were 
formerly ;  their  principal  employment  is 
the  grazing  of  cattle. 

Bed-win,  Great,  a  borough  in  W  iltshire, 
by  prescription,  which  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  is  five  miles  S  W  of 
Hungerford,  and  71  W  of  London.  Lon. 
133  W,  lat.  5122N. 

Beckmun,  a  township  of  Duchess  coun- 
ty, in  the  state  of  N.  York  ;  has  a  popula- 
tion of  4000. 

Beemah,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Deccan,  a  principal  branch  of  the  kis-tna, 
joining  it  near  Edghir.  It  rises  in  the 
mountains  to  the  N  of  Poonah. 

Befort,  a  small  but  strong  town  of 
Trance,  in  the  department  of  Upper  Uhine, 
and  late  province  of  Alsace,  at  the  foot  ot 
a  mountain,  28  miles  W  of  Basil.  Lon.  6 
54  E,  lat.  47  36  N. 

Begin,  or  Beggia,  a  town  of  Africa,  in 
the  kmg  lom  of  Tunis,  with  a  strong  cas- 
tle, on  the  declivity  of  a  mountain,  65 
miles  \V  of  Tunis.  Lon.  11  30  E,  lat  36 
42  N. 

Beja,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo. 
in  a  fruitful  plain,  near  a  lake  of  the  s..me 
name,  72  miles  SE  oi'  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  40 
W,  lat.  37  58  N 
^  Beichlingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Thu- 
ingia,  17miies  N  of  Weimar.  Lon.  11  50 
E,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Beira'a  province  of  Portugal,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Tra-los-Montcs  and  Entre- 
Ducro  e-Minho,  on  the  S  by  Portuguese 
Estramadura,  on  the  E  by  the  Spanish 


Bclcastro,  an  episcopal  town  ol  Naples, 
in  Calahrio  Ultenore,  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, eight  miles  from  the  sea,  and  12  SW 
of  San  Severino.  Lon.  17  5  E,  lat.  39  6  N. 

Belcherton,  a  post  town  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  15  miles  W  by  N 
of  Brookficld,  the  same  distance  E  by  S 
of  Northampton,  and  about  80  W  of  Bos- 
ton. 

Belchite,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
on  the  river  Almonazir,  20  miles  S  of  Sa- 
ra, ossa.    Lon.  0  30  W,  lat.  41  33  N. 

Belchoe,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty ol  Fermanagh,  seated  on  Laugh  Nilly, 
18  miles  SE  of  Ball >  shannon.  Lon.  7  29 
W,  lat.  54  20  N. 

Belclare,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Sligo,  22  miles  SW  of  Sligo.  Lon.  8 
54  W,  lat.  54  1  N. 

Belem,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrama- 
dura,  on  the  N  side  of  the  Tajo,  a  mile 
from  Lisbon,  designed  to  defend  the  en- 
trance to  that  city  ;  and  here  all  the 
ships  that  sail  up  the  river  must  come  to. 
Here  they  inter  the  kings  and  queens  of 
Poviegat  ;  and  "here  is  a  royal  palace. 

B  ^lestat,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Arriege,  and  late  county  of 
Foix,  remarkable  tor  a  spring,  which,  it 
is  pretended,  ebbs  and  flows  12  times  in 
24  hours,  as  exactly  as  a  clock. 

Belfast,  a  borough  and  seaport  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Antrim,  seated  on 
Carrie  kt'ergus  bay.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  commercial  towns  in  Ireland. 
A  canal  was  cut  in  1793,  connecting  the 
harbour  with  Lcugh  Neah.  Lon.  5  52  W, 
lat.  54  46N. 

Belfast,  a  post  town  of  Hancock  County, 
Ma;m\  mar  the  mouth  of  Penobscot  river, 
31  miles  K  of  Thomastown  on  Penobscot 
bay.  ' 

Belgorod,  a  town  of  Uussia,  and  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seat- 
ed 80  miles  SE  of  Bender. 

Belgrade,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
the  capital  of  Servia,  and  a  Greek  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  a 
little  above  its  confluence  with  the  Save. 
The  streets,  where  the  greatest  trade  is 
carried  on,  are  covered  with  wood  to  shel- 
ter the  dealers  from  the  sun  and  rain.  It 
was  taken  in  1789,  by  marshal  Landohn, 
but  restored  at  the  peace  of  Reichenback 
in  1790.  It  is  265  miles  SE  of  Vienna,  and 
400  NW  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  21  2  E, 
lat.  45  10  N.  *  • 

Belgrade,  a  small  town  of  Romania,  in 
European  Tuvkcv,  on  the  strait  of  Constan- 
tinople, 20  miles  N  of  that  city.  Lon.  29 
0  E,  law 41  22  N~. 

Belgrade  a  township  of  Kennebeck 

.  K 


BEL 


BEN 


county,  in  the  district  of  Maine,  OH  the  W 
side  of  Kennebeck  river.  It  contains  about 
•100  inhabitants. 

Belgrado,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Venetian 
Friuli,  10  miles  E  by  S  of  Udino.  Lon.  12 
55  E,  lat.  43  56  N. 

Be/lac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Vienne,  and  late  province 
of  Limosin,  seated  on  the  Vincon,  20  miles 
N  of  Limoges.  Lon.  1  20  E,  lat.  46  10  N. 

Belle-air,  a  po^t  town  of  Hartford  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  77  miles  from  Washington  : 
being-  the  principal  seat  of  justice,  it  has 
a  court  house  and  a  jail,  but  few  inhabi- 
tants ;  86  miles  SW  'of  Philadelphia. 

Belief  ante,  a  post  town  of  Centre  Coun- 
ty, in  tlie  state  of  Pennsylvania,  about  238 
miles  NW  of  Philadelphia. 

Bellericu,  a  township  in  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  about 
1500  inhabitants. 

Bcllegarde,  a  strong-  place  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Eastern  Pyre- 
nees, and  late  province  of  Houssillon, 
above  the  defile  of  Pertuis.  It  is  an  im- 
portant place,  on  account  of  its  being  a 
passage  to  the  Pyrenees.  It  surrendered 
to  the  Spaniards  in  1793,  but  was  retaken 
the  next  year,  after  an  obstinate  defence, 
and  named  bv  the  French  government  Sud 
Libre.    Lon'  2  56  E,  lat.  42  27  N. 

Bellegarde,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Saone  and  Loire,  ana  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  seated  on  the  river 
Saone,  15  miles  NE  of  Chalons.  Lon.  5 
10  E,  lat.  46  57  N. 

Belleisle,  an  island  of  France,  15  miles 
from  the  coast  of  Brittany.  It  is  a  mix- 
ture of  craggy  rocks,  and  pleasant  fertile 
plains.  The  principal  place  is  Palais,  a 
fortified  town  with  a  citadel.  It  was  tak- 
en by  the  English  in  1761,  and  restored  in 
1763.    Lon.  3  6  W,  lat.  47  17  N. 

Belleisle,  an  island  of  North  America, 
at  the  moufh  of  the  strait  between  New 
Britain  and  Newfoundland  whence  the 
straits  take  also  the  name  of  Belleisle. 
Lon.  55  25  W,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Bellesme,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Orne  and  late  province  of 
Perchc,  with  an  ancient  castle,  75  miles 
SW  of  Paris.    Lon.  0  42  E,  lat.  48  23  N. 

Belleville,  a  post  town  of  Mifflin  county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Belleij,  an  episcopal  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Ain  and  late  province 
of  Bresse,  near  the  Rhone,  12  miles  N  of 
Chamberry,  and  250  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 
50  E,  lat.  45  47  N. 

Bellingham,  a  town  in  Northumberland, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  14  miles  NNW 
of  Hexham  and  294  of  London.  Lon.  2 
10  W,  lat.  55  10N. 


Bel  tin  zona,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mi- 
lanese, it  is  seateel  on  the  Tesino,  five 
miles  above  the  place  where  it  falls  into 
the  Lago  Maggiore.  Lon.  8  16  E,  lat.  46 
6  N. 

Bellunesc,  a  territory  of  Italy,  belong- 
ing to  the  Venetians,  lying  between  Friu- 
li, Cadorino,  Feltrimo,  the  bishopric  of 
Trent,  and  Tirol.  It  has  iron  mines.  Bel- 
luno  is  the  only  place  of  note. 

Belluno,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  the 
Bellunese,  and  formerly  a  bishop's  sei 
It  is  seated  among  the  Alps,  on  the  river 
Piave,  15  miles  NE  of  Feltri.    Lon.  12  9 
E,  lat  43  13  N. 

Belmonte,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  on  the  coast  of  Tuscan  Sea,  10 
miles  W  of  Cozenza.  Lon.  19  5  E,  lat. 
39  20  N. 

Belt,  Great,  a  strait  of  Denmark,  be- 
tween the  islands  of  Zealand  and  Funen, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic  Sea.  It  is 
not  so  commodious,  nor  so  much  fre- 
quented as  the  Sound.  In  1658,  it  $ras 
frozen  over  so  hard,  that  Charles  XI! 
marched  over  it  with  a  design  to  take  Co- 
penhagen. 

■Belt,  Little,  a  strait  to  the  W  of  the 
Cireat Belt, between  Funen  and  North  Jut 
land.  It  is  one  of  the  passages  from  the 
Grermafi  Ocean  to  the  Baltic,  though 
not  three  miles  in  breadth,  and  ven 
crooked. 

Belvedere,  a  town  of  Greece,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  in  the  Morea. 
This  province  lies  on  the  W  coast,  and  is 
the  most  fertile  in  all  the  Morea,  The 
town  is  delightfully  situated,  17  miles  NE 
of  Chirenza.  It  is  subject  to  the  Turks  : 
and  the  raisins,  called  Belvederes,  come 
from  this  place.  Lon.  21  45  E,  lat 
38  0  N . 

Belvider,  a  post-town  in  Sussex  coun- 
j  ty,  New  Jersey,  about  12  miles  above 
Easton  in  Delaware,  and  10  G  by  W  oft 
Hope. 

Belvrir  Castle,  in  Lincolnshire,  four 
miles  W  of  Grantham,  the  ancient  seat 
of  the  dukes  of  Rutland,  supposed  to 
have  been  a  'Ionian  station,  as  many  of 
their  antiquities  have  been  dug  up  here. 
Its  foundation  was  laid  soon  after  the 
Norman  conquest. 

Benares,  a  district  of  Hineloostan  Pro- 
per, between  Bahar  and  Oude  ;  contain- 
ing the  circars  of  Benares,  Jionpour, 
Chunar,  and  Gazypour.  It  was  ceded  to 
the  English  in  1775,  and  produces  a  cleaj| 
annual  revenue  of  380,000/. 

Benares,  a  populous  city,  capital  of  the 
district  of  the  same  name,  in  Hindoostan. 
It  is  more  celebrated  as  the  ancient  seat 
of  Bram.inical  learning,  than  on  any  other 


BEN 


BEN 


iccpunt-;  and  is  built  on  the  N  side  of 
the  Ganges,  which  is  here  very  broad, 
and  the  banks  very  high.  The  streets 
are  narruw  ;  tbe  houses  high,  and  some 
of  them  five  stories  each,  inhabited  b\ 
different  families.  The  more  wealthy 
Hindoos,  I  however,  live  in  detached 
houses  with  an  open  court,  surrounded 
by  a  wall.  Benares  is  425  miles  SE  of 
Delhi,  and  400  NW  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  83 

10  E,  lat.  25  20  X. 

Benavarri,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arra- 
gon,  17  miles  N  of  Lerida.  Lon.  0  45  E, 
lat.  42  11  N. 

Benuuento,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Ela,  23  miles  SE 
of  Astorga.  Lon.  5  7  W,  lat.  42  4N. 

Bencoolen,  a  fort  and  town  on  the  SW 
of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  belonging  to 
the  English.  The  country  about  Ben- 
coolen is  mountainous  and  woody ;  and 
there  are  several  volcanos  in  the  island. 
The  chief  trade  is  in  pepper.  Lon.  102  5 
E,  lat.  3  49  S. 

Bendermassen,  the  capital  of  a  king- 
dom of  the  same  name,  in  the  island  of 
Borneo,  with  a  good  harbour.  Lon.  114 
40  E,  lat.  2  40  S. 

Bender,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Bessarabia,  on  the  river  Dniester, 
100  miles  NW  of  Belgorod.  It.  was  the 
residence  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  after 
his  defeat  at  Pultowa.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Russians  in  1789,  but  restored  by  the 
treaty  of  Yassa  in  1790.  Lon.  29  0  E,  lat. 
46  58  X. 

Benedetto,  St.,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Mantuan,  35  miles  SE  of  Mantua.  Lon. 

11  25  E,  lat.  44  44  X. 

Benedict,  a  town  of  Charles  county,  in 
the  state  of  Maryland,  on  Patuxent  river. 
Distant  about  68  miles  from  Baltimore, 
so.  ith-westwar  dly . 

Benesoevf,  a  town  of  Egypt,  remark- 
able for  its  hemp  and  flax  ;  seated  on  the 
W  shore  of  the  Xile,  50  miles  S  of  Cairo. 
Lon.  31  10  E,  lat.  29  10  X. 

Benevento,  a  city  of  Naples,  agrceablv 
situated  in  Principato  Citeriore,  with  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  has  suffered  greatly 
by  earthquakes,  particularly  in  1688, 
when  the  archbishop,  afterward  pope  Be- 
nedict XI If.  was  dug  out  of  the  ruins 
alive.  It  is  subject  to  the  pope,  and  seat- 
ed near  the  confluence  of  the  Saboro  and 
Caloro,  35  miles  NE  of  Naples.  Lon.  14 
57  E,  lat.  41  6  N. 

he  :f<-ld,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Rhine  and  late 
province  of  Alsace.  It  is  situated  on  the 
river  111,  12  miles  SW  of  Strasburgh. 
Lon.  7  45  E,  lat.  48  24  N. 

Bengal,  a  country  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 


per, bounded  on  the  W  by  Orissa,  and 
Bahar,  on  the  N  by  Rootan,  on  the  E  by- 
Assam  and  Meckley,  and  on  the  S  by  the 
bay  of  Bengal.  Its  greatest  extent  from 
Wr  to  E  is  about  720  miles,  and  from  N 
to  S  above  300.  The  country  consists  of 
one  vast  plain,  of  the  most  fertile  soil, 
which,  in  common  with  other  parts  of 
Hindoostan,  annually  renders  two,  and, 
in  some  parts,  even  three  crops.  It  is 
sometimes  subject  to  such  extremes  of 
heat  as  render  it  fatal  to  Europeans.  The 
great  cause  of  the  unhealthincss  of  Ben- 
gal, however,  is  owing  to  the  inundations 
of  the  Ganges  and  Burrampooter,  by 
which  such  quantities  of  putrescibfe 
matters  are  brought  down  as  infect  the 
air  with  the  most  malignant  vapours 
when  the  waters  retire.  By  the  latter 
end  of  July,  all  the  lower  parts  of  Ren- 
gal,  contiguous  to  the  Ganges  and  Rur- 
rampooter,  are  overflowed,  and  present 
a  surface  of  w^ter  more  than  100  miles 
wide.  As  some  of  the  lands  in  Bengal 
would  receive  damage  from  such  a  copi- 
ous inundation,  they  must  for  this  rea- 
son be  guarded  by  strong  dykes  to  resist 
the  waters,  and  admit  only  a  certain 
quantity.  One  particular  branch  of  the 
Ganges  is  conducted  for  70  miles  between 
dykes  :  and  when  full,  the  passengers 
look  down  upon  the  adjacent  country  as 
from  an  eminence.  Its  principal  products 
are  sugar,  silk,  fruit,  pepper,  opium, 
rice,  saltpetre,  lac  and  civil.  It  is  com- 
pared to  Egypt  for  fertility  ;  the  Ganges 
dividing  here  into  several  streams,  and, 
like  the  Nile,  annually  overflowing  the 
country.  Rengal  has  been  subject,  ever 
since  1765,  to  the  English  East  India 
Company.  Its  annual  revenue,  including 
that  of  Benares  is  near  1,290000/.  and  its 
population  is  11,000,000.  Calcutta  is  the 
capital. 

Beng-nela,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Angola,  on  the  S  by  Ma- 
tain  an,  on  the  E  by  the  river  Rimba,  and 
on  the  W  by  the  Atlantic.  Its  coast  be- 
gins at  Cape  Ledo  on  the  N,  :  nd  extends 
to  cape  Negro  on  the  S,  that  is,  from  lat. 
9  20  to  16  30  S.  The  climate  is  very  per- 
nicious to  Europeans.  Tbe  men  wear 
skins  about  their  waists,  and  beads  round 
their  necks  ;  and  are  armed  with  darts 
headed  with  iron,  and  with  bows  and  ar- 
rows. The  women  wear  a  heavy  collar  of 
copper  round  their  neck,  a  kind  of  cloth 
made  of  the  bark  of  a  tree,  round  their 
waist,  and  copper  rings  on  their  legs. 

Bengvela,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
tile  same  name,  where  the  Portuguese 
have  a  fort.  It  lies  to  the  N  of  the  bav  of 
Bengucla.  Lon.  12  30  fc,  lat.  10  30  S..  ' 


B  E  R 


BER 


new  bridge  over  the  Spree  is  an  eques- 
trian statue  of  William  the  Great,  which 
is  esteemed  an  exquisite  piece  of  work- 
manship. After  this  bridge  is  past,  the 
king's  palace  appears,  which  is  a  grand 
and  superb  edifice ;  it  is  four  stories 
high,  and  the  apartments  are  extremely 
magnificent.  No  palace  in  Europe  has 
such  a  great  quantity  of  silver-tables, 
lustres,  branched  candlesticks,  8cc.  The 
opera  house  is  an  elegant  modern  edi- 
fice. The  arsenal  consists  of  four  grand 
buildings,  that  form  a  court  in  the  mid- 
dle, like  a  college;  each  front  has  three 
large  porticos.  There  are  other  things 
worthy  of  observation,  such  as  the  cabi- 
net of  medals,  and  of  the  antiquities  be- 
longing to  the  king ;  and  the  royal  libra- 
ry which  has  many  scarce  books  and  ma- 
nuscripts. There  is  a  canal  cut  from  the 
river  Spree  to  the  Oder,  on  the  E,  and 
another  thence  to  the  Elbe  on  the  W. 
It  has  a  communication  by  water^botli 
with  the  Baltic  Sea  and  the  German 
Ocean ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Spree,  42 
miles  NW  of  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  and 
300  N  by  W  of  Vienna.  Lon.  13  26  E,  lat. 
52  32  N. 

Berlin,  a  post  town  of  Hartford  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  10  miles  S  of  Hartford. 

Berlin,  a  village  with  a  po6t  office  in 
Adams  countv,  Pennsylvania,  six  miles 
N  of  Abbotstown,  20  S  of  Carlisle,  and 
about  100  W  of  Philadelphia. 

Berlin,  a  township  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  about  30  miles  W 
from  Boston,  with  a  population  of  600 
persons. 

Bermuda.  Somers,  or  Slimmer  Ishmds,  a 
cluster  of  small  islands,  nearly  in  the 
form  of  a  shepherd's  crook,  and  surroun- 
ded by  rocks,  which  render  them  almost 
inaccessible  to  strangers.  They  lie  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  500  miles  E  of  Carolina, 
and  are  inhabited  by  the  English.  They 
were  discovered  by  Juan  Bermudez,  a 
Spaniard  ;  but  not  inhabited  till  1609, 
Avhen  Sir  George  Somers  was  cast  away 
upon  them,  and  they  have  belonged  to 
Britain  ever  since.  It  is  universally  agreed 
tiiat  the  nature  of  these  islands  has  un- 
dergone a  surprising  alteration  to  the 
worse  since  they  were  discovered;  the 
air  being  much  more  inclement,  and  the 
soil  much  more  barren  than  formerly. 
The  town  of  St.  George  on  St.  George's 
Island,  is  the  capital.  Lon.  63  28  W,  lat. 
32  35  X. 

'Bermuda  Hundred,  or  City  Point,  a  port 
of  entry,  in  Chesterfield  county  and  state 
of  Virginia.  It  is  seated  on  the  W  side 
of  James  River,  about  20  miles  below 
Richmond.  It  maintains  a  considerable 
foreign  trade.   The  total  value  of  its  ex- 


ports is  about  100,000  dollars.  It  is"  300 
miles  SW  of  Philadelphia,  in  lat.  37 18  N. 
and  lon.  77  30  W. 

Bern,  the  largest  of  13  cantons  of  Swis- 
serland,  150  miles  in  length,  and  75  in 
breadth.  It  is  divided  into  two  principal 
parts  called  the  German  and  Roman  ;  but 
the  last  is  most  commonly  called  the 
Pays  de  Valid.  The  religion  is  Calvin- 
ism, and  Bern  the  capital. 

Bcni,  the  capital  of  the  canton  of  Bern 
in  Swisserland.  Here  is  a  celebrated 
school,  a  rich  library,  and  12  companies 
of  tradesmen,  in  one  of  which  even  inha- 
bitant is  obliged  to  be  enrolled  before  he 
can  enjoy  any  office.  The  houses  are 
mostly  built  of  white  freestone,  and  in 
the  principal  streets  have  piazzas  or  ar- 
ches under  them,  for  the  conveniency  of 
walking  in  wet  weather.  The  public  buil- 
dings are  magnificent.  In  1799  Bern  was, 
together  with  the  rest  of  Swisserland, 
obliged  to  surrender  to  the  French.  Bern 
is  70  miles  NE  of  Geneva.  Lon.  7  10  E, 
lat.  46  52  N. 

Bern,  a  township  of  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  between  Schuyl- 
kill and  Tulpehocken  creek. 

Bernard's  Toivn,  a  township  of  Somer- 
set county,  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey, 
containing  about  3000  inhabitants. 

Bernard's  To-#n,  a  township  of  N  Hamp- 
shire county,  State  of  Massachusetts  ;  si- 
tuated about  100  miles  W  of  Boston. 

Berne,  a  township  in  the  State  of  New 
York  and  countv  of  Albany,  containing 
about  5000  inhabitants. 

Bernard,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  el- 
ectorate of  Brandenburg,  five  miles  from 
Berlin,  famous  for  its  excellent  beer. 

Beimard  Great  St.,  a  mountain  of  Swis- 
serland, between  Vailais  and  Val-d'Aous- 
ta,  at  the  source  of  the  river  Drance.  The 
top  of  it  is  always  covered  with  snow, 
and  there  is  a  large  convent,  where  the 
monks  entertain  all  strangers  gratis  for 
three  days,  without  any  distinction  of  re- 
ligion. ' 

Bernay,  a  trading  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Eure  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  river  Caran- 
tonne,  20  miles  SW  of  Rouen.  Lon.  0  50 
E,  hit.  49  6N. 

Bernburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Anhalt,  where  a  branch  of 
the  house  of  Anhalt  resides.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Sara,  22  miles  SW  of  Mag- 
deburg. Lon.  11  46  E,  lat.  51  51  X. 

Berncastle,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  good  wine,  and  is  sea- 
ted on  the  Moselle,  near  Trarbach. 

Berry,  a  late  province  of  France,  fer- 
tile in  corn,  fruit,  hemp  and  flax  ;  and 


B  E  R 


BET 


'  there  is  excellent  wine  in  some  places. 
It  is  now  included  in  the  departments  of 
Cher  and  Indre. 

Bersella,-  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Modenese,  seated  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Lin/a  and  Po,  10  miles  NE  of  Par- 
ma. Lon.  10  56  E,  Lit.  44  45  If. 

Bersuire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  two  Sevres  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Poitou,  12  miles  SWofThouars. 
Lon.  0  27  W,  lat  46  52  N. 

Bertie,  a  county  in  North  Carolina, 
bounded  eastward  by  the  Chowan  river, 
and  Albemarle  Sound.  It  contains  about 
12,000  inhabitants,  nearly  one  half  slaves. 

Bertineroy  a  town  of  Italy  in  liomagna, 
with  a  strong1  citadel  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  50  miles  NE  of 
Florence.  Lon.  11  40  E,  lat.  44  18  N. 

Bertrafid  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Garonne  and  late 
province  of  Languedoc,  43  miles  S  of 
Auch.  Lon.  0  48  E,  lat.  42  56  N. 

Bervie,  a  seaport  at' V ''borough  in  the 
county  of  Kincardine,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  25  miles  S\V  of 
Aberdeen.  Lon.  2  0  W,  lat.  56  40  N. 

Berwick,  a  town  and  county  of  itself, 
on  the  borders  of  England  and  Scotland, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  govern- 
ed by  a  mayor ;  and  was  once  a  strong 
fortress,  of  great  importance  when  Eng- 
land and  Scotland  were  hostile  nations. 
It  had  a  strong  castle  now  in  ruins.  It  is 
large  and  populous,  has  a  good  trade  in 
corn  and  salmon,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Tweed,  over  which  is  a  handsome  bridge 
of  15  arches.  It  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  147  miles  N  of  York, 
52  SE  of  Edinburgh,  and  336  N  by  \V  oi 
London.  Lon.  1  46  W,  lat.  55  45  N. 

Berwick-North ,  a  borough  in  the  coun- 
ty of  East  Lothian  on  the  frith  of  Forth, 
30  miles  NW  of  Bcrwiek  upon  Tweed. 
Lon.  2  33  W,  lat.  56  5  N. 

Berwickshire,  a  county  of  Scotland*, 
sometimes  called  the  Mers  ;  bounded  on 
tile  E  by  the  German  Ocean,  on  the  SE 
by  the  Tweed,  on  the  S  by  Roxbttrgshire, 
on  the  W  by  Edinburgshire,  and  on  the 
NW  by  Haddingtonshire.  It  abounds  with 
corn  and  grass,  and  being  a  low  and  flat 
country,  is  sometimes  called  the  How 
[Hollow]  of  the  -Mers.  The  principal  ri- 
vers are  the  Tweed,  Leather,  Blackad- 
der,- White  adder  and  Eye. 

Berwick,  a  town  of  York  county, 
Maine,  on  the  E  side  of  Piscataqua river, 
about  seven  miles  from  York,  the  county 
town.  It  has  a  post-office,  and  an  ac.ido- 
my.  The  township  contains  3891  inhabi- 
tants. 

Berwick,  a  village  with  a  post-office, 
in  Northumberland  county,  Pennsylvania; 


situated  on  the  W  side  of  Susquehannalt 
river,  opposite  to  the  head  of  the  turn- 
pike road,  between  this  river  and  the  Le- 
high, a  branch  of  the  river  Delaware.  It 
is  16  miles  NE  of  Cattawissey,  37  of  Nor- 
thumberland, and  about  35  W  of  the  na- 
vigable part  of  the  Lehigh. 

Berwick,  (sometimes  called  Abbots - 
town)  a  town  of  York  county,  in  the. State 
of  Pennsylvania ;  about  15  miles  W  of 
Yorktown,  and  100  of  Philadelphia.  It 
con.ains  about  1500  inhabitants. 

Berwyn  Hills,  lofty  hills  at  the  NE  an- 
gle of  Merionethshire,  beneath  which 
spreads  the  fine  vale,  in  which  flows  the 
infant  river  Dee. 

Btsancon,  an  ancient  and  populous  city 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Doubs 
and  late  province  of  Franche  Comte.  The 
triumphal  arch  of  Aurelian,  and  other 
Roman  antiquities  are  still  to  be  seen. 
The  streets  are  wide  and  handsome,  and 
die  houses  are  well  built  with  freestone. 
It  is  52  miles  E  of  Dijon,  and  208  SE  of 
Paris.  Lon.  6  2  E,  lat.  47  13  N. 

Bessarabia,  a  territory  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  between  the  Danube  and  the. 
Dneister,  along-  whose  banks  the  Tartar 
inhabitants  rove  and  maintain  themselves 
by  their  cattle,  by  husbandry  and  by  rob- 
bery. Their  common  food  is  the  fiesh  of 
oxen  and  Horses,  cheese,  and  mare's  milk. 
Bender  is  the  capital. 

Bestricia^  a  town  of  Transylvania,  re- 
markable for  the  goJd  mines  near  it,  85 
miles  NW  of  Hermanstadt,  and  90  E  of 
Tockay.  Lon.  23  45  E,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Betanz'js,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Galicia, 
seated  on  the  Mandco,  on  a  bay  of  the 
Atlantic,  20  miles  S  of  Ferrol.  Lon.  7  55* 
NY,  lat.  43  12  N. 

Betelfagui,  a  town  of  Arabia  Felix, 
famous  for  the  vast  quantity  of  coffee 
bought  and  sold  here  to  the  Europeans. 
It  is  25  miles  E  of  the  lied  Sea.  Lon.  44 
30  E,  lat.  15  40  N. 

Bctliabaray  a  town  of  Stokes  county, 
North  Carolina,  chiefly  inhabited  by  Mo- 
ravians, about  183  miles  W  of  Halifax  in 
the  same  state. 

Bethania,  a  post  town  of  Stokes  county, 
North  Carolina  ;  a  Moravian  settlement, 
about  four  miles  distant  from  Bethabara, 
their  capital  town,  10  SW  of  German- 
town,  and  15  NE  of  Huntsville.  It  hfcs 
about  200  inhabitants. 

Bethel,  a  township  of  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  adjoining  to  another  town- 
ship of  the  same  name,  in  Dauphin  coun- 
ty. They  are  both  watered  by  a  small 
stream,  called  the  Little  Swatara,  and 
contain  about  §000  inh.'.bitants. 

Bethel,  a  township  of  York  county,  in 
the  district  of  Maine,  situated  chiefly  on 


BET 


BEX 


the  south  bank  of  the  Androscoggin  ri- 
ver. 

Bethel,  a  township  of  Windsor  county, 
and  state  of  Vermont,  about  40  miles 
from  Rutland  in  the  same  state. 

Bethlehem,  a  town  of  Palestine,  famous 
for  the  birth  of  Christ.  It  is  seated  on 
thfe  ridge  of  a  hill,  running'  from  E  to  W, 
and  has  a  delightful  prospect.  It  is  now 
an  inconsiderable  place,  but  much  visit- 
ed by  pilgrims.  Here  is  a  church  yet  en- 
tire, erected  by  the  famous  Helena,  in  the 
form  of  a  cross  ;  also  a  chapel,  called  the 
Chapel  of  the  Nativity,"  where  they  pre- 
tend to  show  the  manger  in  which  Christ 
was  laid  ;  as  also  another,  called  the  Cha- 
pel of  Joseph  ;  and  a  third  of  the  Holy 
Innocents.  A  few  poor  Creeks  reside 
here.  .  It  is  six  miles  S  of  Jerusalem. 
Lon.  35  25  E,  lat.  31  50  N.  m' 

Bethlehem,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
two  miles  N  of  Louvain.  Lon.  4  49  E,  lat. 
50  55  N.  -*W 

Bethlehem,  a  post  town  in  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  the  capital  of  the 
Moravian  colonies  in  North  America.  It 
stands  on  a  branch  ot  the  Lehigh  river,  a 
few  miles  SE  of  Euston,  and  53  N  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, in  the  lat.  of  40  37  N.  and  lon. 
of  75  14  W.  The  brethren  were  settled 
here  by  Count  Zinzendorf  in  1741.  In 
1800  the  town  contained  543  irihabitanis, 
and  the  township  1343,  principally  of  the 
same  sect.  The  buildings  are  not  remar- 
kable for  grandeur,  or  elegance  ;  but  are 
generally  comfortable.  They  have  one 
house  for  public  worship,  a  separate  a- 
partment  for  the  residence  of  the  single 
brethren,  and  another  for  the  sisters. 
There  are  likewise  seminaries  of  learning' 
in  which  children  of  both  sexes  are 
taught  all  the  useful  and  some  of  the  or- 
namental branches  of  education  ;  and  so 
grdat  is  the  reputation  of  these  schools, 
tor  the  attention  paid  to  the  ' morals  as 
Avell  as  the  literary  improvement  of  the 
nipils,  as  to  invite  them  from  Philadel- 
•  ina  and  other  capital  cities. 

Bethlehem,  a  town  in  Albany  county, 
Xcw  York,  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Hudson  river,  eight  miles  S  of  the  city  o! 
Albany.  This  township  is  famous  for  its 
dairies,  and  contained  3095  inhabitants  in 
1800. 

B  'thune,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and 
late  county  of  Artois,  with  a  castle  It 
is  seated  on  a  rock,  bv  the  river  Brette, 
29  miles  E  of  St.  Omcr  and  120  N  of  Pa- 
ris. Eon.  2  35  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Betley,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thurschv,  1  Smiles  NNYY  of 
Stafford  and  156  of  London.  Lon.  2  10  W, 
lat  53  5  N. 


Betlis,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Curdistan,  si 3 
tuated  on  a  steep  rock,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Turkey  and  Persia,  but  subject  to  its  own 
bey,  and  a  sanctuary  for  the  subjects  of 
the  neighbouring  powers.  It  is  150  miles 
E  of  Diarbekar.  Lon.  42  50  E,  lat.  37 
30  N. 

Betinve,  a  fertile  island  of  Dutch  Guel- 
derland,  40  miles  long  and  10  broad,  con- 
taining, in  that  space,  eight  cities,  and 
several  hundred  villages.  It  was  the  an- 
cient Batavia,  and  formerly  gave  the  name 
of  Matavians,  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Dutch  Netherlands  ;  and  it  was  princi- 
pally hence  that  the  Dutch  spread  them- 
selves over  the  different  provinces. 

Bevecum,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
17  miles  S  of  Louvain.  Lon.  4  50  E,  lat. 
50  36  N. 

Beveland,  N  and  S,  two  islands  of  the 
United  provinces,  in  Zealand;  between 
the  E  and  W  branches  of  the  Scheldt. 

■■Bevergorn,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  22 
miles  from  Murder. 

Beverley,  a  borough  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday,  and  two  churches,  beside 
the  minster.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Hull, 
9  miles  N  of  Hull  and  182  of  London. 
Lon. k0  15  W,  lai.  53  52  N. 

Beverunsren,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
diocese  of  Paderborn,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Beve  and  Weser,  22  miles  E  of  Pa- 
derborn. Lon.  9  30  E,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Beverly,  a  town  in  Essex  county,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 15  miles  N  by  E  of  Boston, 
.md  separated  from  Salem  by  a  bridge.  In 
1800  the  inhabitants  were  3881. 

Beula,  a  small  town  in  Cambria  county 
P.nr.sylvania,  planted  chiefly  by  emi- 
grants from  Wales  (C.B.)  about  60  miles 
G  of  Pittsburg. 

Bewcastle,  avillage  in  Cumberland,  ort 
die  Leven,  said  to  have  been  built  about 
the  time  of  the  Norman  conquest.  The 
church  is  in  ruins  :  and  in  the  churchyard 
is  an  ancient  cross,  with  several  sculp- 
tures, on  which  are  illegible  inscriptions. 

Bewdley,  a  borough  of  Worcestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  sends  one 
member  to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on 
Uc  Severn,  14  miles  N  of  Worcester,  and 
128  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  0  W,  lat.  5*2 
20  N. 

Berkley,  or  Beaulieu,  a  river  which  rises 
in  the  N  of  Inverness-shire,  and  flowimy 
along  the  S  border  of  Ross-shire,  forms 
the  fine  estuary  on  which  stand  Inverness 
and  Fort  St.  George,  and  which  termi- 
nates in  the  frith  of  Murray. 

Bex,  a  village  of  Swisserlrmd,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  near  the  town  of  St.  JSfau 
rice,  remarkable  for  its  delightful  situ:i 
tion,  and  the  salt  works  neai'  it,  the  larg 


B  I  E 


BIL 


r>st  ut' which  is  entered  by  a  passage  cut 
out  of  the  solid  rock.  Travellers  who 
have  the  curiosity  to  explore  these  gloo- 
my abodes,  are  furnished  with  lighted 
torches,  itiHl  dressed  in  a  coarse  habit, 
for  defending  them  from-  the  drippings 
that  fall  from  the  roof  and  sides  of  the 
passage. 

Beziers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  lierault  and  late  province  of 
Canguedoc.  It  is  seated  near  the  Royal 
Canal,  on  a  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  flows 
i he  Orbrt-,  12  miles  XE  of  Xarbonne.  Lon. 
3  18  E,  lat,  21  0  N. 

Biofar,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  in  Xegroland,  situated  to  the 
E  of  Renin,  on  the  river  Los-Camarones. 
Lon.  17  40  E,  lat.  6  10  X. 

Biana,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
remarkable  for  excellent  indigo,  50  miles 
W  of  Agra.    Lon.  80  50  E,  lat.  26  30  N. 

Biberach,  a  free  -imperial  town  of  Sua- 
bia.  It  has  a  manufacture  of.  fustians, 
and  is  seated  in  a  pleasant  valley,  on  the 
Reuss,  17  miles  SW  of  Ulm.  Lon.  10  2  E, 
lat.  48  10N. 

Bicester,  or  Burcester,  a  town  in  Ox- 
fordshire, with  a  market  on  Friday,  be- 
tween Oxford  and  Buckingham,  ~13  miles 
N  of  the  former  and  57  W  bv  X  of  London. 
Lon.  1  10  W,  lat.  51  54  X." 
.  Bidache,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Pyrenees  and  late 
province  of  Basques,  seated  on  the  river 
Jiidouse,  12  miles  E  of  Bavonne,  Lon.  1 
9  W,  lat.  43  31  N. 

Bidassoa,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  has  its 
source  in  (he  Pyrenees,  and  falls  into  the 
bay  of  Biscay  between  Andaye  and  Fonta- 
rabia. 

Biddeford,  a  seaport  ahd  town  corpo- 
rate in  Devonshire,  with  a  market  on 
Tuesday  ;  seated  on  the  Torridge,  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge  of  24  arches.  It 
is  a  well  inhabited  trading  plaee  16  miles 
S  by  W  of  Ilfracombc,  and  203  W  of  Lon- 
don'. Lon.  4  10  W;  lat.  51  10  X. 

Biddeford,  a  port  of  entry,  and  post 
town  in  Y^rk  county,  Maine.  It  is  situated 
on  the  sea  coast,  near  cape  Porpoise,  23 
miles  S  by  W  of  Portland,  and  40  XE  of 
Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  and  con- 
tains about  1300  inhabitants. 

Bie<-z,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Cracowia, 
remarkable  for  its  mines  of  Vitriol  ,  seat- 
ed on  the  Weseloke,  50  miles  SE  of  Cra- 
cow.   Lon.  21  5  E,  lat.  49  50  N. 

meld,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of 
the  Bellese,  near  the  river  Cerva,  20  miles; 
W  of  Verceil.  Lon.  7  58  E,  lat.  45  35  X. 

Bielogorod,  a  strong  town  of  Bessara- 
bia, on  lake  Videno,  near  the  Black  Sea, 
42  miles  SW  of  Oczakow.  Lon.  30  10  E, 
lat.  46  20  X. 


liichky  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palati 
nate  of  Polachia,  near  one  of  the  sources 
of  the  river  Xarew,  100  miles  NE  of 
Warsaw.  Lon.  23  39  B,  lat  52  40  X. 

Bienne,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Smolensko,  80  miles  XE  of  Smo- 
Lensko,  and  170  W  of  Moscow.  Lon.  33 
5  E,  lat.  55  40  X. 

tiienne,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  on  a  lake 
of  the  same  name,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Ju- 
ra. It  is  17  miles  XW  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  10 
E,  lat.  47  11  X.  - 

JHeroliet.  a  town  of  Dutch  Flanders, 
two  miles  X"  of  Sluvs.  Lon.  3  39  E,  lat.  51 
21  X. 

Big  Bone  Lick  Creek \  a  small  stream  in 
Woodford  county,  state  of  Kentucky  ;  fa- 
mous on  account  of  the  animal  bones  of 
an  enormous  size  that  have  been  found 
here.  Some  have  supposed  these  to  be 
the  bones  of  the  Mammoth,  and  others  of 
a  uon  descript  animal. 

Biggleswade,  a  town  in"  Bedfordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  one  of  the 
greatest  barley  markets  in  England.  It  is 
d  on  the  lvei,  over  which  is  a  neat 
stone  bridge,  10  miles  NW  of  Bedford, 
and  45  XXW  of  London.  Lon.  0  21  W, 
lat.  52  6  X. 

Jligorre,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  X  by  Armagnac,  on  the 
E  by  Comminges,  on  the  W  by  Beam,  and 
on  the  S  by  the  Pyrenees.  It  is  now  in- 
cluded in  the  department  of  the  Upper 
Pyrenees. 

Bijinagiir.    See  Bisnagw\ 

Bijore,  a'  province  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, between  the  rivers  Indus  and  Attock, 
having  Cabul  on  the  W,  the  Bockharian 
mountains  on  the  X,  Cashmere  on  the  E, 
and  Peishore  on  the  S.  It  is  40  miles  from 
X  to  S,  and  30  from  E  to  W.  It  is  full  of 
mountains  and  wilds,  inhabited  by  a  sa- 
vage and  turbulent  race. 

Bilboa,  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  Bis- 
cay, with  a  good  harbour.  Its  exports  are 
wool,  sword-blades,  and  other  manufac- 
tures in  iron  and  steel.  It  is  remarkable 
for  the  wholesomeness  of  its  air,  and  the 
fertility  of  the  soil  about  it.  It  is  seated 
at  the  mouth  of  Ibaicabal  which  enters  the 
bay  of  Biscay,  -50  miles  W  of  St.  Sebas- 
tian, and  180  X  of  Madrid.  Lon  3  10  W, 
lat.  43  33  X. 

Bildeston,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  It  has  one  large 
church,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from 
the  town,  and  is  seated  on  the  river  Bre- 
ton. The  only  business  of  the  town  con- 
sists in  spinning  of  yarn.  It  is, 12  miles  S 
E  of  Ruvv,  and  63  XE  of  London.  Lon-  0 
55  E,  la*."  52  16  X. 

lUledulgerid,  a  country  of  Barbary, 
bounded  on  the  X  by  Tunis,  on  the  E  by 


BIN 


B  I  R 


Tripoli,  on  the  S  by  Guergula,  and  on  the 
W  by  Tuggurt.   It  lies  between  5  and  11 1 
E  Ion.  and  28  and  32  N  lat.    The  air  is 
wholesome  but  hot,  and  the  soil  yields  a 
great  deal  of  barley. 

Bilcvdt,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Westpha- 
lia, in  the  county  of  Ravensburg,  seven 
miles  SE  of  Ravensburg'.  Lon.  8  50  E, 
lat.  52  10  N. 

Billericay,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
before  which  opens  a  beautiful  prospect 
over  a  rich  vallev,  to  the  Thames,  nine 
miles  SW  of  Chelmsford,  and  23  E  of 
London.  Lon.  0  31  E,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Bellerica,  a  post  town  of  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts,  about  20  miles 
NW  of  Boston,  and  10  S  of  Dracut  on 
the  Merrimack  river.  It  contained  1383 
inhabitants  in  1800. 

Billingspon,  a  village  in  New  Jersey, 
on  the  liver  Delaware,  about  12  miles  be- 
low Philadelphia.  Here  was  a  fortifica- 
tion during*  the  war  of  Independence, 
which  defended  the  channel  of  the  river. 

Billom,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Puy-de-Dome  and  late  province 
of  Auvergne,  15  miles  SE  of  Clermont. 
Lon.  3  28  E,  lat.  45  41  N. 

Bihna,  a  burning  desert  of  Africa,  to 
the  SE  of  Fezzan,  between  21  and  25 
]N  lat. 

Bilsden,  a  town  in  Leicestershire,  96 
miles  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  51  W, 
kit.  52  35  N. 

Bilson,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  on  the  river  Demer, 
15  miles  N  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  29  E,  lat.  50 
50  N. 

Bimini,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands,  near 
the  Channel  of  Bahama,  eight  miles  in 
length,  and  as  much  in  breadth.  It  is 
verv  woody,  and  difficult  of  access  on  ac- 
count of  the  shoals,  but  is  a  very  pleasant 
place,* and  inhabited  by  the  native  Ameri- 
cans. Lon.  79  30  W,  lat.  25  0  N. 

Bimlepatam,  a  seaport  of  Golconda,  in 
the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  seated  on  the 
bav  of  Bengal,  12  miles  X  of  Yisagapa- 
tam.    Lon  '83  5  E,  lat.  18  0  W. 

Bimr'o%\  a  small  town  of  Spain,  in  Va- 
lencia, remarkable  for  good  wine  ;  seat- 
ed near  the  Mediterranean,  20  miles  S  of 
Tortosa.  Lon.  0  35  E,  lat.  40  33  N. 

Bi7ich,  a  little  fortified  town  of  Aus- 
trian llainafilt,  nine  miles  E  of  Mons. 
Lon.  4  15  E,  lat.  50  24  N. 

/Winchester,  a  village  on  the  river  Were, 
near  Durham.  Several  inscriptions  and 
monuments  shew  it  to  have  been  the  Ro- 
man Yinovhim;  many  Roman  coins  are 
dug  up  here,  which  are  called  Binches- 
tet  Pennies  ;  and  two  altars  have  been 


discovered  from  which  it  appears  that 
the  20th  legion  was  stationed  in  this 
place. 

Bincaz.i,  a  seaport  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Tripoli,  140  Riles  W  of 
Derna.  Lon.  19  10  E,  lat.  32L£0  N. 

Binfield,  a  village  in  Berkshire,  in 
Windsor  forest,  three  miles  N  by  E  of 
Okintu,ham.  Binfield  was  the  scene  of 
Pope's  youthful  days,  and  here -he  wrote 
his  Windsor  Forest. 

Bingen,  an  ancient  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  archbishopric  of  Mentz,  seated  at 
the  place  where  the  river  Nahe  falls  into 
the  Rhine,  with  a  stone  bridge  over  the 
former.  It  is  15  miles  W  by  S  of  Mentz. 
Lon.  8  0  E,  lat.  49  49  N. 

Bingham,  a  town  in  Nottinghamshire, 
with  a  small  market  on  Thursday,  nine 
miles  E  of  Nottingham,  and  120  N  by  W 
of  London.  Lou.  0  51  W,  lat.  52  58  X. 

Biorneburg,  a  town  of  Finland,  in  Swe- 
den near  the  mouth  of  the  Kune,  in  the 
gulf  of  Bothnia,  75  miles  N  of  Abo.  Lon 
22  5  E,  lat.  61  42  N. 

Bir,  or  Beer,  a  town  of  Diarbeck  in 
Turkey  in  Asia,  with  a  castle,  where  the 
governor  resides.  It  stands  on  the  E 
bank  of  the  Euphrates,  near  a  high  moun- 
tain, in  a  fruitful  country.  It  is"  50  miles 
NE  of  Aleppo. 

Birkenfeld,  a  town  of  Germany,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine.  It  surrender- 
ed to  the  French  in  1794,  and  is  seated 
near  the  river  Nahe,  22  miles  SE  of 
Treves.  Lonr  7  14  E,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Birmingham,  a  township  of  Chester 
county,  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania, 
about  22  miles  south  of  Philadelphia. 

Birmingham,  a  township  of  Delaware 
county,  Pennsylvania,  lying  on  the  east 
side  of  Brandywine  creek,  containing 
about  700  inhabitants. 

Hirmingliam,  a  large  town  in  Warwick- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is 
no  corporation,  and  therefore  free  for  any 
person  to  settle  there  ;  which  has  con- 
tributed greatly  not  only  to  the  increase 
)f  buildings,  but  also  of  the  trade,  which 
is  the  most  flourishing  of  any  in  England 
for  all  sorts  of  iron  work,  besides  many 
oti;er  curious  manufactures.  It  has  two 
churches  ;  one  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
town,  which  is  an  ancient  building,  with 
a  lofty  spire  ;  the  other,  a  grand  modern 
structure  having  a  square  stone  tower, 
with  a  cupola,  and  turret  above  it ;  it  has 
also  two  chapels  and  several  meeting 
houses.  It  had  an  elegant  theatre,  which 
was  burnt  in  1792.  Birmingham  has  been 
long  famous  for  its  hardware  manufac- 
tures ;  but  of  late  years,  by  great  addi- 


B  I  S 


B  I  T 


tions  to  its  trade  from  a  vast  variety  of 
articles,  such  as  metal  buttons,  buckles, 
plated  goods,  japanned  and  paper  ware, 
See  it,  has  become  more  populous  than 
any  of  the  modern  trading-  towns  in  Eng- 
land. They  export  their  goods  in  great 
quantities  to  foreign  countries,  where,  in 
point  of  cheapness  and  elegance,  they 
are  unrivalled.  It  is  plentifully  supplied 
with  coal  by  means  of  a  canal  to  Wed- 
nesbury ;  and  it  has  a  communication 
with  the  Great  Trunk  from  the  Trent  to 
the  Severn,  by  a  branch  passing  by  Wol- 
verhampton. The  improved  steam  en- 
gines, made  here  by  Bolton  and  Watt, 
deserve  to  rank  high  among  the  produc- 
tions of  human  ingenuity  ;  their  applica- 
tion to  various  mechanical  purposes,  and 
particularly  to  the  draining  of  mines, 
places  them  among  the  most  valuable  in- 
ventions of  the  age.  Birmingham  is  17 
miles  NW  of  Coventry  and  116  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  1  50  W,  lat.  52  30  N. 

Birviesca,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, 15  miles  N  of  Burgos.  Lon.  3  30  W, 
lat.  42 .35  N. 

JBisaccia,  a  small  handsome  town  of 
Naples,  in  Principato  Ulteriore,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  15  miles  XE  of  Couza.  Lon. 
15  40  E,  lat.  41  3  X. 

Biscay,  a  province  of  Spain,  bounded 
on  the  X  by  the  bay  of  Biscay^  on  the  S 
by  Old  Castile,  on  the  W  by/ the  Astu- 
rias,  and  on  the  E  by  Upper  Navarre.  It 
contains  three  divisions  ;  Biscay  Proper, 
Guipuscoa,  and  Alava.  It  is  27  miles  in 
both  length  and  breadth,  and  produces 
apples,  oranges,  and  citrons  ;  it  has  also 
wood  for  building  ships,  and  mines  of 
iron  and  lead.  The  Biscayers  are  the  best 
seamen  of  Spain.  Their  language  is  ac- 
counted aboriginal,  aitd  is  unmixed  with 
either  French,  Latin  or  Spanish.  Bilboa 
is  the  capital. 

Biscay,  Bay  of,  an  extensive  bay  of  the 
Atlantic,  between  Cape  Ortegal,  in  lon. 
7  35  W,  lat.  43  48  X,  and  the  isle  of 
Ushant,  in  lon.  5  0  W,  lat.  48  30  X. 

Biscay,  JYew,  a  province  of  X  America; 
in  Mexico,  noted  for  its  silver  minesi 

Bischojishem,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Mentz,  on  the  rfrer  Tau- 
betvtwo  miles  W  of  Wurtzburg.  Lon.  9 
10  E,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Biscliqfs  Zell,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
Thurgau,  with  a  castle.  The  inhabitants 
were  independent,  and  governed  by  a  su- 
preme council.  But  their  government  has 
been  since  overturned  by  the  French.  It 
is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Sitter 
and  Thur,  12  miles  S  of  Constance.  Lon. 
9  13  E,  lat.  47  27  N. 

Bischxveillen,  a  fortress  of  France,  in 


the  department  of  Upper  Rhine  and  late 
province  of  Alsace,  five  miles  W  of  the 
Rhine.  Lon.  7  51  E,  lat.  48  40  X. 

Biseglia,  a  populous  town  of  Xaples,  in 
Terra  di  Bari,  with  a  bishop's  see,  near 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  six  miles  E  of  Trani. 
Lon.  16  45  E,  lat.  41  28  X. 

Miserta,  a  seaport  of  Tunis,  in  Africa, 
near  the  place  where  Utica  once  stood, 
37  miles  XW  of  Tunis.  Lon.  9  46  E,  lat. 
37  10  X. 

Bishop  and  his  Clerks,  dangerous  roc  ks 
on  the  coast  of  Pembrokeshire,  near  Si 
David's.    Lon.  5  20  W,  lat.  51  57  X. 
Bishops-shiktand.  See  .iuckland. 
Bishops-Castle,  a  borough  in  Shrop- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Friday;  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  seat- 
ed near  the  river  Clun,  eight  miles  E  of 
Montgomery^  and  152  WNW  of  London. 
Lon.  2  55  W,  lat.  52  22  N. 

Bishops- Stortf or d.  See  Stortford. 
Bisignano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria, with  a  strong  fort,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the 
river  Boccona,  18  miles  X  of  Coscnza, 
and  133  SE  of  Naples.  Lon.  16  20  E,  lat. 
39  38  N. 

Bisley,  a  village  in  Surry,  noted  for  a 
spring  called  St.  John  Baptist's  Well.  It 
is  three  miles  X  of  Woking. 

Bisnagur,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver Tungebadra.  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
ancient  kingdom  of  Xarsinga,  and  when 
visited  by  Cesar  Frederic  in  1567,  w!as  a 
large  city.  It  is  140  miles  E  by  S  of  Goa. 
Lon.  76  io  E,  lat.  15  30  N. 

Bissagos,  a  cluster  of  islands  on  the 
coast  of  Xegroland,  200  miles  SE  of  the 
river  Gambia,  in-11  N  lat. 

Bissda,  an  island  in  the  coast  of  Africa, 
a  few  leagues  to  the  SE  of  the  river  Gam- 
bia. The  island  is  about  35  or  40  miles  in 
circumference.  So  rich  is  the  soil  of  Bis- 
saa,  that  wheat  and  maiz  spring  up  to 
the  size  of  Indian  corn.  The  cattle  also 
are  of  an  extraordinary  size,  and  seem  to 
keep  pace  with  the  luxuriant  growth  of 
the  corn. 

Bistriez,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  142  miles  NE  of 
Coloswar.  Lon.  25  3  E,  lat.  47  33  X. 

Bitche,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Moselle  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain,  with  a  castle,  on  a  rock. 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  near 
the  Schwelb,  30  miles  X  by  W  of  Stras- 
burg.  Lon.  7  44  E,  lat.  49  5  N. 

Bitonio,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Bari,  test  miles  WSW  of  Bari, 
and  117  E  by  X  of  Naples.  Lon.  16  30  E, 
lat.  41  6  N.  * 


BL  A 


BLE 


Blacky  a  river  in  Vermont,  which  ris- 
ing in  Rutland  county,  passes  through 
the  country  in  a  SE  course  to  the  Con- 
necticut river,  with  which  it  unites  near 
Charleston. 

Black,  a  river  in  the  state  of  New  York. 
It  rises  in  Herkemer  county,  and  running 
nearly  a  northwest  course  through  Onei- 
da county,  falls  into  lake  Ontario  near 
Brownsville. 

Black  River,  a  river  of  North  Carolina, 
which  unites  with  Cape  Fear  river,  about 
20  miles  above  Wilmington,  in  the  same 
state. 

Blackbaiik,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Armagh,  seven  miles  S  of  Ar- 
magh. Con.  6  35  W,  lat.  54  29  N. 

Blackburn,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with 
a  market  on  Monday.  It  carries  on  a  vast 
trade  in  calicoes  lor  printing,  and  is  seat- 
ed near  the  Derwent,  203  miles  NNW  of 
London.  Lon.  2  35  W.  lat.  53  42  N. 

Black  Forest,  a  forest  of  Germany,  in 
the  W  of  the  circle  of  Suabia.  It  is  part 
of  the  ancient  Hercynian  forest. 

Blackheath,  an  elevated  plain,  five  miles 
SE  of  London,  commanding  beautiful 
prospects,  and  adorned  with  handsome 
villas. 

Blackpool,  a  village  in  Lancashire,  much 
resorted  to  for  sea-bathing. 

Black  Sea,  the  ancient  Euxine,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Tartary  Taurica,  and  the 
sea  of  Asoph ;  on  the  E  by  Mingrelia, 
Circassia,  and  Georgia ;  on  the  S  by  Na- 
tolia :  and  on  the  W  by  Romania,  Bul- 
garia, and  Bessarabia.  It  lies  between  33 
and  44  E  lon.  and  42  and  46  N  lat. 

Blacktvater,  a  river  of  Ireland,  running 
through  the  counties  of  Cork  and  Wakr- 
ford  into  Youghall  bay. 

Black-vater,  a.  river  in  Essex,  which 
rises  in  the  NW  of  the  county,  is  joined 
by  the  Chelmer  at  Maiden,  and  enters  the 
estuary,  to  which  it  gives  the  name  oi 
Blackwatcr  Bay. 

Bladensburg ,  a  town  in  Prince  George 
county,  Maryland,  where  there  is  a  post 
office,  six  miles  from  the  city  of  Wash- 
ington, on  the  post  road  to  Baltimore,  and 
35  miles  from  the  latter. 

Blair  Jlthol,  a  village  in  Perthshire,  in 
an  angle  formed  by  the  rivers  Tilt  and 
Garry.  Close  by  it  is  Blair  Castle,  a  castle 
belonging  to  the  duke  of  Athol  ;  and  in 
its  vicinity  are  many  romantic  waterfalls. 
Blair  Athbl  is  28  miles  NW  of  Perth. 

BlaisoiSy  a  late  province  of  France, 
which  now  forms  the  department  of  Loir 
and  Cher. 

Blamont,  a  town  ofTrance,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthc  and  late  province  ot 
Lorrain,  seated  on  the  little  river  Ve- 


zouze,  12  miles  S  of  Luneville.    Lon.  6 
52  E,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Blanc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre  and  late  province  of  Bern  , 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  river  Crease", 
35  miles  E  of  Poitiers.  Lon.  1  13  E,  lat. 
46  38  N. 

Blanco,  a  cape  of  South  America,  in  Pa- 
tagonia. Lon.  64  42  W,  lat.  47  20  S. 

Blanco,  a  cape  of  Peru,  on  the  South 
Sea,  120  miles  SW  of  GuiaquiL  Lon.  83 
0  W,  lat.  3  45  S. 

Blanco,  a  cape  of  Africa,  on  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  180  miles  N  of  the  river  Sene- 
gal. Lon.  17  10  W,  lat.  20  55  N. 

Blanford,  a  corporate  town  in  Dorset- 
shire, With  a  market  on  Saturday.  In 
1731,  the  town  was  nearly  burnt  down  ; 
but  rose  from  its  ruins  more  beautiful 
than  before.  It  has  the  greatest  manufac- 
ture of  shirt  buttons,  in  England.  It  is 
pleasantly  seated  on  the  river  Stour,  near 
the  Downs,  18  miles  NE  of  Dorchester, 
and  104  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  14  W, 
lat.  50  53>*.' 

Blanes,  a  seaport  of  Catalonia,  in  Spain 
near  the  river  Tordera,  20  miles  S  of  G  i- 
ronne.  Lon.  2  50  E,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Blankenberg,  a  town  and  fort  of  the 
Austrian  Netherlands,  situate  on  the  Ger- 
man Ocean,  eight  miles  NE  of  Ostend. 
Lon.  3  4  E,  lat.' 51  22  N. 

Blankenaerg,  a  town  of  Westphalia  in 
the  duchv  of  Burg,  12  miles  E  of  Bonn. 
Lon.  7  30  E,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Blanjcetiburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  subject  to  the 
duke  of  Brunswick  Woifenbuttle.  It  is  45 
miles  SL  of  Woifenbuttle.  Lon.  11  10  E, 
lat.  51  50  N, 

Blaregnies.    See  JIalplaquet; 
Blaubeitren,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
duchv  of  Wirtemburg,  11  miles  W  of 
Ulm.  Lon.  9  55  E,  lat.' 48  22  N. 

Blai/e,  an  ancient  town  of  Guienne  in 
France,  in  the  department  of  Gironde, 
with  a  strong  castle  ;  it  is  seated  on  the 
Gironde,  which  is  here  3800  yards  wide. 
Its  trade  consists  in  the  wines  of  the  ad- 
jacent country.  Its  harbour  is  much  fre- 
quented, and  the  ships  which  go  to  Bour- 
deaux  are  obliged  to  leave  their  guns 
h.re.  It  is  17  miles  N  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon. 
0  35  W,  lat,  45  7  N. 

Blechingly,  a  borough  in  Surry,  by  pre- 
scription, that  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament. It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  which 
commands  extensive  prospects,  20  miles 
S  of  i.ondon.  Lon.  0  0,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Blenheim,  a  village  in  Suabia,  memor- 
able for  the  victory  gained  over  the 
French,  August  2,  1704,  by  the  dub-  of 


BOC 


b  on 


o 

n 

c 

tl 


Marlborough.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube, 
three  miles  NE  of  Hochstet,  and  27  NE 
)f  Ulm.  Lon.  10  35  E,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Blenheim  House,  near  "Woodstock,  in 
Oxfordshire,  a  noble  palace,  built  in  ho- 
nour of  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  at  the 
xpense  of  the  nation,  in  commemoration 
f  his  victory  at  Blenheim. 
Blockzyl,  a  town  of  the  United  Provin 


bour  of  Carthagena,  in  S  America.  It  i  ; 
defended  by  several  forts,  which  were  all 
taken  by  the  English  in  1741. 

Bocca-del-Drago,  a  strait  between  the 
island  ot  Trinidad  and  Andalusia  in  Terra 
Firma,  in  S  America. 

Bochetta,  a  chain  of  mountains,  in  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  over  which  is  the  road 
leading  from  Lombard v  to  Genoa.  On  the 


res,  in  Overyssel,  with  a  fort,  seated  at  I  peak  of  the  highest  mountain  is  a  pass 
the  mouth  of  the  Aa,  on  the  Zuider  Zee, ' 
where  there  is  a  good  harbour,  eight 
miles  NE  of  Steenwick.  Lon.  5  39  E.  lat. 
52  44  N. 

Blois,  an  ancient  commercial  city  of 
France,  lately  the  capital  of  Blaisois,  now 
inchided  in  the  department  of  Loir  and 
Cher.  It  is  seated  on  the  banks  of  the 
river  Loire,  partly  on  a  plain,  partly  on  an 
eminence,  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  most 


which  will  hardly  admit  three  men  to  go 
abreast :  this  pass,  is  properly,  the  Bo- 
chetta ;  for  the  defence  of  which  there 
are  three  forts.  It  is  the  key  of  Genoa, 
and  was  taken  in  1746  by  the  Austrians. 

Bockholt,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
diocese  of  Munster,  20  miles  E  of  Cleves. 
Lon.  6  22  E,  lat.  51  42  N« 

Boccing,  a  large  village  in  Essex,  ad- 
joining to  Braintree    It  has  a  great  ma- 


agreeable  countries  in  France.  The  castle  nufacture  of  baize,  and  is  41  miles  NEof 
is  the  ornament  of  this  city.  The  most  re-  London.    Lon.  0  40  E,  lat.  51  56  N. 
markable  thing  in  this  castle  is  a  fine      Bodmin,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  with  a 
long  gallery  ;  adorned  with  many  curious  market  on  Saturday.    It  sends  t  wo  mem  - 
and  uncommon  pieces  ;  it  is  in  the  midst  [hers  to  parliament,  and  is  32  miles  NE  of 

"  Falmouth,  and  234  W  bv  S  of  London 


I 


of  two  gardens,  one  of  which  is  full  of 
fruit-trees  ;  and  the  other  of  parterres, 
fountains,  cascades,  and  marble  statues 
brought  from  Italy.  The  town-house  is  a 
tolerable  building,  and  stands  on  a  street, 
vhich  terminates  on  the  quay,  where  is  a 
ublic  walk,  that  has  a  fine  prospect  on 
the  Loire,  over  which  there., is  a  hand- 
some bridge.  The  country  about  Blois 
produces  corn,  wine,  cattle,  and  game  of 
every  kind,  and  the  waters  a  great  quan- 
tity of  fish.  It  is  seated  on  the  Loire,  47 
miles  W  of  Tours,  and  100  SW  of  Paris. 
Lon.  i  25  E,  lat.  47  35  N. 

Bloneiz,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  W'arsovia,  20  miles  W  of  War- 
saw.   Lon.  20  35  E,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Bloomjield,  a  small  town  in  Essex  coun- 
tv,  New  Jersey,  about  5  miles  N  of  New 
Ark. 

Blockley,  a  township  of  Philadelphia 
county,  state  of  Pennsylvania ;  situated 
on  the  W  side  of  Schuylkill,  about  three 
miles  from  the  city;  containing  about 
§1200  inhabitants. 

"  Blyth,  a  town  in  Nottinghamshire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursdav.  It  is  23  miles  N 
\r \V  of  Newark,  and  146  N  bv  W  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  10  W,  lat.  53  22  N. 

Bobenhausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  Li 
Weteravia,  with  a  castle,  three  miles  SE 
of  Francfort  on  the  Main,  and  seated  on 
the  river  Gersbrentz. 

Bobio,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Milanese,  on  the  Trebia,  25  miles  SE  of 
Pavia.  Lon.  9  12  E,  lat.  44  45  N. 

Bocat,  a  valley  of  Syria,  in  Asia,  in 
which  are  the  famous  ruins  of  Balbec. 

Jiocca-Chica,  the  entrance  into  the  har- 


Lon.  4  40  W,  lat.  50  32  N. 

Bodbn,  a  fortified  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Bulgaria,"  with  an  Archbi- 
shop's see  ;  seated  on  the  river  Danube, 
26  miles  W  of  Yiden.  Lon.  23  54  E,  lat. 
44  10  N. 

Bodroch,  a  town  of  Ilungarv,  on  the 
Danube,  100  miles  SE  of  Buda."  Lon.  19 
52  E,  lat.  45  55  N. 

Boeschot,  a  town  in  the  province  of  Aus- 
trian Brabant,  seated  ori  the  river  Nethe, 
12  miles  NE  of  Mechlin.  Lon.  4  42  E,  lat! 
51  8  N. 

Bog,  a  river  of  Poland,  which  runs  SW 
through  Podolia  and  Budziac  Tartary, 
falling  into  the  Black  Sea,  between  Ocza- 
kow  and  the  river, Dnieper. 

Bodlio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  county  of 
Nice,  25  miles  NW  of  Nice.  Lon.  7  6  E, 
lat.  44  2  N. 

Bogota,  the  capital  of  New  Granada, 
in  Terra  Firma,  in  South  America,  near 
which  are  gold  mines.   Lon.  73  53  W,  lat. 

4  0  N. 

Bohemia,  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Misnia  and  Lusatia,  on 
the  E  by  Silesia  and  Moravia,  on  the 

5  by  Austria,  and  on  the  W  by  Bavaria. 
It  is  200  miles  in  length,  and  150  in 
breadth,  and  is  fertile  in  corn,  saffron, 
hops,  and  pasture.  In  the  mountains  are 
mines  of  gold  and  silver,  and,  in  some 
places  they  find  diamonds,  granates,  cop- 
per, and  lead.  The  Boman  catholic  re- 
ligion is  the  principal ;  though  there  are 
many  protestanls.    The  chief  rivers  are 

lie  Sluldaw,  Elbe,  and  Oder.  Their  lan- 
guage is  Sclavonian,  with  a  mixture  of 


BOK 

German.  It  is  subject  to  the  house  of 
Austria.  The  capital  town  is  Prague. 

Bohemia,  a  river  in  the  eastern  shore  of 
Maryland,  which  unites  with  Elk  river  a 
few  miles  above  its  junction  with  Chesa- 
peak  bay. 

Bojador,  a  cape  of  Africa,  in  Negroland, 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1412, 
and  doubled  by  them  in  1433.  Lon.  14  27 
W,  Lit.  2612  N. 

Boiano,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  the  Molise,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appen- 
nines,  near  the  river  Tilerno,  45  miles  N 
of  Naples.    Lon.  14  40  E,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Boitnitz,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in 
the  county  of  Zoll,  remarkable  for  its 
baths,  and  the  quantity  of  saffron  about 
it.    Lon.  19  10  E,  lat.  48  42  N. 

Bois-k-Dvc,  a  large  well  fortified  town 
of  Dutch  Brabant,  between  the  Dommel 
and  Aa,  situate  amon  g  Morasses,  22  miles 
E  by  N  of  Breda,  45  NE  of  Antwerp,  and 
45  SSE  of  Amsterdam.  It  is  the  capital 
of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Dutch  in  1629,  and  bv  ihl 
French  in  1794.  Lon.  5  16  E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Bokhara,  a  city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  capi- 
tal of  Bokharia.  In  1219  it  was  besieged 
by  Jenghiz  Khan,  taken  and  destroyed, 
but  was  by  his  orders  rebuilt,  and  is  now 
large  and  populous.  It  is  seated  on  a 
rising  ground,  with  a  slender  wall  of 
earth,  and  a  dry  ditch.  The  houses  are 
low,  built  mostly  of  mud ;  but  the  cara- 
vansaries and  mosques,  which  are  nume- 
rous, are  all  of  brick.  The  bazars,  or 
market-places  which  have  been  stately 
buildings,  are  now  mostly  in  ruins.  Here 
is  also  a  stately  building  for  the  education 
of  the  priests.  Great  numbers  of  Jews 
and  Arabians  frequent  this  place  ;  though 
they  are  frequently  deprived  of  all  their 
property  by  the  khan  or  his  attendants 
at  pleasure.  It  is  138  miles  W  by  S  of  Sa- 
marcand.    Lon.  65  50  E,  lat.  39  15  N. 

Bokharia,  Bocharia,  or  Bucharia,  a  ge- 
neral name  for  all  that  vast  tract  of  land 
lying  between  Karazm,  and  the  sandy  de- 
sert bordering  on  China.  It  is  divided 
into  Great  and  Little  Bukharia.  Great 
Bukharia  is  situated  between  34  and  46 
N  lat.  and  76  and  92  E  lon.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  river  Sir  ;  on  the  E  by  the 
kingdom  of  Kashgar,  on  the  S  by  Persia 
and  the  peninsula  within  the  Ganges,  and 
on  the  W  by  the  country  of  Karazm.  It 
is  an  exceeding  rich  and  fertile  country  ; 
the  mountains  Abound  with  the  richest 
mines  ;  the  valleys  are  of  an  astonishing 
fertility  ;  the  fields  are  covered  with  grass 
the  height  of  a  man,  and  the  rivers  abound 
with  excellent  fish..  Little  Bukharia  is 
sufficiently  populous  and  fertile  ;•  but  the 
great  elevation  of  its  land,  joined  to  the 


BOL 

height  of  the  mountains  which  bound  it 
in  several  parts,  renders  it  much  colder 
than  from  its  situation  might  be  expect- 
ed.   It  contains  rich  mines  of  gold  and 

silver. 

Bolabola,  one  of  the  Society  islands, 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  four  leagues 
NW  of  Otaha.    Lon.  151  52  W,  lat.  16 

32  S. 

Bolcheresk,  a  town  of  Kamtschatka,  on 
the  river  Bolchoireka,  22  miles  from  its 
mouth,  in  the  sea  of  Okotsk.  Lon.  156 
37  E,  lat.  52  54  N. 

Boleslape,  or  Buntzlau,  a  town  of  Sile- 
sia, on  the  Bobar,  17  miles  NE  of'Lig- 
nitz.    Lon.  16  10  E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Bolingbroke,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  at 
the  source  of  a  river,  which  falls  into  the 
Wit  ham.  It  is  29  miles  E  of  Lincoln, 
and  131  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  7  E, 
lat.  53  12  N. 

BolisJaiv,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  30  miles 
NE  of  Prague.  Lon.  15  22  E,  lat.  50  25  N. 

Bolkwoitz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  12  miles  S 
of  Glogaw.    Lon.  16  29  E,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Bologna,  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  capi- 
tal of  the  Bologmese,  with  an  archbish- 
op's see,  and  a  university.  It  lies  at  the 
foot  of  the  Appenninc  mountains,  in  a 
fruitful  plain  and  salubrious  air.  The! 
river  Saronia  runs  near  its  walls,  and  the" 
Reno,  which  turns  400  mills  for  the  silk 
works,  through  the  city.  There  are  a 
great  number  of  palaces,  particularly  the 
Palazzo  Publico,  in  which  the  cardinal 
legate,  or  viceroy  of  the  pope,  resides. 
In  the  area  before  this  palace,  is  a  noble 
marble  fountain,  the  principal  figure  of 
which,  a  Neptune  in  bronze,  eleven  feet 
high,  the  workmanship  of  Giovanni  di 
Bologna,  is  highly  esteemed.  The  ana- 
tomical theatre,  beside  its  museum,  is 
adorned  with  statues  of  celebrated  phy- 
sicians. The  church  of  St.  Petronius  is 
the  largest  in  Bologna  ;  and  on  the  pave- 
ment of  this,  Cassini  drew  his  meridian 
line.  There  are  168  other  churches.  The 
private  houses  are  well  built,  aud  the  ci- 
ty contains  80,000  inhabitants.  They 
carry  on  a  considerable  trade  in  silks  . 
aud  velvets,  which  are  manufactured 
here  in  great  perfection.  The  surround- 
ing country  produces  immense  quanti- 
ties of  oil,  wine,  flax,  and  hemp,  and  fur- 
nishes all  Europe  with  sausages,  macca- 
roni,  liqueurs,  essences,  and  even  lap- 
dogs.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Ap- 
pennines,  22  miles  SE  of  Modena,  and 
175  NW  of  Rome.    Lon.  11  21  E,  lat.  44 

so n.  •  ■M'Sm'/''' 

Bolognese,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  the  church,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  the  Ferrarese,  on  the  W  by  Mode- 


B  O  M 


B  O  N 


na,  on  the  S  by  Tuscany,  and  on  the  E  by 
Komagna.  It  is  watered  by  many  small 
rivers,  which  render  the  soil  the  mosi 
fertile  of  any  in  Italy.  It  produces  all 
sorts  of  grain  and  fruits,  particularly 
muscadine  grapes,  which  are  in  high  es- 
teem. The  country  round  Bologna  seems 
one  continued  garden.  The  vineyards 
are  not  divided  by  hedges,  but  by  rows  of 
elms  and  mulberry  trees  ;  the  vines  hang- 
ing in  festoons,  from  one  tree  to  another, 
in  a  beautiful  manner.  There  are  also 
mines  of  alum  and  iron.  Bologna  is  the 
capital. 

Bolsenna,  a  town  of  Italy,  on  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  45  miles  N  of  Rome. 
Lon.  12  13  E,  lat.  42  38  N. 

Bolsxoaert,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  W  Friesland,  eight  miles  N  oi 
Slooten.  Lon.  5  25  E,  lat.  53  3  N. 

Bolton,  a  town  of  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday.  It  has  been  enrich- 
ed by  the  manufacture  of  fustians,  coun- 
terpanes, dimities,  and  muslins.  It  is 
11  miles  NW  of  Manchester,  and  239  X 
NW  of  London.  Lon.  9  35  W,  lat.  53 
33  N. 

Bolton,  a  township  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  about 
36  miles  W  of  Boston.  It  contains  about 
1000  inhabitants. 

Bolzano,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Ti- 
rol, on  the  river  Eisach,  Si  miles  X  ol 
Trent.    Lon.  11  26  E,  lat.  46  35  X 

Bomal,  a  town  of  Austrian  Luxemburg 
on  the  river  Ourt,  20  miles  S  of  Liege. 
Lon  5  38  E,  lat.  58  18  N. 

Bombay,  an  island  of  Hindoostan,  one 
of  the  three  presidencies  of  the  English 
East  India  Company,  by  which  their  ori- 
ental territories  are  governed.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  \V  coast  of  the  Ueccan,  se- 
ven miles  in  length,  and  50  in  circum- 
ference. It  came  to  the  English  bv  the 
marriage  of  Charles  II.  with  Catharine 
of  Portugal.  It  contains  a  strong  and 
capacious  fortress,  a  large  city,  dockyard 
and  marine  arsenal.  The  ground  is  bar- 
ren, and  good  water  scarce.  It  was  for- 
merly counted  very  unhealthy ;  but,  by 
draining  the  bogs,  and  other  methods, 
the  air  is  greatly  altered  for  the  better. 
It  has  abundance  of  cocoa-nuts,  but  scarce 
any  corn  or  cattle.  The  inhabitants  are 
of  several  nations  and  very  numerous.  It 
is  150  miles  S  of  Surat.  Lon.  72  38  E, 
lat.  18  58  X. 

Bomene,  a  seaport  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Zealand,  on  the  N  shore  of  the 
island  of  Schowen.  Lon.  4  0  E,  lat.  51 
42  N. 

;  Bommel,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  the  isle  of  Overflacke,  seven 
miles  W  of  Williamstadt. 


Bommel,  a  handsome  town  of  Dutch 
Gueiderland,  in  the  island  of  Bommei- 
Waert,  seated  on  the  Waal,  six  miles  N 
E  of  Huesden. 

Bommel-Waert,  an  island  of  Dutch 
Gueiderland,  formed  by  the  junction  of 
the  Waal  and  the  Maese.  ft  is  15  miles 
long  and  five  broad.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794. 

Bonaire,  an  island  of  South  America, 
near  the  X  coast  of  Terra  Firma,  to  the 
SE  of  Curacoa,  belonging  to  the  Dutch. 
Lon.  68  18  W,  lat.  12  16  X. 

Bcm.ventiira,  a  bay,  harbour,  and  fort 
of  South  America,  in  Popavan,  90  miles  E 
of  Cali.    Lon.  75  18  W,  [at*  3  20  XT. 

Bojiavista,  the  most  eastern  of  the  Cape 
de  Verd  Islands.  Lon.  22  47  W,  lat.  16 
OX. 

Bonuvista,  a  cape  on  the  E  side  of  the 
island  of  Xewfoundland . 

Bmdou  is  bounded  on  the  E  by  Bam- 
boilk  ;  on  the  SE  and  S  by  Tenda,  and  the 
Simbani  Wilderness*;  on  the  SW  by 
YVoolli  ;  on  the  W  by  Foota  Torra  ;  and 
on  the  X  by  Kajaaga.  The  country,  like 
that  of  YVoolli,  is  very  generally  covered 
with  woods,  but  the  land  is  more  elevated, 
and  towards  the  Falc  nie  river  rises  into 
considerable  hills.  In  native  fertility  the 
soil  is  not  surpassed,  (according  to  Mr. 
Park,)  by  any  part  of  Africa.  From  the 
central  situation  of  Bcndou,  between  the 
Gambia  and  Senegal  rivers,  it  is  become 
a  place  of  great  resort,  both  for  the  Sla- 
tees,  who  generally  pass  through  it,  in  go- 
ing from  the  Coast  to  the  interior  coun- 
tries ;  and  for  occasional  traders,  who 
frequently  come  hither  from  the  inland 
countries,  to  purchase  salt.  By  means  of 
the  duties,  which  are  very'heavy,  the  king 
of  I'ondou  is  well  supplied  with  arms  and 
ammunition;  a  circumstance  which  makes 
him  formidable  to  the  neighbouring 
States.  The  chief  inhabitants  are  the 
Foulahs  who  are  in  general  of  a  tawny 
complexion,  with  small  features,  and  soft 
siiky  hair.  They  are  naturally  of  a  mild 
and  gentle  disposition,  but  the  uncharita- 
ble maxims  of  the  Koran  have  made  them 
less  hospitable  to  strangers,  and  more  re- 
served in  their  behaviour  than  the  Man- 
dingoes.  They  evidently  consider  all  the 
Xegro  natives  as  their  inferiors ;  and 
when  talking  of  different  nations,  always 
rank  themselves  among  the  white  people. 
Their  government  differs  from  that  of  the 
Mandingoes  chiefly  in  this,  that  they  are 
more  immediately  under  the  influence  of 
the  Mahomedan  laws  ;  for  all  the  chief 
men  (the  king  excepted)  and  a  large  ma- 
jority of  the  inhabitants  of  Bondou,  are 
Mussulmen,  and  the  authority  and  laws  of 
*he  Prophet,  are  ever}'  where  looked  upon 


BOK 


as  sacred  and  decisive,  in  llie  exercise 
of  their  faith,  however,  they  are  not  very 
intolerant  towards  such  of  their  country- 
men as  still  retain  their  ancient  supersti- 
tions. Religious  persecution  is  not  known 
among  them,  nor  Is  It  necessary  ;  for  the 
system  of  .Mahomet  is  made  to  extend  it- 
self by  means  abundantly  more  effica- 
cious, establishing  small  schools  in 
the  different  towns,  where  many  of  the 
Pagan  as  well  as  Mahomedan  children 
are  taught  to  read  the  Koran,  and  in- 
structed in  the  tenets  of  the  Prophet,  the 
Mahomedan  priests  fix-  a  bias  on  the 
minds,  and  form  the  character  of  their 
young  disciples-,  which  no  accidents  of 
life  can  ever  afterwards  remove  or  alter. 
Many  of  these  little  schools  Mr.  Park  vi- 
sited in  his  progress  through  the  country, 
and  observed  with  pleasure  the  great  do- 
cility and  submissive  deportment  of  the 
children. 

Bonhampton,  or B 'onum,  a  village  of  New 
Jersey,  in  Middlesex  county,  about  half 
way  between  Brunswick  and  Woodbridge. 

lionifacio,  a  seaport  of  Corsica,  well 
fortified  and  populous  ;  37  miles  S  of 
Ajaccio.    Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  41  25  N. 

Bonn,  an  ancient  city  of  ( .'ermany,  in 
the  electorate  of  Cologne,  and  tl}e  re- 
sidence of  the  elector,  whose  gardens  are 
magnificent  and  open  to  the  public.  It 
contains  12,000  inhabitants,  and  has  a 
flourishing  university.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  ten  miles  S  by  E  of  Cologne.  Lon. 
7  12  E,  lat.  50  45  X. 

Bonna,  or  Bona,  a  seaport  of  Africa,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Algiers.  It  was  taken  by 
Charles  V.  in  1535.  and  is  206  miles  E  of 
Algiers.    Lon.  6  15  E,  lat.  36  2  N. 

Bonnes  table,  a  town  of  France,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Maine,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Sarte,  15  miles  NE  of  Mans. 
Lon.  0  30  E,  lat.  48  11  N. 

Bonneval,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure  and  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Beauce.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Loire,  eight  miles  N  of  Chateaudun.  Lon. 
1  20  E,  lat.  48  12  X. 

Bonneville,  a  town  of  Savoy,  capital  of 
Paucigny,  seated  on  the  river  Arve,  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain  called  the  Mole.  Tt 
is  20  miles  S  of  Geneva.  Lon.  6  10  W, 
lat.  46  32  X. 

Boodge-boodge,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  capital  of  the  rajah  of  Cutch,  330 
miles  XE  of  Surat.  Lon.  68  0  E,  lat.  23 
16  N. 

Boonesbvrg,  a  small  town  in  Washing- 
ton county,  Maryland.  1 1  has  a  post  of- 
fice about  60  miles  from  the  city  of  Wash- 
ington. 

Boonetoion,  a  village  with  a  post  office, . 
in  Morris  county,  New  Jersey,  9  miles  X 


of  Moivistown,  and  29  XW  of  Newark, 
between  iiockaway  and  Newton. 

Bootan,  a  country  NE  of  Hindoostan 
Prop,  r,  between  bengal  and  Thibefr$bf 
which  last  it  is  a  feudatory.  The  Sou- 
thernmost ridge  of  the  Bootan  mountains 
rises  near  a  mile  and  a  half  perpendicular 
above  the  plains  of  ISengal,  in  a  horizontal 
distance  of  only  15  miles  ;  and  from  the 
summit  the  astonished  traveller  looks 
back  on  the  plains,  as  on  an  extensive 
ocean  beneath  him.  The  capital  is  Tas- 
sasudon . 

Boffiiigek,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Sua- 
bia,  on  the  river  Egvpt,  four  miles  E  of 
Awlan.    Lon.  10  2i  E,  lat.  48  55  X. 

Boothbay,  a  township  in  the  district  "of 
Maine,  belonging  to  Lincoln  county.  It 
lias  about  2000  inhabitants. 

Boppurt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Treves,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  near  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  S 
of  Coblentx.    Lon.  7  35  E,  lat.  50  16  X. 

Borch,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Magde- 
burg, on  the  Elbe,  14  miles  NE  of  Magde- 
burg. Lon.  12  2  E,  lat.  52  19  N. 

Borchloen,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  15  miles  NW  of  Liege 
Lon.  5  31  E,  lat.  50  50  N.  • 

Bordentown,  a  post  town  in  Burlington 
county,  New  Jersey,  seated  on  the  E  sidc 
of  the  river  Delaware,  11  miles  NE  of  Bur- 
lington, and  about  26  of  Philadelphia. 
Tills  town  possesses  a  considerable  trade, 
being  the  common  rendezvous  of  a  line  of 
stages  between  Philadelphia  and  Amboy. 

Borehdm,  a  village  in  Essex,  three 
miles  NE  of  Chelmsford,  famous  for  a 
stately  fabric,  built  by  Henry  VIII.  which 
though  now  ruinous,  was  once  the  mos.t 
magnificent  building  in  this  country. 

Borgo,  a  town  of  Sweden,  on  the  gulf 
of  Finland,  20  miles  NE  of  Hclsingfors 
Lon.  25  40  E,  lat.  60  34  X. 

Borgoforte,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Mantua,  on  the  river  Po,  10 
miles  S  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  53  E,  lat. 
45  0  X. 

Borgo-San-Domino,  an  episcopal  town 
of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Parma,  15  miles 
XW  of  Parma.  Lon."  10  6  E,  lat.  44  58  N. 

Borgo^  di-San-Sepulchro,  an  episcopal 
town  of  Tus,canv,  40  miles  E  of  Florence. 
Lon.  12  r  E,  lat."  43  32  N. 

Borgo-val-di-taro,  a  small  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  duchy  of  Parma;  20  miles  SW  of 
Parma.    Lon.  10  16  E,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Bovja,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  12 
miles  SE  of  Tarazona.  Lon.  1  16  W,  lat. 
42  6  X. 

Boviqnen,  an  island  of  the  West  Indies, 
near  Porto-Rico.  The  English  settled 
here,  but  were  driven  away  by  the  Spani- 
ards. It  is  uninhabited,  though  fertile,  and 


B  O  R 


B  O  R 


the  water  good.  Here  is  a  great  number 
of  land  crabs,  whence  some  call  it  Crab 
Island.    Lon.  66  0  W,  lat.  1$  0  N. 

Borkelo,  a  strong  town  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Zutphen,  on  the  river  Bor- 
kel,  10  miles  E  of  Zutphen.  Lon.  6  18 
E,  lat.  52  11  N. 

Bormi'j,  a  town  of  the  country  of  the 
Grisons,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  bounded  on  the  S  by  the  state  of 
Venice,  on  the  E  by  the  territory  of  Aus- 
tria, and  on  the  S  and  W  by  Caddea.  It 
contains  about  1000  inhabitants,  and  has  a 
desolate  appearance.  The  houses  are  of 
stone  plastered  :  a  few  make  a  tolerable 
figure  amid  many  with  paper  windows  ; 
and  several,  like  the  Italian  cottages, 
have  only  wooden  window  shutters.  It 
is  40  miles  SE  of  Coire.  Lon.  10  5  E,  lat. 
46  25  N. 

Borneo,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1521, 
before  the.  discovery  of  New  Holland, 
thought  to  be  the  largest  in  the  world, 
being  1800  miles  in  circumference.  It  is 
seated  under  the  equator,  that  line  cut- 
ting it  almost  through  the  middle.  It  is 
almost  of  a  circular  figure,  abounds  with 
gold,  and  the  finest  diamonds  in  the  In- 
dies are  found  in  its  rivers,  being  pro- 
bably washed  down  from  the  hills  by  tor- 
rents. It  produces  likewise  riee,  pep- 
per, fruits  and  bees-wax,  which  last  is 
used  instead  of  money.  The  beasts  are 
oxen,  buffaloes,  deer,  goats,  elephants, 
tigers  and  monkeys.  This  island  has  fine 
rivers  especially  toward  the  W  and  S. 
The  rainy  season  continues  for  eight 
months  in  the  year,  and,  as  during  that 
time  all  the  flat  country  is  overflowed, 
the  air  is  rendered  very  unheal tbful,  and 
the  inhabitants  are  forced  to  build  their 
houses  on  floats  which  they  make  fast  to 
trees.  The  houses  have  but  one  floor 
with  partitions  made  of  cane.  The  peo- 
ple are  very  swarthy,  and  go  almost  nak- 
ed. There  are  Mahometans  on  the  sea- 
coast;  but  the  rest  are  Gentoos.  The  ca- 
pital, of  the  same  name,  is  large  and  po- 
pulous, with  a  good  harbour,  and'seated 
on  the  NW  side.  Lon.  112  27  E,  lat.  4 
55  N. 

Bomhoem,  an  island  of  tlie  Baltic  Sea, 
50  miles  SE  of  Schonen  in  Sweden.  Lon 
14  56  E,  lat.  54  55  X. 

JBornou,  an  extensive  country  in  Africa, 
bounded  on  the  NW  by  Fezzan,  on  the  N 
by  the  desert  of  Bilma,  on  the  SE  by 
Cashna,  and  on  the  SW  by  Nubia.  It  ex- 
tends from  12  to  22  degrees  of  lon.  and 
from  17  to  21  degrees  of  N  lat.  The  nor- 
thern part  is  poor,  and  like  the  rest  of 
the  provinces  of  Zaara :  but  all  the  rest  is  i 
well  watered  by  springs  and  rivers  that 


tumble  down  with  a  dreadful  noise  from 
the  mountains :  rendering  the  country 
prolific  in  corn,  grass,  and  fruits,  and 
giving  it  a  pleasing  aspect.  The  eastern 
and  western  frontiers  are  divided  into 
mountains  and  valleys,  the  latter  being 
all  covered  with  flocks  of  cattle,  fields  of 
rice  and  millet,  and  many  of  the  moun- 
tains with  wood,  fruit-trees,  and  cotton. 
The  climate  is  said  to  be  characterized 
by  excessive,  though  not  by  uniform 
heat.  Two  seasons,  one  commencing 
soon  after  the  middle  of  April,  the  other 
at  the  same  period  in  October,  divide  the 
year.  The  first  is  introduced  by  violent 
winds,  that  bring  with  them,  from  the  S 
E  and  S  an  intense  heat,*  with  a  deluge 
of  sultry  rain,  und  such  tempests  of  thun- 
der and  lightning  as  destroy  multitudes 
of  the  cattle  and  many  of  the  people.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  second  season, 
the  ardent  heat  subsides ;  the  air  be- 
comes soft  and  mild,  and  the  weather 
perfectly  serene.  The  complexion  of  the 
natives  is  black  ;  but  they  are  not  of  the 
Negro  cast.  The  dress  of  the  greater 
part  consists  of  shirts  of  blue  cotton  ma- 
nufactured in  the  country,  of  a  red  cap 
imported  from  Tripoli,  and  a  white  mus- 
lin turban  from  Cairo.  Nose-rings  of  gold 
are  worn  by  the  principal  people.  But 
the  only  covering  of  the  poorer  sort,  is 
sometimes  a  kind  of  girdle  for  the  waist. 
They  cultivate  Indian  corn,  the  horse- 
bean  of  Europe,  the  common  kidney  bean, 
cotton,  hemp,  and  Indigo.  They  have 
figs,  grapes,  apricots,  pomegranates,  le- 
mons, limes,  and  melons.  Horses,  asses, 
mules,  dogs,  horned  cattle,  goats,  sheep, 
and  camels  (of  the  flesh  of  w  hich  they  are 
very  fond)  are  the  common  animals. 
Their  bees  are  so  numerous,  that  the 
wax  is  often  thrown  away  as  an  article  of 
no  value.  Their  game  consists  of  the 
partridge,  wild  duck,  and  ostrich,  the 
flesh  of  which  they  prize  above  every 
other.  Their  other  wild  animals  are  the 
lion,  leopard,  civet  cat,  wolf,  fox  ;  the 
elephant,  which  is  not  common,  and  of 
which  they  make  no  use  ;  the  antelope, 
camelopardalis,  crocodile,  and  hippopo- 
tamus. They  are  much  infested  with 
snakes,  scorpions,  cent  ipedes,  and  toads. 
More  than  thirty  different  languages  are 
said  to  be  spoken  in  Bornoil  and  its  de- 
pendencies ;  and  the  reigning  religion  is 
the  Mahometan.  Their  monarchy  is  elec- 
tive. On  the  death  of  the  sovereign,  the 
privilege  of  choosing  a  successor  from 
among  his  sons,  is  conferred  on  three 
persons,  whose  age  and  character  for 
wisdom,  are  denoted  by  the  title  of  el- 
ders. These  retire  to  a  sequestered  place, 
the  avenues  to  which  are  guarded  ;  and 
M 


BOS 

while  their  deliberations  last,  the  prin- 
ces ure  confined  in  separate  chambers  of 
the  palace.  The  choice  being"  made,  they 
proceed  to  the  apartment  of  the  sove- 
reign elect,  and  conduct  hhn  to  the 
gloomy  place  where  the  corpse  of  his  fa- 
ther, that  cannot  be  interred  till  the  con- 
clusion of  this  awful  ceremony,  awaits 
his  arrival.  There  the  elders  expatiate 
to  him  on  the  virtues  and  defects  of  his 
deceased  parent;  describing  with  pane- 
gyric or  censure,  the  measures  that  ex- 
alted or  sunk  the  glory  of  his  reign.  The 
sultan  is  said  to  have  500  ladies  in  his 
seraglio,  and  that  his  stud  likewise  con- 
tains 5'JO  horses.  lie  has  a  vast  army, 
which  consists  almost  entirely  of  horse  ; 
the  sabre,  lance,  pike,  and  bow,  are  their 
weapons  of  offence,  and  a  shield  of  hides 
is  their  armour.  In  their  manners  the 
people  are  courteous  and  humane  :  they 
are  passionately  fond  of  play,  the  lower 
clashes  of  draughts;  and  the  higher  ex- 
cel in  chess.  The  capital  is  of  the  same 
name. 

Bornou,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of 
Bornou,  situated  in  a  flat  country,  on  the 
banks  of  a  small  river.  It  consists  of  a 
multitude  of  houses,  neatly  plastered, 
both  within  and  without,  with  clay  or 
mud  ;  but  they  are  so  irregularly  placed, 
that  the  spaces  between  them  cannot  be 
called  streets.  Their  mosques  are  con- 
structed of  brick  and-  earth  ;  and  they 
have  schools,  in  which  the  Koran  is 
taught,  as  in  the  principal  towns  of  Bar- 
bary.  The  royal  palace,  forming  a  kind 
of  citadel,  is  built  in  a  corner  of  the  town. 
Bornou  is  surrounded  by  a  wall,  and  is 
650  miles  SE  of  Mourozok.  Lon.  27  30  E, 
lat.  19  40  N". 

Bcroughbridye,  a  borough  in  the  N  rid- 
ing of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Sa- 
turday ;  seated  on  the  Ure,  over  which 
is  a  stone  bridge.  It  sends  two  members 
to  parliament ;  and  is  17  mules  N\V  oi 
York,  and  218  N  bv  W  of  London.  Lon: 
1  25  \V,  lat.  54  10  N. 

Borrtnodale,  a  dreary  district  in  the  S 
part  of  Cumberland,  abounding,  beyond 
any  other  part  of  the  world,  with  the 
finest  sort  of  b lack  lead  or  wad;  the 
mines  of  which  are  only  opened  at  inter- 
vals, and  then  carefully  closed  again, 
lest  this  precious  substance  should  be- 
come too  common.  Copper,  lead,  and 
calamine,  are  also  found  in  this  tract. 

Borrovostovjiness,  or  Bojicss,  sl  village  oi 
Linlithgowshire,  on  the  frith  of  Forth, 
surrounded  with  coal  pits  and  salt  pans. 
It  has  a.good  port,  but  its  trade  is  not  on 
the  increase. 

Jiosa,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Sardinia, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  castle,  on  a  ri- 


15  O  S 


vcr  of  the  same  name,  17  miles  SE  of  Al- 
geri.    Lon.  8  50  E,  lat.  40  29  N. 

Bascawen,  a  township  of  Hills  borough 
county,  state  6?  New  Hampshire,  situat- 
ed on  the  W  side  of  the  Merrimack  river, 
about  10  miles  N  of  Concord. 
*  Bosco,  or  Boschiy  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Milanese,  seated  on  the  Arbc,"  five 
miles  E  of  Alexandria.  Lon  8  52  E,  lat. 
44  54  N.  . 

Boscobel,  a  village  in  Shropshire,  nine 
miles  SE  of  Newport,  noted  for*the  Oak, 
in  which  Charles  M  as  hid,  and  saw  the 
parliament  soldiers  pass  by  in  quest  of 
Kim,  after  the  battle  of  Worcester.  The 
tree  is  now  almost  cut  away  by  travellers. 

Bosna  Serago,  a  large  and  strong  town 
of  Turkey  and  capital  of  Bosnia,  seated 
on  the  river  Bosna,  110  miles  S\V  of  Bel- 
grade.   Lon.  17  57  E,  lat.  44  40  N. 

■Bosnia,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, bounded  on  the  N  by  Sclavonia,  on 
the  E  by  Scrvia,  on  the  S  by  Albania, 
and  on  the  W  by  Croatia  and"  Dalmatia 
Ceraio  is  the  capital. 

Bossiney,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  that 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Bristol  Channel,  17  miles 
NW  of  Launceston,  and  233  W  by  S  of 
London.    Lon.  4  40  W,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Bost,  a  strong  town  of  Persia,  capital 
of  Sablestan.    Lon.  64  15  E,  lat.  31  50  N. 

Boston,  a  borough  of  Lincolnshire,  seat- 
ed on  both  sides  of  the  YVitham,  not  far 
from  its  influx  into  the  sea ;  but  its  har- 
bour can  admit  vessels  of  inferior  burden 
only.  It  has  a  navigation  from  Lincoln, 
partly  by  the  YVitham,  and  partly  by  a 
canal,  at  the  termination  of  which,  in 
Boston,  is  a  large  and  curious  sluice  ; 
.aid  there  is  another  canal  to  Bourn.  It 
s  a  flourishing  town,  with  a  spacious 
market-place,  end  the  tower  of  its  Cothic 
church  is  one  of  the  most  lofty  and  ele- 
gant of  the  kind,  and  a  noted  seamark. 
It  is  37  miles  SE  of  Lincoln,  and  115  N 
of  London.    Lon.  0  5  E,  lat.  53  1  N. 

Boston,  the  capital  of  Massachusetts, 
as  well  as  of  all  the  New  England  States, 
containing  2870  dwelling  houses,  and 
24,937  inhabitants.  It  is  seated  at  the 
bottom  of  Massachusetts  bay,  on  a  pen- 
insula which  was  called  by  the  Indians 
Shaumut,  the  first  buildings  being  erect- 
ed in  1631.  The  entrance  is  narrow  and 
difficult,  but  the  harbour  is  safe,  and  ca- 
pacious enough  to  contain  500  sail  of 
shipping  in  a  good  depth  of  water. — The 
quays  and  wharves  are  convenient,  one 
of  the  latter,  called  the  Long  Wharf  ex- 
pending 600  yards  into  the  bay  with  a 
breadth  of  100  feet,  and  far  excels  any 
other  structure  of  the  kind  in  the  United 
States.— The  principal  public  buildings 


BOT 


BOU 


are,  a  State  House,  a  grand  and  superb 
edifice,  erected  in  1795,  Fanucl  Hall,  an 
alms  house,  work  house,  bridewell,  and 
16  places  of  religious  worship,  besides 
banks  and  theatres.  Some  of  these  build- 
ing's are  finished  in  a  style  of  great  ele- 
gance.— The  entrance  into  the  harbour 
is  defended  by  a  castle,  formerly  called 
Castle  William,  on  which  are  mounted 
about  -0  pieces  of  heavy  artillery,  be- 
sides many  of  a  smaller  size. — Great 
part  of  the  town  is  built  in  a  semi-cir- 
cular form  fronting  the  harbour,  on  which 
side  it  appears  to  great  advantage. — The 
streets  are  irregular,  with  exception  of 
a  few,  particularly  the  main  street  which 
leads  from  the  long  wharf,  and  exhibits 
thence  a  pleasing  prospect  of  the  town 
house,  and  a  double  range  of  well  built 
dwelling  houses. — It  lies  in  the  lat.  of  42 
23  X,  and  Ion.  of  70  52  W  of  London,  252 
miles  NE  of  New  York,  347  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  about  481  from  the  city  of 
Washington. 

Boston  New,  a  township  of  Hillsbo- 
rough county,  state  of  New  Hampshire, 
situated  on  a  branch  of  Piscataqua  river, 
about  6  miles  NW  of  Bedford.  It  con- 
tains about  1700  inhabitants. 

Bosworth,  or  Market  Bosworth,  a  town 
in  Leicestershire,  with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday, seated  on  a  high  hill,  and  fa- 
mous for  the  battle  which  decided  for 
ever  the  contest  between  the  houses  of 
York  and  Lancaster.  It  is  13  miles  NW 
of  Leicester,  and  106  NNW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  18  W,  lat.  52  40  N. 

Botany  Bay,  a  bay  of  New  S  Wales,  op' 
the  E  coast  of  New  Holland,  so  called 
from  the  gre^t  quantity  of  herbs  found 
on  the  shore.  It  was  originally  fixed  on 
for  a  colony  of  convicts  from  Great  Bri- 
tain, which,  in  the  sequel,  took  place  at 
port  Jackson,  15  miles  further  to  the  N. 
Lon.  151  22  E,  lat.  34  0  S. 

Botavy  Island,  a  small  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  to  the  SE  of  New 
Caledonia.  Lon.  167  16  E,  lat.  22  26  N. 

Botetourt,  a  large  county  in  the  State  of 
Virginia,  containing  about  10,000  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  watered  by  the  head  branches 
of  Fluvanna  river,  and  situated  between 
the  Blue  Ridge  and  Alleghany  mountain* 

Bottetourt,  the  capital  of  Gloucester 
county,  Virginia,  about  18  miles  from 
York." 

Bothnia,  a  province  in  Sweden,  on  a 
gulf  of  the  same  name,  which  divides  it 
into  two  parts,  called  E  and  W  Bothnia. 

Botesdule.     See  Buddcsdale. 

Botwar,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Wurtcmburg,  15  miles  SE  of  Hailbron. 
Lon.  .9  .12  W,  lat.  49  9  N. 


Botzenburg,  a.town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Mec  klenburg,  on  the  river  Elbe. 
Lon.  10  48  E,  lat.  53  30  N. 

Bova,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  near 
the  Appennines,  28  miles  SE  of  Reggie. 
Lon.  16  20  E,  lat.  37  50  X. 

Bouchain,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  North  and  h.te 
French  Hainault,  divided  into  two  parts 
by  the  Scheldt.  It  is  nine  miles  Wof  \  a- 
Jenciennes.  Lon.  3  21  E,  lat.  50  18  N. 

Bonchart,  a  town  of  France,  lately  in  the 
province  of  Touraine,  now  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre  and  Loire,  situated  in  an 
island  of  the  rive*  Vienne,  15  miles  SSW 
of  Tours. 

Boudry,  a  town  of  Svvisserland,  in  the 
county  of  Neufchatel.  Lon.  6  40  E,  lat.  47 
1  X. 

Bouillon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  duchy 
of  the  same  name,  and  territory  of  Luxem- 
burg. It  has  a  castle  seated  on  an  almost 
inaccessible  rock,  near  the  river  Semois, 
12  miles  N  of  Sedan.  Lon.  5  20  E,  lat.  49 
45  N. 

Bovignes,  sl  town  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands, in  Namur,  on  the  river  Meuse, 
ten  miles  S  of  Namur.  Lon.  4  50  E,  lat.  50 
19  N. 

Bovino,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Capitanata,  seated  at  the  foot  of  th»  Ap- 
pennines, 15  miles  NE  ofBenevento.  Lon. 
15  15E,  lat.  41  17  N. 

Boulog7ie,  a  large  seaport  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and 
late  province  of  Boulonnois.  The  harbpur 
has  a  mole  for  the  safety  of  the  ships  ;  and 
which  at  the  same  time  prevents  it  from 
being  choaked  up.  It  is  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Lianne,  14  miles  S  of  Calais. 
Lon.  1  42  E,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Boimdbrook,  a  village  in  Somerset  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  situated-on  the  E  bank  of 
Raritan. 

Bourbon,  a  county  in  the  State  of  Kentuc- 
ky, situated  between  Kentucky  and  Lick- 
ing rivers,  with  about  16000  inhabitants. 

Bourbon,  an  island  of  Africa,  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  60  miles  long,  and  45  broad. 
There  is  not  a  safe  harbour  in  the  island  ; 
but  many  good  roads  for  shipping.  It  is 
for  the  most  part  mountainous,  but  in 
some  places  there  are  very  beautiful  and 
fertile  plains.  It  is  a  fertile  island  ;  pro- 
ducing in  particular,  excellent  tobacco. 
The  French  settled  here  in  1672,  and  had 
some  considerable  towns  in  the  island  ; 
but  it  now  belongs  to  the  English  East  In- 
dia Companv.  It  is  300  miles  E  of  Mada- 
gascar. Lon.  55  30  E,  lat.  20  52  N. 

Bourbon  Land,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Saone  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  remarkable  for  its 


BOU 


B  O  U 


castle  and  hot  baths.  It  has  a  large  marble 
pavement,  called  vhe  Great  Bath,  which  is 
a  work  of  the  Romans.  It  is  15  miles  SW 
©f  Aul  urn  Lon.  4  6  E,  lat.  46  47  N. 

Bowbon  V.irchtimbeau,  a  town  ot'France, 
in  die  department  of  Allier  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bourbonnoij, situated  in  a  bottom, 
near  the  river  Allier.  It  is  15  mik  s  W  of 
Monlins,  and  362  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  5  E, 
lat.  46  35  N. 

Bourbonne-lcs  Bains,  a  town  of  France 
in  the  department  of  Upper  Maine  and 
late  province  of  Cnampagne,  famous  for 
its  hot  baibs.  It  is  17  miles  E  of  Langres. 
Lon.  5  4 o  E,  lat.  47  54  N. 

Bourbonnois,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  die  N  by  Nivernois  and  B  r- 
ry,  on  the  W  by  Berry  and  a  small  part  of 
Marche,  on  the  S  by  Auvergne,  and  on 
the  E  by  Burgundy  and  Forez.  It  abounds 
in  corn,  fruit,  pasture,  wood,  game  and 
wine.  It  now  tonus  the  department  of 
Allier. 

Bourdeaux,  an  ancient  city  of  France, 
in  t  e  department  of  Gironde,  and  late 
province  of  Guienne.  It  is  built  in  the 
form  of  a  bow,  of  which  the  river  Garonne 
is  ihe  string*.  This  river  is  bordered  by  a 
large  quay,  and  the  water  rises  four  yards 
at  full  tide,  for  which  reasons  the  largest 
vessels  can  come  up  to  it  very  readily- 
The  ancient  city  of  Bourdeaux,  though 
considerable  in  point  of  size,  was  ill  built, 
badly  paved,  without  police,  or  any  oi 
these  municipal  regulations,  indispensa- 
bly requisite  to  render  a  city  splendid  or 
elegant.  It  has  entirely  changed  its  ap- 
pearance within  these  last  40  years.  The 
public  edifices  arc  very  noble,  and  all  the 
•streets  newly  built  are  regular  and  hand- 
some. The  quays  arc  four  miles  in  length, 
and  die  river  itself  is  considerably  broad- 
er than  the  Thames  at  London  bridge. 
The  ruins  of  a  very  large  amphitheatre 
yet  remain,  constructed  under  the  empe- 
ror Galienus,  built  of  brick  ;  likewise  se- 
veral aqueducts.  It  is  87  miles  S  of  Ro- 
chelle,  and  325  SVv'  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  34 
W,  lat.  44  50  N. 

Bourdincs,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands, in  Namur,  five  miles  NW  of 
Huy.    Lon.  5  0  E,  lat.  50  35  k. 

Bourg,  a  town  of  France,  lately  in  the 
province  of  Bresse.  Near  this  place  is 
the  magnificent  church  and  monastery  of 
the  late  August  ins.  Bourg  is  seated  on 
the  river  Hessousse,  20  miles  SE  of  Ma- 
con, and  233  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  19  E,  lat. 
46  11  N. 

Bonrg-y  a  town  of  France,  lately  in  the 
province  of  Guienne,  now  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  with  a  good  harbour  on 
tlvj  Doi-gogne,  near  the  point  of  land 


formed  by  the  junction  of  that  river  \wti» 
the  Garonne,  which  is  called  the  Bec-d' 
Ambez.  It  is  15  miles  N  of  Bourdeaux, 
Lon.O  30  W,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Bourg,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Cay- 
enne, in  S  America.  Lon.  52  50  W,  lat. 
5  2N. 

Bourganeuf,  a  town  of  France,  lately 
in  the  province  of  Marehe*  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  ('reuse.  It  had  formerly  an 
archiepiscopal  see.  and  university.  Bour- 
ganeuf  is  seated  on  the  river  Taurion, 
20  miles  NE  of  Limoges,  and  200  S  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  35  E,  lat.  45  59  N. 

Bo  urge  8,  an  ancient  city  of  France  in 
the  department  of  Cher  and  late  province 
of  Berry.  It  is  the  birth  place  of  Lewis, 
XI.  the  Nero  of  France  ;  and  the  celebrat- 
ed preacher  Bourdaloue.  It  is  seated  on 
the  rivers  Auron  and  Yevre,  25  miles  N 
W  of  Nevers.  and  125  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2 
28  E,  lat.  47  5  N. 

Bourget,  a  town  of  Savoy,  «n  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  six  miles  N  of  Chamber- 
ry.  Lon.  5  50  E,  lat.  45  41  N. 

Bourg-la-Reine,  a  town  of  France,  one 
league  S  of  Paris. 

Bowmont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Marne  and  late  pr6- 
.vince  of  Champagne,  22  milps  E  bv  N  of 
Chaumont.    Lon.  5  43  E,  lat.  48  1.4  N. 

Bourn,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
good  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
near  a  spring  called  Bourn  Well-head, 
from  which  proceeds  a  river  that  runs 
through  the  town.  From  Bourn  is  a  na- 
vigable canal  to  Boston.  It  is  35  miles 
S  of  Lincoln,  and  97  N  of  London.  Lon. 
0  20  W,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Bouro,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
betwe  en  the  Moluccas  and  Celebes.  It 
produces  nutmegs  and  cloves,  cocoa,  and 
banana  trees,  and  many  vegetables  intro- 
duced by  the  Dutch.  "  The  banks  of  the 
rivers  are  infested  by  crocodiles  of  an 
astonishing  size,  who  devour  such  beasts 
as  fall  in  their  way  ;  and  men  are  protect- 
ed from  their  fury  by  no  other  method 
than  carrying  torches.  Bouro  is  50  miles 
in  circumference.  Lon.  127  25  E,  lat. 
3  30  S. 

Bovrton-on-the-hill,  a  village  in  Glou- 
cestershire, on  the  side  of  a  hill,  with  a 
fine  prospect  into  Oxfordshire.  It  is 
five  miles  from  Stow,  and  30  from  Glou- 
cester. 

Bonrton-on-the-~vater.  a  village,  one  mile 
from  the  preceding  place,  watered  bv  a 
river  that  rises  near  it,  which  here 
spreads  30  feet  wide,  and  over  which  is 
a  stone  bridge.  Adjoining'  to  it  is  a  Ro« 
man  camp,  where  coins  and  other  anti- 
quities are  dug  up. 


BOY 


BRA 


Boussac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Creuse  and  late  province  of 
Marche,  with  a  castle  almost  inaccessi- 
ble, 25  miles  NE  of  Gueret. 

Bouton,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean 
12  miles  SE  ofCelebes.  The  inhabitants 
are  small  but  well  shaped,  and  of  a  dark 
olive  complexion.  Their  religion  is  Ma- 
hometanism.    Lon„  123  30  E,  lat.  5  0  S. 

Bow,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seated  at  the 
source  of  a  river  that  falls  into  the  Taw, 
14  miles  NW  of  Exeter,  and  188  W  by  S 
of  London.    Lon.  3  49  W,  lat  50  50  N. 

Bow,  or  Stratford  le  Bow,  a  consider- 
able village  in  Middlesex,  two  miles  EN 
E  of  London.  It  is  said  that  the  bridge 
here,  was  the  first  stone  one  built  in  Eng- 
land, and  that  from  its  arches  it  received 
the  name  of  Bow. 

Bow,  a  township  in  Rockingham  coun- 
ty and  state  of  New  Hampshire,  on  Mer- 
rimack river.  It  contains  about  1000  in- 
habitants. 

Bowdoin,  a  township  of  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, in  the  district  of  Maine,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Kennebec,  and  about 
160  miles  NE  of  Bost  n. 

Bowling  Green,  a  village  with  a  post- 
office,  in  Caroline  county,  Virginia,  84 
miles  from  Washington,  and  22  S  of  Fre- 
dericksburg on  the  Rappahannock. 

Boxford,  a  township  of  Essex  county, 
in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  about  16 
miles  W  of  NcWbury-port. 

Boxley,  a  village  in  Kent,  hear  Maid- 
stone, famous  for  an  abbey  of  Cistertian 
monks,  founded  by  William  earl  of  Kent 
in  1146,  the  remains  of  which  still  exist. 
In  this  abbey,  Edward  II.  granted  the 
charter  to  the  city  of  London,  empower- 
ing them  to  elect  a  mayor  from  their  own 
body. 

Boxtel,  a  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  on  the 
river  Bommel,  eight  miles  S  of  Bois-le- 
duc.    Lon.  5  15  E,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Boxthnde,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxon  v,  in 
the  duchy  of  Bremen  seated  on  a  brook 
which  falls  into  the  Elbe,  12  miles  SW  of 
Hamburg.  Lon.  9  45  E,  lat.  53  26  N. 

Boyle,  or  Jlbbey  Boyle,  a  borough  of 
Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Roscommon.  It 
is  seated  near  lake  Key,  23  miles  N  of 
Roscommon. 

Boylestown,  a  township  of  Worcester 
county  in  Massachusetts,  about  9  miles 
E  of  Worcester.  It  contains  about  1200 
inhabitants. 

Bozrah,  a  township  of  New  London 
county,  state  of  Connecticut,  containing 
1100  inhabitants. 

J'oync,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises 
in  Queen's  county,  and  ruins  by  Trim 
and  Cavao,  into  the  Irish  channel,  below 


Drogheda.  Here  the  decisive  battle  was 
fought  between  James  EL  and  William  III. 

Boyolo,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  duchy  of 
Mantua,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name,  subject  to  the  house  of  Austria.  It 
is  15  miles  SW  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  35  E, 
lat.  45  6  N. 

Braan,  a  river  of  Scotland*  which  de- 
scending from  the  hills  of  Perthshire,  E 
of  loch  Tay,  falls  into  the  Tay  above 
Dunkeld.  Upon  this  river  is  a  grand 
scene,  at  a  place  called  the  Rumbling 
Bridge.  Under  an  arch,  thrown  over  a 
narrow  chasm,  between  two  projecting 
rocks,  the  river  is  precipitated  in  a  fall 
of  near  50  feet. 

Brabant,  a  duchy  of  the  Netherlands, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Holland,  on  the  N 
E  by  Guelderland,  on  the  E  by  Liege,  on 
the  S  by  Namur,  and  on  the  W  by  Hai- 
nault,  Flanders,  and  Zealand. 

Bracciano,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  pa- 
trimony of  St.  Peter,  on  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  12  miles  NW  of  Rome. 
There  are  some  celebrate  d  baths  to  the 
W  of  the  town.    Lon.  12  24  E,  lat.  42  N. 

Bracken,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky, containing  about  3000  inhabitants. 

Bracklaw,  a  strpng  town  of  Poland  in 
Podolia,  on  the  river  Bog,  85  miles  E  of 
Kaminieck.    Lon.  28  50  E,  lat.  48  49  N. 

Brackley,  a  borough  in  Northampton- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Ouse,  and  contains 
two  churches,  and  had  formerly  a  col- 
lege, now  a  freeschool.  It  lies  18  miles  S 
of  Northampton,  and  64  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  10  W,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Bradesley,  or  Badesley,  a  village  near 
Broomsgrove,  in  Worcestershire,  where 
are  the  ruins  of  a  superb  abbey,  founded 
by  empress  Maud,  mother  of  Henry.  II. 

Bradfield,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  16  miles  N  of 
Chelmsford.    Lon.  0  30  E,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Bradford,  a  town  in  Wilts,  Avith  a 
market  on  Monday.  It  is  the  centre  of 
the  greatest  manufacture  of  superfine 
cloths  in  England,  which  it  shares  with 
the  surrounding  towns  of  Trowbridge, 
Melksham,  Corsham,  and  Chippenham. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Avon,  11  miles  W  of 
Devizes  and  102  of  London.  Lon.  2  20 
W,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Bradford,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Monday.  It 
is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Aire,  36 
miles  SW  of  York,  and  193  NNW  of 
Loudon,  and  has  a  trade  in  shalloons, 
everlastings,  &c.  which  are  made  in  the 
neighbourhood.  Lon.  1  40  W,"  lat.  53 
49  N. 

Bradford,  There  are  two  townships  of 
this  name,  in  tjie  state  of  Pennsylvania, 


BRA 


BRA 


distinguished  as  E.  and  W  Bradford,  and 
containing  about  2000  inhabitants.  They 
are  contiguous  and  situated  about  30 
miles  westward  from  Philadelphia. 

Bradford,  a  township  of  Essex  county 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  S  side  of 
Merrimack  river,  10  miles  W  of  New- 
burypo.t.  • 

Bradford,  a  townsh'p  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire,  20  miles  E  of 
Charleston. 

Brae-Mar,  a  fertile  vale  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, surrounded  b\  rugged  precipices. 
Here  the  earl  of  Mar  began  the  rebel- 
lion in  1715.  It  is  27  miles  NW  of  Aber- 
deen. 

Braga,  a  town  of  Portugal,  capital  of 
Entre-Minhoe-e-Douero,  seated  on  the 
river  Cavado,  180  miles  N  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  8  29  W,  lat.  41  42  N. 

Braganza,  the  capital  of  the  duchy  of 
Braganza,  in  Portugal.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Sabor,  32  miles  NW  of  Miranda. 
Lon  6  30  W,  lat.  42  2  N. 

Braila,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Walachia,  on  the  Danube.  It  has  a 
castle  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1711,  but 
afterward  given  back. 

Brailo-w,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia, 
on  the  river  Bog,  30  miles  NW  of  Brack- 
law.    Lon.  28  0E,  lat.  49  12  N. 

Brain  le  Comte,  a  town  of  Austrian 
Hainauit,  15  miles  SW  of  Brussels.  Lon. 
4  6  E,  lat.  50  41  N. 

Braintree,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  noted  for  a  con- 
siderable manufacture  of  baize.  It  is  12 
miles  N  of  Chelmsford,  and  41  NE  of 
London.    Lon.  0  40  E,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Braintree.  a  township  of  Norfolk  coun- 
ty, in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  about 
8  miles  from  Boston. 

Braintrem,  a' town  in  Luzerne  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  SW  side  of  the  ri- 
ver Susquehannah.  It  has  a  post-office 
303  miles  from  Washington. 

Brakel,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Paderborn,  seated  on  the 
rivulet  Brught,  12  miles  E  of  Paderborn. 
Lon.  9  12  E,  lat,  51  46  N. 

Bralio,  a  mountain  of  the  Alps,  in  the 
country  of  the  Grisons.  which  separates 
the  valley  of  Munster  from  the  county  of 
Bormio. 

Bramant,  a  town  of  Savoy,  on  the  river 
Arck,  35  miles  NW  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  5 
E,  lat.  45  25  N. 

Bramber,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  that 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It  is 
47  miles  S  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  12 
W,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Brampton,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Itshin,  near  the  Picts  Wail.  It 


>s  eight  miles  NE  of  Carlisle,  and  311  N 
\W  of  London.    Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  54 

58  N. 

Brampton,  a  village  in  Hcrefordshi 
one  mile  S  of  Ross.    Here  are  the  ruins 
>f  a  magnificent  castle. 

Brancaster,  a  village  in  Norfolk,  the 
ancient  Branodunum,  a  considerable  Ro- 
man city,  where  ancient  coins  have  been 
frequently  dug  tip. 

Branchon,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands, in  Namur,  on  the  river  Me- 
haigne,  eight  miles  N  of  Namur.  Lon. 
4  40  E,  lat.  50  36  N. 

Brandeh,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the 
river  Eibe,  10  m.les  NE  of  Prague.  Lon. 
14  45  E,  lat.  50  15  N. 

Brandenburgh,  a  country  of  Germany, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Pomerania  and 
Mecklenburg  ;  on  the  E  by  Poland  ;  on 
the  S  by  Silesia,  Lusatia,  Upper  Saxony, 
and  Magdeburg ;  and  on  the  W  by  Lu- 
nenburg. It  is  divided  into  five  princi- 
pal parts ;  the  Old  Marche,  Pregnitz, 
the  Middle  Marche,  Uncker  Marche,  and 
the  New  Marche.  Berlin  is  the  capital ; 
and  the  principal  rivers  are  the  Eibe, 
Havel,  Spree,  Ucker,  Oder,  and  Warte. 
The  greatest  part  of  the  inhabitants  are 
Lutherans  ;  but  the  Papists  are  tolerated. 

Brandenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  di- 
vided into  the  Old  and  New  Town,  by 
the  Havel,  which  separates  the  fort  from 
both.  It  is  26  milts  W  of  Berlin.  Lon. 
14  5  E,  lat.  52  45  N. 

Brandon,  a  village  in  Suffolk,  seated 
on  the  Little  Ouse,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  and  a  ferry  at  a  mile's  distance. 
It  is  12  miles  N  of  Bury. 

Brandon,  a  post  town  of  Rutland  cotin- 
.ty,  Vermont,  16  miles  N  of  Rutland 
the  county  town,  with  about  1000  in- 
habitants. 

Brandy-wine,  a  township  of  New  Castle 
county,  Delaware,  situated  between  De- 
laware river  and  Brandy  wine  creek. 

Brandy-wine,  a  considerable  stream 
which  rises  in  Chester  county  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  empties  into  the  Delaware  ri- 
ver, in  the  state  of  Delaware.  Il  is  dis- 
tinguished for  the  numerous  merchant 
mills  erected  near  its  mouth. 

Brandford,  a  township  of  New  Haven 
county,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Long 
Island  Sound. 

Branska,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  on 
the  river  Merish,  35  miles  S  ofWeis- 
semburg.    Lon.  24  15  E,  lat.  46  0  N. 

Brazil,  a  country  of  South  America, 
which  gives  the  title  of  prince  to  the  heir 
apparent  to  the  crown  of  Portugal.  It 
lies  between  the  equinoctial  line  and  the 
Tropic  of  Capricorn,  bcin£  1560  miles  tft 
length,  and  1000  in  breadth.    It 'was  dis- 


BRA 


B  R  E 


covered  in  1500  by  Alvarez  Cabral,  a  Por- 
tuguese, who  was  forced  upon  it  by  a  tem- 
pest. The  air  of  this  country,  though 
within  the  torrid  zone,  is  temperate  and 
wholesome.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  pro- 
duces sugar;  tobacco,  Indian  corn,  and 
several  sorts  of  fruits  and  medicinal 
drugs.  The  wood  brought  from  Brasil, 
and  hence  so  called,  is  of  great  use  in  dy- 
ing red ;  and  within  the  country  there  is 
gold,  and  several  sorts  of  precious  stones. 
The  Portuguese  chiefly  inhabit  the  coast; 
for  they  have  not  penetrated  far  into  the 
country.  The  inland  parts  are.  full  of  peo- 
ple, of  different  languages  ;  but  they  all 
agree  in  wearing  no  sort  of  clothes 
They  are,  of  a  copper  colour,  with  long 
coarse  black  hair  on 'their  heads,  but 
without  any  on  the  other  parts  of  their 
bodies,  like  the  rest  of  the  Americans. 
They  have  no  temples  nor  any  other  sign  of 
religion ;  and  they  make  no  manner  of  scru- 
ple to  marry  their  nearest  relations.  They 
have  huts  made  of  the  branches  of  trees, 
and  covered  with  palm  leaves.  Their 
knives  are  made  of  a  sort  of  stone  and 
split  canes  ;  and  they  have  baskets  of  dif- 
ferent sizes,  chiefly  made  of  palm  leaves. 
Their  arms  are  bows,  arrows,  and  wood- 
en clubs.  When  they  travel  they  fasten 
their  hammocks  between  two  trees,  and 
sleep  all  night  therein.  The  Portuguese 
divide  Brasil  into  fifteen  governments, 
which  are  governed  by  a  viceroy,  who  re- 
sides at  St.  Salvador,  the  capital.  The 
Prince  of  Portugal  and  his  court  resides 
here. 

Br  asm,  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands, 
where  is  the  noted  Brassa  Sound,  in 
which  1000  sail  may  at  once  find  commo- 
dious mooring. 

Brassaiv,  or  Cronstadt,  a  strong  town 
of  Transylvania,  on  the  river  Burczel,  50 
miles  E  bv  N  of  Hermanstadt.  Lon.  25 
55  E,  lat.  46  35  N. 

Braitleborough,  a  town  of  Windham 
county,  Vermont ;  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Connecticut  River,  36  miles  E  of  Ben 
nmgton,  9  S  of  Pultney,  and  has  about 
2000  inhabitants.  The  "post  office  is  445 
miles  from  Washington. 

Braubach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  We- 
teravia,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  eight  miles  S  of  Coblentz. 

Bravnaw,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Low- 
er Bavaria,  seated  on  the  river  Kiun.  25 
miles  SW  of  Paussau.  Lon.  13  3  E,  lat. 
48  10N. 

Brawisburg;  a  town  of  Poland,  in  New 
Prussia,  with  a  commodious  harbour, 
seated  near  the  Baltic,  50  miles  E  of 
Dantzic.  Lon.  20  6  E,  lat.  54  22  N. 

Braunfdd,  a  town  of  German;. ,  in  the 
county  of  Solms,  with  a  handsome  pa- 


lace, 26  miles  N  by  W  of  Francfort.  Lon. 
8  32  E,  lat.  50  21  N. 

Brava,  a  town  of  Africa,  on  the  coas' 
of  Ajan,  with  a  pretty  good  harbour.  It 
is  80  miles  from  Magadoxo.  Lon.  43  25 
E,  lat.  1  20  N. 

Bravo,  one  of  the  Cape-de-Verd  Is- 
lands, remarkable  for  excellent  wine,  and 
inhabited  bv  the  Portuguese.  Lon.  24  59 
W,  lat.  14  52  N. 

Bray,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Wicklow,  seated  on  St.  George's 
Channel,  10  miles  S  of  Dublin.  Lon.  6  1 
W,  lat.  53  11  X. 

Bray,  a  village  in  Berkshire,  seated  on 
the  Thames,  one  mile  S  of  Maidenhead. 

Brazza,  a  town  and  island  on  the  coast 
of  Dalmatia,  in  the  gulf  of  Arenice,  oppo- 
site Spalatro,  and  subject  to  Venice.  Lon. 
17  35  E,  lat.  43  50  N. 

Breadalbane.    See  Albany. 

Brechin,  a  borough  in  Angusshire, 
washed  by  the  river  Southesk,  over 
which  there  is  a  stone  bridge  of  two 
large  arches.  It  is  a  royal  borough,  and 
with  four  others  sends  a  member  to  par- 
liament. It  lies  at  eight  miles  distance 
from  Montrose,  and  the  tide  flows  with- 
in two  miles  of  the  town.  The  cathedral 
is  a  Gothic  pile,  supported  by  12  pillars. 
The  steeple  is  a  handsome  tower,  120  feet 
high  ;  the  four  lower  windows  in  form  of 
long  narrow  openings-  The  lop  is  bat- 
tlemcnted,  and  from  it  rises  a  handsome  * 
spire.  At  a  small  distance  from  the  aisle 
stands  one  of  those  singular  round  tow- 
ers, whose  use  has  so  long  baffled  the 
conjectures  of  antiquaries.  The  castle  of 
Brechin  was  built  on  an  eminence  a  little 
S  of  the  town,  and  was  gallantly  defend- 
ed against  the  English  in  1303,  by  Sir 
Thomas  Maule.  Its  manufactures  of 
coarse  linen  and  sail-cloth  are  at  present 
prosperous,  it  has  a  weekly  market  on 
Tuesday,  to  which  great  quantities  of 
yarn  are  brought  from  the  country  for 
sale  ;  there  are  also  here  several  fairs 
through  the  year  for  cattle.  It  is  70 
miles  NE  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  18  E, 
'at.  56  40  N. 

Brecknock,  or  Brecon,  the  capital  of 
Brecknockshire,  calied  by  the  Welsh  Ab- 
ber-Honddey,  and  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Honddey  and  Usk.  It  is  an 
ancient  place,  as  appears  by  the  Roman 
coins  that  are  often  dug  up  here.  It 
sends  one  member  to  parliament,  and  is 
34  miles  NW  of  Monmouth,  and  162  W 
bv  N  of  London.  Lon.  3  22  W,  lat.  51 
54  N. 

Brecknockshire,  a  county  of  S  Wales, 
39  miles  in  length,  and  27  in  breadth ; 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Herefordshire  and 
Monmouthshire,  on  the  S  by  Glamorgan- 


B  R  E 


B  RE 


shire,  on  the  "VV  by  Carmarthenshire  and 
Cardiganshire,  and  on  the  N  by  Radnor- 
shire. It  is  full  of  mountains,  some  of 
which  arc  exceedingly  high,  particularly 
Monuchdenny  Hill,  not  far  from  Breck- 
nock ;  but  there  are  large  fertile  plains 
and  vallics,  which  yield  plenty  of  corn, 
and  feed  great  numbers  of  cattle.  Its 
principal  rivers  are  the  Wye  and  the  Usk. 

Brecknock,  a  township  of  Lancaster 
county*  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  ;  si- 
tuated at  the  bottom,  of  the  Coneways 
Hill's.  It  contains  about  900  inhabi- 
tants. 

Breda,  a  city  of  Dutch  Brabant,  large 
populous,  and  well  bu ill.  It  is  regularly 
fortified  after  the  modern  way,  and  is  one 
of  the  strongest  places  on  the  Dutch  fron- 
tiers. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Meek,  in 
a  marshy  country,  which  may  be  over- 
flowed and  rendered  inaccessible  to  an 
army.  It  is  22  miles  W  by  S  of  Bois-le- 
duc,  25  XXE  of  Antwerp,  and  60  S  of  Am- 
sterdam. Lon.  4  50  E,  hit.  51  35  N. 

Brege.ntz,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  in  the  Ti- 
rol. It  is  seated  on  the  lake  of  Constance, 
70  miles  NB  of  Appenzel.  Lon.  9  45  E, 
lat.  47  27  N. 

Bvehar,  the  most  mountainous  of  the 
Scillv  Islands,  30  miles  W  of  the  Land's 
End."  Lon.  6  42  W,  lat.  50  2  X. 

Brele,  a  river  of  France,  which  divides 
the  department  of  Lower  Seine  from  that 
of  Somme,  and  watering  Eu,  enters  the 
English  channel. 

Bremg-arten,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  free  lower  bailiwics,  watered  by  the 
Reuss  between  the  cantons  of  Zuric  and 
Bern.  The  inhabitants  deal  chiefly  in  pa- 
per ;  and  are  Papists.  It  is  divided  into 
the  Upper  and  LowvrTown,  has  a  hand- 
some bridge  over  the  Reuss,  and  is  10 
miles  W  of  Zuric.  Lon.  8  17  E,  lat.  47 
20  X. 

Bremen,  a  considerable  town  of  Ger- 
many, capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same 
name,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  which  is 
secularized.  It  is  divided  by  the  Weser 
into  the  Old  and  New  Town.  In  1739, 
while  the  inhabitants  were  asleep,  the 
magazine  of  powder  was  set  on  fire  by 
lightning,  and  all  the  houses  were  sha- 
ken, as  if  there  had  been  an  earthquake. 
It  is  22  miles  E  of  Oldenburg.  Lon.  8  48 
E,  lat.  53  6  X. 

Bremen,  a  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the 
Circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  lying  between 
the  Weser  and  the  Elbe,  of  which  the 
former  separates  it  from  Oldenburg,  and 
the  other  from  Holstein.  The  air  is  cold  ; 
but  the  country  is  fertile  and  well  peo- 
pled. It  formerly  belonged  to  the  S  wedes., 
but  was  sold  to  the  elector  of  Hanover, 


in  1716.  In  the  winter  it  is  subject  to  in- 
undations, and  particularly  in  1617,  on 
Christmas-day,  several  thousand  cattle, 
were  drowned;  beside  several  hundreds 
of  men.    Bremen  is  the  capital. 

Bremenivoerd,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  duchy  of  Bremen,  27  miles  X  of  Bre- 
men. Lon.  8  45  E,  lat.  53  33  N. 

Brent,  a  town  of  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  26  miles  SW  of  Ex- 
eter, and  200  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4 
2  E,  lat.  50  33  X.  * 

Brent,  a  river  in  Somersetshire,  which 
rises  in  Selwood  Forest,  on  the  edge  of 
Wilts,  and  falls  into  Bridgevvater  Bay. 

Brente,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  bish- 
opric of  Trent,  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  opposite  that  city. 

Brentford,  a  town  in  Middlesex,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Thames,  into  which  at  the  W  end  of  the 
town,  flows  a  rivulet  called  the  Brent. 
Here  the  freeholders  of  Middlesex  choose 
the  knights  of  the  shire.  It  is  divided 
into  Old  and  New  Brentford,  in  which 
last  are  the  church  and  market-house.  It 
is  seven  miles  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  10 
YV,  lat.  51  26  X. 

Brentwood,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  stands  on  a  fine 
eminence,  11  miles  WSW  of  Chelmsford, 
and  18  EXE  of  London.  Lon.  0  25  E, 
lat,  51  36  X. 

Brenttoood,  a  township  of  Rockingham 
count}',  in  the  state  of  Xew  Hampshire, 
about  20  miles  southwestwardfrom  Ports- 
mouth. It  contains  about  1000  inhabi- 
tants. ; 

Brescia,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of 
Bresciano,  with  a  citadel,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Garza,  95  miles 
W  of  Venice.  Lon.  10  5  E,  lat.  45  51  N. 

Bresciano,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  Venice ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  the  country  of  the  Grisons  and  the 
bishopric  of  Trent;  on  the  E  by  lake 
Garda,  the  Veronese,  and  the  Mantuan  ; 
on  the  S  by  the  Mantuan  and  the  Cremo- 
ncse;  and  on  the  W  by  Cremasco,  Ber- 
gamo, and  the  Valteline.  It  is  watered 
by  several  small  rivers,  and  is  full  of 
towns  and  villages,  of  which  Brescia  is 
the  capital. 

Bresello,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  .the  Mode- 
nese,  on  the  river  Po,  27  miles  XW  of 
Modena.    Lon.  10  41  E,  lat.  44  50  N. 

Breshnv,  a  large,  rich,  and  populous 
town  of  Germany,  capital  of  Silesia,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  and  a  university  It  is 
seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Oder  and 
Ola,  which  last  runs  through  several  of 
the  streets.  All  the  houses  are  built 
with  stone,  and  it  is  surrounded  by  good 
walls,  strengthened  with  ramparts  and 


R  RE 


B  R  I 


other  works.  There  are  two  islands  near 
it  ,  formed  by  the  Oder  ;  in  one  of  which 
is  a  church,  whose  tower  was  burnt  by 
lightning  in  1730;  in  the  other  called 
Thum,  is  the  cathedral.  The  royal  pa- 
lace was  obtained  by  the  Jesuits,  where 
they  founded  a  university  in  1702.  The 
two  principal  churches  belong-  to  the 
Protestants ;  near  one  of  which  is  a  col- 
lege. It  is  112  miles  NE  of  Prague,  and 
165  N  of  Vienna.    Lon.  17  8  E,  lat.  51 

3*8.  \  *'  riitfcriJV~r'  r'  -  ;  ••' 

Bresse,  a  late  province  of  France,  which 
now  forms  the  department  of  Ain.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Burgundy  and 
Franche  Comte,  on  the  E  by  Savoy,  on 
the  S  by  the  Yiennoies,  and  on  the  W 
by  the  Lyonois. 

Bressici,  or  Brzesk,  the  capital  of  Po- 
lesia  in  Poland,  seated  on  the  river  Bog, 
100  miles  E  of  Warsaw.  It  is  a  fortified 
town,  and  has  a  castle  built  upon  a  rock. 
Mere  is  a  synagogue,  resorted  to  by  the 
Jews,  from  all  the  countries  in  .Europe. 
Lon.  24  6  E,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Bressuire,  a  town  of  Prance,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Poitou,  now  included  in 
the  department  of  the  Two  Sevres. 

Brest,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre  and  late  province  of 
Brittany,  with  a  castle  seated  on  a  crag- 
gy rock  by  the  sea-side.  The  streets  are 
narrow,  crooked,  and  all  upon  a  declivi- 
ty. The  quay  is  above  a  mile  in  length. 
The  arsenal  was  built  by  Lewis  XIV. 
whose  successor  established  a  marine 
academy  here  in  1752.  This  is  the  best 
port  in  France,  and  has  every  accommo- 
dation for  the  navy.  The  English  at- 
tempted in  vain  to  take  this  place  in 
1694.  It  is  30  miles  SE  of  Morlaix,  and 
325  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  50  M ,  lat.  48 
2gN. 

' Bretagny,  or  Brittany,  a  late  province 
of  France,  150  miles  in  length,  and  112 
in  oreadlh.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  ocean 
except  on  the  E  where  it  is  united  to 
Anjou,  Maine,  Normandy,  and  Poitou. 
The  air  is  temperate,  and  it  has  large' 
forests.  It  now  forms  the  departments 
of  the  North  Coast,  Finisterre,  Isle  and 
ViHaine,  Lower  Loire,  and  Morbinan. 

Breteuil,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  Iton, 
15  miles  SW  of  Evrcux,  and  65  W  of 
Pai^i.    Lon.  1  0  E,  lat.  48  56  N. 

Breton,  Cape,  an  island  of  North  Ame- 
rica, between  45  and  47°  N  lat.  separat- 
ed from  Nova  Scotia  by  a  narrow  strait 
called  Canso,  and  is  100  miles  in  length, 
and  50  in  breadth.  It  is  a  barren  coun 
try,  subject  to  fogs  throughout  the  year, 
ffnd  covered  with  snow  in  the  winter. 


There  is  an  excellent  fishery  on  this 
coast.  It  was  confirmed  to  England  by 
treaty  in  1763.    See  Louisbonrg. 

Brevordt,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelder- 
land,  24  miles  SE  of  Zutphen.  Lon.  6  25 
E,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Bveyoers-ftaven,  a  good  harbour  on  the 
N  end  of  the  island  of  Chiloe,  on  tire 
coast  of  Chili.  The  Dutch  landed  here 
in  1643,  designing  to  get  possession  of 
some  part  of  Chili ;  but  they  were  driven 
from  thence  by  the  Spaniards  and  na- 
tives. Lon.  74  6  W,  lat.  42  30  S. 

Brewers,  a  post  town,  in  Washington 
county,  district  of  Maine ;  near  the  line 
which  separates  the  district  from  the 
British  province  of  New  Brunswick. 

Brexvood,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday,  10  miles  S  by  W 
of  Stafford,  and  130  NW  of  London.  Lon. 
2  5  W,  lat.  52  43  N. 

Brey,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  14  miles  N  of  Maes- 
tricht.    Lon.  5  39  E,  lat  51  4  N. 

Briancon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Alps  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Dauphiny,  with  a  castle  seated 
on  a  craggy  rock.  It  is  remarkable  for 
the  manna  gathered  in  its  neighbourhood, 
which  at  first  appears  on  the  leaves,  and 
small  branches  of  a  sort  of  pine-tree  ;  but 
they  make  incisions  into  the  bark,  to  get 
larger  quantities.-  It  has  a  noble  bridge 
over  the  Durance,  and  had  a  handsome 
church  ;  it  is  17  milos  NW  of  Embrun. 
Lon.  6  25  E,  lat.  44  46  N. 

Briuire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loiret  and  late  province  of 
Orleanois,  seated  on  the  Loire,  and  re- 
markable for  a  canal  of  communication 
between  that  river  and  the  Seine.  It  is 
35  miles  SE  of  Orleans,  and  88  S  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  47  E,  lat.  47  40 N. 

Bridgend,  a  town  in  Glamorganshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday:  seated  on 
the  Ogmore,  which  divides  it  into  two 
parts* joined  bv  a  stone  bridge.  It  is  7 
fniles  \V  by  N  of  Cowbridge,  and  178  W 
of  London.  Lon.  3  38  W,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Bridgeluimpttm,  a  post  town  of  Suffolk 
count}',  in  the  state  of  New  York ;  situa- 
ted at  the  NE  end  of  Long  Island. 

Bridgeport,  u  town  in  Fairfield  county, 
Connecticut,  situated  on  Long  Island 
Sound,  on  the  E  side  of  Sasco  river,  op- 
pose to  Fairfield,  10  miles  SW  of  .Strat- 
ford and  10  NE  of  Norwalk.  Here  is  a 
post  office  304  mile,s  from  JVashhigton. 

Bridgetown,  the  capital  of  the  island  of 
Barbadoes,  situated  in  the  inmost  part  of 
Carlisle  Bay.  It  contains  1500  houses, 
and  would  make  a  figure  in  any  kingdom 
of  Europe.  The  streets  are  broad,  the 
houses  well  built  and  finished,  and  their 
N 


B  R  I 


B  R  I 


rents  as  high  as  such  houses  would  lei 
for  in  London.  The  Mjharves  and  quays 
are  convenient,  and  the  forts  strong.  The 
church  is  as  large  as  some  ca'.hedrals, 
and  it  has  a  fine  organ.  Here  also  is  a 
freeschool,  an  hospital,  and  a  college  ; 
the  latter  erected  by  die  society  for  pro- 
pagating the  gospel,  pursuant  to  the 
will  of  colonel  Codrington,  who  endow- 
ed it  with  2000/.  a  vear.  Lon.  50  36  VY, 
lat.  13  5  X. 

Bridgetown,  a  post  town  of  Cumberland 
county,  Maine,  about  40  miles  NVV  of 
Portland. 

Bridgetown,  a  post  town  in  Cumber- 
land county,  Maryland,  120  miles  from 
Washington. 

Bridgetown,  a  principal  town  of  Cum-- 
berland  county,  New  Jersey,  14  miles  S 
of  Salem,  48  X  by  W  i'rom  Cape  May, 
and  about  50  from  Philadelphia.  Here  is 
a  post  office  185  miles  from  Washing-ton. 

Bridgetown,  a  town  m  the  state  of  Ne'tfj 
Jersey,  between  YVoodbridge  and  Eliza- 
beth town. 

Bridgenorth,  a  borough  in  Shropshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday ;  seated  on 
the  Severn,  which  divides  it  into  the  Up- 
per and  Lower  Town,  joined  by  a  stone 
bridge.  It  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, and  is  20  miles  W  by  X  of'jJi.- 
mingham,  and  139  NW  of  London.  Lon. 
2  28  W,  lat.  52  36  X. 
'  Bridgewater,  a  borough  An  Somerset- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday  and 
Saturday,  and  a  large  handsome  church. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Parret,  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge,  and  near  it 
ships  of  100  tons  burden  may  ride.  It  is 
eight  miles  S  of  the  Bristol  Channel,  31 
SSW  of  Bristol,  and  137  W  bv  S  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  3  10  W,  lat.  51  7  x! 

Bridgewut,')-,  a  post  town  in  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts,  22  -miles  S  of 
of  Boston.  In  1800  the  township  contain-' 
ed  5200  inhabitants. 

B.ldgewater,  a  considerable  township 
of  Somerset  county,  New  Jersey,  con- 
taining about  2000  inhabitants. 

Bridlington,  or  Burlington,  a  seaport 
in  the  E  riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  a  creek 
near  Flamborough-head,  with  a  commo- 
dious quay  for  ships,  and  is  a  place  of 
good  trade,  36  miles  X  of  Hull  and  208 
of  London.    Lon.  0  5  W,  lat.  54  8  X. 

Bridpovt,  a  borough  in  Dorsetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
between  two  rivers,  and  had  once  a  har- 
bour, which  is  now  choked  up  with 
sand.  It  is  12  miles  YV  of  Dorchester 
and  135  \V  bv  S~  of  London.  Loiu  2  52 
\Y,  lat.  50  42  X. 

Bndport,  a  township  of  -Addison  coun- 


ty, Vermont,  lying  on  the  E  side  of  lake 
Chi  mplalfi; 

Britg,  a  handsome  town  of  Silesia,  ca- 
pital of  a  territoiy  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  college,  and  an  academy  for  the 
nobility.  It  is  seated  on  the  Oder,  20 
miles  SE  of  Bresiaw.    Lon.  17  35  E,  lat. 

5o  5yJ  X 

Brett,  a  town  of  the  United  Provinces, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Voorn,  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Maese,  13  miles  SYV  of 
Rotterdam.    Lon.  4  23  E,  lat.  51 50  X. 

Brientz,  a  lake  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  three  leagues  long  and 
one  broad.  The  Aar  runs  through  the 
whole  extent  of  this  lake,  and  unites  it 
to  that  of  Thun. 

Brienx,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  Coast  and  late 
province  of  Brittany,  with  a  good  har- 
bour. It  is  seated  near  the  English 
Channel.  50  miles  X\V  of  Rennes.  Lon. 
2  38  \V,  lat.  48  31  X. 

B'-iey,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Moselle,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Lorraine,  seated  near  the  river 
Manse,  30  miles  XE  of  St.  Michael. 

Brigg.    See  GhiJidfordbridge. 

Br.g/itelm.ston,  or  Brightoii,  a  seaport  in 
Sussex,  with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It 
was  a  poor  town,  Inhabited  chiefly  by 
fishermen,  but  having  become  a  fashion- 
able resort  for  sea-bathing,  it  has  been 
enlarged  by  many  handsome  houses,  with 
public  rooms,  Jkc.  It  is  the  station  of 
■:he  packet-boats,  to  and  from  Dieppe, 
and  is  56  miles  S  of  London,  and  74  XVv~ 
of  Dieppe.    Lon.  0  6  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Bngnolles,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Yar  and  late  province  "of 
Provence,  famous  for  its  prunes.  It  is 
seated  among  mountains,  in  a  pleasant 
countrv,  325  miles  SSE  of  Paris.  Lonro* 
15  E,  iat.  43  24  X. 

Brihteegii,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  N<  w 
Castile,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
tain Tajuna,  43  miles  NE  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  4  10  W,  lat.  40  50  N. 

Brimfield,  a  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Connecticut  river.  It  contains 
about  1500  inhabitants. 

Bhmpsfield,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, at  the  source  of  the  river  Stroud, 
where  are  the  foundations  of  a  castle 
long  destroyed.  It  has  also  a  nunnery. 
It  is  seven  miles  SE  of  Gloucester.   ,' , 

Brindici,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Naples, 
in  Otranto,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  and 
a  fortress.  It  ,is  seated  on  the  gtjlf  of 
Venice,  32  miles  E  of  Tarento.  k  Lon.  18 
15  E,  lat.  40  45  N. 

Brinn,  a  town  of  Moravia,  where  the 
assembly  of  the  states  meet.    It  is  seat- 


B  R  I 


B  R  I 


i  ed  at  tire  confluence  of  the  Zwitta  and 
Swart,  53  miles  X  of  Vienna,  and  27  SW 
of  Olnuitz.    Lon.  16  40  E,  lat.  49  6  N. 

Jirioude,  in  France,  the  name  of  two 
towns,  a  mile  distant  from  each  other 
now  in  the  department  of  Upper  Loire, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Velay.  Old  Bri- 
oude  is  seated  oa  the  river  Allier,  over 
which  is  a  bridge  of  one  arch,  whose  di- 
ameter is  173  feet.  It  is  16  miles  S  of 
Issoire,  and  225  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  2 
50  E,  lat.  45  16  X.  " 

Briqueras,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the 
valley  of  Lucern,  three  miles  from  the 
town  of  that  name.  Lon.  7  34  E.  lat.  44 
56  X. 

Brisach,  Old,  a  town  of  Suabia,  once 
the  capital  of  Brisgaw,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of  boats, 
25  miles  S  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  49  E, 
lat.  48  2  N. 

Brisach,  New,  a  fortified  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Rhine,  and  "late  province  of  Alsace.  It 
is  built  opposi.e  Old  Brisach,  about  a 
rnilj  from  the  Rhine,  and  23  S  of  Stras- 
burg.   Lon.  7  40  E,  lat.  48  5  X. 

Brisgaw,  a  territory  of  Suabia,  on  the 
S  side  of  the  Rhine,  which  separates  it 
from  the  department  of  Upper  Rhine. 

Brissac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Anjoti,  seated  on  the  river 
Aubence,  13  miles  S  of  Angers.  Lon.  0 
27  W,  lat.  47  20  N. 

Bristol,  a  city  and  seaport  in  Glouces- 
tershire and  Somersetshire ;  to  which 
lasr  county  it  was  accounted  to  belong", 
before  it  formed  a  separate  jurisdiction. 
In  wealth,  trade,  and  population,  it  has 
long  been  reckoned  the  second  in  this 
kingdom.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Avon  with  the  Fronae,  ten  miles 
from  the  influx  of  the  Avon  into  the  Se- 
vern. Bristol  has  a  prodigious  trade  ; 
for  it  is  reckoned  that  hence  2000  ships 
sail  yearly.  The  tide  rising  to  a  great 
height  in  these  narrow  rivers,  brings 
vessels  of  considerable  burden  to  the 
quay.  But  the  largest  ships  are  discharg- 
ed at  Kingroad  four  miles  below  the 
city,  and  the  goods  are  brought  to  the 
quay  by  lighters.  There  are  some  con- 
siderable woollen  manufactures  ;  and  no 
less  than  15  glass-houses,  and  a  sugar 
refinen'  which  is  one  of  its  principal  ma- 
mifactures.  For  supplying  the  city  with 
water  there  are  six  public  conduits  ;  and 
handsome  hackney  coaches  may  be  hired 
at  reasonable  rates.  Hither  is  a  great  re- 
sort in  thejfummer  of  invalids  as  well  as 
other  company  ;  for  whose  accommoda- 
tion and  entertainment  there  is  a  pump- 
room,  ball-room,  coifee-house,  with  ta- 


verns, and  a  great  number  of  elegant 
lodging  houses,  both  below,  on  a  level 
with  the  well,  and  above  in  the  delight- 
ful village  of  Clifton,  which  is  situated 
on  the  brow  of  a  hill,  from  whence  there 
are  downs  extending  several  miles  where 
the  company  ride  out  for  exercise.  It 
has  18  churches,  beside  the  cathedral,  a 
ondge  over  the  Avon,  a  custom-house, 
and  an  exchange*  The  Hot  Well,  about 
a  mile  from  the  town,  on  the  side  of  the 
Avon,  is  much  resorted  1#o  :  It  is  of  great 
purity,  and  has  obtained  a  high  reputa-. 
'-ion  in  consumptive  cases.  In  St.  Vin- 
cent's Rock,  above  this  well  arc  found 
ihose  native  chrystals,  so  well  known 
under  the  name  of  Bristol  stones.  Be- 
sides this  well,  there  is  a  cold  spring 
which  gushes  out  of  a  rock  on  the  side' 
of  a  river  that  supplies  the  cold  bath. 
Here  are  used  sledges  instead  of  carts, 
because  the  vaults  and  common  sewers 
would  be  injured  by  them.  Bristol  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayor,  has  a  market  on 
Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Saturday,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It  is 
12  miles  WNW  of  Bath,  34  SSW  of  Glou- 
cester, and  124  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  36 
W  .  lat  51  28  X. 

Bristol,  a  post  town,  in  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, Maine ;  situated  on  Booth  bay,  12 
miles  SE  of  Wiscasset,  and  200  XE  of 
Boston. 

Bristol,  a  seaport  and  post  town,  the 
capital  of  Bristol  county,  Rhode-Island, 
situate  13  miles  X  of  Xcwport,  and  24 
SE  of  Providence.  The  situation  is  heal- 
ihv  and  agreeable  ;  the  inhabitants  about 
1700. 

Bristol,  a  post  town  in  Bucks  countv, 
Pennsylvania;  seated  on  the  YV  bank  of 
the  river  Delaware,  opposite  to  Burling- 
ton, and  20  miles  above  Philadelphia. 
The  inhabitants  are  about  600.  It  is  the 
thoroughfare  of  most  of  the  land  stages 
that  travel  between  Philadelphia  and 
Xew  York,  and  is  noted  for  a  medicinal 
barh.       w  >  i 

Bristol,  a  cape  of  Sandwich  Land  in 
the  Southern  Ocean.  Lon.  161  \Y,  lat.  19 
2X. 

Bristol,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. It  is  a  populous  county  and 
contains  about  35,000  inhabitants,  and 
several  considerable  towns. 

Bristol,  a  township  of  Hartford  coun- 
ty, in  the  state  of  Connecticut,  about  17 
miles  to  tine  W  of  Hartford.  It  has  about 
3000  inhabitants. 

Britain,  or  Great  Britain,  the  most 
considerable  of  all  the  European  islands, 
extending  550  miles  from  X  to  S,  and 
290  from  E  to  W.  It  lies  to  the  X  of 
France,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 


BRO 


BRO 


Hie  English  Channel.  The  ancient  name 
of  the  island  was  Albion,  which,  in  pro- 
cess of  time  gave  way  to  that  of  Britain, 
by  which  it  was  known  to  Julius  Cxsar. 
The  general  division  of  the  Island  is  into 
England,  Scotland,  and  Wales. 

Britain,  JVeiv,  a  country  in  N  Ameri- 
ca, commonly  called  the  Esquimaux 
country.  It  is  subject  to  Great  Britain  ; 
and  lies  between  50  and  70  N  laf.  and  be- 
tween 50  and  100  W  Ion.'  There  arc  in- 
numerable lakes  and  morasses,  which  are 
covered  with  ice  and  snow  a  great  part 
of  the  year.  The  principal  settlements 
belonging  to  the  English  Hudson's  Hay 
Company  are  Churchill,  Nelson,  New  Se- 
vern, and  Albany  on  the  W  side  of  Hud- 
son's Bay. 

Britain,  Neiv,  an  island  to  the  N  of 
New  Guinea.  It  is  divided  into  two 
islands  by  a  strait  through  which  Capt. 
Carteret  sailed  in  1767.  New  Britain 
lies  in  Ion.  152  19  E,  and  lat.  4  0  S.  The; 
inhabitants  are  black,  and  .woolly -head- 
ed, like  negroes,  but  have  not  their  flat 
noses  and  thick  lips. 

B  rives-la- Gaillarde,  an  ancient  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Correz  and 
late  province  of  Limosen.  It  is  seated 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Correze  and 
the  Vezere,  in  a  delightful  valley,  and 
has  a  handsome  hospital  and  college  ;  and 
a  fine  walk,  planted  with  trees,  which 
surrounds  the  town,  and  adds  to  the 
beauty  of  its  situation.  It  is  37  miles  S 
of  Limoges,  and  220  S  by  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  25  E,  lat.  45  15  X. 

Brixcn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Tirol,  capital  of  the  bishopric  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  tbe  Rientz  and  Evsoch,  15  miles 
E  of  Tirol,  and  40  N  of  Trent.  Lon.  11 
47  E,  lat.  46  45  N. 

Brixen,  a  bishopric  of  Germany,  in  the 
Tirol.  It  is  surrounded  with  mountains 
which  produce  excellent  wine.  The  bi- 
shop is  a  prince  of  the  empire. 

JBrizen,  or  Brietzen,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  middle  marche  of  Branden- 
burgh,  seated  on  the  river  Adah,  12 
miles  NE  of  Wirtemberg. 

Broadfield.  a  post  town  of  Westmore- 
land county,  Virginia;  96  miles  from 
Washington. 

Broadkill,  a  village  with  a  post  office, 
in  Sussex  county,  Delaware,  on  Broad- 
kill  creek,  about  ten  miles  from  Lewis- 
town. 

Broad  JRiver,  a  river  of  South  Carolina, 
at  the  mouth  of  which  is  seated  the  town 
of  Beaufort. 

Brodera,  a  principal  fortress  and  town 
of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in  Guzerat,  in 
the  NE  part  of  the  tract  lying  between 


tbe  rivers  Tapty  and  Myhie.  It  is  95 
miles  S  by  W  of  the  former,  and  195 
NE  of  the  latter.    Lon.  73  HE,  lat.  22 

15  N. 

Brod,  or  Brodt,  a  strong  place  of  Hun- 
gary, on  the  river  Save,  famous  for  a 
battle  gained  by  the  Turks  in  1688.  It 
is  20  miles  SE  of  Posega.  Lon.  19  25  E, 
lat.  45  20N. 

Brod-JVemeki,  or  Teutch-Brod,  a  town 
of  Bohemia.,  seated  on  the  river  Sozawa, 
20  miles  S  by  E  of  Czazlaw.  Lon.  15  40 
E,  lat.  49  33  N. 

Broek,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Berg,  the  capital  of  a  county  of 
the  same  name  ;  seated  on  the  iioer,  11 
miles  N  of  Dusseldorp.  Lon.  6  53  E,  lat. 
51  23  N. 

Brock,  a  beautiful  village  in  north  Hol- 
land, six  miles  from  Amsterdam.  The 
inhabitants,  though  peasants  only,  are 
all  rich.  The  streets  are  paved  in  mo- 
saic work,  with  variegated  bricks.  The 
houses  are  painted  on  the  outside,  and 
look  as  fresh,  as  if  quite  new.  The  gar- 
deny  are  adorned  with  china  vases,  grot- 
tos of  shell-work,  trees,  and  flowers ; 
with  borders  composed  of  minute  par- 
ticles of  glass,  of  different  colours,  and 
disposed  into  a  variety  of  forms.  Behind 
the  houses  and  gardens  arc  meadows, 
full  of  cattle  grazing  ;  the  out  houses  are 
likewise  behind,  so  that  waggons,  carts, 
and  cattle,  never  enter  these  neat  streets. 

Broken-Baii,  a  bay  of  New  S  Wales,  on 
the  E  coast  of  New  Holland.  It  is  form- 
ed by  the  mouth  of  a  great  river  called 
the  Hawkesbury.  Lon.  151  27  E,  lat.  33 
34  S. 

Bromley,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market 
on  Thursday,  situated  on  the  river  Ka- 
vensburn.  Bromley  is  10  miles  S  by  E  of 
London.  Lon.  0  6  E,  lat,  51  23  N. 

Bromley,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  was  formerly 
called  Abbots-Bromiey,  and  afterwards 
Pagcts-Bromley,  being  given  to  lord  Pa- 
get when  Henry  VIII.  plundered  the  ab- 
hies.  It  is  seven  miles  E  of  Stafford,  and 
130  NW  of  London.  Lon.  1  35  W,  lat  .  52 
50  N. 

Bromley,  a  village  near  Bow,  in  Middle- 
sex.. It  had  formerly  a  monastery,  the 
church  of  which  is  still  used  by  the  inha- 
bitants. 

Brompton,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  two 
miles  W  by  S  of  London. 

Brompton,  a  village  in  Kent,  situated 
on  an  easy  ascent  from  Chatham,  and  con- 
taining the  fine  barracks  for  the  military 
of  that  garrison. 

Bromsgrove,  a  town  in  Worcestershire, 
seated  on  the  river  Salwarp.  It  is  a  pretty 
good  town,  15  miles  NNE  of  Worcester, 


BRO 


BRU 


and  115  NW  of  London.    Lon.  1  50  W, 

lat  52  25  N.  Jk, 

Bromyard,  a  town  in  Herefordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  18 
miles  W  of  Worcester,  and  125  WNW 
of  London.    Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  50  8  % 

Bronno,  a  town  -of  Italy,  in  the  Mila- 
nese, 10  miles  SE  of  Pavia.  Lon.  9  26  E, 
lat.  45  6  N. 

Brooke,  the  most  northerly  county  of 
Virginia,  situated  in  an  angle  formed  by 
the  river  Ohio  and  the  state  of  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Its  chief  town  is  Wheeling. 

Brookefield,  a  township  in  the  county 
Chenango  and  state  of  New-York,  contain- 
ing about  2500  inhabitants. 

Brookfield,  a  town  of  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts,  of  great  antiquity,  being 
settled  as  early  as  1660,  15  miles  SW  of 
Worcester.  In  1800  the  township  con- 
tained 3284  inhabitants. 

Brookfield,  a  town  of  Fairfield  county, 
Connecticut,  on  the  W  side  of  Housato- 
nick-riyer,  about  eight  miles  NE  of  Dan- 
bury.  "iJf  ■ 

Brookhaven,  a  town  on  Long  Island,  in 
Suffolk  county,  New-York,  14  miles  SE 
of  Smith  town,  and  about  60  E  of  New- 
York.  The  township  contains  4122  inha- 
bitants :  the  post  office  is  317  miles  from 
TV ashington. 

Brookington,  a  post  town  of  Amelia 
county,  Virginia,  at  the  distance  of  182 
miles  from  Washington. 

Brooklyn,  a  town  of  Kings  county,  New 
York,  pleasantly  situated  at  the  W  end  of 
Long  Island,  opposite  the  city  of  New 
York.  Here  are  about  2400  inhabitants, 
and  a  post  office. 

Brooklyn,  a  post  town  of  Windham 
county,  Connecticut,  situated  on  the 
Quinboug,  a  branch  of  the  river  Thames, 
between  Pomfret  and  Canterbury. 

Brookville,  a  post  town,  in  Montgo- 
mery county,  Maryland,  on  the  W  side  of 
the  river  Pautuxent,  20  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Broom  Loch,  and  an  extensive  sait-wa- 
ter  and  arm  of  the  sea,  in  Rosshire,  on  the 
W  coast  of  Scotland.  It  has  long  been 
noted  for  its  excellent  herrings,  and  is 
esteemed  one  of  the  best  fishing  stations 
on  the  coast. 

Brora,  a  seaport  on  the  E  coast  of  Su- 
therlandshire,  Scotland.  Here  is  a  coal 
mine  which  was  lately  worked,  and  the 
coal  used  in  the  manufacture  of  salt ; 
but  it  cannot  be  carried  to  any  distance, 
as  it  takes  fire  on  being  exposed  to  the 
air.  Brora  is  40  miles  N  by  E  of  Inver- 
ness. 

Brora,  a  river  in  Sutherlandshire, 
which  issues  from  a  lake  of  the  same 
name.     Above  the  town  of  Brora,  it 


forms  several  fine  cascades  ;  and,  below 
that  village,  falls  into  the  British  Ocean. 

Brouage,  a  town  of  .France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charente  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Saintonge.  Its  salt  works  are 
the  finest  in  France,  and  the  salt  is  called 
Bay  salt,  because  it  lies  on  a  bay  of  the 
sea.  It  is  17  miles  S  of  Eochelle,  and 
170  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  4  W,  lat.  45 
52  N. 

Brouca,  a  town  of  Sicily,  on  the  S  side 
of  tiie  gulf  of  Catania,  15  miles  S  of  Cata- 
nia. Lon.  15  30  E,  lat.  37  25  N. 

Brouershaven,  a  seaport  of  the  United 
provinces,  in  the  island,  of  Schor.en,  nine 
miles  SW  of  Helvoetsiuvs.  Lon.  4  15  E, 
lat.  51  40  N. 

Brnnifield,  a  township  of  York  county, 
Maine,  on  the  Sacs  river. 

Bro-wnsburg,  a  town  in  RocKbridge 
county,  Virginia,  22  miles  S  by  W  of 
Staunton,  and  200  from  Washington.  Here 
is  a  post  office. 

Bro~a>nsville,'  sometimes  called  Red 
Stone  Old  Fort,  is  a  post  town  in  Fayette 
county,  Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  the  river  Monongahela,  12 
miles  NW  of  Union,  25  SE  of  Washing- 
ton, and  35  S  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  in  the 
centre  of  a  settlement  of  Friends.  This 
town  is  connected  with  Bridgeport  by  a 
chain  bridge  thrown  across  Dunlap's 
creek,  a  small  stream  of  water  running 
between  them.  Both  together  contain 
about  200  houses  and  1000  inhabitants. 
Brownsville  is  in  a  flourishing  state,  be- 
ing in  the  centre  of  a  well  cultivated  and 
rich  country.  It  is  the  general  rendez- 
vous of  emigrants  from  Virginia  and 
Maryland,  on  their  passage  down  the 
Ohio. 

Bruchsal,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Spire,  seated  on  the  river 
Satz,  five  miles  SE  of  Philipsburg.  Lon. 
8  36  E,  lat.  49  11  N. 

Brvgg,  or  lirnvg,  a  town  of  Swisser- 
land,  in  Argau,  seated  on  the  river  Aar, 
over  which  is  a  bridge.  -It  is  22  miles 
SE  of  Basil.    Lon.  8  4  E,  lat.  47  21  N. 

Bruges,  a  large  episcopal  city  of  Aus- 
trian Flanders,  once  the  greatest  trading 
town  in  Europe  ;  but  in  the  16th  ceta 
tury,  the  civil  wars  occasioned  by  the 
tyranny  of  Philip  II.  drove  the  trade  first 
to  Antwerp,  and  then  to  Amsterdam.  It 
is  seated  in  a  plain,  eight  miles  from  the 
sea,  and  has  a  communication  by  canals, 
with  Ghent,  Ostend,  Sluys,  Newport, 
Funics,  Ypres,  and  Dunkirk.  Bruges 
has  been  often  taken  and  retaken*  the 
last  time  by  the  French,  in  1794.  It  is 
eight  miles  E  of  Osttnd.  Lon.  3  5  E. 
lat.  51  12  N. 

Brvgge,  or  Eruggen,  a  town  of  Lower 


13  R  U 


B  R  Y 


Saxony  in  the  bishopric  of  Ilildesheim, 

six  miles  from  the  city  of  that  name. 

Lon.  10  5  E,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Brugneto,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 

in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  at  the  foot  of 

the  Appenines,  35  miles  SE  of  Genoa. 

Lon.  9  3uE,  lat.  44  15  N. 

Brunetto,  a  strong  and  important  place 

in  Piedmont,  near  Susa,  which  it  defends. 
Brunsuttle,  a  sea  port  of  5 in-many,  in 

Holstein  at  the  mouth  of  (lie  Elbe,  13 

miles  NW  of  Gluckstadt.    Lon.  9  2  E, 

lat.  54  2  N. 

Brunswick,  a  country  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Lunenburg,  on  the  W  by  ihe 
circle  of  Westphalia,  on  the  S  by  Hesse, 
and  on  the  E  by  Anhalt,  Halt* -rstad  , 
and  Magdeburg.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Wesar,  Ocker,  and  Lyne.  It  is 
divided  into  three  principalities  ,  Wolfen- 
buttle,  Grubenhagen,  and  Calenberg, 
which  also  comprehends  the  duchy  of 
Gottingen.  The  principality  of  Wbjfen- 
buitle  has  its  own  dukes  ;  but  the  other 
two  belong-  to  the  elector  of  Hanover. 

Brunswick,  a  large  city  of  Germany, 
in  the  duchy  of  Brunswick.  It  was  for- 
merly an  imperial  and  hanseatic  town, 
till  it  was  taken  by  the  duke  of  II  runs - 
wick  Wolfenbuttle  in  1671,  who  built  a 
citadel  to  keep  it  in  awe.  In  the  square 
before  the  castle  is  a  famous  stone  sta- 
tue, with  a  lion  made  of  block-tin,  done 
after  the  life.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
is  about  24,000.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ocker,  55  miles  W  of  Magdeburg1.  Lon. 
10  42  E,  lat.  52  25  X. 

B run  wick,  a  post  town  of  Georgia,  in 
North  America,  in  Glynn  county.  It  has 
a  safe  harbour  capable  of  containing  a 
numerous  fleet  of  men  of  war;  from  its 
situation,  and  the  fertility  of  the  inland 
country,  it  promises  to  be  a  place  of con- 
sequer  ce.  It  is  70  miles  WS  W  of  Savan- 
nah, and  752  from  Washington,  Lat.  31 
10  N,  lon.  8  2  \V. 

Brunswick,. a  city  of  New  Jersey,  in 
North  America,  situate  on  the  Iiaritan 
12  miles  above  Perth  Amboy.  Its  situa- 
tion is  low  and  unpleasant ;  but  the  inha- 
bitants are  beginning  to  build  on  a  plea- 
sant hill  which  rises  at  the  back  of  the 
town.  They  have  a  considerable  inland 
trade,  and  many  small  vessels  belonging  to 
the  port.  Here  was  formerly  a  flourishing  < 
college,  called  Queen's  college,  but  has 
declined. 

Brunswick,  J\*ew,  in  North  America,  i 
one  of  the  two  provinces  into  which  Nov;,  i 
Scotia  was  divided  in  1784;  bounded  on 
the  W  by  New  England,  on  the  N  by  Ca- 
nada, on  the  E  by  the  gulf  of  St.  Law-  i 


,  rence,  and  on  the  S  by  the  bay  of  Fundy 
.  and  Nov  a  Scotia.  St.  John's  is'the  capi  al. 

Brtmsioick,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Vir- 
i  ginia,  situated  between  the  Nottoway  and 
Moherrin  rivers,  containing  about  18000 
inhabitants. 

Brunswick,  a  county  of  North  Carolina, 
in  Wilmington  district;  situated  between 
Cape  Fear  river  and  South  Carolina,  con- 
taining 5000  inhabitants.  In  this  county 
is  a  town  of  the  same  name. 

Brunswick,  a  town  in  the  county  of 
Cumberland  and  district  of  Maine,  about 
80  miles  NE  of  Portland.  It  is  a  place  of 
considerable  trade  in  lumber. 

Brussels,  the  capital  of  Brabant,  and 
seat  of  the  governor  of  the  Austrian  Low 
Countries.  It  is  a  rich  and  handsome 
city,  and  has  many  magnificent  public 
buildings,  and  walks.  No  city  in  Europe, 
except  Naples  and  Genoa,  makes  a  finer 
appearance  at  a  distance  ;  but  like  them 
it  is  all  up  and  down  hill.  It  is  encom- 
passed with  a  double  brick  wall,  and  has 
s  ven  gates:  but  being  seven  miles  in 
compass,  is  too  large  to  hold  out  a  long 
siege.  In  Brussels  are  seven  fine  squares 
or  market  places;  that  of  the  great  mar- 
ket is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the 
world.  The  town  house  takes  up  one 
quarter  of  it;  and  has  a  very  high  stee- 
ple, on  the  top  of  which  is  a  brazen  sta- 
tue of  St.  Michael,  fifteen  feet  high.  The 
nunnery  called  the  Beguinage  is  like  a 
little  town,  being  surrounded  by  a  wall 
and  ditch,  and  has  little  streets^  where 
each  nun  has  an  apartment.  This  nun- 
nery exists  no  longer,  being  abolished 
with  several  others,  by  the  French,  when 
they  took  Brussels,  in  1794.  It  is  seated 
partly  on  an  eminence,  and  parth  on  the 
rivulet  Senne.  It  has  a  communication 
with  the  Scheldt  by  a  fine  canal,  and  is 
22  miles  S  of  Antwerp,  26  SE  of  Ghent, 
and  148  X  bv  E  of  Pans.  Lon.  4  21  E, 
lat.  50  51  N." 

Brvton,  a  town  of  Somersetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  a  free-school* 
founded  by  Edward  VI.;  and  a  stately 
almshouse,  consisting  of  the  ruins  of  a 
priory.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Brew, 
12  miles  SE  of  Wells,  and  1  09  W  of 
London.    Lon.  2  38  W,  lat.  1  7  N. 

Bmyiers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Vopges  and  late  province 
of  Lor  rain,  22  miles  S  bv  E  of  Luneville. 
Lon.  6  50  E,  lat.  40  18  N. 

Brinjns-bridge,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Clare,  seated  on  the  Shannon, 
eight  miles  N  of  Limerick.  Lon.  8  34  W, 
lat.  52  50  N. 

Briian,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Geor- 
gia, containing  about  6000  inhabitants.  It 


BUC 


B  U  E 


is  watered  by  the  Ogeechee  river,  and 
bounds  eastward ly  on  the  Ocean. 

Bua,  an  island  of  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
on  the  coas  of  Dalmatia,  near  the  town  o: 
Traou,  called  likewise  para'idge  Island, 
because  frequented  by  those  birds. 

Buarcos,  a  town  of  Portugal  in  the 
province  of  Beira,  27  miles  S  of  Aveira. 
Lon.  8  30  W,  lat.  40  13  N. 

Iiuc/um,  a  district  in  the  NE  part  of 
Aberdeenshire,  from  the  sea  to  the  river 
Ythan,  on  the  S. 

Buchanness,  the  most  eastern  promon- 
tory of  Scotland,  situated  in  the  district 
of  Buchan,  in  lon.  1  26  W,  lat.  57  28  N. 
Between  this  promontory  and  the  town 
of  Peterhead  is  the  place  called  the  Boi- 
lers of  Buchan  ;  a  large  oval  cavity,  sunk 
into  the  steep  rocks  on  the  coast,  to  the 
depth  of  150  feet.  Boats  frequently  sail 
into  this  awful  pit,  under  a  natural  arch 
opening  to  the  sea  at  the  E  end,  and  ic- 
sembling  the  window  of  some  great  ca- 
thedral. At  a  little  distance,  is  a  vast  in- 
sulated rock,  divided  by  a  narrow  and  ve- 
ry deep  chasm  from  the  land  ;  and  in  the 
middle  of  the  rock,  many  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  water,  is  a  large  triangular 
aperture,  through  which  the  sea,  in  a 
storm,  rushes  with  a  tremendous  noise. 

Buchaio,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Suabia, 
on  the  Tedersee,  with  a  monastery, 
v  hose  abbess  has  a  voice  in  the  diet  of 
the  empire.  It  is  27  miles  SW  of  Clm. 
Lon.  9  40  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Bucharest,  a  large  and  strong  town  or 
Walachia,  where  thehospodar  comm<>n!\ 
resides.  It  is  45  miles  SE  of  Torgovisto. 
Lon.  26  57  E,  lat.  45  7  N. 

Bouc/iom,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Su- 
abia, on  the  lake  of  Constance,  18  miles 
E  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  42  E,  lat.  47  41  X. 

Buckenhum,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  12  miles  E  by  N  of 
Thetford.  and  97  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1 
6  E,  lat.  52  34  X. 

Buckjield,  a  post  town  of  Cumberland 
county,  Maine,  10  miles  W  of  Turner,  on 
the  Andrascog.  in  river,  and  about  5b 
miles  N  of  Portland.  The  inhabitants 
of  the  township  were  1000  at  the  last 
census. 

Buckingham,  the  chief  town  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  seated  on  low  ground,  and  almost 
surrounded  by  the  6u.se,  over  which  are 
three  stone  budges.  There  was  formerly 
a  castle,  on  a  mount,  in  the  middle  of  the 
town.  1^  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, and  is  25  miles  NE  of  Oxford,  and 
57  NW  of  London.  Lon  0  58  W,  lat.  51 
56  N,     *  JK*  ^       :'. > ••'       at  ! 

Buckinghamshire,  or  Bucks,  a  county 
f  England,  bounded  on  the  N  by  North- 


amptonshire ;  on  the  E  by  Bedfordshire, 
Herts,  and  Middlesex  ;  on  the  W  by  Ox- 
fordshire, and  on  the  S  by  Berks.  It  is 
39  miles  in  length,  and  18  in  breadth,  of 
an  oblong  form  whose  greatest  extent  is 
from  N  to  S.  It  sends  14  members  to 
parliament,  and  lies  in  the  diocese  of 
Lincoln.  Its  principal  rivers  are  the 
Thames,  Coin,  Ouse,  and  Tame. 

Buckingham,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
Virginia;,  situated  between  James  and. 
Appomattox  rivers  ;  containing  15000  in- 
habitants. 

Buckland,  a  village  with  a  post-office, 
in  Prince  William  county,  Virg-inia,  42 
miles  from  Washington,  in  a  SW  diree* 
tion. 

Bucks  County,  one  of  the  three  original 
counties  of  Pennsylvania;  very  populous 
and  highly  improved.  It  is  bounded 
eastward  for  many  miles  by  the  river  De- 
laware. It  contains  4t>0,000  acres  of  land, 
and  about  30,OU0  inhabitants.  .  The  prin- 
cipal town  and  seat  of  justice  is  Newton, 
situated  24  miles  NE  of  Philadelphia. 

Buckstoivn,  a  post  'town  of  Hancock 
county,  Maine,  with  624  inhabitants. 

Buda,  the  capital  of  Lower  Hungary, 
situated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  Da- 
nube. The  churches  and  public  buildings 
are  handsome.  In  the  adjacent  country 
are  Vineyards,  which  produce  excellent 
w  ine  ;  and  hot  badis  that  were  in  excel- 
lent order,  with  magnificent  rooms,  while 
the  Turks  had  possession  of  this  place. 
It  is  105  utiles  SE  of  Vienna,  and  560  N 
W  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  18  22  E,  lat. 
47  25  N. 

UudUesdale,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  with  a  small  chapel, 
It  is  seated  in  a  valley,  15  miles  NE  of 
Bury,  and  88  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  4  E, 
lat.  52  22  N. 

Budelich,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
ai  bishopric  of  Treves  on  the  Traen,  ten 
miles  L  of  Treves.  Lon.  6  55  E,  lat.  49 
50  N. 

Budoa,  a  strong  episcopal  town  of  Dal- 
matia, subject  to  the  Venetians;  It  was 
almost  ruined  by  an  earthquake  in  1667- 
It  is  30  mih-s  SE  of  Kagusa.  Lon.  18  58  E, 
lat.  42  30  A". 

Budrio,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  Bolog- 
nese,  whose  adjacent  fields  produce 
large  quantities  of  fine  hemp.  It  is  eight 
mile  s  E  of  Boiogna.  Lon.  11  37  E,  lat. 
44  30  N. 

Biuhueis,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  70  miles 
S  of  Prague,  and  85  NW  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
14  52E,  hit.  48  55  X. 

Buen  Ayre.  See  Bonaire. 

Bumos  Jiyres,  a  country  of  South  Ame- 
rica, belonging  to  the  Spaniards.  This 
name  given  from  the  pleasantness  of  the 


B  ifL 


BUR 


climate,  is  extended  to  the  country  lying 
between  Tucumaa  on  the  E,  Paraguay  on 
the  N,  and  Terra  Magellanic*,  on  the  S. 
No  country  in  the  world  abounds  more  in 
horned  cattle  and  horses,  where  ihe 
greatest  expense  of  a  horse  or  a  cow  is 
the  catching  it.  In  such  abundanc-  are 
these  useful  animals,  that  the  hide  alone 
is-  deemed  of  any  value,  as  this  constitutes 
a  main  article  in  the  trade  of  the  country. 
JLon.  58  31  W,  hit.  34  35  S.      „  j 

Buenos  „4j/?r.v,  or  Civ: dud  tie  la  Trinidad, 
the  capital  of  the  country  called  Buenos 
Ay  res  in  South  America,  was  founded  in 
the  year  1735,  under  the  direction  of  Don 
Pedro  de  Mendoza,  at  that  time  gover- 
nor. It  stands  on  a  point  called  C;.pe 
Bianco,  on  the  S  Vide  of  the  Plata,  50 
miles  from  the  sea,  fronting  a  small  ri- 
ver. The  situation  is  in  a  fine  plain,  ri- 
sing by  a  gentle  ascent  from  the  river  ; 
and  truly  delightful,  whether  we  regard 
the  temperature  of  the  climate,  the  ferti- 
lity of  the  soil,  or  the  beautiful  verdure 
which  overspreds  the  whole  face  of  the 
country.  The  city  is  very  considerable 
•in  extent,  containing  3000  houses.  The 
streets  are  straight,  broad  and  pretty  e- 
qual  in  the  heights  and  dimensions  of  the 
buildings.  Most  of  the  buildings  are  of 
chalk  or  brick,  except  the  cathedral,  a 
magnificent  structure-  composed  chiefly 
of  stone. 

Buffaloe,  a  township  of  Northumber- 
land county,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  watered 
by  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  which  falls 
into  the  W  branch  of  the  Susquehannah  ; 
after  watering  a  fertile  strip  of  land,  cal- 
led Buffaloe  valley. — This  is  also  the  name 
of  several  other  townships  in  the  western 
counties  of  Pennsylvania. 

Bugia,  a  province  of  Algiers,  in  Africa, 
surrounded  with  mountains,  and  very  fer- 
tile in  corn. 

Bugia,  a  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Al- 
giers, at  the  mouth  of  the  Major,  on  a  bay 
of  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  75  miles  E  of 
Algiers.    Lon.  3  58  E,  hit.  36  49  N* 

Builtk,  a  town  in  Brecknockshire,  seat- 
ed on  the  Wye,  over  which  is  a  wooden 
bridge  into  Radnorshire.  It  has  a  mar- 
ket on  Monday  and  Saturday,  and  is  12 
miles  N  of  Brecknock,  and  i7l  W  by  X 
of  London.  Lon.  3  14  W,  hit.  52  8  N. 

Bids,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Drome,  lately  in  the  province 
of  Dauphiny,  40  miles  SW  of  Cap. 

Bukari,  a  small  but  well  built  town  of 
Hungarian  Dalmatia,  with  a  harbour  on 
the  gulf  of  Bikeriza,  near  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, ten  miles  NE  of  Veglia.  Lon.  14  59 
E,  lat.  45  29  N. 

Bulac,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  Nile, 
two  miles  W  of  Grand  Cairo,  being  thej 


seaport  of  that  city.  On  the  N  side  of  it 
is  the  Calisch,  whose  banks  are  cut  every 
year  to  convey  the  waters  of  the  Niie,  by 
a  canal,  to  Grand  Cairo.    Lon.  31  22  E 
lat.  30  2  N. 

Bulam,  an  island  of  Africa,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande.  The  soil  is 
good ;  and  as  it  was  uninhabited,  a  set- 
tlement of  free  blacks  was  formed  here, 
in  1792,  by  the  English,  who  purchased 
it  of  the  neighbouring  king,  but  has  been 
since  entirely  relinquished.  Lon.  15  0 
W,  lat.  HON. 

Bulgaria  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, bounded  on  the  N  by  Walachia,  on 
the  E  by  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  S  by  Ro- 
mania and  Macedonia,  and  on  the  W  by 
Servia. 

Bulness  or  Boivjiess,  a  village  in  Cum- 
berland, at  the  end  of  the  Picts  Wall,  on 
die  Solway  Frith.  It  was  a  Roman  sta- 
tion, called  Blatum  Bulgium ;  and  hence 
Antoninus  began  his  Itinerary.  It  is  13 
miles  W  by  N  of  Carlisle. 

Bullitt o,  a  county  in  the  State  of  Ken- 
tucky containing  about  4000  inhabitants. 
This  name  is  given  also  to  a  famous  Salt 
Lick,  in  the  same  state. 

Bullock,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Geor- 
gia, containing-  about  2,500  inhabitants. 

Bundela,  or  Bundelcund,  a  territory  of 
Hindoostan  Proper,  on  the  SWof  the  ri- 
ver J  unna,  and  separated  from  it  by  a 
narrow  tract  of  a  low  country.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  the  dominions  of  Oude,  Be- 
nares and  the  Mahrattas.  It  is  a  moun- 
tainous tract  of  more  than  100  miles 
square,  and  contains  the  celebrated  dia- 
mond mines  of  Panna,  with  some  strong 
fortresses.  Chatterpour  is  the  capital 
Lon.  79  75  E,  lat.  25  0  N. 

Bungay,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday,  seated  on  the  Wavney, 
which  is  navigable  hence  to  Yarmouth. 
It  is  36  miles  N  by  E  of  Ipswich,  and 
107  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  30  E,  lat.  52 
35  N. 

Bungo,  a  kingdom  of  Japan,  in  the  is- 
land of  Ximo,  whose  capital  is  Lunay. 

Buntingford,  a  town  of  Herts,  frith  a 
market  ol  Monday,  seven  miles  S  of  Roys- 
ton,  and  31  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  6 
E,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Buragrug,  a  river  of  Barbary,  in  the 
kingdom  ot  Fez,  which  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  a:  the  town  of  Sallee. 

Burella,  or  Civita  Burrella,  a  town  of 
Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citeriore,  20  miles  S 
of  Lanciano.  Lon.  14  48  E,  lat.  41  58  N. 

Buren,  a  town  of  Dutch  Cuehlerland, 
which  sives  the  title  of  count  of  Buren 
to  the  prince  of  Orange.  It  is  22  miles 
W  of  Nimeguen.  Lon.  5  12  E,  lat.  51 
53  N. 


BUR 


BUR 


Buren,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Paderborn,  seined  on  the  Al- 
ine, 10  miles  S  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  8  53 
E,  lat.  53  16  X. 

Bur  en,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  seated  on  the  river  Aar, 
between  Arberg,  and  Sole^ure. 

Burford,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday  ;  seated  on  the  river 
Windrush,  and  noted  for  the  making-  of 
saddles,  and  for  the  downs  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood. It  is  17  miles  W  by  N  of  Ox- 
ford, and  71  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  33 
W,  lat.  51  49  X.. 

Burg,  a  tvtvn  of  the  Dutch  Xetherlands 
in  Zutphen,  seated  on  the  Old  Yisel,  18 
milts  E  of  Ximeguen.  Lon.  6  15  E,  lat. 
52  59  X. 

Burgaip,  a  town  and  castle  <jf  Suabia, 
capital  of  a  margravate  of  the  same  name. 
It  belongs  to  the  House  of  Austria,  and 
5s  26  miles  W  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10  25 
E,  lat.  48  28  X. 

Burgdorf,  a  handsome  town  of  Swis- 
serland,  in  the  canton  of  Hern,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  pretty  large  and  seated  en 
an  eminence,  eight  miles  XE  of  Bern. 
Lon.  7  19  E,  lat.  46  58  X. 

Bicrgh-upon-Sunds,  a  village  in  Cumber- 
land, near  Solway -Frith,  where  Edward 
the  First  died,  in  1307.  It  is  five  miles 
XW  of  Carlisle. 

Burgos,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  Old 
Castile,  and  an  archbishop's  see  The 
squares,  public  buildings,  and  fountains 
are  fine,  and  the  walks  agreeable.  It  is 
seated  parti}'  on  a  mountain,  and  partly 
on  tlie  river  Aranzon,  95  mjles  E  by  S  of 
Leon,  and  117  X  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  30  W, 
lat.  42  20  X. 

Burgundy,  a  late  province  of  France, 
which  now  forms  the  three  departments 
of  Cote'u'Or,  Saone,  Loire,  and  Yonne. 
It  is  112  miles  in  length,  and  75  in 
breadth  :  bounded  on  the  E  by  Franchc 
Compte,  on  the  \Y  by  Bourbonnois  and 
Xivernois,  on  the  S  by  Lyonois,  and  on 
theX  by  Champagne,  it  is  fertile  in  corn, 
fruits  and  excellent  wines. 

Burhnnpour,  a  city  of  Hindoostan  in 
<he  Deccan,  the  capital  of  Candeish,  and, 
atone  period,  of  the, Deccan  also,  it  is 
yet  a  flourishing  cityj*  and  is  situattd  in 
the  midst  of  a  delightful  country,  225 
miles  E  by  Xof  Surat.  Lon.  76  1J)  E,  lat. 
21  25  X. 

Burick,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  du- 
chy of  Cleves,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  oppo- 
site Wesel,  IT  miles  SE  of  Cleves.  Lon. 
6  18  E,  lat.  51  52  X. 

Burhe'i  one  of  the  western  counties  of 
N  Carolina.  It  is  intersected  by  nnme- 
rous  mountains,  and  rich  intervales.  The 


population  is  about  12,000  persons,  priif- 
clpally  free.  The  principal  town  is  Mor- 
gantown. 

BurLJumsen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Bavaria,  on  the  river  Saltz,  27 
miles  N  bv  W  of  Saltzbmg.  Lon.  12  50 
E,  lat.  40  17  X. 

Burlington,  an  ancient  city  in  Burling- 
ton county,  New  Jersey ;  seated  on  the 
SE  bank  of  the  river  Delaware,  opposite 
to  Bristol,  and  20  miles  above  Philadel- 
phia. It  was  founded  in  1577,  and  called 
Xew  Beverley  ;  it  has  a  safe  harbour  for 
shipping,  with  a  considerable  depth  of 
water,  but  has  progressed  slowly  in  po- 
pulation, containing  at  present  (1805)  but 
a  few  more  than  2J00  inhabitants.  The 
municipal  jurisdiction  is  vested  in  a  may- 
or and  aldermen.  The  buildings  are 
principally  of  bricks,  and  constructed  in 
a  plain  commodious  stile,  with  a  large 
garden  lot  to  each  house.  There  is  an 
ep.scopal  church,  two  or  three' meeting- 
houses, a  considerable  brewery,  a  court- 
house, and  jail  in  this  town,  though  the 
seat  of  justice  has  been  lately  removed  to 
Mountholly. 

Burlington,  a  post  town  of  Chittenden 
county,  Vermont,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Lake  Champlain,  four  miles  S  of  Onion 
river,  and  20  miles  northerly  of  Vergen- 
nes.  The  situation  is  healthy  and  plea- 
sant, which  induced  the  legislature  to 
pass  a  law  for  the  establishment  of  an 
university  at  this  town.  The  township 
contains  815  inhabitants. 

Bitrwah,  an  extensive  kingdom  of  Asia, 
to  the  E  of  the  Ganges;  sometimes,  but 
erroneously,  called  Ava,  from  its  reputed 
capital.  It  is  bounded  by  Pegu  on  the 
X  and  occupies  both  sides  of  the  river 
Ava,  as  f.r  as  the  frontiers  of  China  ;  on 
the  XW  by  Mecklcy;  on  the  W  it  has 
Aracan,  and  on  the  E  Upper  Siam.  This 
country,  which  is  little  known  to  Euro- 
peans, produces  some  of  the  best  teek 
timber  in  India.  Ships  built  of  teek,  up- 
ward of  40  years  old,  are  no  uncommon 
objects  in  the  Indian  seas,  where  an  Eu- 
ropean ship  is  ruined  in  five  years. 

Burnham,  a  town  in  Xorfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Monday  and  Saturday.  It  is 
seated  near  the  sea,  29  miles  X  W  of  Xor- 
wich,  and  126  XE  of  London.  Lon.  0  48 
E,  hit.  53  4  X.  ^ 

Burnham,  a  town  in  Essex,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  (Crouch,  whicn  is  here  called 
Curnham  Water.  The  W  alfleet  and  Burn- 
ham  oysters  are  the  product  of  the  creeks 
and  pits  of  this  river.  Burnham  is  11 
miles  SE  of  Maiden. 

Burnley,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday,  35  miles  SE  of  Lan> 
.  O 


B  U  R 


BUT 


caster,  and  208  XXW  of  London.  Lon.  2 
15  W,  lat.  53  46  N. 

Burjitislcnul,  a  boro\\<r}\  in  Fifeshii'c,  on 
the  frith  of  Forth,  villi  an  excellent  har- 
bour. It  is  seated  under  a  stupendous, 
rock,  ten  miles  NW  of  Edinburgh.  Lon. 
3  5  W;  iat.  56  8  N. 

Burranipooter,  a  river  of  Asia,  which  ri- 
ses near  the  head  of  the  Ganges,  in  the 
mountains  of  Thibet.  It  first  takes  its 
course  to  the  E  directly  opposite  to  that 
of  the  Ganges,  and  winding  with  a  rapid 
current  thorough  Thibet,  where  it  is  na- 
med Sampoo,  or  Z.iiichin,  it  washes  tht 
border  of  the  territory  of  Lassa,  and  pro- 
ceeds SE  to  within  220  miles  of  Yunan, 
the  westernmost  province  of  China:  then 
turning  suddenly  to  the  W  through  As- 
sam, it  enters  Bengal  on  die  XE,  wheu 
it  assumes  the  name  of  Burranipooter. 
It  then  makes  a  circle  round  the  Western 
point  of  the  Garrow  mountains,  and  al- 
tering its  course  to  S,  meets  the  Gang,  s 
about  4U  miles  from  tkt  Sea,  after  having 
meandered  for  more  than  2000  miles. 
During  the  lust  60  miles  before  its  jur.c- 
tion  with  the  Ganges,  it  forms  a  strehm 
which  is  regularly  from  four  to  five  miles 
wide;  and,  but  for  its  freshness  might 
pass  for  an  arm  of  the  sea.  Common  de- 
scription fails  in  an  attempt  to  convey  an 
adequate  idea  of  the  grandeur  of  this 
magnificent  object.  . 

Buna,  or  Prima,  one  of  the  largest  ci- 
ties of  Turkey  m  Asia,  capital  of  Becsan- 
gil.  it  sta.ids  upon  several  little  hills, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Olympus,  and  on 
the  edge  of  a  fine  plain  full  of  fruit  trees. 
The  mosques  «re  elegant,  as  are  the  ca- 
ravansaries. Bursa  is  99  miles  S  of  Con- 
stantinople. Lon.  29  5  E,  lat.  39  22  N. 

Burton-upon-Trent,  a  town  in  Stafford- 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  had 
formerly  a  large  abbey ;  and  over  the 
Trent  is  a  famous  bridge  of  freestone,  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  in  length,  supported  by 
37  arches.  It  consists  chiefly  of  one  long 
street,  which  runs  from  the  site  of  the 
abbey  to  the  bridge,  and  has  a  good  mar- 
ket for  corn  and  provisions.  It  is  12 
miles  XE  of  Lichheld,ar.d  124  XXW  of 
London.    Lon.  1  40  W,  lat  52  4S  X. 

Burton,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday  ;  seated  on  a  hill,  near 
the  river  Trent,  30  miles  X  of  Lincoln, 
and  164  X  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  36 
W,  lat.  53  40  X. 

Burton,  a  town  in  Westmoreland,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday ;  seated  in  a  valley, 
near  a  hill  called  Farleton-Knothill,  11 
miles  X  of  Lancaster,  and  247  XXW  of 
London.  L.m.  2  50  W,  lat.  54  10  X. 

Burville,  a.  towit  jn  Anderson  county, 


Tennessee,  on  the  X  side  of  Clinch  river, 
30  miles  X  of  Knoxville,  the  capital  of 
the  state.  Here  is  a  post  office  570  miles 
from  Waaliingtan. 

Bun',  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the  Ir- 
well,  and  noted  for  its  fustian  manufac- 
ture, and  the  coarse  goods  called  half- 
thicks  and  kerseys.  In  1787,  the  theatre 
fell,  and  buried  under  its  ruins  more  than 
300  persons,  many  of  whom  were  killed 
or  much  bruised.  Bury  is  36  miles  SE 
of  Lancaster,  and  19  J  XXW  of  London 
Lon.  2  24  W,  fat.  53  36  X. 

Bury,  St.  Edmunds,  a  borough  in  Suf- 
folk, with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  The  situation  is  very  plea- 
sant, and  the  air  is  supposed  to  be  the 
best  in  England;  for  which  reason  it  is 
frequemed  by  genteel  people.  The  no- 
ble ruins  of  its  ahbey,  are  still  standing- 
near  the  two  churches,  which  are  both 
large,  and  sealed  in  one  churchyard.  Bu- 
ry sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
took  its  name  from  St.  Edmund  tke  king, 
who  war.  buried  here,  after  being  mur- 
dered in  a  wood.  The  assizes  are  held 
here.  It  is  14  miles  E  of  Xevvmarket, 
and  72  XX E  of  London.  Lon.  0  46  E, 
iat.  52  22  X.  ' 

Bush,  a  small  river  in  Hartford  county, 
Maryland,  which  falls  into  Chesapeak 
bay,  near  its  head. 

Bussletoivu,  a  hriving  village  in  Phila- 
delphia county,  Pennsylvania,  11  miles  X 
by  E  of  the  city.  Here  is  a  post  office, 
and  about  20  dwelling  houses. 

Buteshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  con- 
sisting of  the  Islands  of  Bute,  Arran,  and 
Inchmar  oc,  which  lie  in  the  frith  of 
Clyde.  They  are  fertile  in  corn  and  pas- 
tures, and  there  is  a.  considerable  herring 
fishery.  This  shire  >  sends  a  member  to. 
parliament  alternately  with  Caithness- 
shire. 

Butler one  of  the  western  counties  in 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  bordering  in 
its  SE  corner  on  the  river  Alleghenny. 
This  county  contains  about  50C0  inhabi- 
tants, and  400,000  acrts  of  land.  \ 

Butrago,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Xew  Cas- 
tile, seated  on  the  Lozova,  30  miles  X  bv 
E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  5  W,  lat.  40  46.  N. 

Butrhito,  a  seaport  and  episcopal  town 
of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Albania,  on  the 
canal  of  Corfu,  and  at  the  entrance  of  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  30  miles  S  of  Chimaera. 
Lon.  20  9  E,  lat.  39  49X. 

Buttermcre  Water,  a  lake  in  Cumber- 
land, eight  miles  SW  of  Keswick,  two 
miles  long,  and  nearly  one  broad.  This 
lake  is  called  the  Upper  Lake,  and  near 
a  mile  from  it,  to  the  XE  is  the  Lower 


■ 

B  Y  B 


CAB 


Lake,  called  also  the  Cromack  Watei 
The  river  Cocker  flows  through  both 
these  lakes  to  Cockermouth. 

Butternuts,  a  town  of  Otsego  county, 
New  York.  The  township  has  1390  inha 
bitants,  and  the  post  office  is  440  miles 
from  Washington. 

Button's  Bay,  the  N  part  of  Hudson's 
Bay,  through  which  attempts  have  been 
made  to  discover  a  NW  passage  o  Chi 
na.  It  is  so  called  from  Sir  Thomas  But- 
ton, who  h<a*e  lost  his  ship,  and  can 
back  in  a  slobp  built  in  the  country.  It 
lies  between  60  and  66  X  lat. 

Butzara,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bi- 
shopric of  Schwerin,  17  miles  SW  of  Ro 
stock.    Lon.  11  55  E,  lat.  54  0  N. 

Buxton,  a  village  in  Derbyshire,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Peak.    The  warm  waters 
of  Buxton  are  the  bath  consisting  of  nine 
springs,  St.  Anne's  well  and  St.  Peter's 
well.    St.  Anne's  well  formerly  rose  into 
a  stone  bason,  over  which  an  arch  was 
erected,  which  still  continues.    In  the 
midst  of  this  dome  the  water  now  springs 
up  into  a  stone  bason  two  feet  square.  It 
appears  by  several  ruins  found  here,  that 
their  waters  were  known  in  the  time  ot 
the  Romans.    T her  are  hot  and  sulphu- 
reous, but  create  an  appetite,  and  open 
obstructions  ;  and,  if  bathed  in,  give  re- 
lief in  scorbutic  rheumatisms,  nervous 
cases,   &c.     Much  company  resort  to 
them  in  the  summer.    The  duke  of  De- 
vonshire has  erected  a  beautiful  building 
in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  which  is  divid- 
ed into  different  hotels,  shops,  &c.  with 
a  public  coffee  room,  and  a  very  elegant 
room  for  assemblies  and  concerts.  A 
mile  from  hence  is  another  of  the  won- 
ders called  Pool's  Hole,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain.    The  entrance  is  low  and  nar- 
row, but  it  presently  opens  to  a  cave  of 
considerable  height,  and  is  696  Feet  long, 
with  a  roof  resembling  a  Gothic  cathe- 
dral   it  contains  many  stalactitious  "con- 
cretions, and  several  curious  representa- 
tions both  of  art  and  nature,  produced  by 
the  petrifying  water  continually  drop- 
ping from  the  rock.    Buxton  is  32  miles 
NW  of  Derby,  and  160  NXW  of  London. 

Buxton,  a  town  of  York  county,  in  the 
district  of  Maine.  It  is  situated  near  the 
rnouth  of  Saco  river,  and  about  115  miles 
northeastward  from  Boston^^  . 

Buzbach,  a  tov  n  of  Germany,  in  Wet.-- 
ravia,  and  in  the  eounty^of"  Holms,  oy 
miles  X  by  E  of  1  rancfort.  Lon.  8  44  E, 
lat.  50  23  X. 

Buzzard's  Bay,  a  noted  bay  on  the 
coast  of  Massachusetts,  running  up  be- 
tween Bristol  county  and  the  peninsula 
of  Barncstaple. 

Jtitberry,  a  township  Philadelphia 


county,  iu  the  state  of  Pennsylvania, 
aboin  20  miles  northeastward  from  Phi- 
ladelphia. 

Byclurwi  a  town  of  Lithuania,  on  the 
Dnieper,  180  miles  SWofWilna,  Lon 
30  0  E,  lat.  53  38  X. 

Byzantium.    See  Constantinople. 


CAAAA,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  ri- 
ver Xile,  whence  they  transport  corn 
and  pulse  to  Mecca.  Some  fine  monu- 
ments, covered  with  hieroglyphical  cha- 
racters, have  been  found  here.  It  is  320 
■  lies  S  of  Cairo.  Lon.  30  23  E,  lat.  26 
30  X. 

Cabarras  Court-house,  the  principal  seat 
of  justice  in  Cabarras  county,  North  Ca- 
rolina, situated  on  the  X  side  of  Rocky 


Pedee,  2. 


■ 


river,  a  branch  of  the  great 
miles  S  of  Salisbury,  and  57  S  by  W  of 
Salem,  the  Moravian  town.  Here  is  a 
post  office  439  miles  from  Washington. 

Cabbin  Point,  a  village  with  a  post  of- 
fice, in  Surry  county,  Yirginia,  36  miles 
E  by  S  of  Petersburg",  and.  about  60  W 
by  N  of  Norfolk. 

Cabeca-dc-Vide,  a  town  of  Portugal  in 
Alentejo,  with  a  strong  castle,  12  miles 
SW  of  Portalegro.  Lon.  6  43  W,  lat.  39 
10  N. 

Cabtllslnirg,  a  post  town  of  Amherst 
county,  Yirginia,  215  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Cabauhi,  a  seaport  of  Africa,  in  Con- 
,  100  miles  SE  of  Loango,  subject  to 
Portugal.    Lon.  12  2  E,  lat.  4  5  S. 

Cabrcria,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, about  seven  miles  S  of  Majorca, 
it  has  a  large  harbour  defended  by  a 
strong  castle. 

Cabal,  a  province  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, bounded  on  the  W  by  Persia,  on  the 
North  by  the  Hindoo-ko,  on  the  NE  by 
fJaferistan,  and  on  the  E  by  Rashmere, 
and  on  the  S  by  Candahar.  It  is  a  coun- 
try highly  diversified ;  consisting  of 
mountains  covered  with  etirnal  snow; 
!iills  of  moderate  height  and  easy  ascent; 
rich  plains  and  stately  forests  ;  and  these 
enlivened  by  innumerable  streams.  It 
produces  every  article  necessary  to  hu- 
•nan  life,  with  the  most  delicate  fruits 
and  flowers.  It  is  sometimes  called  Za- 
Sulistan,  from  Zabul,  one  of  ihe  names 
of  Ghizni,  which  was  the  ancient  capital 
of  the  country.  This  province  is  subject 
to  the  king  of  Candahar. 

Cabal,  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
Cabul,  and  of  the  dominions  of  the  k-injg 


CAD 


CAE 


of  Candahar,  seated  near  the  foot  of  the 
Hindoo-ko,  and  ihe  source  of  the  Atoctk, 
which  runs  near  it.  In  a  political  light 
it  is  considered  as  the  gate  of  India  to- 
wards Tartary.  It  is  680  miles  NW  of 
Delhi.    Lon.  68  58  E,  laU34  36  N. 

Cacacuy  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
with  a  fort  upon  a  rock.  The  Moors  re- 
took it  from  the  Spaniards  in  1534.  Lon. 
2  53  W,  lat.  35  2  N. 

Caceres,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrama- 
dura,  famous  for  its  line  wool,  and  stat- 
ed on  the  Sabrot,  22  miles  SE  of  Alcan- 
tara.   Lon.  5  44  E,  lat.  39  11  N. 

Caelum,  or  Cashan,  a  town  of  Persia, 
in  Irac  Agemi,  where  they  carry  on  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  silks,  silver  and  gold 
brocades,  and  fine  earthen  ware.  It  is 
seated  i»  a  vast  plain,  55  miles  N  by  \Y 
of  Ispahan.    Lon.  51  55  E,  lat.  33  20  X. 

Cachao,  the  capital  of  a  province  of 
the  same  name,  in  Tonquin,  on  the  V\ 
side  of  the  river, Hoti,  80  miles  from  the 
gulf  of  Tonquin,  It  contains  20,000 
houses,  whose  walls  are  of  mud,  and  the 
roofs  covered  with  thatch.  They  are  pa- 
gans and  have  a  great  number  of  pago- 
das. The  factories  purchase  silks  and 
lackered  ware,  as  in  China.  Lon.  105  31 
E,  lat.  22  10  N. 

Cacheo,  a  town  in  Ncgroland,  seated 
on  the  river  St.  Domingo.  It  is  subject 
to  the  Portuguese,  who  have  three  forts, 
and  curry  on  a  great  trade  in  flax  and 
slaves.    Lon.  14  55  E,  lat.  12  0  N. 

Cacongo,  a  small  kingdom  of  Africa, 
on  the  river  Zaire.  The  inhabitants  have 
a  considerable  trade  ;  and  their  manners, 
religion  and  government,  are  the  same  as 
in  Loango.    It  lies  in  lat.  5  0  S. 

Cacorla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
on  the  rivulet  Vega,  between  two  moun- 
tains. It  is  15  miles  ESE  of  Ubcda.  Lon. 
2  55  E,  lat.  37  40  N. 

Cade?iac,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot  and  late  province  of' 
Querci,  on  the  river  Lot,  27  miles  EXE 
of  Cahors.    Lon.  2  0  E,  lat.  44  32  N. 

Cadenet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  28 
miles  SE  of  Avignon.  Lon.  5  30  E,  lat. 
43  42  N. 

Cadillac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Giroude  and  late  province  of 
jGiiienfte,  seated  on  the  Garonne,  with 
handsome  castle,  15  miles  SE  of  Bour- 
deaux.    Lon.  0  22  W,  lat.  44  40  X. 

Cadiz,  a  large  and  rich  city  of  Spain 
in  And;.3usia,  with  a  good  harbour.  It 
is  a  bishop's  see,  and  seated  on  an  inland, 
18  miles  in  length  and  nine  in  breadth  ; 
but  the  NW  end,  where  the  city  stands, 
^s  not  two  broad.  It  has  a  communica- 
'ion  with  the  continent,  by  a  bridge. 


The  bay  formed  by  it  is  12  miles  in 
length  and  six  in  breadth.  The  S  side 
is  inaccessible  by  sea  because  it  is  edged 
with  craggy  rocks ;  and  two  forts,  the 
Puntal  and  Matagorda,  command  the 
passage  into  the  harbour.  Except  the 
Calls  Ancha,  all  the  streets  are  narrow, 
ill-paved  and  insufferably  stinking.  The 
roofs  are  flat,  covered  with  an  impene- 
trable cement,  and  few  are  without  a 
turret  for  ihe  purpose  of  commanding  a 
view  of  the  sea.  High  above  all  these, 
stands  the  tower  of  signals.  Here  flags 
are  hung  out  on  the  first  sight  of  a  sail, 
marking  the  size  of  the  ship  and  the  na- 
tion it  belongs  to.  The  public  walk  or 
Alameda  is  pleasant  in  the  evening.  The 
sea  air  prevents  the  trees  from  thriving, 
and  destroys  all  hopes  of  future  shade. 
Westward  of  the  Alameda  is  Camposan- 
tp,  a  large  esplanade,  the  only  airing  Tor 
coaches.  Opposite  to  it  is  the  fortress 
of  St.  Sebastian,  built  on  a  neck  of  land 
running  out  into  the  sea.  The  round 
tower  at  the  extremity  is  supposed  to 
have  saved  the  city  in  the  earthquake  in 
1755,  from  being  swept  away  by  the  fury 
of  the  waves.  The  inhabitants  are  com- 
puted at  100,000.  It  is  a  very  ancient 
place,  being  built  by  the  Phenicians  ;  it 
was  afterwards  a  Roman  town  ;  and  there 
are  still  several  remains  of  Roman  anti- 
quities. It  is  45  miles  W;of  Gibraltar, 
and  90  \V  by  S  of  Malaga.  Lon.  6  11 W, 
lat.  36  31  N. 

Cadore,  the  capital  of  the  district  of 
Cadorino,  in  Italv,  15  miles  N  of  Belhi- 
no.  Lon.  12  0  E,  lat.  46  28  X. 

Cadorino,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  Venice  ;  bounded  on  the  E 
by  Friuli  Proper,  on  the  8  by  the  Bel- 
lunese,  and  on  the  N  by  Brixen.  The 
chief  town  is  Cadore. 

Cadsavd,  an  island  on  the  N  coast  of 
Flanders,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Scheldt, 
which  river  it  commands. 

Caen,  a  considerable  city  of  France,  in 
ihe  department  of  Calvados  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lower  Normandy,  of  which  it 
was  the  capital.    It  has  a  celebrated  uni- 
versity, and  an  academy  of  litem  'me, 
and  ihe   inhabitants  are   computed  at 
40,000.    William  the  conqueror  was  bu- 
ried here  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Stephen, 
which  he  founded.    The  river  Orne  runs 
jity,  to  which  the  tide  brings 
In.    It  is  65  miles  W  by  S 
H525  W  of  Paris.    Lon.  0 


Through  the  i 
up  large  va 
of  Rouen,  «l 
17  W,  lat.'flgjWff. 

Cacv,  For  pome  places  that  begin  thus, 
as  Cacrdiff,  see  under  Car. 

Caernarvon,  a  township  of  Lancaster 
county,  and  state  of  Pennsylvania.  It  is 
watered  bv  little  Canestogoe  creek,  and 


C  A  F 


C  A  J 


a  little  way 

from  the  house  and  blow  a  whistle,  which 
is  made  of  bone,  and  so  constructed  as 
to  be  heard  at  a  great  distance,  and  in 
this  manner  bring  them  all  home  without 
any  difficulty.  Their  huts  are  higher  and 
more  commodious  than  those  of  the  Hot- 
tentots, and  their  lands  more  fertile  ;  but 
their  oxen  and  almost  all  their  animals, 
are  much  smaller.  Thcv  entertain  a  v<r\ 


high  opinion  cf  the  Supreme  Being,  and 
of  his  power:  they  believe  in  a  future 
state  of  rewards  and  punishmentsfljfot 
have  no  idea  of  the  creation,  thinking  * 
that  the*  world  had  no  Beginning,  and 
will  ever  continue  in  its  present  state. 
They  have  no  sacred  cert -monies,  and 
never  pray  ;  they  instruct  their  children 
themselves,  having  no  priests  ;  but  in- 
steatl  of  them  a  kind  of  conjurors  whom 


bounds  on  Berks  county  on  the  XE.  The  j  cattle  to  return,  they  go 
population  is  about  lt>00  persons. 

Caernarvon,  a  small  township  in  Berks 
county,  Pennsylvania. 

Cae'rleon,  a  town  in  Monmouthshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  was  a 
Roman  town,  as  is  evident  from  the  an- 
tiquities found  here  ;  and  it  has  the  ruins 
of  a  castle  It  is  seated  on  the  Usk,  19 
miles  SW  of  Monmouth,  and  148  W  by 
N  of  London.    Lon.  3  0  W,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Caerphilly,  a  town  in  Glamorganshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday,  five  miles  N 
ofLandatt",  and  158  W  of  London.  Lon. 
3  18  W,  lat.  51  33  N. 

Caer-ivent,  a  village  in  Monmouthshire, 
famous  for  a  beautiful  tesselated  pave- 
ment, discovered  here  in  1777;  and  as- 
serted to  be  superior  to  any  such  tlisco- 
vered  on  this  sitle  the  Alps,  and  equal  to 
those  preserved  at  Portici. 

Caffay  a  tow  n  of  the  Crimea,  with  an 
excellent  harbour,  it  is  seated- on  the 
Black  Sea,  150  miles  XE  of  Constanti- 
nople.   Lon.  35  45  E,  lat.  45  8  X. 

Caffa,  Strait  of,  the  ancient  Cimme- 
•  rian  Bosphorus,  a  strait  that  forms  the 
communication  between  the  Black  Sea 
and  the  sea  of  Asoph. 

Caffraria,  a  very  extensive  country  of 
Africa,  bounded  on  the  X  by  Xegroland 
and  Abyssinia,  on  the  W  by  part  of  Gui- 
nea, Congo,  and  the  sea;  on  the  S  by  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  on  the  E  by  the 
,  sea.  The  CafTres  are  tall  and  well  pro- 
portioned ;  and,  Tn  general,  evince  great 
courage  in  attacking  lions  and  other 
beasts  of  prey.  Their  colour  is  a  jet 
black,  their  teeth  while  as  ivory,  and 
their  eyes  large.  The  clothing  of  both 
sexes  is  the  same,  consisting  entirely  of 
the  hides  of  oxen,  which  are  as  pliant  as 
cloth.  The  men  wear  tails  of  different 
animals  tied  round  their  thighs  ;  pieces 
of  brass  in  their  hair,  and  large  ivory 
rings  on  their  arms ;  they  are  adorned 
also  with  the  hair  of  lions,  and  feathers 
fastened  on  their  heads,  with  many  other 
fantastical  ornaments.  They  are  extreme- 
ly fond  of  dogs,  and  if  one  particularly 
pleases  them,  they  will  give  two  bullocks 
in  exchange  for  it,  their  whole  exercise 
is  hunting,  fighting,  or  dancing.  The, 
are  expert  in  throwing  their  lances,  and 
in  time  of  war,  use  shields  made  of  the 
hides  of  oxen.  The  women  are  employed 
in  the  cultiv.  tion  of  their  gardens  and 
corn.  They  cultivate  several  vegetables, 
which  are  not  indigenous  to  the  country, 
as  tobacco,  watermelons,  kidney  beans, 
and  hemp.  The  men  have  great  pride  in 
their  cattle  ;  and  cut  their  horns  in  such 
a  way  as  to  fee  able  to  turn  them  into  any 
shape  they  please  ;  whan  they  wish  their 


they  greatly  revere.  They  are  governed 
by  an  hereditary  king,  whose  power  is 
very  limited,  receiving  no  tax,  and  hav- 
ing no  troops  at  his  command;  being 
permitted  to  take  as  many  wives  as  he 
pleases,  he  has  a  larger  portion  of  land 
to  cultivate,  and  a  greater  number  of 
cattle  to  tend  and  feed.  His  cabin  is  nei- 
ther higher,  nor  better  decorated  than 
the  rest;  and  his  whole  family  live  around 
him,  composing  a  group  of  12  or  15  htits. 
The  distance  of  the  different  hordes 
makes  it  necessary  that  they  should  have 
inferior  chiefs,  who  are  appointed  by  the 
king. 

Cagli,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Ita- 
fy,  in  the  duchy  of  Urbino,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Appennines,  20  miles  S  of  Urbino. 
Lon.  12  42  E,  lat.  43  26  X. 

Cagliari,  an  ancient  and  rich  city,  ca- 
pital of  Sardinia,  with  an  archbishop's 
see,  a  university,  a  castle,  and  a  good 
harbour.    Lon.  9  14  E,  lat.  39  27  X. 

Cuhokia,  a  post  town  in  Indiana  terri- 
tory, and  St.  Clair  county,  standing  on 
the  E  side  of  the  river  Mississippi,  64 
miles  X  by  W  of  Kaskaskias,  and  963. 
from  Washington. 

Cahors,  a  considerable  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lot  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Querci,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and 
a  university.  It  is  seated  on  a  peninsu- 
la made  by  the  river Lo%  and  built  part 
ly  on  a  craggy  rock.  There  are  three 
bridges  over  the  river.  The  cathedral  is 
a  Gothic  structure,  and  has  a  large 
square  steeple.  Cahors  is  50  miles  XW 
of  Albv,  and  287  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  32 
E,  lat."44  26  X. 

C'ajanaburg,  the  capital  of  E  Bothnia, 
in  Sweden,  on  lake  Caiania,  300  miles  X 
E  of  Abo.    Lon.  27  45E,  lat.  64  13  X. 

CdjfCzio  or  Cajizzo,  an  episcopal  town 
of  Xaples,  in  Terri  di  Lavora,  22  miles 


C  A  I 


C  A  L 


/ 


NE  of  Naples.    Lon.  14  34  E,  lat.  41 

10  N. 

Caicos,  islands  of  the  West  Indies,  to 
the  N  of  St.  Domingo,  which  take  their 
name  from  the  principal  one.  Lon.  71  3o 
W,  lut.  21  40  N. 

Caifong,  a  large  and  populous  city  ot 
China,  seated  on  the  Hoang-ho,  in  the 
province  of  Honan.  When  besieged  by 
the  rebels  in  1642,  they  cut  the  dikes  of 
the  river,  which  drowned  30  .',000  of  the 
inhabitants.    Lon.  113  27  K.  tut.  35  0  N. 

Caiman  Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  to 
the  NW  of  Jamaica,  between  81  and  86 
W  lon.  and  21  N  lat. 

Caira,  a  post  town  and  ihe  capital  of 
Cumberland  county,  Virginia,  190  miles 
from  Washington.  A  name,  commemo- 
rative of  French  madness,  very  impro- 
perly given  to  an  American  seat  of  jus- 
tice ! 

Cairngorm,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  in 
the  E  of  Inverness-shire,  famous  for  beau- 
tiful rock  crystals  of  various  tints,  some 
of  which  having  the  lustre  of  fine  gems, 
bring  a  high  price.  Its  ^  lofty  top  is 
patched  with  snow. 

Cairo,  or  Grand  Cairo,  a  large  citv, 
capital  Of  Egypt,  with  a  castle  built  on 
a.  rock.  It  is  divided  into  the  New  and  Old 
cities  ;  Old  Cairo  is  on  the  E  side  of  the 
Nile,  and  almost  uninhabited.  New  Cairo 
is  a  mile  from  the  river  Nile,  and  seven 
miles  in  circumference.  The  streets  are 
so  narrow  and  winding,  that  it  is  impos- 
sible to  follow  their  direction  amid  the 
multitudes  of  houses  which  stand  crowd- 
ing on  each  other.  The  castle  includes 
the  palaces  of  the  sultans  of  Egypt,  now 
almost  buried  under  their  own  ruins  ; 
domes  overthrown,  heaps  of  rubbish, 
gilding,  and  pictures,  the  colours  of 
which  have  defied  corroding  time,  state- 
ly marble  columns  s1  ill  standing,  but  in 
general  without  capitals ;  such  are  the 
tokens  of  its  former  magnificence.  From 
Joseph's  hall,  there  is  a  delightful  pros- 
pect over  the  city,  the  pyramids,  and  all 
the  country  round.  It  "was  probably  a, 
terrace  to :  that  magnificent  room  which 
is  now  open  on  the  top,  and  is  adorned 
with  lar;?e  beautiful  pillars  of  red  gra- 
nite. There  are  several  public  bagnios, 
very  handsome  within,  and  used  as  places 
of  refreshment  and  diversion,  especially 
for  the  women,  who  go  there  twice  a 
week;  but  the  wives  of  great  men  hav< 
baths  at  home.  It  is  exceedingly  popu- 
lous ;  several  families  living  in  one  house, 
and  a  number  of  people  living  in  each 
room ;  and  in  the  busy  time  of  the  day, 
the  streets  are  so  crowded,  that  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  pass  along.  The  women  have 
greater  liberty  here  than  in  any  part  of 


the  Turkish  empire  ;  and  there  are  par- 
ticular streets  where  the  courtesans  sit 
at  the  doors,  richly  dressed.  The  Calish 
is  a  canal  which  conveys  the  waters  of 
die  Nile  into  the  city;  it  is  20  feet 
broad,  and  has  houses  on  each  side  of  it. 
As  soon  as  the  water  begins  to  rise,  they 
close  the  mouth  of  the  canal  with  earth, 
and  place  a  mark,  to  show  the  time  when 
this  and  all  other  canals  in  the  kingdom 
are  to  be  opened,  which  is  done  with 
:_creat  solemnity.  There  are  not  less  than 
300  mosques  in  Cairo,  the  lofty  minarets 
>f  which  present  a  very  picturesque  ap- 
pearance. The  Europeans  have  consuls 
and  factors  here  ;  and  it  was  a  place  of 
very  great  trade,  before  the  discovery 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  under  Buonaparte,  in  their 
late  expedition  to  Egypt.  It  is  100  miles 
S  of  the  mouth  of  the  Nile.  Lon.  31  27 
E,  lat.  30  2  N. 

Cairoan,  or  Kairoan,  a  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tunis,  on  the  river  Magrida, 
80  miles  S  of  Tunis.    Lon.  10  12  E,  lat. 

35  20  N.  WBLEl*"*  ?  ■ 

Caithnesshire,  the  most  northerly  coun- 
ty of  Scotland,  bounded  on  the  E  by  the 
ocean,  on  the  S  and  SW  by  Strathnaven 
and  Sutherland.  On  the  N  it  is  washed 
by  the  Pentland  frith,  which  flows  be- 
tween  this  country  and  the  Orkneys.  Its 
greatest  exttmt-is  35;iniles  from  N  to  S, 
and  20  from  E  to  W.  A  vast  ridge  of  hills 
forms  the  SW  boundary,  ending  in  the 
promontory  called  the  6rd  of  Caithness. 
Along  the  side  of  this  steep  hill,  im- 
pending, in  a  manner,  above  the  sea,  a 
winding  road  is  cut,  which  is  the  only 
entrance  into  this  shire  from  the  S.  The 
climate  is  good,  and  the  soil  around  the 
coast  very  improveable.  Its  chief  ex- 
ports are  beef,  meal,  barley,  butter, 
cheese,  yarn,  skins,  feathers,  and  kelp. 
English  is  chiefly  spoken  on  the  coast,., 
but  in  the  highlands  the  Gaelic  prevails. 

Calabria,  a  country  of  Naples,  divided 
into  Calabria  Citeriore,  and  Calabria  Ul- 
teriore,  or  Hither  and  Further  Calabria. 
The  first  is  one  of  the  12  provinces  of 
Naples,  bounded  on  the  S  by  Calabria 
Ulteriore,  on  the  N  by  Easilicata,  and 
on  the  W  and  E  by  the  Mediterranean. 
Cojseriza  is  the  capital.  Calabria  Ulteri- 
ore is  washed  by  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  E,  S,  and  W,  and  bounded  by  Cala- 
bria Citeriore  on  the  N.  Reggies  the 
capital.  This  country  was  entirely  de- 
solated by  the  earthquakes  in  March  and 
February  1783.  Beside  the  destruction 
of  many  "towns,  villages  and  farms,  above 
40,000*  people  perished  by  this  calamity. 
Stupendous  alterations  were  occasioned 
on  the  face  of  the  country.  Mountains 


C  A  L 


C  A  L 


were  split,  and  valleys  formed  in  an  in- 
stant ;  new  rivers  began  to  flow  ;  others 
choaked  up  by  the  falling  in  of  the  hills 
were  converted  into  lakes  or  sunk  in.o 
the  earth  and  destroyed,  plantations  were 
removed  from  their  situations,  and  hiiis 
carried  to  places  far  distant.  The 
earthquakes  (for  there  were  many  shocks) 
vented  their  greatest  force  from  the  foo\ 
of  the  Appenmnes,  extending  westward  to 
the  sea,  in  all  which  vast  tract,  there  was 
not  a  single  village  or  town,  which  was 
not  either  totally  destroyed,  or  very  much 
damaged.     jt.  frjjEtflff  *t  • 

Calahorra,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain, 
Ml  old  (  astile,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  which 
extends  to  the  Ebro,  70  miles  E  of  Bur- 
gos.   Lon.  2  7  W,  lat.  42  12  N. 

Calais,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and  late 
province  of  Picardy,  with  a  citadel.  It 
is  built  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  one  side 
of  which  is  towards  the  sea.  The  forti- 
fications are  good ;  but  its  greatest 
strength  is  its  situation  among  the  marsh- 
es, which  may  be  overflowed  at  the  ap- 
proach of  an  enemy.  In  time  of  peace 
there  are  packet  boats  which  go  twice 
a  week  between  Dover  and  Calais.  It  is 
21  miles  ESE  of  Dover,  and  152  NT  of  Pa- 
ris.   Lon.  1  56  E,  lat.  50  58  X. 

Calais,  a  township  of  Caledonia  county, 
in  the  state  of  Vermont,  about  100  miles 
NE  of  Bennington. 

Calais,  St,  a  to  wnjpf  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Sarte  and  late  province  ol 
Maine,  16  miles  NW  of  Yendome. 

Calamata,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  the  More  a-  It  stands  on  the  river 
Spinarza,  eight  miles  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean. Lon.  21  55  E,  lat.  3/  0  N\ 

Calamianes,  three  small  islands  of  A- 
sia,  between  Borneo  and  the  Philippines 
and  Nof  Parage.  Lon.  118  5  E,  lat.  11 
0  ». 

Calatajutl,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Yrragon, 
at  the  confluence  of  Xalon  and  Xiloca, 
with  a  castle  on  a  rock,  37  miles. S\V  of 
Saragossa.    Lon.  1  9  W,  lat.  41  42  N. 

Calatrava,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Xew 
Castile,  the  chief  place  of  the  military  or- 
der of  the  knights  of  Calatrava.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Quad i ana,  80  miles  S  of 
Madrid.    Lon  3  20  W,  lat.  39  4  X. 

Calben,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  old 
marche  of  Brandenburg,  with  a  good 
castle  32  miles  N  of  Magdeburg. 

Cakar,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Cleves, 
seated  near  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  SE  of 
Clev  s.    Lon.  5  55  E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Calcinato,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Man- 
tuan,  remarkable  for  a  victory  gained 
over  the  Austrians,  by  the  French,  in 


1706.  It  is  25  miles  XE  of  Milan.  Loji. 
9  52  E,  lat.  45  45  X. 

Calcutta,  or  Fort  William,  the  empo- 
rium of  Bengal,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  the  Hoogly,  or  western  arm  of  the 
Ganges,  100  miles  from  the  sea,  in  the 
bay  of  Bengal.  It  is  a  modern  city  hav- 
ing risen  on  the  site  of  the  village  of 
Goviripour,  about  90  years  ago.  It  ex- 
tends from  the  western  point  of  Fort 
William,  along  the  banks  of  the  river,  al- 
most to  the  village  of  Cossipoor,  four 
miles  and  a  half;  the  breadth,  m  many- 
parts  inconsiderable.  Generally  speak- 
ing, the  description  of  one  Indian  city  is 
a  description  of  all ;  being  all  built  on 
one  plan,  with  very  narrow  and  crooked 
streets  ;  an  incredible  number  of  reser- 
voirs and  ponds,  and  a  great  many  gar- 
dens interspersed.  A  few  of  the  streets 
are  paved  with  brick.  The  houses  arc 
variously  built:  some  of  brick,  others 
with  mud,  and  a  greater  proportion  with 
baniDoos  and  mats  :  these  different  kinds 
of  fabrics,  intermixed  with  each  other, 
lonn  a  motley  appearance.  Those  of  the 
latter  kinds. are  invariably  of  one  story, 
and  covered  with  thatch  ;  those  of  brick 
seldom  exceed  two  floors,  and  have  flat 
terraced  roofs  :  the  two  former  classes 
far  outnumber  the  last,  which  are  so 
thinly  scattered,  that  fires,  which  often 
happen,  do  not,  sometimes,  meet  with 
the  obstruction  of  a  brick  house  through 
a  whole  street.  Although  by  much  the 
greatest  part  of  Calcutta  is  built  upon 
this  plan,  \et  the  quarter  inhabited  by 
j  the  English  is  an  exception  to  this  rule 
of  building;  being*  composed  entirely  of 
brick-buildings,  many  •  of  which  have 
more  the  appearance  of  palaces  than  of 
private  houses.  The  line  of  buildings 
that  surrounds  two  sides  of  the  espla- 
nade of  the  fort  is  magnincent :  and  it 
adds  greatly  to  ihe  superb  appearance, 
ihJfcthe  houses  are  detached  from  each 
o^|Wr,  and  insulated  in  a  great  space. 
The  buildings  are  all  on  a  large  scale, 
from  the  necessity  of  having  a  free  cir- 
culation of  air  in  a  climate,  the  heat  of 
which  is  extreme.'  The  general  approach 
to  the  houses  is  by  a  Bight  of  steps  with 
great  projecting-  porticoes,  or  surround- 
ed by  colonades  or  arcades,  which  give 
•hem  the  appearance  of  Grecian  temples. 
But  the  remainder  of  the  city,  and  by 
much  the  greater  part,  is  built  as  before 
described.  Within  these  20  or  25 years, 
Calcutta  has  been  wonderfully  improved 
btjjth  in  appearance  and  in  the  salubrity 
of  the  air,  for  the  streets  have  been  pro- 
perly drained,  and  the  ponds  filled  up. 
It  is  supposed  to  contain  at  least  500,000 


CAL 


C  A  L 


inhabitants.  The  mixture  of  European 
ancbAsuiLic  manners  that  may  be  observ- 
ed nere  is  curious  :  coaches,  phxtons, 
chaises,  with  the  palanquins  and  hacker- 
ies of  the  natives,  the  passing  ceremo- 
nies of  the  Hindoos,  and  the  diHerem 
appearances  of  die  fakirs  form  a  sight 
more  extraordinary,  perhaps,  than  any 
other  city  can  present.  The  hackery 
here  mentioned  is  a  small  covered  car- 
riage upon  two  wheels,  drawn  by. bul- 
locks, and  used  generally  for  the  female 
part  of  the  family.  The  Ganges  is  navi- 
gable up  to  the  town  for  the  largest 
.ships  that  visit  India.-  Here  is  the  seat 
of  the  governor -general  and  council  of 
Bengal,  who  have  a  control  over  the  pre- 
sidencies of  Madras,  Bombay,  and  Ben- 
coolen.  Here  is  likewise  a  supreme 
court  of  judicature,  in  which  justice  is 
dispensed  according  to  the  laws  of  En- 
gland, b)'  a  chief  justice  and  three  pu- 
isne judges.  In  1756  Calcutta  was  taken 
by  the  Sou  bah  of  Bengal,  who  forced  the 
feeble  garrison,  to  the  amount  of  146 
persons,  into  a  prison  called  the  Black 
Hole,  a  cube  of  18  feet,  out  of  which  on- 
ly 23  came  alive.  It  was  retaken  the 
next  year;  the  victory  of  Plassey  follow- 
ed ;  and  ijhe  inhuman  sou  bah  was  de- 
posed, and  put  to  death  by  his  successor. 
Immediately  after  this  victory  the  erec- 
sion  of  Port  William  commenced,  which 
is  superior  to  any  fortress  in  India.  Cal- 
cutta is  1030  miles  NNE  of  Madras,  ton. 
88  28  E,  lat.  22  23  N. 

Colder;  a  river  in  Yorkshire,  which 
rises  on  the  borders  of  Lancashire,  and 
falls  into  the  A  he  eight  miles  below 
Wakefield.  It  is  navigable  the  greater 
part  of  its  course. 

Caldersburg;  a  township  of  Caledonia 
county,  Vermont,  situated  about  10  miles 
W  of  Connecticut  river. 

Caledonia,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ver- 
mont, having  Connecticut  river  on  t||p  E 
and  Orleans  county  in  the  same  state,  on 
i.he  W.  It  contains  about  560,000  acres 
c«f  land,  and  12000  inhabitants. 

Caledonia,  New,  a  large  island,  in  the 
S  Pacific  Ocean,  extending  from  19  to 
22  S  lat.  and  from  163  to  167  E  Ion.  It 
was  discovered  by  captain  Cook,  in  1774. 
The  inhabitants  are  stout,  tall,  and  in 
general  well  proportioned,  their  hair  and 
beards  black,  and  much  frizzled,  so  as 
to  be  somewhat  woolly  in  some  individu- 
als ,•  they  besmear  their  faces  with  black 
pigment;  and  their  only  covering  is  a 
wrapper  made  from  the  bark  of  a  tree, 
or  of  leaves.  They  cultivate  the  soil 
with  sonic  art  and  industry,  but  subsist 
ebdefly  on  roots  and  fish.     Their  houses 


are  circular  like  a  bee  hive,  and  full  ss; 
c  lose  and  warm.    The  framing  is  of  small 
spars  and  reeds ;  and  both  sides  and  roof 
are  thick,  and  close  covered  with  thatch 
made  of  dried  grass,  and  the  floor  laid 
with  dry  grass.  They  deposit  their  dead 
in  the  ground,  and  decorate  the  grave  of 
their  chiefs  with  spears,  darts,  paddles,  * 
he.  all  stuck  upright  in  the  ground  $ 
about  it. 

Calender?,  a  castle  of  Lower  Saxony, 
capital  of  the  duchy  of  Brunswick  Calen- 
berg,  sea  ed  on  the  river  Leina,  10  miles 
S  of  Hanover.   Loti.  10  5  E,  lat.  52  15  N. 

Cali,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  Popay- 
an,  in  a  valley  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
river  Canca.  The  governor  of  the  pro- 
vince generallv  resides  here.  Lon.  77  5 
W,  lat.  3  15  N. 

Calicut,  a  country  on  the  coast  of  Mal- 
abar, 62  miles  in  length,  and  as  much  in 
breadth.  It  produces  pepper,  ginger, 
aloes,  and  rice  ;  and  the  frees  are  always 
green.  There' is  a  tree  which  produces 
a  kind  of  dates,  from  which  is  obtained 
sugar  and  oil. 

Calicut,  a  city,  capital  of  a  country  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  coast  of  Malabar. 
It  was  the  first  Indian  port  visited  by 
European  shipping  ;  being  discovered  by 
the  Portuguese,  when  they  came  to  the  1 
K  Indies  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in 
1498,  and  was  then  the  most  flourishing- 
place  on  the  Malabar  coast.  The  English 
have  a  factory  here..:  It  is  320  miles  W 
S\V  of  Madras.  Lon.  74  24  E,  lat.  11 
18  X. 

California,  a  peninsula  of  N  America, 
in  the  N  Pacific  Ocean,  separated  from 
the  W  coast  of  America,  by  the  Vermi- 
lion sea,  or  Gulf  of  California  ;  extend- 
ing S3^,  from  lat.  32  N  to  Cape  St  Lucar, 
in  latt  23  N.  It  was  discovered  by  Cor- 
tes in  1536;  and  is  said  to  have  been  vi- 
sited by  Sir  Francis  Drake,  in  15?8,  and 
to  have  received  from  him  the  name  of 
New  Albion.  This  latter  name,  which 
belongs  to  no  part  of  the  peninsula,  but 
to  a  country  further  X,  between  37  and 
45  latitude;  the  harbour  of  Sir  Francis 
Drake  being  situated  in  about  110  2 >  W 
lon.  and  38  23  N  lat.  At  last,  on  the  ex- 
pulsion of  the  Jesuits,  who  were  said  to 
have  studiously  depreciated  the  country, 
the  court  of  Madrid  appointed  don  Jo- 
seph Galvez  to  visit  this  peninsula.  His 
account  of  the  country  was  favourable  ; 
he  found  the  pearl  fishery  on  its  coast  to 
be  valuable,  and  he  discovered  mines  oi 
gold  of  a  very  promising  appearance.  At 
present,  however,  California  (the  natural 
history  of  which  is  very  little  known  * 
still  remains  among  the  most  desoluU 


CAM 


CAM 


and  useless  districts  of  the  Spanish  em- 
pire. 

Callao,  a  seaport  of  S  America,  in  Peru. 
The  harbour  is  the  best  in  the  S  Sea.  It 
was  almost  totally  destroyed  by.  an  earth- 
quake,  in  1746.  It  is  five  miles  from  Li- 
ma, of  which  it  is  the  port.  Lon.  76  53  W, 
lat.  12  2  S. 

Calla  Swung,  a  town  of  the  Island  of 
Bouton,  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  It  is  a 
mile  from  the  sea,  on  the  top  of  a  hill, 
encompassed  with  cocoa-nut  trees.  There 
is  a  stone  wall  round  the  town,  and  the 
houses  are  built  on  posts.  The  religion 
of  the  inhabitants  is  the  Mahometan,  and 
they  speak  the  Malayan  language.  The 
people  are  small,  well-shaped,  and  of  a 
dark  olive  colour.  Lon.  123  45  E,  lat. 
50  S. 

Callen,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Kilkenny,  10  miles  SW  of  Kilken- 
ny. Lon.  7  6  W,  lat.  53  28  N. 

Calloo,  a  fortress  of*  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  territory  of  VVaes,  on  the  Scheldt, 
subject  to  Austria;  it  is  five  miles  W  of 
Antwerp.  Lon.  4  20  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Calmar,  a  strong  seaport  of  Sweden  in 
the  province  of  Smoland,  divided  from 
the  isle  of  OelaKd,  by  a  strait  about  se- 
ven miles  broad  in  its  narrowest  part. 
It  is  150  miles  SW  of  Stockolm.  Lon. 
16  27  E,  lat.  56  40  N. 

Cain,  East  and  West,  two  townships  of 
Chester  county,  in  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. They  are  separated  by  a  branch 
of  the  Brandy  wine,  and  contain  together 
about  2J00  inhabitants. 

Cain?,  a  bor  nigh  in  Wiltshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on  a  ri- 
ver of  the  same  name,  25  miles  E  of 
Bristol,  and  88  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  59 
\\~,  lat.  51  30  X. 

Calvudo*,  n  department  of  France, 
comprehending  part  of  the  late  province 
of  Normaudy. 

Culv.-rt,  a  county  on  the  Western 
shore  of  Maryland ;  situated  between 
Chcsapeak  buy  and  Patuxent  river,  and 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Ann  Arundel  coun- 
ty. It  contains  about  90UU  inhabitants, 
one  half  slaves. 

Calm,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavora,  eight  miles  N  of  Capua. 
Lon.  14  19  E,  lat.  41  15  X. 

Calvi,  a  town  of  Corsica,  on  a  craggy 
mountain  and  gulf  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  strong  fortress  and  a  good  har- 
bour. It  is  32  miles  SW  of  Bawtia.  Lon. 
9  16  E,  lat.  42  26  X. 

Cam,  or  Grant,  a  river  which  rises  in 
Herts,  and  running  NE  by  Cambridge  in- 


Ouse,  to  which  river  it  is  navigable  from 
Cambridge. 

Camarat,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Finisterre  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Brittany.  It  stands  on  a  bay  of 
the  same  name. 

Cambay,  a  large  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  province  of  Guzerat.  Its 
products  and  manufactures  are  inferior  to 
those  of  few  towns  in  India;  for  the  coun- 
try abounds  in  corn,  cattle  and  silk  ;  and 
cornelian  and  agate  stones  are  found  in 
its  rivers.  The  inhabitants  are  noted  for 
embroidery ;  and  some  of  their  quilts  have 
been  valued  at  40/.  It  is  subject  to  the 
Poonah  Mahrattas,  is  the  port  of  Amena- 
bad,  from  which  it  is  distant  56  miles. 
Lon.  72  10  E,  lat.  22  25  N. 

Cambodia,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Laos,  on  the  E  by  Cochin- 
China  and  Ciampa,  and  on  the  S  and  W 
by  the  gulf  and  kingdom  of  Siam ;  divi- 
ded by  a  large  river  called  Mecan,  or 
Cambodia,  which  annually  overflows  the 
country  in  the  rainy  season,  between 
June  and  October. 

Cambodia,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name  in  Asia,  seated  on  the 
river  Mecan,  or  Cambodia,  150  miles  from 
its  mouth.  Lon.  104  5  E,  lat.  13  10  N. 

Cambray,  a  fortified  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  North  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  Cambresis.  It  has  a  citadel 
and  fort,  and  a  considerable  manufacture 
of  cam  bricks,  which  took  their  name  from 
this  city.  It  is  seated  on  the  Scheldt,  22 
miles  SE  of  Arras,  and  102  N  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  20  E,  lat.  50  11  N. 

Cambresis,  a  late  province  of  France, 
25  miles  in  length ;  bounded  on  the  N 
and  E  by  Hainault,  on  the  S  by  Picardy, 
and  on  the  W  by  Artois.  Cambray  is  the 
capital ;  and  it  is  now  comprehended  in 
the  department  of  the  North. 

Cambria,  a  county  in  the  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania.   The  chief  town  is  Beulah. 

Cambridge,  the  county-town  of  Cam- 
bridgeshire, and  seat  of  a  celebrated  uni- 
versity. It  takes  the  name  of  Cambridge 
from  the  bridge  over  the  Cam,  which  di- 
vides the  town  into  two  parts.  It  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayor,  who,  on  entering  up- 
on his  office,  takes  an  oath  to  maintain 
the  privileges  of  the  university.  The 
town-hall  and  shire -house  are  the  only 
buildings  of  note  that  do  not  belong  to 
the  university;  the  county-goal  is  the, 
gatehouse  of  an  ancient  castle,  built  by 
William  the  Conqueror.  The  university- 
is  supposed  to  have  been  founded  during 
the  heptarchy.  It  enjovs  great  privile- 
ges and  is  governed  by  the  chancellor, 
the  high  steward,  the  vice  chancellor, 


CAM 


C  A  M 


tnd  several  other  inferior  officers.  It. 
contains  12  colleges  and  4  halls,  which, 
unlike  tliose  at  Oxford,  have  equal  privi- 
leges with  the  colleges.  The  colleges 
are  Peter  House,  Corpus  Christi  or  Hen- 
net,  King's,  Queen's  Jesus,  Christ's,  St. 
John's,  Magdalen,  Trinity,  Emmanuel, 
and  Sidney  Sussex.  The  halls  are  Clare, 
Pembroke,  Trinity  and  Catharine.  Of  the 
colleges,  Peter  House  is  the  most  an- 
cient, being  founded  in  1257;  and  King's 
and  Trinity  colleges  the  most  considera- 
ble. King's  college  is  the  noblest  foun- 
dation in  Europe,  and  the  chapel,  for  its 
contrivance  and  extent,  its  hue  carved 
work  in  wood  and  stone,  and  painted 
windows,  is  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of 
Gothic  architecture  in  the  world.  The 
library,  chapel,  8cc.  of  Trinity  college 
justly  place  it  in  the  first  rank.  The  o- 
ther  structures  belonging  to  the  univer- 
sity are  the  senate  house,  a  fine  edifice, 
which  with  St  Mary's  church,  the  schools, 
the  University  library,  and  other  build- 
ings forms  a  noble  square.  Here  is  also 
a  botanical  garden,  and  a  general  hospi- 
tal, called  Addenbroke's,  from  the  name 
of  the  founder.  Cambridge  has  14  pa- 
rishes, and  is  pretty  large  ;  but  the  situa- 
tion is  low  and  dirty.  It  sends  four  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  two  for  the  borough 
and  two  for  the  university.  It  is  17  miles 
S  of  Elv,  and  51  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon 
0  4  E,  lat.  52  12  N." 

Cambridge,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, near  Berkley,  on  the  river  Cam. 

Cambridge,  a  post  town  in  Middlese  x 
county,  Massachusetts.  It  has  2450  in- 
habitants, and  a  flourishing  university, 
which  consists  of  four  elegant  brick  hou- 
ses, and  is,  with  respect  to  its  library, 
philosophical  apparatus,  and  professor- 
ships, the  first  literary  institution  in  A- 
merica.  It  was  established  in  1638,  and 
has  generally  from  120  io  150  students. 
Tt  lies  in  the'lat.  of  42  23  N,  and  lon.  71  7 
W,  about  three  miles  from  Boston. 

Cambridge,  a  town  of  Washington 
county,  and  state  of  New  York,  about  43 
in des  N  of  Albany.  The  population  is 
about  S000. 

Cambridge,  the  chief  town  of  Dorches- 
ter county,  Maryland.  It  is  situated  on 
the  S  side  of  Choptank  river,  about  12 
miles  above  its  entrance  into  Chesapeak 
bay. 

Cambridge,  a  town  of  South  Carolina, 
the  principal  seat  of  justice  for  the  dis- 
trict of  Ninety  Six.  It  is  about  160  miles 
N  \V  of  Charleston. 

Cambridgeshire,  a  county  of  England, 
bounded  on  the  W  by  Lincolnshire,  iOJt 
the  NE  by  Norfolk,  on  the  E  by  Suffolk, 


on  the  S  by  Essex  and  Heits,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  counties  of  Huntingdon,  Bed- 
ford and  Northampton.  It  extends  50 
miles  from  N  to  S,  and  25  from  E  to  W. 
It  lie  s  in  the  dioceses  of  Ely  and  Nor- 
wich ;  it  contains  17  hundreds,  a  city,  a 
university,  seven  market-towns,  and  163 
parishes  ;  and  sends  six  members  to  par- 
liament. The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Grant,  Ouse,  Nen  and  Cam.  The  fens 
called  Bedford  Level,  consist  of  30,000 
acres  of  marshy  ground,  which  receive 
all  the  waters  of  the  middle  part  of  Eng- 
land, which  do  not  run  into  the  Thames 
or  the  Trent.  And  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  year,  when  they  are  overflowed  by 
water,  they  appear  covered  with  fogs  ;  so 
tha;  while  the  higher  grounds  of  the  ad- 
jacent country  glitter  with  the  beams  of 
the  sun,  the  isle  of  Ely  appears  wrapt  in 
a  mist.    See  Bedford  Level. 

Camden,  a  post  town  in  Kershaw  coun^ 
ty,  South  Carolina;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Wateree  river,  35  miles  NE  of 
Columbia,  and  158  X  by  W  of  Charleston 
It  has  about  1000  inhabitants,  and  was 
the  scene  of  two  considerable  actions  be- 
tween the  British  and  American  armies 
during  the  war. 

Camden,  a  district  of  South  Carolina. 
It  contains  7  counties,  and  3b\000  inhabi- 
tants. It  has  the  Watetee  river  running 
through  the  middle  of  it,      ,    .   .  f^*.-*^ 

Cumbden,  a  county  of  Edenton  district, 
in  the  State  of  North  Carolina.  It  con- 
tains about  5000  inhabitants'. 

Camden,  a  village  in  Gloucester  count} 
New  Jersey,  on  the  E  bank  of  the  river 
Delaware,  opposite  to  Philadelphia. 

Camelford,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  with 
a  market  on  Friday,  seated  on  the  river 
Camel,  24  miles  W  of  Launceston,  and 
229  W  hy  S  of  London.  It  is  governed 
by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two  members  t© 
parliament.  A  great  quantity  of  yarn  is 
spun  in  this  place  and  its  neighbourhood 
Lon.  4  55  W,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Camerino,  an  ancient  and  populous 
town- of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of  St.  Pe- 
ter, with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain  near  the  Appennines  and  the 
river  Chiento,  37  miles  SW  of  Ancona 
Lon.  13  0  E,  lat.43  15  N. 

Camiyiha,  a  seaport  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Entre-l)mero-c-Minho,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Minho,  12  miles  N  of 
Viana.    Lon.  8  29  W,  lat.  41  50  N. 

Cummin,  a  district  of  Prussian  Pome- 
rania,  convened  into  a  principality,  in 
favourofthehou.se  of  Brandenburg  in 
the  treaty  of  Westphalia.  Colberg  is  the 
capital. 

Cammiiiy  a  seaport  of  Prussian  Pome 


C  A  M 


CAN 


rania,  in  the  principality  of  the  same 
name  ;  seated  on  the  Oder,  opposite  the 
isle  of  Wollin,  30  miles  X  of  Stetin.  Lon. 
14  55  E,  lat.  54  4  X. 

Campagna,  or  Campania,  a  town  of  Na- 
ples in  Principato  Ulteiriore,  with  a  bish- 
op's see,  40  miles  SE  of  Naples.  Lon.  15 
19  E,  lat.  40  35  X. 

Campagna  di  Roma,  anciently  La  Hum, 
a  province  of  Italy,  in  the  Ecclesiastical 
S;ate,  extending-  60  miles  SE  along  the 
Mediterranean,  to  the  frontiers  of  Na- 
ples, formerly  the  most  delightful  and 
most  populous  country  in  the  world  ;  few 
villages,  little  cultivation,  and  scarcely 
any  inhabitants  are  now  to  be  seen  :  no 
trees,  no  inclosures  ;  nothing,  in  short, 
but  the  scattered  ruins  of  temples  and 
tombs,  which  present  the  idea  of  a  country 
depopulated  by  pestilence.  Rome  is  the 
capital. 

Campbelton,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in 
Argyleshire,  situated  on  a  bay  toward  the 
S  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  Cantyre, 
of  which  it  is  the  capital.  It  has  a  good 
harbour,  and  is  now  a  considerable  place, 
for  which  it  is  principally  indebte  d  to  its 
being  the  general  rendezvous  of  the  fish- 
ing vessels  that  annually  visit  the  W 
coast.  It  is  ten  miles  W  of  the  isle  of 
Arran.    Lon.  5  42  W,  lat.  53  29  N.  . 

Campbell,  a  county  of  Virginia,  separa- 
ted from  Amherst  county  by  James  ri- 
ver. It  abounds  with  iron  ore,  and  con- 
tains a  population  of  10,000  persons.  It 
is  situated  between  Charlotte  and  Fran- 
klin counties,  and  watered  by  the  branch- 
es of  Staunton  river. 

Campbelltown,  a  town  of  Dauphin  county 
Pennsylvania,  situated  13  miles  E  of  Har- 
iri sburg. 

Cumprlen,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  22  miles 
X"E  of  Gloucester,  and  87  WWVof  Lon- 
don. Lon.  1  50  W,  lat.  52  4  X. 

Campeachv,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  South 
America,  in  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan,  on 
the  E  coast  of  a  bay  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  noted  for  logwood,  which,  however, 
does  not  grow  very  near  it.  It  is  defen- 
ded by  a  good  wall,  and  strong  forts,  but ! 
is  neither  so  rich,  nor  carries  on  such  :i 
trade  as  formerly,  it  having  been  the 
port  for  the  sale."  Lon.  90  57  W,  lat.  20 
0  N.    See  Honduras. 

Campden,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces in  Overyssel,  with  a  citadel,  and 
a  port  almost  choked  up.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Dutch  in  1578,  and  by  the  French 
in  1672:  but  they  abandoned  it  in  16JT3. 
It  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Yssel, 
on  the  Zuidcr  Zee,  44  miles  XE  of  Am- 
sterdam. Lon.  5  55  E,  lat.  52  38  n£/£ 

Campoti,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Abruzzo 


Ulterlore,  23  miles  N  by  E  of  Aquila- 
Lon.  43  57  E,  lat.  42  42  N. 

Campo  3  fa  jar,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Alentejo,  100  miles  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  74 
W,  lat.  38  53  N. 

Camprcdon,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, at  ihe  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  on 
(he  river  Ter,  45  miles  X  of  Barcelona. 
Lon.  2  16  W,  lat.  42  0  X. 

Canaan,  a  township  of  Columbia,  New 
\  ork,  situated  about  30  miles  SE  of  Al- 
bany. 

Canaan,,  the  country  so  named  from 
Canaan  the  son  of  Ham.  It  lies  between 
the  Mediterranean  and  the  mountains  of 
Arabia,  and  extends  from  Egypt  to  Phe- 
nicia.  It  is  bounded  to  the  E  by  the 
mountains  of  Arabia  ;  to  the  S  by  the 
wilderness  of  Paran,  Idumca  and  Egypt ; 
to  the  W  by  the  Mediterranean  ;  and  the 
N  by  the  mountains  of  Libanus.  Its  length 
is  about  70  leagues,  and  its  breadth  in 
some  places  30. 

Canaan,  a  post  town  in  Kennebec  conn- 
ty,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Kennebec  river,  10  miles  E  of  Noridg- 
work,  68  N  of  A\  iscasset,  and  230  NE  of 
Boston. 

Canaan,  a  post  town  of  Litchfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  near  the  line  that  di- 
vides this  state  from  Massachusetts  ;  si- 
tuated on  the  llousatonic  river,  18  miles 
N  of  Litchfield  the  shire  town,  and  47  N 
W  of  Hartford. 

Canaan,  a  post  town  in  Grafton  coun- 
ty, Xew  Hampshire,  on  the  Mascany 
river,  about  12  miles  Y.  of  Dartmouth 
college. 

Canada,  a  large  country  of  North  A 
merica,  bounded  on  the  X  by  Xew  Bri- 
tain, on  the  E  by  the  gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, on  the  S  by  Xpw  Biunswick  and 
the  United  States,  and  on  the  W  by  un- 
known lands.  It  lies  between  6l  and  81  W 
lon.  and  45  and  52  N  lat.  and  was  discov- 
ered by  John  and  Sebastian  Cabot,  father 
and  son,  in  1497.  This  country,  in  gen- 
eral, is  pretty  good  ;  but  the  winter  con- 
tinues for  six  months  very  severe.  The 
laild  that  is  cleared,  is  fertile,  and  the 
wheat  sowed  in  May  is  reaped  at  the  end 
of  August.  The  climate  is  not  very  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  northern  British 
colonies  ;  it  has  a  much  severer  winter  ; 
and  like  most  of  the  American  tracts 
that  do  not  lie  too  far  to  the  X,  the  sum- 
mers are  very  hot  and  exceeding  plea- 
sant. They  have  a  great  variety  of  an- 
imals, such  as  stags,  elks,  deer,  bears, 
foxes,  martins,  wild  cats,  ferrets,  wea- 
sels, hares  and  rabbits.  The  marshes, 
and  lakes  with  which  this  country  abound 
swarm  with  otters  and  beavers,  which  are 
highly  valued  for  their  furs,  which  form 


CAN 


CAN 


a  principal  article  of  commerce  in  Cana- 
da. Canada  turpentine  is  greatly  esteem- 
ed for  its  balsamic  qualities,  and  for  ita 
use  in  disorders  of  the  breast  and  sto- 
mach. The  different  tribes  of  Indians, 
or  originally  natives  in  Canada,  are  al- 
most innumerable  ;  but  they  have  been 
Nobserved  to  decrease  in  population  where 
the  Europeans  are  most  numerous,  owing 
chiefly  to  the  immoderate  use  of  spiritu- 
ous liquors.  Canada  was  conquered  by 
the  English  in  1759,  and  cor  finned  to 
them  by  the  peace  of  1763.  In  1774,  this 
country  was  formed  into  a  province,  cal- 
led Quebec,  from  the  name  of  the  capi- 
tal ;  a  government  was  instituted  confor- 
mably to  the  French  laws  of  Canada  ; 
and  the  Roman  Catholic  re.igion  was  es- 
tablished. In  1791,  the  country  was  di- 
vided into  two  provinces,  Upper  Canada, 
and  Lower  Canada,  of  which  latter  pro- 
vince Quebec  is  the  chief  town  ;  and  a 
constitution  in  imitation  of  that  of  En- 
gland, was  given  to  each  of  these  pro- 
vinces. 

Cananjohaivij,  a  township  of  Montgo- 
mery county,  in  the  State  of  New  York  ; 
situated  on  the  Mohawk  river,  about  40 
miles  westward  from  Schenectady,  and 
contains  about  3000  inhabitants. 

Cananore,  a  large  seaport  on  the  coast 
of  Malabar.  It  was  ceded  by  Tippoo  Sul 
tan,  regent  of  Mysore,  to  the  English 
East  India  Company,  in  1792-  Lon.  74  10 
E,  lat.  12  0  N. 

Canandaigua,  a  post  town,  and  the 
principal  seat  of  the  courts  in  Ontaria 
county,  New-York.  It  is  seated  at  the 
E  end  of  Canandaigua  lake,  16  miles  \V 
of  Geneva,  and  26  E  of  Hartford. 

Ca?iara,  a  province  on  the  coast  of 
Malabar,  subject  to  the  regent  of  Mysore. 
Its  most  northerly  port  is  Onore,  in  lat. 
14  20  N. 

Canaria,  or  The  Grand  Canary,  the 
principal  of  the  Canary  Islands,  about 
180  miles  from  the  coast  of  Africa,  which 
gives  name  to  the  whole.  It  is  a  fruitful 
island,  and  famous  for  the  wine  that  bears 
its  name;  the  temperature  of  its  air  is 
delightful :  and  it  abounds  with  good  wa- 
ter, with  trees,  herbs  and  delicious  fruits. 
Here  are  two  wheat  harvests,  in  Februa- 
ry and  May,  and  the  corn  makes  bread 
as  white  as  snow.  It  is  42  miles  long, 
and  27  broad  ;  and  lies  18  leagues  W  by 
S  of  Fuertaventura.  Lon.  15  34  W,  lat. 
28  14  N* 

Canary  Islands,  anciently  called  the 
Fortunate  Islands,  on  account  of  their 
temperate  healthy  air  and  excellent 
fruits,  are  seven  in  number,  lying  in  tht 
Atlantic  Ocean,  near  the  continent  of 
Africa ;  namely,  Palma,  Ferro,  Gomera, 


Teneriffe;  Canaria,  Fuertaventura,  and 
Lancerota  ;  to  which  may  be  added  se- 
veral smaller  isles,  as  Graciosa,  Roccas, 
Allegranza,  St.  Clare,  Infierno,  and  Lob* 
os.  From  these  islands  the  Canary  birds 
originally  came.  The  NE  point  of  these 
is  in  lon.  15  38  W,  lat.  28  13  N. 

Canary,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Ca- 
naria, with  a  bishop's  see,  an  inquisition, 
supreme  council  of  the  Seven  Islands, 
and  a  castle  seated  on  a  hill.  They  have 
sugarhous'.  s,  in  which  a  great  quantity 
of  sugar  is  made.  The  wine  called  Sack, 
has  hence  been  often  termed  Canary.  It 
is  computed  that  10,000  hogsheads  are 
sent  annually  to  Eng  land  in  time  of  peace. 
Lon.  15  50  W,  lat.  28  4  N. 

CancaHe,  a  bay  on  the  coast  of  France, 
10  miles  E  of  St.  Maloes,  where  the  Eng- 
lish made  a  descent,  under  the  duke  of 
Maryborough  in  1758,  and  hence  proceed- 
ed to  burn  the  ships  at  St.  Maloes 

Candahar,  a  rich  trading  city  of  Asia,' 
capiial  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name. 
While  the  Persian  and  Mogul  empires 
were  severally  undivided,  itwrasthe  fron- 
tier fortress  of  Hin  ioostan  toward  Per- 
sia :  and  was  esteemed  the  key  of  the 
western  provinces  of  the  latter,  and  not 
unfrequently  changed  masters,  although 
very  strong  by  situation,  being  surroun- 
ded by  fens  and  rocks.  It  is  145  miles 
SW  of  Cabul.    Lon.  67  15  E,  lat.  33  0  N. 

Candahar,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  betweeft 
the  river  Indus  and  Persia,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Cabul,  on  the  E  by  Lahore,  on 
the  SE  by  Moultan,  and  on  the  W  by 
Persia.  The  dominions  of  the  king  of 
this  country  extend  westward  to  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  city  of  Tarshish; 
including  generally  Cabul,  Candahar, 
Chizni,  Gaur,  Paishawur,  Korasan,  and 
Seistan  ;  this  tract  is  not  less  than  800 
miles  in  length;  its  breadth  is  not  well 
known,  and  on  the  E  side  of  the  Indus, 
he  possesses  the  territory  of  Cashmere, 
and  some  districts  above  the  city  of  At- 
tock.  A  shmed  Abdalla  the  founder  of 
this  kingdom,  was  originally  the  chief 
of  an  Afghan  tribe,  named  Abdal,  (whence 
the  name  Abdalli)  who  was  slript  of  his 
country  by  Nadir  Shah,  in  1739-  On  the 
death  of  Nadir,  he  suddenly  appeared 
among  his  former  subjects,  and  erected  a 
considerable  kingdom  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Persia,  adding  to  it  most  of  the  pro- 
vinces to  the  W  of  the  Indus,  which  had 
been  ceded  by  the  Great  Mogul  to  Nadir 
Shah,  together  with  Cashmere  on  the  E 
of  that  river. 

Candia,  an  island  in  the  Mediterrane- 
an, formerly  Crete,  and  to  the  S  of  the 
Archipelago.  The  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  though  populous  formerly,  is  little 


C  AN 


CAN 


better  than  a  desert,  there  being  nothing 
but  rubbish,  except  at  the  bazar  or  mar- 
ket-place ;  and  the  harbour  of  Candia  is 
now  fit  for  nothing-  but  boats;  but  the 
walls  of  the  town  are  standing,  and  it  is 
the  see  of  a  Greek  archbishop.    This  is- 
land was  taken  by  the  Turks,  in  16&9, 
after  a  war  of  25  years.    It  was  attempt- 
ed to  be  retaken  by  the  Venetians,  in 
1692,  without  effect.    The  products  are 
corn,  wine,  oil,  wool,  silk  and  excellent 
honey.  The  climate  of  Candia  is  delight- 
ful.   The  heal  is  never  excessive  ;  and 
in  the  plains  violent  cold  is  never  ft  It.  In 
the  warmest  days  of  summer  the  air  is 
cooled  by  breezes  from  the  sea.  Except 
December  and  January  the  whole  year  is 
one  continued  fine  day.    The  sky  is  al- 
s  ways  unclouded  and  serene  ;  the  winds 
mild  and  refreshing  breezes.    The  motili- 
ty tains  are  covered  with  a  great  number  of 
'.^  odoriferous  plants.    In  a  word  front  the 
hills,  the  vales  and  the  plains,  on  all  hands 
^jrthcre  arise  clouds  of  exquisite  perfumes, 
^  which  embalm  the  air  and  render  it  a 
luxury  to  breathe  it.    Candia  is  200  miles 
¥  in  length,  and  50  in  breadth.    It  is  500 
miles  bW  of  Constantinople.    Lon.  25  18 
E,  lat.  35  18  N. 

Candia,  a  township  of  Rockingham 
county,  state  of  New  Hampshire  ;  lying 
about  24  miles  westward  from  Ports- 
mouth. 

Candeish,  a  rich  and  populous  province, 
in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  subject  to 
the  Poonah  Mahrattas.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Malwa,  on  the  E  by  Berar,  on 
the  8  by  Dowlatabad,  and  on  the  W  by 
;.:Baglana. 

Candlemas  Isles,  near  the  coast  of 
Sandwich  Land.    Lon  27  13  W,  lat.  57 

lo  s. 

Candy,  a  kingdom  of  Ceylon,  contain- 
ing about  a  quarter  of  the  Island.  It  is 
full  of  hills,  whence  rivulets  proceed, 
which  abound  with  fish.  The  inhabitants 
are  dexterous  in  turning  these  rivulets  to 
water  their  land,  which  is  fruitful  in  rice, 
pulse,  and  hemp.  The  kinp:  is  absolute, 
and  his  subjects  are  idolaters. 

Candy,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  island  of  Ceylon.  It 
was  often  burnt  by  the  Portuguese,  when 
they  were  masters  of  these  coasts.  Lon. 
80  42  E,  lat.  7  45  N. 

Cane,  Grotto  del,  a  famous  grotto,  on 
the  banks  of  Lake  d'Agano,  seven  miles 
from  Puzzoli,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 
A  suffocating  vapour  rises  a  foot  above 
the  bottom  of  this  cave,  and  is  destruc- 
tive to  animal  life.  A  dog  having'  his 
head  held  in  this  vapour,  is  convulsed  in 
a  few  minutes,  and  soon  after  falls  motion - 
ltiss  to  the  earth.    The  fellows  who  at- 


tend at  the  cave,  have  always  some  mise- 
rable dogs,  with  ropes  about  their  necks, 
ready  for  this  cruel  purpose. 

Canea,  a  considerable  town  of  the  is- 
stand  of  Candia,  with  a  good  harbour. 
The  environs  are  adorned  with  forests  of 
olive-trees,  mixed  with  fields,  vineyards, 
gardens,  and  brooks,  bordered  with  myr- 
tle-trees, and  laurei-roses.  Lon.  24  15  E, 
iat.  35  20  N. 

Caneto,  a  town  of  Italy,dn  the  Mantuan, 
on  the  river  Oglio,  often  taken  and  reta- 
ken bv  the  Fiench  and  Austrians.  It  is 
20  miles  W  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  22  E, 
lat.  45  9  N. 

Canfield,  a  small  town  with  a  post  of- 
fice, in  Trumbull  county,  Ohio,  28  miles 
X  by  W  of  Fort  M'lntosh,  and  321  from 
Washington. 

Cavgerecora,  a  large  river  of  the  pen- 
insula of  Hindoostan.  It  has  its  source 
in  the  Can's,  and  running  SW  to  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  enters  the  Indian 
Ocean,  four  miles  to  the  N  of  mount  Dil- 
la  ;  before  which  its^  course  is  parallel 
with  the  seacoast  for  about  11  miles,  be- 
ing separated  only  by  a  spit  of  sand 

Caniaderngo  Lak-e,  a  narrow  lake  of 
North  America, ,in  the  state  of  New-York, 
six  miles  \V  of  lake  Otsego,  and  nine 
miles  long. 

Canina,  the  capital  of  a  district  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  N  part  of  Albania,  a 
province  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  lying 
near  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
eight  miles  N  of  Valona.  Lon.  19  25  E, 
lat.  41  12  N. 

Cannay,  one  of  the  western  isles  of 
Scotland",  SW  of  the  isle  of  Skye.  This 
island  is  fertile,  and  is  noted  for  vast  ba- 
saltic columns,  which  rise  above  each 
other  to  a  great  height,  in  man)-  succes- 
sive ranges,  each  separated  from  the 
other  by  a  stratum  of  pebbly  concretions 
On  the  E  side  of  the  island,  the  tops  of 
an  immense  number  of  these  columns  ap- 
pear at  low  water,  forming  a  sort  of  cause- 
way of  surprising  extent,  the  stirface  of 
which  is  smooth  and  regular,  Lke  an  or- 
dinary paved  street. 

Canoe.  See  Canoh-a. 

Canoge,  the  ruins  of  which  are  at  pre- 
sent of  great  extent,  is  a  town  of  Min* 
doostan  Proper,  in  the  province  of  Agra, 
seated  on  the  Ganges,  near  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Cahni.  It.  is  now  reduced 
to  the  size  of  a  middling  town.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  built  more  than  1000 
years  before  the  Christian  era,  and  to 
have  been  the  capital  of  ail  Hindoostan, 
tinder  the  predecessor  of  Poms,  who 
fought  against  Alexander.  In  the  6lh 
century,  it  was  said  to  contain  30,000 
shops,  in  which  betel-nut  was  sold.  It 


CAN 


CAN 


is  127  miles  SE  of  Agra.  ton.  80  13  E, 
lat.  27  3  N. 

Canobia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mila- 
nese, on  lake  M&gffiore,  35  miles  NN'W 
of  Milan.    Lon.  8  44  E,  lat.  45  55  N. 

Canoniait,  an  island  in  Narragarzet 
bay,  belonging  to  the  slate  of  Rhode  Is- 
land. The  soil  is  fertile  and  well  culti- 
vated ;  the  inhabitants  are  about  600. 

Canonsburg,  a  post  town  18  miles  SW  I 
of  Pittsburg,  situated  on  the  W  side  of! 
Charter's  creek  in  Washington  county,  j 
Pennsylvania. 

Canosa,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, in  Terra  di  Barri.  Between  Cano- 
ijo  and  the  river  Osanto,  are  still  some 
traces  of  the  ancient  town  of  Cannae,  in 
the  plain  of  which  was  fought  the  cele- 
brated battle1  between  Hannibal  and  the 
Romans.    Lon.  16  33  E,  hit.  41  30  N. 

Canso,  a  seaport  of  Nova  Scotia,  in 
North  America  on  a  strait  which  sepa- 
rates Nova  Scotia  from  Cape  Breton. 
Near  this  town  is  a  fine  fishery  for  cod. 
Lon.  60  55  W,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Constat,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Wirtemberg,  seated  on  the  Neckar, 
two  miles  NE  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  1-i  E, 
lat  48  53  N. 

Cant af,  a  departmcnt.of  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  laic  province  of  Au- 
vergne.    The  capital  is  St  Flour. 

Cantazufio,  an  episcopal  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Calabria  Citeriore.  It  is  seated 
near  the  sea,  20  miles  E  of  Nicastro. 
Lon.  16  47  E,  lat.  39  3  N. 

Canterbury,  an  ancient  ci'y,  the  capi- 
tal of  Kent,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  the 
metropolitan  of  all  England.    The  cathe- 
dral, a  large  structure,  was  once  famous 
for  the  shrine  of  Thomas  Becket,  to 
which  so  great  was  the  resort,  and  so  | 
rich  the  offerings,  that  Erasmus,  who 
was  an  eye  witness  of  its  wealth,  says,  j 
the  whole  church  and  chapel  in  which  he  j 
was  interred,  glittered  with  jewels.  But 
Henry  VIII.  in  1538,  not  only  pillaged  j 
this  rich  shrine,  but  caused  the  saint  to 
he  eited  in  court,  tried,  and  condemned 
as  a  traitor;  ordering  his  name  to  be 
struck  out  of  the  calendar,  his  bones  to' 
be  burnt,  and  his  ashes  thrown  into  the 
air.  In  this  cathedral  are  interred  Henry 
IV.  and  Edward  the  Black  Prince.  The 
city  has  likewise  14  parish  churches  ; 
the  remains  of  many  Roman  -ntiquities  ; 
and  an  ancient  castle,  with  walls  and  a 
deep  ditch.    It  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
and  possesses  a  share  of  the  silk  manu-l 
facturcs   introduced  by  the  "Walloons, 
who  lun\-.  here  a  church  under  the  cathe- 
dral.   It  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment., and  is  seated  on  the  river  Steur, 


26  miles  ESE  of  Rochester  and  56  of 
Loudon.  Lon.  1  4  E,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Canterbnry,  a  town  in  Windham  coun- 
y,  Connecticut,  on  the  Quinaboag  river, 
10  miles  E  of  Windham,  and  15  N  by. 
E  of  Norwich,  with  1627  inhabitants. 
Here  is  a  post  office  412  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Canterbury,  a  township  of  Rockingham 
county,  New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the 
Merrimack  river,  15  miles  W  of  Concord. 

Can  tin,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  on  the  coast  of  Morocco. 
Lon.  9  5  W,  lat  32  49  N. 

Canton,  a  township  in  the  state  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. It  is  situated  in  Norfolk 
county  and  contains  about  1200  inhabi- 
tants. 

Canton,  a  township  of  Washington 
countv,  Pennsylvania.  The  population 
about*  1200. 

Canton,  or  Quangtong,  one  of  the  sou- 
thern provinces  of  China  ;  bounded  on 
the  NE  by  Fokien  :  on  the  N  by  Kiangsi, 
on  the  W  by  Quan-si,  and  the  kingdom 
Tonking,  and  every  where  else  by  the 
sea,.  The  country  is  diversified  with  lulls 
and  plains,  and  the  soil  is  in  general  so 
fertile  that  it  produces  two  crops  annual- 
ly    Canton  is  the  capital. 

Canton,  a  large,  populous,  and  wealthy 
city  of  China,  capital  of  the  province  of 
that  name,  stands  on  the,  river  Taa,  one 
of  the  finest  in  the  empire.  The  build- 
ings of  Canton  are  in  general  low,  con- 
sisting of  one  story  and  a  ground  floor, 
which  is  covered  with  earth  or  red  tiles 
to  keep  it  cool ;  but  the  houses  of  the 
most  respectable  merchants  and  manda- 
rins are  comparatively  lofty,  and  well 
built.  The  streets  of  Canton  arc  long 
and  narrow,  paved  with  flintstones,  adorn- 
ed at.  intervals  with  triumphal  arches, 
which  have  a  pleasing  effect,  and  are 
much  crowded  with  people.  In  Canton 
there  are  no  carriages.  The  better  sort" 
of  people  are  carried  about  in  chairs  ; 
but  the  common  sort  walk  barefooted  and 
bareheaded  ;  and  their  goods  are  carried 
by  porters.  At  the  end  of  every  street 
is  a  barrier,  which  is  shut  every  evening, 
as  well  as  the  gates  of  the  city  ;  so  that 
people  are  obliged  to  be  at  home  early. 
The  river  is  covered  with  barks,  which 
have  apartments  in  them  for  families, 
where  uiany  reside.  The  number  of  in- 
habitants is  computed  at  1,000,000,  but 
later  calculations  have  made  them  consi- 
derably less.    Lon.  133  12  E,  lat.  23  7N. 

CantweWs  Bridge,  a  post  town  in  New 
Castle  county,  (Del.)  9  miles  S  of  St. 
Georges,  and  19  of  New  Castle. 

Cavivre,  a  southern  division  of  ArgAlc* 


CAP 


CAR 


shire  in  Scotland.  It  is  a  narrow  penin- 
sula 50  miles  long",  and  from  five  to  eight 
broad.  To  the  S  the  peninsula  termi- 
nates in  a  great  promontory,  surrounded 
by  a  group  of  dangerous  rocks,  called 
the  Mull  of  Can  tyre.  The  soil,  in  gene- 
ral, is  fertile. 

.  Caorlo,  a  small  island  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  on  the  coast  of  Venetian  Friuli, 
20  miles  SW  of  Aquileia.  It  lias  a  town 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
Lon.  12  30  E,  lat.  45  42  X. 

Capacio,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Prineipato  Citeriore,  16  miles  S  of  Sa- 
lerno.   Lon.  15  0  E,  lat.  40  20  X. 

Cape  Breton.  See  Breton,  Cape ;  and 
other  Capes,  in  like  manner,  see  under 
their  respective  names. 

Cape  Cod,  a  point  of  land  in  Massachu- 
setts, at  the  entrance  of  Massachusetts 
bay.    Lat.  42  X,  lon.  71  W. 

Cape  Fear,  a  cape  at  the  entrance  of 
Cape  Fear  river,  in  the  state  of  North 
Carol  inn.    Lat.  34  N,  lon.  78  W. 

Cape  Fear  River,  the  most  consider* 
sble  river  in  North  Carolina.  It  rises 
principally  in  Rockingham  and  Guilford 
counties  ;  whence  it  pursues  aSSE  course 
to  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

Cape  *lfay,  a  point  of  land  in  the  state 
of  New  Jersey,  formed  by  the  Atlantic 
ocean  and  the  bay  of  Delaware,  in  the 
lat.  of  39  N,  and  lon.  of  74  30  W. 

Capelle.  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Aisne,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Picardy,  eight  miles  NE  of 
Guise,  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1636 
but  retaken  the  vear  after.  Lon.  3  5u 
E,  lat.  49  58  N. 

Cape  .May  Court  House,  the  principal 
scat  of  justice  in  Cape  May  county,  New 
Jersey,  situated  a  few  miles  N  of  Cape 
May.  34  SE  or"  Bridgetown,  and  71  oi 
Philadelphia,  in  the  lat.  of  39  X  and  75 
W  Here  is  a  post  office  231  miles  from 
Washington. 

Cape st an*  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aude  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  near  the  river  Aude  and  the 
fiunous  canal  of  Languedoc.  Lon.  3  8  E, 
lat.  43  21  X. 

Capitanata,  a  province  of  Naples 
bounded  on  the  X  by  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
on  the  E  by  Terra  di  Bail,  on  the  S  by 
Basilicata  and  Principato  Ulteriore,  and 
on  tile  W  by  Molise  and  Abruzzo.  The 
capital  is  Manfredonia.  ^sflP*' 

Capo  Fino,  a  barren  rock,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Cenoa,  with  a  castle  on  its  east- 
ern peak.  Near  it  is  a  small  harbour  of 
the  same  name,  13  miles  ESE  of  Cenoa. 
Lon.  8  56  E,  lat,  44  20  N.  ' 

Capo  D'lstria,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Ve- 
netian Istria,  on  the  gulf  of  Triest,  whose 


principal  revenue  consists  in  wine  and 
salt.  It  is  8  miles  S  of  Triest.  Lon.  14 
6  E,  lat.  45  49  X. 

Caprala,  an  isle  in  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  to  the  NE  of  Corsica,  on  which  it 
depends.  It  has  a  strong  castle,  and  is 
15  miles  in  circumference .  Lon.  10  0  E, 
lat.  43  5  X. 

Capri,  an  island  of  Xaples,  in  the  Me* 
diterranean,  opposite  Sorento,  famous 
for  being  the  retreat  of  the  emperor  Ti- 
berius. A  vast  quantity  of  quails  conic 
here  every  year,  forming  the  principal 
revenue  of  the  bishop,  who  is  hence  cal- 
led the  Bishop  of  Quails.  It  is  five  miles 
in  length  and  two  in  breadth. 

Capri,  the  capital  of  an  island  of  tin: 
same  name,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  was 
once  a  delightful  place,  embellished  witli 
magnificent  works,  which  were  -demo- 
lished after  the  death  of  Tiberius.  Lon. 
,14*8  E^ml  40  llWr^ 
fcCapua,  a  town  of  Xaples,  in  Terra  di 
Eavora,  with  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is 
two  miles  from  the  ancient  Capua,  and 
was  built  out  of  it  s- ruins.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Austrians  in  1707 ;  and  is  seated 
on  the  Volturno,  15  miles  X  of  Xaples. 
Lon.  14  19  E,  lat.  41 

Caraccas,  a  district  of  South  America, 
in  Terra  Firma,  included  in  the  W  pan 
of  the  province  of  Venezuela'.  It  is  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  on 
the  E  by  Cumana,  and  on  tn'e  S  by  New 
Cranada.  The  coast  is  rocky  and  moun- 
tainous, interspersed  with  small  fertile; 
valleys,  blessed  in  general  with  a  clear 
air  and  wholesome  climate.  The  chief 
town  is  Caraccas.  The  commerce  of  tliis 
town  was  for  a  long  time  open  to  all  the 
subjects  of  i he  Spanish  Monarchy.  But 
in  1728  a  company  wsfe  formed,  who  ob- 
tained an  exclusive  right  of  trading  to 
this  part  of  the  world.  »t  is  sometimes 
called  the  Company  of  Caraccas,  and 
sometimes  the  Company  of  Guipiscoa, 
from  the  province  of  Spain,  in  which  it  is 
established.  St.  Jagp  c!e  Leon  is  the  ca  - 
pital. 

Caramania,  a  province  of  Turkey  in 
Asia,  in  the  S  part  of  Nutoliau  Most  of 
the  houses  have  turrets  so  contrived  as 
to  cool  the  rooms  in  summer.  Satalia  is 
the  capital. 

Carqpianta,  a  province  of  Terra  Firma, 
1}  on  both  f.ides  the  river  Canca ; 
bounded  on  the  X  by  the  district  of  Car- 
i.hagena,  on  the  E  by  New  Granada,  on 
the  S  and  W  by  Popayan  and  Panama. 
It  is  « yalley  surrounded  by  high  moun- 
tains, and  there  are  rivulets  whence  the 
natives  get  very  good  salt. 

Caramanta,  the  capital  of  a  province  of 
that  name  in  Terra  Firma,  seated  on  the 


C  A  K 


CAR 


Cauca,  240  miles  NNE  of  Popavan.  Lotv. 
75  15  W,  lat.  5  13  X. 

Carango,  an  inconsiderable  island  in 
the  E  Indies,  near  Bombay.  It  affords 
nothing1  but  some  rice,  fowls  and  goals. 

Carara,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the 
principality  of  Massa,  between  Massa 
and  Sarzana,  five  miles  from  each.  Near 
this  place  are  quarries  of  marble  of  vari- 
ous colours.  Lon.  9  55  E,  lat.  44  5  N. 

Carasu,  a  river  of  Natolia,  which  rises 
in  Caramania,  crosses  part  of  Aladu'a, 
and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean. 

Cjiram  JWeslro,  a  river  of  Romania, 
which  rises  in  mount  Rhodolpho,  and 
falls  into  the  Archipelago. 

Carasui,  a  lake  in  Bulgaria,  said  to  be 
55  miles  in  circumferem  e,  and  to  con- 
tain several  islands.  It  is  formed  by  a 
branch  of  the  Danube,  not  far  from  its 
entrance  into  the  Black  Sea. 

Caravacca,  a  to\vn  of  Spain,  among  the 
mountains  near  the  river  Segura,  in  Mur- 
cia.  It  is  50  miles  NW  of  Carthagena. 
Lon.  2  5  W,  lat.  38  5  N. 

Carcassone,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Aude  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc.  it  is  divided  inu- 
tile Upper  and  Lower  Town  by  the  Aude, 
over  which  is  a  stone  bridge.  In  the  Up- 
per Town  are  a  strong  castle  and  the  ca- 
thedral. The  Lqwei*  town  is  square, 
built  after  the  modern^taste,  and  kep. 
very  neat  by  means  of  an  aqueduct,  which 
brings  the  water  of  the  Aude  to  different 
fountains.  The  Upper  town,  which  is 
also  called  the  City,  is  very  ancient,  and 
in  the  castle  are  preserved  some  old  re- 
cords written  on  the  bark  of  trees.  Here 
are  manufactures  of  all  sorts  of  cloth..  I1 
is  15  miles  \V  of  Narbonne,  and  400  S  oi 
Paris.    Lon.  2  25  E,  lat.  43  14  N. 

Cardiff,  a  borough  ofS  Wales  iu  Gla- 
morganshire, with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day and  Saturday.  It  is  a  large  and  weli 
built  town,  and  has  a  cas'.le,  a  wall,  and 
four  gates.  It  is  seated  on  the  Taafe4 
Over  which  is  a  bridge,  and  it  l»as  a  con- 
s': derable  trade  with  Bristol;  for  vessels, 
of  small  burden  may  come  to  the  bridge. 
The  castle,  though  much  decayed,  makes 
a  grand  appearance  at  this  time,  and  the 
walls  of  the  castle  are  very  strong  and 
thick.  The  constable  of  the  castle  is  th< 
chief  magistrate,  whom  they  call  mayor. 
Near  the  town  are  some  iron-works :  and 
a  canal,  extending  25  miles  hence,  to 
the  iron-works  at  Merthyr-Tidvil.  In  the 
castle,  died  Robert,  duke  of  Normand; , 
eldest  son  of  William  the  Conqueror,  after 
having  been  blinded,  and  confined  28 
years,  by  his  brother  Henry  I.  Cardiff  is 
12  miles  E  of  Cowbridge,  and  164  W  of 
London.  Lon.  3  12  W,  lat.  51  30  N. 


Cardigan,  the  county-town  of  Cardi- 
ganshire, with  a  maiket  on  Tuesday  and 
Saturday ;  situated  on  the  river  Tyvy,over 
which  is  a  handsome  stone  bridge.  The 
walls  and  castle  are  gone  to  ruin.  It  is 
governed  by  a  mayor,  sends  one  member 
to  parliament,  and  is  33  miles  XE  of  St. 
David's  and  2  15  WNW  of  London.  Lon 
4  38  W,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Cardigan  Bay,  on  the  coast  of  Cardi- 
ganshire, at  the  mouth  of  the  Tyvy,  ex- 
tending to  Barsey  island  in  Carnarvon 
shire.  It  is  40  miles  from  one  cape  to 
the  other,  and  affords  secure  shelter  for 
ships. 

Cardiganshire,  a  county  of  S  Wales, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Merionethshire  and 
Montgomeryshire,  on  the  E  by  Radnor- 
shire and  Brecknockshire,  on  the  S  by 
Carmarthenshire,  and  Pembrokeshire, 
and  on  the  W  by  Cardigan  Bay.  It  ex- 
tends 42  miles  from  N  to  S  and  20  from 
K  to  W  i  and  is  divided  into  five  hun- 
dreds, containing  six  market-towns,  and 
64  parishes.  It  lies  in  the  diocese  of  St. 
David's,  and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament. The  air  is  milder  here  than  in 
most  parts  of  Wales.  To  the  S  and  W 
are  plains  fruitful  in  corn  ;  but  the  N  and 
E  parts  are  a  continued  ridge  of  moun- 
tains, however  there  arc  cattle  bred  in 
ill  parts  ;  but  they  have  neither  wood 
;ior  coals  of  their  own  for  fuel.  They 
have  fish  in  plenty  with  fowls  both  tame 
md  wild.  Near  the  rivers  are  great  num- 
bers of  otters  ;  and  in  the  valleys  are  se- 
veral lakes.  The  mountains  abound  with 
veins  of  lead  and*  silver  ore ;  and  the 
mines  have  been  worked  several  times  to 
great  advantage:  Sir  Hugh  Middlccn  is 
said  to  have  cleared  2000/.  a  month,  for 
several  years  together,  which  enabled 
him  to  bring  the  New  River  water  to 
London  ;  but  he  expended  the  whole  oh 
that  gTeaf  object.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  .Tyvy,  the  Rydal,  and  the  1st  - 
with. 

Cardona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, with  a  castle.  Near  it  is  an  inex- 
haustible mountain  of  salt,  of  several  co- 
Lurs,  which,,  when  washed,  becomes 
white;  and  there  are  vineyards,  which 
produce  excellent  wine.  It  is  seated  on 
m  eminence,  near  the  river  Cardenero, 
30  miles  NW  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  1  30 
E,  lat.  41  36  X. 
•  Careliay  the  eastern  part  of  Finland 
Tt  belongs  partly  to  the  Swedes,  and 
partly  to  the  Russians.    See  Wiburgh. 

Carentan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
oartment  of  the  Channel  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  with  an  ancient  cas- 
de; eight  miles  from  sea.  Lon.  1  4  W, 
lat.  49  16  N. 


CAR 


CAR 


Cariati,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  two 
miles  from  the  gulf  of  Taranto.  Lon.  17 
19  E,  lat."  39  35  N. 

Caribbean^  Sea,  tllat  part  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, lying  between  Cuba,  St.  D>mingo, 
and  Porto  Rico  on  the  X,  and  Terra  Fir- 
ing on  the  S.  It  was  formerly  culled  the 
North  Sea;  for  the  Spaniards  having 
crossed  the  isthmus  of  Darien  from  N  to 
S,  gave  the  sea  they  discovered  the  name 
of  the  South  Sea,  and  this,  of  course, 
the  North  Sea,  although  with  respect  to 
the  American  continent,  the  Pacilic  is 
the  western,  and  the  Atlantic  the  east- 
ern ocean. 

Caribbee  Islands,  the  most  eastern  is- 
lands of  the  West  Indies  divided  into 
Windward  and  Leeward  islands.  As  the 
Caribbee  islands  are  all  between  the  tro- 
pics, their  inhabitants  are  exposed  to 
perpetual  heat.  In  those  places  where 
the  wind  does  not  bldw,  the  air  is  exces- 
sively hot,  and  none  but  easterly  winds 
contribute  to  refresh  it.  The  torrents 
of  rain  which  fall  refresh  the  air ;  bat 
their  humid  exhalations  render  the  cli- 
mate unhealthy. 

Carig-nano,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the 
river  Po,  three  miles  S  of  Turin.  Lon. 
f  45  E,  lat.  44  57  N. 
-  Cariman  Java,_%  cluster  of  islands  to 
the  N  of  Java,  at  the  principal  of  which 
ships  touch  for  refreshments^  in  their 
vovage  to  Borneo.  Lon.  110*12  E,  lat. 
5  56  S. 

Carinola,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Lavora,  seated  near  Mount 
Mas  sieo,  25  miles  N\Vro(  Naples.  Lon. 
14  18  E,  lat.  41  15  N. 

Carmthia,  a  fertile  duchy  of  Germ  an y 
in  the  circle  of  Austria,  bounded  on  the 
X  by  Austria,  on  the  E  by  Stiria,  on  the 
8  by  Carniola  and  Friuli,  and  on  the  W 
by  Tirol  and  Saltzburg.  Clagenfurt  is 
the  capital. 

Carisbrook  Castle,  an  ancient  castle, 
near  Newport,  in.  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
where  Charles  L  was  imprisoned,'  l 

Cari.-io,  an  episcopal  town  off  irecv , 
in  the  E  part  of  the  island  of  Ne'Topont. 
Lon.  24  45  E,  lat.  33  4  N.        .  ,Ji 

Car/insf/onl,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  on 
Carlingford  Day,  in  the  county  of  Lowth, 
21  miles  N  of  Drogheda.    Lon.  G  0  W, 

Carlisle,  an  ancient  city,  the  capital 
of  Cumberland,  with  a  market  on.  Satur- 
day. It  is  walled  round,  and  p}ea9antly 
situated  above  a  rich  tract  of  meadows, 
bordering  the  Eden  and  two  other  ri- 
vers, which  here  unite  their  streams. 
Th2  gates  of  this  city  arc  called  the  Ev'- 


Iish,  Irislj ,  and  Scotch.  It  has  a  easily, 
on  i he  W  side  of  the  town  ,  and  the  ca- 
thedral is  a  stately  structure.  The  east- 
ern part,  which  is  the  newest,  is  a  curi- 
ous piece  of  workmanship.  The  choir, 
with  the  aisles,  is  7l  feet  broad  ,  and  has 
a  stately  E  window,  48  feet  high  and  30 
broad,  adorned  with  curious  pillars.  Car- 
lisle has  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
printed  linens  and  checks,  for  which 
3000/.  per  annum  is  paid  in  duties,  and 
is  noted  for  the  making  of  whips  and 
rish-hooks.  It  was  taken  by  the  rebels 
in  1T45,  but  retaken  by  the  duke  of  Cum- 
berland. It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  60 
miles  S  of  Edinburgh,  and  301  NNW  of 
London.    Lou.  2  53  W,  lat.  54  56  N. 

Carlisle,  a  post  town  and  the  capital  of 
Cumberland  county,  Pennsylvania,  situ- 
ated on  the  south  side  of  Conedogwinuet 
creek,  18  miles  W  by  S  of  Ilarrisburg, 
37'  N  by  W  of  York,'  about  54  NW  oY 
Lancaster,  and  124  of  Philadelphia.  The 
county  was  divided  from'  Lancaster,  and 
Carlisle  made  the  principal  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Cumberland  county,  January  1/49- 
50.  The  town  is  pleasantly  situated,  and 
the  houses  aje  built  principally  with 
bricks,  plain  and  commodious.  The 
streets  are  laid  out  in  straight  lines,  and 
f>f  a  convenient  width.  Here  is  a  semi- 
nary of  learning,  called  Dickenson  col- 
lege, which  has  hitherto  been  conducted 
u  hh  good  reputation  ;  the  late  principal, 
Dr.-NesLit,  being  a  teacher  of  distinguish- 
ed learning  and  piety.  At  the  last  enu- 
meration in  1800  the  inhabitants  amount- 
ed to  2032.  ' 

Carhrj,  or  Ciiihcrlovgh.  a  county  of 
Ireland,  in  We  province  of  Leiu-Uer,  28 
mile;  in  length,  and  eiglvfc  in  breadth; 
hounded  on  the  E  by  Wiekh  v.  and  Wex 
ford,  on  th ■>  W  hy  Queen's  county  and 
Kilkenny,  and  on  |Jie  N  by  Kddare. 
*  -Cu<'h-ti),  or  Catfyerlmigh,  a  town  of  Ire- 
land, in  a  county  of  die  same  name,  n 
the  river  Barrow,  16  miles  NE  of  Kilken- 
ny.' Lon.  7  14  W,  lat.  52  48 
••'  CarUnvkz,  a  t<>wn  of  Scbuonift,  seated 
oh  the  Danube,  33  miles  NW  of  Belgrade. 
Lom  20  5  E,  lat.  44  45  N.  ' 

CurUcvoua,  or  Carhcroon,  a  seoport  of 
Sweden,  in  the  province  of  Elcl  ingem 
It  derives  its  origin  and  name  from 
Charles  XI.  who  first  laid  the  foundations 
of  a  new  town  in  1080,  and  removed  the 
fleet  from  Stockholm  io  this  place  on  ac- 
count of  its  advantageous  situation  in 
the  centre  of  the  Swedish  seas,  and  the 
superior  securitv  of  its  harbour,  which 
has  depth  of  water  for  fu-st-rate  ships  to 
carry  t  heir  lower  tier  of  guns ;  the  en- 
r  ice  into  this  harbour  is  defended  by 


CAR 


CAR 


two  strong'  forts.  The  greatest  part  of 
the  town  stands  upon  a  small  rocky  is- 
land, which  rises  gently  in  a  bay  of  the 
Baltic  .  tlie  subuYbs  extend  over  another 
small  rock,  and  along  the  mole,  close  to 
the  basin  where  the  fleet  is  moored.  The 
way  into  the  town  from  the  main  land  is 
carried  over  a  dyke  to  an  island,  and 
from  thence  along1  two  long  wooden 
bridges-,  joined  by  a  barren  rock.  The 
town  contains  about  18,000  inhabitants  ; 
and  the  suburbs  are  fortified  toward  the 
land  by  a  stone  wall.  Formerly,  vessels 
in  this  port,  when  careened  and  repair- 
ed, were  laid  upon  their  sides  in  the  open 
harbour ;  until  a  dork  was  hollowed  in 
the  solid  rock,  in  1724.,  capable  of  re- 
ceiving a  first  rate  man  of  war.  A  pro- 
ject for  constructing  30  covered  docks, 
and  other  improvements,  was  begun  in 
1759;  but  they  have  proceeded  slowly. 
One  dock  was  finished  in  1779,  and  gives 
an  idea  of  the  expence  and  greatness  of 
the  plan  :  the  bottom  and  sides  are  of 
hewn  granite;  rows  of  granite  pillars 
support  the  roof,  and  bear  rather  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  colonade  to  a  temple  than 
a  receptacle  for  ships.  Carlscronais  220 
miles  SW  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  15  26  E, 
lat.  56  20  N.  , 

Carlstudt,  the  capital  of  Croatia,  on 
the  river  Kulp,  140  mil -s  S  of  Vienna., 
Lon.  15  21  E,  lat.  46  2  N. 

Carlstudt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Wer- 
meland,  on  die  island  of  Ting  walla,  which 
is  formed  by  two  branches  of  the  Clara 
Elbe.  It  is  a  bishop's  see.  The  town  con- 
tains 1500  inhabitants,  who  carry  on  a 
trade  in  iron  and  wood  across  lake  Wen 
ner.  It  is  133  miles  W  ^Stockholm. 
Lon.  13  43  E,  lat.' 59  161iWf 

Carlstudt,  it  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Wurtzburg,  seated  on  the 
Maine,  16  miles  N  of  Wurtzburg.  Lon. 
9  12  E,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Carmagniola,  a  trading  town  of  Pied- 
mont, with  a  strong  citadel.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1691,  but  retaken,  by 
prince  Eugene  the  same  year.  It  is  seat- 
ed oh  a  small  river,  which  runs  into  the 
Po,  14  miles  S  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  45  E, 
lat.  44  51  N. 

tiarmartlven,  the  county-town  of  Car- 
marthenshire, with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day and  Saturday.  Tt  is  seated  on  the 
river  Towy,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge, 
to  which  small  vessels  may  come  up.  It 
was  once  fortified  with  a*wall  and  a  cas- 
tle, now  in  ruins.  It  sends  one  member 
to  parliament,  and  is  24  miles  SE  of  Car- 
digan, and  207  W  bv  N  of  London.  Lon. 
4  23  W,  lat.  51  52  IT. 

Varmarthemhire,  a  county  of  South 
Wales,  35  miles  in  length,   and  20  in 


breadth;  bounded  by  Cardiganshire  on 
the  N,  the  Bristol  channel  on  the  S, 
Breckn  ck  and  Glamorganshire  on  the 
E,  and  Pembrokeshire  on  the  W.  It  lies 
in  the  diocese  of  St.  Davids  ;  containing 
eight  market-towns  and  87  parishes  ;  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  Its 
principal  rivers  are  the  Towy,  Tyvy,  and 
Ta  .fe.  It  is  fruitful  in  corn  and  grass, 
having  many  pleasant  and  rich  meadows, 
also  wood-coal,  and  sea-fish,  especially 
salmon,  which  is  exceeding  good.  The 
air  is  mild  and  wholesome,  it  not  being 
so  mountainous  as  the  other  counties  of 
Wales. 

CarmeU  a  mountain  in  Palestine,  no- 
ted for  having  been  the  retreat  of  the 
prophet  Elias,  and  for  a  monastery  of 
Carmelites.  It  is  50  miles  N  of  Jerusa- 
lem. 

Carmona,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Austrian 
Frittli,  on  a  mountain  near  the  river  In- 
dri,  seven  miles  NW  of  Goritz.   Lon.  13  - 
23  E,  lat.  46  25  N.  ; 

Carmona,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia.  The  gate  toward  Seville  is 
one  o£  the  most  extraordinary  pieces  of 
antiquity  in  all  Spain.  It  is  25  miles  E 
of  Seville.    Lon.  4  48  W,  lat.  37  24  N. 

Carnarvon,  the  county  town  of  Carnar- 
vonshire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It 
is  seated  on  a  strait  of  the  Irish  sea,  call- 
ed Menai,  and  carries  on  a  considerable 
trade  with  Ireland  and  the  principal  En- 
glish ports.  It  is  a  place  of  great  strength, 
as  well  by  nature  as  art,  being  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides,  except  the  E,  by  the 
sea  and  two  rivers  Carnarvon  sends  one 
member  to  parliament,  and  is  governed  ' 
by  the  constable  of  the  castle,  who,  by  .  * 
patent  is  always  mayor.  Tt  is  seven  miles 
SWof  Bangor,  and  251  XW  of  London. 
Lon.  4  20  W,  lat.  53  8  N. 

Carnarvonshire,  a  county  of  North 
Wales,  50  miles  in  length,  and  13  in 
breadth  :  bounded  on  the  N  and  W  by  | 
the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  S  by  Merionethshire, 
and  on  the  E  by  Denbighshire.  It  lies  in 
the  diocese  of  Bangor,  and  is  about  40 
miles  in  length,  and  20  in  breadth.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Seint  and  Con- 
way :  the  last  of  which  rivers,  though  its 
course  is  onl\  12  miles,  is  navigable  by 
ships  of  good  burden  for  more  than  half 
its  length.  The  air  is  piercing,  owing 
partly  to  the  snow  that  liesseven  or  eight 
months  of  the  yenr  on  the  mountains,  and 
partly  to  the  great  number  of  lakes, 
which  are  said  to  be  not  fewer  dian  60. 
Its  central  part  is  occupied  by  the  famed 
Snow  don,  and  the  several  craggy  sum- 
mits, deep  dells,  moors,  charms,  °nd 
lakes,  which  constitute  its  dreary  re,- 
gions;    Cattle,  sheep,  and  goats,  are  al- 


CAR 


CAR 


most  its  sole  rural  riches.  These  are 
fed,  during  the  summer,  very  high  on  the 
mountains,  tended  by  their  owners,  who 
reside  for  that  season  in  temporary  huts, 
and  make  butter  and  cheese  for  their 
own  consumption.  The  prospects  around 
are  rude  and  savage  in  the  highest  de- 
gree ;  but  not  without  a  mixture  of 
beauty,  when  the  dimensions  of  the  vales 
admit  the  varieties  of  wood,  water,  and 
meadows.  Many  rare  vegetables,  met 
with  only  on  the  most  elevated  spots, 
grow  here.  Copper  mines  have  been 
worked  in  various  parts  of  these  moun- 
tains, and  are  at  present  about  Llanberris. 
Other  places  afford  lead  ;  and  quantities 
of  stone,  excellent  for  hones,  are  dug 
near  Snowdon;  to  the  bleak  region  of  whicl 
the  vale  of  Conway  below,  in  fertility  and 
beauty,  forms  a  very  pleasing  contrast 

Carnatic,  a  country  of  the  peninsul: 
of  Hindoostan,  extending  from  the  Gun 
toor  circar,  along  the  whole  coast  of  C<>- 
romandel,  to  Cape  Comorin  ;  including 
its  appendages,  which  are  Tanjore,  Ma- 
ravar,  Trichinopoly,  Madura,  and  Tine 
velley.    It  is  570  miles  from  X  to  S,  but 
no  where  more  than  120  wide,  and  com- 
monly no  more  than  75.    The  annual  re 
venue  of  the  nabob  of  Arcot,  its  sove- 
reign, is  stated  at  about  1,500,000/.  out 
of  which  he  pays  a  subsidy  of  160,000/. 
to  the  English  East  India  company,  to 
ward  the  expense  of  their  military  esta 
blishment.     The  British  possessions  in 
the  Carnatic  are  confined  chief!}  to  the 
tract  called  the  Jaghire,  whose  annua 
revenue  is  150,000/    There  is,  besides, 
a  land  revenue  dependant  on  Madras,  of 
725,000/.    The  Carnatic  is  rich,  fertil 
and  populous ;  and  contains  an  incredi- 
ble number  of  fortresses  ;  public  monu- 
ments too,  the  unequivocal  marks  of  ci- 
vilization and  opulence,  are  more  com- 
mon here  than  in  the  northern  parts  o! 
India.    In  1787,  the  East  India  company 
took  the  whole  administration  of  the 
Carnatic,  and  the  collection  of  the  na- 
bob's  revenues,  into  their  own  hands. 
Arcot  is  the  capital. 

Carnesville,  the  county  town  of  Franklin 
county,  in  the  state  of  Georgia,  about  60 
miles  NW  of  Columbia,  in  the  same  state  . 

Camiola,  a  province  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Austria  ;  bounded  on  the 
X  by  Carinthia  and  Stlria,  on  the  E  by 
Sclavonia  and  Croatia,  on  the  S  by  Mor- 
lachia  and  Istria,  and  on  the  W  by  Friu- 
li.  It  is  full  of  rocks  and  mountains, 
some  of  which  are  cultivated,  others  na- 
ked and  barren,  and  others  continually 
buried  in  snow:    Laubach  is  the  capital. 

Carolina  North,  one   of  the  United 
States  of  America ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  j 


Virginia,  on  the  E  by  the  Atlantic  on  the 
S  by  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  and  on 
the  AV  by  the  Mississipi.  "it  is  758 
miles  long,  and  110  broad  ;  divided  into 
eight  districts  and  58  counties.  This 
country  is  seated  between  the  extremi- 
ties of  heat  and  cold;  the  heat  being 
more  troublesome  in  summer,  than  the 
cold  in  winter.  The  air  is  generally  se- 
rene and  clear  the  greatest  part  of  the 
year,  but  in  February  the  inhabitants 
have  a  custom  of  burning  the  woods, 
which  causes  such  a  smoke  as  would 
seem  to  proceed  from  a  thickness  in  the 
air.  Beside  the  vegetable  products  com- 
mon to  America,  there  are  ground  peas, 
which  run  on  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
and  are  covered  by  hand  with  a  light 
mould,  and  the  pods  grow  under  ground  ; 
they  are  eaten  raw  or  roasted,  and  taste 
much  like  a  hazle  nut.  Cotton  also  is 
universally  cultivated  here.  The  most 
remarkable  of  their  trees  is  the  pitch 
pine,  which  affords  pitch,  tar,  turpentine, 
and  various  kinds  of  lumber.  Among 
their  medicinal  herbs  and  roots,  this 
country  abounds  with  the  ginseng,  Vir- 
ginia and  Seneca  snake-root,  and  lion's- 
heart,  a  sovereign  remedy  for  the  bite  of 
a  serpent.  The  indigo  is  however  inferi- 
or to  what  comes  from  the  Caribbec  Is- 
lands. The  inhabitants  of  this  state  were 
estimated,  in  1790,  at  210,000  whites,  and 
60,000  negroes.    Newbern  is  the  capital. 

Carolina  South,  one  of  the  United 
States  of  America  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by 
the  Atlantic,  on  the  N  by  North  Carolina, 
and  on  the  S  and  S\V  by  the  river  Savan- 
nah, which  divides  it  from  Georgia  ;  its 
western  boundary  has  not  yet  been  accu- 
rately ascertained.  It  is  200  miles  long,  and 
125  broad  ;  divided  into  7  districts  and  35 
©unties.  Beside  Indian  corn,  wheat,  &c. 
for  home  consumption,  large  quantities  of 
tobacco,  and  some  indigo  and  wheat,  are 
raised  for  exportation.  Their  rivers  are 
large,  and  abound  with  delicate  fish ;  be- 
sides waterfowl  of  different  kinds.  The 
number  of  white  inhabitants  has  been  es- 
timated at  80,000;  the  negroes  the  same 
number,  but  some  compute  the  latter  to 
be  120,000.    Columbia  is  the  capital. 

Caroliiuis,  or  Carolhje  Islands.  See  Phi- 
lippines;, JVew. 

Caroline,  a  county  of  the  Eastern  shore 
of  Maryland.  It  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Choptank  river,  having  Queen's 
county  on  the  N,  and  Dorchester  on  the 
S.  It  contains  about  200,000  acres  of 
land,  and  10,000  inhabitants. 

Caroline,  a  populous  county  in  the  state 
of  Virginia,  bounded  on  the  NE  by  the 
iver  Bappahannock,  which  separates  it 
from  King  George's  county.    It  contains 


CAR 


CAR 


about  20,000  inhabitants,  a  great  propor- 
tion slaves. 

Carpathian  Mountain.1},  mountains  which 
divide  Hungary  and  Transylvania  from 
Poland.  /-PP? 

Carpentras,  an  episcopal  town  of 
France,  in  the  late  province  of  Provence, 
and  capital  of  Venaissin.  Before  the 
French  revolution,  it  w  as  subject  to  the 
pope*  It  is  seated  on  the  Anso-*,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  14  miles  NK  of  Avig- 
non.   Lon.  5  6  E,  lat.  44  8  N. 

Carpi,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mode- 
nese,  with  a  castle,  eight  miles  N  of  Mo- 
dena.    Lon.  11  16  E,  lat.  44  41  % 

Carpi,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  Veronese, 
seated  on  the  Adige,  24  miles  SE  of  Ve- 
rona.   Lon.  11  39  E,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Carrick  on  Sure,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in 
Tipperary,  14  miles  NW  of  Waterford. 
Lon.  7  10  W,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Carrickfergus,  a  populous  borough  and 
seaport  of  Ireland,  in  Antrim,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay  in  the  Irish 
Channel,  of  the  same,  name,  85  miles  N 
of  Dublin.    Lon.  5  46  W,  lat.  54  43  X. 

Carron,  a  river  of  Stirlingshire,  which 
rises  on  the  S  side  of  the  Campsey 
Hills,  and  flows  int6  the  Frith  of  Forth, 
below  Falkirk.  Its  stream  is  small  and 
scarcely  deserves  the  notice  of  the  tra- 
veller ;  yet  there  are  lew  rivers  which 
have  been  the  scene  of  so  fiaany  memora- 
ble transactions.  When  the  Roman  em- 
pire was  in  its  glory,  the  banks  of  Carron 
were  its  boundaries  on  the  XW,  and  An  - 
tonius'  wall,  which  was  raised  to  mark 
the  limits  of  that  vast  empire,  ran  paral- 
lel to  this  river  for  several  miles.  Two 
miles  from  its  source,  it  forms  a  line  cas- 
cade, called  the  Fall  of  Auchinlilly. 

Carron,  a  village  in  S^  irlingshire, 
Scotland,  remarkable  for  its  extensive 
f'oundery,  belonging  to  the  Carron  Com- 
pany, on  the  river  Carron,  one  mile  from 
Falkirk,  consisting-  of  the  greatest  iron 
works  in  Europe.  All  sorts  of  iron  good  s 
are  made  in  it.  from  the  most  tri- 
fling article  to  a  cannon  that  discharges 
a  ball  of  42  pounds.  The  short  piece  of 
ordinance  called  a  carronadc,  ami  intro- 
duced into  the  navy  in  the  last  Avar,  was 
first  made  here,  and  hence  received  its 
name.  These  works  were  erected  in 
1761  ;  before  which  time  there  was  not  a 
single  house  on  the  spot.  At  present  the 
buildings  are  of  vast  extent,  and  the  ma- 
chinery^ constructed  by  Mr.  Smeaton,  is 
the  first  in  Britain,  both  in  elegance  and 
correctness  ;  6500  tons  of  iron  are  smelt- 
ed annually  from  the  mineral  with  pit- 
coal,  and  cast  into  cannon,  cylinders,  &c. 
In  one  place,  where  coal  is  converted  in- 
to coak,  by  discharging  it  of  its  sulphur, 


and  the  fire  spreads  of  course  over  a  large 
surface,  the  volumes  of  smoke,  the  spiry 
flames,  and  the  suffocating  heat  of  the 
t,limmerir.g  air,  are  wonderfully  affect- 
ing ;  and  at  night,  its  glare  is  inconceiva- 
bly grand.  How  vast  the  fire  is  we  may  con- 
ceive, when  we  are  told  that  it  often  burns 
100  tons  of  coal  in  a  day.  The  fire  of  the 
furnace  thus  roused  becomes  a  glowing 
spot,  which  tiie  eye  can  no  more  look  at 
than  at  the  sun.  Under  such  intense  heat 
the  rugged  stone  instantly  dissolves  in 
streams  of  liquid  iron.  r 

Cart,  the  name  of  two  rivers  in  Ren* 
frewshire,  distinguished  by  the  appella- 
tions of  Black  and  White. 

Cartama,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Granada, 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  near  ihe  river 
Ctiadala  Medina,  eight  miles  XW  of  Ma- 
laga. Lon.  4  43  W,  lat.  36  40  X. 

Carter,  a  county 1  in  the  State  of  Ten- 
nessee, with  about  6000  inhabitants. 

Carteret,  a  county  of  Xtwbern  district, 
in  the  State  of  Xorth  Carolina.    It  is  a 
maritime  county,  anil  bounds  on  Pamlico".. 
Sound,  with  a  population  of  about  5000 
inhabitants.    The  capital,  Beaufort. 

Cartersville,  a  post  town  in  Towhattan 
count}-,  Virginia,  about  40  miles  from 
Richmond,  and  173  from  the  city  of 
Washington. 

Carteret  Island,  an  island  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  seen  by  captain  Carteret 
in  1767.  It  is  six  leagues  long  from  E 
to  W.  Lon.  159  14  E,  lat.  8  26  S. 

Ctirthage,  a  famous  city  of  antiquity  in 
Africa,  which  for  many  years  disputed  the 
empire  of  the  world  with  Pome,  but  was 
at  length  razed  by  the  Romans.  Some  of 
the  ruins  are  to  be  seen  on  the  coast  of 
the  Mediterranean,  10  miles  XE  of  Tu- 
nis, near  a  promontory  called  cape  Car- 
thage.   Lon.  10  25  E,  lat.  36  50  X. 

Carthage,  a  town  of  Xew  Spain,  in  Cos- 
ta  Rica,  with  a  bishop's  see,  360  miles 
WXW  of  Panama.  Lon.  85  45  W,  lat. 
10  15  S. 

Carthage,  or  Jlloore  Court-House,  a  post 
own,  and  the  principal  seat,  of  justice  of 
Moore  county,  Xorth  Carolina,  about  40 
miles  from  Fayetteville,  and  390  from 
Washington. 

Carthagena,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Mur* 
cia,  built  by  Asdrubai,  a  Carthaginian 
general,  and  named  after  the  city  of 
Carthage.  It  has  the  best  harbour  in 
Spain,  but  nothing  else  very  considerable. 
It  was  taken  by  Sir  John  Leake  in  1706, 
but  the  duke  of  Berwick  retook  it.  It  is 
seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  27 
miles  S  of  Murcia.  Lon.  0  S  V/,  lat.  3737 X. 

Carthagena,  a  province  of  South  Aipe-r 
rica,  in  Terra  Firma,  bounded  on  the  W 
by  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  en  the  XW 


CAS 


CAS 


-and  N  by  the  Cavribbean  Sea,  on  the  E  ,  happened  here  in  1783,  by  which  the 
by  St.  Martha,  and  on  the  S  by  Pop  a  van.  princess  Gerace,  and  upwards  of  4000  in- 
It  is  a  mountainous  country  ;  but  has  habitants,  lost  their  lives.  - 
many  well  watered  and  fertile  vallies  ;'  Cusbin,  or  Casivin,  a  town  of  Persia,  in 
yet,  beiBg"  thinly  peopled,  it  is  ill  cuHi-  Irac  Agemi,  where  several  of  the  kings 
vated.    The  climate  is  exceedingly  un- ' 

Carthagena,  the  capitals  the  province 
of  Carthagena,  in  Terra  Firm  a,  one  of 


the  most  populous,  opulent,  and  beauti- 
ful cities  in  South  America.  Its  harbour 
is  the  safest  and  best  fortified  in  the^Jpi- 
nish  American  dominions.  This  was  not 
the  only  circumstance,  to  which  Cartha- 
gena  owed  its  splendour  and  importance ; 
it  was  chosen  as  the  port  in  which  the 
galleons  should  first  beg-in  to  tr:  de,  on 
their  arrival  from  Europe,  and,  to  which 
they  were  directed  to  return,  in  order  to 
prepare  for  their  voyage  homeward. 
The  fortifications  both  of  the  city  and 
suburbs  are  built  after  the  modern  man- 
ner and  lined  with  free  stone.  The 
streets  are  broad,  uniform  and  well  pav- 
ed. All  the  houses  are  built  of  stone 
or  brick,  only  one  story  high,  neat,  and 
furnished  with  balconies  of  wood,  which 
is  more  durable  in  that  climate  than  iron, 
the  latter  being*  soon  corroded  by  the 
acrimonious  quality  of  the  atmosphere. 
Ft  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1585,  and 
by  the  French  in  1697,  who  found  a  great 
booty:. but  admiral  Vernon,  in  1741, 
though  he  had  taken  the  castles,  was  o- 
bliged  to  abandon  the  siege.  Lon.  75  26 
W,  lat.  10  24  Jti 

Cartmel,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday,  and  a  'handsome 
church,  built  like  a  cathedral.  It  is 
seated  among  the  hills  calle  d  Cartmei 
Fells,  not  far  from  the  sea,  and  near  the 
river  Kent,  12  miles  X  bv  W  of  Lancas- 
ter, and  260  XNAV  of  London.  Lon.  3  6 
W,  lat.  54  12  N. 

Carver,  a  township  of  Plymouth  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts.  There  is  a  post-of- 
fice in  the  township,  440  miles  from 
Washington. 

Carivur,  a  seaport  on  the  coast  of  Ma- 
labar, subject  to  the  regent  of  Mysore. 
It  is  60  miles  S  by  E  of  Goa.  Lon.  74  34 
E,  lat.  15  0  X.  , 

Coital,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Montserrat, 
with  a  citadel,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Po,  37  miles  XE  of 
Turin.  Lon.  8  27  E,  lat.  45  13  X. 

Caeal  Maggiore,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  duchy  of  Milan.  It  was  forced  to 
surrender  to  the  French  in  May  1796, 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Po,  20  miles 
SE  of  Cremona.    Lon.  10  35  E,  lat.  44 

■  ^Casal  JVnwa,  a  town  of  Xaples,  in  Ca 
labria  L'lteriore.   A  terrible  earthquake 


of  Persia  have  resided.  Nadir  Shalt 
built  a  palace  here,  inclosed  by  a  wall  a 
naile  and  a  half  in  circumference  ;  like- 
wise the  town  is  incircled  by  a  wall  four 
miles  in  circuit.  It  carries  on  a  great 
trade,  and  is  seated  near  the  high  moun- 
tain Elwend,  where  there  are  fine  quar- 
ries of  white  marble,  180  miles  X  of  Is- 
rK.b an.    Lcn.  52  16  E,  lat.  35  30  X. 

Pascals,  a  town  of  Portugal,  yj  Es- 
trnmarlura,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tajo,  17 
miles  E  o! Lisbon,  Lon.  8  43  W,  lat.  38 
40X. 

Ccschanu.    See  Caisovu:.  •> 

Casco  Bay,  a  bay  of  Xorth  America,  in 
the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and  district 
of  Maine,  between  Cape  Elizabeth  and 
Cape  Small  Point.  It  is  25  miles  wide, 
,;;d  interspersed  with  small  islands.  Lon 
69  30  W,  lat.  44  5  X. 

Caskel,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Tippc- 
rarv,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  13  miles 
NW  of  Clonmel.  Lon.  7  33  W,  lat.  52 
26  X. 

-  Cashgvr,  a  city  of  Asia,  capital  of  a 
country  of  the  same  name.  It  stands  at 
the  foot  of  the  Hiinmaleh  mountains,  and 
enjoys  a  good  trade  with  the  neighbour- 
ing countries.  Loh.  73  25  E,  lat.  41«30  X. 

Cashmere,  a  province  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  subject  to  the  king  of  Candahar, 
bounded  on  the  W  by  the  Indus,  on  the 
X  by  Himaleh  Mount,  and  on  the  E  and 
S  by  Lahore.  The  valley  or  country  of 
Cashmere  is  80  miles  long,  and 40 broad; 
and  is  celebrated  for  its  romantic  beau- 
ties, the  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  the 
temperature  of  the  atmosphere.  All  these 
particulars  may  be  accounted  for,  when 
it  is  considered,  that  it  is  an  elevated 
and  exlensive  valley,  surrounded  by 
steep  mountains  that'tower  above. the  re- 
gions of  snow  ;  and  that  its  soil- "is  com- 
posed of  the  mud  deposite  d  by  a  capital 
river,  which  originally  formed*  its  wateis 
into  a  lake  that  covered  the  whole  val- 
ley, until  it  opened  itself  a  passage, 
through  the  mountains,-  and  left  this  fer- 
tilized valley  an. ample  field  to  human  in- 
dustry, and  to  the  accommodation  of  a 
happy  race.  It  appears  that  the  periodi- 
cal rains,  which  almost  deluge  the  rest 
of  India,  are  shjit  out  of  Cashmere  by  the 
height  of  the  mountains,  so  that  onlv 
light  showers  fall  there  ;  these  however 
are  in  abundance  enough  to  feed  some 
hundreds  of  cascades,  which  are  precipi- 
tated into  the  valley,  from  every  part  of 
this  stupendous  and  romantic*  bulwark 


CAS 


CAS 


that  encircles  it.  The  soil  is  the  richest 
that  can  be  conceived,  and  its  produc- 
tions those  of  the  temperate  zone.  A 
vast  number  of  streams,  from  all  quarters 
of  the  valley,  bring  their  tribute  to  the 
Chelum,  the  parent  of  the  soil,  and  a 
large  navigable  river.  Many  lake  s  are 
spread  over  the  surface,  and  some  of 
them  contain  floating  islands.  In  a  word, 
the  whole  scenery  is  beautifully  pictu- 
resque ;  and  a  part  of  the  romantic  cir- 
cle of  the  mountains  makes  a  part  of 
every  landscape.  The  superstition  of  the 
inhabitants  lias  multiplied  the  places  of 
worship  of  Mahadeo,  Bes'chan,  and  Bra- 
ma.  All  Cashmere  is  holy  land,  and  mi- 
raculous fountains  abound.  They  are 
constantly  subject  to  earthquakes  ;  and, 
to  guard  against  the  most  terrible  ef- 
fects, all  their  houses  are  built  of  wood. 
Among  other  curious  manufactures  of 
Cashmere  is  that  of  shawls  ;  and  the  de- 
licate wool  of  which  they  are  made  is 
the  product  of  a  species  of  goat  of  this 
country,  or  of  the  adjoining.  Thibet. 
Here  are  bred  a  specie's  of  sheep,  called 
Hundoo,  which  are  employed  in  carrying 
burdens.  The  Cashmereans  have  a  lan- 
guage of  their  own,  said  to  be  anterior 
to  that  of  the  Sanscrit ;  and  a  religion 
too,  it  is  thought,  different  from  that  of 
the  Hindoos. 

Cashmere,  a  large  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  capital  of  the  province  or  valley 
of  Cashmere.  It  is  seated  on  both  sides 
of  the  Chelun,  285  miles  E  bv  S  of  Cabul. 
Lon.  73  11  E,  lat.  33  49  N. 

Cashna,  an  extensive  empire  of  Africa, 
part  of  the  region  called  Negroland ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Fezzan  and  Zahara, 
on  the  S  by  the  Niger,  and  on  the  E  by 
Zamphara  and  Bornou.  It  resembles  Bor- 
nou  in  climate,  soil,  and  natural  produc- 
tions, and  in  the  colour,  genius,  religion 
and  government  of  the  people.  The  rains, 
indeed,  are  less  violent  than  those  of 
Bo rnou'.  Its  monkies  and  parrots  (but 
seldom  seen  in  Bornou)  are  numerous, 
and  of  various  species.  The  common 
people  are  less  courteous  in  Cashna  than 
in  Bornou.  A  thousand  towns  and  vil- 
lages are  said  to  be  included  in  this  em- 
pire, which,  like  Bournou,  consists  of 
different  tribes  or  nations,  subject  to  the 
domin  ion  of  one  ruling  power. 

Cashna,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of 
Cashna;  in  Africa,  970  miles  S  by  W  of 
Mesurata,  in  16  20  N  lat; 

Casimir,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Lublin.  Lon.  22  3  E,  lat. 
51  OX. 

Caspian  Sea*  a  great  inland  sea  of  Asia; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  country  of  the 
Kalmucs,'On  the  E  by  a  tribe  of  the  Tur- 


comans, on  the  S  by  Persia,  and  on  the 
W  by  Georgia  and  Circassia.  It  is  680 
miles  in  length,  reckoning  from  Gurief 
to  Medshetifar,  and  in  no  part  more  than 
260  miles  in  breadth.  It  has  no  tide ; 
and,  on  account  of  its  frequent  shoals,  is 
navigable  only  for  vessels  drawing  from 

9  to  10  feet  water ;  it  has  strong  currents, 
and,  like  all  inland  seas,  is  subject  to 
violent  storms.  There  are  certain  winds 
that  domineer  over  it  with  such  absolute 
swj(y,  that  vessels  are  often  deprived  of 
every  resource,  and  in  the  whole  extent 
of  it  there  is  not  a  port  that  can  truly  be 
called  safe.  Its  waters  are  brackish. 
The  fishery  is  a  nursery  for  sailors.  The 
Uralian  Cossacs  enjoy  the  right  of  fish- 
ing on  the  coast  47  miles  on  each  side  of 
the  river  Ural ;  and  the  inhabitants  of 
Astracan  have  an  exclusive  privilege  oh 
the  remaining  shoves  belonging  to  Rus- 
sia. The  fish,  which  are  chiefly  salted 
and  dried,  form  a  considerable  article  of 
consumption  in  the  Russian  empire.  Seals 
are  the  only  quadrupeds  that  inhabit  the 
Caspian  sea,  but  they  are  in  such  quan- 
tities, that  they  afford  the  means  of  sub- 
sistence to  great  numbers  of  people.  The 
Caspian  abounds  with  sea-dogs,  which 
are  hunted  and  caught  in  great  numbers. 
Lon.  from  48  to  53  E,  lat.  from  37  to 
47  N.  , 

Cassano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Milan,  with  a  castle,  memorable  for 
'he  defeat  of  prince  Eugene  by  the 
duke  de  Vendome,  in  attempting  to  force 
the  passage  of  the  Adda.  Cassano  is 
seated  on  the  Adda,  15  miles  NE  of  Mi- 
lan.   Lon.  9  24  E,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Cassano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  35  miles 
N  of  Cosen/.a.  Lon.  16  20  E,  lat.  39  55  N. 

Cassel,  the  capital  of  the  landgravate 
of  Hesse-Cassel,  divided  into  the  Old 
and  New  Town.  The  streets  are  broad, 
the  market  places  spacious,  and  there 
are  four  churches.  The  castle,  or  pa- 
lace, whence  there  is  an  extensive  and 
delightful  prospect,  is  built  of  free  stone. 
The  gardens,  the  arsenal,  and  the  cabi- 
net of  curiosities,  deserve  the  attention 
of  travellers.  It  is  seated  on  the  Fulda, 
40  miles  S  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  9  29  E, 
lat.  51  19  N. 

Ctissel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  and  late  French 
Flanders,  seated  on  a  mountain,  whence 
may  be  seen  32  towns,  and  the  German 
Ocean,  though  50  miles  from  it.    It  is 

10  miles  NE  of  St.  Omer.  Lon.  2  36  E, 
lat.  50  48  N. 

Cassel,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  situated 
on  the  Rhine,  opposite  Mentz,  with. 


CAS 


CAS 


which  it  has  a  communication  by  a  bridge 
of  boats. 

Cassovia,  or  Cashaiv,  a  strong  town  of 
Hungary,  with  a  fine  arsenal,  seated  near 
the  river  Horat,  55  miles  NE  of  AgTia. 
Lon.  21,25  E,  lat.  46  48  N. 

Castanovitz,  a  town  of  Austrian  Cro- 
atia, seated  on  the  river  Unna,  which 
divides  that  country  from  Turkey.  Lon. 
17  19  E,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Castelamara,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Prin- 
cipato  Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and 
a  good  harbour,  15  miles  SE  of  Naples. 
Lon.  14  35  E,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Castel-Aragonese>  a  seaport  of  Sardi- 
nia, with  a  bishop's  see,  20  miles  NE  of 
Sassari.    Lon.  9  IE,  lat.  40  56  N. 

Castel-Baldo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  die 
Veronese,  oc  the  river  Adige,  35  mires 
SE  of  Verona.  Lon.  12  7  E,  lat.  45  5  X. 

Casttlbar,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
countv  of  Mayo,  35  miles  X  of  Gahvav. 
Lon.  9  15  W,  lat.  53  54  X. 

Castel-Branco,  a  town  of  Portugal,  ca- 
pital of  Beira,  situated  on  the  river  Lyra, 
38  miles  X\V  of  Alcantara.  Lon.  6  40  W, 
lat.  39  52  N. 

Castel-de-Vide,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Alentejo,  eight  miles  N  of  Portalegre. 
Lon.  7  31  W,  lat.  39  15  N. 

Castel-Folit,  a  town  of  Spam,  iri  Cata- 
tonia, on  an  inaccessible  eminence,  near 
tile  river  Fulvia,  15  miles  W  of  Gironna. 

Castel-Gondolfo,  a  village  in  Canipagna 
eLi  Roma,  near  Lake  Albano.  Near  this 
village  is  die  villa  Barbarini,  within  the 
gardens  of  which  are  the  ruins  of  an  im- 
mense palace,  built  by  the  emperor  Do- 
mitian.    It  is  10  miles  S  by  E  of  Rome. 

Castel-Jaloux,  a  town  of  France,  lately 
in  the  province  of  Guienne,  now  in  the 
department  of  Lot  and  Garonne.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Avance,  20  miles  E  of  Ba- 
zas.   Lon.  0  25  E,  lat.  44  20  N. 

Castel-Nuovo,  a  town  of  Venetian  Dal- 
matia,  situated  on  the  gulf  of  Cataro,  12 
milts  N  bv  W  of  Cataro.  Lon.  18  29  E, 
lat.  42  36  *N. 

Castel-Rodrigo,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province  of  Tra-los-Montes,  30  miles 
NVV  of  Cividad-Rodrigo.  Lon.  6  22  W, 
lat.  41  0  N. 

Castel-A'uovQ-di-Carfagnana,  a  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  Modenese,  with  a  strong 
fort.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  valley  of 
Carfagnana,  and  seated  on  the  river  Ser- 
chio,  17  miles  above  Lucca.  Lon.  10  40 
E,  lat.  44  5  N. 

Castellane,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Lower  Alps,  and  late 
province  of  Provence.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Verdon,  in  a  hilly  country,  27  miles 
S  by  E  of  Senez.  Lon.  6  34  E,  lat.  43 
55  N.  t  H»  *  i 


Gastellon,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia", 
five  miles  XW  of  Roses.  Lon.  24  58  E, 
lat.  42  18  N. 

Casta Inaudary,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aude,  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  on  an  eminence.  The  Lan- 
guedoc  Canal  here  forms  a  bason  about 
3600  feet  in  circumference.  Castelnau- 
darv  is  15  miles  Wof  Carcassonne.  Lon 
2  0  E,  lat.  43  19  X. 

Castiglione,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Manv 
Uian,  with  a  Castle.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  on  August  3,  1796.  It  is  20 
miles  X  W  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  32  E,  lat-, 
45  23  X. 

Castile,  the  principal  and  most  opulent 
the  kingdoms  into  which  Spain  was 
Wrmerly  divided.    It  now  forms  the  two 
provinces  of  Oid  Castile  andXew  Castile. 

Castile,  Old,  a  province  of  Spain,  192- 
miles  in  length,  and  115  in  breadth ; 
bounded  on  the  S  by  New  Castile,  on  the 
E  by  Arragon  and  Navarre,  on  the  N  by 
Biscay  and  the  Asturias,  and  on  the  W 
by  Leon.    Burgos  is  the  capital. 

Castile,  New,  or  Toledo,  a  province  of 
Spain,  200  miles  in  length,  and  184  in 
breadth ;  bounded  on  the  X  by  Old  Cas- 
tile, on  the  E  by  Arragon  and  Valencia, 
on  the  S  by  Murcia  and  Andalusia,  and 
on  the  W  by  Estramadura.  It  is  divided 
into  three  parts  ;  Argaria  to  the  N,  Man- 
cha  to  the  E,  and  Sierra  to  the  S.  Ma- 
drid is  the  capital. 

Castile  del  Oro,  or  A*ew  Castile,  in  A- 
merica.    See  Terra  Firma. 

Custillara,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Mantua,  six  miles  NE  of  Mantua.  Lon. 
10  54  E,  lat.  45  14  N. 

Castillon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gironde.  and  late  province  of 
Guienne  ;  famous  for  a  victory  gained  by 
the  French  over  the  English  in  1451.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Dordogne,  25  miles  E  of 
Bourdeaux.    Lon.  0  2  E,  lat  44  52  N. 

Castuie,  a  post  town  in  Hancock  coun- 
ty, Maine  ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Pe- 
nobscot bay,  4  miles  S  of  Penobscot,  in 
the  lat.  of  44  24  N,  and  lon.  of  68  31  W. 
It  is  a  place  of  cons  iderable  foreign  trade, 
and  has  about  1000  inhabitants. 

Castle-Carif,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  12  miles  SE 
of  Wells,  and  112  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  2  42  W,  lat.  51  5  N. 

CustlerComb.  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  so 
called  from  its  ancient  castle.  It  former- 
ly had  a  market.  It  is  12  miles  NNE  of 
Bath. 

C  as  tie-He  ding-ham  >  a  village  in  Essex, 
seven  miles  SW  of  Sudbury. 

Castle-Rising;  a  borough  in  Norfolk, 
which  had  a  market,  now  disused,  on  ac- 
I  count  of  its  harbour-  being  choked  up, 


C  A  T 


CAT 


but  it  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  The  castle, 
whence  it  has  its  fl'ante,  has  now  fallen 
into  ruins.  It  is  seven  miles  NE  of  Lvnn, 
and  103  XNE  of  London,  Lou.  0  30'E, 
lat  50  52  X. 

Custleton,  a  village  in  the  peak  of  Der- 
byshire, at  the  foot  of  a  rock  above  250 
feet  high,  on  which  are  the  remains  of  a 
castle,  ascribed  to  "William  Peverel,  na- 
tural son  of  the  Conqueror. 

Castleton,  a  post  town,  in  Rutland 
county,  state  of  Vermont,  situated  20 
miles  E  of  Mount  Independence,  con- 
taining about  1200  inhabitants. 

Caqfletoivn,  a  township  of  Richmond 
county,  state  of  •  New-York.    It  is  situ^ 
ted  on  Staten  island,  and  contains  abo^i 
1100  inhabitants. 

Cusileto-um,"  the  capital  of  the  isle  of 
"Man,  with  a  castle,  but  of  'no  great  im- 
portance, on  account  of  its  distance  from 
the  rockv  and  shallow  harbour.  Lon.  4  35 
W,  lat.  53  55  N. 

Caston,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Monday,  10  miles  NXW  of  Nor- 
wich, and  113  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  22 
E,  lat.  52  48  N. 

Castor,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  15  miles  NE  of  Lin- 
coln, and  159  N  of  London.  Lom>0  9W, 
lat.  53  30  N. 

Castres,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  and  late  province  of 
Languedec,  of  which  it  was  recently  an 
episcopal  see.  It  is  seated  in  a  fine  val- 
ley, on  the  Agout,  20  miles  ,S  of  Alby. 
Lon.  2  20  E,  lat.  43  37  X". 

Castro,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimo- 
ny of  St.  Peter,  40  miles  NW  of  Home. 
Lon.  11  54  E,  lat.  42  23  N. 

Castro,  a  maritime  town  of  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  six  miles  S  of  Otranto. 
Lon.  18  31  E,1at.  40  16  N., 

Castro,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Chili,  capital  of  the  island  of  Chiloe.  It 
is  180  miles  S  of  Ealdivia.  Lon.  75  5  W, 
lat.  42  4  S. 

Castro-Marinoi  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Algarve.  it  is  strong  by  situation,  an  J 
seated  near  thdfcnouth  of  the  Guadiana, 
55  miles  S  of  Beja.  Lon.  7  12  W^lw.  37- 
6N.  .  A  ..-  -tX  • 

Castro-Verepia,  a  town  <A  Pern.rcmjfrk- 
able  for  mines  of  silver,  good  tobacco, 
and  wholesome  air.  It  is  125  miles  SE 
of  Lima.    Lon.  74  45  W,  lat.  12  '50  S. 

Cat  Islatu!.    See  Gvanahtmi 

Catab&c,  a  town  belonging  to  the  Ca- 
tabaws,  the  only  Indian  nation  in  the 
state  of  S  Carolina.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Catabaw,  on  the  line  which  sepa- 
rates North  and  South  Carolina.  Lon.  81 
15  W,  lat.  34  49  N. 


Catabaw,  a  large  river  of  S  Carolina, 
rising  near  Kings'  mountain,  and  running 
a  south  east  course,  till  it  joins  the  San- 
tee  ;.  whence  the  united  streams  pursue 
nearly  the  same  direction  to  the  Atlantic 
ocean. 

Catalonia,  a  province  of  Spain,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  Pyrenees,  on  the  E  and 
S  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  on  the 
W  by  Arragon  and  Valencia.  Its  great- 
est extent  from  E  to  W  is  112  miles,  and 
fiorn  N  to  S  148.  It  is  155  miles  in  length 
and  100  in  breadth.  The  air  is  wliole- 
some  ;  and  it  is  full  of  high  mountains, 
covered  with  forest  .and  fruit-trees.  It 
abounds  in  wine,  corn,  and  pulse,  and 
ihere  are  several  quarries  of  marble  of 
aU  colours,  chrystal,  alabaster,  amethysts 
aWl  lapis  lazuli.  Barcelona  is  the  ca- 
pital. •  ■" '  < 

■Catania,  a  celebrated  city  of  Sicily  on 
a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  and  a  university,  the  only  one  in  the 
island.  The  land  about  it  is  fertile  in 
corn,  excellent  wine  and  fruits.  By  an 
eruption  of  Etna,  in  1669.  it  was  almost 
totally  destroyed";  and  'n  1  ">93,  it  was  en- 
tirely swallowed  up  by  an  earthquake, 
which  buried  18,060  people  in  the  ruins. 
It  is  52  mdes  SW  of  Messina.  Lon.  15 
29  E,  Lat  37  36  N. 

Catanzaro,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seat- 
ed on  a  mountain,  15  miles  SW  of  Bel- 
fas  tro.    Lon.  16  48  E,  lat.  39  0  N. 

Cataro,  a  town  of  Venetian  Dalmatia, 
with  a  castle,  and  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated 
on  a  gulf  of  its  own  name,  30  miles  Vv~  of 
Scutari.  Lon.  18  40  E,  lat.  42  40  N. 
Catcau.  -  See  Chateau  -CamAi-esis. 
Catenate,  a  gulf  between  Sweden  and 
Denmark,  by  which  the  Baltic  communi- 
cates with  the  ocean. 

Catharineslaf,  or  Ecatervineiitfaf,  a  go- 
vernment of  the  Russian  empire,  divided 
into  two  provinces  ;  namely,  Cadiarinen- 
•slaf,  which  includes  New  Russia,  aild  the 
late  government  of  A  soph  ;  and  Taurida 
which  includes  the  Crimea. 

Catharmenslaf,  the  capital  of  a  province 
of  the  same  name,  built  by  the  late  em- 
press of  Russia  :  and  its  name  signifies 
The  Glory  of  Catharine.  It  is  seated 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Kiltzin  and 
Samara,  178  miles  NE  of  Chefson.  Lon. 
35  15  E,  lat.  47  23  N. 

Catharine's,  St.  the  principal  island 
on  the  cotist  of  the  S  part  of  Brasil,  with 
a  harbour  defended  by  several  forts.  It 
is  27  miles  long,  but  not  more  than  six 
>r3ad.    Lon.  49  17  W,  lat.  27  35  S. 

Catharine's,  St.  an  island  on  the  coast 
of  Georgia,  in  the  lat.  of  31  30  X.  and 
lon.  of  81  W. 


CAV 


CAU 


Catmandu,  the  capital  of  Xapaul,  in 
Ilindoostjin  Proper,  445  miles  E  of  Delhi. 
Lon.  84  51  E,  lat.  28  6  N. 

Cato,  a  military  tow  nship  in  the  State 
of  New -York  ;  situated  about  25  SW  of 
Oswego. 

Catoite,  Cape,  the  XE  promontory  of 
Yucatan,  in  N  America,* where  the  Eng- 
Iish  adventurers  from  Jamaica,  first  at- 
tempted to  cut  log-wood.  Lon.  86  30  "W, 
lat.  22  10  X.    See  Honduras. 

Catskill,  a  town  in  Green  county,  Ne$r 
York  ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of  Hudson 
river,  at  the  mouth  of  Catskill  creek,  8 
miles  from  the  city  of  Hudson,  and  135 
X  of  New  York.  Here  is  a  post  office. 

Cattack  or  Cuttack,  the  capital  of  Oris- 
sa,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Dec 
can.  It  is  a  post  of  consequence  on  the 
Mahanuddy,  as  it  lies  on  the  only  road 
between  Bengal  and  the  Northern  Cir- 
cars.  Cattack  is  seated  on  the  Maha- 
nuddy, near  its  influx  into  the  bay  of 
Bengal,  220  miles  SW  of  Calcutta.  Lon. 
86  1  E,  lat  20  51  N. 

Cattarick,  a  village  near  Richmond,  in 
the  W  riding  of  Yorkshire.  It  has  a 
bridge  over  the  river  Swale,  and  a  sort 
of  cataract  near  it,  from  which  it  seems 
to  have  derived  its  name.  It  appears  to 
have  been  a  great  city  in  the  time  of  the 
Romans,  one  of  whose  highways  crossed 
the  river  here,  on  the  banks  of  which  are 
the  foundations  of  great  walls,  and  a 
mount  cast  up  to  a  vast  height.  Many 
coins  and  urns  have  been  dug  up  here. 
>  The  final  destruction  of  this  city  was  by 
the  Danes. 

Cattaivessy,  a  thriving  post  town  on 
the  E  bank  of  Susquchannah  river  in  Nor- 
thumberland county,  Pennsylvania,  at  the 
distance  of  21  miles  E  bv  X  of  Northum- 
berland, and  150  miles  NW  of  Philadel- 
phia. It  has  about  1500  inhabitants. 

Catmck,  a  village  of  Holland,  on  the 
German  Ocean,  near  which,  the  only 
branch  of  the  Rhine  that  retains  its  ori- 
ginal name,  is  lost  in  the  sands.  It  is  6 
miles  X  by  W  of  Leyden. 

Cava,  a  considerable  and  populous 
town  of  Xaples,  in  Principato  Citeriore, 
with  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  Metelian,  three  miles  W  of 
Salerno.    Lon.  14  55  E,  lat.  40  26  N. 

Cavaillon,  a  town  of  France,  in  Yenais- 
sin.  It  lately  had  an  episcopal  see,  and 
was  subject  to  the  pope.  It  is  seat-  d  on 
the  Durance,  20  miles  SE  of  Avignon. 
Lon.  5  17  E,  lat.  43  34N. 

Cavan,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ulster,  47  miles  in  length,  and 
23  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Fer- 
managh and  Monaghan,  on  the  E  by  the 
latter  county  and  Louth,  on  the  YV  by 


Leitrim,  and  on  the  S  by  Lonford,  West 
Meath  and  East  Meath.  It  has  but  two 
towns  of  any  note,  Cavan  and  Kilmore. 
It  sent  six  members  to  the  Irish  parlia- 
ment, and  it  contains  37  parishes. 

Cava/i,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  capital 
of  the  countv  of  Cavan,  60  miles  NW  of 
Dublin^ ;  Lon.  7  23  W,  lat.  54  51  N. 

Caucams,  a  very  high  mountain  of  Asia, 
being  one  of  that  great  ridge  of  moun- 
tains that  runs  between  the  Black  and 
Caspian  seas.  These  mountains  are  inha- 
bited by  seven  distinct  nations,  each 
speaking  a  different  language  :  namely, 
the  Turcomans,  the  Abkhas,  the. Circas- 
sians, the  Ossi,  the  Kisti,  the  Lesguis, 
and  the  Georgians.  They  have  fine  com- 
plexions and  the  women  are  beautiful. 
Of  this  ridge  mount  Caucasus  is  the  high- 
est and  most  difficult  to  pass.  It  is  36 
leagues  over,  andthe  summit  8  leagues  in 
breadth.  The  top  is  perpetually  covered 
with  snow,  but  the  other  parts  are  very 
fruitful,  abounding  in  honey,  corn,  fruits; 
hogs  and  large  cattle. 

Caucasus,  a  government  of  the  Russian 
empire,  divided  into  the  two  provinces  of 
Astracan  and  Caucasus.  The  province  of 
Caucasus  comprises  the  Cuban,  and  all 
that  district  to  the  E  and  S,  now  in  the 
possession  of  Russia,  between  the  rivers 
Don  and  Cuban,  and  between  the  Black 
Sea  and  the  Caspian,  extending  as  far  as 
the  confines  of  Georgia. 

Caudebec,  a  rich  and  populous  trading 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Seine  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy, at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  near 
the  Seine,  18  miles  NW  of  Rouen.  Lon. 
1  26  E,  lat.  49  31  N. 

Cavendish,  a  post  town  of  Windsor 
county,  Yermont ;  situated  on  the  X  side 
of  Black  river,  between  Weathcrsfield  and 
Ludlow,  32  miles  SE  of  Rutland  river, 
containing  1016  inhabitants. 

Cariaua,  an  island  of  S  America,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Amazon,  90  miles 
in  circumference,  and  of  a  triangular 
form,  with  its  base  to  the  ocean.  It  lies 
under  the  equinoctial  line  in  lon.  50 
20  W. 

Cauvcry,  or  Cavery,  a  considerable  ri- 
ver of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  which 
rises  among  the  Gauts,  and  watering  Se- 
ringapatam  and  Tanjore,  enters  the  bay 
of  Bengal,  by  several  mouths,  between 
Cuddalore  and  Trichinopoly. 

Caviva,  a  town  in  the  isiand  of  Manil- 
la, with  a  strong  castle,  a  harbour,  and 
a  dock.  It  is  10  miles  from  the  city  of 
Manilla. 

Caune,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  seated  near  the  mountain*), 
.  R 


C  A  Z 


C  E  L 


where  the  river  Agout  has  its  source.  It 
is  21  miles  NE  of  Castres.  Lon.  2  43  E, 
lat.  43  40  N. 

Cauterets,  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Upper  Pyrenees  and 
late  province  of  Bigorre,  noted  for  its 
mineral  water.  It  is  18  miles  SWof  Bag- 
neres. 

Caioood,  a  town  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday, 
12  miles  S  of  York,  and  186  NW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  0  W,  lat.  53  47  N. 

Caxamalca,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of 
a  territory  of  its  own  name.  It  was  not- 
ed  for  a  sumptuous  palace  belonging  to 
the  Incas  and  a  magnificent  temple  dedi- 
cated to  the  sun.  It  is  300  mires  NNE  of 
Lima.    Lon.  74  53  1\V,  lat.  7  25  S. 

Caxton,  a  town  in  Cambridgeshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  10  miles  W 
bv  S  of  Cambridge,  and  49  N  of  London. 
Lon.  0  10  W,  lat.  10  0  N. 

Caya,  a  river  of  Portugal  which  rises 
near  Portalegre,  and  running  SE  divides 
Spain  from  Portugal,  and  falls  into  the 
Guadiana,  at  Badajoz. 

Cayenne,  a  rich  town  and  island  on  the 
coast  of  Guiana,  in  South  America,  ca- 
pital of  the  French  settlements  there,  and 
b.  unded  on  the  W  by  the  Dutch  colony 
of  Surinam.  The  French  settled  here  in 
1635,  but  left  it  in  1654,  and  it  was  suc- 
cessively in  the  possession  of  the  Eng- 
lish, French,  and  Dutch;  but  the  latter 
were  expelled  by  the  French  in  1677. 
The  island  is  about  16  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  is  only  separated  from  the 
continent  by  two  rivers.  By  a  particular 
formation,  uncommon  in  islands,  the  land 
is  highest  near  the  water-side  and  low  in 
the  middle.  Hence  it  is  so  full  of  moras- 
ses, that  all  communication  between  the 
different  parts  of  it  is  impossible,  with- 
out taking  a  great  circuit.  Cayenne  pep- 
per, sugar,  and  coffee,  are  the  principal 
commodities.  Lon.  52  15  W,  lat.  45  6  X. 

Cayuga,  a  county  in  the  state  of  New 
York  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  Onondago 
and  Ontario  and  Steuben  counties  on  the 
\V.  It  has  a  small  lake  of  the  same  name, 
extending1  nearly  through  the  middle 
of  it. 

Cayuga,  the  principal  town  of  a  coun- 
ty, bearing  the  same  name,  in  New  York 
state.  Here  is  a  post-office,  439  miles 
from  Washington. 

Cazenovia,  a  post"  town  of  Chenengo, 
county,  New-York  ;  situated  at  the  head 
of  Chenengo  river,  about  40  miles  S  W  of 
Whitestown,  and  494  from  Washington. 

Cazimer,  a  town  of  Little  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Lublin,  seated  on  the 
Vistula,  80  miles  E  of  Zarnaw.  Lon.  22 
3  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 


Cebu,  one  of  the  most  southerly  of  the 
Philippine  mountains. 

Cecil,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Mary- 
land, situated  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
Chesapeak  bay,  at  the  NE  corner  of  the 
state.  It  contains  about  10,000  inhabi- 
tants.   The  capital  is  Elk  town. 

Cedar  Creek,  a  water  of  James  River, 
in  Virginia,  in  the  county  of  Rockbridge  j 
remarkable  for  its  natural  bridge,  which 
is  one  of  the  most  astonishing  woiks  of 
Nature.  It  stands  on  the  ascent  of  a  hill, 
which  seems  to  have  been  cloven  through 
its  length  by  some  great  convulsion.  The 
fissure,  just  at  the  bridge,  is  by  some 
admeasurements  250  feet  deep,  45  wide 
at  the  bottom,  and  90  at  the  top.  This, 
of  course,  determines  the  length  of  the 
bridge  and  its  height  from  the  water. 
Its  breadth  in  the  middle  is  about  60 
feet,  but  more  at  the  ends,  and  the 
thickness  of  the  mass  at  the  summit  of 
the  arch  about  40  feet.  A  part  of  this 
thickness  is  constituted  by  a  coat  of 
earth,  which  gives  growth  to  many  large 
trees.  The  residue,  with  the  hills  on 
both  sides,  is  one  solid  rock  of  lime- 
stone. This  bridge  gives  name  to  the 
county  of  Rockbridge,  and  affords  a  com- 
modious passage  over  a  valley,  which 
cannot  be  crossed  elsewhere  for  a  con- 
siderable distance. 

Cedonga,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Princi- 
pato  Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see  ;  seat- 
ed at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  12 
miles  NW  of  Melfi.  Lon.  15  38  E,  lat. 
41  5N. 

Cefalonia,  a  considerable  island  of  the. 
Mediterranean,  on  the  coast  of  Livadia, 
and  opposite  the  gulf  of  Lepanto.  It  is 
fertile  in  oil,  and  excellent  muscadine 
wine.  It  is  subject  to  the  Venetians,  and 
vhe  capital  is  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  20 
36  E,  lat.  38  22  N. 

Cefahi,  a  seaport  of  Sicily,  in  the  val- 
ley of  Demona,  with  a  castle,  and  a  bi- 
shop's see.    Lon.  13  58  E,  lat.  38  25  N. 

Celano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Ulteriore,  a  mile  from  the  lake  of  Celano 
Lon.  13  39  E,  lat.  41  56  N. 

Celebes,  or  Macassar,  an  island  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  to  the  E  of  Borneo.  The 
heat  would  be  insupportable  but  for  the 
N  winds  and  the  rains,  which  overflow 
this  country,  and  for  which  reason  the  in- 
habitants build  their  houses  on  piles  of 
wood  ten  feet  high.  The  fruits  are  ripe 
all  the  year.  The  natives  are  Mahome- 
tans, and  the  best  soldiers  in  these  parts. 
The  Dutch  have  strong  forts  here,  by 
which  thev  keep  the  natives  in  awe.  Lon. 
from  116  to  124  E,  lat.  from  1  30  N  to  5 
30  S. 

Celtiberia,  a  county  of  the  Hither  Spain, 


CER 


CEY 


along  the  SW  side  of  the  river  Iberus 
though  sometimes  the  greatest  part  of 
Spain  was  denominated  Celtiberia.  Tbj 
people  were  brave  and  warlike,  and  theii 
cavalry  in  particular  was  excellent. 

Cenada,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy 
Trevisano,  with  a  bishop's  see,  18  miles 
N  of  Trevigio.  Lon.  12  26  E,  lat.  46  2  N 

Cenis,  a  mountain,  which  is  a  part  of 
the  Alps,  and  separates  the  marquisate 
of  Susa  from  the  Morianne. 

Centerville,  a  post  town  of  Queen  Ann's 
county,  Maryland,  situated  on  Corsica 
creek,  a  branch  of  Chester  river,  17  miles 
S  of  Chestertown,  and  20  N  of  Easton 

Centerville,  a  post  town  of  Fairfax 
county,  Virginia,  eight  miles  from  Fair- 
fax court  house,  and  26  from  Wash 
ington. 

Cenu,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  eight 
miles  S  of  Carthagena.  Lon.  75  24  W, 
lat.  10  19  X. 

Czram,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean 
one  of  the  Moluccas,  to  the  W  of  New 
Guinea,  140  miles  in  length,  and  40  in 
breadth,  it  is  mountainous  and  woody 
and  the  Dutch  once  had  a  fortress  to  keep 
the  natives  in  subjection,  and  to  defend 
the  Sj^ce  Islands,  having  destroyed  the 
clove-trees  here.  Lon.  from  126  to  129 
E,  lat.  3  OS. 

Cerdagna,  a  small  district,  partly  of 
Spain,  in  Catalonia,  and  partly  of  France 
in  the  department  of  the  Eastern  Pyre- 
nees, and  late  province  of  Roussillon.  Puy- 
cerda  is  the  capital  of  the  Spanish  part, 
and  Mont  Lewis  of  the  French. 

Ceretiza,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see ;  seated 
on  a  rock,  12  miles  NW  of  St.  Severino. 
Lon.  17  2  E,  lat.  39  23  N. 

Ceret,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  late 
province  of  Roussillon,  with  a  magnifi- 
cent bridge  of  one  arch  over  the  Tet.  It 
is  12  miles  from  Perpignan.  Lon.  2  46 
£,  lat.  42  36  N. 

Cerigo,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
to  the  S  of  the  Morea,  and  to  the  N  of 
Candia,  formerly  known  by  the  name  of 
Cytherea,  and  noted  for  being  the  birth- 
place of  Venus.  It  is  45  miles  in  circum- 
ference, full  of  mountains,  and  has  a 
small  town  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  23  22 
E,  lat.  36  20  N. 

Cerines,  a  seaport  of  Cyprus,  with  a 
castle,  and  a  Greek  bishop's  see.  Lon. 
33  35  E,  lat.  35  59  N. 

Cemey,  North,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, near  the  downs  where  Cirences- 
ter races  are  run.  In  an  adjacent  field  is 
a  camp  of  considerable  extent.  It  is  four 
miles  from  Cirencester. 

Certdsa.  a  celebrated  Carthusian  mo- 


nastery in  the  duchy  of  Milan,  four  miles 
from  Pavia.  Its  park  is  surrounded  by  a 
wall  20  miles  in  circumference,  and  con- 
tains several  villages. 

Cervera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
on  a  river  of  its  own  name,  22  miles 
NW  of  Tarragona.  Lon.  1  9  E,  lat.  41 
25  N. 

Cervia,  a  seaport  of  Italy,  in  Romagna, 
with  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  on  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  10  miles  SE  of  Ravenna.  Lon. 
12  17  E,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Cesena,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna, 
with  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  on  the  Savio, 
15  miles  SE  of  Ravenna.  Lon.  12  20  E, 
lat.  44  25  X. 

Ceite,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Iierault  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  seated  at  the  place  where 
the  Canal  of  Languedoc  begins,  between 
Montpellier  and  Agde,  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea.    Lon.  3  42  E,  lat.  43  23  N. 

Ceva,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  on  the  Ta- 
naro,  with  a  fort,  eight  miles  SE  of  Mon- 
dovi.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
April  1796.  Lon.  8  10  E,  lat.  44  26  N. 

Ceve?ines,  a  mountainous  country  in 
the  S  of  France,  in  which,  after  the  re- 
vocation of  the  edict  of  Nantz,  a  remnant 
of  the  persecuted  Huguenots  took  re- 
fuge. 

Ceuta,  a  seaport  of  Africa,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see.  "John,  king  of  Portugal,  took 
it  from  the  Moors  in  1415,  but  it  now 
belongs  to  Spain.  It  is  seated  on  the 
straits  of  Gibraltar.  Lon.  5  20  W,  lat, 
35  50  N. 

Ceylon,  a  large  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  250  miles  in  length,  and  195  in 
breadth.  In  general  the  air  is  very  good, 
nd  though  the  country  is  full  of  moun- 
tains, there  are  fertile  vallies.    In  some 
places  there  are  rich  mines,  whence  are 
got  rubies,  sapphires,  topazes,  and  other 
itones  of  less  value.    Here  is  abundance 
of  wood  for  all  sorts  of  uses,  and  some 
proper  for  dying  red.    It  is  remarkable 
Hot  abundance  of  cinnamon  ;  and  in  the 
[•doni  of  Candy  is  plenty  of  very  large 
ardamoms.  The  pepper  here  is  so  good, 
that  it  sells  dearer  than  that  of  other 
places.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  trees 
in  Ceylon  is  the  tallipot,  which  grow  s 
straight  and  tall,  and  is  as  big  as  the 
mast  of  a  ship  ;  the  leaves  are  so  large 
as  to  cover  15  or  20  men  ;  wben  dried, 
they  are  round,  and  fold  up  like  a  fan. 
The  natives  wear  a  piece  of  the  leaf  on 
their  head  when  they  travel,  to  shade 
them  from  the  sun,  and  they  are  so  tough 
that  they  are  not  easily  torn,  though 
those  that  wear  them  make  their  way 
through  the  woods  and  bushes.  Every 
soldier  carries  one,  and  it  serves  for  his 


C  H  A 


C  H  A 


tent.  Common  deer  are  found  in  this  is- ; 
land  in  great  abundance,  as  well  as  (lui- 
nea  deer  :  but  the  horned  cattle  are  both 
very  small  and  very  scarce.  They  have 
the  largest  and  best  elephants  in  the 
world  ;  and  the  woods  are  infested  by  ti- 
gers, the  most  terrible  of  all  ravenous 
be  us  is.  They  abound  also  with  snakes 
of  a  monstrous  size,  one  of  which  has 
been  known  to  devour  a  tiger  at  one 
meaifltfr.  Ives  saw  one  fifteen  feet  long, 
and  thirty  inches  in  circumference.  Spi- 
dery centipedes,  and  scorpions,  also 
grow  here  to  an  enormous  size.  Mr.  Ives 
saw  a  spider  here  as  large  as  a  tu.;.d,  with 
brown  hair  upon  it,  and  legs  as  thick  as 
the  shank  of  a  tobacco  pipe.  A  scorpion 
taken  out  of  a  piece  of  wood  was  eight 
inches  long,  from  head  to  tail,  exclusive 
of  the  claws  ;  and  the  shell  was  as  hard 
as  that  of  a  crab.  The  inhabi  ants  are 
divided  into  several  tribes,  from  the  no- 
bleman to  the  maker  of  mats,  and  all  the 
children  follow1  the  same  business  as  their 
fatiiers  ;  nor  is  it  lawful  to  marry  into 
any  other  tribe.  They  are  Pagans;  and 
though  they  acknowledge  a  supreme 
God,  they  worship  none  but  the  inferior 
sort,  and  among  these  they  reckon  the 
sun  and  moon.  In  their  temples  are 
images,  well  executed,  though  their  fi- 
gures are  monstrous  :  some  are  of  silver, 
copper,  &c.  The  different  sorts  of  gods 
have  various  priests,  who  have  all  some 
privileges.  Their  houses  are  small  and 
low,  with  walls  made  of  hurdles,  smooth- 
ly covered  with  clay,  and  the  roofs 
thatched.  They  have  no  chimnies,  and 
their  furniture  is  only  a  few  earthen  ves- 
sels, with  two  copper  basins,  and  two  or 
three  stools  ;  none  but  the  king  being  al- 
lowed to  sit  in  a  chair.  Their  food  is  ge- 
nerally rice,  and  their  common  drink  is 
water,  which  they  pour  into  their  mouths 
out  of  a  vessel  like  a  tea-pot,  through  the 
spout,  never  touching  it  with  their  lips. 
There  are  some  inscriptions  on  the  rocks, 
which  must  be  very  ancient,  for  they  are 
not  understood  by  any  of  the  present  in- 
habitants. The  Portuguese  were  the  first 
Europeans  who  settled  on  this  island  ; 
but  the  Dutch  soon  drove  them  a  war,  and 
established  themselves  on  all  the  principal 
places  along  the  coast.  In  February  1796, 
all  the  Dutch  forts  and  settlements  were 
taken  by  the  English.  Lon.  from  SO  to 
82  E,  lat.  from  6  to  10  X. 

Chablais,  a  province  of  Savoy,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  the  lake  of  Geneva,  on 
the  E  by  Yallais,  on  the  S  by  Faucignv, 
and  on  the  \V  by  the  Genevois.  Thonon 
is  the  capital. 

Chablis,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Yonne  and  late  province  of 


Burgundy,  remarkable  for  white  wines. 
It  is  15  miles  E  by  X  of  Auxerre.  Lon. 
3  59  E,  lat.  47  42  N. 

Chaco,  a  large  country  in  South  Ame- 
rica, situated  between  19  and  37  S  lat. 
It  belongs  to  the  Spaniards  by  whom  it 
was  conquered  in  1536.  It  is  not  natu- 
rally fruitful,  but  abounds  in  gold  mines, 
which  are  so  much  the  more  valuable, 
tha*  they  are  easily  worked. 

Chactaws,  or  Flat  Heads,  a  tribe  of  In- 
dians, between  the  rivers  Alabama  and 
Mississippi,  in  the  W  part  of  Georgia. 
They  have  43  towns  and  villages  contain- 
ing i2,123  souls,  of  which  4,041  are  fight- 
ing men. 

Chacktoole  Bay,  a  bay  in  Norton  Sound, 
discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in  1778.  Lon. 
162  47  W,  lat.  64  31 

C/ueronea,  the  last  town  or  rather  vil- 
lage of  Beotia,  towards  Phocis,  the  birth 
place  of  Plutarch;  famous  for  the  defeat 
of  the  confederate  Creeks  by  Philip  of 
Mace  don. 

Chagre,  a  for£  of  South  America,  in 
the  province  of  Darien,  at  the  mouth  of 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  to  the  SW  of 
Porto-Bello.  It  was  taken  bv  Admiral 
Vernon  in  1740.  Lon.  80  *7  W,  lat. 
9  20  X. 

Chtiis-Dieu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Loire,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  *Velay.  Its  Benedictine  abbey 
was  much  celebrated.  It  is  12  miles  E  of 
Brioude.  Lon.  3  4  E,  lat.  45  15  N. 
Chahlea.  See  Irac  Jlrabia. 
Chalons -sur- Sao >ne,  an  ancient  city  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Saone  and 
Loire,  lately  an  episcopal  see  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy.  It  is  the  staple  of 
iron  for  Lyons  and  St.  Etienne,  and  of  the 
wines  for  exportation.  The  great  Roman 
way  from  Lyons  to  Boulogne  passed  by 
Chalons  ;  and  here  are  various  indica- 
tions of  Roman  magnificence,  particular- 
ly the  ruins  of  an  amphitheatre.  Chalons 
is  seated  on  the  Saone.  35  miles  S  of  Di- 
jon.   Lon.  4  57  E,  lat.  46  47  X. 

Chaloiis-siir-.Marne,  a  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Marne,  lately  an  epis- 
copal see  in  the  province  of  Champagne. 
It  contains  15,000  inhabitants,  who  car- 
ry on  a  considerable  trade  in  shalloons 
and  other  woollen  stuffs.  Here  is  an  aca- 
demy of  *the  sciences,  arts,  and  belles- 
lettres.  Chalons  is  seated  on  the  rivers 
Marne,  ]\fau,  and  Xau,:.  40  miles  SW  of 
Verdun,  and  95  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  27  E, 
lat  43  57  X. 

Chamb,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Bavaria,  capital  of  a  county  of  its 
own  name,  seated  on  the  river  Chaml. 
37  miles  XE  of  Eatiabon.  Lon.  12  55  R, 
lat.  49  14  X. 


C  H  A 


C  H  A 


Chamberry,  a  populous  town,  the  capi- 
tal of  Savoy,  with  a  castle.  It  is  water- 
ed by  many  streams,  which  have  their 
sources  in  St.  Martin's  Hill,  and  run 
through  several  of  the  streets.  There 
are  piazzas  under  most  of  the  houses, 
w  here  people  may  walk  dry  in  the  worst 
weather.  It  has  large  and  handsome 
suburbs,  and  in  the  centre  of  the  tow  n 
is  the  ducal  palace.  The  principal  church 
is  St.  Leger,  and  the  Jesuits  college  is 
the  most  magnificent  of  all  the  monas- 
teries. It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1792.  It  is  27  miles  NE  of  Grenoble, 
and  85  NW  of  Turin.  Lon.  5  50  E,  lat. 
45  35  N. 

Chambersburg,  a  post  town,  and  the 
principal  town  of  Franklin  county,  Penn- 
sylvania ;  situated  on  the  Conegocheague 
creek,  11  miles  SW  of  Shippensburg,  50 
of  Carlisle,  and  157  W  of  Philadelphia. 
This  is  a  very  thriving  town,  being  seat- 
ed in  the  bosom  of  a  very  fertile  valley, 
flfcind  a  populous  settlement. 

diamond,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Lyonois,  with  a  strong  cas- 
-  tie,  on  the  river  Giez,  17  miles  S  of  Ly- 
ons.   Lon.  4  55  E,  lat.  45  29  N. 

Champagne,  a  late  province  of  France, 
162  miles  in  length,  and  112  in  breadth, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Hainault  and  Lux- 
emburg, on  the  E  by  Lorrain  and 
Franche  Comte,  on  the  S  by  Burgundy, 
and  on  the  YV  by  the  Isle  of  France  and 
Soissonnois.  It  now  forms  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardennes,  Aube,  Marne,  and  Up- 
per Marne. 

Champlain,  Lake,  a  lake  of  North  A- 
merica,  80  miles  long,  and  14  in  its 
broadest  part.  Lon.  74  10  W,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Champlaitito'ivn,  a  town  in  Clinton  coun- 
ty, New  York  ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Lake  Champlain,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Sorrel  river  :  being  on  the  border  of 
Canada.  Here  is  a  post  office,  591  miles 
from  Washington. 

Chanceford,  a  considerable  township  of 
York  county,  in  the  state  of  Pennsylva- 
nia/ situated  on  the  W  side  of  Susque- 
hannah  i*iver. 

Chancha,  a  rich  and  considerable  town 
of  Egypt,  five  miles  from  Cairo,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  desert  which  leads  to 
Mount  Sinai. 

Chanda,  a  considerable  city  of  Berar, 
*  .in  the  Dec  can  of  Hindoostan,  subject  to 
the  chief  of  the  Eastern  Mahrattas.  It 
is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Godavery, 
70  G  miles  S  of  Nagpour.  Lon.  79  40  E, 
lat.  20  10  N. 

Chandernagore,  a  large  town  of  Hin- 
doostan Proper,  in  Bengal.  It  was  a 
French  settlement,  and  had  a  very  strong 


fort,  destroyed  by  admiral  Watson  in 
1757;  and,  in  1793,  the  English  again 
dispossessed  the  French  of  this  settle- 
ment. It  is'a  neat  and  pretty  large  tow  n, 
and  is  seated  two  leagues  and  a  half  a- 
bove  Calcutta,  with  an  excellent  harbour. 

Chand'crsvi/le,  a  post  town  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Maine,  situated  on  a  river  of  the 
same,  about  10  miles  SE  of  Machias. 

Chang-hai,  a  town  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-nan.  In  this  town, 
and  the  villages  dependant  on  it,  are 
more  than  200,000  weavers  of  common 
cotton  cloth. 

Chan-tovg,  a  province  of  China,  boun- 
ded on  the  E  by  Petcheli  and  part  of 
Honan,  on  the  S  by  Kiang-nan,  on  the  E\ 
by  the  sea,  and  on  the  N  by  the  sea  and 
part  of  Petcheli.  The  country  is  well 
watered  by  lakes,  streams,  and  rivers ; 
but  is  nevertheless  liable  to  suffer  from 
drought,  as  rain  falls  here  but  seldom. 
The  locusts  also  sometimes  make  great 
devastation.  However,  it,abounds  great- 
ly in  game  ;  and  there  is  •  perhaps  no 
country  where  quails,  partridges,  and 
pheasants,  are  sold  cheaper,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  this  province  being  reckoned  the 
keenest  sportsmen  in  the  empire.  The 
province  is  greatly  enriched  by  the  river 
Yun,  called  the  Grand  Imperial  Canal, 
through  which  all  the  barks  bound  to 
Pekin  must  pass  in  their  way  thither. 
The  duties  on  this  canal  alone  amount 
to  more  than  450,000/.  annually.  The 
canal  itself  is  greatly  admired  by  Euro- 
pean travellers  on  account  of  its  strong 
and  long  dikes,  the  banks  decorated  with 
cut  stone,  the  ingenious  mechanism  of 
its  locks,  and  the  great  number  of  natu- 
ral obstacles  which  have  been  overcome 
in  the  execution  of  the  wo;k.  The  capi- 
tal is  Tsi-nan-iou. 

CJtanmanning,  a  city  of  Thibet,  which 
has  been  the  residence  of  the  grand  La- 
ma. It  is  130  miles  W  of  Lassa.  Lon. 
89  45  E,  lat.  31  0  N. 

Channeray,  a  village  in  Ross-shire, 
near  the  Frith  of  Man  av,  30  miles  W  of 
Elgin. 

Chan-xi,  a  province  of  China,  and  one 
of  the  smallest  in  the  empire,  is  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  Petcheli,  on  the  S  by  Ho- 
nan, on  the  W  by  Chen-si,  and  on  the  N 
by  the  Great  wall.  The  climate  is 
healthy  and  agreeable,  and  the  soil  gene- 
rail)  fertile,  though  the  country  is  full  of 
mountains.  Some  of  these  last  are  rough, 
wild,  and  uninhabited;  but  others  are  cul- 
tivated with  the  greatest  care  from  top 
to  bottom,  and  cut  into  terraces  forming 
a  very  agreeable  prospect;  while  some 
have  on  their  tops  vast  plains,  no  less  fer- 
tile  than  the  richest  lowlands.  These 


C  H  A 


C  H  A 


mountains  abound  with  coal,  which  the 
inhabitants  pound  and  make  into  cakes 
with  water;  a  kind  of  fuel,  which  though 
not  very  inflammable,  affords  a  strong 
and  lasting  fire,  when  once  kindled. 
Here  are  five  cities  of  the  first  class,  and 
eighty-five  of  the  second. 

Chantilly,  a  town  ofJPrance,  celebrated 
for  a  fine  forest,  and  magnificent  hunting 
seat,  which  belonged  before  the  late  re- 
volution, to  the  prince  of  Cor.de,  who 
had  made  it  one  of  the  most  delightful 
places  in  the  world.  It  is  17  miles  N  by 
E  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  36  E,  lat.  49  11  N. 

Cliao-hing-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Tche-kiang.  It  has  eight  ci- 
ties of  the  third  rank  under  its  jurisdic- 
tion. The  inhabitants  of  this  district  are 
said  to  be  the  greatest  adepts  in  chica- 
nery  of  any  in  China.  Indeed  they  are 
so  well  versed  in  the  laws,  that  the  go- 
vernors of  the  provinces  and  great  man- 
darins choose  their  secretaries  from  a- 
mong  them. 

Chao-tcheo-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Quang-tong,  situated  between 
two  navigable  rivers,  and  celebrated  for 
a  monastery  of  the  Bonzes,  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood. "  Lon.  114  22  E,  lat.  25  0  N. 

Chaparang,  or  Dsaprong,  a  considerable 
city  of  Thibet,  seated  on  the  southern- 
most of  the  two  heads  of  the  Ganges, 
not  far  westward  from  the  lakes  Mansa- 
rour  and  Lanken.  Lon.  78  42  E,  lat.  34 
0  N. 

Chapell  Hill,  a  post  town  of  Orange 
county,  North  Carolina,  situated  on  a 
branch  of  Cape  Fear  river,  about  14 
miles  S  of  Hillsborough,  and  24  W  of  Ra- 
leigh. 

Cfiapel  in  Frith,  a  town  in  Derbyshire, 
with  a  poor  market  on  Saturday,  seated 
on  the  confines  of  the  Peak,  seven  miles 
SE  of  Manchester,  and  165  NNW  of 
London.    Lon.  1  55  W,  !at  53  22  N. 

Chaptico,  a  town  in  St.  Mary's  county, 
Maryland,  12  NW  of  Leonardtown,  and 
56  from  Washington.  Here  is  a  post  of- 
fice. 

Charabon,  a  seaport  on  the  N  coast  of 
Java,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  150  miles  E  of 
Batavia.    Lon.  109  10  E,  lat.  6  0  S. 

Charcot,  Los,  a  province  of  South  A- 
merica,  in  Peru.  It  has  the  finest  silver 
mines  in  the  world.  La  Plata  is  the  ca- 
pital.   See  Potosi. 

'  Chard,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday ;  seated  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  six  miles  W  of  Crewkerne,  and 
141  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  18  W, 
lat.  .50  52  N. 

Charente,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
eluding  the  late  province  of  Angoumois. 

Charente,    Liraer,    a  department  of 


France,  consisting  of  the  two  late  pro- 
vinces  of  Aun.s  and  Saintonge.  Saintes 
is  the  capital. 

Charenton,  the  name  of  two  towns  in 
France,  the  one  upon  the  Marmaude,  in 
die  department  of  Allier,  the  other  on 
he  river  Seine,  four  miles  S  of  Paris; 
once  famous  for  its  protestant  church. 

Charlesburg,  a  post  town  of  Montgome- 
ry count},  Maryland,  26  miles  N  of 
Washington. 

Charles  City,  a  town  of  Virginia,  in  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  on  the  N  side 
of  James  river,  35  miles  SE  of  Richmond, 
and  167  from  Washington. 

Churite,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nievre,  and  late  province  of 
Nivernois.  The  town  derives  its  name 
from  the  charity  of  the  late  prior  of  the 
Benedictine  Clunistes,  upon  whose  boun- 
>\  it  subsisted  in  a  time  of  scarcity.  Lon. 
3  10  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Charlemont,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in. 
the  county  of  Armagh,  seated  on  the  ri4P 
ver  Blackwater,  six  miles  S  of  Dungan- 
non.    Lon.  6  57  W,  lat.  54  44  N. 

Charlemont,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, in  the  county  of  Namur,  ced- 
ed to  the  French  by  the  treaty  of  Nime- 
guen.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meuse,  25 
miles  SW  of  Namur.  Lon.  4  40  E,  lat 
50  6  N. 

Charlemonte,  a  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  about 
1000  inhabitants. 

Charleroy,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands, in  the  county  of  Namur,  built 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1666.  It  has  been 
frequently  taken  and  retaken,  the  last 
time  by  the  French  in  1794.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Sambre,  18  miles  W  of  Namur. 
Lon.  4  30  E,  lat.  50  20  N. 

Charles,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ma- 
ryland, on  the  W  side  of  Chesapeak.  It 
is  divided  from  the  state  of  Virginia  by 
die  river  Potomac.  It  contains  about 
260,000  acres  of  land,  and  a  population 
of  20,000  persons. 

Charles,  a  river,  in  the  state  of  Massa- 
chusetts, which  flows  into  Boston  har- 
bour, near  that  town. 

Charles,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Virgi- 
nia, on  the  N  side  of  Chesapeak  Bay. 
Lon.  75  50  W,  lat.  37  12  N. 

Charles,  Cape,  a  promontory  on  the  SW 
part  of  the  strait  entering  into  Hudson's 
Bay.    Lon.  75  15  W,  lat.  62  10  N. 

Charles,  Fort,  a  fortress  of  Ireland,  at 
the  entrance  of  Kinsale  harbour.  Lon.  2 
23  W,  lat.  51  1  N. 

Charleston,  the  principal  town  of 
Charleston  county,  and  the  metropolis  of 
the  state  of  South  Carolina.  It  was 
planted  in  1669,  at  the  confluence  of  Coo- 


C  H  A 


C  H  A 


per  and  Ashley  Rivers,  in  the  lat.  of  32 
50  N,  and  Ion'  of  80  15  W.  Ashle>  ri- 
ver is  navigable  20  miles  above  the  city 
by  vessels  of  considerable  burden;  biu 
it  being"  placed  on  alow  spot  of  ground, 
and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ocean,  it  is 
subject  to  be  inundated  by  high  tides; 
and  has  often  suffered  from  this  cause, 
as  well  as  by  fires  and  tremendous  whirl- 
winds. Charleston  is  nevertheless  a  ca- 
pital of  great  riches  and  commerce  ;  tlu 
exports  of  1803  amounting  to  §7,811,108 
— The  banks  ot  the  rivers  above  and  be- 
low the  town  are  beautified  with  fine  plan- 
tations, and  walks,  interspersed  with  rows 
of  trees.  The  streets  that  lie  E  and  W 
run  in  straight  lines,  from  river  to  river, 
and  are  intersected  by  others  at  right  an- 
gles, though  they  have  one  common  fault 
of  being  too  narrow,  some  of  them  being 
not  above  35  feet  wide.  Most,  if  not  all 
of  them  are  provided  with  subterranean 
drains  that  cany  off  the  water  and  filth 
of  the  city. — The  houses  lately  built  are 
principally  of  brick,  and  some  of  them 
in  a  style  of  comparative  grandeur  and 
elegance.  The  chief  public  edifices  are 
an  exchange,  a  state-house,  a  bank,  an 
armoury,  and  a  public  alms-house,  with 
ten  or  a  dozen  places  of  religious  wor- 
ship. Here  are  two  banks,  besides  a 
branch  of  the  United  States'  bank.  The 
inhabitants  in  1800  amounted  to  18,824, 
nearly  one  half  of  them  slaves.  The  en- 
trance of  the  harbour  is  defended  by  a 
fort  on  Sullivan's  Island,  about  six  milu 
below  the  city.  This  fort  repelled  the 
attack  of  a  British  fleet  under  Sir  P.  Par- 
ker, in  the  revolution  war,  with  a  very 
destructive  effect  to  the  assailants. 

Charlestori,  a  town  of  North  America 
in  the  state  of  Rhode  Island  and  count) 
of  Washington.  It  is  remarkable  for  bi.- 
ing  the  residence  of  the  greater  purl  of 
th«*  Indians  that  still  remain  (to  the  num- 
ber of  5«jC)  in  this  state.  They  are 
pe  xeable  and  well  disposed  toward  the 
government,  and  speak  the  English  lan- 
guage. 

Charleston,  a  town  on  the  SW  side  of 
the  island  of  Nevis,  in  the  West  Indies 
It  is  the  seat  of  government,  and  defend- 
ed by  a  fort.  Lon.  62  50  W,  lat.  16  10  N. 

Charlestarsn,  a  post  town  in  Cheshire 
county,  New  Hampshire  ;  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Connecticut  river,  12  miles  N 
of  Walpole,  38  S  of  Dartmouth  College, 
and  80  W  by  N  of  Portsmouth. 

Charlestovm,  the  principal  town  of  Mid- 
dlesex county,  Massachusetts  opposite 
to  Boston,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
Charles  river,  over  which  is  c  nstructed 
one  of  the  most  elegant  bridges  in  the  U- 


nited  States.    It  contains  about  2000  in- 
abitants. 

Charlestoivu,  a  post  town  of  Jefferson 
county,  Virginia,  73  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Charlestovm^  a  town  in  Cecil  county, 
Maryland ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
North  East  River,  near  its  mouth,  10 
miles  W  of  Elkton  and  47  E  by  N  of  Bal- 
timore.   Here  is  a  post  office. 

Charleston,  an  island  at  the  bottom  of 
Hudson's  Bay.  Lon.  79  5  W,  lat.  52  3  N. 

Charleville,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  30  miles  N  of  Cork.  Lon. 
8  30  W,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Charleville ,  a  town  of  Fraace,  in  the. 
department  of  the  Ardennes  and  late 
province  of  Champagne.  The  streets  are 
as  straight  as  a  line,  and  the  houses  of 
an  equal  height,  covered  with  slate.  Here 
is  a  magnificent  square,  and  in  the  centre 
a  handsome  fountain.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Me  use,  near  Meziers,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  a  bridge  and  a  causeway  ;  15 
miles  NW  of  Sedan,  and  115  NE  of  Paris. 
Lon.  45  E,  lat.  49  50  N. 

Charlotte,  a  post  town  on  the  E  side 
of  Lake  Champlain,  in  Chittenden 
county,  Vermont ;  at  the  distance  of 
10  miles  S  of  Burlington,  and  13  N  of 
Vergennes. 

Charlotte,  a  town  in  Virginia,  the  capi- 
tal of  Charlotte  county,  30  miles  N  of  ' 
•falifax,  and  100  SW  of  Richmond. 

Charlotte,  the  principal  town  of  Meck- 
!  nburg  count/,  North  Carolina  ;  situated 
ba  Sugar  Creek,  a  branch  of  Catabaw  ri-; 
ver,  46  miles  S  of  Slatesville,  and  about 
:!ie  same  distance  SW  of  Salisbury. 

Charlotte-town,  formerly  lioseau,  the  ca- 
pita.! of  Dominica,  21  miles  SE  of  Prince 
tt'. perl's  Bay.  on  a  point  of  land  on  the 
SW  side  of  the  island.  Lon?  61  25  W, 
lat.  15  25  N.  ;  ' 

Charlotte's,  Queen,  Ishinl,  an  island  in 
he  South  Sea,  first  discovered  by  Cap- 
lain  WallS  in  the  Dolphin.  It  has  abun- 
dance of  good  water,  cocoa-nuts,  palm- 
nuts,  and  scurvy  grass.  The  inhabitants 
are  of  a  middle  stature,  and  dark  com- 
plexion, with  long  hair  hanging  over 
their  shoulders. 

Charlottesville,  a  post  town  and  the  ca- 
pital of  Albemarle  county,  Virginia,  situ- 
ated on  Rivannah  river,  42  miles  E  by  S 
of  Staunton,  and  85  NW  of  Kichmor.d. 

Charlton,  a  village  in  Kent,  on  an  emi- 
nence that  commands  a  fine  view  of  the 
Thames.  Charlton  is  six  miles  E3E  of 
London. 

Charlton,  a  township  of  Worcester 
count)*,  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts, 
with  about  2500  inhabitants. 


C  H  A 


C  H  A 


Charlton,  a  township  of  Saratoga  coun-| 
ty,  New  York,  with  about  2000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Chanties,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Yosges  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  sen  ted  on  the  Moselle,  over 
which  is  a  handsome  bridge,  eight  miles 
E  of  Mirecourt.  Lon.  6  17  E,  lat.  48 
21  K. 

Charn-vood,  or  Charley  Forest,  _a  rough 
open  tract  in  the  NW  part  of  Leicester- 
shire. 

CharoHes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Saone  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy.  It  has  a  ruinous 
castle,  an%  is  seated  on  the  Jleconce,  24 
miles  WNW  of  Macon.  Lon.  4  24  E, 
lat.  46  28  N. 

Charost,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment oT  lndre  and  late  province  of 
Berry,  seated  on  the  Arnon,  six  miles  NE 
of  Issoudun.    Lon.  2  10  E,  lat.  47  1  N. 

Chartiers,  a  township  in  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  a  creek 
of  the  same  '  name,  which  falls  into  the 
Ohio  below  Pittsburg.  " 

Chartres,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Eure  and  Loire,  and 
late  province  of  Beauce.  The  cathedral 
is  one  of  the  finest  in  France,  and  its 
steeple  much  admired.  The  principal 
trade  consists  in  corn.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Eure,  45  miles  SW  of  Paris.  Lou.  1 
34  E,  lat.  48  27  N. 

Chartreuse,  or  Grand  Chartreuse,  lately 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  monasteries 
iii  France,  eight  miles  N  of  Grenoble, 
now  converted  into  a  kind  of  arsenal. 
Lon.  5  49  E,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Charybdis,  a  famous  whirlpool,  in  the 
Strait-of  Messina,  on  the  coast  of  Sicily, 
opposite  the  celebrated  Scylla,  in  Italy. 
According  to  the  poets,  it  was  very  for- 
midable to  mariners  ;  but  it  is  said  to 
have  been  entirely  removed  by  the 
dreadful  earthquake  in  1783*  On  di- 
ving into  it,  there  were  found  vast 
gulphs  and  whirlpools  below,  which 
produce  all  the  commotion  on  the  surface 
of  the  water. 

Chatavghque,  a  lake  in  Ontario  county, 
New  York,  near  the  line  which  divides 
that  state  from  Pennsylvania,  and  about 
ten  miles  from  the  SE  side  of  Lake  Erie. 

Chateau-Bryant,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Lower  Loire  and  late 
province  oY  Britanny,  with  an  old  castle, 
24  miles  S  of  Rennes.  Lon.  1  16  W,  lat. 
47  46  N. 

Chuteait-Cambresis,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  North  and  late 
province  of  the  Cambresis,  with  a  magni- 
ficent palace,  which  belonged  to  the  arch- 

M 


j  bishop  of  Cambray.  It  is  famous  for  a 
j  treaty  concluded  between  Henry  II.  of 
France  and  Philip  II  of  Spain  ;  and  is  12 
miles  SE  of  Cambrav.    Lon.  3  40  E,  lat. 

13  7  N. 

Chateau-CJdnon,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Nievre,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Nivernois,  with  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  cloth.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Yonne,  near  the  source  of  that  river,  36 
miles  E  of  Nevers.  Lon.  4  8  E,  lat.  47 
ON. 

Chateau-jRauphin,  a  strong  castle  of  Pi- 
edmont, 18  miles  W  by  N  of  Saluces.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  and  Spaniards  in 
1744,  and  restored  in  1748,  by  the  treaty 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

phateau-du-Loir,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Sarte  and  late  province 
of  Maine,  famous  for  sustaining  a  siege 
of  seven  years  against  the  count  of  Mans. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Loir,  22  miles  SE  of 
Mans,  and  97  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  30  E, 
lat.  47  40  N. 

Chateau-Dim,  an  ancient  town  of  France 
in  the  department  of  Eure  and  Loire, 
and  late  province  of  Beauce.  Here  is  a 
castle,  and  a  holy  chapel,  built  by  the  fa- 
mous count  of  Dunois.  The  streets  are 
straight ;  the  houses  uniform  ;  and  the 
great  square  is  very  spacious.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  near  the  Loire,  30 
miles  N  of  Blois,  and  72  SW  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  22  E,  lat.  48  4  N. 

Chateau-Goriticr,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  and  late  province  of 
Maine,  seated  on  the  river  Maine,  with  a 
castle.  It  has  a  mineral  spring  ;  its  trade 
consists  in  linens  ;  and  it  is  22  miles  NW 
of  Angers,  and  147  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 
36  E,  lat,  47  47  N. 

Chat  can- Landon,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Seine  and  Marne,  and 
late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France.  It 
lately  had  an  Augustine  Abbey,  seated 
on  a  hill,  five  miles  S  of  Nemours,  and 
50  S  bv  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  38  E,  lat. 
48  11  N. 

Chateaulin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Finisterre  and  late  province 
of  Brittany,  18  miles  N  of  Quimper,  on 
the  river  Auzon  where  there  is  a  salmon- 
fishery. 

Chht'eau-Meilidnt,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Cher,  and  late  province 
of  Berry,  nine  miles  E  of  Chatre.  Here 
is  a  castle,  with  a  tower  said  to  have 
been  built  by  Julius  Cesar. 

Chateauneuf,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cher  and  late  province'of 
Berry,  16  miles  S  of  Bourges.  It  is  the 
the  name  of  other  two  inconsiderable 
towns  of  France. 


C  II  A 


C  K  A 


Chateaitnei/f,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Eure  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Beauce,  12  miles  NEof  Char- 

Chateavneuf,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Anjou,  seated  on  the  Sarte, 
12  miles.  X  of  Angers  . 

Chateau-Renaud,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and 
late  province  of  Touraine,  20 miles  NW  of 
Amboise,  and  88  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  1 
W,  lat.  47  33  N. 

Chateuroux,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
late  province  of  Berry.  It  has  a  manu- 
facture of  cloth,  and  is  seated  in  a  plea- 
sant plain,  on  the  Indre,  15  miies  SW  or 
Issoudun,  and  148  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  5 
B,  lat.  46  46  N. 

Chateau- Ti hierry,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Aisne  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Champagne,  with  a  castle  on  an 
eminence,  seated  on  the  river  Maine.  It 
is  the  birth  place  of  the  inimitable  La 
Fontaine  ;  and  is  27  miles  SW  of  liheims, 
'and  97  NW  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  33  E,  lat. 
49  2  N. 

Chatel,*.  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Vosges  and  late  province  of 
Lorrain,  seated  on  the  Moselle,  8  miles  E 
of  Mirecourt. 

Chatel-Chalon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  J  urn  and  late  province  of 
Franche  Comt£,  remarkable  for  its  late 
Benedictine  nunnerv,  20  miles  £  of  Dole. 
Lon.  5  38  E,  lat.  46  46  N. 

Chatdlleratilt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Vienne  and  lute  pro- 
vince of  Poitou,  seated  on  the  Yienr.e, 
over  which  is  a  handsome  stone  bridg-e. 
It  is  noted  for  its  cutlery,  watchmaking, 
and  the  cutting1  of  false  diamonds.  <  It 
gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  Scotch 
duke  of  Hamilton.  It  is  22  miles  NNE 
of  Poitiers,  and  168  SSW  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  44  E,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Chatham,  a  town  in  Kent,  adjoining- 
Rochester,  and  seate'd  on  the  Medway. 
It  is  one  of  the  principal  stations  of  the 
royal  nary  ;  and  the  yards  and  magazines 
are  furnished  with  all  soils  of  naval 
stores.  It  has  about  500  houses,  mosth 
low,  and  .built  with  brick;  the  streets  are 
narrow  and  paved  ,  and  it  contains  about 
3000  inhabitants.  The  principal  emplo)  - 
ment  of  the  labouring  hands  is  ship 
building  in  the  king's  yard  -  nd  private 
docks.'  It  has  a  market  on  Saturday,  a 
church,  a  chapel  of  ease,  and  a  ship  used 
as  a  church  for  the  sailors.  It  is  31 
miles  ESE  of  London.  Lon.  0  36  E,  lat. 
51  22  N.  « 

Chatham,  a  post  town  in  Barnstable 
county,  Massachusetts,  near  Cape  Mala- 


bar, 22  miles  E  of  Barnstable.  Standing* 
near  the  sea  shore,  the  principal  employ- 
ment of  the  inhabitants  is  fishing. 

CJititliam,  a  town  in  Chesterfield  coun- 
ty, South  Carolina,  on  the  W  side  of 
Great  Pedee  river,  16  miles  N  of  Green- 
ville. Here  is  a  post  office,  427  miles 
from  Washington. 

Cluithum,  a  township  of  Grafton  county, 
in  the  state  of  New  Hampshire. 

Chatham,  a  township  of  Columbia 
county,  New  \ork,  with  about  5000  inha- 
bit an  us. 

Cha/ham,  a  township  of  Middlesex 
county,  Connecticut,  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  near  Middle- 
ton. 

Chatham,  a  populous  county  in  the 
state  of  North  Carolina,  and  district  of 
Hillsborough.  It  is  watered  by  the  head 
streams  of  Cape  Fear  river,  and  contains 
about  12000  inhabitants. 

Chatillon—Lzs—Dombes,  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Ain  and 
iate  province  of  Bresse,  12  miles  W  of 
Bou  rg. 

Chatillon-svr-I/idre,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Indre  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Berry,  10  miles  S  of  Loch.es. 
Lon.  0  55  E,  hit.  47  22  N. 

Chatillon-nnr-JVlartie,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Marne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne,  27  miles  S  of  Uheims. 
Lon.  4  5E,  lat.  48  53  N. 

'ChatiUon-sur-Seine,  a  town  of  France,  in 
die  de  partment  of  Cote  d'Or  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  divided  into  two 
by  the  river  Seine.  It  has  ironworks  in 
its  neighbouihcod,  and  is  36  miles  NW 
of  Dijon.    Lon.  4  35  E,  lat.  47  42  N. 

Chutoque,  a  lake  of  N  America,  in  the 
state  of  New  York.  It  is  the  source  of 
the  river  Conawongo,  which  runs  into 
the  Alleghany.  The  lower  end  of  it,  whence 
the  river  proceeds,  is  in  lat.  42  10  N. 
From  the  NW  of  this  lake  to  Lake  Erie  is 
nine  mile  s. 

Chatre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  late  province  of 
Horry,  seated  on  the  river  Indre  37  miles 
from  Hourgres.  L.  carries  oti  a  confide-* 
cable  trade  in  cal^e.  Lcn.  1  55  E,  lat. 
46  35  N. 

Chatsworth,  a  village  in  the*  Peak  of 
Derbyshire,  near  the  river  Derwent,  six 
miles  W  of  Chesterfeld,  It  was  the 
prison  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  for  17 
years,  in  memory  of  which  the  new 
Soelgings  that  are  built,  instead  of  the 
old,  arc  called  the  queen  of  Scots  apart- 
ment. %K. 

Chaves,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tra-los-Montes,  seated  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  on  the  river  Tamega. 


CHE 


CHE 


Between  the  town  and  the  suburb  Mag- 1 
dalena  is  :ni  old  Roman  stone  bridge  H 
is  30  miles  SW  of  Braganza.  Lon.  7  0 
W,  lat.  41  45  N. 

Chaumont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Marne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne.  The  principal  gate 
of  the  church  of  the  college  is  much  ad- 
mired. It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Marne,  14  miles  S  of  Joinville. 
Lon.  5  9  E,  lat.  43  8  N. 

Chaumonty  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise  and  late  province  of 
the  Isle  of  France,  30  miles  N  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  7  E,  lat.  49  18  X. 

Chainvi,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  on  the  river  Oise,  20 
miles  E  of  Noyon.  Lon.  3  18  E,  lat.  49 
17  N. 

Chebrechin,  a  town  of  Poland  in  the 
province  of  Russia,  and  palatinate  of 
Belskow.    Lon.  23  51  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Cheudle,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  with- 
a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  tin 
most  fertile  part  of  the  Moorl-md,  12 
miles  NE  of  Stafford.  Lon.  1  56  W,  lat. 
53  0  N. 

Cheam,  a  village  in  Surry,  adjoining  +o 
which  is  the  site  of  the  village  of  Co- 
dington, or  Cudington,  where  Henry \\W. 
built  the  palace^wf  Nonsuch,  so  much  ct 
lebraledby  Camden  and  Heuuner,  for  its 
magnificence.  Cheam  is  13  miles  SSW 
of  London. 

C1ieats  a  river  in  the  state  of  Virginia, 
which  mes  in  Randolph  county,  aud  al- 
ter running  a  northwardly  course  falls 
into  the  Monongahela,  near  the  line  thai 
divides  that  state  from  Pennsylvania.  A" 
its  June. ion  with  the  Monongahela  it  is  a- 
bou't  200  yards  wide. 

Chebukto,  a  harbour,  near  Halifax  in 
Nova  Scotia.  Lon.  63  18- W,  lat.  44  45  N. 

Chedery  a  village  in  Somersetshire,  fa- 
mous for  its  cheeses,  which  are  as  larue 
as  those  of  Cheshire.  It  is  three  miles  E 
of  Axhridife. 

Chtd-worthy  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, four  miles  WSW  of  Northlech. 
situated  on  the  declivitv  of  two  hills.  In 
tliis  parish,  <n  1760,  a  Roman  Bath  was 
discovered;  and  near  it  is  a  tumulus,  in 
which  great  quantities  of  .Imuran  bones 
have  been  found. 

Ciieitore,  o?  Gurfip: :i>;  one  of  the  princi- 
pal of  the  Rajpoot  states,  in  Hindoostan 
Proper.  It  consists,  in  general  of  high 
mountains,  divided  by  narrow  vallies;  or 
of  plains  environed  by  mountains,  acces- 
sitve  only  by  narrow  passes  or  defiles  ;  in 
effect  one  of  the.  strongest  countries  in 
the  world  ;  yet  having  a  sufficient  extent 
of  arable  land,  of  dimensions  equal  to 
the  support  of  a  numerous  population, 


and  blessed  with  a  mild  climate,  being; 
between  24  and  28  X  lat.  It  is  tributary 
to  the  Mahra'ttas. 

Cheitove,  or  Oudipovr,  a  town,  in  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  in  Hindoos lart 
Proper  It  Mas  a  fortress  and  city  o$ 
great  extent ,  situated  on  a  mountain  ;  but 
it  has  been  in  ruins  since  the  time  of  Au- 
rungzebe,  in  1681,  and  had  once  before 
experienced  a  like  fate  from  the  hands 
of  Acbarin  1567.  It  is  120  miles  S  bvE 
of  Nagpour.    Lon.  74  56  E,  lat.  25  21  N. 

Chelm,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Red  Rus- 
sia, capital  of  a  palatinate  of  its  own  name, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  100  miles  ES 
E  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  23  29  E.  lat.  51  20  X. 

Chelmer,  a  river  in  'Essex,  which  rises 
near  Thaxted,  and  flows  by  Dunmow  and 
Chelmsford  to  Maltlen,  where  if  joins 
'he  Blackwater,  and  forming  the  estuary 
called  Blackwater  Bay,  or  Maiden  water, 
enters  the  German  Ocean. 

Chelmsford^  the  county  town  of  Essex, 
situated  m  a  beautiful  valley,  at  the  con- 
iluence  of  the  Chelmer  and  Can,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.    It  consists  of  the 
own  and  hamlet  of  Moulsjiam,  parted 
from  each  other  by  the  river  Can,  over 
which  is  an  elegant  stone  bridge  of  one 
rch.    In  the  town  are  the  church,  a 
magnificent  shire-house,  a  freeschool,  a 
ne'w^  conduit  which  affurds  a  plentiful 
supply  of  water,  and.  a  neat  theatre  :  the 
•lamlet  contains  the  *new  couniy-gaol,  and 
hree  meeting  houses.    In  1793  an  act 
parliament  was  obtained,  to  make  the 
Chelmer   navigable  hence  to  Maiden, 
•helmsford  is  21  miles  WSW  of  Colches- 
er,  and  29  ENE  of  London.  Lon.  033  E, 
iat.  51  43  N. 

Clielmsfurd,  a  post  town  of  Middlesex 
•  ounty,  Massachusetts,  22  miles  NW  of 
Boston,  and  about  1300  inhabitants. 

Chelsea,  a  fine  village  situated  on  the 
\  bank'Qf  the  river  Thames,  a  mile  W 
'of  Westminster,  remarkable  for  a  magni- 
ficent hospital  of  invalids  and  old  decre- 
pit soldiers,  and  for%the  noble  rotundo  in. 
:he  garden  of  Ranelagh  house,  to  which 
a  great  deal  of  fine  company  resort  in 
summer,  and  which  is  one  of  the  noblest 
structures  of  the  kind  in  Europe.  Here 
is  also  an  excellent  physic  garden,'  be- 
longing to  the  company  of  apothecaries. 

Cheheat  a  town  in  the  state  of  Massa- 
chusetts ;  situated  in  Suffolk  county,  and 
the  neighbourhood  of  Boston. 

Cheltenham ,  a  township  of  Montgome- 
ry county,  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania. 
It  joins  to  Philadelphia  county,  and  has  a 
population  of  800  inhabitants. 

C/ieltetiham,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday  ;  and  voted 
for  its  mineral  waters,  which  are  some- 


CHE 


CHE 


what  like  those  of  Scarborough.  It  is 
^nine  miles  NE  of  Gloucester,  and  95  W 
mby  N  of  London.    Lon.  2  21  W,  lat.  51 

55  N. 

•  CJtehea  Landing,  on  the  W  side  of 
Thames  river,  in  New  London  county, 
Connecticut,  at  the  distance  of  14  miles 
N  from  New  London.  Here  is  a  past 
office-  /*•'*" 

.Chelrm,  or  Jhyhim,  a  river  of  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper,  being  the-westernmost  of  the 
five  eastern  branches  of  the  river  Indus. 
It  rises  above  Cashmere,  waters  that  ci- 
ty, and  flowing  through  the  province  of 
that  narn^e,  in  a  SE  direction,  joins  the 
Indus  fjelow  Moultan.  It  is  joined  by  a 
vast  number  of  streams  in  its  course. 
This  river  is  the  famous  Hydaspes  of 
Alexander  and  is  sometimes  called  Behut. 

Chenango,  a  post  town  of  Tyoga  coun- 
ty, New  York,  situated  on  the  N  side  of 
Tyoga  river,  10  miles  N\V  of  Athens  or 
Tyoga  point.  In  1800  the  township  con-: 
tained  1149  inhabitants. 

Chenango,  a  post  town  in  the  state  of 
New\  York,  and  in  a  county  of  the  same 
name  :  situated  near  the  junction  of. the 
Chenango  river  with  the  Susquehannah, 
and  contains  about  1300  inhabitants. 

Chen-si,  one  of  the  most  extensive  pro- 
vinces of  China,  bordering  on  the  great 
wall.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
eastern  and  western,  and  contains  eight 
cities  of  the  first  rank,  and  106  of  the  se- 
cond and  third.  It  is  fruitful,  commer- 
cial, and  rich,  but  subject  to  long 
droughts  ;  and  clouds  of  locusts  some- 
times destroy  every  thing  that  grows  in 
the  fields  ;  these  insects  the  Chinese  c.  t 
boiled.  In  Chen-si,  arc  rich  gold  mines, 
which,  for  political  reasons  are  not.  al- 
lowed to  be  opened.  Singan-fou  is  the 
capital. 

Chen-yan,  or  Mmg-iUn,  the  capital  of 
Eastern  ChiiK-se  Tartary  (or  country  of 
the  Mantchew  Tartars)  and  cf  a  depart- 
ment of  the  same  name,  which  is 'bound- 
ed on  the  S  by  the  great  wall  of  China. 

ChepeUo,  an  island  in  the  bay  of  Pana- 
ma, three  miles  from  the  city  of  Panama, 
which  it  supplies  with  provisions  and 
fruit.    Lon.  80  15  AV,  lat.  8  46  N., 

Chepxto~iv,  a  town  in  Monmouthshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  Wye,  near 
its  confluence  with  the  Severn  Jt  is 
walled  round,  has  a  handsome  high 
bridge  over  the  river,  and  sends  provi- 
sions and  other  commodities  to  Bristol. 
The  tide  is  said  to  rise  higher  here  than 
in  any  other  part  of  Europe,  it  swelling 
to  50  or  60  feet  perpendicular.  It  is  18 
miles  N  of  Bristol,  and  127  W  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  36  W,  lat.  51  42  N. 


Cher,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing part  of  the  late  province  of  Berry. 
Bourges  in  the  capital. 

Cherasco,  a  considerable  town  of  Pied- 
mont, capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  strong  citadel,  to  which 
the  duke  of  Savoy  retired  in  1706,  du- 
ring- the  siege  of  Turin.  It  is  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Sturia  and  Tanaro, 
upon  a  mountain,  24  miles  SE  of  Turin. 
Lon.  7  58  E,  lat.  44  45N. 

C^heraiv  Court  Jfovse,  the  principal  seat 
of  justice,  in  Durlington  county,  South 
Carolina,  situated  on  the  S  side  of  Black 
Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Great  Pedee.  Here 
is  a  post  office  "424  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Cher a*u  District,  av  district  in  the  state 
of  South  Carolina,  of  which  Cheraw  Court 
House  is  the  principal  seat  of  justice,  is 
a  rich  and  populous  country,  containing 
nearly  20,000  inhabitants. 

Cherbourg,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Channel  and  late'  pro- 
vince of  Normandy.  It  is  remarkable 
for  the  seafight  between  the  English  and 
French  in  1692,  when  the  latter  were 
beat,  and  upwards  of  twenty  of  their 
men  of  war  burnt  near  Cape  la  Hogue. 
The  English  landed  here  in  August  1758, 
took  the  town,  with  the  ships  in  the  ba- 
sin, demolished  the  fortifications,  and 
ruined  the  other  works  which  had  been 
long  begun  for  the  purpose  of  enlarging 
the  harbour,  and  rendering  it  more  safe 
and  convenient.  Cherbourg  is  50  miles 
N  W  of  Caen.    Lon.  1  33  E,  lat.  49  38  N. 

Cheresoui,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
capital  of  Curdistan,  150  miles  N  of  Bag- 
dad. Lon.  44  15  E,'  lat.  35  50  N. 

Cherry  Island,  in  the  Northern  Oceaw, 
between  Norway  and  Greenland.  Lon, 
20  5  E,  lat.  74  30  N. 

Cherty  VaHSy,  a  post  town  in  Otsego 
county,  New  York,  12  miles  NE  of  Coop- 
er's town,  and  60  W  of  Albany. 

Cherso,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice*, with  a  town  of  the  same  name,  near 
Croatia,  belonging  to  the  Venetians.  The 
soil  is  stony  ;  but  it  abounds  in  wine, 
cattle,  oil,  and  excellent  honey.  Lon.  14 
40  E,  lat.  45  11  N. 

Ghersm,  the  capital  of  New  Russia,  in 
the  g-  A  ernment  of  Catharineslaf.  It  Is  a 
new  town  erected  by  Catflkrine  II.  on  the 
N  bank  of  the  Dnciper,  lO^iiles  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Ingulec.  It  is  intend- 
ed to  be  the  principal  mart  of  all  the 
commodities  of  export  and  import.  It 
has  a  dock,  for  the  construction  of  large 
vessels  from  which  several  men  of  war 
and  merchant  ships  have  been  already 
launched.  It  is  supplied  with  fuel  by 
reeds  onlv,  of  which  there  is  an  inex- 


CHE 

haustible  forest  in  the  shallows  of  the 
Dneiper,  opposite  the  town.  Rails,  and 
even  temporary  houses,  are  made  of 
them.  They  are  tall  and  strong-,  and  af- 
ford shelter  to  various  kinds  of  aquatic 
birds,  some  of  which  are  very  beautiful. 
The  fortifications  are  made,  and  the  plan- 
tations formed,  by  malefactors,  who 
amount  to  some  hundreds.  In  17S7,  the 
empress  made  a  triumphant  journey  to 
this  capital,  and  met  the  emperor  Joseph 
II.  Her  intention  it  is  s'aid,  wes  to  be 
crowned  here  queen  of  Taurica,  and  em- 
press of  the  East.  But  the  design,  what- 
ever it  was.  did  not  take  place  ;  and  she 
was  content  to  have  inscribed  over  one 
of  the  gates  of  the  city,  "  Through  this 
gate  lies  the  road  to  Byzantium."  In 
this  place,  in  1790,  the  excellent  Mr. 
Howard,  so  well  known  for  his  plans  of 
reform  of  the  different  hospitals  and  pri- 
sons of  Europe,  fell  a  victim  to  his  in- 
defatigable humanity.  Cherson  is  50 
jndcs  E  of  Oczakow.  Lon.  33  10  E,  lat. 
46  5  X 

Cherlsev,  a  town  in  Surry,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday.  It  is  seated  in  a  low 
Wet  situation  not  far  from  the  river 
Thames,  over  which  is  a  handsome  stone 
bridge  of  seven  arches.  It  is  seven  miles 
W  of  Kingston,  and  20  W  bv  S  of  Lon- 
don,   Lon.  0  20  W,  lat.  51  25  X. 

Cherz,  an  ancient  town  of  Poland,  in 
Masovia,  15  miles  from  Warsaw.  Lon. 
21  8  W,  lat.  52  1  X. 

Chesapeak,  one  of  the  largest  bays  in 
the  known  world.  Its  entrance  is  be- 
tween Cape  Charles  and  Cape  Henry  in 
Virginia,  12  miles  wide,  and  it  extends 
270  miles  to  the  X,1  dividing  Virginia 
from  Maryland,  through  this  extent  it  is 
from  seven  to  18  miles  broad,  and  gene- 
rally nine  fathoms  deep  -r  affording  many 
commodious  harbours,  and  a  safe  navi- 
gation. It  receives  the  Susquchannah, 
Potomac,  Rappahannoc,  York,  andJaitaes 
Rivers,  which  are  all  large  and  naviga- 
ble. Lon.  7&  0  W,  lat.  3&  45  X. 

Che-sham,  a  town  in  Bucks,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  12  miles  SE  of 
Ailesburv,  and  29  W  bv  X  of  London. 
Lon.  0  36  W,  lat.  51  42  X. 

Cheshire,  an  English  county  palatine, 
bounded  on  the  X  by  Lancashire,  on  the 
NE  by  Yorkslgre,  on  the  E  by  Derby- 
shire, on  tlm  vSE  by  Staffordshire,  on  the 
S  by  Shropshire,  on  the  W  by  Denbigh- 
shire and  Flintshire,  and  on  the  XW  by 
the  Irish  Sea.  This  county  extends  33 
miles  from  X  to  S,  and  42  from  E  to  W, 
without  including  a  peninsula  13  miles 
in  length  tmd  six  in  breadth,  which  pro- 
jects into  the  Irish  Sea,  or  a  narrow 
tract  of  land  which  stretches  between 


CHE 

Lancashire  and  Derbyshire,  to  Yorkshire, 
on  the  NE.  It  is  supposed  to  contain^ 
125,000  inhabitants.  It  is  divided  into^ 
seven  hundreds,  containing  one  city,  11 
market-towns,  and  101  parishes.  In  many 
places  of  the  country  are  peat  mosses,  in 
which  are  often  found  trunks  of  fir  trees, 
sometimes  several  feet  under  ground, 
that  are  used  by  the  inhabitants  both  for 
fuel  and  candles.  Here  also  are  many 
lakes  and  pools  well  stored  with  fish  ; 
besides  the  rivers  Mersee,  Weaver,  Dane, 
and  Dee,  which  last  falls  into  a  creek 
of  the  Irish  sea,  near  Chester.  The  coun. 
try  is  generally  level,  the  highest  hills  in 
it  are  about  Erodsham  ;  and  ils  exten- 
sive pastures  feed  a  great  number  of 
cows,  whose  milk  is  peculiarly  rich,  and 
of  which  is  made  excellent  cheese,  for 
which  this  country  is  chiefly  remarkable. 
This  cheese  has  a  peculiar  flavour,  and 
is  not  inferior  to  any  of  Europe.*  Such 
quantities  of  tliese  cheeses  are  m;>':<  , 
that  London  alone  is  said  to  take  annually 
14,000  tons ;  and  vast  quantities  are  also 
sent  to  Bristol,  York,  Scotland,  Ireland, 
&c.  This  county  is  likewise  famous  for 
its  salt  springs  at  Xamptwich,  Middle- 
wich,  Xorthwich,  and  Winsford ;  and, 
at  Xorthwich,  there  are  va„*  pits  of  solid 
salt  rock. 

CheshireK  a  township  of  Berks  county, 
in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  about  130 
miles  from  Boston,  containing  1300  in- 
habitants. 

Cheshire,  a  township  of  Xew  Hav.-n 
county,  Connecticut,  tiistant  about  15 
miles  from  Xew  Haven  City,  and  contain- 
ing about  2500  inhabitants. 

Chester,  the  capital  of  Cheshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday. 
It  is  a  very  ancient  city,  supposed  to 
have  been  founded  by  the  Romans,  ami 
plainly  appeals  to  have  been  a  Roman 
station,  by  the  many  antiquities  which 
have  been  and  are  still  discovered  about 
the  town;  the  walls  are  near  two  miles 
in  circumference,  and  there  are  four 
gates,  towards  the  four  cardinal  points. 
1,1  has  a  strong-  castle,  in  which  is  the 
shire-hall,  and  10  churches,  besides  the 
cathedral.  The  structure  of  the  princi- 
pal streets,  is  very  singular.  They  are 
as  if  excavated  out  of  the  earth  and  sunk 
many  feet  below  the  surface ;  the  carri- 
ages drive  far  beneath  the  level  of  the 
kitchen^  on  a  line  with  ranges  of  shops. 
The  houses  are  mostly'  of  wood,  with 
galleries,  piazzas,  and  covered  walls  be- 
fore them  ;  by  which  not  only  the  shops, 
but  those  who  are  walking  about  the 
town  are  so  hid  that  one  would  imagine 
there  were  scarce  any  inhabitants  in  it, 
though  it  is  very  populous.    The  back 


i 


♦ 


CHE 


C  H  I 


courts  of  all  the  houses  are  on  a  level 
with  the  ground  ;  but  to  go  into  any  of 
the  four  principal  streets,  it  is  necessary 
to  descend  a  flight  of  several  steps.  It 
has  a  constant  communication  whh  Ire- 
land, this  and  Holyhead  being  the  prin- 
cipal places  of  taking  shipping  for  Dub- 
lin. It  has  a  manufacture  of  gloves,  and 
a  considerable  traffic  of  shop  goods  into 
Nv*rih  Wales.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl 
to  the  prince  of  Wales,  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, and  is  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  20 
miles  S  by  E  of  Liverpool,  38  SW  of 
Manchester,  and  182  NW  of  London. 
Lon  3  3  E,  lat.  W,  52  12  N. 

Chester  County,  one  of  the  three  origi- 
nal counties  of  Pennsylvania,  populou^ 
and  well  cultivated.  Besides  its  own  li- 
mits, it  formerly  contained  what  is  now 
called  Delaware  county.  It  is  divided 
into  39  townships,  and  contains  a  popu- 
lation of  about  35,0'-X)  inhabitants. 

Chester,  (originally  culled  Upland,*)  a 
post  town  and  the  capital  ot  Delaware 
county,  Pennsylvania;  seated  on  the  W 
side  of  the  river  Delaware,  15  miles  be- 
low Philadelphia,  and  13  NE  of  Wil- 
mington. This  is  a  very  ancient  town, 
was  the  seat  of  the  first  Legislature, 
after  the  arrival  of  William  Penn,  fcut 
has  long  been  stationary  in  point  of 
growth.    It  has  about  1000  inhabitants. 

Chester,  a  county  of  Pinkney  district, 
in  the  state  of  S  Carolina.  It  is  plcntifulh 
watered  by  Pishing  and  Rocky  creeks, 
and  produces  large  crops  of  wheat,  rye 
;i nd  indian  corn.  The  inhabitants  are 
about  10,000.  The  chief  town  is  Ches- 
ter, situated  on  a  branch  of  Sandy  river. 

Chester,  a  township  of  Windsor  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  having  a  post  office,  and 
about  2000  inhabitants. 

Chester,  a  post  town  of  Rockingham 
county,  New  Hampshire.  It  is  situated 
on  the  E  side  of  Merrimack  river,  about 
30  miles  westward  from  Portsmouth. 

Chester,  West,  the  chief  town  of  Ches- 
ter county,  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania, 
about  25  miles  W  of  Philadelphia* 

Cheater,  a  town  in  Rockingham  county, 
New  Hampshire,  30  miles  westward  from 
Portsmouth,  and  about  the  same  distance 
NW  of  Newbury -Port.  Here  is  a  post- 
office  528  miles  from  Washington. 

Chesterfield,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  and  a  handsome 
church  remarkable  for  its  curved  spire. 
Chesterfield  is  seated  on  a  bill,  between 
the  rivulets  Ibber  and  JRother,  22  miles 
N  of  Derbv,  and  149  NNW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  27  W,  lat.  53  18  N. 

Chesterfield,  a  post  town  in  Cheshire 
county,  New  Hampshire  ;  situated  on  the 


E  side  of  Connecticut  river,  11  miles  W 
of  Marlborough,  and  opposite  to  Brattle 
boro',  Vermont.    It  contained  2161  in- 
habitants at  the  last  census  in  1800. 

Chesterfield,  a  town  of  Essex  county, 
New-York,  having  a  post-office  547  milt  t. 
from  Washington. 

Chesterfield,  a  populous  county  in  the 
state  of  Virginia,  situated  between  James 
and  Appamatox  rivers.  It  contains  about 
14000  inhabitants,  nearly  one  half  slaves. 

Chesterfield,  a  post  town  .  in  Caroline 
county,  Virginia,  34  miles  S  of  Frede- 
ricksburg- on  the  Rappahanoc,  and  ll)»2 
from  Washington. 

Chestertu-zvJi.  the  chief  town  of  Kent 
county,  Maryland;  situated  on  Chester 
river,  17  miles  N  of  Centerville,  and 
about  the  same  distance  SW  of  George- 
town, on  Sassafras  river.  It  is  a  post 
town  and  the  seat  of  a  college. 

Cheviot,  a  district  in  Northumberland, 
to  the  SW  of  Wooller,  on  the  hol  ders  of 
Scotland,  famous  for  the  fiee  chace, 
much  used  here  by  the  English  and  Scots 
gentry.  The  adjacent  country  being  hil- 
ly is  called  the  Cheviot  Hills,  of  which 
one  is  so  high  that  it  is  seen  60  miles 
of]',  and  is  the  first  land  discovered  by 
ships  coming  from  the  E.  This  is  the 
Cheviot  famous  for  the  fierce  encounter 
between  the  English  and  Scots  under 
the  earls  Percy  and  Douglas,  which  i# 
celebrated  in  the  ballad  of  Chevy  Chace. 

Chiapa-de-los-Indios,  a  large  town  of 
North  America,  in  Mexico,  in  a  pro- 
vince of  its  own  name.  Lon.  96  5  W,  lat 
15  16  N. 

Chiapa-el-Real,  a  town  of  North  Ame  - 
rica, in  Mexico,  in  a  province  of  its  own 
name,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Its  principal 
trade  consists  in  cocoa-nuts,  cotton,  and 
sugar.    Lon.  94  45  W,  lat.  17  10  N. 

Chiarenza,  a  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Eu  - 
rope,  in  the  Morea,  opposite  the  island 
of  Zante.    Lon.  21  35  E,  lat.  37  50  N. 

Chiuri,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Bres- 
ciano,  where  the  Imperialists  defeated 
the  French  in  1701.  Lon.  10  17  E,  lat 
45  30  N. 

Chiuro-Monte,  a  town  of  Sicily,  on  a 
mountain,  25  miles  W  of  Svracuse.  Lon. 
14*59  E,  lat.  37  3  N. 

Chiavenna,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  ca 
pital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  un- 
der the  sovereignty  of  the  Grisons.  It  is. 
a  trading  place,  especially  in  wine  and 
delicate  fruits  ;  but  its  chief  support  is 
the  transport  \)f  merchandise,  it  being 
the  principal  communication  between  the 
Milanese  and  Germany.  Chiavenna  is 
seated  near  the  lakes  of  Chiavenna  and 
Como.    Lon.  9  19  E,  lat.  46  19  N. 

Chiavenna,  hoqhetto  di,  a  small  lake 


C  H  I 

of  the  country  of  the  Grisons,  in  Swis- 
serland,  near  the  town  of  Chiavenna,  re- 
markable for  its  delightful  views,  which 
are  wild  and  magnificent.  It  is  surround- 
ed by  barren  rocks,  craggy,  and  rising 
into  spires  sprinkled  with  snow.  The 
bases  of  these  dreadful  precipices  are 
lose  in  the  overshadowed  water,  dange- 
rous on  account  of  its  malignant  vapours, 
and  affording"  no  asylum,  scarcely  a  l:md- 
ing*  place,  to  the  crews  of  thor-'  frail 
boats,  which  are  caught  unwarily  in  the 
violent  storms  to  which  it  is  subject. 

Chicasaios,  a  nation  of  Indians,  settled 
on  the  head  branches  of  the  Tombecbe, 
Mobile,  and  Yazoo  rivers,  in  the  NW 
corner  of  Georgia.  The  number  of  these 
Indians  has  been  reckoned  at  1725,  of 
which  575  are  fighting  men.  They  have 
seven  towns,  the  central  one  of  which  is 
in  Ion.  89  43  W,  lat.  34  23  N 

Chichester,  the  capital  of  Sussex,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday. 
It  is  surrounded  with  a  wall,  which  has 
four  gates  answering  to  the  four  cardinal 
points ;  from  which  run  two  streets  that 
cross  one  another  in  the  middle  and  form 
a  square,  where  the  market  is  kept,  and 
where  is  a  fine  stone  piazza  built  by  bi- 
shop Red.  The  principal  manufacture 
is  malt  and  needles.  Its  market  is  noted 
for  fish,  wheat,  barley,  malt  and  oats  : 
the  finest  lobsters  in  England,  are  bred 
in  the  Lavant,  and  it  is  observable,  that 
this  river  unlike  most  others  is  very  low 
in  winter,  but  in  summer  often  overflows 
its  banks.  It  is  61  miles  SW  of  London. 
Lon.  0  48  W,  lat.  50  50  N. 

CM  Chester,  Upper  and  Lower,  two  town- 
ships of  Delaware  comity,  Pennsylvania. 
They  are  contiguous,  and  the  eastern- 
most bounds  on  the  river  Delaware. 

Chiekfa,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  the  Morea.  It  was  taken  "by  the  Vene- 
tians in  1685  ;  but  the  Turks  retook  it. 
Lon.  22  28  E,  lat.  36  25  N. 

Chiemsee,  a  lake  of  Germany,  in  Bava- 
ria, which  contains  an  island  and  town  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  bishop's  see.  The 
island  is  17  miles  in  circumference,  and 
the  town  is  22  miles  WSW  of  Saltzburg. 

Chieri,  a  fortified  town  of  Piedmont, 
seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  in  a 
pleasant  country,  bounded  on  all  sides  by 
hills  covered  with  vines.  It  is  eight 
miles  E  of  Turin. 

CJufti,  a  town  of  ^Naples,  capital  of  A- 
bruzzo  Citeriore,  with  an  archbishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  on  a.molintain  near  the 
river  Pescara,  eight  miles  SW  of  Pes- 
cara,   Lon.  15  7E,  lat.  42  20  N. 

ChigxoelL,  a  village  in  Essex,  near  Ep- 
ping  Forest,  noted  for  a  freeschool, 
founded  by  archbishop  Harsnett,  who 


C  H  I 

had  been  vicar  of  this  place.  Chigwcll 
is  10  miles  NE  of  London. 

Chihiri,  or  Port-Cheer,  a  seaport  of 
Arabia  Felix,  which  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade.  Lon.  49  25  E,  lat.  14 
40  N 

Chilesbnrq;  a  post  town  in  Caroline 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  E  side  of  Pa- 
in unkey  river,  32  miles  S  by  W  of  Fre- 
dericksburg, on  the  Rappahannoc,  arid 
90  miles  from  Washington. 

Chili,  a  large  country  of  South  Ame- 
rica, on  the  coast  of  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  by  Diego  d'Almagro 
in  1525.  The  mountainous  part  of  it  is 
still  possessed  by  the  Puelches,  Araucos, 
and  other  tribes  of  its  original  inhabi- 
tants, formidable  neighbours  to  the  Spa- 
niards, with  whom,  during  two  centu- 
ries, they  have  been  obliged  to  maintain 
almost  perpetual  hostility  suspended  only 
by  a  few  intervals  of  insecure  peace.  The 
Spanish  colonies,  therefore,  are  dispers- 
ed on  the  borders  of  the  South  Sea,- to 
an  extent  of  about  900  miles.  They  are 
parted  from  Peru  by  a  desert  of  80 
leagues  in  breadth,  and  bounded  by  the 
island  of  Chiloe,  at  the  extremity  next 
the  straits  of  Magellan.  The  climate  of 
Chili  is  the  most  delightful  in  the  New 
World.  Though  bordering  on  the  Tor- 
rid Zone,  it  never  feels  the  extremities 
of  heat,  being  rendered  cool  and  agree- 
able by  its  vicinity  to  the  Andes.  The 
fertility  of  the  suH  corresponds  with  'lie 
benignity  of  the  climate,  and  is  wonder- 
fully accommodated  to  European  produc- 
tions, which  have  all  improved  in  that 
happy  climate.  The  most  valu  .hie  of 
these,  corn,  wine,  and  oil,  abound  in 
Chili,  as  if  they  had  been  native  in  the 
country.  The  horned  cattle  are  of  a  lar- 
ger size  than  those  of  Spain ;  and  its 
horses  excel  in  beauty  and  spirit,  the  fa- 
mous Andalusian  race  from  which  they 
sprung.  Nature"  too  has  enriched  Chili 
with  valuable  mines  of  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per,, and  lead.  Yet  with  all  these  advan- 
tages Chili  has  no  direct  communication 
with  the  mother-country.  Their  trade 
is  confined  to  Peru,  Paraguay,  and  the 
savages  on  their  frontiers.  Chili  is  go- 
verned by  a  chief,  who  is  absolute  in  all 
civil,  political  and  military  affairs,  and 
is  also  independent  of  the  viceroy.  In 
the  whole  extent  of  Chili  there  arc  not 
above  80,000  white  inhabitants,  and 
240,000  negroes  and  people  of  a  mixed 
race. 

Chilicntha,  the,capital  of  Ross  county, 
in  the  state  of  Ohio ;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Sciota  river  about  50  miles  by 
land,  above  its  confluence  with  Ohio 
river.    It  is  surrounded  by  a  large  body 


CHI 


CHI 


of  fine  lands,  and  possesses  the  advan- 
tage of  an  extensive  inland  navigation . 
it  contains  about  200  houses,  of  which 
several  are  mercantile  stores,  and  two 
printing  offices  that  publish  weekly  news- 
papers. Here  is  a  post-office,  but  the 
seat  of  government  for  the  state  has  been 
recently  transferred  to  another  place. 

C/iilka,  a  lake  in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoo- 
stan,  which  bounds  the  five  Circars  on 
the  N.  It  is  40  miles  in  length  from  NE 
to  SW,  and  >n  most  places  11  or  15  wide, 
with  a  narrow  slip  of  sandy  ground  be- 
tween it  and  the  sea.  It  has  many  in- 
habited islands  on  it.  On  the  NW  it  is 
bounded  by  a  ridge  of  mountains,  a  con- 
tinuation of  that  which  extends  from  the 
Mahanuddy  .to  the  Godavery  river,  and 
shuts  up  the  Circars  towards  the  conti- 
nent. It  affords  an  agreeable  diversity 
of  objects;  mountains,  islands-,  and  for- 
ests ;  and  an  extended  surface  of  water, 
with  boats  and  small  vessels  sailing  on 
it.  To  those  who  sail  at  some  distance 
from  the  coast,  this  lake  has  the  appear- 
ance of  a  deep  bay  ;  the  slip  of  land  not 
being  visible. 

Chiloe,  an  island  of  South  America,  on 
the  coast  of  Chili,  125  miles  in  length, 
and  17  in  breadth.  The  principal  town 
is  Castro. 

Chiltern,  a  chain  of  chalky  hills,  run- 
ning from  E  to  W  through  Buckingham- 
shire,  and  forming  the  S  part  or  the 
county.  They  are  covered,  in  various 
parts,  with  woods  :  and  some  of  the  emi- 
nences are  of  considerable  height,  and 
afford  rich  prospects.  The  air  on  these 
heights  is  extremely  healthful;  the  Soil, 
though  stony,  produces  good  cropa  of 
wheat  and  barley.  This  district  belongs 
to  the  crown,  which,  for  time  immemo- 
rial,  has  had  an  officer  under  it,  with 
the  title  of  Steward  of  the  Chiltern  Hun- 
dreds. » 

Chimay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  and  late  province 
of  Hainault,  seated  on  the  river  Blanche, 
20  miles  SSWof  Charleroy.  Lon.  4  15 
E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

ClanHeva^  an  ancient  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  nVAlbania,  capital  of  a  territory 
of  the  same  name,  including  a  chain  of 
mountains,  of  which  one  part- is  free,  and 
the  other  subject  to  the  Turks.  Ib  la 
seated  on  a  rock  at  the  entrance  of  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  29  miles  N  of  Corfu. 
Lon.  20  8  E,  lat.  40  8  N. 

Chimbeigh,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  almost 
surrounded  bv  the  river  Dart ;  and  is  21 
mile*  NW  of  Exeter,  and  195  W  bv  S  of 
London,    Lon.  3  53  W,  lat.  50  57  N. 

China;  an  extensive  empire  in  Asia, 


bounded  on  the  N  by  Tarjtary,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  great  wall,  500 
leagues  in  length  ;  on  the  E  by  the  Yel- 
low Sea  and  the  Chinese  Ocean  •  on  the 
S  by  that  ocean  arid  the  kingdoms  of 
Tonquin,  Laos,  and  Burmah  ;  a»id  on 
the  W  bv  Thibet.  It  lies  between  100 
and  125  E  lon.  and  20  and  41  N  lat.  It 
is  2000  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  1500  from 
E  to  W,  and  divided  into  15  provinces, 
which  contain  4402  walled  cities,  divid- 
ed into  classes,  the  civil  and  the  milita- 
ry ;  .the  civil  class  contains  2045,  and 
hat  of  the  military  2357.  It  is  in  gene- 
ral a  plain  and  level  country,  with  few 
mountains  of  any  note,  but  the  rivers  are 
very  numerous  and  considerable  ;  though 
the  water  commonly  used  is  of  a  very  in- 
different quality,  and  sometinles  requires 
boiling  to  render  it  fit  for  use.  The  nu- 
merous rivers  are  of  great  service  for  the 
inland  navigation  of  the  country,  and  it 
is  besides  assisted  by  such  numbers  of 
canals  as  £re  not  to  be  met  with  in  any 
country  of  the  world.  These  are  formed 
in  a  maniier  superior  to  that  of  other  na- 
tions ;  the  principal  being  lined  with 
hewii  stone,  so  deep  that  they  are  able 
to  carry  vessels  of  any  burden,  and  ex- 
tending in  some  places  1000  miles  in 
length.  They  are  furnished  with  stone 
quays,  and  sometimes  with  bridges  of  a 
surprising  construction.  The.  "vessels 
are  fitted  with  all  the  conveniences  o  f 
,Ufe,  and  it  has  been  supposed  that  the 
empire  of  China  contains  as  many  inhabi- 
tants by  water  as  by  land.  Their  navi- 
gation, however,  is  slow,  and  they  are 
sometimes  drawn  by  men.  According  to 
the  calculations  of  faiher  Amiot,  China 
contains  200,000,000  inhabitants.  Aston- 
as  this  may  appear  to  Europeans, 
Abbe  Ci  osier  is  of  opinion  that  this  ac- 
count is  by  no  means  exaggerated  ;  and 
he  himself  not  only  states  all  the  calcu- 
lations of  Amiot,  but  gives  a  variety  of 
reasons,  from  circumstances  almost  pe- 
culiar to  China,  to  account  for  this  won- 
derful population  in  that  remote  corner 
of  Asia.  The  climate  and  soil  are  vari- 
ous, as  the  different  provinces  are  nearer 
to,  or  vemote  from,  the  S ;  severe  cold 
being  felt  at  Pekin,  while  the  southern 
provinces  are  exposed  to  excessive  heat. 
In  several  of  the  provinces,  the  land 
yields  two  crops. a-ycar  ;  yet,  though  the 
husbandman  cultivates  it  with  such  care, 
as  not  to  (lose  ,  the  smallest  portion  of 
ground,  China  has  been  often  desolated 
by  famine.  Its  numerous  mountains 
(which  are  cljtrfly  in  the  N  and  W  par'  s 
of  the  empire)  contain  mines  of  iron,  tin, 
copper,  quicksilver,  gold,  and  silver ; 
but  those  of  gold  and  silver  are  not  per- 


C  H  1 


CHI 


mi  t  ted  to  be  opened  ;  the  emperors  hav- 
ing always  feared,  lhat  if  the  peopli 
should  be  exposed  to  the  temptation  of 
these  artificial  riches,  they  would  be  in- 
duced to  neglect  t!ie  more  useful  labours 
of  agriculture.    Quarries  of  marble,  eoal 
mines,  lapis  lazuli,  rock  crystals,  pre- 
cious stoneS,  and  a  kind  of  sonorous 
stones,  of  which  musical  instruments 
are  composed,  are  abundant  in  China. 
They  have  potter's  earth  too  of  such  va- 
rious and  superior  kinds,  that  their  cele- 
brated fine  porcelain  will  ever  remain 
unrivalled.    The  whole  of  the  finest  is 
reserved  for  the  emperor,  so  that  none  of 
it  ever  conies  into  the  hands  of  other  per- 
sons, unless  it  happen  to  be  cracked  or 
otherwise  damaged  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  be  unworthy  of  being1  presented  to  the 
sovereign.    There  is  some  doubt  there- 
fore, if  any  of  the  finest  Chinese  porce- 
lain was  ever  seen  in  Europe.  Besides 
the  fruits  peculiar  to  the  country,  China 
produces  the  greater1  part  of  those  of 
Europe  ;  but  (excepting  the  grapes  and 
pomegranates)  they  are  much  inferior. 
Oranges  were  first  brought  us  from  Chi- 
li:'-.   They  have  also  lemons,  citrons,  the 
tse-tse,  a  kind  of  fig-  peculiar  to  China  ; 
the  li-tchi,  of  the  size  of  a  date,  its  stone 
covered  with  a  soft  juicy  pulp  of  an  ex- 
quisite taste,  but  dangerous  when  eaten 
to  excess :  the  long-yen,,  or  dragon's- 
eyes,  its  pulp  white,  tart  and  juicy,  not 
so  agreeable  to  the  taste,  but  more  whole- 
some than  the  li-tchi.   The  Chinese;  sur- 
pass us  in  the  art  of  managing-  kitchen- 
gardens,  and  have  a  number  of  vege-, 
tables  unknown  to  us.    They  cultivate 
even  the,  bottom  of  their  waters ;  the 
beds  of  their  lakes,  ponds  and  rivulets, 
producing  crops  unknown  to  us,  particu- 
larly of  the  pitsi,  or  water  chesnut,  the 
fruit  of  which  (found  in  a  cover  formed 
|jy  its  root)  is  exceedingly  wholesome, 
and  of  a  very  delicate  taste.    The  moun- 
tains and  vast  forests  abound  with  wild 
animals  of  every  species;  but  that  valu- 
able quadruped,  the  musk-deer  is  pecu- 
liar to  it.   Of  their  birds,  the  most  beau- 
tiful in  China,  and  perhaps,  in  the  world, 
is  the  kir.-hi,  or  golden  fowl.    The  com- 
plexion of  the  Chinese  is  a  sort  of  tawny, 
and  they  have  large  foreheads,  small 
eyes,  short  noses,  large  ears,  long  beards, 
and  black  hair ;  and  those  are  thought 
to  be  the  most  handsome  who  are  the 
most  bulky.    The  women  affect' a  great 
deal  of  modesty,  and  are  remarkable  for 
their  little  feet.    The  men  endeavour  to 
make  as  pompous  an  appearance  as  pos- 
sible, when  they  go  abroad;  and  yet 
their  house's  are  mean  artel  low,  consist- 
ing only  of  a  ground  floor.  Learning, 


with  the  arts  and  sciences  in  general,  is 
much  cultivated  in  this  country.  The 
government  is  absolute,  and  the  emperor 
is  more  unlimited  in  his  authority  than 
any  o: her  monarch  upon  earth  ;  his  edicts 
.d-e  respected  through  the  empire,  as  if 
they  came  from  a  divinity  ;  he  aione  has 
the  disposal  of  all  places,   and  merit 
alone,  real  or  supposed,  raises  to  an 
office,    lie  has  likewise  the  privilege  of 
choosing  his  successor,  and  there  have 
been  several  instances  of  his  making  use 
of  ibis  right ;  but  the  chief  mandarin  has 
permission  to  tell  him  of  his  faults.  He 
Looks  upon  his  subjects  as  his  children, 
and  professes  to  govern  them  with  pater- 
aal  affection.    Their  empire  is  very  an- 
cient, and  they  pretend  that  it  existed 
many  thousand  years  before  Noah's  flood ; 
it  is  generally  allowed  to  have  continued 
4000  years.    The  annual  revenues  of  the 
crown  are  computed  at  41,000,000/.  ster- 
ling, and  the  horse  are  said  to  consist  of 
5,000,000  in  time  of  peace ;  but  they 
have  no  enemies  to  cope  with.  The  prin- 
cipal defence  of  the  empire  against  a 
foreign  enemy  is  the  great  wall  which 
separates  China  from  Tartary,  extending 
more  than  1500  miles  in  length,  and  of 
such  thickness  that  six  horsemen  may 
easily  ride  abreast  upon  it.    It  is  flanked 
with  towers  two  bowshots  distant  from 
each  other  ;  and  it  is  said  that  a  third  of 
the  able-bodied  men  in  the  empire,  were 
employed  in  constructing  it.    The  work- 
men were  orderc  d  under  pain  of  death  to 
place  the  materials  so  closely,  that  not 
the  least  entrance  might  be  afforded  for 
any  instrument  of  iron ;  and  thus  the 
work  was  constructed  with  such  soli- 
dity, that  it  is  still  almost  entire,  though 
2000  years  have  elapsed  since  it  was  con- 
structed.   Their  religion  is  Paganism. 
The  Chinese  are  allowed  only  to  have 
one  wife,  whose,  rank  and  age  must  be 
nearly  equal  to  that  of  their  husbands  ; 
but  they  are  allowed.. to  have  several  con- 
cubines, whom  they  admit  into  their 
house  s  without  any  formality,  after  pay- 
ing the  parents  a  sjum  of  money,  and  en- 
tering into  a  written  engagement  to  use 
their  daughters  well.    Divorces  are  al- 
lowed in  China  in  cases  of  adultery,  mu- 
tual dislike,  incompatibility  of  tempers, 
jeal  iusy,  &c.   No  husband,  however,  can 
put  away  or  sell  his  wife  until  a  divorce  . 
is  legally  obtained ;  and  if  this  regula- 
tion be  not  strictly  observed,  the  buyer 
and  seller  become  equally  culpable.    If  a 
wife  lately  married,  privately  withdraws 
herself  from  her  husband,  he  may  imme- 
diately commence  an  action  at  law,  by 
the  sentence  of  which  she  becomes  his 
slave,  and  he  is  at  liberty  to  sell  her  to 


C  H  I 


CHI 


whom  be  pleases.  On  the  other  hand, 
if  an  husband  leaves  his  wife  for  three 
years,  she  is  at  liberty,  after  laying  her 
case  before  the  mandarins,  to  take  ano- 
ther husband  -,  but  if  she  were  to  antici- 
pate their  consent,  she  would  be  liable 
to  a  severe  punishment.  The  Chinese 
pretend  to  have  a  great  veneration  for 
5  their  ancestors  ;  and  some  keep  images 
of  them  in  their  houses,  to  w  hich  they 
pay  a  sort  of  adoraiion.  They  have  laws 
which  regulate  the  civilities  and  cere 
monious  salutations  they  pay  to  each 
other,  for  which  reason  they  always  ap- 
pear to  be  extremely  goodnatured ;  and 
yet  they  are  as  deceitful  as  any  people  it: 
the  world.  Their  writing1  is  very  parti- 
cular, for  every  letter  is  a  word,  and 
consequently  they  have  as  man)r  letters 
or  characters,  as  words  in  their  lan- 
guage. All  their  towns  are  so  much 
alike,  that  thuse  who  know  one,  are  ac- 
quainted with  all.    Pekin  is  the  capital. 

Ckinca,  a  seaport  of  Peru,  seated  on  a 
river,  in  a  valley  'of  its  own  name,  90 
miles  S  of  Lima.  Lon.  76  15  W,  lat.  13 
10  S.  ^sWM 

Chinon,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
'  the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and 
late  province  of  Touraine,  with  a  castle, 
in  which  Henry  II.  king  of  England  ex 
pired.  Chinon  is  the  birth-place  of  Ka- 
bclais  and  of  Quillet.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Vienne,  10  miles  X  of-  Richelieu,  and 
150  S\V  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  22  E,  lat.  47 
12  X. 

Chinsitra,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
.  per,  in  Bengal.  It  is  a  settlement  of 
the  Dutch,  and  is  seated  on  thus  river 
Hoogly,  nearly  midway  he: ween  Chan- 
dernagore,  anidhe  old  town  of  Hoogly. 
It  contains  sevcraF  good  houses,  and  a 
church,  with  a  little*  mole  projecting- 
into  the  river.  It  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1795.  -  f  /  .  '^|^EfiBP^fe5^ 
'  Chimj^a.  town  of  the  Xetherlancls,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  in 
Austrian  Luxemburg,  57  miles  W  of  Lux- 
emburg. Lon.  5  37  B,  lat.  49  45  X. 
.  Chios,  Scio,  or  Kio,  by  the  Turks  cal- 
led Satc'i  Saduci,  an  island  lying  near  the 
coast  of  Ionia,  in  Asia  Minor,  about  100 
miles* ,W  of  Smyrna.  It  is  mountainous 
and  rocky,  and  about  100  miles*  in  cir- 
cuit The  number  of*  its  inhabitants  is 
f  almost  incredible,  having,  besides  others, 
upwards  of  a  million  of  Greeks,  who 
have  300  churches  here,  besides  chapels 
and  monasteries.  It  abounds  with  excel- 
lent wines  ;  and  from  thence  the  ancients 
had  their  nectar. 

Chios,  the  capital  of  the  above  island. 
It  stands  on  the  E  coast,  is  as  well  built 
as  most  of  the  towns  in  the  Levant,  the 


Genoese  h'avihg  been  long  in  the  posses- 
sion of  it.  The  natives  pretend  that  Ho- 
mer was  born  here,  and  shew  a  place 
they  call  his  school,  at  the  foot  of  mount 
Epos,  about  four  miles  frcm  the  citjv 
Lon.  '27  5  E,  lat.  38  6  X. 

Chiov.rlic,  an  ancient  town  of  Romania, 
with  the  see  of  a  Greek  bishop.  It  is 
seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  47 
miles  VV  of  Constantinople.    Lon.  27  57 

E^lat:  41:|||p>  TrWEs^ 

ChiQ-zo,  anciently  Fossa  Claudia,  a 
town  and  island  of  Italy,  in  the  territory 
of  Venice,  Wuh  a  bish  >p's  see,  and  a 
harbour  defended  by  a  fort  It  is  18 
miles  3  of  Venice.  Lon.  12  9  E,  lat.  45 
J7  N/  '    '     •      :  ' 

Clipfcvkcm,  a  borough  in  Wilts,  with, 
a  murfet  on  Saturday.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament ;  and  is  seated 
on  the  Avon,  over'  which  is  a  stone 
bridge  of  16  arches,  21  miles  E  of  Bris- 
tol, and  94  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  8  W, 
lat.  51  27  X. 

Chirk,  a  village  S  of  Wrexham,  in  Den- 
bighshire. It  had  formerly  two  castles, 
on  the  top  of  a  hill,  one  of  which  seems 
o  have  been  jrmagniliccnt  structure. 

Chislchvr'st,  a  village  in  Kent,  near 
Bromley.  Here  is  Camden  Place,  the 
ancient  seat  of  earl  Camden,  and  the  re- 
sidence of  the  celebrated  antiquary  ot* 
that  name,  who  died  here.  Here  like- 
wise were  born  Sir  Xicholas  Bacon,  and 
Sir  Francis  Wals'mghani.  It  is  11  miles 
ESE  of  London.  v 

C/iis:nc,  a  seaport  of  Xatolia,  on  the 
strait  that  parts  the  continent  from  the 
isle  of  Scio.  It  was  anciently  called  Cys- 
sus,  was  celebrated  for  the^reat  victory 
which  the  Romans  gained  here  over  the 
fleet  of  Antiochus,  in  191  BC,  and  has 
been  distinguished  by  the  destruction  of 
she  Turkish  fleet  by  tire  Russians  in 

'  [isvjlek,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  on 
the -Thames.  Here  is  Chiswick  House, 
a.  celebrated  villa  of  the  duke  of  Devon- 
shire, built  by  the  earl  of  Burlirfgton, 
after  a  design  of  Palladio.  In  the  church- 
yard is  a  monument  to  Hogarth,  with  an 
epitaph  by  Garrick.  ii  is  five  miles  W 
by  S  of  Lordoih  ' 

ChitQ_i,  the  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name  in  the  Hither  India.  This 
city  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  seat  of 
Ponis's  dominions,  who  engaged  Alex- 
ander. It  lies  256  miles  XE  of  Surat, 
and  is  subject  ro  the  Great  Mogul.  Lon. 
76  10  E,  lat  23  30  N/ML  V$$j 

ChiUr,  a  city  of  Piedmont  in  Iraj$j  si- 
tuated on  the  Po,  ten  miles  X  of  Turin  ; 
it  was  taken  by  the  French  after  a  gal- 
lant defence  in  1705,  but  recovered  by 


CHO 


CHR 


the  confederates  the  following  year ;  it 
is  subject  to  the  king  of  Sardinia.  Lon. 
7  35  B,  lat.  45  12  N. 

Chitro,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  on  the 
bay  of  Salonichi,  where  the  mother,  wife; 
and  son  of  Alexander  were  murdered  by 
Cassander ;  and  where  Perseus  was  de- 
feated by  the  Romans.  Lon.  22  35  E,  lat. 
40  20  W* 

CJtitterdrbog,  a  town  of  the  peninsula 
of  Hmdoostan,  in  Mysore,  117"  miles  N 
by  W  of  Seringaoatam.    Lon.  76  15  E, 

lat.  145  n.  •' ^.9^0SFfflf 

Chivas,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  which 
has  been  several  times  taken  and  reta- 
ken. It  is  so  advantageously  situated 
near  the  river  Po,  that  it  is  ealled  the 
key  of  Italv.  It  is  12  miles  XE  of  Turin. 
Lon.  7  47  E,  lat.  45  13  X. 

Chiusi,  an  episcopal  town  of  Tuscany> 
poorly  peopled,  on  account  of  its  un- 
wholesome air.  Tt  is  35  miles  SE  of  Si- 
enna.   L6n.  10  52  E,  lat.  43  0  X. 

Chiiiiqye,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
capital  of  Natolia  Proper,  and  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Grand  Signior  before  the 
taking  of  Constantinople.  Tt  is  seated  on 
the  river  Avala,  75  miles  E  of  Bursa. 
Lon.  30  47  E,  lat.  39  30  X. 

Choczim,  a  town  of  Moldavia,  oil  the 
Dniester.  It  surrendered  in  1783  :o  the 
Russians  and  Austrians,  but  ww?  restor- 
ed to  the  Turks  at  the  subsequent  peace. 
It  is  110  miles  XW  of  Jassy.  Lon.  26  25 
W.  lat.  43  46  X. 

Cholet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de 
partment  of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  lat«. 
province  of  .\njour  with  a  castle,  170 
miles  SWof  Paris.  '  Lon.  0  45  W,  lat.  47 
.10  X. 

'Chonat,  an  episcopal  town  of  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  Merich,  25  miles  E  of  Segedin.  Lon. 
21  4  E,  lat.  46  20  X.      >  T*  '  >'  v^**i 

C.hoptuub,  a  navigable  river  on  the 
Eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  which  rising 
in  Queen  Ann  county,  rims  nearly  in 
S  direction  to,  near  Cambridge,  and  flows 
from  thence  westwardly  into  Cliesapfe'ak 
bay. 

Charges,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  tipper  Alps  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Dauphiny,  burnt  bv  the  duke  o! 
Savoy  in  1692.  It  is  10  miles  E  of  Gap 
Lon.  6  23  E,  lat.  44  35  X. 

Ghorley,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  With  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  near 
the  source  of  a  rivulet  called  Chor,  not 
far  from  the  river  Yarrow,  six  miles  SSE 
of  Preston,  and  205  XW  of  London. 
Lon*  2  45  W,  lat.  5 J  33  X. 

Ch'noon,  a  county  of  North  Carolina,  in 
Edenton  district,  hounded  eastward  by 
the  river  Pbrquimons,  and  westward  b\ 


the  river  Chowan;  on  the  S  by  Albe- 
marle sound,  and  X  by  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia 

Clw-wky  a  town  on  the  coast  of  Mala- 
bar, with  a  harbour  for  small  vessels* 
which  is  fortified.  It  is  15  miles  S  of 
Bombay.    Lon.  72  45  E,  lat.  IS  42  X. 

Chremnitz,  the  chief  mine  town  in  Up- 
per Hungary,  90  miles  XE  of  Presburg. 
Lon.  19  27  E,  lat.  48  59  X. 

Christchurdi,  a  borough  in  Hampshire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  is  a  pret- 
ty good  town,  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Avon  and 
Stour,  98  miles  SW  of  London.  Lon.  1 
46  W,  lat.  50  45  X. 

Christ  Church,  a  parish  of  Charleston 
district,  in  the  state  of  Virginia,  con- 
taining 3600  inhabitants,  3500  of  whom 
are  slaves. 

Christiana,  a  village  with  a  post-office, 
in  New  Castle  county,  Delaware;  seated 
on  Christiana  creek,  n;ne  miles  above 
Wilmington,  and  37  SW  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

Christiania,  a  city  of  Southern  Norway, 
in  the  government  of  Aggerhuys,  situated 
at  the  extremity  of  a  fertile  \ alley,  form- 
ing a  semicircular  bend  along  the  shore 
of  the  beautiful  bay  of  Biorning,  which 
forms  the  X  extremity  of  the  gulf  of 
Christiania.  The  castle  of  Aggerhuys  is 
built  on  a  rocky  eminence  on  the  W  side 
of  the  bay,  at  a  small  distance  from  the 
city.  The  town  is  divided  into  the  city, 
the  suburbs  of  Waterlandt,  Peterwigen, 
and  Fierdingen ;  the  fortress  of  Agger- 
mys  ;  and  the  old  town  of  Opsloe  or  An- 
sloe.  The  streets  are  carried  in  a 
straight  line,  and  at  right  angles  to  each 
other,  arc  uniformly  40  feet  broad,  and 
-cry  neat  and  clean.  The  inhabitants 
..mount  to  about  9^00.  The  city  was  re- 
built in  its  present  situation  by  Christian 
IV.  after  a 'plan  designed  by  himself. 
The  governor  is  'the  chief  governor  of 
Norway,  and  presides  m  tne  high  court 
of  justice.  Opsloe  was  the  site  of  the 
old  city,  burnt  in  1624.  It  contains  the 
episcopal  palace.  Chris' iania  has  an  ex- 
cellent harbour,  and  carries  on  a  consi- 
derable tn  de.  Its  principal  exports  are 
tar,  soap,  iron,  copper,  planks,  cleals, 
and  alum.  The  planks  and  deals  are  of 
superior  estimation  to  those  sent  from  A- 
merica,  or  from  Russia  and  the  other 
parts  of  the  Baltic.  It  has  136  privileged 
sawmills,  of  which  100  belong  to  a  sin- 
gle family  of  the  name  of  Anker.  Chris- 
tiania is  30  miles  from  the  open  sea,  and 
290  X  bv  W  of  Copenhagen.    Lon.  10  50 

e,  ^^^SBSK^S^tKK^tB^1^ 

Chriskanople,**  strong  seaport  of  Swe- 


C  H  U 


CHU 


den,  on  the  Baltic,  and  capital  of  Blek- 
ingen.  It  is  13  miles  N'B  of  Carlescro.on. 
Lon.  16  47  E,  lat.  56  26  X. 

Christianburg,  a  fort  of  Africa  on  the 
gold  coast  ot  Gutnea,  subject  to  the 
Danes.    Lon.  1  55  E,  lat.  4  io  N. 

Christianstadt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
the  territory  of  Blekingen.  The  town,  is 
small,  but  neatly  built,  and  is  esteemed 
the  strongest  fortress  in  Sweden.  The 
houses  are  all  of  brick,  and  mostly  stuc- 
coed white.  The  town  is  seated  in  a 
marshy  plane,  close  to  the  river  Helge-a, 
which  flows  into  the  Bal  ic  at  Alius, 
about  the  distance  of  20  miles,  and  is 
•navigable  only  for  small  craft  of  seven 
tons  burden.  The  inhabitants  have  ma- 
nufactures of  silken  stuffs,  and  carry  on 
a  snii.ll  degree  of  commerce.  It  is  5u 
miles  XE  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  14  10  E. 
lat.  56  25  X. 

Christiansville,  a  post  town  in  Meck- 
lenburg county.  Virginia,  on  the  Meher- 
rin  river,  243  miles  from  Washington. 

Christina,  St.,  one  of  the  islands  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  called  the  Maroue- 
sas.  Lon.  139  9  W,  lat.  9  56  S. 

Christmas  Island,  an  island  in  the  N 
Pacific  Ocean,  so  named  by  Captain 
Cook,  on  account  of  his  first  landing 
there  on  Christmas  day.  It  is  45  miles 
in  circumference,  uninhabited,  and  de- 
stitute of  fresh  water  ;  but  has  abun- 
dance of  fine  turtle.  Lon.  157  30  W,  lat. 
1  59  N. 

Christmas  Sound,  a  sound  of  South  A- 
raerica^  in  Terra  del  Fuego.  Lon.  70  2 
W,  lat!  55  21  S. 

Christopher,  St.,  or  St.  KitCs,  one  of 
the  Leeward  Islands  in  the  West  Indies, 
60  miles  W  of  Antigua.  It  was  formerly 
inhabited  by  the  French  and  English : 
but,  in  1713,  it  was  ceded  to  the  latter. 
It  is  20  miles  in  breadth,  and  seven  in 
length,  and  has  high  mountains  in  the 
middle,  whence  rivulets  flow,  which  are 
of  great  use  to  the  inhabitants.  Between 
the  mountains  are  dreadful  rocks,  horrid 
precipices,  and  thick  woods  ;  and  in  the 
SW  parts,  hot  sulphureous  springs  at  the 
foot  of  them.  The  air  is  good,' the  soil 
light,  sandy,  and  fruitful;  but  it  is  sub- 
ject to  hurricanes.  The  produce  is  chief- 
ly sugar,  cotton,  ginger,  indigo,  and  the 
tropical  fruits  It  was  taken  bv  the 
French  in  1782,  but  restored  the"  next 
year.    Basseterre  is  the  capital. 

Chudleigh,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday;  seated  near  the 
river  Teigne,  nine  miles  SW  of  Exeter; 
and  185  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  39 
W,  lat.  50  38  X. 

Chunar,  a  fort  of  Ilindoctftan  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  AllaliabSw  It  is  seat- 


ed on  the  Ganges,  20  miles  above  Be- 
nares, and  is  built  on  a  n-ek,  which  is 
fortified  all  round  by  a  wall,  and  towers 
at  various  distances.  At  the  end,  over- 
looking the  river,  is  situated  the  cita- 
iei,  which  has  formerly  been  strong-. 
This  fort  is  said  to  be  of  the  hig'hest  an 
tjquity,  and  originally  built  by  the  Hin- 
doos. In  the  citadel  is  an  altar,  consist- 
ing  of  a  plain  black  marble  slab,  on  which 
the  tutelary  deny  of  the  place  is  tradi- 
tionally supposed  to  be  -seated  at  all 
times,  except  from  sunrise  till  nine  in 
the  morning,  whence  is  at  Benares  ;  du- 
ring which  time,  from  the  superstition  of 
the  Hindoos,  attacks  may  be  made  with 
a  prospect  of  success.  Chunar  has  al- 
ways been  considered  as  a  post  of  great 
consequence  on  the  Ganges,  from  its  in- 
sulated situation,  projecting  forward  to 
a  great  extent,  and  being  of  considera- 
ble height.  It  was  unsuccessfully  at- 
lemptedby  the  English  in  1764  :  the  next 
year  it  was  surrendered  to  i.hem  :  they 
restored  it  to  the  XTabob  of  Oude  at  the 
subsequent  peace  ;  but  in  1772  it  was 
finally  ceded  to  the  English  by  that 
prince,  in  exchange  for  Allahabad.  At 
this  place  is  kept  the  magazine  of  ammu- 
nition and  artillery  for  the  brigade  of 
Cawnpore.  It  is  385  miles  NW  of  Cal- 
cutta.   Lon.  85  50  E,  lat.  25  10  N. 

Chunaub,  or  Jenaub,  a  river  of  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  one  of  the  five  eastern 
branches  of  the  Indus.  It  runs  through 
Cashmere  and  Lahore,  between  the  Che- 
lum  and  the  Rauvee.  Its  general  course 
is  from  XE  to  SW,  and  after  leaving 
Jummoo,  is  through  a  flat  country,  gra- 
dually approaching  to  the  Chelum.  It  is 
united  with  both  these  rivers  at  some  , 
distance  above  Moultan.  Its  junction 
with  the  Chelum,  about  50  miles  above 
Moultan,  is  effected  with  great  violence 
and  noise,  and  no  less  danger  to  naviga- 
tors. The  Chunaub  is  the  Ace  sines  of 
Alexander. 

Chun-te-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Petchcli,  with  nine  populous 
cities  of  the  third  rank  under  its  juris- 
diction. 

Church-Stretton,  a  town  in  Shropshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday,  14  miles  S 
of  Shrewsbury,  and  153  WNW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  46  W,  lat.  52  32  X. 

Churchill  Fort,  a  fort  on  Church -hill 
river,  on  the  E  side  of  Hudson's  Bay.  • 
Lon.  4  3  W,  lat.^8  48  X. 

Church-hill,  a  post  town  of  Queen  Anns' 
county,  Mainland,  situated  on  South 
East  Creek,  a  branch  of  Chester  river, 
about  nine  miles  E  by  S  of  Chester  town, 
and  the  same  dist  ance  N  bv  E  of  Centre* 
viHe. .  "•  Mk  >  \ "...   ">x  jJsS,  "i  •     "•         •  ; 


C  I  N 


C  I  N 


Chuaan.  an  island  on  the  E  coast  of 
China,  where  the  English  East  India 
company  had  once  a  factory.  Lon.  124 
0  E,  lat.  30  0  N. 

Ciampa,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded 
on  the  E  and  S  by  the  Indian  ocean,  on 
the  N  by  Cochin-China,  and  on  the  W  by 
Cambodia. 

Ctcliti,  or  CicJu^h,  a  frontier  town  oi 
Dalmatia,  on  a  rocky  hill  on  tlije  W  bank 
of  the  Narentha.  It  was  taken  fr em  tin 
Turks,  by  the  Venetians,  in  1691.  Lon. 
IS  22  E,  la*.  43  29  N. 

CMey,  an  ancient  town  of  Germany,  in 
Upper  Carniola.    It  is  the  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  and  seated  on 
.  the  Saan,  36  miles  NE  of  Laubach.  Lon. 
15  15  E,  lat.  46  31  N. 

Cimbrisham,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in 
Schonen.    Lon.  13  30  E,  lat.  56  40  N. 

Cinaloa,  a  province  and  town  of  New- 
Spain,  in  ihe  audience  of  Galicia,  on  the 
E  side  of  the  gulf  of  California.  The  coun- 
try abounds  in  corn,  cattle,  and  cotton, 
and  is  rendered  extremely  picturesque, 
by  a  number  of  beautiful  cascades  of  clear 
water  that  fall  down  from  the  mountains. 
The  aborigines  in  this  province  have  nei- 
ther laws  nor  kings  to  punish  any  crime. 
They  seem  to  be  among  the  rudest  peo- 
ple in  America  united  in  the  sociaf  state  : 
they  neither  cultivate  nor  sow,  but  de- 
pend on  the  spontaneous  productions  of 
the  earth,  or  on  hunting  or  fishirig.  About 
the  year  1771,  the  Spaniards  in  their  ex- 
pedit  jns  against  the  fierce  tribes  in  this 
Aanel  he  province  of  Sonora,  discovered 
that  these  neglected  and  thinly  inhabited 
provinces  abounded  in  the  richest  gold 
mines,  and  might  soon  become  as  popu- 
lous and  valuable  as  any  part  of  Spanish 
America;  and,  accordingly, -the  popula- 
tion in  these  parts  has  since  very  much 
increased.  The  town  is  seated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name.  Lon.  92  10  W,  lat.  2615 

Cincinnati,  the  chief  to  wn  of  OYio  state, 
situated. on  the  NW  Vide  of  Ohio  river, 
between  the  Great  and  Little  Miamies. 
It  is  built  on  the  first  and  second  bank 
pf  the  river,  the  principal  part  being  on 
the  lower ;  and  contains  about  400  dwel- 
ling houses,  with  2300  inhabitants.  This 
is  the  most  flourishing  town  in  all  the 
western  country,  Pittsburg  excepted  ; 
and  it  progresses  accordingly  in  every 
article  of  .improvement.  It  has  most  of 
the  useful  and  some  useless  artizans  of 
the  Atlantic  towns;  such  as  copper- 
smiths, silver-smiths,,  wa.  chmakers,  hat- 
ters, sadlevs,  &c.  wh.ri  find  constant  em- 
ployment, and  good  prices  for  their  work. 
There  is  also  a  considerable  manufactory 
of  cotton  goods,  <;nd  a.,  extensive  brewe- 
ry.   A  company  has  lately  been  incorpo- 


rated in  this  town,  under  the  name  cf 
mia?ii  exporting  company, with  the  privi- 
lege of  erecting  a  bank.  The  market  is 
abundantly  supplied  with  a  variety  of 
meats,  poultry,  &c.  at  very  moderate  pri- 
ces. The  growth  of  this  place  has  been 
vccelerated  by  its  commo'dious  situation 
for  trade,  its  temperate  and  healthy  cfi- 
ma\e,  and  the  fertility  of  the  adjacent 
country,  for  many  ndies. — Cincinnati  is 
300  miles  SSW  from  Pittsburg,  60b  from 
Philadelphia,  and  90  from  Lexington,  tire 
I  i  i'.cipal  :own  of  Kentucky.  Lat.  3y  6  N, 
and  lon.  85  44  W. 

CiheguilUif  a  town  of  New  Mexico  in 
the  province  of  Sonera.  When  tLe  Spa- 
ndrels attacked  the  natives  in  Cinaloa 
and  Sonora  (see  Cinaloa)  they  here  enter- 
ed a  plain  of  14  leagues  in  extent,  in 
which,  at  the  depth  of  only  16  inches, 
they  found  gold  in  great  abundance,  and 
in  grains  of  great  size  and  weight.  The 
consequence  was,  that  in  1771  above  2000 
persons  were  settled  in  Cineguilla,  under 
the  government  and  inspection  of  proper 
magistrates  and  ecclesiastics.  Lon.  96  23 
\Y,  lat.  35  5  N. 

,  Ciney,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  archbishopric  of  Liege,  eight  miles 
E  of  Dinant.    Lon.  4  57  E,  lat.  50  18 -N 

Cinqve  Ports,  certain  ports  on  the  coast 
of  Kent  and  Sussex,  so  called,  by  way  of 
eminence,  on  account  of  their  superior 
importance,  as  having  been  thought  by 
our  kings  to  merit  a  particular  regard  for 
their  preservation  against  invasion.  1  hey 
were  five  in  number,  when  their  first 
charter  was  granted  by  William  L  in 
1077.  These  were  Dover,  Hastings, 
Hythe,  Romney,  and  Sandwich  ;  to  which 
were  afterward  added,  Winchelsea,  Sea"- 
ford,  and  Kye.  That  king  appointed  a 
constable  of  Dover  Castle  (who  is  now 
called  Lord  Warden  of  the  Cinque  Porty) 
and  invested  him  with  the  command  of 
these  parts,  whose  inhabitants  had  con- 
siderable privileges.  Amongst  others, 
t  hey  were  each  of  them  to  send  two  ba- 
rons to  represent  them  in  parliament; 
they  were  to  be  exempted  from  subsi- 
dies and  aids  ;  their  heirs  were  to  be  free 
from  personal  wardship,  notwithstanding 
!*ny  tenure  ;  and  they  were  to  be  im- 
pleaded in  their  own  towns,  not  else- 
where. For  these  privileges,  they  were 
obliged  to  supply  the  government  with 
57"  ships,  at  40  days  notice,  and  to  pay 
their  crews  during  15  days.  At  that  pe- 
riod, the  opulent  traders  of  London  were 
styled  barons;  a  privilege,  which  was 
enjoyed  likewise  by  the  merchants  of 
these  ports,  whose  representatives,  to 
this  dav,  are  stvled  barons  of  the  Cinque 

Ports!    #*  -  '''^SflHBr^ 


C  I  R 


C  I  R 


Cintra,  a  cape  of  Portugal,  in  Estra-  by  their  own  princes,  lords,  and  judges  » 
madui-a,  called  the  Keck  of  Lisbon,  on  but  these  administer  justice  in  the  name 
the  N  side  of  the  entrance  of  the  Tajo.  of  the  emperor,  and  in  matters  of  impor 
On  it 
miles 
38  46  N. 

CiotaU  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone 


is  a  town  of  the  same  name,  14  tance,  not  without  the  presence  of  the 
W  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  9  30  W,  lat.  Russian  governors,  being-  all  obliged  to 

take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  his  impe- 
rial majesty.    The  apparel  of  she  men  of 
Circassia,  is  much  the  same  with  that  of 
and  late  province  of  Provence,  defended  j  the  N;.gayans  ;  only  their  caps  are  some- 
by  a  strong  fort.    It  is  famous  for  Mus- 1  ihing  larger;   and  their  cloaks  being 
cadine  wine,  and  is«seated  on  ihe  bay  of '  likewise  of  coarse  cloth  or  sheep  skins, 


Laquee,  between  Marseilles  and  Toulon 
Lon.  5  46  E,  lat.  43  12  N. 

Circars,  J\'orthem.  five  provinces  on  the 
W  coast  oi  the  bay  of  Bengal.  They  were 
originally  denominated  Northern,  from 
their  position  in  respect  to  Madras,  on 
which  they  depend.  Of  the  five  North- 
ern circars,  Cicacole,  Rajamundry,  El- 
lore,  and  Condapilly  are  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  English,  and  Guntoor  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  Nizam.  The  first  four  ex- 
tend from  the  N  bank  of  the  Kistna  to 
Chilka  Lake  ;  forming  a  narrow  slip  of 
country  350  miles  long,  and  from  26  to 
75  broad,  bounded  by  mountains  and  ex- 
tensive forests  on  the  side  opposite  the 
sea.  The  English  circars  had  been  ce- 
ded to  the  French,  by  the  Nizam  of  the 
Deccan,  in  1753  ;  but  they  were  con- 
quered by  colonel  Clive  in  1759,  and  pro- 
duce an  annual  revenue  of  360,000/.  See 
Guntoor. 

Circassia,  a  large  country  of  Asia,  si- 
tuated* between  45  and  50  degrees  of  N 
latitude,  and  between  40  and  50  of  E  lon- 
gitude. It  is  bounded  by  Russia  on  the 
N  ;  by  Astracan  and  the  Caspian  sea  on 
the  E;  by  Georgia  and  Dagistan  on  the 
S  ;  and  by  the  river  Don,  the  Palus  Me- 
otis,  and  the  Black  Sea  on  the  W.  This 
country  has  long  been  celebrated  for  the 
%  extraordinary  beauty  of  its  women  ;  and 
here  it  was  that  the  practice  of  inoculat- 
ing for  the  small  pox  first  began.  Terki, 
the  principal  city,  is  seated  in  a  very  spa- 
cious plain,  very  swampy,  towards  the 
sea  side,  in  43  deg.  23  min.  N  latitude  : 
it  is  about  three  wersts  in  compass,  well 
fortified  with  ramparts  and  bastions  in 
the  modern  style,  well  stored  with  can- 
non, and  has  always  a  considerable  garri- 
son in  it,  under  the  command  of  a  gover- 
nor. The  Circassian  prince  who  resides 
here,  is  allowed  500  Russians  for  his 
guard,  but  none  of  his  own  subjects  ar* 
permitted  to  dwell  within  any  part  of 
the  fortifications.  Ever  since  the  reduc 
tion  of  those  parts  to  the  obedience  of 
Russia,  they  have  pat  in  ail  places  of 
strength,  not  only  Russian  garrisons  and 
governors,  but  magistrates,  and  priests 
for  the  exercise  of  the  Christian  religion 
yet  the  Circassian  Tartars  are  governed 


are  fastened  only  at  the  meek  with  a 
string,  and  as  they  a're  not  large  enough1 
to  cover  the  whole  body,  they  turn  them 
round  according  to  the  wind  and  wea- 
ther.   The  men  here  are  much  better 
favoured  than  those  of  Nagaya,  and  the 
women  extremely  well  shaped,  with  ex- 
ceeding fine  featun  s,  smooth  clear  com- 
plexions, and  beautiful  black  eyes,  which, 
with  their  black  hair  hanging  in  two 
tresses,  one  on  each  side  of  the  face, 
give  them  a  most  lovely  appearance  : 
they  wear  a  black  coif  on  their  heads, 
covered  with  a  fine  white  cloth  tied  un* 
der  the  chin.    During  the  summer  they 
all  wear  only  a  smock  of  dhers  colours, 
and  that  open  so  low  before,  that  one  may 
see  below  their  navels :  this,  with  their 
beautiful  faces  always  uncovered  (con- 
trary to  the  custom  of  most  of  the  other 
provinces  of  these  parts},  their  good  hu- 
mour and  lively  freedom  in  conversation, 
altogether  render  them  very  attracting  ; 
notwithstanding  which  they  have  the  re- 
putation of  being  very  chaste,  though 
they  seldom,  want  opportunity;  for  ac- 
cording to  the  accounts  of  a  late  travel- 
ler, it  is  an  established  point  of  good 
manners  among  them,  that  as  soon  as 
any  person  comes  in  to  speak  to  the  wife, 
the  husband  goes  out  of  the  house  :  but 
whether  this  continency  of  theirs  pro- 
ceeds from  their  own  generosity,  to  re- 
compence  their  husbands  for  the  confi- 
dence they  put  in  them,  or  has  its  foun- 
dation only  in  fame,  he  pretends  not  to 
determine.  The  bridegroom  pays  Tor  his 
bride  a  marriage  present,  consisting  of 
arms  or  a  coat  of  mail,  but  he  must  not 
see  her,  or  cohabit  with  her,  without  the 
greatest  mystery ;  and  this  reserve  con 
tinues  during  life.    The  father  makes  the 
bride  a  present  on  the  wedding-da)',  but 
reserves  the  greater  part  of  what  he  ir- 
tends  to  give  her  till  the  birth  of  her 
first  child.    On  this  occasion  she  pays 
him  a  visit,  receives  from  him  the  re- 
mainder of  her  portion,  and  is  clothed  by 
him  in  the  dress  of  a  matron,  the  princi- 
pal distinction  of  which  consists  in  a 
veil.    Until  this  time,  the  dress  of  the 
women  is  much  like  that  of  the  men,  ex- 
cepting that  the  cloak  is  longer,  and  fre- 


C  I  R 


C  IR 


quently  white,  a  colour  never  worn  by 
men :  the  cap  too  is  generally  red  or 
rose-coloured.  Before  marriage,  the  youth 
of. both  sexes  see  each  other  freely  at  the 
little  rejoicings  which  take  place  on  fes- 
tivals.   Before  the  bail,  the  young  men 
show  their  activity  and  address  in  a  va- 
riety of  military  exercises,  and  the  most 
alert  have  the  privilege  of  choosing  the 
most  beautiful  partners.    Their  musical 
instruments  are  a  long  flute  v  ith  only 
three  stops,  a  species  of  mandoline  and 
a  tambourin.     The  dances  are  in  the 
Asiatic  style,  with  little  gaiety  or  ex- 
pression ;  the  steps  difficult,  but  not 
graceful.    The  women  participate  in  the 
general  character  of  the  nation  :  they 
take  pride  in  the  courage  of  their  hus- 
bands, and  reproach  them  severely  when 
defeated.     They  polish  and  take  care 
of  the  armour  of  the  men.    Their  lan- 
guage they  have  in  common  with  the 
other  neighbouring  Tartars,  although 
the  chief  people  among  them  are  also 
not  ignorant  of  the  Russian  :  their  re- 
ligion is  Paganism  ;  for  notwithstanding 
they  use  circumcision  among  them,  they 
have  neither  priest,  ale  or  an,  or  mosque, 
like  other  Mahometans.     Every  body 
here  offers  his  own  sacrifice  at  pleasure, 
for  which,  however,  they  have  certain 
days,  established  rather  by  custom  than 
any  positive  command;  their  most  so- 
lemn sacrifice  is  offered  at  the  death  of 
their  nearest  friends  ;  upon  which  occa- 
sion both  men  and  women  meet  in  the 
field  to  be  present  at  the  offering,  which 
is  an  he-goat ;  and  having  killed,  they 
flay  it,  and  stretch  the  skin  with  the 
head  ^nd  horns  on,  upon  a  cross  at  the 
top  of  a  long  pole,  placed  commonly  in  a 
quickset  hedge  (to  keep  the  cattle  from 
it);  and  near  the  place  the  sacrifice  is 
offered  by  boiling  and  roasting  the  flesh, 
which  they  afterwards  eat.    When  the 
feast  is  over;  the  men  rise,  and  havioo: 
paid  their  adoration  to  the  skin,  and 
muttered  over  some  certain  prayers,  the 
women  withdraw,  and  the  men  conclude 
the  ceremony  with  drinking  a  great  quan- 
tity of  aquavit*;  and  this  generally  ends 
in  a  quarrel  before  they  part.    The  face 
of  the  country  is  pleasantly  diversified 
with  mountains,  valleys,  woods,  lakes, 
and  rivers  ;  and,  though  not  much  culti- 
vated, is  far  from  being  unfruitful.  In 
summer  the  inhabitants  quit  the  towns, 
and  encamp  in  the  fields  like  the  neigh- 
bouring Tartars ;   occasionally  shifting 
their  stations  along  with  their  flocks  and 
herds.     Besides   game,  in  which  the 
country  greatly  abounds,  the  Circassians 
eat  beef  and  mutton  ;    but  that  which 
they  prefer  to  all  others  is  the  flesh  of  a 


young  horse:    Their  bread  consists  of 
thin  cakes  of  barley  meal,  baked  upon 
the  hearth,  which  they  always  eat  new  ; 
and  their  usual  drink  is  water  or  mare's 
milk ;  from  the  latter  of  which  they  dis- 
til a  spirit,  as  most  of  the  Tartar  nations. 
They  allot  no  fixed  hours  for  the  refresh- 
ments of  the  table  or  sleep,  which  they 
indulge   irregularly,   as  inclination  or 
convenience  dictates.    When  the  men 
make  excursions  info  an  enemy's  coun- 
try, they  will  pass   several   days  and 
nights  succesively  without  sleeping;  but, 
at  their  return,  devote  as  much  time  to 
repose  as  the  space  in  which  they  had  be- 
fore withheld  from   that  gratification. 
When  they  eat,  they  sit  cross-legged  on 
the  floor,  the  skin  of  some  animal  serv- 
ing them  instead  of  ia  carpet.    In  remov- 
ing from  one  part  of  the  country  to  ano- 
ther, the  women  and  children  are  carried 
in  waggons,  which  are  a  kind  of  travel- 
ling houses,  and  drawn  by  oxen  or  camels, 
they  never  using  horses  for  draught. 
Their  breed  of  the  latter,  however,  is 
reckoned  exceeding  good  ;  and  they  arc 
accustomed  to  swim  almost  any -river  on 
horseback.     The  women  and  children 
smoke  tobacco  as  well  as  the  men ;  and 
this  is  the  most  acceptable  commodity 
which  a  traveller  can  carry  with  him  in- 
to the  Tartar  countries.    There  are  here 
no  public  inns,  which  indeed  are  unne- 
cessary ;  for  so  great  is  the  hospitality 
of  the  people,  that  they  will  contend 
with  each  other  who  shall  entertain  any 
stranger  that  happens  to  come  among 
them. — The  principal  branch  of  their 
traffic  is  their  own  children,  especially 
their  daughters,  whom  they  sell  for  the 
use  of  the  seraglios  in  Turkey  and  Per- 
sia, where  they  frequently  marry  to  great 
adv  antage,  and  make  the  fortune  of  their 
families.    Whatever  may  have  been  the 
original  religion  of  this  people,  they 
have  been    successively   converted  to 
Christianity  and  Mahometanism,  and  have 
now  no  religion  or  worship  among  them. 
They  break,  without  scruple,  such  oaths 
as  they  have  taken  on  the  bible  and  the 
koran  :  but  there  are  certain  forms  of 
oaths,  and  certain  places,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  their  ruins  (supposed  to  be 
remains  of  Christian  churches)  which  in- 
sure their  fidelity.    Their  courage,  great 
as  it  is,  is  not  proof  against  religious  ter- 
rors.   Like  all  barbarians,  they  believe 
that  what  is  called  accident  may  be  in- 
fluenced by  particular  ceremonies.  The 
Circassians  have  not  any  letters  of  their 
own  ;  those  among  them  who  wish  to 
write  their  language  being  obliged  to 
make  use  of  Arabian  characters. 

Cirencester,  a  considerable  borough  in 


C  I  V 


C  L  A 


Gloucestershire,  with  a  market  on  Mon- 
day and  Friday.  It  is  seated  oil  the  ri- 
ver Churn,  and  was  a  plact-  of  great  ac- 
count in  tlie  time  of  the  Romans.  The 
ruins  of  the  walls  aud  streets  are  to  be 
seen  m  the  adjacent  meadows  where  ma- 
ny Roman  coins,  checquered  pavements, 
and  inscriptions  of  marble,  have  been 
found.  It  had  also  a  castle  and  an  abbey. 
Many  Roman  antiquities  have  been  dis- 
covered ;  and  here  the  Roman  roads 
crossed  each  other.  It  is  one  of  the 
greatest  marts  in  England  for  wool,  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  18 
miles  SE  of  Gloucester,  and  89  W  of 
London.    Lon.  1  58  W,  lat.  51  43  N. 

Cirenza,  a  town  of  Naples,  capital  of 
BasiiicaU,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Brandono,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Appennines,  97miles  E  of  Naples.  Lon. 
16  10  E,  lat.  40  44  N. 

CittadeUo,  a  seaport  and  capital  of  Mi- 
norca, on  the  W  side  of  that  island.  Loir. 
3  34  E,  lat.  39  54  N. 

Citta-di-Castello,  a  populous  city  of  Ita- 
ly, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
in  Umbvia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  s  seal- 
ed on  the  Tiber,  27  miles  SW  of  Urbi- 
no.    Lon.  12  18  E,  lat.  43  32  N. 

Citta-jYuova,  a  city  of  Italy,  in  the  mar- 
quisate  of  Ancona,  containing  16  church- 
es and  convents  within  its  walls,  and  15 
without.  It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, 10  miles  S  of  Lorctto.  Lon.  13  40  E, 
lat.  43  16  N. 

Citta-J\*uova,  a  seaport  of  Venetian 
Istria,  with  a  bishop's  see,  60  miles  E  of 
Venice.    Lon.  14  2  E,  lat.  45  .36  N. 

City  Point,  a  post  town  of  Prince 
George  county,  Virginia  ;  situated  on  the 
S  side  of  James  river,  1 1  miles  NE  of  Pe- 
tersburg, 24  miles  SE  of  Richmond,  and 
169  from  Washington. 

Ciudad-Real,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital 
of  Mancha.  The  inhabitants  arc  noted 
for  dressing  leather  for  gloves.  It  is  two 
miles  from  the  Guadiana,  and  90  S  of  Ma- 
drid.   Lon.  3  25  W,  lat.  38  58  N. 

Ciiulud-Jlodrig-o,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Leon,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the 
river  Aquada,  40  miles  SW  of  Salaman- 
ca.   Lon.  5  58  W,  lat.  40  33  N. 

Civita-di-Frinli,  a  small  but  ancient 
town  of  Italy,  in  Venetian  Friuli,  seated 
on  the  Natisona,  10  miles  E  of  Udena. 
Lon.  13  15  E,  lat.  46  12  N. 

Civita-di-Penna,  an  ancient  town  of 
Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ulteriore,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  near  the  river  Salino,  35 
miles  NE  of  Aquila.  Lon.  14  52  E,  lat. 
42  27  N. 

Civitu-Castellana,  a  town  of  Italv,  in 
Campagna  di  Roma,  on  a  high  rock,  at 
the  foot  of  which  is  a  river,  which  falls 


into  the  Tiber.  It  is  25  miles  NW  of 
Rome.    Lon.  12  35  E,  lat.  42  25  N. 

Civita-Vecchia,  a  seaport  of  Italy,  in 
the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  with  an  arse- 
nal. Here  the  pope's  gallics  were  for- 
merly stationed,  and  it  was  a  free  port ; 
but  the  air  is  unwholesome.  It  is  35 
miles  NW  of  Rome.  \  Lon.  11  51  E,  lat. 
42  5  N. 

Clackmannan,  a  small  town  in  Scot- 
land, and  capi.al  of  the  county  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  N  shore 
of  the  Forth,  and  stands  on  a  hill,  on  the 
top  of  which  is  a  castle,  commanding  a 
noble  prospect.  A  large  square  tower 
m  this  castle  derive.?,  its  name  from  the 
illustrious  Robert  Bifjce,  whose  great 
sword  and  casque  al  L.here  preserved. 
A  large  sword  is  alsoF.shown,  said  to 
have  belonged  to  Sir  John  Graham,  the 
faithful  attendant  of  the  heroic  Wallace. 
It  is  23  miles  N  by  E-of  Glasgow.  Lon. 
3  40  \V,  lat.  56  5  N. 

Clackmannanshire,  a  county  of  Scot- 
land, bounded  on  the  E  by  Fifeshire,  on 
the  N  and  W  by  Perthshire,  and  on  the 
S  by  the  Forth.  It  is  eight  miles  in  length, 
and  live  in  breadth.  The  country  is 
plain  and  fertile  towards  the  Frith,  pro- 
ducing corn  and  pasture  in  abundance. 
This  shire,  with  Kinross,  sends  one  mem- 
ber to  parliament.  It  is  watered  by  the 
rivers  Forth  and  Devan. 

Cktcfcnfart,  a  town  of  Germany,  capi- 
tal of  Car'u.thia,  50  miles  SW  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  14  20  E,  lat.  46  53  N. 

t  lair,  St.  a  township  of  Bedford  county, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  about  3000  in- 
habitants. 

Qiair,  St.  a  county  in  the  territory  of 
Indiana,  containing  about  2000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Clair,  St.  a  lake  of  North  America, 
half  way  between  the  Jakes  Huron  and 
Erie,  90  miles  in  circumference.  It  re- 
ceives the  waters  of  (he  great  lakes  Su- 
perior, Michigan,  and  Huron,  and  dis- 
charges them,  through  the  strait  called 
Detroit,  into  the  lake  Erie. 

CUnneci,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nievre  and  late  province  of 
Xivernois.  Clameci  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Beuvrcn  and  \onne,  1 12> 
miles  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  36  E,  lat. 
47  28  N. 

Claplum,  a  village  in  Surry,  noted  for 
many  hawdsome  villas,  which  chiefly  sur- 
round a  beautiful  common.  In  the  old 
parish  church  divine  service  is  perform- 
ed at  funerals  only, ;  an  elegant  new 
church  having  been  err  cted  on  the  com- 
mon, but  without  an  adjoining  cemetery' 
Clapham  is  three  miles  SSW  of  London, 

Clara,  St.  a  small  island  of  South  A- 


C  L  A 


CLE 


merica,  in  Peru,  in  the  bay  of  Guayaquil, 
70  miles  SW  of  Guaiaquii.  Lon.  82  20 
W,  lat.  2  20  S. 

Clare,  St.,  a  small  island,  or  rather 
rock,  one  of  the  Canaries,  between  Lan- 
cerota  and  Allegranza. 

Clare,  a  town  of  Suffolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Monday.  The  ruins  of  a  castle 
and  of  a  collegiate  chin  ch  are  still  visi- 
ble ;  and  here  is  a  manufacture  of  baize. 
It  is  seated  near  the  Stour,  15  miles  S  of 
St.  Edmund's  Burv,  and  56  NE  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  36  E,"  lat.  52  12  N.  ' 

Clare,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Munster,  55  miles  in  length, 
and  38  in  breadths  bounded  on  the  E 
andS  by  the  Shanpofo,  which  separates'it 
from  Tipperary,/CQmeric,  and  Kerry;  on 
the  W  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  N  by 
Galway. '  It  contains  two  market-towns 
and  76  parishes,  and  before  the  Irish 
union 'sent  four  members  to  the  Irish  par- 
liament. 

Clare,  a  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  17  miles  NW 
of  Limeric.    Lon.  8  46  W,  lat.  52  52  N. 

Claremont,  a  town  in  Cheshire  county, 
New  Hampshire.  It  has  a  post  office,  and 
contains  1900  inhabitants. 

Clarendon,  a  county  of  Camden  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  situated  between 
Santee  and  Weenar  rivers.  It  contains 
about  5000  inhabitants,  the  major  part 
slaves. 

Clarendon,  a  township  of  Vermont,  si- 
tuated in  Rutland  county,  about  40  miles 
NE  of  Bennington,  and  containing-  2000 
inhabitants.  \ 

Clarendon,  a  village,  three  miles  E  of 
Salisbury,  where  Henry  II.  summoned  a 
council  of  the  barons  and  prelates,  in  1 164, 
who  enacted  the  laws,  called  the  Con- 
stitutions of  Clarendon;  and  here  were 
two  palaces  built  by  king-  John. 

CUirens,  or  Chatillard.  a  village  of  Swis- 
scriand,  in  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  -delight- 
fully situated,  not  far  from  Vevay,  on  an 
t  rninence,  whose  declivity  slopes  gradu- 
ally towards  the  lake  of  Geneva. 

Clarfcibiirg,  a  post  town  in  Montgo- 
mery county,  Maryland,  29  miles  from 
Washington. 

Clarksburg,  the  principal  town  of  Har- 
rison county,  Virginia,  situated  on  the 
main  branch  of  Monorigahela  river,  36 
miles  S  by  W  of  Morguniown. 

Clarksburg,  a  post  town  in  Jacksor. 
county,  Georgia,  situated  on  the  N  fork 
of  the  Appalachy  river,  110  miles  NW  of 
Augusta,  and  704  from  Washington,  with 
a  post  office. 

Clr.rkesville,  a  post  town,  and  the  ca- 
pital of  Montgomery  county,  Tennessee  ; 
situated  on  the  N  side  of  Cumberland 


river,  about  45  miles  N W  of  Nashville,, 
and  790  from  Washington. 

Claude,  St.,  a  handsome'eity  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Jura  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Tranche  Comte" ;  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  between  three  high 
mountains,  on  the  river  Lison,  and  owes 
its  origin  to  a  celebrated  abbey,  built  in 
425,  in  this  then  barren  and  uninhabited  - 
country.  The  cathedral  is  extremely  ele- 
gant. In  this  city  are  many  public  foun- 
tains with  lacge  basins,  it  is  35  miles 
NW  of  Gene\a.  Lon.  6  18  E,  lat.  46 
24  N. 

Claverack,  a  post  town  in  Columbia 
county,  New  York,  5  miles  E  of  Hudson. 

Clausenburg,  a  town  of  Transylvania, 
on  the  river  Samos,  60  miles  NW  of  Her- 
manstadt.  On  one  of  the  gates  is  an  in- 
scription in  honour  of  the  emperor  Tra- 
jan.   Lon.  23  20  E,  lat.  46  53  N. 

Clay,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  seated  on  an 
arm  of  the  sea,  between  two  rivers,  20 
miles  NW  of  Norwich.  Here  are  some 
large  salt-works. 

Clear,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  a  little 
island  on  the  S  of  Ireland.  Lon.  11  15 
W,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Clebuni,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the  river 
R  a,  28  miles  SSE  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
136  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  23  W,  lat. 
52  21  N.  - 

Clerac,  or  Clair ac,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Guienne,  now  in  the  department 
of  Lot  and  Garonne.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Lot,  10  miles  NW  of  Agen.  Lon. 
0  25  E,  lat.  44  20  N. 

Clermont,  a  county  of  Camden  district, 
South  Carolina,  bounded  on  the  W  by 
Waterce  river,  which  divides  it  from 
Richland  county  in  the  same  state.  It 
contains  5000  inhabitants. 

Clermont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse  and  late  territory  of 
Ban  ois,  127  miles  NW  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 
9  E,  lat.  49  34N. 

Clermont,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise  and  late  provir.ee  of  the 
Isle  of  France,  87  miles  N  of  Paris.  Lon. 
2  25  E,  lat.  49  25  N. 

Clermont,  a  considerable  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Puy  de  Dome,  and 
late  province  of  Auvergne,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see.  Many  Roman  antiquities  are 
(bund  in  the  neighbourhood.  There  are 
aUo  some  mineral  springs ;  and  that  of 
the  suburb  St.  Allyre  has  formed  a  natu- ' 
ral  bridge  over  the  brook  into  which  it 
falls ;  it  is  called  the  Mineral  Bridge, 
and  carriages  may  pass  over  it.  Cler 
mont  contains  30,000  inhabitants,  and 
has  manufactures  of  ratteens,  druggets, 
serges,  and  leather.  It  is  the  birth  place 


G  L  I 


C  L  W 


of  the  celebrated  Pascal ;  and  Is  300 
miles  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  10  E,  *lat.  45 
47  N. 

Clermont,  a  town  in  Columbia  county, 
New  York,  on  the  E  side  of  Hudson  ri- 
ver, and  15  miles  S  of  the  city  of  Hud- 
son. The  township  has  1150  inhabitants. 
The  post  office  is  361  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Clery,  a  village  in  France,  nine  miles 
SW  of  Orleans,  once  famous  for  the  pil- 
grimages to  our  lady  of  Clery.  Here  was 
the  tomb  of  that  monster  Lewis  XL  who 
appeared,  in  white  marble,  as  the  saint 
and  the  patriot  king-. 

Gierke's  Island,  lies  in  the  North  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  between  the  coast  of  Kamt- 
schatka  and  that  of  North  America.  It 
was  discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in  1778, 
and  was  so  named  in  honour  of  captain 
Gierke,  his  second  in  command.  A  land- 
ing" could  not  be  effected.  Near  its  E  ex- 
tremity is  a  little  island,  remarkable  for 
having-  three  elevated  rocks  upon  it.  It 
is  quite  uninhabited.  Lon.  169  30  W, 
Fat.  63  15  NT. 

Clevea,  a  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  divided  into  two 
parts  by  the  Rhine.  It  is  a  fine  country, 
delightfully  variegated  with  hills,  woods, 
fields,  towns  and  villages  ;  and  is  subject 
to  the  king  of  Prussia. 

Cleves,  a  city  of  Westphalia,  capit  al  of 
the  duchy  of  Cleves.  It  is  seated  on  the 
eastern  side  of  three  hills,  about  a  mile 
W  of  the  Rhine  ;  with  which  it  commu- 
nicates by  means  of  a  canal,  which  is 
large  enough  for  great  barges.  It  has  a 
castle  built  by  Julius  Carsar.  It  has  been 
often  taken  and  retaken ;  the  last  time 
by  the  French  in  1794.  It  js  15  miles  SE 
bfNimcgtien.    Lon.  5  50  E,  lat.  51  45  N. 

Clevbroolc,  Great  and  Little,  two  villa- 
ges in  Leicestershire,  on  the  NW  side  of 
Lutterworth.  They  are  supposed  to  have 
been  a  part  of  CLeycester,  situated  one- 
mile  to  the  W,  which  was  a  flourishing 
city  of  the  Romans,  and  where  their 
bricks  and  coins  have  been  frequently 
found. 

Ctief,  a  town  in  Northamptonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  30  miles  NE 
of  Northampton,  and  88  NNW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  37  W,  lat.  52  53  N. 

Clifton,  a  village  in  Westmoreland, 
three  miles  SSE  of  Penrith,  noted  for  a 
skirmish  between  the  king's  forces  and 
the  rebels  in  1745,  in  which  the  latter 
had  the  advantage. 

Clifton,  a  village  m  Gloucestershire, 
near  Bristol,  noted  for  the' hot  well  in 
its  neighbourhood,  upon  the  lower  Avon, 
at  the  foot  of  St.  Vincent's  rock. 

Clinch,  a  navigable  river  of  The  state  of 


Tennessee,  which  rises  in  Clinch  moun- 
tain, and  after  running  through  Powell's 
valley,  flows  into  the  Tennessee  river  at 
SW  point. 

Clinton,  one  of  the  northern  counties 
of  New  York,  being  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Lower  Canada,  and  E  by  lake  Cham- 
plaine.  The  contiguity  of  this  county 
with  the  British  dominions  has  opened 
a  considerable  trade  between  them.  The 
inhabitants  are  estimated  at  10,000. 

Clinton,  a  post  town  in  Dutchess  coun- 
ty, New  York.  The  township  is  well 
settled,  containing  at  last  census  5208 
inhabitants,  340  miles  from  Washington. 

Clissa,  a  fort  of  Dalmatia,  taken  from 
the  Turks  by  the  Venetians.  It  is 'seat- 
ed on  a  craggy  mountain,  six  miles  N  of 
Spalatro.    Lon.  17  31  E,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Clisson,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Loire,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretngne,  on  the  river  Seure, 
12  miles  S  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  28  W,  lat. 
47  1  N. 

Clithero,  a  borough  in  Lancashire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  and  the  remains 
of  an  ancient  castle.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  is  seated  near 
Pendil  Hill,  36  miles  SE  of  Lancaster, 
and  213  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  21  W, 
lat.  53  54  N. 

Gtogker,  an  episcopal  town  and  borough 
of  Ireland,  in  Tyrone.  Lon.  6  50  W,  lat. 
54  30  N. 

Clonmel,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  ofTipperary,  seated  on  the  river 
Sure,  19  miles  SE  of  Tipperary.  Lon.  7 
27  W,  lat.  52  14  N. 

Cloud,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  four  miles 
W  of  Paris,  seated  on  the  Seine.  Here 
was  lately  a  magnificent  royal  palace, 
gardens,  and  a  beautiful  cascade. 

Cloyne,  an  episcopal  town  and  borough 
of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Cork,  16 
miles  E  of  Cork,  Lon.  8  0  W,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Chiny,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment, of  Saone  and  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy,  remarkable  for  its 
late  famous  Benedictine  abbey.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Grosne,  10  miles  NW  of  Ma- 
con.   Lon.  4  33  E.  lat.  46  24  N. 

Cluse,  a  town  of  Savoy,  in  Faucigny, 
seated  on  the  Arve,  22  miles  SE  of  Ge- 
ne*  a.    Lon.  6  29  E,  lat.  45  57  N. 

Clwy.l,  a  celebrated  vale  of  Denbigh- 
shire, extending  from  its  upper  end  to 
the  Irish  Sea.,  above  20  miles  :  its  breadth 
varying  from  three  to  eight,  according 
to  the  approach  or  recess  of  the  high 
mountains  inclosing  it,  through  which, 
in  different  part:i,  are  gaps  formed  by 
nature  lor  entrances.  A  river  of  the 
same  name,  which  rises  in  the  middle  of 
the  county,  runs  along  this  vale,-  and  kav- 


COB 


C  O  C 


ir.g'  entered  Flintshire,  falls  into  the  Irish 

Clyde,  a  river  in  Scotland,  which  aris- 
ing1 in  Annanclale,  fulls  into  the  sea  over 
against  the  isle  of  Bute.  Near  Lanerk, 
this  river  runs,  for  several  miles,  be- 
tween high  rocks  covered  with  wood, 
and  in  its  course  exhibits  many  aston- 
ishing" cataracts.  At  Sionebyres,  it  is 
confined  within  a  very  narrow  bed,  and 
makes  one  entire  shoot,  falling  about  60 
feet  over  a  perpendicular  rock  ;  the  water 
then  pouring  over  another  precipice,  is 
dashed  into  a  deep  chasm  beneath.  The 
horrid  and  incessant  din  with  which 
this  is  accompanied,  unnerves  and  over- 
comes the  heart.  At  Cora-lin,  the  falls 
are  seen  to  most  advantage  from  a  soli- 
tary and  ruined  tower  in  a  garden,  plac- 
ed in  a  lofty  situation.  The  cataract 
which  is  precipitated  at  least  100  feet 
between  two  vast  rugged  precipices,  is 
full  in  view,  seen  over  the  tops  of  trees 
and  bushes,  precipitating  itself  for  an 
amazing*  way,  from  rock  to  rock,  with 
short  interruptions,  forming  a  rude  slope 
of  various  foam.  The  sides  are  bounded 
by  vast  rocks,  clothed  on  their  tops  with 
trees  :  on  the  summit  and  very  verge  of 
one  is  a  ruined  tower,  and  in  front  a 
wTood  overtoptby  a  verdant  hill.  A  path 
conducts  the  traveller  to  the  beginning 
of  the  fall,  into  which  projects  a  high 
rock  in  floods  insulated  by  the  water ; 
and  from  the  top  is  a  tremendous  view 
of  the  furious  stream.  In  floods,  the 
rock  and  tower  have  been  observed  to 
shake  in  such  a  manner  as  to  spill  water 
in  a  glass  standing  on  a  table  in  the  castle. 

Clyde,  a  river  of  Orleans  county,  Ver- 
mont, which  falls  into  lake  Memphrama- 
gog,  at  its  SE  corner. 

Clydesdale,  a  wild  district  in  the  S 
part  of  Lanerkshire.  Amid  the  moun- 
tains here,  particles  of  gold  have  some- 
times been  washed  down  by  the  rains 
and  streams  of  water;  but  this  tract  is 
chiefly  remarkable  for  producing  metals 
of  inferior  worth.  The  veins  of  lead  lie 
mostly  N  and  E,  and  their  thickness, 
which  seldom  exceeds  40  feet,  varies 
greatly  in  different  parts.  The  scanty 
pasture  here  feeds  some  sheep  and  cattle. 

Const  Castle,  Cape,  the  principal  set- 
tlement of  the  English  on  the  coast  of 
Guinea,  with  a  strong  citadel.  It  is  30 
miles  E  by  N  of  St.  George  del  Mina. 
Lon.  0  0,  lat.  5  6  N, 

Cob  ham,  a  village  in  Dinwiddie  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  situated  on  the  S  side  of 
James  river,; opposite  to  James  town, 
and  about  12  miles  S  of  Williamsburg. 

Coblentz,  an  ancient  city  of  Germany, 
in  the  electorate  tif  Treves.    Over  the 


Rhine  i§,  a  bridge  of  twelve  arches,  built 
for  the  convenience  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Coblentz  and  the  adjacent  places.  The 
castle  appears  to  be  almost  inaccessible 
to  an  enemy,  and  entirely  commands  the 
city  of  Coblentz.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794.  It  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Rhine  and  Moselle,  50 
miles  NE  of  Treves.  Lon.  7  32  E,  lat.  50 
24  N. 

Coburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Francbnia,  capital  of  a  principality 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  college,  a  fort, 
and  a  castle.  This  town,  and  its  princi- 
pality, belongs  to  the  house  of  Saxony. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Itch,  20  miles  N  of 
Bamberg.    Lon.  11  18  E,  lat.  50  22  N* 

Coca,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
near  which  is  a  strong  castle  for  state 
prisoners.  It  is  seated  among  mountains, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Morvedro  and 
Elezena,  25  miks  NNE  of  Segovia.  Lon. 
3  34  W,  lat.  41  17  N. 

Cocalico,  a  township  of  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Conestogoe 
creek,  about  15  miles  N  of  the  borough 
of  Lancaster.  The  population  about  4000. 

Cochieim,  a  town  in  the  electorate  of 
Treves,  formerly  imperial.  It  was  forc- 
ed to  surrender  to  the  French  in  1794, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Moselle,  25  miles 
SW  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  7  2  E,  lat.  50  12  N. 

Cochin,  a  seaport  on  the  coast  of  Ma- 
labar, in  Travancore.  It  is  a  Dutch  set- 
tlement, and  was  captured  b\r  the  Brit- 
ish fleet  in  1795.  It  is  120  miiles  S  by  E 
of  Calicut.    Lon.  75  30  E,  lat.  10  0  N. 

Cochin  China,  a  kingdom  of  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  E  by  the  Eastern  Ocean, 
on  the  N  by  Tonquin,  on  the  W  by  Cam- 
bodia, and  on  the  S  by  Ciampa.  It 
abounds  in  gold,  raw  silk,  and  drugs.  It 
is  annually  overflowed  and  consequently 
fruitful  in  rice.  They  have  likewise  su- 
gar-canes ;  but  no  grapes,  and  therefore 
they  drink  a  liquor  brewed  from  rice. 
The  religion  of  the  inhabitants  is  much 
the  same  as  that  of  China.  Their  cities 
and  towns  have  gates  at  the  end  of  each 
street,  which  are  shut  every  night :  and 
if  any  fire  break  out  in  a  ward,  all  the 
inhabitants  are  destroyed,  except  the 
women  and  children. 

Cockburne,  a  township  of  Grafton  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  between  Cole- 
brook  and  N  Stratford. 

Cocke,  a  mountainous  county  in  the 
state  of  Tennessee,  and  Washington  dis- 
trict. It  is  watered  by  the  N  Olachuckey 
and  Big  Pigeon  rivers. 

Cocker,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  S  of 
Cumberland,  and  flowing  through  the 
lakes  of  Buttermere,  Cromack-water,  and 


C  O  H 


COL 


Lowes-water,  joins  the  Derwent,  below 
Cockermouth. 

Cockermonth,  a  populous  borough  in 
Cumberland,  with  a  market  on  Monday. 
It  lies  between  the  Derwent  and  Cocker, 
over  which  latter  are  two  stone  bridges  ; 
and  between  two  hills,  on  one  of  which, 
stands  a  handsome  church ;  and  on  the 
other  a  stately  castle.  It  has  a  square 
building,  and  is  strengthened  with  seve- 
ral square  towers;  on  each  side  of  the 
inner  gate  are  two  dungeons  capable  of 
holding  50  persons  in  either ;  they  are 
vaulted  at  the  top,  and  have  only  a  small 
opening  in  order  to  lower  through  it  the 
unhappy  prisoner  into  this  dire  prison. 
It  sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
is  27  miles  SW  of  Carlisle,  and  290  NN 
W  of  London.  Lon.  3  25  W,  lat.  54  42  N. 

Coconato,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  remark- 
able for  being  the  birthplace  of  Colum- 
bus. It  is  20  miles  E  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  9 
E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Cod,  Cape,  on  the  S  side  of  Boston 
Bay,  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  in 
North  America.  Lon.  70  18  W,  lat. 
42  0  N. 

Codogno,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  duchy 
of  Milan.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
May  1796.  It  is  seated  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Adda  and  Po,  33  miles  E  of 
Pavia.    Lon.  10  49  E,  lat.  45  6  X. 

Coesfeld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
territories  of  the  bishop  of  Munster, 
where  he  often  resides.  It  is  seated  near 
the  river  Burkel,  22  miles  SW  of  Mun- 
ster.   Lon.  7  30  E,  lat.  51  48  N. 

Coevorde?i,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Unit- 
ed Provinces  in  Oveiysscl,  seated  in  a 
morass,  30  miles  S  of  Groningen.  Lon. 
6  44  E,  lat.  52  44  N. 

Cognac,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Charente,  lately  in  the 
province  of  Angoumois,  with  a  castle, 
where  Francis  I.  was  born.  It  is  remark- 
able for  excellent  brandy,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Charente,  17  miles  W  of  Angou- 
lesme.    Lon.  0  10  W,  lat.  45  44  N. 

Cogni,  an  ancient  town  of  Turkey  in 
Asia,  inCaramania,  in  a  country  abound- 
ing in  corn,  fruits,  pulse,  and  cattle. 
Here  are  sheep,  whose  tails  weigh  30 
pounds.  It  is  270  miles  SE  of  Constanti- 
nople;   Lon.  35  56  E,  lat.  37.56  N. 

Cohaiwj,  a  river  of  New  Jersey,  which 
rises  in  Salem  county,  and  enters  the  bay 
of  Delaware,  about  8  miles  below  Green- 
wich. 

Cohasset,  a' seaport  town,  in  Norfolk 
county,  Massachusetts,  about  25  miles 
NE  of  Boston.  It  has  a  post-ofhec,  and 
900  inhabitants. 

Cohgeshal,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  and  a  manufacture 


of  baize.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Black* 
water,  43  miles  E<NE  of  London.  Lon.  0 
47  E,  kit.  51  52  N. 

Ceimbettore,  a  province  and  town  of  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Mysore.  Since,  the  defeat  and  death 
of  Tippoo  Sultan,  it  belongs  to  the  E  In- 
dia Company.  It  is  100  miles  S  by  E  of 
Seringapatam.  Lon.  77  10  E,  lat.  10 
5  N. 

Coimbra,  a  town  of  Portugal,  capital 
of  Beira,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  an 
university.  It  stands  on  a  mountain,  by 
the  side  of  the  river  Mondego,  100  miles 
NE  of  Lisbon,  in  a  very  pleasant  country, 
abounding  in  vineyards,  olive  trees,  and 
fruits.    Lon.  8  17  W,  lat.  40  12  N. 

Coire,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capital 
of  the  country  of  the  Grisons.  It  is  situ- 
ate at  the  foafc  of  the  Alps,  in  a  rich 
plain,  and  is  surrounded  by  ancient  brick 
walls,  with  square  and  round  towers,  in 
the  style  of  fortification  prior  to  the  in- 
vention of  gunpowder.  The  streets  are 
narrow  and  dirty  ;  and  the  inhabitants 
are  computed  at  3000.  It  is  seated  near 
the  Rhine,  48  miles  S  of  Constance.  Lon. 
9  25  E,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Cokenhausen,  a  strong  town  of  Russia, 
in  the  government  of  Livonia,  on  the  ri- 
ver Dwina,  50  miles  SE  of  Riga.  Lon.  25 
50  E,  lat.  56  30  N. 

Co/,  one  of  the  Western  Islands  of 
Scotland,  nine  miles  SW  from  the  point 
of  Ardhamurchan,  in  Argyleshire.  It  is 
rich  in  corn  and  pasture,  and  abounds 
with  fish.    Lon.  7  15  W,  lat.  57  0  N. 

Colberg,  a  seaport  of  Prussian  Pome.ra- 
nia,  remarkable  for  its  salt-works.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1761,  but 
restored  at  the  subsequent  peace.  It  is 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Persant,  on 
the  Baltic,  60  miles  NE  of  Stettin.  Lon. 
15  39  E,  lat.  54  21  N. 

Colchester,  an  ancient  borough  in  Es- 
sex, with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  It  is  a  beautiful,  populous^ 
and  pleasant  town,  extended  on  the  brow 
of  a  hill  from  E  to  W,  and  adorned  with 
12  churches,  most  of  which  were  damag- 
ed when  [this  town  surrendered  to  the 
parliament,  after  a  memorable  siege.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Coin,  which  is  navigable 
within  a  mile  of  the  town,  at  a  place  call, 
ed  the  Ifythe,  where  the  custom-house  is 
situated.  There  is  a  large  manufacture 
of  baize  ;  and  the  town  is  famous  for  oys- 
ters and  eringo  roots.  It  is  governed  by 
a  mayor ;  and  to  the  E  are  the  ruins  of 
an  old  castle,  in  which  is  one  of  the  town 
prisons.  It  is  22  miles  ENE  of  Chelms- 
ford and  51  of  London.  Lon.  1  0  E,  lat. 
51  55  N.    See  Coin. 

Colchester,  a  post  town  in  New  London 


COL  COL 


county,  Connecticut,  20  miles  NW  of 
Nt    London,  .md  30  SE  of  Hartford. 

Colchester,  a  town  in  Fairfax  county, 
Virginia,  16  miles  S  by  W  of  Alexan- 
dria, and  26  from  Washington,  bein^ 
situated  on  Ocquakan  creek,  a  branch 
of  the  Potomac  river.  Here  is  a  postoffic  . 

Colchester,  a  lownship  of  Delaware 
county,  New  York.  It  is  mountainous, 
and  watered  by  the  head  streams  of  ihe 
river  Delaware.  The  inhabitants  arc  a- 
bout  1500. 

Coldingham,  a  heathy  tract  near  the 
coast,  in  the  county  of  Berwick,  in  Scot- 
land, anciently  noted  for  a  nunnery,  built 
in  the  12th  century  by  Edgar,  king  of 
Scotland.  Ebba,  one  of  ihe  abbesses,  re- 
nowned in  tradition  for  her  chastity,  gave 
name  to  the  neighbouring  promontory 
called  St.  Abb's  Head. 

Colding,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N  Jut- 
land, remarkable  for  its  bridge*  over 
which  all  the  cattle  pass,  that  go  from 
Jutland  into  Holslein,  and  pay  a  small 
toll,  which  brings  in  a  considerable  re- 
venue to  the  king.  Here  is  a  royal  pa- 
lace, containing  a  suite  of  190  rooms.  It 
is  situated  at  the  extremity  of  a  bav  of 
the  Little  Belt,  50  miles  S'by  E  of  Wi- 
buig,  on  an  eminence  in  a  pleasant  coun- 
try abounding  with  game.  Lon.  10  15  E, 
lat.  53  35  N. 

Coldstream,  a  town  in  the  county  of 
Berwick,  seated  on  the  Tweed,  ovei 
which  is  a  handsome  bridge.  Lon.  2  5  W, 
lat.  55  36  X. 

Colebrook  Bale,  in  Shropshire  ;  a  wind- 
ing glen  on  the  banks  of  the  Severn,  be- 
tween two  vast  hills,  which  break  into 
various  forms,  being  all  thickly  cover- 
ed, and  forming  beautiful  sheets  of  hang- 
ing woods.  Here  are  the  most  considera- 
ble iron  works  in  England  ;  and  a  curious 
bridge  over  the  Severn,  constructed  en- 
tirely of  cast-iron. 

Colebrook,  a  township  of  Litchfield 
county,  in  the  state  of  Connecticut,  si- 
tuated on  the  W  branch  of  Farmington 
river,  between  Barkhamstead  and  Nor- 
folk.   It  contains  1200  inhabitants. 

Colenet,  Cape,  a  cape  of  the  island  of 
New  Caledon  a,  in  the  South  Pacific  O- 
cean.    Lon.  164  56  E,  lat.  20  30  S. 

Colerain.  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Londonderry,  on  the  river  Bann, 
25  miles  NE  of  Londonderry.  Lon.  6  39 
W,  lat.  55  16  N. 

Colerain,  a  town  in  Bertie  county,  N 
Carolina,  having  a  post  office,  270  miles 
from  Washington. 

Colerain,  a  township  of  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Octcrar^. 


Colerain,  a  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  bounded  north- 
ward by  the  line  that  divides  this  state 
from  Vermont. 

Colerain,  a  township  of  Bedford  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  near  the 
north  line  which  divides  Maryland  and 
Pennsylvania,  and  contains  about  3000 
inhabitants. 

Coleshill,  a  town  in  Warwickshire,  seat- 
ed on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  Coin,  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge.  It  is  11  miles  N 
W  of  Coventry,  and  105  of  London.  Lon. 
1  35  W,  lat.  52  32  N*  * 

Colesville,  a  post  town  of  Chesterfield 
county,  Virginia,  152  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Colford,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  14  miles  S  of 
Hereford,  and  123  W  by  N  of  London. 
Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  51  48  N. 

Colima,  a  seaport  of  Mexico,  capital  of 
a  fertile  valley  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  near  tin. 
North  Pacific  Ocean,  300  miles  W  ot 
Mexico.    Lon.  106  5  W,  lat.  19  10  X. 

Colionre,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de-i, 
partment  of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and 
late  province  of  Rousillon.  It  is  a  small, 
nut  strong  town,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Pyrenees,  10  miles  SE  of  Perpignan.  Lon. 
3*8E,  lat.  42  34  N. 

Colle,  an  episcopal  town  of  Tuscany, 
10  mites  NW  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  7  E,  lat, 
43  16  N. 

Collumpton.    See  Colnmbion. 

Cohnar,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Cpp<  r  Rhine,  and  late 
province  of  Upper  Alsace.  It  is  seated 
i. ear  the  river  111,  35  miles  S  by  W  of 
Strasburg..   Lon.  7  27  E,  lat.  48  5  X. 

C-ohnars,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  the  Lower  Alps,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Provence,  20  miles  E  of 
Digue.    Lon.  6  35  E,  lat.  44  7  XT. 

Colmogorod,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  an 
island  formed  by  the  river  Dwina,  with 
an  archbishop's  see,  30  miles  SE  of  Arch- 
angel. Lon.  39  42  E,  lat.  64  14  N. 

Coin,  the  name  of  several  small  rivers 
in  England,  the  chief  of  which  rises  near 
Clare  in  Suffolk,  and  passing  by  Halstead 
and  Colchester,  in  Essex,  falls  into  the 
German  Ocean,  between  Mersey  Island 
and  the  mainland.  In  the  inlets  and  pools, 
at  the  mouth  of  this  river,  are  bred  the 
famous  Colchester  oysters. 

Colnbrook,  a  town  of  Bucks,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver Coin,  17  miles  W  of  London.  Lon.  0 
25  W,  lat.  51  29  N. 

Colne,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  seated'  on  a  hill, 


COL 


COL 


36  miles  SE  of  Lancaster,  and  214 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  5  W,  lat.  53 
50  N. 

Colochina,  an  ancient  town  of  Turkey, 
in  the  Morea,  50  miles  .SE  of  Misitra. 
Lon.  23  22  E,  lat.  36  32  X. 

Colocza,  a  town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Da- 
nube, capital  of  the  county  of  Bath,  with 
an  archbishop's  see,  57  miles  SE  of  Buda. 
Lon.  18  29  E,  lat.  46  38  N. 

Cologna,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Paduan, 
26  milts  SW  of  Padua."  Lon.  17  27  E, 
lat.  45  14  X. 

Cologne,  an  electorate  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  bounded 
on  the  X  by  the  duchy  of  Cleves  and 
Guelderland,  on  the  E  by  the  duthy 
of  Berg-,  on  the  S  by  the  archbish- 
opric of  Treves,  and  on  the  W  by 
the  duchy  of  Juliers.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  fertile  countries  in  the  empire,  a- 
bpunding  with  all  the  necessaries  of  life. 

Cologne,  an  ancient  city  of  Germany, 
capital  of  the  electorate  of  Cologne,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  and  a  famous  university, 
seated  on  the  river  Rhine.  It  lies  in  the 
shape  of  a  halt-moon,  and  is  said  to  have 
20  gates,  19  parishes,  37  monasteries,  and 
about  10  collegiates,  and  19  parochial 
churches,  with  about  50  chapels,  all  of 
which  are  candidates  for  the  attention  of 
the  devout  and  curious  by  their  fine 
paintings.  The  streets  in  general  arc- 
badly  paved,  the  windows  of  the  houses 
composed  of  small  bits  of  round  glass, 
and  the  inhabitants  are  but  few  for  so 
large  a  place.  It  is  a  free  imperial  city, 
and  though  the  elector  has  a  palace  here, 
he  has  not  the  liberty  of  staying  in  it  for 
many  day  s  together  ;  nor  is  he  admitted 
to  come  at  all  with  a  numerous  attend- 
ance. The  inhabitants  are  generally  Ro- 
man Catholics.  Cologne  was  once  one  of 
the  Hanse  Towns,  celebrated  for  its  com- 
merce, which  is  now  dwindled  to  the 
manufacture  of  a  few  ribands,  stockings, 
Lee,  and  some  tobacco.  To  persecution 
it  owes  this  decay ;  to  the  expulsion  o- 
the  Jews  in  1485,  and  of  the  Protestants 
in  1618.  Two  thirds  of  this  city  have 
since  fallen  into  ruins,  and  streets  ana 
squares  are  conyeited  into  kitchen-gar- 
dens and  vineyards.  Cologne  was  taker, 
by  the  French  in  1794.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Rhine,  17  miles  E  of  Juliers.  Lon.  7 
10  E,  lat.  50  55  X. 

Colombott,  a  castle  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Bulgaria,  on  a  hill,  under  which 
is  the  strong  pass  of  Urania. 

Colomei/,  or  Cohmia,  a  town  of  Poland, 
in  Red  Russia,  seated  on  the  river  Pruth, 
42  miles  SE  of  Hahlz.  Lon.  25  40  E,  lat. 
48  41  X.  :\ 

Coloundy  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 


di  Roma,  18  miles  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  56 
E,  lat.  41  55  X. 

Colonsa,  a  fertile  little  island,  on  the 
W  coast  of  Scotland,  seven  miles  W  of 
the  island  of  Jura. 

Color  udo,  a  river  of  Xew  Mexico,  which 
being  joined  by  the  river  of  the  Apostleg, 
enters  the  gulf  of  California,  in  lon.  101  0 
YV,  lat.  32  20  X. 

Colomo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  P;.rma- 
san,  near  the  Po,  eight  miles  from  Par- 
ma. The  duke  of  Parma  h:<d  a  plea- 
sure-house here,  which  was  one  of  the 
must  delightful  in  Italy,  and  the  gardens 
were  very  fine.  Lon;  10  22  E,  lat.  44 
54  X. 

ColGS-ioar,  a  large  town  of  Transylvania, 
where  the  states  meet.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Samos,  37  miles  N-W  of  Weis- 
semburg,  and  120  E  by  S  of  Vienna,  Lon. 
23  15  E,  lat.  46  53  X." 

Cohnub  St.,  a  town  in  Cornwall,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  a  hill  10 
miles  W  of  Bodmin.  Lon.  4  52  W,  lat. 
50  30  X. 

Columbia,  a  county  in  the  state  cf  Xew 
York,  situated  on  the  E  side  of  the  X 
river,  having  Rensaellaer  on  the  X,  and 
Duchess  county  on  the  S.  The  popula- 
tion is  about  40,000,  and  the  chief  town 
Hudson. 

Columbia,  a  post  town,  the  principal  of 
Richland  county,  South  Carolina,  and  the 
present  seat  of  the  state  government.  It 
is  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Congaree  ri- 
ver, 35  miles  S  by  W  of  Camden, and  115 
X  by  W  of  Charleston,  the  former  ca- 

Columbia,  a  small  town  in  Washington, 
county,  Maine,  18  miles  SW  of  Maciiias, 
that  has  a  post  office. 

Columbia,  a  post  town  on  the  X  side  of 
James  river,  in  Fluvanna  county,  Virgi- 
nia, about  46  miles  XW  of  Richmond, 
and  136  from  Washington. 

Columbia,  a  flourishing  village  in  Lan- 
caster county,  Pennsylvania,  that  has  a 
post  office,  being  seated  on  the  E  side  of 
Susquehannah  river,  12  miles  E  of  York, 
11  W  of  Lancaster  borough,  and  74  of 
-Philadelphia. 

Colombo,  a  town  on  the  W  side  of  the 
island  of  Ce)lon,  which  was  taken  by 
lie  English  fleet  in  February  1796.  It 
was  built  by  the  Portuguese  in  1638,' and 
in  1658  they  were  expe  lled  by  the  na- 
tives and  Dutch.  It  is  18  miles  S  of  Xe- 
gombo.    Lon.  80  25  E,  hit.  7  10  X. 

Columbton,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with 
.1  market  on  Saturday.  It  has  a  woollen 
manufacture,  and  is  seated  on  the  river 
Columb,  over  which  there  is  a  bridge.  It' 
is  12  miles  XE  of  Exeter,  and  164  W  of 
London.    Lon.  3  23  W,  lat.  50  53  N. 


C  O  INI 


C  O  M 


Columna,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Moscow,  with  an  archbishop's 
see,  50  miles  SE  of  Moscow.  Lon.  38  25 
E,  lat.  55  5  N. 

Coluri,  an  island  of  Greece,  formerly 
called  Salamis.  The  principal  town  is  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  S  side,  at  the  bot- 
tom of 'the  harbour,  which  is  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  world.  Though  Ajax,  who 
makes  such  a  figure  in  Homer,  was  king 
of  this  island,  it  is  but  a  pour  place.  It  is 
Seven  miles  S  of  Athens.  Lon.  24  5  E,  lat. 
38  0  N. 

Com,  a  populous  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac 
Agemi,  100  miles  N  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  51 
56  E,  lat.  34  5  N. 

Comachio,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  Ferrarese.  The  air  is  bad,  for 
which  reason  it  is  inhabited  by  a  few 
fishermen  only.  It  is  seated  in  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  27  miles  SE  of  Ferrara. 
Lon.  12  10  E,  lat.  44  45  N.  # 

Comachio,  a  lake  of  Italy,  in  the  Ferra- 
rese, between  the  two  mouths  of  the  river 
Po.  It  is  10  miles  in  circumference  ;  but 
dry  in  several  places,  and  on  one  part  a 
town  of  the  some  name  is  built. 

Comana,  or  Cumana,a.  seaport  of  South 
America,  capital  of  the  province  of  Co- 
mana, in  Terra  Firma.  Lon.  64  29  W, 
lat.  10  10  Ni 

Comcmagotta,  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  Terra  Firma,  10  miles  W  of  Comana. 
Lon.  64  40  W,  lat.  10  10  N. 

Comb-Abbey,  a  village  in  Warwickshire, 
three  miles  from  Coventry,  once  famous 
for  a  rich  abbey.  The  church  is  demo- 
lished, but  the  abbey,  modernized,  is  the 
seat  of  lord  Craven. 

Comb-Martin,  a  town  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Bristol  Channel,  where  it  has  an 
inlet  which  runs  through  the  town.  It  is 
but  a  small  place  five  miles  E  of  Ilfra- 
comb,  and  176  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
4  2  W,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Comines,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  (ate  French 
Flanders, -seated  on  the  Lis,  five  miles  S 
W  of  Menin.  Lon.  3  4  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Commer'cey,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse  and  late  duchy  of  Bar, 
with  a  magnificent  castle,  built  by  cardi- 
nal de  Retz.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Meuse,  160  miles  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  44 
E,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Como,  a  populous  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Milanese,  with  a  bishop's  see  ;  situated 
in  a  valley,  inclosed  by  fertile  hills,  on 
the  S  extremity  of  a  lake  of  the  same 
name.  The  houses  are  neatly  built  of 
stone  ;  and  the  cathedral  is  a  handsome 
edifice  of  white  marble,  hewn  from  the 
neighbouring  quarries.     Como  is  80 


miles  NB  of  Turin.    Lon.  9  7  E,  lat.  45 

45  N. 

Como,  the  largest  lake  in  Italy,  in  the 
Milanese.  It  is  88  miles  in  circumference, 
DUt  not  above  six  rtiles  over  in  any  one 
part. 

Comora  Islands,  five  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  between  the  coast  of  Zanguebar 
and  the  N  part  of  the  island  of  Madagas- 
car. They  are  called  Hinzuan,  Mayotta, 
Mohilla,  Angezeia,  and  Comora.  See 
Hinzuan. 

Comorin^  Cape,  the  most  southern  point 
of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan.  Lon.  77 
32  E,  lat.  7  50  N. 

Comorra,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  so  well  fortified,  that  the  Turks 
could  never  take  it.  The  greatest  part 
of  the  inhabitants  are  of  the  Greek  reli- 
gion. It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  in  the 
island  of  Sibut,  70  miles  S  by  E  of  Vien- 
na.   Lon.  18  5  E,  lat.  47  46  N. 

Compeigne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise  and  late  province  of  the 
Isle  of  France.  It  has  a  palace,  in  which 
the  kings  of  France  often  resided.  The 
Maid  of  Orleans  was  taken  prisoner  here, 
in  1430.  It  is  seated  near  an  extensive 
forest,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Aisne  and 
Ouse,  45  miles  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  55 
E,  lat.  49  25  N. 

Compostella,  a  celebrated  town  of  Spain, 
capital  of  Galicia,  with  an  archbishop's 
see,  and  a  university.  The  public  squares 
and  the  churches,  particularly  the  metro- 
politan church,  are  magnificent ;  and  it 
.has  a  great  number  of  monasteries  for 
both  sexes,  and  contains  about  2000  hou- 
ses. It  is  pretended  that  the  body  of  St. 
James  was  buried  here,  which  draws  a 
great  number  of  pilgrims  :  they  walk  in 
procession  to  the  church,  and  visit  his 
wooden  image,  which  stands  on  the  great 
altar,  and  is  illuminated  by  many  wax- 
candles.  They  kiss  it  three  times  with  a 
very  respectful  devotion,  and  then  put 
their  hats  on  its  head.  In  the  church 
there  are  30  silver  lamps,  always  lighted, 
and  six  chandeliers  of  silver,  five  feet 
high.  The  archbishop  is  one  of  the  rich- 
est prelates  in  Spain,  having  70,000 
crowns  a  year.  From  this  town  the  mi- 
litary order  of  St.  Jago,  or  St.  James,  had 
its  origin.  It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula, 
formed  bv  the  Tambraand  Ulla,  265  miles 
NW  of  Madrid.  Lon.  8  17  W,  lat.  42 
52  N. 

Compostella,  JVeiv,  a  town  of  N  America, 
in  New  Spain,  near  the  South  Pacific  O- 
pean,  400  miles  NW  of  Mexico.  Lon.  109 
42  W,  lat.  21  20  N. 

Comru,  a  township  in  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  west  side 


CON 


CON 


of  the  river  Schuylkill,  between  Cohuking 
and  Angelico  creeks.  It  contains  1500  in- 
habitants. 

Conajohary,  a  post  town  in  Montgome- 
ry county,  New  York,  on  the  S  side  of* 
Mohock  river,  41  miles  W  by  N  of  Sche- 
nectady, and  57  NW  of  Albany. 

Conaxcoihgo,  a  considerable  branch  of 
the  river  Alleghenny,  which  rises  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  and  falls  into  the  Al- 
leghany, near  the  town  of  Warren  in 
Pennsylvania. 

Cancan,  a  low  tract  of  country,  on  the 
W  coast  of  the  Deccan  of  Hiudoostan. 
From  this  tract  rises  abruptly  that  stu- 
pendous wall  of  mountains  called  the 
Gauts.  It  is  subject  to  the  Mahratta,s, 
and  lies  between  15  and  20  degrees  N 
lat. 

Concarneauy  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Finisterre  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Brittanv,  with  a  castle,  12  miles 
SE  of  Quimper.  Lon.  4  2  E,  lat.  47 
46  N. 

Conception,  a  town  of  Chili,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see,  with  a  very  large  harbour.  It 
has  been  often  taken  and  ravaged  by  the 
native  Americans,  and  is  seated  on  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  230  miles  N  of  Bal- 
divia.    Lon.  73  20  VV,  lat.  36  40  S. 

Conception,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  seat- 
ed near  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  100  miles  W 
of  Porto-Belie.  Lon.  81  45  W,  lat.  10 
0  N. 

Concord,  a  post  town  in  Rockingham 
county,  New  Hampshire  ;  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  Merrimack  river,  18  miles 
S  by  E  of  Salisbury,  and  49  NVV  of  Ports- 
mouth. 

Concord,  a  village  with  a  post-ofnee  in 
Sussex  county,  Delaware,  about  20  miles 
NW  of  Dagsbury,  and  about  30  W  by  S 
of  Lewistown,  at  Cape  Henlopen. 

Concord,  a  considerable  town  with  a 
post-office,  in  Middlesex  county,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 18  miles  NW  of  Boston,  ren- 
dered famous  by  being  the  unfortunate 
scene  of  the  first  hostilities  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  colonies,  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  revolutionary  war. 

Concord,  a  township  of  Delaware  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  about  20  miles  from 
Philadelphia,  in  the  SW  corner  of  the 
county.    It  has  about  1000  inhabitants. 

Concord,  a  small  river  of  Massachu- 
setts, on  which  the  town  of  Concord  is 
situated,  and  which  enters  the  river  Mer- 
rimack at  Tewksbury. 

Concordia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Mirandola,  on  the  river  Sechia, 
five  miles  W  of  Mirandola.  Lon.  11  13 
E,  lat.  44  52  N. 

Concordia,  a  .town  of  Italy,  in  Vene- 
tian Friuli,  with  a  bishop's  see,  28  miles 


S5W  of  Udina.  It  is  now  almost  ruined^ 
and  the  bishop  resides  at  Porto  Gruaro. 

Condavir,  a  fort  in  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  and  the  principal  post  of 
Guntoor,  one  of  the  five  Circars.  It  is 
strongly  situated  on  a  mountain,  16  miles 
W  of  Guntoor. 

Conde,  a  strong  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  and  French 
part  of  Huinault.  It  has  a  castle,  and 
gave  the  title  of  prince  to  a  branch  of 
the  late  royal  family.  Conde  is  seated  on 
the  Scheldt,  seven  miles  NE  of  Valen- 
ciennes, and  117  N  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon. 
3  39  E,  lat.  50  27  N.  . 

Conde,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Calvados,  and  late  province 
of  Normandy.  It  is  15  miles  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  37  W,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Condecedo,  a  cape  of  North  America, 
in  Yucatan,  100  miles  W  of  Merida.s 
Lon.  91  27  W,  lat.  20  50  N. 

Condom,  a  large  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Gers  and  late  province  of 
Gascony.  It  was  lately  an  episcopal  see, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Baise,  22  miles  W 
of  Auch.    Lon.  0  36  E,  lat.  44  1  N. 

Condore,  the  capital  of  a  number  of  is- 
lands, in  the  Indian  Ocean.  It  produces 
mangoes,  which  grow  on  trees,  as  large 
as  apple-trees  :  the  fruit  is  of  the  size  of 
a  small  peach,  and  when  ripe  has  a  plea- 
sant smell  and  taste.  The  inhabitants 
are  small  in  stature,  well  shaped,  and  of 
a  dark  olive  complexion  ;  their  faces  are 
long,  with  black  straight  hair,  small 
black  eyes,  high  noses,  thin  lips,  white 
teeth,  and  little  mouths.  The  English 
East  India  Company  had  a  settlement 
here  in  1701 ;  but  the  factors  falling  out 
with  the  natives,  most  of  them  were  mur- 
dered, and  the  rest  driven  thence  in 
1705.    Lon.  107  2$  E,  lat.  2  40  N. 

Condrien,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire  raid  late 
province  of  Lyonois,  remarkable  for  its 
excellent  wines.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a  lull  near  the  Rhone  17  miles  S  of 
Lyons.    Lon.  4  53  E,  lat.  45  23  N. 

Conemavgh,  a  river  of  Pennsylvania, 
which  rising  on  the  W  side  of  the  Alle- 
ghany mountain,  falls  into  the  Alleghany 
river  about  30  miles  above  Pittsburg. 

Conestogoe,  a  township  of  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Susquehannah  river,  and  watered 
on  the  N  side  by  Conestogoe  creek.  It 
has  about  1500  inhabitants. 

Cuneolens,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Charente  and  late  province 
of  Angoumois,  on  the  river  Vienne,  30 
milts  NE  of  Angoulesme.  Lon.  0  43  E, 
lat.  48  55  N. 

Congaree,  a  river  of  South  Carolina, 


CON 


CON 


■which  is  formed  by  the  Saluda  and  Broad 
river,  uniting'  at  the  city  of  Columbia,  in 
Richland  county.  Thence,  it  Hows  in  a 
SLi  course  to'^ftie  ocean;  but  after  its 
junction  wit&Vthe  Watcre'e,  it  assumes 
the  name  of  the  San  tee 'river. 

Congletoli,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
riverDa.no,  seven  miles  S  of  Macclesfield, 
and  164  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  10  W, 
lat.  53  8  N. 

Congo,  a  country  of  Africa,  between 
the  equinoctial  lir.e  and  13  degrees  of  S 
lat.  containing' the  kingdoms  of"  Loan  go, 
Congo,  Angola,  and  Behgnela.  It  was 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1481, 
and  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Benin,  by 
the"  inland  part  of  Africa  on  the  E,  by 
Matamon  on  the  S,  and  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  on  the  W.  It  is  sometimes  called 
Lower  Guinea;  and  the  Portuguese  have 
a  great  many  settlements  on  the  coast, 
as  well  as  in  the  inland  country.  In  the 
lowlands  the  grass  grows  so  high,  rank 
and  thick,  that  it  becomes  one  of  the 
most  dangerous  receptacles  for  wild 
beasts,  serpents,  and  venemous  insects  : 
on  this  account  travellers  are  in  continual 
danger  of  being  stung  to  death.  The 
only  method  6f  guarding  against  all  these 
evils  effectually,  is  by  setting  fire  to  the 
grass  in  hot  weather,  but  even  this  can- 
not be  done  without  danger ;  as  those 
animals  being  roused  out  of  their  lurking 
places,  will  fly  furiously  at  those  who 
happen  to  be  in  their  wav.  Lions,  leo- 
pards, tigers,  wolves,  and  other  beasts 
of  prey  abound  here,  and  do  much  da- 
mage. The  inhabitants  are  skilful  in 
weaving  cotton  cloth  ;  and  they  trade  in 
slaves,  ivory,  cassia,  and  tamarinds ;  the 
greatest  part  of  them  go  almost  naked  ; 
worshipping  the  sun,  moon,  and  stars, 
besides  animals  of  different  kinds  ;  but 
the  Portuguese  have  made  many  con- 
verts. Congo,  properly  so  called,  is  only 
150  miles  broad  along  the  coast,  but  is 
372  inland.  From  March  to  September 
is  called  the  winter  season,  when  it  rains 
almost  every  day;  arid  the '  summer  is 
from  October  to  March,  when  the  wea- 
ther is  very  hot.  The  river  Zaire  is  full 
of  crocodiles  and  river-horses.  The  prin- 
cipal town  is  St.  Salvador. 

Coni,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a 
territory  of  that  name,  with  a  citadel.  It 
surrendered  to  the  French  in  April  1795. 
It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Cresse  and  Sturc,  35  miles  S  of  Turin. 
Lon.  7  45  E,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Coningseck,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  20  miles 
X  of  Constance.    Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  47 

50  xNw^lwII'  -  'Vwwtos 


Coairigien,  a  village  in  Huntingdon- 
shire, near  Stilton. 

Coni':ton-Merr,  a  lake  in  Lancashire , 
which  afford^  plenty  of  char.  It  is  live 
miles  W  of  Winandermere. 

Comianght,  a  province  of  Ireland,  130 
miles  long,  and  84  broad,  bounded  on 
J  the  E  by  Leinster  and  Minister,  on  the 
S  by  the  latter  province,  on  the  Vv  and 
X  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  NW  by 
;  Is  er.  it  has  several  convenient  bays 
and  creeks,  and  is  fertile  in  manyplac*  , 
but  the  inhabitants  being  lazy,  is  the 
least  cultivated  of  any  of  the  four  pro- 
vinces. It  contains  one  archbishopric, 
five  bishoprics,  six  counties,  seven  mar- 
ket towns,  10  boroughs,  and  330  pa- 
rishes. It  has  no  rivers  of  any  great  n6t< 
except  the  Shannon. 

Connecticut,  one  of  the  United  States, 
in  New  England,  82  miles  long,  and  57 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  X  by  Massachu- 
setts, on  the  E  by  fthode  Island,  on  the 
YV  by  New  York,  and  on  the  S  by  the 
Sound,  which  divides  it  from  Long  Is- 
land. In  the  maritime  towns,  the  wea- 
ther is  variable,  according  as  the  wind 
blows  from  the  sea  or  land.  As  you  ad- 
vance into  the  country,  the  sea  breezes 
have  less  effect  upon  the  air,  and  con- 
sequently the  weather  is  less  variable. 
The  NW  winds,  in  the  winter  season,  are 
often  extremely  severe.  The  clear  and 
serene  temperature  of  the  sky,  however, 
makes  amends  for  the  severity  of  the 
weather,  and  is  favourable  to  health  and 
longevity.  The  country  is  generally 
broken  land,  made  up  of  mountains,  hills, 
and  valleys  ;  and  it  is  exceedingly  well 
watered.  It  is  the  most  populous  in  pro- 
portion to  its  extent,  of  any  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  and  produces  the  necessaries 
of  life  in  abundance/  Its  principal  rivers 
arc  the  Connecticut,  Housatonik,  and 
Thames.  It  contains  the  counties  of 
Hartford,  Newhaven,  Xew  London,  Fair- 
field, Windham,  Litchfield,  Middlesex, 
and  Tolland.  In  1782  the  number  of  in- 
habitants was  276,395.  Hartford  and 
Newhaven  are  the  capitals  ;  the  general 
assembly  being  annually  holden  at  the 
former  in  May,  and  at  the  latter  in  Oc- 
tober. 

Connecticut,  a  large  river  of  Xew  Eng- 
land which  gives  name  to  one  of  the  five 
colonies  of  that  province.  Tt  rises  in  a 
swamp,  in  lat.  45  10,  lon.  4  E.  After  a 
sleepy  course  of  eight  or  ten  miles,  it 
turn  hies  over  four  separate  falls,  and 
turning  W,  keeps  close  under  the  hills* 
which  form  the  N  boundarv  of  the  vale, 


hro 


ugh 


•hich  it  runs.    Benvecn  the 


towns  of  Walpolc  on  the  E.  and  West- 
minster on  the  W  side  of  the  river,  arc 


CON 


CON 


the  great  falls.  The  whole  river,  com- 
pressed between  two  rocks  scarcely  3'J 
feet  asunder,  shoots  With  Mnazing  rapi- 
dity in  o  a  broad  bason  below.  Over 
these  falls,  a  bridge  160  feet  in  length 
was  built  in  1784,  under  which  the  high- 
est floods  may  pass  without  detriment. 
This  is  the  first  bridge  erected  over  this 
noble  river.  The  length  of  this  beautiful 
river,  in  a  straight  line,  is  nearly  3Q0 
miles.  On  its  banks,  which  are  settled 
almost  to  its  source,  are  many  pleasant, 
neat,  and  well  built  towns. 

Conneteville,  a  post  town  in  Fayette 
county,  Pennsylvania,  standing  on  the  N 
E  side  of  Yoghigany  river,  12  miles  NE 
of  Union,  31  W  of  Somerset,  and  about 
45  SE  of  Pittsburg. 

Connor,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Antrim,  with  a  bisiiop's  see,  six 
miles  N  of  Antrim.  Lon.  6  6  E,  lat.  54 
59  N. 

Conquet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Finisterre  and  late  province 
of  Bretagne,  with  a  good  harbour  and 
road.  It  is  12  miles  W  of  Brest.  Lon. 
4  41  W,  lat.  43  23  X. 

Constance^  a  city  of  Suabia,  with  a  b 
shop's  see ;  seated  on  the  Rhine,  be- 
tween the  upper  and  lower  lakes  of  Con- 
stance. The  commerce  of  this  once 
flourishing  town  has  gone  greatly  to  de- 
cay, and  grass  now  grows  in  the  prin- 
cipal streets.  By  the  assistance  of  Zuric 
and  Basil,  with  whom  it  was  in  alliance, 
it  expelled  the  bishop,  and  embraced 
the  reformation.  But  the  Protestant  can- 
tons being  worsted  in  1531,  Constance 
was  obliged  to  submit  to  the  emperor 
Gharles  V.  and  to  readmit  the  catholic 
religion.  It  thus  lost  its  independence, 
and  being  neglected  by  the  house  of 
Austria,  fell  by  degrees  into  its  present 
state.  Constance  is  famous  for  a  coun- 
cil, in  1514,  which  caused  John  Huss 
and  Jerointe  of  Prague  to.be  burnt;  and 
likewise  ^condemned  the  doctrine  of 
Wicklrffe,  and  ordered  his  bones  to  be 
burned  40  years  after  he  was  dead.  The 
French  took  possession  of  this  city  in 
July  1796.  Tt  is  55  miles  NE  of  Zuric. 
The  inhabitants  scai'cclv  amount  to  3000. 
Lon.  9  10  E,  lat.  47  38  N. 

Constance,  Lake  of,  one  of  the  most 
considerable  lakes  of  Swisserland,  which 
it  separates  from  Suabia,  that  part  ex- 
cepted, where  the  city  of  Constance  is 
seated  on  its  S  side.  Like  all  the  lakes 
in  Swisserland,  this  is  deeper  in  summer 
than  in  winter;  which  is  owing  to  the 
first  melting  of  the  snow  from  the  adja- 
cent mountains. 

Constantsa,  a  district  at  the  Cape  of 


1  Hood  Hope,  consisting  of  two  farms^ 
which  produce  die  well  known  wine  so 
much  prized  in  Europe,  and  known  by 
the  name  of  Cape  or  Constantia  wine. 

Constantino,,  a  strong  and  considerable 
town  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Al- 
giers, and  capiial  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  the  largest  and  strong- 
est in  all  the  eastern  parts,  and  seated 
at  the  top  of  a  great  rock.  There  is  no 
way  to  it  but  by  steps  cut  out  of  the 
the  rock  ;  and  the  usual  way  of  punish- 
ing criminals  here  :s  to  throw  them  down 
die  cliff.  Here  are  many  Roman  antiqui- 
ties, particularly  a  triumphal  arch.  It  is 
75  miles  from  the  sea,  and  210  E  by  S  of 
Algiers.    Lon.  7  0  E,  .lat,  36  4  N. 

(Jonstantrina,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalusia, with  a  castle  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, 40  miles  NE  of  Seville.  Lon.  5  35 
W,  lat.  37  40  N. 

Constantinople,  the  ancient  Byzantium, 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  cities  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Romania,  and  capital  of  the  Ot- 
toman entire  Constantine  the  Great 
chose  this  place  for  his  abode,  and  re- 
built it  after  the  model  of  Rome.  It  was 
taken,  in  1453,  by  the  Turks,  who  have 
kept  possession  of  it  ever  since.  It  is 
seated  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Roma- 
nia, on  a  small  neck  of  land  which  ad- 
vances towards  Natolia,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  a  channel  of  a  mile  in 
breadth.  The  sea  of  Marmora  washes 
its  walls  on  the  S,  and  a  gulf  of  the  chan- 
nel of  Constantinople  docs  the  same  on 


delightfully  situated 


the  X.  It 

tv.een  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Archipe- 
lago, from  whence  it  is  supplied  with  all 
necessaries.  The  grand  seignior's  pa- 
lace, called  the  Seraglio,  is  seated  on 
the  sea  side,  and  is  surrounded  with 
n  ails  flanked  with  towers,  and  separated 
from  the  city  by  canals.  It  is  said  the 
harbour  will  easily  hold  12000  ships, 
The  number  of  houses  must  needs  be 
prodigious,  since  one  fire  has  burnt  down 
30.0U0  in  one  day  without  greatly  chang- 
ing the  aspect  of  the  city.  However,  in 
general,  they  are  but  mean,  especially 
on  the  outside,  where  there  are  few  or 
no  windows  ;  and  the  streets  being  nar- 
row, 2,-ives  them  a  melancholy  look.  They 
reckon  that  there  are  3770  streets,  small 
nd  great :  but  they  are  seldom  or  never 
clean  ;  and  the  people  are  infested  with 
the  plague  almost  every  year.  The  in- 
habitants are  half  Turks,  two-thirds  of 
the  . other  half  Christians,  and  the  rest 
Jews.  Here  are  a  great  number  of  an- 
cient monuments  still  remaining,  and 
particularly  the  superb  temple  of  Sophia, 
which  is  turned  into  a  mosque,  and  far 
X 


CON 


COO 


surpasses  all  the  rest.  The  street  called 
Adrianople  is  the  longest  imd  broadest 
in  the  city;  and  the  bazars  or  bezes- 
teins,  are  the  markets  for  selling  all 
sorts  of  merchandise.  The  old  and  the 
new  are  pretty  near  each  other  ;  and  arc 
large  square  buildings  covered  with 
domes,  and  supported  by  arches  and  pi- 
lasters. The  new  is  the  best,  and  con- 
tains all  sorts  of  goods  which  are  there 
exposed  to  sale.  The  market  for  slaves 
of  both  sexes,  is  not  far  off ;  and  tin- 
Jews  are  the  principal  merchants  who 
bring  them  here  to  be  sold.  There  are 
a  great  number  of  young  girls  brought 
from  Hungary,  Greece,  Candia,  Russia, 
Mingrelia,  and  Georgia,  for  the  service 
of  the  Turks,  who  generally  buy  them 
for  their  seraglios.  The  great  square, 
near  the  mosque  of  sultan  Bajazet,  is 
the  place  for  public  diversions,  where 
the  jugglers  and  mountebanks  play  a 
great  variety  of  tricks.  The  circumfer- 
ence of  this  city  is  by  some  said  to  be  15 
miles,  and  by  Mr.  Tournefort  23  miles: 
to  which  if  we  add  the  suburbs,  it  may 
be  34  miles  in  compass.  The  suburb 
called  Pera  is  charmingly  situated;  and 
is  the  place  where  the  ambassadors  of 
England,  France,  Venice  and  Holland, 
reside.  This  city  is  built  in  the  form  of 
a  triangle  ;  and  as  the  ground  rises  gra- 
dually, there  is  a  view  of  the  whole 
town  from  the  sea.  The  public  build- 
ings, stich  as  the  palaces,  the  mosques, 
bagnios,  and  caravansaries  for  the  en- 
tertainment of  strangers,  are  many  of 
them  very  magnificent.  Lon.  29  20  E, 
lat.  41  4  N. 

.  Constantinople,  Strait  of,  anciently  the 
Thracian  Bosphorus,  and  forming  the 
communication  between  the  Euxine  or 
Black  Sea,  and  the  Fropontis,  or  sea  of 
Marmora.  It  is  20  miles  long,  and  a 
mile  and  a  quarter  broad,  where  narrow- 
est. The  Turks  have  built  two  castles 
opposite  to  each  other,  to  defend  the 
passage.  It  forms  the  separation  here 
between  Europe  and  Asia.  On  one  side 
of  it  is  situated  Constantinople,  and  on 
Mie  other  Scutari,  where  the  grand  seig- 
nior has  his  seraglio. 

Const an tinow,  a  town  of  Poland,  in 
Volhinia,  on  the  river  Selucza,  62  miles 
NE  of  Kaminieck.  Lon.  27  20  E,  lat.  49 
58  N. 

Contessa,  a  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name  in 
the  Archipelago,  200  miles  W  of  Con- 
stantinople.   Lon.  23  58  E,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Conti,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Somme  and  late  province  of 
Picardy.    It  formerly  gave  the  title  of 


prince  to  a  branch  of  the  late  royal  fami- 
ly of  France.    It  is  seated  on  the  Settle, 

14  miles  SW  of  Amiens,  and  62  N  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  13  E,  lat.  49  42  N. 

Conversano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
radi  Bari,  with  a  bishop's  see,  12  miles 
SE  of  Bari.  Lon.  17  6  E,  lat.  41  20  N. 

Comvuy,  a  town  in  Carnarvonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday  ;  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Conway,  and  distinguished 
by  the  massy  remains  of  its  castle,  for- 
merly one  of  the  most  magnificent  struc- 
tures of  the  kind  in  the  kingdom.  It  is 
18  miles  ENE  of  Carnarvon,  and  235 
WNW  of  London.  Lon.  4  1  W,  lat.  53 
20  N. 

Conivay,  a  river  of  X  Wales,  which 
flowing  through  a  fertile  vale  of  the  same 
name,  along  the  whole  eastern  border  of 
Carnarvonshire,  falls  into  the  Irish  Sea, 
at  the  town  of  Conway. 

Conway,  a  post  town  of  Stafford  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Saco 
river. 

Comvay,  a  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  situated  between 
Windsor  and  Deerfield,  and  containing 
about  2000  inhabitants. 

Coma,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
.  Principato  Ultcriore.  with  an  archbi- 
shop's see.  It  was  so  greatly  ruined  by 
an  earthquake  in  1694,  that  the  place 
where  the  cathedral  stood  is  hardly 
known.  It  is  52  miles  E  of  Naples.  Lon 

15  35  E,  lat.  40  50  N. 
Cook's  Jizver,  a  large  river  of  N  Ame- 
rica, which  flows  into  the  N  Pacific 
Ocean  It  was  discovered,  in  1778  by 
Captain  Cook,  who  left  a  blank  for  its 
name  which  was-  filled  up  by  the  earl  of 
Sandwich.  This  river  was  traced  as 
high  as  lat.  61  30  N,  which  is  above  70 
leagues  from  its  mouth,  in  lon.  152  0  W. 

Cook's  Strait,  a  strait  dividing  the 
two  islands  of  which  New  Zealand  is 
composed  :  it  is  about  four  or  five  leagues 
broad. 

Cooper's  Town,  a  new  and  thriving 
town  in  Otsego  county,  New  York.  It 
has  a  post  office,  and  is  the  principal 
seat  of  Justice  in  Otsego  county,  being 
77  miles  W  of  Albany. 

Cooper,  a  river  of  South  Carolina, 
which  rises  in  the  district  of  George- 
town, and  falls  into  Charlestown  har- 
bour, on  the  E  side  of  the  city. 

Coos,  an  island  in  the  Archipelago,  56 
miles  NW  of  Rhodes,  subject  to  the 
Turks.    Lon.  27  44  E,  lat.  37  1  N. 

Coosa-watchy,  a  post  town  in  Beaufort 
county,  South  Carolina;  lying  on  the 
river  Coosa,  about  75  miles  westward 
from  Charleston. 


COP 


COR 


Cootstoivn,  a  village  with  a  post  office, 
in  Berks  county,  Pennsylvania,  situated 
on  Maiden  creek,  a  brunch  of  the  river 
Schuylkill,  and  about  17  miles  NE  of 
Reading-- 

Copenhagen,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Denmark,  situated  on  the  eastern 
shore  of  the  island  of  Zealand,  upon  a 
fine  bay  of  the  Baltic  sea,  not  far  from 
the  strait  called  the  Sound.  Lon.  13  0 
E,  lat.  55  30  N.  Copenhagen  is  the  best 
built  city  of  the  north ;  for  although  Pe- 
tersburg excels  it  in  superb  edifices, 
yet  as  it  contains  no  wooden  houses,  it 
does  not  display  that  striking  contrast  of 
meanness  and  magnificence,  but  in  gene- 
ral exhibits  a  more  equable  and  uniform 
appearance.  The  town  is  surrounded  to- 
wards the  land  with  regular  ramparts 
and  bastions,  a  broad  ditch  full  of  water, 
and  a  few  outworks ;  its  circumference 
measures  between  four  and  five  miles. 
The  streets  are  well  paved,  with  a  foot- 
way on  each  side,  but  too  narrow  and  in- 
convenient for  general  use.  The  great- 
est part  of  the  buildings  are  of  brick;  and 
a  few  are  of  free-stone  brougiit  from  Ger- 
many. The  houses  of  the  nobility  are 
in  general  splendid,  and  constructed  in 
the  Italian  style  of  architecture.  The 
busy  spirit  of  commerce  is  visible  in  this 
city,  which  contains  about  80,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  haven  is  always  crouded  with 
merchant  ships ;  and  the  streets  are  in- 
tersected by  broad  canals,  which  bring 
the  merchandise  close  to  the  warehouses 
that  line  the  quays.  This  city  owes  ils 
principal  beauty  to  a  dreadful  fire  in 
1728,  that  destroyed  five  churches  and  67 
streets,  which  have  been  since  rebuilt  in 
the  modern  style.  The  new  part  of  the 
town  raised  by  the  late  King  Frederic  V. 
is  extremely  beautiful,  scarcely  inferior 
to  Bath.  It  consists  of  an  octagon,  con- 
taining four  uniform  and  elegant  build- 
ings of  hewn  stone,  and  of  four  broad 
streets  leading  to  it  in  opposite  direc- 
tions. In  the  middle  of  the  area  stands 
an  equestrian  statue  of  Frederick  V.  in 
bronze,  as  big  as  life,  which  cost  80,000/. 
The  Royal  Museum,  or  Cabinet  of  Rari- 
ties, merits  the  attention  of  travellers. 
This  collection,  which  was  begun  by 
Frederic  III.  is  deposited  in  eight  apart- 
ments, and  ranged  in  the  following  or- 
der :  animals,  shells,  minerals,  paintings, 
antiquities,  medals,  dresses,  arms  and 
implements  of  the  Laplanders.  The  roy- 
al palace,  called  Christianburg,  built  by 
Christian  VI.  one  of  the  most  commo- 
dious and  sumptuously  furnished  in  Eu- 
rope, was  destroyed  by  fire,  Feb.  26, 
1794 :  and  on  June  6,  1795,  a  fire  broke 
out  in  the  dock-yard,  which  soon  commu- 


nicated across  the  canal  to  the  house?., 
and  continued  to  rage  fur  two  days,  by 
which  one  fourth  of  the  city  was  destroy- 
ed. This  city  is  five  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence, and  seated  on  the  E  shore  of  the 
isle  of  Zealand,  300  miles  SW  of  Stock- 
holm, and  500  NE  of  London.  See  A- 
mak. 

Copiloivats,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Bulgaria.  Lon.  36  55  E,  lat.' 46 
40  N. 

Coporia,  a  town  of  Ingria,  in  the  Rus- 
sian government  of  Petersburg,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name.  Lon. 
29  0  E,  lat.  59  34  N. 

Coquet,  a  river  in  Northumberland, 
which  crossing  the  centre  of  that  coun- 
ty, falls  into  the  German  Ocean,  at  Wark- 
worth. 

Coquet,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Nor- 
thumberland, opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Coquet. 

Coquimbo,  a  seaport  of  Chili,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name.  It  has  been  often  pil- 
laged by  the  English.  Lon.  71  11  W,  lat. 
29  54  S. 

Corah  or  Corahjehenabad,  a  city  of  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  in  Door.b,  subject  to  the 
nabob  of  Oude.  It  is  60  miles  SSW  of 
Lucknow,    Lon.  79  45  E,  lat.  26  5  N. 

Corbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Waldeck,  10  miies  NW  of 
Waldeck.    Lon.  8  58  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Corbeck,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
three  miles  S  of  Louvain.  Lon.  4  49  E, 
lat.  50  50  N. 

Corbeil,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late  pro- 
vinee  of  the  isle  of  France,  seated  on  the 
Seine,  17  miles  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  26  E, 
lat.  48  33  N. 

Corbie,  a  town  of  France,,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme  and  late  province  of  Pi- 
cardy,  with  a  late  celebrated  Benedictine 
abbey,  seated  on  the  Somme,  10  miles  E 
of  Amiens.  Lon.  2  38  E,  lat.  49  54  N. 

Corby,  a  town  of  German}",  on  the  con- 
fines of  Westphalia,  with  a  famous  ab- 
bey, whose  abbot  is  a  sovereign  prince. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  30  miles  E 
In-  N  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  9  30  E,  lat.  51 
50  N. 

Cordova,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  remarkable  for  its  antiquity, 
and  for  having  preserved  its  splendour 
and  riches  through  so  many  ages,  it  be- 
ing well  known  to  the  Romans  by  the 
name  of  Corduba.  In  759,  Abdoulrah- 
man  only  heir  of  the  Ommiad  line  feed 
his  royal  residence  at  Cordova.  Then  be- 
gan those  flourishing  ages  of  Arabian 
gallantry  and  magnificence,  which  ren- 
dered the  Moors  of  Spain  superior  to  all 
their  cotcmporarics  in  arts  and  arms,  and 


I 


COR 


COR 


made  Cordova  one  of  the  most  splendid 

ciL.es  of  the  world.  When  Europe  was 
buried  in  ignorance  and  debased  by  bru-. 
tality  of  maimers,  it  became  the  centre  of 
politeness,  industry  and  genius.  Great 
and  expens  ve  monuments  of  architec- 
ture were  undertaken  and  completed  by 
many  of  these  Spanish  monarchsj  whose 
remains  nobody  can  behold  without  be- 
ing stronglv  impressed  with  a  high  idea 
of  the  genius  of  the  artists,  as  well  as 
the  grandeur  of  the  prince  who  carried 
them  into  execution.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Guadalquiver,  over  which  is  'd  magnifi- 
cent stone  bridge.  The  circumference 
is  large,  but  it  is  not  peopled  in  propor- 
tion to  its  extent,  foi  there  are  many  or- 
chards and  'gardens  within  the  walls. 
The  palaces,  churches,  and  religious 
houses  are  superb,  particularly  the  ca- 
thedral, which  is  very  magnificent.  It 
was  a  mosque  when  the  Moors  possessed 
the  town  :  for  which  reason  it  still  re- 
tains the  name  of  M  zquna.  The  square, 
called  the  Plaza  Major,  is  surrounded  bj 
0ne  houses  under  which  are  piazzas 
The  trade  consists  in  wine,  silk  and  Cor- 
dovan leather ;  and  in  the  neighbourhood 
are  a  vast  number  of  orange  and  lemon 
trees.  Tiie  best  horses  m  Spain  come 
hence.  Cordova  is  75  miles  NE  of  Se- 
ville., and  137  S  by  W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4 
4  W,  lit  32  10  S. 

Cordova,  a  town  of  S  America,  in  Tu- 
cuman,  with  a  bishop's  see,  180  miles  E 
bv  N  of  St.  Jago.  Lon.  62  5  W,  lat.  45 
36  N. 

Corduan,  a  famous  lighthouse  of  France  , 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Gironde,  55  miles 
NW  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  1  9  W,  lat.  45 
36  N\ 

Corea,  a  peninsula  of  Asia,  extending 
between  China  and  Japan.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Chinese  Tartary,  on  the  E 
by  the  sea  and  isles  of  Japan,  on  the  S 
by  the  ocean,  and  on  the  W  by  the  gulf 
and  province  of  Leao-tong.  This  king- 
dom is  commonlv  reckoned  200  leagues 
from  N  to  S,  and*100  from  E  to  W.  Tin 
king  has  absolute  authority  over  his  sub- 
jects, but  is  himself  tributary  to  China. 
It  is  divided  into  eight  provinces,  which 
contain  33  cities  of  the  first  rank,  58  of 
the  second,  and  70  of  the  third.  King- 
kitao  is  the  capital.  Corea  chiefly  pro- 
duces wheat,  ri  ce,  and  ginseng-,  with  a  kind 
of  palm-tree  which  yields  a  gum  capable 
of  producing  a  yellow  varnish  little  infe- 
rior to  gilding,  flence  also  are  exported 
castor  and  sable  skins ;  also  gold,  silver, 
iron,  and  fossil  salt :  a  kind  of  small 
brushes  for  painting,  made  of  the  hair  61 
a  wolfs  tail,  are  likewise  manufactured 
here,  which  are  exported  to  China,  and 


highly  esteemed  there.  The  sea-coasts 
abound  in  fish,  and  great  numbers  of 
whales  are  found  there  every  year  to- 
wards the  NE.  The  Coreans  are  well 
made,  ingenious,  brave,  and  tractable; 
are  fond  of  dancing,  and  show  great  do- 
cility in  acquiring  the  sciences,  to  which 
they  apply  with  great  ardour,  and  honour 
in  a  particular  manner.  The  northern 
Coreans  are  larger  sized  and  more  robust 
than  those  of  the  south;  have  a  taste 
for  arms,  and  become  excellent  soldiers. 
Their  arms  are  cross-bows  and  long  sa- 
bres. Men  of  learning  are  distinguished 
from  other  classes  of  people  by  two< 
plumes  of  feathers  in  their  caps  ;  and 
when  merchants  present  the  Coreans  With 
any  books  for  sale,  they  dress  themselves 
in  their  richest  attire,  and  burn  perfumes 
before  they  treat  concerning  th*  price. 
The  Coreans  mourn  three  years,  as  in 
China,  for  a  father  or  mother ;  but  the 
time  of  mourning  for  a  brother  is  con- 
fined to  three  months.  Their  dead  are 
not  interred  until  three  years  after  their 
decease  ;  and  when  the  ceremony  of  in- 
terment is  performed,  they  place  around 
the  tomb  the  clothes,  chariot,  and  horses, 
of  the  deceased,  with  whatever  else  he 
showed  the  greatest  fondness  for  while 
.dive  ;  all  which  they  leave  to.be  carried 
off  by  the  assistants.  Their  houses^  as  in 
China,  consist  only  of  one  story,  and  are 
very  ill  built.  Their  writing,  dress,  re- 
lig'ious  ceremonies,  and  creed,  as  well  as 
the  greater  part  of  their  customs,  arc- 
borrowed  from  the  Chinese.  Their  wo- 
men, however,  are  less  confined,  and 
iiave  the  liberty  of  appearing  in  publit 
with  the  other  sex,  for  which  they  are 
often  ridiculed  by  their  neighbours 
They  differ  from  the  Chinese  also  in 
their  ceremonies  of  marriage,  and  in  the 
manner  of  contracting  it ;  the  parties  in 
his  country  taking  the  liberty  to  choose 
for  themselves,  without  consulting  the 
nclinations  of  their  parents,  *>r  suffer- 
ing them  to  throw  any  obstacles  in  their 
way.,' 

Corfe-Castle,  a  borough  in  Dorsetshire, 
ith  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  a  peninsula,  called  the  Isle  of  Pur- 
beck,  on  a  river,  between  two  hills,  on 
one  of  which  stands  the  castle,  formerly 
a  place  of  great  importance.  It  is  21 
miles  E  of  Dorchester,  and  120  W  by  S 
of  London.    Lon.  2  4  W,  lat.  50  36  N." 

Corfu,  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean, 
near  Albania,  subject  to  the  Venetians, 
and  the,  most  important  place  they  have 
in  these  parts,  because  it  commands  the 
gulf  of  Venice.  It  is  defended  by  an  im- 
pregnable castle.  The  capital  is  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  handsome  metropolis 


COR 


COR 


ran  church  of  the  Creeks,  on  the  E  coast. 
Lon.  20  0  E,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Coria,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in 
Leon ;  seated  on  the  Alagon,  120  miles 
SW  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  30  W,  lat.  40 
0  N, 

Corinth,  now  called  Corantho,  or .  G'o- 
rame,  a  celebrated  ci;y,  in  the  Morea, 
with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  was 
one  of  the  most  important  places  in 
Greece,  on  account  of  its  situation  on  the 
isthmus  into  the  Morea  ;  its  castle  on  the 
top  of  an  almost  inaccessible  rock;  its 
harbours  on  the  gulphs  of  Lepunto  arid 
Engia ;  its  riches,  and  its  architects, 
sculptors  and  painters,  who  were  the 
skilful  in  Greece.  It  is  now  greatly 
decayed  ;  for  the  houses  are  not  conti- 
guous, but  intermixed  with  fields  and 
gardens,  which  make  it  look  like  a  vil- 
lage. The  country  about  it  abounds  with 
corn,  wine  and  oil,  and  from  the  castfe 
is  a  fine  prospect  over  the  sea  to  the  E 
and  W,  and  a  fertile  country  N  and  S. 
The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Christians  of 
the  Greek  church.  It  is  forty  miles 
N  VV  of  Athens.  Lon.  23  3  E,  lat.  38 
14  N. 

Corinth,  Isthmus  of,  in  the  Morea,  a 
neok  of  land  which  joins  the  Morea  to 
Livadia,  and  reaches  from  the  gulf  of  Le- 
punto to  that  of  Engia.  The  narrowest 
part  of  it  is  six  miles  over  ;  and  on  a 
mount  there,  called  Oneius,  were  former- 
ly celebrated  the  Isthmian  games.  Julius 
Cesar,  Caligula,  and  Nero,  in  vain  at- 
tempted to  cut  a  channel  through  the 
isthmus ;  they  therefore  built  a  wall  a- 
cross  it,  called  Ilexaniilium,  because  it 
was  six  miles  in  length.  This  was  de- 
molished by  Amurath  II.  rebuilt  by  the 
Venetians,  and  levelled  a  second  time  by 
Mahomet  II. 

Corinth,  a  township  of  Orange  county, 
Vermont,  situated  between  Washington 
and  Moreton  townships,  about.  12  miles 
W  of  Mount  Sawer.  It  contains  1500  in- 
habitants. 

Corita,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  23 
miles  E  of  Salamanca.  Lon.  5  49  W,  lat. 
41  5  i\T. 

Cork,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Munster,  80  miles  in  length, 
and  50  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on,  the  W  by 
K  rry  and  the  Atlantic,  on  the  N  by  Li- 
merick, on  the  E  by  Waterford,  and  on 
the  S  and  SE  by  St.  George's  Channel.  It 
contains  232  parishes,  and  before  the 
Irish  Union  sent  26  members  to  parlia- 
ment. It  is  fertile  and  populous,  and  has 
two  remarkable  rivers,  the  Blackwater 
and  I^ee. 

Cork,  the  capital  of  the  county  of  Cork, 


with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  a  neat,  wealthy 
and  populous  place,  on  the  river  Lee, 
where  it  has  a  commodious  harbour.  It 
is  the  first  town  of  Ireland  for  trade  ex- 
cept Dublin.  It  was  taken  by  the  earl 
of  Marlborough  in  1690.  It  is  14  miles 
from  St  George's  Channel,  and  124  SW 
of  Dublin.    Lon.  8  23  W,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Cor/in,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
seated  on  the  river  Persant,  eight  miles 
SE  of  Colherg.  Lon.  15  47  E,  lat.  54 
16  N. 

Cormmtin,  a  fortress  on  the  Gold  Coast 
of  Guinea,  belonging  to  the  Dutch.  Near 
it  is  the  town,  which  is  large  and  popu- 
lous.   Lon.  0  15  \V,  lat.  5  30  N. 

Cormery,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loire  and  la.e  pro- 
vince of  Touraine.  it  had  before  the 
French  revolution  a  rich  Benedictine  ab- 
bey, and  is  seated  on  the  Indre,  eight 
miles  from  Tours.  Lon.  0  28  E,  lat.  47 
30  N. 

Comet,  a  castle  on  the  island  of  Guern- 
sey. Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  49  30  N. 

'Corneto,  a  town  of  Italy;  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  Marta,  3  miles  E  of  the 
sea,  and  37  NW  of  Rome.  Lon.  11  53  E, 
lat.  42  15  X. 

Cornish,  a  township  of  York  county, 
Maine.  It  is  a  mountainous  country,  si- 
tuated on  Saco  river,  and  not  very  po- 
pulous. '-jA 

Cornish,  a  township  of  Cheshire  county, 
in  the  state  of  New  Hampshire.  It  has 
a  post  office  and  about  1500  inhabitants. 
It  is  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Connec- 
ticut river,  about  20  miles  N  of  Char- 
leston. 

Cornwall,  a  county  which  forms  the 
SW  exiremity  of  England ;  bounded  on  the 
E  by  Devonshire,  on  the-S  by  the  English 
Channel,  and  on  the  NW  by  St.  George's 
Channel.  This  county  is  80  miles  long, 
40  broad,  and  250  in  circumference,  con- 
taining 960,000  acres,  and  126,000  in- 
habitants. Its  chief  rivers  are  the  Ta- 
mar,  Tale,  Cober,  Loo,  Camel,  Fowe, 
JIaile,  Lemara,  Kense  and  Aire.  Its  prin- 
cipal capes  or  head  lands  are  the  Land's 
End,  the  Lizard,  Cape  Cornwall,  Dead- 
man's  Head,  Rame  Head,  &c.  and  a  clus- 
ter of  islands,  145  in  number  called  the 
Scilly  isles,  supposed  formerly  to  have 
belonged  to  the  mainland,  though  now 
30  miles  distant ;  abounding  with  ant: 
quities  particularly  druidical.  As  Corn  - 
wall is  surrounded  by  the  sea  on  all  sides 
except  the  E,  the  summers  are  less  hot, 
and  the  winters  less  cold,  than  in  other 
parts  of  England,  and  the  spring  and 
harvest  are  observed  to.be  more  back 


COR 


COR 


ward.  High  and  sudden  winds  are  also 
more  common  in  this  than  in  other  coun- 
ties of  England.  The  soil,  as  it  is  shal- 
low, is  not  very  fruitful,  especially  in  the 
centre  or  the  hilly  par's  ;  the  valleys  are 
very  pleasant  and  fertile,  yielding  gieat 
plenty  both  of  corn  and  pasture.  The 
Phenicians  early  visited  these  coasts, 
some  think,  400  or  450  years  before 
Christ.  It  derives  its  chief  importance 
from  its  minerals.  The  mines  of  tin  are 
numerous,  and  arc  in  general,  very  rich 
in  ore  ;  these  have  rendered  this  county 
famous  in  all  ages.  There  has  been  some- 
times found  a  small  quantity  of  gold  and 
silver,  but  not  worthy  of  notice.  With 
the  metalline  ores  are  intermixed  large 
quantities  of  mundic  and  arsenic.  Many 
sorts  of  stones  are  also  found  here,  par- 
ticularly moorstone  which  is  used  both  in 
buildings  and  for  millstones ;  when  po- 
lished, it  appears  more  beautiful  than  any 
of  the  marble  kind,  and  makes  the  rich- 
est furniture,  as  tables,  chimney  pieces, 
&c.  but  being  exceedingly  hard,  the  po-, 
lishing  is  expensive.  The  copper  mines 
are  also  numerous,  and  rich  in  ore.  In 
many  cavernous  parts  of  the  rocks  are 
found  transparent  crystals,  called  Cor- 
nish diamonds,  they  being  very  brilliant 
when  well  polished.  This  county  was 
ene  of  the  places  to  which  the  ancient 
Britons  retreated,  whose  language  was 
retained  even  to  this  century,  but  it  is 
now  quite  extinct.  The  king's  eldest 
son  is  born  duke  of  Cornwall,  and  derives 
a  revenue,  not  only  from  lands  apper- 
taining to  the  duchy,  but  from  the  mines 
of  tin  and  copper  ;  he  has  under  him  an 
officer,  called  lord  warden  of  the  Stanna- 
ry Courts,  whose  jurisdiction  extends 
over  the  mines  and  miners  of  Cornwall 
and  Devonshire  ;  and  he  appoints  in  his 
privy  council,  the  sheriff  of  the  former 
county.  Launceston  is  the  capital. 

Corn-watt,  a  post  town  in  Litchfield 
countv,  Connecticut,  10  miles  NW  of 
Litchfield,  and  42  W  by  N  of  Hartford, 
with  1614  inhabitants. 

Cornwall,  a  township  of  Addison  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  situated  between  Bride- 
port  and.  Middleburg,  and  between  the 
S  end  of  lake  Champlaine  and  Otter  ri- 
ver.   It  has  about  1500  inhabitants. 

Coromandel,  Coast  of,  the  most  eastern 
part  of  the  Hither  India,  lying  between 
10  and  20  deg.  N  lat.  and  79  30  and  86 
30  E  Ion.  It  is  terminated  by  Golconda 
on  the  N,  by  the  bay  of  Bengal  on  the  E, 
by  Madura  on  the  S,  and  by  Bisnagar 
Proper  on  the  W.  Some  geographers 
consider  the  southern  limit  of  Golconda 
to  be  Cape  Comorin,  and  the  northern 


Masulipatam.  On  this  coast,  Madras  or 
Fort.  St.  George,  Pondicherry,  and  many 
other  Euroj)ean  forts  and  factories  are 
situated,  from  whence  chintz,  calicoes 
and  muslins  are  exported  to  Europe,  to- 
gether with  some  diamonds.  There  is 
not  a  port  for  large  ships  on  the  whole 
coast.    Madras  is  the  principal  town. 

Coron,  a  seaport  of  the  Morea,  seated 
on  a  bay,  15  miles  SE  of  Modon.  Lon.  21 
50  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Coronation  Cape,  a  cape  of  the  island  of 
New  Caledonia,  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lon.  167  8  E,  lat.  22  5  S. 

Corregio,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a 
territory  of  the  same  name  in  the  Mode- 
rnise, with  a  castle,  9  miles  NE  of  Reggio. 
Lon.  11  12  E,  lat.  44  46  N. 

Correze,  a  department  of  France,  con- 
taining the  late  province  of  Liniosin. 
It  takes  its  name  from  a  river,  which 
falls  into  the  Vezere,  after  having  water- 
ed Tulles  and  Brives.  Tulles  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Corsham,  a  town  in  Wilts,  where  the 
Saxon  king  Ethelred  had  a  palace.  Here 
are  some  considerable  clothiers.  It  is  4 
miles  SW  of  Chippenham. 

Corsica,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
between  8  and  10  E  lon.  and  41  and  43 
N  lat.  On  the  S  it  is  separated  from  Sar- 
dinia, by  the  strait  of  Bonifacio  ;  to  the 
E  it  has  the  Tuscan  Sea  ;  to  the  N  the 
gulf  of  Genoa ;  and  to  the  W  it  is  oppo- 
site the  coasts  of  France  and  Spain.  It 
is  150  miles  from  X  to  S,  and  from  40  to 
50  in  breadth.  On  the  coast  are  many 
excellent  harbours.  The  air  is  very  un- 
wholesome, and  the  land  hilly,  full  of 
stones,  and  cultivated  very  poorly  ;  how  - 
ever the  vallies  produce  wheat,  and  the 
hills  fruits,  viz.  olives,  figs,  grapes,  al- 
monds, and  chesnuts.  They  have  horses 
also  of  a  very  fiery  nature.  Besides, 
there  are  mines  of  iron,  and  a  great  deal 
of  fish  and  coral  on  the  coast.  There  is 
a  ridge  of  mountains,  which  divide  the 
island  into  two  parts,  the  N  and  S.  The 
capital  is  Bastia.  It  belonged  to  the 
Genoese,  but  the  natives  having  for  many 
years  taken  up  arms  against  them,  that 
state  surrendered  its  right  to  the  king 
of  France.  After  the  French  revolution 
in  1789,  Corsica  was  admitted  as  an 
eighty-third  department  of  France,  at 
the  particular  request  of  a  deputation,  of 
which  Paoli  was  at  the  head.  In  conse- 
quence, however,  of  some  events  which 
followed  the  revolution  of  1792,  Paoli  re- 
volted; the  French,  by  the  assistance 
of  the  English,  were  expelled  from  the 
island  ;  and  Corsica,  on  the  19th  of  June 
1794,  was  declared  annexed  to  the  crown 


COS 


COT 


of  Great  Britain,  according-  to  a  new  con- 
stituiion,  which  had  been  previously 
formed.  It  has  since  revolted  to  France 
and  the  English  viceroy  has  been  recal- 
led. 

Corsoer,  a  town  of  Denmark,  on  the 
W  side  of  the  isle  of  Zealand,  on  a  pen- 
insufa,  in  the  Great  Belt.  It  has  a  good 
harbour  for  light  vessels,  and  is  defend- 
ed by  a  citadel.  Lon.  11  12  E,  lat.  55 
12  X. 

Corte,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  island  of 
Corsica,  seated  partly  on  the  foot,  and 
partly  on  the  declivity  of  a  rock,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Tavignano  and  Heston- 
ica.  On  the  point  of  a  rock,  rising  above 
the  rest,  at  the  back  of  the  town  is  the 
castle,  which  has  only  one  winding  pas- 
sage to  climb  up,  in  which  only  two  per- 
sons can  go  abreast.  It  is  27  miles  SW  of 
Bastia.  Lon.  9  26  E,  lat.  42  6  N. 

Cortis,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bi- 
shopric of  Liege,  10  miles  XE  of  Ramil- 
lies.    Lon.  4  59  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Cortlandt,  a  township  of  West  Chester 
county,  in  the  state  of  New  York,  con- 
taining 3000  inhabitants.  From  its  vici- 
nity to  the  capital  it  has  been  well  set- 
tled and  highly  improved. 

Corto?ia,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see,  and  a  famous  academy,  32 
miles  E  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  52  \V,  lat. 
43  20  N. 

Coninna,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Gali- 
cia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Groyne.  It  is 
situated  on  a  fine  bay  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  about  32  miles  N  of  Compostella. 
Lon.  8  19  W,  lat.  43  18  X. 

Coi-vo,  the  smallest  island  of  the  A- 
zores.  It  derives  its  name  from  the 
abundance  of  crows  found  upon  it.  It 
has  about  600  inhabitants,  who  cultivate 
wheat  and  feed  hogs.  Lon.  315  W,  lat. 
39  42  X. 

Coryvrckan,  a  dangerous  whirlpool  on 
the  W  coast  of  Scotland,  between  the 
isle  of  Scarba  and  the  X  point  of  that  of 
Jura.  It  is  so  named  from  a  young  Dan- 
ish prince  who  perished  in  this  place : 
its  dreadful  vortex  extends  above  half  a 
mile  in  circuit. 

Corzola,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
ftice,  on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia.  Lon.  17 
0  E,  lat.  43  16  X. 

Cosenza,  a  city  of  Xaples,  capital  of 
Calabria  Citeriore,  with  an  archbishop's 
see,  and  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Crate,  11  miles  from  the  sea,  and 
105  SE  of  Xaples.  Lon.  16  10  E,  lat.  39 
20  X. 

Coslin,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
10  miles  E  of  Colberg. 

Come,  u  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
r    rt  of  Xievre  and  late  province  of  Xi- 


vernois.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Loire  and  Xoain,  88  miles  S  oi 
Paris.    Lon.  3  6  E,  lat.  47  23  X. 

Cossacs,  a  people  inhabiting  the  con- 
fines of  Poland,  Russia,  Tartary,  and 
Turkey.  They  are  divided  into  the 
Kosakki-sa-Parovi,  the  Kosakki-Donski, 
and  the  Uralian  Cossacs.  The  Cossacs 
are  tall  and  well  made,  with  aquiline 
noses,  and  a  good  mein.  They  are  har- 
dy, vigorous  and  brave  ;  but  fickle  and 
wavering;  the  women  are  handsome,  well 
shaped,  and  complaisant  to  strangers. 
The  Uralian  Cossacs  dwell  in  villages, 
along  the  banks  of  the  Ural,  and  their 
chief  tow  n  is  Uralsk.  The  country  which 
the  Kosakki-sa-Parovi  inhabit,  is  called 
the  Ukraine  :  and  their  towrns  are  built 
of  wood  after  the  manner  of  the  Rus- 
sians. The  Kosukki-Donski,  dwell  on 
both  sides  of  the  Don,  are  under  the 
protection  of  Russia,  and  profess  the 
same  religion.  See  Ukraine  and  Uralian 
Cossacs. 

Cossimbazar,  a  small  city  of  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper,  in  Bengal*  nearly  adjacent 
to  Moorshedabad.  It  has  been  at  all 
times  the  residence  of  the  different  Eu- 
ropean factors,  this  being  the  centre  of 
their  trade.  It  is  seated  on  an  island,  in 
Hoogly  River,  110  miles  X  of  Calcutta. 
Lon.  85  3S  E,  lat.  23  40  X. 

Costapiazzar,  the  highest  mountain  of 
Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Romania,  ancient- 
ly called  Haemus. 

Costa  Jiicn,  a  province  of  Xorth  Ame- 
rica, in  Xew  Spain,  bounded  on  the  N 
E  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  SW  by 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  XW  by  Xica- 
ragua,  and  on  the  SE  by  Veragua.  Xew 
C;.rthage  is  the  capital. 

Cotbus,  a  town  of  Lower  Lusatia,  sub- 
ject to  the  king  of  Prussia.  It  is  noted 
for  excellent  beer,  pitch,  and  the  culti- 
vation of  flax.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Spree,  60  miles  S  bv  E  of  Berlin.  Lon. 
14  12  E,  lat.  51  36  X. 

Cote  iVor,  a  department  of  France,  con- 
taining part  of  the  late  province  of  Bur- 
gundy.   Dijon  is  the  capital. 

Cotes  du  Nord,  a  department  of  France, 
so  named  from  its  northerly  maritime 
position,  containing  part  of  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne.  St.  Brieux  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

CotigniaC)  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Var  and  late  province  of  Pro- 
vence, on  the  river  Argens. 

Cotesu-old,  or  Cots-a-old  Hills,  a  long 
tract  of  high  ground  in  the  E  part  of 
Gloucestershire.  Affording  in  many  pla- 
ces a  fine  short  grass  for  the  feed  of 
sheep,  and  others  are  devoted  to  the 
I  growth  of  corn. 


cou 


C  R  A 


Coney,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
nartment  of  Aisnc,  nine  miles  X  of  Sois- 
soos.    L«;n.  3  13  E,  hit.  49  31  X. 

Coventry,  a  cily  in  Warwickshire, 
which,  with  Lichfield,  is  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  a  county  of  itself,  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to  .par- 
liament. The  houses  being"  mostly  old, 
and  built  of  wood  and  plaster,  with  sto- 
ries projecting'  over  each  other,  make  a 
mean  appearance.  The  town-house  is 
much  admired  for  its  painted  windows, 
representing  scver.il  king's1  and  others 
that  have  beeji  benefactors  to  the  city. 
At  present  it?s  principal  branch  is  that 
of  silk  ribands  ;  some  gauzes,  camblets, 
and  Listings  are  also  made  here.  It  has 
a  communication  with  the  Staffordshire 
Grand  Trunk,  by  a  canal  to  Fradley ; 
and  by  another  canal/which  joins  the 
Oxford  canal  at  ilraiinston,  it  has  a  com- 
munication with  the  Thames.  Coventry 
is  91  miles  NW  of  London.  Lon.  1  28 
W,  Lit.  52  28  X. 

Coventry,  a  township  of  Chester  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  between  French 
creek  and  the  river  Schuylkill,  opposite 
to  Pottsgrove. 

Coventry,  a  township  of  Kent,  Rhode- 
Island,  adjoining1  the  state  of  Connecti- 
cut on  the  W,  and  Warwick  township  on 
the  E.  It  is  famous  for  its  Cheese  - 
dairies,  and  contains  about  2000  inha- 
bitants. 

Coventry,  a  town  in  Tolland  county, 
Connecticut,  14  miles  W  of  Windham, 
and  19  E  of  Hartford,  with  about  2000 
inhabitants.    Here  is  a  post  office. 

Covoerden,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Overyssei,  with  a  fortress  hi 
the  marshes,  strong  both  by  nature  and 
art.  It  is  35  miles  XE  ot'Deventer.  Lon. 
6  35  E,  lat.  52  46  N. 

Covrland,  a  duchy  of  Europe,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  the  Baltic,  on  the  E  h\ 
Livonia,  and  on  the  S  and  W  by  Poland. 
It  is  divided  into  Courland  Proper  and 
Semigallia ;  its  length  is  about  150  miles, 
and  its  breadth  is  in  some  places  30,  i'; 
/others  scarcely  10,  and  towards  the  SE 
it  stretches  to  a  point.  The  count]-' 
swells  into  gentle  hills,  and  is  fertile  i:' 
corn,  hemp,  and  flax.  It  is  nominally  ;i 
feucbtory  province  of  Poland,  but,  in  rcT 
ality,  dependant  on  Russia.  Mittau  is 
the  capital. 

Conrtray,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  Xc- 
therlands,  on  the  river  Lis,  22  miles  E 
of  Ypres.  It  was  taken  by  die  French  in 
April  1794,  in  whose  possession  it  still 
remains.  Lon.  3  6  E,  lat.  50  50  X. 

Coitsemnr,  a  late  province  of  France, 
lying*  along-  the  river  Satat,  and  forming-, 
with  Fofe,  the  department  of  Arriegc. 


Coulance.t,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  ike 
department  of  the.  Channel  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Xm-mandy.  It  is  22  miles  X  of 
Avranches.  Lon.  1  23  E,  la,.  49  3  X. 

Coiitras,  a  town  of  France,,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne  and  late  province 
of  Perigord,  seated  on  the  Dordogne,  20 
miles  XE  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0  3  W,  lat. 
40  4  X. 

Coivbridge,  a  corporate  town  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It 
is  called,  by  the  Welsh,  Pont-Van,"  from 
the  stone  bridge  over  the  river,  which 
soon  after  falls  into  the  Bristol  Channel. 
The  streets  are  broad  and  paved  ;  and 
here  the  assizes  for  the  county  are  held. 
It  is  12  miles  W  of  Cardiff  and  176  of 
London.  Lon.  3  33  V/,  lat.  51  28  X. 
.  Cowes,  a  seaport  on  the  XE  side  of  the 
isle  of  Wight,  8  miles  SW  of  Portsmouth. 
Lon.  1  15  W,  lat.  50  46  X. 

Coxsuclcie,  a  township  of  Green  coun- 
ty, and  stnte  of  Xew  York,  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  the  Xorth  river,  about 
20  miles  X  of  the  city  of  Hudson.  It  is 
a  thriving-  country,  and  contains  about 
6000  inhabitants. 

Coymamt,  a  township  of  Albany  coun- 
ty, Xew  York;  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  the  Xorth  river,  between  Kenderhook 
and  Bethlehem,  and  containing  3000  in- 
habitants. 

Cozmnel,  an  island  of  Xorth  America, 
on  the  E  coast  of  Yucatan,  where  Cortex 
landed  and  refreshed  his  troops,  before 
he  attempted  the  conquest  of  Mexlbo.  It 
abounds  with  fruits,  pulse,  cattle,  and 
fowls.  The  original  natives  possess  this 
island,  but  are  subject  to  Spain. 

Or  abb  Island.    See  Boriquen. 

Cracatoa,  the  southernmost  of  a  cluster 
of  islands  in  the  entrance  of  the  straits  of 
Sunda.  The  population  is  considerable, 
and  its  coral  reefs  afford  small  turtles  in 
abundance,.  Lon.  105  56  E,  lat.  8  6  S. 

Cracow,  a  city,  formerly  the  capital  of 
Poland,  where  the  kings  were  elected 
and  crowned.  It  was  once  almost  the 
centre  of  the  Polish  dominions,  but  since 
the  partition  of  Poland  in  1774,  it  is  In- 
come a  frontier  town.  Cracow  stands  in 
an  extensive  plain,  watered  by  the  Vistu- 
L,  which  is  broad  but  shallow  :  the  city 
•nd  its  suburbs  occupy  a  vast  tract  of 
'■  round,  but  are  so  badly  peopled,  that 
they  scarcely  contain  16,000  inhabitants. 
Many  of  the  streets  are  broad  and  hand- 
some ;  but  almost  every  building  bears 
the  most  striking  marks  of  ruined  gran- 
deur :  The  churches  alone  seem  to  have 
preserved  their  original  splendour.  The 
devastation  of  this  unfortunate  town  was 
begun  by  the  Swedes  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  present  century,  when  it  was 


C  R  A 


CRE 


lesieged  and  taken  by  Charles  XII.  but 
ihe  mischiefs  it  suffered  from  that  ravaglr 
of  the  North  were  far  less  destructive 
than  those  it  experienced  during  the  late 
dreadful  commotions,  when  it  underwent 
re  peated  sieges,  and  was  alternately  in 
possession  of  the  Russians  and  confede- 
rates. The  effects  of  cannon,  grape  and 
musket  shot,  are  still  discernible  on  ihe 
walls  and  houses.  In  a  word,  Cracow  ex- 
hibits the  remains  of  ancient  magnifi- 
cence, and  looks  like  a  great  capital  in 
ruins  :  from  the  number  of  fallen  and  fal- 
ling houses  one  would  imagine  it  had  late- 
ly been  sacked,  and  that  the  enemy  had 
left  it  only  yesterday.  The  town  is  sur 
rounded  with  high  walls  of  brick,  strength- 
ened by  round  and  square  towers,  of 
whimsical  shapes,  in  the  ancient  styles 
of  fortification  :  The  university  of  Cra- 
cow was  formerly,  and  not  unjustly,  cal- 
led the  mother  of  Polish  literature  as  it 
principally  supplied  the  other  seminaries 
with  professors  and  men  of  learning  ;  but 
its  lustre  has  been  greatly  obscured  by 
the  removal  of  the  royal  residence  to 
Warsaw,  and  still  more  by  the  late  intes- 
tine convulsions.  When  the  general  in- 
surrection broke  out,  in  1794,  against  the 
Prussian  and  Russian  usurpers  of  the  Po- 
lish territory,  Kosciusko,  the  chief  oc  the 
patriotic  insurgents,  expelled  the  Rus- 
sian garrison  from  this  city,  on  the  24th 
of  March  1794  ;  but  having  marched,  in 
the  sequel,  to  the  protection  of  Wars uw, 
Cracow  surrendered  to  the  Prussians,  on 
the  15th  of  June.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vis- 
tula, 130  miles  SSW  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  19 
50  E,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Craigmillar,  a  ruinous  castle,  2  miles  S 
E  of  Edinburgh,  in  which  Mary  queen  of 
Scots  resided,  after  her  return  from  Pa- 
ris, in  1562.  Her  French  retinue  were 
lodged  in  an  adjacent  village,  thence  cal- 
led Little  France. 

Crail,  a  borough  in  Fifeshire,  at  thr- 
mouth  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  7  miles  ST-', 
of  St.  Andrew's.  Lon.  2  36  W,  lat.  56 
15  X. 

Orftinbiirg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Car- 
niola,  on  the  river  Save,  20  milts  XW  of 
Laubach.  Lon.  14  5  E,  lat.  46  36  X. 

Crammond,  a  small  village  of  Midlothian 
Scotland,  remarkable  for  the  traces  of  a 
Roman  station. 

Crammond  Water,  a  river  in  Edinburgh- 
shire, called  also  the  Almond.  For  seve- 
ral miles  it  divides  this  county  from  Lin- 
l'uhgowshire,  and  falls  into  the  Frith  of 
Forth,  at  the  village  of  Crammond. 

Cranbourn,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  well  wa- 
tered with  streams,  and  hps  a  fine  chase 


which  extends  almost  to  Salisbury.  It  is 
38  miles  XE  of  Dorchester,  and  94  W  of 
London.  Lon.  1  51  W,  lat.  50  54  X. 

Cranberrypk  small  post  town  in  Mid- 
dlesex county,  Xew  Jersey;  situated  on 
a  branch  of  Millstone  river,  about  12 
miles  XE  of  Ailentown. 

Cravbrook,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday,  13  miles  S  of  Maidstone, 
and  52  SE  of  London.  Lon.  0  39  E,lat.  51 

,4  x.  ntiuBnm^'  -  Ty:  •{. 

Cranganore,  a  town  and  fort  on  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  until  lately  subject  to 
the  Dutch  by  whom  it  was  taken  from  the 
Portuguese  in  1662.  Cranganore  is  seat- 
ed at  the  mouth  of  a  river.  24  miles  XV 
by  W  of  Cochin.  Lon.  76  30  E,  lat.  10 
23  X.  . 

Cranston,  a  township  in  Providence 
county,  Rhode  Island  ;  situated  between 
Providence  river  on  the  E,  and  Sciticase 
township  on  the  W,  and  containing  about 
1800  inhabitants. 

Crato,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo, 
7  miles  E  of  Portalegra.  It  has  29  parish- 
es, under  its  jurisdiction,  beside  ihe  ca- 
pital priory  belonging  to  the  order  of 
Malta.  Lon.  7  20  W,  lat.  39  6  X. 

Crure?i,  a  county  of  X  Carolina,  in 
Xewbern  district,  containing  about  8000 
inhabitants  It  is  sittiated  on  both  sides 
of  the  river  Xeus.  The  capital  is  Xew- 
bern, lat.  35  10  X,  and  lon.  77  W. 

Crmvford,  one  of  the  XW  counties  of 
Pennsylvania.  It  has  Erie  county  on  the 
X,  and  Mercer  and  Venango  on  the  S, 
and  is  watered  by  the  streams  of  French 
creek.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
3500. 

Crecy,  or  Cressy,  a  village  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Straits  of  Ca- 
•ais  and  late  province  of  Picardy,  remar- 
kable for  the  victory  gained  by  Edward 
111.  in  1346.    It  is  32  miles  S  by  E  of 

Calais.  'niiHfiSSKS^  ;  ^\-'-fy 

Crediton,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  has  a  considera- 
ble manufacture  of  serges,  and  is  seated 
between  two  hills,  12  miles  XW  of  Exe- 
ter, and  181  W  by  X  of  London.  Lon.  3 
45  W,  lat.  50  49  X. 

Creeto-um,  a  small  port  of  Scotland,  on 
the  E  side  of  Wigton  Ray,  in  Kirkcud- 
brightshire. Hoe  several  sloops  are 
constantly  employed  in  carrying  seashells 
coastwise,  or  importing  coal  and  lime 
from  Cumberland. 

Creijf,  a  town  in  Perthshire,  with  an 
annual  fair  for  cattle,  one  of  the  gre  test 
in  Scotland.  It  is  seated  on  the  Earn, 
20  miles  W  of  Penh. 

Creil,  a  town  of  Fi  ance,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise,  lately  in  the  province 


IRE 


C  RI 


of  the  Isle  of  France,  seated  on  the  Oise, 
five  miles  E  of  Seniis.  Lon.  2  43  E,  lat. 
49  13  X.  iyjfl 

Crema,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  Cre- 
masco,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Scrio,  20  miles  N  of  Piacentia. 
Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  45  25  X. 

Cremiu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Isere  ,and  hue  province  of 
Dauphiny.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain  near  the  Rhone,  20  miles  XE 
of  Vienne.  Lon.  5  20  E,  lat.  45  44  N. 

Cremnitz,  the  principal  mine-town  of 
Upper  Hungary,  70  miles  XE  of  Presburg. 
Lon.  19  6  E,  lat.  48  32  X. 

Cremona,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  ca- 
pital of  the  Cremonese,  defended  by  a 
strong  castle.  The  streets  are  broad  and 
straight,  the  houses  well-built,  the 
churches  handsome,  and  the  squares 
large.  It  was  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and 
had  a  university.  It  is  seated  on  the  Po, 
30  miles  XW  of  Parma.  Lon.  9  58  E,  lat. 
45  8  X. 

Cremonese,  a  territory  pf  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Milan,  bounded  on  the  E  by 
Mantua,  on  the  X  by  Bresciano,  on  the  W 
by  Cremasco,  and  on  the  S  by  Parma.  It 
is  fertile  in  wine  and  fruits.  Cremona  is 
the  capital. 

(gtempen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  five  miles  from  Ham- 
burgh. 

Cresapsburg,  a  post  town  of  Allegha- 
ny county,  Maryland,  on  the  W  side  of 
Potomac  river,  seven  miles  SW  of  Cum- 
berland, eight  X  of  Frankford,  and  155 
from  Washington. 

Cre-tcentino,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  on 
the  river  Po.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1704,  and  bv  the  allies  in*1706.  It  is 
20  miles  NE  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  0  E,  lat. 
45  20  X. 

Crexpii,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise  and  late  province  of  the 
Isle  of  France,  32  miles  XW  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  35  E,  lat.  49  10  X.  _ 

Crest,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Drouse  and  late  province  of 
Dauphinv,  seated  on  the  Drome,  15  miles 
SE  of  Valence.  Lon.  5  26  E,  lat.  44  40  X. 

Crevecceur,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  the  Xorth  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Cambresis,  on  the  Scheldt, 
five  miles  S  of  Cambray.  Lon.  3  20  E, 
lat.  50  6  X. 

Crevecceur,  a  town  and  fort  of  Dutch 
Brabant,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Dom- 
mel  with  the  Maese,  four  miles  XW  of 
Bois-le-Duc.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794,  when  they  overran  Hol- 
land. 

O  euse,  a  department  of  France,  con- 


taining the  late  province  of  Marche.  Gue- 
rct  is  the  capital. 

Creutznach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  with  a  castle, 
on  an  eminence.  It  has  been  frequently 
taken  during  the  present  war,  the  last 
time  by  the  French  in  1796.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Nahe,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge, 
20  miles  SW  of  Mentz.  Lon.  7  55  E,  lat. 
49  44  X. 

Crewkeme,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
near  a  branch  of  the  Parret,  25  miles  S 
of  Wells,  and  132  WS  W  of  London.  Lon. 
3  0  W,  lat.  50  50  X. 

Crexosville,  a  post  town  of  Goochland 
county,  Virginia,  lying  on  the  S  side  of 
South  Anna  river,  a  branch  of  Pamunkey 
river,  20  miles  SE  of  Columbia  Court- 
house, and  122  from  Washington. 

Crickho-wel,  a  town  in  Brecknockshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.    It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Usk,  10  miles  SE  of 
Brecknock,  and  149  W  by  X  of  London 
Lon.  3  7  W,  lat.  51  49  X. 

Cricklade,  a  borough  in  Wilts,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  almost  sur- 
rounded by  the  Thames  ;  and  is  25  miles 
W  by  S  of  Oxford,  and  83  W  bv  X  of 
London.    Lon.  1  50  W,  lat.  51  38  *X. 

Crimea,  or  Crim  Tartary,  the  ancient 
Taurica  Chersonesus,  a  peninsula  in  A- 
sia,  bounded  on  the  S  and  W  by  the 
Black  Sea  ;  on  the  X  by  the  province  of 
Catharinenslaf,  w  ith  which  it  communi- 
cates by  the  isthmus  of  Perekop  ;  and  on 
the  S  by  the  sea  of  Asoph,  and  the  strait 
of  Caffa.  The  moun  tainous  parts  were 
inhabited  by  the  Tauri,  probably  a  colony 
of  Scythians  ;  and  Its  coasts  on  the  W, 
the  E",  and  the  S,  by  Creeks.  The  Scy- 
thians were  driven  out  by  Mithridates  ; 
the  Greeks  by  the  Sarmatians ;  and  these 
again  by  the  Alani  and  Goths,  a  north- 
ern hord  of  Scythians.  The  Hungarians, 
die  Cossacks,  and  Tartars  succeeded  in 
their  turn  ;  while  the  Genoese  in  the  12th 
century,  held  a  temporary  and  precarious 
possession  of  the  seaports,  which  they 
were  obliged  to  yield  to  the  Turks  in 
1475.  At  the  peace  of  1774,  the  Tartars 
of  the  Crimea  were  declared  independent. 
The  mountains  are  well  covered  with 
woods'  fit  for  the  purpose  of  ship-build- 
ing, and  contain  plenty  of  wild  beasts. 
The  valleys  consist  of  fine  arable  land; 
on  the  sides  of  the  hills  grow  corn  and 
vines  in  great,  abundance,  and  the  earth  is 
rich  in  mines.  But  these  mountaineers 
are  as  careless  and  negligent  as  the  in- 
habitants of  the  deserts:  slighting  all 
these  advantages  ;  and,  like  their  breth- 
ren of  the  lowlands,  are  sufficiently  happy 


C  R  O 


CRO 


if  they  are  in  possession  of  a  fat  sheep 
and  as  much  bread  as  serves  them  to  eat. 
In  1783,  the  Russians  took  possession  of 
the  country  with  an  army ;  the  following 
year,  it  was  ceded  to  them  by  the  Turks ; 
and  the  peaceable  possession  of  the 
whole  was  secured  to  them  in  1791,  by 
the  cession  of  the  fortress  of  Oczakow. 
The  Crimea  is  divided  into  two  parts,  by 
mountains  which  run  E  and  W.  The  N 
division  is  flat,  poor,  and  fit  for  pasturage 
only.  In  the  S  parts,  the  valleys  are  as- 
tonishingly productive,  and  the  climate 
extremely  mild,  from  the  exclusion  of 
those  violent  winds  by  which  the  N  di- 
vision is  frequently  incommoded,  lie- 
sides  the  ports  of  Kerth  and  Jenikale, 
the  road  of  Caffa,  and  the  harbour  of  Ba- 
luclafa,  there  is,  near  Sebastapol,  one  of 
the  finest  harbours  in  the  world.  The 
Crimea  now  forms  one  of  the  two  pro- 
vinces of  the  government  of  Catharinen- 
slaf,  under  the  name  of  Taurida;  in  some 
late  maps  it  is  called  Taurica.  Achmet- 
schet  was  made  the  capital  in  1785. 

Croatia,  formerly  a  part  of  the  ancient 
TUyricum,  now  a  province  of  Hungary, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Sclavonia,  on  the 
E  by  Bosnia,  on  the  S  by  Dalmatia,  and 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  and  on  the  W  by  Car  - 
niola.  The  greatest  part  of  it  belongs  to 
the  house  of  Austria.  Carlstadt  is  the 
capital. 

Croia,  a  town  of  Albania,  with  a  bish- 
op's see,  seated  near  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
13  miles  XE  of  Durazzo.  Lon.  19  27  E, 
lat  42  6  N. 

Croisic,  or  Croisil,  a  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  Lower  Loire, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Bretagne.  It  is 
seated  on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  between  the 
mouths  of  the  Loire  and  Vilaine,  35 
miles  W  of  Nantes.  Lon.  2  31  W,  lat. 
47  17  N. 

Croix,  St.  a  river  of  North  America, 
which  forms  the  NE  boundary  of  the 
United  States,  and  falls  into  the  Bay  of 
Fundy. 

Cromack-ivater,  a  lake  of  Cumberland, 
between  Buttcrmere -water  and  Lowes- 
water,  with  each  of  which  it  is  connected 
by  the  river  Cocker.  It  is  four  miles 
long,  and  near  half  a  mile  over  ;  beauti 
fied  with  three  small  isles,  one  of  them  a 
rock. 

Cromarty,  a  county  of  Scotland,  which 
comprehends  part  of  a  peninsula  on  the 
S  side  of  the  Frith  to  which  it  gives 
name.  It  is  bounded  on  all  sides  by  Ross-'' 
shire,  except  on  the  E,  where  it  is  bound- 
ed by  the  Murray  Frith.  It  is  12  miles 
from  E  to  W,  and  three  is  its  greatest 
breadth. 

Cromarty,  the  capital  of  the  shire  of 


Cromarty,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Frith  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  16  milts  N  of  In- 
verness.   Lon.  3  53  W,  lat.  57  44  N. 

Cromer,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  near  the 
German  Ocean,  and  formerly  had  two 
churches,  one  of  which,  with  several 
houses,  was  swallowed  up  by  the  sea. 
The  inhabitants  are  now  chiefly  fisher- 
men ;  and  the  best  lobsters,  on  this  part 
of  the  coast,  are  taken  here.  It  is  22 
miles  N  of  Norwich,  and  127  NE  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  15  W,  lat.  53  0  N. 

Cromford,  a  village  in  Derbyshire,  on 
the  river  Derwent,  two  miles  N  of  Wirks- 
worth. 

Cronach,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Bamberg,  with  a  citadel, 
25  miles  NE  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  11  35  E, 
lat.  50  27  N. 

Cronborg,  a  strong  fortress  of  Den- 
mark, on  the  isle  of  Zealand,  near  Elsi- 
nore,  which  guards  the  passage  of  the. 
Sound.  Not  far  from  this  is  Hamlet's 
Garden,  said  to  be  the  spot  where  the  mur- 
der of  his  father  was  perpetrated.  Lon.  12 
54  E,  lat.  56  0  N. 

Cronenburg;  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  landgravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, 10  miles  N  of  Francfort,  on  the 
Maine.    Lon.  8  40  E,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Croiistadt,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Rus- 
sia, on  the  island  of  Ketusari,  in  the  gulf 
of  Finland.  It  has  a  good  harbour,  which  ' 
is  the  station  of  the  Russian  fleet,  and 
great  magazines  of  naval  stores,  as  well 
as  docks  and  yards  for  building  ships.  It 
is  12  miles  V/  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  29  56 
E,  lat.  59  56  N. 

Cronstadt,  a  town  of  Transylvania.  See 
BrassaU.  ^SsSR 

Cross  Creek,  a  township  in  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania,  about  30  miles 
S\V  of  T'ittsbui'g.  It  contains  2000  in- 
h  ab  itano^l^afcg i. 

Cross  Roads,  a  village  in  New  London 
township,  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Situated  betA'een  London  Grove  and  Lit- 
tle  Britain,  near  the  Maryland  line,  and 
about  18  miles  westward  from  Wilming- 
ton in  Delaware  state. 

Crossxvicks,  a  village  in  Burlington 
county,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  Cross- 
wick's  creek,  8  miles  SE  of  Trenton. 

Crosten,  a  handsome  town  of  Silesia, 
capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same  name, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Bobar  and 
Oder,  in  a  country  abounding  with  wine 
and  fruit.  The  bridge  over  the  Oder  is 
fortified  ;  and  it  is  35  miles  NW  of  Glo- 
gaw.  Lon.  15  49  E,  lat.  52  5  N.,„, 

Croton,  a  river  of  Connecticut  state, 
which  rises  in  Fairfield  township,  and 


CUB 


C  U  L 


after  passing  into  the  state  of  New- 
York  tails  into  the  North   river  near 

Tarppan. 

Crotona,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Citeriorc,  on  the  gulf  of  Taranto, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  citadel,  15  miles 
SE  of  St.  Severina.  Lon.  17  27  E,  .at. 
39  9  N. 

Crouch,  a  river  in  Essex,  which  rising- 
near  Homdon,  terminates  its  course  in  the 
German  Ocean,  between  Bun. ham,  and 
Foulness  Island. 

Crowland,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  has  three 
streets,  separated  from  each  other  by 
watercourses,  whose  banks  are  supported 
by  piles,  and  set  with  willow  trees.  Il 
is  11  miles  N  of  Peterborough,  and  93 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  o'  10  W,  lat. 
52  41  N. 

Crown  Point,  formerly  a  strong  fort  of 
the  British,  at.  the  ext ranee  of  L:;ke 
Champiam,  now  a  post  town  of  Essex 
county,  New  York,  with  about  950  in- 
habitants, and  distant  502  miles  from 
Washington. 

Croydon,  a  town  in  Surry,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday  It  is  seated  near  the 
source  of  die  Wandle,  surrounded  in  a 
manner  with  hills,  and  has  an  hospital 
and  freeschool,  founded  by  archbishop 
"Whitgitt.  In  the  church  are  many  fine 
monuments  of  the  archbishops  of  Can- 
terbury, who  had  here  an  ancient  palace, 
which  was  alienated  from  the  see,  by  an 
act  of  parliament,  in  1780  :  the  building, 
and  adjoining  premises,  are  now  occu- 
pied by  some  manufactures.  Croydon  is: 
nine  miles  S  of  London.  Lon.  0  1  \V,  lat. 
51  20  N. 

Cruxhaven,  a  small  maritime  town  of 
Germany,  in  the  N  part  of  the  duchy  of 
Bremen,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe, 
70  miles  NW  of  Hamburgh. 

Cuba,  an  island  of  the  West  Indies, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico, 
700  miles  in  length,  and  87  in  breadth. 
On  the  E  side  it  begins  at  20  20  N  la1 . 
touches  the  tropic  of  Cancer  on  die  N, 
and  extends  from  74  to  85  15  W  lon.  It 
lies  60  miles  to  the  W  of  Hispaniola,  25 
leagues  N  of  Jamaica,  100  miles  to  the  E 
of  Jucatan,  and  as  many  to  the  E  of  Cape 
Florida.  It  commands  the  entrance  of 
the  gulphs  both  of  Mexico  and  Florida, 
as  also  the  windward  passages.  It  was 
discovered  by  Columbus,  in*  1492.  The 
Spaniards  are  entirely  masters  of  it,  hav- 
ing extirpated  the  natives.  The  soil  is 
not  extremely  fertile  ;  but  there  are  pas- 
tures sufficient  to  feed  a  great  number 
of  sheep  and  hogs,  which  were  original- 
ly brought  hither.  There  are  several 
iorts  of  mines  in  the  mountains,  and  fo- 


rests full  of  game.  The  produce  is  su- 
gar-canes, ginger,  cassia,  wild  cinna- 
mon, and  very  good  tobacco,  called  by 
the  Spaniards  Cigarros.  The  hills  run 
through  the  middle  of  the  isLnd  from  E 
to  W,  but  near  the  coast  the  land  is  ge- 
nerally level,  and  many  rivulets  flow 
from  the  hills  to  the  ?s  and  S.  The  hun- 
dredth part  of  this  island  is  not  yet  clear- 
ed. The  true  plantations  are  all  confined 
to  the  beautiful  plains  of  the  Havannah, 
and  even  those  are  not  what  they  might 
be.  This  island  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1761,  but  restored  by  the  peace  of 
1763.  It  is  75  miles  N  of  Jamaica,  and 
Havannah  is  the  capital. 

Cuba,  or  Alcuba,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Alentejo,  36  miles  S  by  E  of  Evora. 
Lon.  7  10  W,  lat.  38  0  N. 

'  Cubagua,  a  barren  island  of  South  A- 
menca,  between  that  of  Margaretta  and 
Terra  Firma,  where  the  Spaniards,  in 
1509,  established  a  fishery  of  pearls.  Lon, 
54  30  W,  lat.  10  15  N. 

Cuban,  a  large  river,  formed  by  the 
junction  of  many  streams  that  rise  in  the 
countries  between  the  Black  Sea  and  the 
Caspian.  It  divides  the  Abkhas  and  Cir- 
cassians from  part  of  Taurica.  and  falls 
into  the  Black  Sea. 

Cuban,  or  Cuban  Tartary,  a  country  of 
Asia,  in  the  Russian  province  of  Tau- 
rica; bounded  on  the  W  by  the  sea  of 
Asoph  ;  on  the  N  by  the  river  Don,  which 
separates  it  from  Europe  ;  on  the  E  by 
the  desert  of  Astracan  ;  and  on  the  S  by 
the  river  Cuban,  which  divides  it  from 
Circassia  and  the  country  of  the  Abkhas. 

Cuckjieki,  a,  town  in  the  county  of  Sus- 
sex, with  a  market  on  Friday j  13  miles 
NW  of  Lewes,  and  40  S  by  W  of  London 
Lon.  0  12  W,  lat  51  4  N. 

Cuddalore,  a  town  on  the  coast  of  Co- 
romandel,  belonging  to  the  English,  very 
neju*  the  place  where  Fort  St.  David  once 
stood.  It  is  naturally  a  strong  situation. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1781 ;  and, 
in  1783,  it  stood  a  severe  siege  against 
the  English,  which  was  elided  by  the 
intelligence  received  of  the  peace.  It  is 
80  miles  S  of  Madras.  Lon.  79  45  E,  lat. 
11  41  N. 

Cuddapa,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  ceded  by  Tippoo  Sultan  to 
the  Nizam  of  die  Deccan.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Pennar,  95  miles  W  by  N  of  its  en- 
trance at  Gangapatnam,  into  the  bav  of 
Bengal,  and  14-G  NW  of  Madras.  Lon. 
78  47  E,  lat.  14  3  N. 

Cuen-.a,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas  - 
tile, with  a  bishop's  see,  on  the  rivei- 
Xucar,  74  miles  E  by  S  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
1  55  W.  lat.  40  7  N. 

Culezibach,  a  town  of  Franconia,  capi 


CUM 


CUM 


tal  of  a  margravate  of  the  same  name, !  breadth  does  not  exceed  40.  It  is  well 
-with  a  citadel.  It  is  seated  on  the  Maine,  watered  with  rivers,  lakes,  and  foun- 
25  miles  NE  of  Bamberg.    Lon.  11  33  E,  tains  ;  but  none  of  its  streams  are  navi- 


lat.  50  11  N 
Culemburg 


a  town  of  Dutch  Guelder- 


gable.  In  some 
high  mountains. 


places 
The 


there  are  very- 
air  is  keen  and 

land,  on  the  river  Leek,  12  miles  SE  of  piercing-  on  the^e  mountains  towards  the 

north  ;  and  the  climate  is  moist,  as  in 
all  li illy  countries.  The  county  produces 
great  quantities  of  coal,  some  lead,  abun- 
dance of  the  mineral  earth  called  black 
lead,  several  mines  of  lapis  calaminaris; 
and  an  inconsidc*  ..hie  pearl  -fishery  On  the 
coast  near  Kavenglass.  The  Skiddaw  is 
the  principal  mountain;  and  the  chief 
rivers  are  the  Eden  and  Derwent.  This 
county  and  the  adjoining  one  of  West- 
moreland, are  celebrated  for  their  lakes, 
which  have  been  repeatedly  described  by 


Utrecht.    Lon.  5  12  E,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Culiacan,  a  town  of  North  America,  in 
Mexico,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  opposite  the  S  end  of  Cali- 
fornia.   Lon.  10  85  W,  lat.  24  0  X. 

•  Cullen,  a  small  town  on  the  coast  of 
Banffshire,  40  miles  NW  of  Aberdeen. 
Near  it  are  seen  t  hree  lofty  spiring  rocks, 
formed  of  flint  v  masses,  called  the  Three 
Kings  of  Cullen.  Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  57 
40  X. 

GidUtoiij  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the 
Cully,  17  miles  SE  of"  Exeter,  and  154 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  6  W,  lat.  50 
46  X. 

Cullodiii,  a  village  in  Scotland,  three 
miles  E  of  Inverness,  where  the  duke  of 
Cumberland  gained  a  decisive  victory 
over  the  rebels,  in  1746. 

Collumpton.    See  Columbton. 

Culm,  a  town  of  Western  Prussia,  with 
a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  near  the  Vis- 
tula, 60  miles  S  of  Dantzic.  Lon.  18  30 
E,  lat.  53  24  X. 

Cnhnore,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Londonderry,  seated  on  the 
eoast  of  Loughfovle,  five  miles  N  of  Lon- 
donderry.   Lon.  7  3  W,  lat.  55  8  N. 

Culpepper,  a  rich  and  extensive  county 
in  the  state  of  Virginia  ;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Fauquier  county,  on  the  S  by  Or- 
ange, on  the  E  by  P.  William  county, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  Blue  Ridge,  which 
separates  it  from  Rockingham.  The  po- 
pulation is  estimated  at  18000.  The  ca 
pi  tal  is  Fairfax. 

Culpepper,  a  post  town,  and  the  capital 
of  Culpepper  county,  Virginia,  20  miles 
X  of  Orange  Court-house,  45  NW  of  Fre- 
dericksburg on  the  Rappahannoc,  and  76 
from  Washington. 

Culross,  a  borough  on  the  Frith  of 
Forth,  in  a  tract  of  country  between 
Clackmananshire  and  Kinrosshire,  which 
is  reckoned  an  appendage  of  the  county 
of  Perth.  Here  is  a  magnificent  palace 
with  13  windows  in  front,  built  about 
the  year  1590,  by  Edward  lord  Kinloss. 
Lon.  3  34  W,  lat.  56  4  N. 
Cumana.  See  Comuna. 
Cumberland,  a  county  of  England, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Scotland  :  on  the 
E  by  Northumberland,  Durham,  and 
Westmoreland;  on  the  S  by  Lancashire, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  Irish  Sea  and  Sol- 
way  Frith.  The  length  from  north  tc 
pouth  may  amount  to  55  miles,  bu4.  the 


the  pen  and  pencil.  The  lakes  in  Cum- 
berland are  the  Derwent -water,  Bas- 
scnthwaite-waler,  Buttennero3i>atcr,  Gro- 
in ack- water ,  Lo  wc  s  -  w  a  t  er ,  Vis-  w  at  e  v, 
W  e  s  t  - wa  t  e  r ,  En  n  e  r  d,  al  e  - w  a  t  e  r ,  E I  d  e  r  -  w  a- 
ter,  Broad-water,  &vC.  Carlisle  is  the 
capital. 

Cumberland,  the  principal  town  of  Al- 
leghany county,  Maryland ;  situated  at 
the  junction  of  Wilis  creek  with  the  Po- 
tomac river,  148  miles  from  Washing- 
ton. Hither  retreated  the  remains  of 
Braddock's  armv,  after  their  defeat  near 
Fort  Pitt  in  1755. 

Cumberland,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania, 
37  miles  long,  and  28  broad.  The  inha- 
bitants were  reckoned  in  1790,  at  18,243. 
Carlisle  is  the  capital. 

Cumberland  County,  a  county  in  the 
state  of  Virginia;  situated  between  the 
Appomatox  and  James  rivers,  and  dis- 
tant about  20  miles  from  Richmond.  It 
contains  about  10,000  inhabitants,  on<* 
half  slaves. 

Cumberland,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
New  Jersey.  It  is  bounded  by  Delaware 
bay  on  the  SE,  and  by  Salem  county  on 
the  X  and  W,  and  contains  10,000  in- 
habitants. 

Cumberland,  a  county  in  the  district  Of 
Maine,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  ocean 
to  the  line  which  divides  the  United 
States  from  Canada.  It  contains  25  town- 
ships and  40,000  inhabitants. 

Cumberland,  a  county  of  Fayette  dis*- 
trict,  North  Carolina.  It  is  watered  by 
Cape  Fear  and  BJack  rivers,  ajid  contains 
about  8000  inhabitants.  The  principal 
town  Fayetteville. 

Cumberland,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
Kentucky,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Barren 
county,  and  on  the  S  by  the  state  of  Ten- 
nessee, and  situated  on  the  S  side  of 
6reat  Barren  river.  It  contains  about 
4000  inhabitants. 

Cv.mberUmd,  a  large  river  of  the  United 


C  U  H 


C  Y  P 


States,  which  rises  in  the  Cumberland 
mountains,  and  running  S\V  through  thtr 
state  of  Tennessee,  enters  Christian 
county  in  Kentucky,  and  thence  pursues 
an  NVV  course  until  it  unites  with  the 
Ohio.  It  is  300  yards  wide  at  its  mouth, 
and  is  navigable  by  large  vessels  up  to 
Nashville,  in  Tennessee. 

Cumberland,  a  township  of  Providence 
county,  Rhode  Island,  situated  on  the  N 
E  side  of  Patucket  river,  and  bounded  on 
the  E  and  N  by  the  state  of  .Massachu- 
setts. It  contains  about  2000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Cumberland  Mountains,  a  considerable 
range  of  mountains  in  the  United  States, 
but  the  great  body  of  them  is  situated  in 
the  state  of  Tennessee;  running  through 
the  whole  extent  of  that  state  from  W  to 
E  about  350  miles. 

Cumbrtiu,  Great  and  Little,  two  islands 
in  the  FritlT  of  Clyde,  to  the  E  of  the  isle 
of  Bute.  The  former  is  remarkable  for 
its  excellent  freestone  quarries,  and  the 
ruins  of  an  ancient  cathedral  dedicated 
to  St.  Columba. 

Cunningham,  the  most  northerly  divi- 
sion of  Ayrshire.  The  N\V  angle  of  this 
district,  though  mountainous  affords  rich 
pasturage.    Its  chief  town  is  Irvin. 

Citpav,  a  royal  borough  of  Fifeshire, 
and  the  county -town.  It  is  seated  in  a 
rich  valley  on  the  N  side  of  the  Eden, 
eight  miles  WSW  of  St.  Andrew's.  Lon. 
2  55  W,  lat.  56  15  N. 

Cupar  in  Angus,  a  small  town  in  For- 
farshire, Scotland,  wholly  employed  in 
the  manufacture  of  linen  cloth.  Fair, 
Thursday  before  Easter. 

Curacao,  an  island  of  South  America, 
to  the  N  of  Terra  Firma,  subject  to  the 
Dutch.  It  is  25  miles  in  length,  and  12 
in  breadth,  and  its  trade  consists  in  su- 
gar and  skins.  The  principal  town  is  St. 
Peter,  at  the  NE  extremity  of  the  island. 
Eon.  69  15  W,  lat.  12  22  N. 

Curdistun,  a  country  of  Asia,  seated 
between  the  Turkish  empire  and  Persia, 
lying  along  the  eastern  coast  of  the  river 
Tigris,  and  comprehending  great  part  of 
ancient  Assyria  Some  of  the  inhabitants 
live  in  towns  and  villages,  and  others 
rove  from  place  to  place,  having  tents 
like  the  wild  Arabs,  and  being  robbers 
like  them.  Their  religion  is  partly 
Christianity  and  partly  Mahometanism  ; 
but  they  are  very  loose  in  regard  to 
•.it  her. 

Ci'iria-Maria,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Arabia  Felix,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
liver  Prim.    Lon.  55  25  E,  lat.  17  0  N. 

Oimituh,  a  county  of  North  Carolina, 
situated  in  the  NE  corner  of  the  state, 


bounded  on  the  E  and  N  by  Currituck 
inlet  and  the  ocean,  and  on  the  W  by 
Camden  county.  It  contains  about  7000 
inhabitants. 

Cursoliers,  a  small  island  of  Livadia, 
in  the  gulf  of  Patras,  formerly  called  Ec- 
hanades. 

Curzola,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Ve. 
nice,  on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  about  20 
miles  long.  It  belongs  to  the  Venetians, 
and  has  a  town  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
bishop's  see.    Lon.  17  15  E,  lat.  36  N. 

Cushat,  a  river  of  North  Carolina, 
|  which  falls  inso  Albemarle  Sound. 

dishing,  a  township  of  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, in  the  distria  of  Maine  ;  situated  on 
St,  George's  river,  about  50  miles  NE  of 
Portland. 

Cusset,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  AUier,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Bourbonnois,  17  miles  N  of  Ro- 
anne.    Lon.  4  5  E,  lat.  46  17  \. 

Custrin,  the  capital  of  the  new  marche 
of  Brandenburg,  with  a  castle,  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Oder  and  Warta. 
In  1760,  it  was  bombarded  and  reduced 
to  ashes  by  the  Russians.  Custiin  is  46 
miles  E  bv  N  of  Berlin.  Lon.  14  40  E, 
lat.  52  40  N. 

Cutais,  a  town  of  Turkey,  the  capital 
oflmeritia  and  the  residence  of  its  so- 
vereign. The  remains  of  its  cathedral 
seem  to  prove  that  it  was  once  a  consi- 
derable place,  but  it  now  scarcely  de- 
serves the  name  of  a  village.  Loh.  43  0 
E,  lat.  43  35  N. 

Cutch,  a  territory  in  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, governed  by  a  rajah,  and  situated 
on  the  SE  of  Sindy  :  the  E  branch  of  the 
Indus  separating  the  two  countries.  It 
extends  along  the  N  coast  of  the  gulf  of 
Cutch,  and  is  separated  from  Guzerat  by 
the  river  Puddar. 

Cuzco,  a  town  of  Peru,  formerly  the 
residence  of  the  Incas.  It  is  seated  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain,  and  is  built  in  a 
square  form,  in  the  middle  of  which  is 
the  best  market  in  all  America;  four 
large  streets  terminate  in  the  square, 
which  are  all  as  straight  as  aline,  and 
regard  the -four  quarters  of  the  world.  It 
contains  eight  large  parishes,  and  five 
religious  houses,  and  the  number  of  the 
inhabitants  is  about  50,000,  of  which 
three-fourths  are  the  original  Americans. 
Streams. of  water  run  through  the  town, 
which  are  a  great  convenience  in  so  hot 
a  country  where  it  seldom  rah  s.  -  It  is 
320  miles  S  of  Lima.  Lon.  73  47  W,  lat. 
12  OS. 

Cyprus,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, near  tiie  coast  of  Syria.  The  soil 
is  an  excellent  fertile  clay;  and,  if  the 


c  z  o 


DAG 


natives  were  industrious,  they  might 
make  it  a  paradise.  The  exports  of  the 
island  are  silk,  wool  and  wine.  Nicosia 
is  the  capital. 

Cyr,  St.  a  village  of  France,  two  miles 
from  Versailles,  celebrated  for  a  nunne- 
rv,  founded  by  Lewis  XIV.  under  the  pa- 
tronage of  madame  de  Maintenon,  who 
was  herself  the  abbess  till  her  death  in 
1719.  This  nunnery  has  been  abolished 
since  the  French  revolution. 

Czackthurn,  a  strong  place  of  Austria, 
between  the  rivers  Drave  and  Muhir,  100 
miles  9  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  10  E,  lat.  46 
44  H.  7 

JCzaslau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital 
of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  Here  is  the 
highest  tower  in  Bohemia,  and  near  this 
place  the  king  of  Prussia  gained  a  vic- 
tory over  the  Austrians  in  1742.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Crudenka,  40  miles 
SE  of  Prague.  Lon.  15  33  E,  lat.  49 
50  N. 

Czenstofcj-a,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Cra- 
covia,  with  a  fort,  in  which  is  kept  a 
rich  treasure,  called  the  Treasure  of  the 
Virgin  Mary.  The  pilgrims  flock  hither 
so  much  for  the  sake  of  a  convent  near 
it,  that  it  is  called  the  Loretto  of  Po-j 
land.    It  is  sealed  on  the  river  Watte, 

50  mUes  N  by  W  of  Cracow.  Lon.  19  15 
E,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Czcrcassi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  Uk- 
raine, with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  near 
the  Dnieper,  85  miles  SE  of  Kiow.  Lon. 
32  5  E,  lat.  49  0  N.  • 

Czernic,  a  town  of  Carniola,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Austria.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
lake,  which  is  15  miles  in  length,  and 
five  in  breadth,  and  produces  fish  and 
corn  every  year ;  for  when  the  waters 
fall  from  the  mountains,  it  becomes  full, 
and  abounds  with  fish  ;  and,  after  some 
time  it  sinks  into  the  earth,  and  then  it 
is  cultivated,  and  produces  grass  and 
corn.    Lon.  15  0  E,  lat.  46  6  N. 

Czernikmi,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital 
of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Dezna,  70 
miles  N  by  E  of  Kiow.  Lon.  31  53  E,  lat. 

51  29  N. 

Czersho,  a  town  of  Poland,  on  the  Vis- 
tula, 20  miles  NW  of  Warsaw.  Loh.  21 
31  E,  lat.  52  26  N. 

Czongrodt,  a  town  of  Hungary,"  capital 
of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  at  the 
confluence  of: the  Teisse  and  Keres,  13 
miles  N  of  Sagedin.  Lon.  20  54  E,  lat. 
46  36  N. 


D 


BABUL,  a  town  of  the  Deccan  of 
Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of  Concan,  75 
miles  S  by  W  of  Bombay.  Lon.  72  50  Ea 
lat.  18  0  N". 

Dacca,  a  city  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
on  the  E  quarter  of  Bengal,  beyond  the 
principal  stream  of  the  Ganges,  although 
a  very  capital  branch  runs  near  it.  It  is 
the  provincial  capital  of  this  quarter, 
and  is  the  third  city  in  Bengal  in  point 
jf  extent  and  population.  Indeed,  with- 
in the  present  century  it  has  been  the  ca- 
pital of  ail  Bengal.  It  has  a  vast  trade 
in  muslins,  and  manufactures  the  most 
delicate  ones  among  those  which  are 
most  sought  after  in  Europe  ;  the  cotton 
is  produced  within  the  province.  Dacca 
is  situated  100  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Ganges,  and  180  by  the  road  from 
Calcutta.  It  is  160  miles'  NE  of  Calcutta. 
Lon.  90  25  E,  lat.  23  55  N. 

hachaviy  a  town  of  Bavaria,  where  the 
elector  has  a  palace,  with  fine  gardens. 
It  is  seated  on  a  mountain  near  the  river 
Amber,  10  miles  NW  of  Munich.  Lon. 
11  30  E,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Dachstein,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Rhine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace,  with  a  palace  that  be 
longed  to  the  bishop  of  Strasburg.  Lon. 
7  45  E,  lat.  48  35  N. 

Dafar,  or  Dofar,  a  town  of  Arabia 
Felix,  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  SE  coast.  Lon.  53  25  E,  lat. 
16  30  N. 

tktgenham,  a  village  in  Essex,  nine 
miles  E  by  N  of  London.  A  great  breach 
« \  s  made  here  by  the  Thames,  in  1703- 

J)aghestan,  a  province  of  Asia,  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  the  Caspian  Sea,  on  the 
W  by  the  mountains  of  Caucasus,  on  the 
N  by  Circassia,  and  on  the  S  by  Schir- 
van.  It  is  inhabited  by  Tartars,  and  is 
subject  to  Russia. 

Dagno,  a  town  of  Albania,  capital  of 
the  district  of  Ducagni,  with  a  bishop's 
see :  seated  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Drino  and  Nero,  13  miles  SE  of  Scutari. 
Lon.  19  39  E,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Dago,  or  Dagao,  an  island  in  the  Bal- 
tic, on  the  coast  of  Livonia,  between  the 
gulfs  of  Finland  and  Riga.  It  is  of  a  tri- 
angular figure,  and  is  20  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  has  two  castles,  called  Da- 


D  A  H 

gerwort  ami  Paclcn.  Lon,  22  56  K,  lat. 
58  44  X. 

Dagsborough,  a  town  in  Sussex  count}', 
Delaware,  lying  on  Pepper  Creek,  a 
stream  that  runs  into  llehoboth  Bay,  and 
about  18  miles  S  of  Lewistown.  It  has  a 
post  office  and  about  1400  inhabitants. 

Dakly  the  finest  river  of  Sweden, 
which  flows  through.  Dalecartia  and  Ges- 
tricia,  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Bothnia, 
to  the  E  of  Gcsle.  Xear.  Escarleby,  it 
forms  a  celebrated  cataract,  scarce  in- 
ferior to  the  fall  of  die  Rhine  at  Lauffen. 

Dtihomy,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Guinea,  to  the  X  of  Whidah.  It 
is  supposed  to  reach  from  the  sea  coast 
about  500,  or  200  miles  inland,  though 
no  European  has  *  penetrated  above 
half  the  distance ;  the  capital  Abo- 
may,  lies  about  99  50  N  lat. ;  and  between 
the  3d  and  4th  deg.  E  Ion.  reckon e  I  from 
the  meridian  of  Greenwich.  Tiie  soil  is 
a.  deep,  rich  clUEy,  with  a  little  sand  on 
the  surface.  But  there  is  not  to  be  found 
a  stone  so  large  as  an  egg  in  the  whole 
country,  so  far  as  it  has  been  visited  by 
the  Europeans,  so  that  a  pair  of  stones, 
which  they  use  for  grinding  corn,  weigh- 
ing together  about  12  or  .14  pounds,  arc 
sold  for  five  shillings.  The  country  a- 
bounds  with  buffaloes,  deer,  sheep,  goats, 
hogs,  poultry  of  various  kinds,  particu- 
larly Guinea  hens,  and  Muscovy  ducks  ; 
and  the  lakes  are  plentifully  stored  with 
iish.  Their  religion  consists  of  a  jumble 
of  superstitious  nonsense,  of  which  it  is 
impossible  to  convey  any  idea  to  the 
reader.  Their  government  is  the  most 
perfect  despotism  that  exists  perhaps  on 
tiie  face  of  the  earth.  There  is  no  inter- 
mediate degree  of  subordination  between 
the  king  and  the  slave,  at  least  in  the 
royal  presence,  where  the  prime  minister 
is  obliged,  to  prostrate  himself  with  as 
much  abject  submission  as  the  meanest 
subject.  On  his  entrance  into  the  palace, 
he  crawls  towards  the  apartment  of  au- 
dience, on  his  hands  and  knees,  till  he  ar- 
rives in  the  royal  presence,  where  he  lays 
himself  flat  upon  Ids  belly,  rubbing  his 
head  in  the  dust,  and  uttering  the  most 
humiliating  expressions.  White  visitors 
are  honoured  with  a  glass  of  some  cor- 
dial liquor,  filled  by  the  king's  own  hand ; 
which,  if  refused,  is  apt  to  give  offence. 
Favours  of  this  kind  are  received  with  a- 
vidityby  his  own  subjects,  om  account  of 
the  honour  conferred  upon  them.  The 
subject  lies  on  his  back  while  the  king 
holds  the  bottle  to  his  mouth.  He  must 
drink  till  the  royal  hand  be  withdrawn, 
which  sometimes  does  not  happen  till  the 
whole  contents  be  emptied,  especially 
when  he  has  a  mind  to  sport  with  the 


DAL 


drinker.  A  considerable  standing  an.u 
is  maintained,  who  must  lipid  theni selves 
in  readiness  to  take  the  field  at  the 
command  of  the  sovereign.  Within  the 
different  palaces,  likewise,  are  immured 
no  less  than  3000  women,  of  whom  se- 
veral hundreds  are  trained  to  the  use  of 
arms.  These  warriors  are  regularly  ex- 
ercised, and  go  through  their  evolutions 
with  as  much  expertnesv,  as  the  male  sol- 
diers.. The  kind's  palace  is  Surround*  d 
with  a' clay  wall  of  a  quadrangular  form, 
and  about  20  feet  high.  In  the  middle 
of  each  side  is  a  guard  house,  with  two 
centinels  at  the  gate,  and  a  guard  of  arm- 
ed women  and  eunuchs  within.  On  the 
thatched  roofs  of  these  guard  houses  are 
ranged,  on  small  wooden  stakes, many  hu- 
man skulls.  Such  of  the  inner  apart- 
ments as  the  Europeans  have  an  opportu- 
nity of  seeing,  consist  of  large  courts, 
communicating  with  each  other,  gene- 
rally square  or  oblong,  encompassed  b\ 
ciay  walls.  In  each  of  them  is  a  sort  of 
piazza,  or  shed,  formed  of  posts  about  se- 
ven feet,  planted  in  the  ground,  at  th< 
distance  of  about  12  or  14  feet  from  the 
wall.  The  whole  has  somewhat  the  re- 
semblance of  an  assemblage  of  farm  yards, 
with  long  thatched  barns,  hovels  for  cat- 
tle and  carts,  and  low  mud  walls  to  sepa- 
rate them  from  each  other. 

Dulaca,  an  island  of  the  Red  Sea,  op- 
posite the  coast  of  A  hex,  72  miles  in 
length,  and  15  in  breadth.  It  is  fertile, 
populous,  and  remarkable  for  a  pearl  fish- 
ery. The  inhabitants  are  Negroes,  and 
great  enemies  to  the  Mahometans. 

Dalebwg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of 
Dalia,  seated  on  the  Lake  Wenner,  50 
miles  X  of  Gottenburg.  Lon.  M  59  E, 
lat.  58  32  N. 

DnlecarUa,  a  province  of  Sweden,  near 
Norway,  175  miles  in  length  and  100  in 
breadth.  It  is  full  of  mountains,  abound- 
ing in  mines  of  copper  and  iron,  some  of 
which  are  of  a  prodigious  depth.  The 
towns  are  small  ;  and  the  inhabitants  arc 
rough,  robust,  and  warlike. 

Daliciy  a  province  of  Sweden,  bounded 
on  die  X  by  D  decarlia,  on  the  E  by  Wer- 
m  land  and  Lake  Wenner,  on  the  S  by 
Gothland,  and  on  the  N  by  Norway  and 
the  sea.  ,  .^j'^jKl^M 

Dalkeith,  a  town  in  Edinburgshire, 
with  a  great  weekly  market  for  corn  and 
oatmeal.  The  palace  of  Dalkeith  is  a 
magnificent  structure,  the  seat  of  the 
duke  of  Bnccleugh.  It  is  six  miles  SF» 
of  Edinburg.    Lon.  3  12  W,  lat.  55  54  X. 

Dahnatia,  a  country  of  Europe,  for- 
merly a  kingdom.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
V  by  Bosnia,  on  the  S  by  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, on  the  E  by  Servia,  and  on  the  W 


DAM 


DAN 


by  Croatia.  It  is  divided  into  Venetian, 
Turkish,  Ragusan,  and  Hungarian  Dal- 
matia.  Spalatro  is  the  capital  of  Vene- 
tian, and  Herzegovina  of  Turkish  Dal- 
matia  :  Ragusa  is  capital  of  the  republic 
of  Ragusen  :  the  Hungarian  part  con- 
tains five  districts,  and  Segna  is  the  capi- 
tal. The  air  is  wholesome  and  die  soil 
fruitful.    See  Jhrlachia. 

Dalton,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  at  the 
source  of  a  river,  in  a  champaign  country, 
not  far  from  the  sea  ;  and  the  ancient 
castle  is  made  use  of  to  keep  the  records 
and  prisoners  for  debt  in  the  liberty  of 
Furness.  It  is  16  miles  NW  of  Lancas- 
ter, and  273  XXW  of  London.  Lon.  3 
18  W,  lat.  54  UN. 

Dalton,  a  post  town  in  Grafton  county, 
New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Connecticut  river. 

Dalton,  a  township  of  Berkshire,  Mas- 
sachusetts, about  130  miies  W  of  Boston. 

Dam,  a  town  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Groningen,  seated  on  the  Dams'er, 
three  miles  from  the  sea,  and  15  SW  of 
Embden.    Lon.  6  48  E,  lat.  53  22  N. 

Dam,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
seated  on  the  Oder,  10  miles  SE  of  Ste- 
tin.    Lon.  14  50  E,  lat.  53  31  N. 

Damar,  a  famous  town  of  Arabia  Fe- 
lix.   Lon.  49  25  E,  lat.  16  0  N: 

Damascus,  now  called  Sham,  an  ancient 
city,  of  Syria,  the  form  of  .vhich  is  an  ex- 
act square,  each  side  being  a  mile  and  a 
half  long.  It  had  three  walls  now  almost 
entirely  ruined  ;  and  of  the  several  su- 
burbs which  it  formerly  had,  there  re- 
mains only  one,  which  extends  three 
mil^s   in    length.     The  extraordinary 


nufactures  among  which  that  of  sabres 
and  knives  has  been  most  famous.  It  is 
an  archbishop's  see,  and  contains  great 
numbers  of  Christians  and  Jews.  It 
stands  on  the  river  Barida,  112  miles  S 
of  Antioch,  and  112  NE  of  Jerusalem. 
Lon.  37  0  E,  lat.  33  45  N. 

Damawi,  a  seaport  of  the  Deccan  of 
Hihdoostan,  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf 
of  Cambay.  It  is  subject  to  the  Portu- 
guese, and  is  50  miles  S  of  Surat.  Lon, 
72  25  E,  lat.  20  20  N. 

Damgartin,  a  town  of  Swedish  Pome- 
rania, with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Reck- 
nils,  18  miles  W  of  Stralsund.  Lou.  12 
57  E,  lat.  54  16  X. 

Damietta,  an  ancient  and  rich  town  of 
Egypt,  seated  at  one  of  the  eastern 
mouths  of  the  Nile,  with  a  good  har- 
bour. It  is  rounded  in  a  semicircle,  two 
leagues  and  a  half  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Nile.  It  has  several  squares,  the  most 
considerable  of  which  still  retains  the 
name  of  Menchie.  The  bazars  are  filled, 
with  merchants.  Spacious  khans,  col- 
lecting- under  their  porticos  the  stuffs  of 
India,  the  silks  of  mount  Lebanon,  sal- 
ammoniac,  and  pyramids  of  riceproclaim 
that  it  is  a  commercial  town.  The 
houses,  particularly  those  on  the  banks 
of  the  river,  are  lofty.  They  have  in  ge- 
neral handsome  saloons,  built  on  the  top 
of  their  terraces,  which  are  open  to  eve- 
ry wind,  where  the  Turks  pass  their  life 
in  smoking.  Several  large  mosques  a- 
dorned  with  lofty  minarets  are  dispersed 
over  the  town.  The  port  of  Damietta  is 
constantly  filled  with  a  multitude  of 
small  boats  and  vessels.  It  carried  on  a 
*reat  trade  with  Syria,  Cyprus,  and  Mar- 


>cauty  of  this  place  is  owing  to  several  |  seilles.    They  export  great  quantities  of 

'  rice,  which  is  cultivated  in  the  neigh- 
bouring plains.  The  tongue  of  land  on 
which  Damietta  is  situated,  straitened  on 
one  side  by  the  river,  and  on  the  other  by 
the  W  extremity  of  lake  Mcnzale,  is  only 
from  two  to  six  miles  wide  from  E  to  W. 
It  is  intersected  by  innumerable  rivulet9 
in  every  direction,  which  render  it  the 
most  fertile  spot  in  Egypt.  It  is  there 
that  nature  lavishing  profusely  her  pomp 
.aid  riches,  presents  flowers,  fruits  and 
harvests  at  every  season  of  the  year.  Da- 
?nietta  was  taken  by  the  French  in  their 
expedition  to  Egypt,  1799. 

Damiuwj,  St.  a  town  of  Italy  in  Mont- 
>erra-i,  18  miles  W  by  N  of  Vercelli.  Lon. 
8  0  E,  lat.  45  33  N. 

Damme,  a  strong  town  of  Flanders, 
seated  on  the  camd  between  Sluys  and 
Bruges. 

Dan,  a  river  of  North  Carolina,  which 
rising  in  the  state  of  Virginia,  runs  in  a 
serpentine  course  near  the  line  which  di- 


streams  which  run  across  the  fertile 
plain  of  Damascus,  and  water  all  the  gar- 
dens, supply  the  public  fountains,  and 
run  into  every  house.  The  most  remark- 
able things  are  the  caravansaries,  which 
consist  of  long  galleries,  supported  by 
marble  pillars,  and  surrounding  a  large 
square  court.  The  houses  are  buiit  of 
vvood,  with  their  fronts  backward,  and 
v.ithln  a  court;  in  the  streets  there  isno- 
thing  to.be  seen  but  walls  without  win- 
dows, and  yet  the  in  sides  are  richly  u 
domed.  The  castle  is  like  a  little  town 
having  its  own  streets  and  houses,  and 
the  famous  Damascus  steel  was  kepi 
here  in  a  magazine.  The  mosques  are  the 
handsomest  buildings,  of  .which  there 
a>-e  about  2000  the  most  stately  of  which 
>.\*as  a  Christian  church.  Here  is  a  street 
«.  ])ich  runs  across  the  city  and  suburbs 
in  a  direct  line,  on  each  side  of  which  art 
shops,  where  all  sorts  of  rich  merchan- 
dise are  sold  ;  and  they  have  several  ma- 


DAN 


D  A  R 


tides  the  two  states.  Near  Mecklenburg 
it  fulls  into  the  river  Roanoke,  ami  loses 
its  name  in  that  of  the  greater  stream. 

D anbury,  a  village  in  Essex,  situated 
on  a  hill,  5  miles  E  of  Chelmsford,  and 
16  Wof  the  sea.  The  spire  of  the  church 
was  burnt  by  lightning  in  1750,  but  wa» 
soon  after  rebuilt,  and  forms  a  seamark. 

Danbary,  a  post  town  of  Fairfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  10  miles  N  of  Ridgefield, 
and  about  33  ISVV  of  New  Haven.  This 
town  and  a  large  quantity  of  military  stores 
lodged  there  were  burnt  by  die  British 
troops  in  1777- 

Danby,  a  town  in  Rutland  county,  Ver- 
mont, 21  miles  S  of  Rutland.  It  has  a  post 
office,  and  about  1500  inhabitants. 

Dandridge,  a  small  town  in  .Jefferson, 
Tennessee,  about  36  miles  eastward  from 
Knoxvdle. 

Danger,  Isles  of,  three  islands  in  the  S 
Pacific  Ocean,  seen  by  commodore  Byron 
in  1765.  They  appeared  crowded  with 
people,  but  were  so  surrounded  by  rocks 
and  breakers,  that  it  was  unsafe  to  at- 
tempt to  land.  The  commodore  suppo- 
sed them  to  be  the  islands  seen  by  Qui- 
ros,  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century, 
and  named  Solomon's  Islands.  Lon.  169 
28  W,  lat.  10  15  S. 

Danneberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  seated  on  the 
Tetze,  near  the  Elbe,  40  miles  SE  of  Lu- 
nenberg.  Lon.  11  29  E,  lat.  53  4  N. 

Dantzic,  the  capital  of  Western  Prus- 
sia, standing  on  a  branch  of  the  Vistula, 
about  4  miles  above  where  it  falls  into 
the  Baltic  ;  in  lon.  16  36  E,  lat.  54  20  N. 
This  city  is  famous  in  history  on  many 
accounts,  particularly  that  of  its  being 
formerly  at  the  head  of  the  Hanseatic  as- 
sociation, commonly  called  the  Hanse- 
towns.  It  is  large,  beautiful,  populous, 
and  rich  ;  its  houses  generally  are  five 
stories  high  ;  and  many  of  its  streets  are 
planted  with  Chesnnt  trees.  The  houses 
are  well  built  of  stone  or  brick,  six  or  se- 
ven stories  high  ;  and  the  granaries  are 
still  higher,  to  which  the  ships  lie  close, 
and  take  in  their  lading.  The  establish- 
ed religion  is  the  Lutheran  ;  but  Papists, 
Calvinists  and  Anabaptists  are  tolerated. 
The  inhabitants  have  been  computed  at 
200,000,  but  other  computations  have 
made  them  considerably  less.  In  1700, 
Upwards  of  30,000  persons  died  of  the 
plague.  It  has  now  lost  its  independence, 
being  forced  to  submit  to  the  king  of 
Prussia,  who  forcibly  usurped  the  sove- 
reignty, in  a  second  partition  of  the  IJo- 
lish  dominions.  Besides  corn,  of  which 
great  quantities  are  exported,  they  trade 
in  naval  stores,  and  a  great  variety  of 
other  articles.    It  is  seated  on  the  Vis- 


tula, near  the  gulf  of  Angil,  in  the  Baltic, 
30  miles  SE  of  Marienburg,  and  160  NW 
of  Warsaw. 

Danube,  the  largest  river  in  Europe, 
called  the  Ister  by  the  ancients.  It  rises 
at  Doneschingen,  in  Suabia,  and  flows  NE 
by  Ulm  ;  then  E  through  Bavaria  and 
Austria,  by  Ratisbon,  Passau,  Ens,  and 
Vienna  :  it  then  enters  Hungary,  and 
runsSE  by  Presburg,  Buda  and  Belgrade: 
after  which  it  divides  Bulgaria,  from 
Morlachia  and  -Moldavia,  discharging  it- 
self by  several  channels  into  the  Black 
Sea.  It  begins  to  be  navigable  for  boats 
at  Ulm,  and  receives  several  large  rivers 
as  it  passes  along.  It  is  so  deep  between 
Buda  and  Belgrade,  that  the  Turks  and 
Germans  have,  had  men  of  war  upon  it ; 
yet  it  is  not  navigable  to  the  Black  Sea, 
on  account  of  the  cataracts.  See  Dones- 
clmigen. 

Danvers,  a  township  of  Essex  county, 
Massachusetts,  about  five  miles  N  ot' 
Salem,  containing  about  2700  inhabi- 
tants. 

Danville,  a  small  town  of  Pittsylvania 
county,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  Dan  ri- 
ver, a  branch  of  the  Roanoke  :  here  is  a 
post  office,  302  miles  SW  from  Washing- 
ion. 

Danville,  a  post  town  in  Northumber- 
land county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  N  side 
of  Susquehannah  river,  13  miles  NW  of 
Northumberland. 

Danville,  a  town  of  Mercer  county, 
Kentucky,  once  the  capital  of  the  state  ; 
situated  on  the  W  side  of  Dicks  river,  a 
branch  of  the  Kentucky,  40  miles  S  by  E  of 
Frankfort :  here  is  a  post  office,  and  about 
300  inhabitants. 

Danville,  a  post  town  of  Caledonia  coun  - 
ty,  Vermont,  7  miles  W  of  South  Johns- 
bury,  containing  1544  inhabitants,  mostly 
emigrants  from  Scotland. 

Darby,  a  village  of  Lower  Darby  town- 
ship, in  Delaware  county,  and  state  of 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Darby"  creek,  7  miles  S W  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

Darby,  Upper  and  Lower,  two  contigu- 
ous townships,  situated  in  the  SE  corner 
of  Delaware  county,  Pennsylvania,  and 
containing  about  1600  inhabitants.  The 
medial  distance  from  Philadelphia,  about 
8  miles. 

Darda*  a  town  and  fort  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary, built  by  the  Turks  in  1686,  and  ta- 
ken by  tiie  Austnans  the  next  year.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Drave,  at  the  end  or^the 
bridge  of  Fsseck,  eight  miles  S  of  Baran- 
whar,  and  80  NW  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  19 
56  E,  lat.  45  45  N. 

Dardanelles,  two  castles  of  Turkey  ; 
on  each  side  the  ancient  Hellespont,  now 


D  A  R 


D  A  R 


the  strait  of  Gallipoli,  the  SW  entrance 
of  which  they  command;  the  one  is  cal- 
led Sestos,  seated  in  Romania  ;  the  other 
Abydos,  in  Natolia.  At  the  latter,  the 
cargoes  of  all  ships  sailing-  from  Con- 
stantinople are  searched.  Lou.  26  30  E, 
lat.  46  0  X. 

Darel-Hamara,  a  town  of  the  kingrlom 
of  Fez,  built  by  the  Romans.  Its  trade 
consists  in  oil  and  corn;  and  it  is  seated 
on  a  mountain.  Lon.  6  35  W,  lat.  34 
20  X. 

Darien,  or  Terra  Firma  Proper,  a  prov- 
ince of  Terra  Firma,  in  South  America. 
It  lies  plong-  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  Oceans,  and  is  particularly  distin- 
guished by  the  name  of  the  Isthmus  of 
Darien,  and  by  some  writers,  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
X  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  E  by  the 
river  and  gulf  of  Darien,  on  the  S  by  Po- 
payan  and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  same  ocean  and  Veragua.  It 
extends  in  the  form  of  a  crescem,  round 
the  bay  of  Panama.  It  is  300  miles  in 
length,  but  not  above  60  broad  ;  but  this 
isthmus  which  binds  together  the  conti- 
nents of  Xorth  and  South  America,  is 
strengthened  by  a  chain  of  lofty  moun- 
tains, stretching  through  its  whole  ex- 
tent, which  render  it  a  barrier  of  solidi- 
ty sufficient  to  resist  the  impulse  of  two 
opposite  oceans.  The  mountains  are  co- 
vered with  forests  almost  inaccessible. 
The  country  is  mountainous  and  barren, 
and  the  lowlands  are  overflowed  with 
perpetual  rain,  so  that  the  inhabitants, 
in  many  places  build  their  houses  upon 
trees,  to  be  elevated  from  the  damp  soil, 
and  the  odious  reptiles  engendered  in 
the  putrid  waters.  The  natives  g*o  na- 
ked ;  and  the  men  have  a  silver  plate  fas- 
tened to  their  nose,  which  hangs  over 
thair  mouths,  in  the  shape  of  a  half- 
moon  ;  the  women  have  a  ring  hanging 
down  in  the  same  manner;  and  they 
have  also  several  chains  of  teeth,  shells, 
beads  and  the  like,  hanging  down  from  the 
neck,  to  the  pit  of  the  stomach-  The 
men  clear  the  plantations,  and  the  wo- 
-  men  cultivate  them.  The  girls  are  em- 
ployed in  picking  and  spinning'  cotton, 
which  the  women  weave,  and  the  cloths 
are  chiefly  used  for  hammocks.  Each 
man  has  several  wives,  who  live  toge- 
ther in  great  harmony.  They  have  no 
distinction  of  days  or  weeks,  but  reckon 
their  time  by  the  course  of  the  moon.  The 
animals  are  the  same  as  in  other  coun- 
tries of  the  same  climate.  The  principal 
towns  are  Panama  and  Pcrto  Bello. 

Darien,  a  river  and  gulf  of  South  A- 
merioa,  in  Terra  Firma,  which  divide 
the  provinces  of  Darien  and  Carthagena. 


hi  169.5,  the  Scotch  obtained  a  charter 
from  king  William,  empoweVing  them  to 
form  a  settlement  on  the  XW  point  of 
this  gulf,  but  met  with  such  discourage- 
ment from  the  jealousy  of  the  maritime 
powers  of  Europe,  and  particularly  of 
the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  that 
they  were  obliged  to  abandon  their  de- 
sign. 

Darien,  a  post  town  in  M'Intosh  coun- 
ty, Georgia,  lying  on  the  X  side  of  Ala- 
tamaiia  river,  near  its  mouth  ;  63  miles  S 
of  Savannah,  and  709  from  Washington, 
in  the  lat.  of  31  23  X.  and  lon.  of  80 
10  W. 

Darking,  or  Dorking,  a  town  in  Surry, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday,  noted  for 
corn  and  poultry.  It  is  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver Mole,  23  miles  SW  of  London.  Lon. 
0  14  W,  iat.  51  17  N 

Darlaston,  a  village  near  Stone,  in  Staf- 
fordshire, where  are  the  remains  of  a 
castle,  on  a  hill. 

Darlington,  a  town  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  with  a  market  on  Monday,  sea- 
ted in  a  flat,  on  the  river  Skerne,  which 
falls  into  the  Tecs.  It  has  a  spacious 
market-place,  and  a  long  stone  bridge 
over  the  river.  A  curious  water  machine 
for  grinding-  optical  glasses,  and  spinning 
linen  yarn  has  been  erected  here,  the  in: 
vention  of  a  native  of  the  town.  Darling- 
ton is  19  miles  S  of  Durham,  and  239  X 
bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  25  W,  lat.  54 
32  X. 

Darlington,  a  county  of  Cheraws  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  situated  on  the  S 
W  side  of  the  great  Pedee  river,  and  in- 
tersected nearly  in  the  middle  by  Black 
creek,  one  of  the  branches  of  said  river 
It  contains  about  8000  inhabitants. 

Darmstadt,  the  capital  of  the  landgra- 
vate  of  Hesse  Darntstadt,  with  a  castle, 
where  its  own  prince  generally  resides.  It 
has  handsome  suburbs  and  a  good  col- 
lege. It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  30  miles  XW  of  Heidelberg.  Lon. 
8  40  E,  lat.  49  43  X. 

Dart,  a  river  in  Devonshire,  which  ri- 
ses at  the  foot  of  Dartmoor  Hills,  cros- 
ses Dartmoor  to  Ashburton,  and  falls 
into  the  English  Channel,  at  Dartmouth. 

Dartford,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  the  Da- 
rent,  not  far  from  its  influx  into  the 
Thames.  Here  are  the  remains  of  a  fine 
nunnery,  founded  by  Edward  III.  The 
town  is  finely  watered  by  two  or  three 
very  good  springs,  and  is  full  of  inns,  by 
reason  of  its  being  a  great  thoroughfare 
from  London  to  Dover.  It  is  16  miles  E  . 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  0  16  E,  lat.  51 
25  X. 

Dartmoor,  an  extensive  Moorish  tract. 


dait 


D  E  A 


in  Devonshire,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
bleak  hills,  and  extending  southward 
quite  through  the  centre  of  the  county 
to  the  sea.  It  is  watered  by  the  river  Dart. 

Dartmouth,  a  borough  of  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated 
near  the  river  Dart,  near  its  fall  into  the 
sea.  and  has  a  spacious  harbour  defended 
by  a  fort.  It  has  a  considerable  trade  to 
the  S  of  Europe  and  to  Newfoundland, 
as  well  as  a  share  in  the  coasting  i  rafiic. 
It  contains  three  churches,  an  i  is  30 
miles  SSW  of  Exeter,  and  204  \V  bv  S 
of  L.mdon.    Lon.  3  45  W,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Dartmouth*  a  township  of  Massachu- 
setts, in  Bristol  county.  It  is  situated 
on  the  NW  side  of  Buzzard's  bay,  about 
75  miles  S  of  Boston. 

Dasscn-Eyland,  or  Isle  of  Deer,  one  of 
the  three  small  islands  to  the  N  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  so  called,  on  ac- 
covjit  of  the  great  number  of  deer  which 
were  first  carried  thither  in  1601.  Here 
are  also  sheep  whose  tails  weigh  19 
pounds.    Lon.  18  7  E,  lat.  33  25  S. 

Daventry,  a  corporate  town  in  North- 
amptonshire, with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day. It  is  governed  by  a  ma}  or,  and 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  10  miles  W 
of  Northampton  and  72  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  10  W,  lat.  52  15  N. 

David's,  St.,  a  city  in  Pembrokeshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday ;  seated  in 
a  barren  soil,  on  the  river  Hen,  scarcely 
a  mile  from  the  sea-shore.  It  was  once 
a  considerable  place,  and  the  cathedral 
is  said  to  have  the  highest  roof  of  any  in 
England,  It  is  24  miles  NW  of  Pem- 
broke, and  255  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon. 
5  15  W,  lat  .  51  56  N. 

David,  Fort  St.,  an  English  fort,  on 
the  coast  of  Coromandel.  It  was  taken 
and  destroyed  by  th"e  French  in  1758, 
and  has  not  vet  been  rebuilt.  It  is  80 
miles  S  of  Fort  St.  George.  Lon.  79  45 
E,  lat.  11  30  N. 

Davis9  Straits,  an  arm  of  the  sea,  be- 
tween Greenland  and  North  America, 
discovered  by  captain  Davis,  in  1585, 
when  he  endeavoured  to  find  out  an  NW 
passage. 

Davidson,  acount)''  in  the  state  of  Ten- 
nessee ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of  Cum- 
berland mountains,  in  the  district  of  Me- 
ro.  It  contains  about  10,000  inhabitants. 
The  capital  is  Nashville. 

Daun,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Treves,  seated  on  the  Lezer, 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on  which  is  a 
castle.    It  is  12  miles  N  of  Mont  Royal 

Dauphin,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  45 
miles  long,  and  25  broad.  In  1790,  the 
inhabitants  were  computed  at  18,177. 
Harrisburg  is  the  capital. 


Davphin,  Fort,  a  fort  built  by  the 
French,  on  the  E  coast  of  Madagascar. 
Lon.  45  10  E,  lat.  24  55  S. 

Dauphiny,  a  late  province  of  France, 
extending  40  leagues  from  N  to  S,  -and 
36  from  E  to  W ;  bounded  on  the  W  by 
the  Rhone,  on  the  N  by  the  Rhone  and 
Savoy,  on  the  S  by  Provence,  and  on  the 
E  by  the  Alps.  In  the  mountains,  which 
are  branches  of  the  Alps,  are  bears,  cha- 
mois, marmonts,  eagles,  hawks,  &x.  The 
vallies  afford  wheat,  and  the  hills,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Rhone,  excellent  wines, 
olives,  ar.d  silk.  Mines  of  iron,  copper, 
and  lead,  have  been  woikcd  here  to  great 
advantage.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Rhone,  Durance,  Isere,  and  Drome.  It 
now  forms  the  departments  of  Drome, 
Isere,  and  upper  Alps. 

Dax,  or  Acqs,  an  ancient  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Lantlcs 
and  late  province  of  Gascony,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see,  and  some  famous  hot  baths. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Adour,  24  miles  NE 
of  Bayonne,    Lon.  1  0  W,  lat.  43  42  N. 

Deadman's-Jfead,  a  cape  in  Cornwall, 
between  St.  Maw's  and  Fowey. 

Dead  Sea,  a  lake  of  Palestine,  into 
which  the  river  Jordan  runs.  It  is  70 
miles  long,  and  20  broad,  inclosed  on 
the  E  and  W  by  high  mountains.  It 
abounds  in  bitumen.  It  is  supposed  to  be 
the  site  of  Sodom  and  Gomorrha. 

Deal,  a  village  of -New  Jersey  ;  situat- 
ed on  the  sea  shore  in  Monmouth  county, 
famous  as  a  watering  place. 

Deal,  a  seaport  in  Kent  with  a  market 
on  Thursday.  It  is  seated  on  the  strait 
of  Dover,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Cinque 
Port  of  Sandwich,  governed  by  a  mayor. 
It  hss  about  1000  houses,  which  ;ire  most- 
ly built  of  brick.  The  inhabitants  amount 
to  4500,  and,  as  no  manufacture  is  car- 
ried on  here,  they  chiefly  depend  on  the 
seafaring  men  who  resort  hither.  The 
port  is  defended  by  two  castles  ;  Deal  01' 
Walmer  castle  to  the  S,  and  Sandown 
castle  to  the  N.  Between  this  place  and 
the  Godwin  Sands,  are  the  Downs,  where 
the  ships  usually  ride  at  their  leaving  or 
coming  into  the  river  Thames.  It  is  se-*1 
ven  miles  S  bv  E  of  Sandwich,  and  72  E 
bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  1  29  E,  lat.  51 
13  N$MpJfc>  ' 

Dean,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  with 
a  market  on  Monday.  It  had  its  name 
from  the  forest  of  Dean,  in  which  it  is 
seated,  11  miles  W  of  Gloucester  and 
112  WSW  of  London.  Lon.  2  31  W,  lat. 
51  50  N. 

Dean,  a  forest  in  Gloucestershire,  in- 
cluding that  part  of  the  county  which  lies 
'  between  the  Severn  and  the  shires  of  Mon  • 
mouth  and  Hereford. 


DEE 


DEL 


Deben,  a  river  in  Suffolk,  which  rises  i 
near  Debenham,  and  expands  into  a  long 
narrow  arm  of  the  German  Ocean,  a  little 
to  the  N"  of  Harwich. 

Debenham,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  seated  near  the  head 
of  the  Doben,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  24 
miles  E  of  Bury  St  Edmund's,  and  84.  N 
E  of  London.    Lon.  1  17  E,  lat.  52  22  N. 

Debrecen,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  107  miles  E  of  Buda.  Lon.  22  11  E', 
lat.  47  32  N. 

Deccan,  an  extensive  tract  of  country 
iii  Asia,  which,  in  is  ordinary  accepta- 
tion, means  only  the  countries  situated 
"between  Hindoostan  Proper,  the  Carna- 
tic,  and  Orissa,  that  is  the  provinces  of 
Candeish,  Dowlatabad,  Visiapoiir,  Gol- 
conda,  ?nd  the  W  part  of  Berar.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  river  Xerbudda, 
by  Beng-al,  and  by  Bahar;  and  the  river 
Kistna  forms  its  separation  on  the  S  from 
the  peninsula  of  Hindocstan.  Candeish, 
Visiapour,  and  a  part  of  Dowlatabad,  are 
subject  to  the  Mahrattas  ;  the  remainder, 
to  the  Nizam  of  the  Deccan. 

Decise,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Nievre  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Nivernois,  seated  in  an  island 
formed  by  the  Loire,  16  miles  SE  of  Xe- 
vers.    Lon.  4  31  E,  lat.  46  50  X. 

Dtckendorf,  a  town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
seated  near  the  Danube,  37  miles  SE  of 
Ratisbon.  It  was  taken  by  the  Swedes 
in  1641.    Lon.  12  55  E,  lat.  48  42  X. 

Deddington,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  16 
miles  X  of  Oxford,  and  70  WNW  of 
London.    Lon.  1  12  W,  lat.  52  2  X. 

Dedham,  a  village  in  Essex,  noted  for 
an  ancient  large  church,  which  has  a 
fine  Gothic  steeple.  It  is  six  miles  X  of 
Colchester. 

Dedham,  a  town  of  Xorfolk  county, 
Massachusetts  :  situated  on  the  S  side 
of  Charles  river,  about  11  miles  from 
Boston.  It  has  a  post  office  and  1973  in- 
habitants. 

Dee,  a  river  of  X  Wales,  which  rises 
in  Merionethshire,  in  X  Wales,  and  runs 
E  to  the  borders  of  Denbighshire,  Where 
turning  X  it  washes  the  walls  of  Chester, 
and  then  with  a  broad  channel  falls  into 
the  Irish  Sea. 

Dee,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises 
in  Aberdeenshire,  amid  the  mountains 
of  Mar  Forest,  and  flows  through  a  wild 
country  till  it  reaches  the  fertile  vale  of 
Brae-mar,  whence  it  proceeds  in  an  eas- 
terly direction  to  Aberdeen,  below  which 
it  falls  into  the  British  Ocean.  Over  it 
there  is  a  bridge  of  seven  arches'.^  It 
abounds  with  salmon,  so  as  to  form  one 


iof  the  greatest  salmon  fisheries  in  Scot- 
land. 

Dee,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises 
in  the  XW  part  of  Kircudbrightshire, 
and  joining  the  Ken,  below  Xew  Gal- 
loway, falls  into  the  Irish  Sea,  at  Kirk- 
cudbright. 

Deeping,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday.  It  i^  seated  on 
the  Welland,  in  a  fenny  country,  six 
miles  E  of  Stamford,  and  90  X  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  21  W,  lat  52  42  X. 

Deerfiehl,  a  post  town  of  Hampshire 
count)-,  Massachusetts;  lying  on  the  W 
side  of  Connecticut  river  5  miles  S  of 
Greenfield,  and  about  90  westward  from 
Boston. 

Deerfield,  a  township  of  Xew  Hamp- 
shire, situated  in  Rockingham  county, 
on  the  E  side  of  Merrimack  river,  and 
between  Candia  and  Xorfhwood.  It  is 
about  25  miles  westward  from  Ports- 
mouth, and  contains  2000  inhabitants. 

Deerhnrst,  a  village  three  miles  S  of 
Tewkesbury,  in  Gloucestershire,  sub- 
ject, by  its  low  situation,  to  frequent  in- 
undations from  the  Severn. 

Deering,  a  township  of  Hillsborough 
county,  Xew  Hampshire,  situated  about 
50  miles  W  of  Portsmouth,  and  contain- 
ing 1500  inhabitants. 

Dc-i/ise,  or  Deynse,  a  town  of  Austrian 
Flanders,  seated  on  the  Lis,  ei;;ht  miles 
SW  of  Ghent.    Lon.  3  39  E,  la:'.  50  59  *N. 

Delaware,  one  of  the  Cnited  States  of 
America,  bounded  on  the  X  by  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  E  by  Delaware  river  and 
b  y,  and  on  the  S  and  W  by  Maryland. 
It  is  90  miles  long  and  16  broad.  The 
climate  in  many  parts  is  unhealthy.  The 
land  is  generally  \>nv  and  flat,  which  oc- 
casions the  waters  to  stagnate,  and  the 
inhabitants  are  consequently  subject  to 
intermitting  fevers.  It  is  divided  into 
three  counties,  Xewcasile,  Kent,  and 
Sussex  ;  and  in  the  convention  held  at 
Philadelphia  in  1787,  the  inhabitants 
were  computed  at  37,000.  According  to 
the  census  of  1790,  they  amounted  to 
59,000 ;  in  1800,  they  had  risen  to  64,273  ; 
and  by  the  last  enumeration  (of  1810) 
they  are  stated  at  72,674.  This  being 
generally  a-  flat  country,  there  are  no 
considerable  rivers  flowing  through  it; 
Indian  river,  Christiana,  and  Brandy- 
wine  are  the  chief;  but  the  latter  two 
may  more  properly  be  denominated 
creeks.  Xor  has  it  any  considerable 
towns.  Wilmington  may  be  considered 
as  the  principal,  which  contains  about 
1000  houses ;  though  Dover  situated  on 
Jones'  creek  is  the  metropolis  or  seat  of 
government.*  The  principal  productions 
are  wheat,  rye,  barley,  Indian  corn,  and 


DEL 


DEL 


fcnckwheat;  with  most  of  thfe  common 
culinary  vegetables.  Their  marsh  mea- 
dows yield  large  crops  of  coarse  grass, 
and  their  orchards  an  abundance  of  ex- 
cellent fruits.  The  staple  commodities 
of  the  state,  of  which  considerable  quan- 
tities are  exported  annually  are  wheat, 
flour  and  lumber.  The  amount  of  the 
annual  exports  is  about  150,000  dollars. 
The  most  numerous  religious  sect  is  that 
of  the  Presbyterians  ;  though  there  is 
a  considerable  number  of  Episcopalians. 
Friends,  Baptists,  Methodists,  &c\  The 
form  of  government  admits  of  no  religi- 
ous establishment.  The  constitution  is 
administered  by  a  Governor,  Seriate,  and 
house  of  Representatives,  who  are  all 
elected  by  the  people  ;  and  every  free 
white  citizen,  who  is  of  legal  age,  has 
resided  in  the  state  two  years,  and  paid 
taxes,  enjoys  the  right  of  suffrage. 

Stela-ware,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania, 
20  miles  long,  and  11* broad.  In "1790  it 
contained  9,483  inhabitants.  Chester  is 
the  capital. 

Delaware,  a  river  of  X  America,  which 
rising  in  the  state  of  Xew  York,  in  Lake 
Ustayantho,  divides  New  York  from  Penn- 
sylvania, and  passes  through  Delaware 
Pay  to  the  Atlantic,  having  Xew  Jersey 
on  the  E  side,  and  Pennsylvania  and  the 
state  of  Delaware  on  the  \Y.  From  the 
mouth  of  this  bay,  at  Cape  Henlopen,  to 
Philadelphia,  it  is  118  miles,  with  a  suf- 
ficient depth  of  water  for  a  74  gun  ship  ; 
above  Philadelphia  it  is  navigable  for 
sloops  up  to  the  great  falls  at  Trenton  ; 
and  for  boats  that  carry  eight  or  ten  tons, 
40  miles  higher- 

Delaware  Bay,  a  bay  of  X  America, 
"tf  Inch  is  60  miles  long,  from  Cape  Hen- 
lopen to  the  entrance  of  the  river  Dela- 
ware at  Bombay-hook.  It  is  so  wide  in- 
some  parts,  that  a  ship,  in  the  middle 
of  it,  cannot  be  seen  from  the  land.  It 
opens  into  the  Atlantic,  between  Cape 
Ilenlopen  on  the  S,  and  Cape  May  on 
the  X.    These  capes  are  18  miles  apart. 

Delaware,  a  mountainous  county  in 
the  state  of  Xew  York.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  X\V  by  the  river  Delaware,  which 
separates  it  from  Pennsylvania,  having 
the  Popackton  and  Mohawk  branches  of 
the  same  river  running  through  the  mid- 
dle of  the  county.  It  has  Ulster  county 
on  the  SE  and  Schohairie  on  the  X. 

Delft,  a  city  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Holland.  It  is  clean  and  well-built, 
with  canals  in  the  streets,  planted  on 
each  side  with  trees.  It  is  about  two 
miles  in  circumference  ;  and  has  a  fine 
arsenal  well  furnished.  It  is  noted  for  a 
considerable  manufacture^  of  earthen 
ware  known  by  the  name  of  Delft  ware. 


It  is  seated  on  the  Schie,  eight  miles  N 
W  .of  Rotterdam,  and  30  SW  of  Amster- 
dam.   Lon.  4  24  E,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Delft  share  i',  a  fortified  town  of  Hol- 
land, on  the  N  side  of  the  Maese,  with 
a  canal  to  Delft,  &.c.  It  is  between  Rot- 
terdam and  Schiedam,  not  three  miles 
from  each. 

Delfzy,  a  fortress  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Groningen.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Damster,  13  miles  NE  of  Gro- 
ningen. 

Delhi,  a  province  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, bounded  on  the  XW  by  Lahore,  on 
the  NE  by  Serinagur,  on  the  E  by  the 
Rohilia  country,  on  the  S  by  Agra,  and 
on  the  "VY  by  Moultan.  Having  been  the 
seat  of  continual  wars  for  above  50  years, 
it  is  almost  depopulated ;  and  a  tract  of 
country  that  possesses  every  advantage 
that  can  be  derived  from  nature,  con- 
tains the  most  miserable  of  inhabitants. 
It  is  now  all  that  remains  to  the  Great 
Mogul  of  his  once  extensive  empire. 

Ddlii,  the  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name,  in  Hindoostan  Pr  per,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Jumna.  It  is  the  nomi- 
nal capital  of  all  Hindoostan,  and  was 
the  actual  capital  during  the  greatest 
part  of  the  time  since  the  Mahometan 
conquest.  In  1738,  whin  Nadir  Shah 
invaded  Hindoostan,  he  entered  Delhi, 
and  dreadful  were  the  massacres  and  fa- 
mine that  followed;  100,000  of  the  inha- 
bitants perished  by  the  sword;  and 
plunder,  to  the  amount  of  62,000.000^. 
sterling',  was  said  to  be  collected.  The 
same  calamities  they  endured  on  the  sub- 
sequent invasions  of  Abdalla,  king  of 
Candahar.  Delhi  is  880  miles  NXE  of 
Bombay.  Lon.  77  40  E,  lat.  28  37  X. 

pelichi,  a  river  of  Albania,  the  Ache- 
ron of  the  ancient  poets,  who  feigned  it 
to  be  in  hell. 

Dehnenhorst,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  county  of  Dehnenhorst,  belonging  to 
Denmark.  It  is  seated  on  the  Delm, 
near  the  Weser,  eight  miles  SW  of  Bre- 
men. 

Delm,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
now  called  Dili.  There  are  abundance 
of  fine  ruins  supposed  to  be  of  the  tem- 
ples of  Diana  and  Apollo,  whose  birth- 
place it  is  said  to  be.  It  is  six  miles  in 
circumference,  but  now  destitute  of  in- 
habitants.   Lon.  25  59  E,  lat  37  30  X. 

Delphi,  or  Delphos,  a  town  of  Livadia, 
seated  in  a  valley,  near  mount  Parnas- 
sus. It  was  famous  for  the  oracle  of  Apol- 
lo, which  people  came  from  all  parts  to 
consult. 

Dehperg,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Basle,  10  miles  NW  of  So- 
leure.   Lon.  7  23  E,  lat.  47  17  X. 


DEN 


DEN 


Delta,  a  part  of  lower  Egypt,  between 
the  branches  of  the  Nile  and  the  Medi- 
terranean. The  ancients  called  it  the 
isle  of  Delta,  because  it  is  in  the  shape 
of  a  triangle,  like  the  Greek  letter  of 
that  name.  It  is  130  miles  along'  the 
coast  from  Damietta.  to  Alexandria,  and 
70  on  the  sides,  from  the  place  where 
the  Nile  begins  to  divide  itself.  It  is  the 
most  plentiful  country  of  all  Egypt,  and 
it  rains  more  here  than  in  other  parts  ; 
but  its  fertility  is  chiefly  owing  to  the  in- 
undations of  the  Nile.  The  principal 
towns  on  the  coast  are  Damietta,  Roset- 
ta,  and  Alexandria. 

Demer,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  bi- 
shopric of  Liege,  waters  HasseU,  Diest, 
Sichem,  Arschot,  and  Mechlin,  below 
which  it  joins  the  Sennc,  and  takes  the 
name  of  Rupel. 

Demerary,  a  settlement  formerly  be- 
longing to  the  Dutch  in  Guiana,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  three  leagues  W 
of  Paramaribo.  It  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  April  1796. 

Demmin,  an  ancient  town  of  Swedish 
Pomerania,  in  the  duchy  of  Stetin,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Peen.  Lon.  13  22  E,  lat. 
53  52  N. 

Deihona,  a  fort  of  Piedmont,  on  the 
river  Sture,  10  miles  SW  of  Coni.  Lon. 
7  28  E,  lat.  48  18  N. 

De?iain,  a  village  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  province 
of  Haiifault.  It  is  seated  on  the  Scheldt 
eight  miles  W  of  Valenciennes. 

Denbigh,  the  county -town  of  Denbigh- 
shire, situate  on  the  side  of  a  rocky  hill, 
on  a  branch  of  tlve  river  Clwyde.  Its 
ruined  castle,  with  its  vast  inclosure 
crowning  the  top  of  the  hill,  forms  a 
striking  object.  It  has  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday, sends  one  member  to  parliament, 
and  is  27  miles  W  of  Chester,  and  208 
N\V  of  London.  Lon.  3  35  W,  lat.  53 
11  N. 

Denbighshire,  a  county  of  Wales,  bound- 
ed on  the  S  by  Merioneth  and  Montgo- 
mery shires,  on  the  N  by  Flintshire  and 
the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  W  by  Caernarvon 
and  part  of  Merionethshire.  It  is  about 
40  miles  long  and  21  broad.  The  air  is 
wholesome,  but  sharp  ;  the  county  being- 
pretty  hilly,  and  the  snow  lying  long  on 
the  tops  of  the  mountains.  The  soil  in 
general  is  barren.  The  chief  commodi- 
dies  are  black  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  rye, 
and  lead  ore.  The  county  sends  two 
members  to  parliament. 

Di-nder,  a  river  of  Austrian  Hainault, 
which  waters  Leuze,  Ath,  Lessincs, 
Gratnmont,  Ninove,  and  Alost,  and  joins 
the  Scheldt  at  Dendermonde. 

Dendermonde,  a  city  of  Austrian  Flan- 


ders, with  a  strong  citadel.  It  was  takeu 
by  the  French  in  1794,  when  they  over- 
ran Holland.  It  is  surrounded  by  marshes 
and  fine  meadows,  which  can  be  covered 
with  water,  and  is  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Dender  and  Scheldt,  16 
miles  W  of  Mechlin.  Lon.  4  10  E,  lat. 
51  3  N. 

Denia,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Spain,  in 
Valencia.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  on  the  Mediterranean,  52 miles 
E  of  Alicant.    Lon.  0  36  E,  lat.  38  44  N. 

Denmark,  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  the  Baltic  Sea,  on  the  W 
and  N  by  the  ocean,  and  on  the  S  b^  Ger- 
many. The  country  is  generally  flat,  and 
the  soil  sandy.  The  air  is  rendered  fog  - 
gy by  the  neighbourhood  of  the  seas  and 
lakes,  of  which  it  is  full,  but  i\  has  no 
considerable  river.  Denmark,  properly 
so  called,  consists  of  Jutland  and  the  is- 
lands of  Zealand  andFunen,  with  the  lit- 
tle isles  about  them ;  but  the  king  of 
Denmark's  dominions  contain  also  Nor- 
way, and  the  duchies  of  Holstein,  Old'h  ■ 
burg,  and  Delmenhorst.  The  govern- 
ment is  an  absolute  hereditary  monarchy. 
The  inhabitants  are  Protestants  since  ,the 
year  1522,  when  they  embraced  the  con- 
fession of  Augsburg.  By  an  actual  nu- 
meration in  1759  the  inhabitants  were 
said  to  amount  to  2,444,000  souls.  Their 
whole  revenue,  including  what  it  receiv- 
ed at  Elsineur,  amounts  to  about 
1,002,000^.  sterling  yearly.  The  military 
force  consists  of  70,000  men,  cavalry  and 
Infantry,  the  greatest  part  of  which  con- 
sists of  a  militia  which  leceive  no  pay, 
but  are  exercised  every  Sunday.  The 
fleet  consists  of  about  36  ships  of  the  line, 
and  18  frigates ;  but  many  of  the  ships 
being  old,  and  wanting  repairs,  if  they 
can  send  out  25  ships  upon  the  greatest 
emergency,  this  is  supposed  to  be  the 
most  they  can  do.  They  have  26,000  re- 
gistered seamen,  who  cannot  quit  the 
kingdom  without  leave.  The  produce  o£ 
Denmark  consists  in  pitch,  tar,  fish,  oil, 
and  deals.    Copenhagen  is  the  capital. 

Dennis,  a  post  town  in  Barnstable 
county,  Massachusetts,  about  eight  miles 
from  Barnstable  the  shire  town,  contain- 
ing 1400  inhabitants. 

Denton,  the  capital  of  Caroline  county, 
Maryland  ;  standing  on  the  E  side  of 
Choptank  river,  about  seven  miles  E  of 
Hillsborough  and  eight  S  of  Greensbo- 
rough.  Here  is  a  post  office,  court 
house,  &c. 

Demjs,  St.,  afamotis  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Paris.  Here  is  an  an- 
cient and  magnificent  church,  in  which 
were  the  tombs  of  many  of  the  French 
kings  :  and  in  the  treasury,  among  other 


D  E  R 


D  E  R 


curiosities,  the  swords  of  St.  Lewis  and 
the  Maid  of  Orleans,  and  the  sceptre  of 
Charlemagne.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Crould,  near  the  Seine,  five  miles  N  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  26  E,  hit.  48  56  N. 

Drptford,  a  town  of  Kent,  tour  miles  E 
of  London.  It  lias  a  bridge  over  the  ri- 
ver at  Ravensbourn,  near  its  influx  into  the 
Thames,  where  it  once  had  a  deep  ford 
from  whence  it  had  its  name.  It  is  re- 
markable for  Us  fine  docks  and  for  the 
king's  yard  and  storehouses.  It  was  an- 
ciently called  West  Greenwich'  It  is  di- 
vided into  Upper  and  Lower  Deptford, 
and  has  two  parish  churches.  Here  is  an 
hospital,  incorporated  by  Henry  VIII. 
called  Trinity  House  of  Deptford  Strond. 
It  contains'  21  houses  :  a  more  modern 
structure,  and  a  finer  one,  called  Trinity 
Hospital,  contains  38.  Both  these  are  for 
decayed  pilots,  or  masters  of  ships,  or 
their  widows,  who  have  a  handsome 
monthly  allowance.  Deptford  is  four 
miles  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  4  E,  lat.  51 
30  N. 

Derbcnt,  a  seaport  and  fortress  of  Per- 
sia, in  the  province  of  Schirvan,  on  the  W 
coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  The  town  is 
inhabited  chiefly  by  Persians,  Tartars, 
and  a  few  Armenians.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  built  by  Alexander  the  Great,  and 
is  surrounded  by  high  brick  walls.  The 
fortress  surrendered  to  the  Russians,  in 
May  1796,  after  a  siege  of  ten  days.  It 
is  seated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Caucasus. 
Lon.  50  0  E,  lat.  42  8  N. 

Derby,  the  county  town  of  Derbyshire, 
wi  th  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Derwent,  over  which  is  a  handsome 
stone  bridge  :  and  a  brook  runs  through 
the  town,  under  several  stone  bridges.  It 
has  five  churches,  of  which  All  Saints  is 
the  chief,  noted  for  its  beautiful  tower. 
In  1734,  a  machine  was  erected  here  by 
sir  Thomas  Lombe,  for  the  manufacturing 
of  silk,  the  model  of  which  was  brought 
from  Italy.  Derby  possesses  also  a  cou- 
/  siderable  manufacture  of  silk,  cotton, 
and  fine  worsted  stockings ;  and  has  a  fa- 
bric of  porcelain,  equal,  if  not  superior 
in  quality,  to  any  in  the  kingdom.  Seve- 
ral hands  are  employed  in  the  lapidary 
and  jewellery  branches  ;  and  Derbyshire 
marbles,  spars  and  crystals  are  wrought 
into  a  variety  of  ornamental  articles 
They  likewise  carry  on  a  great  trade  in 
wool,  corn,  malt,  and  ale,  of  which  consi- 
derable quantities  are  sent  to  Londot: 
Derby  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
and  is  governed  by  a  mayor.  It  is  36 
miles  N  of  Coventry,  and*  126  NNW  of 
London.    Lon.  1  25  W,  lat.  52  53  N. 

Derby,  a  town  in  New  Haven  county 
Connecticut,  with  a  post  office  ;  situated 


on  a  branch  of  Stratford  river>  eight  milgs 
W  of  New  Haven. 
Derby,  See  Darby. 
•  Derbyshire,  an  English  county,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Yorkshire,  on  the  E  by 
Nottinghamshire,  on  the  S  by  Leicester- 
'shire  and  Warwickshire,  on  the  W  by 
Staffordshire,  and  on  the  NW  by  Chesh- 
ire. .It  lies  in  the  diocese  of  Lichfield 
and  Coventry,  sends  four  members  to  par- 
liament, and  contains  six  hundreds,  11 
market  towns,  and  106  parishes.  It  is 
near  59  miles  in  length  from  south  to 
north ;  about  34  in  breadth  on  the  north 
side,  but  on  the  south  no  more  than  six. 
The  air  is  pleasant  and-  healthful,  espe- 
cially on.  the  east  side  ;  but  on  the  west, 
about  the  peak,  it  is  sharper  and  more 
subject  to  wind  and  rain.  The  soil  is 
very  different  in  different  parts  of  the 
county;  in  the  E  and  S  parts  it  is  very 
fruitful  in  all  kinds  of  grain  ;  but  in  the 
west,  beyond  the  Derwent,  it  is  barrel* 
and  mountainous,  producing  nothing  but 
a  little  oats.  There  is,  however,  plenty 
of  grass  in  the  valleys,  which  afford  pas- 
ture to  a  great  number  of  sheep.  This 
part  of  the  county  is  called  the  peak, 
from  a  Saxon  word  signifying  an  emi- 
nence. Its  mountains  are  very  bleak, 
high  and  barren  ;  but  extremely  profita- 
ble to  the  inhabitants.  They  yield  great 
quantities  of  the  best  lead,  antimony,, 
iron,  scythe-stone,  grind-stones,  marble, 
alabaster,  a  coarse  sort  of  crystalf  azure, 
spar,  and  pit-coal.  In  these  mountains 
are  two  remarkable  caverns,  named  Pool's 
Hole,  and  Elden-hole.  The  principal  ri- 
vers are  the  Derwent,  Dove,  Erwash,  and 
Trent. 

Dereham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  The  market  is  noted 
f>r  wool  and  yarn.  It  is  14  miles  W  of 
Norwich,  and  100  NNE  of  London.  Lorn 
1  0  E,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Derenburg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Halberstadt. 

Dereote,  or  Deironte,  a  town  of  Egypt  , 
in  the  isle  formed  by  the  canal  from  Cai- 
ro to  Rosetta.  Here  is  a  magnificent  tem- 
ple.   Lon.  31  45  E,  lat.  30  40  N. 

Derne,  a  town  of  Barbary.  It  is  the 
capital  of  a  district  in  Tripoli  near  the 
coast.  Lon.  31  45  E,  lat.  30  40  N. 

Derpx  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Riga,  witli  a  bishop's  see,  and  a 
university.    It  lies  near  the  river  Ambec, 
50  raiies  NW  of  Pskof.  Lon.  26  15  E,  lat 
58  30  N. 

Derry,  a  township  of  Westmoreland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  betweeii 
the  Kiskeminctas  river  and  Loyalhannou 
creek,  and  containing  2500  inhabitants. 
There  are  several  other  townships  of 


D  E  V 


D  E  V 


the  same  name,  in  the  state  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

J)eruyter,  a  post  town  in  Chenango 
county,.  New  York,  with  about  320  inha- 
bitants, 466  riniles  from  Washing-ton. 

Dei-went,  a  river  in  Devonshire-,  which 
rises  in  the  high  Peak,  passes  Derby,  and 
empties  itself  into  the  Trent  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Leicestershire. 

Der-went,  a  river t>f  Yorkshire,  which 
rising-  in  the  X  riding,  flows  into  the 
Ouse,  below  York. 

Derwekt,  a  river  of  Durham,  which  flow- 
ing for  some  time  between  Durham  and 
Northumberland,  falls  into  the  Tyne,  a- 
bove  Newcastle. 

Derwent,  a  river  of  Cumberland,  which 
flowing  through  the  lakes  of  Derwent- 
water,  and  Bassenthwaile-water  to  Cock- 
ermouth,  enters  the  Irish  Sea,  near 
Workington. 

J)er~tvent--iontei\  a  lake  of  Cumberland, 
in  the  vale  of  Keswick.  It  is  three  miles 
in  length,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  wide. 
Five  islands  rise  oift  of  this  lake,  which 
add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the  appear- 
ance. On  one  of  them  is  an  elegant  mo- 
dern-built house. 

Desecula,  one  of  the  French  Caribbee 
Islands,  in  the  West  Indies.  It  is  10 
miles  long  and  five  broad,  and  is  gene- 
rally the  first  land  that  is  made  in  sailing 
lo  the  West  Indies.  Lon.  61  20  W,  lat. 
16  40  X. 

fltceada,  or  Cope  Desire,  the  southern 
point  of  the  straits  of  Magellan,  in  S  A- 
merica,  at  the  entrance  of  the  South  Sea. 
Lon.  74  18  W,  lat.  53  4  S. 

DeescTiv,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  i; 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  province 
of  Hanbalt.  It  belongs  to  its  o\\  n  princ<-, 
and  is  se  ated  on  the  Kibe,  37  miles  N  o' 
i .<•'  :. sic.  Lon.  12  22  E,  lat.  51  53  N. 

Dethmolil,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  on  the 
ri\er  Wehera,  15  miles  N  of  Paderborn. 
Lon.  8  55  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Detroit,  a  post  town  of  Indiana  Terri- 
tory, situated  on  the  W  side  of  a  strait  of 
the  9-amc  name,  Which  connects  lake  "St. 
Clair  with  lake  Erie,  in  the  lat.  of  42  22 
N,  and  lon.  of  83  W.  This  is  a  principal 
staple  of  the  fur  trade  between  the  Unit- 
ed States  and  the  Indians  ;  it  is  strongU 
fortified,  and  contains  2j00  inhabitants ■ 
mostly  Canadians. 

Detroit,  of  Indiana  teir  lory  in  the  U- 
nited  States  which  connects  luk<  S.. 
Ciair,  with  the  XW  corner  of  lake  Erie. 

Dettingen,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  the 
territory  of  Ilanau.  The  French  were  de- 
feated in  1/43  by  George  II.  It  lies  be- 
tween Hanau  and  Aschaffcnburg,  four 
miK  s  from  each. 

Deva,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  on  the  bay 


of  Biscay,  in  the  province  of  Guipuscca, 
15  mihs'SE  of  Eiiboa.  Lon.  2  40  W,  lat, 

43  24  X. 

Deveuto,  a  town  of  Bulgaria,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  see,  se.  ted  on  die  ri- 
ver Paniza,  65  miles  XE  of  Adiianople. 
Lon.  37  33  E,  lat.  42  33  N. 

Beventcr.,  a  city  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, the  capital  of  Overyssel,  with  a 
university.  It  is  surrounded  by  strong 
walis,  and  seated  on  the  river  Yssel,  50 
mJes  E  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  5  56  E,  lat. 
52  18  N. 

Devetto,  or  Zagoria,  a  town  in  Bulga- 
ria, not  far  from  the  see  of  a  Greek  arch- 
bishop, It  is  situated  near  the  Black 
Sea,  106  miles  N  of  Constantinople.  Lorn. 
27  22  E,  lat.  42  25  N. 

Devizes,  a  borough  in  Wilts  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  and  a  manufacture 
of  serges  and  other  woollen  stuffs.  It  is 
seated  on  a  hill,  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  24  miles  XW  of  Salis- 
bury, and  89  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  2  W, 
lat." 51  20  N. 

Devon,  a  river  of  Perthshire,  over 
which,  in  the  beautiful  vale  of  Glendevon, 
is  a  great  curiosity,  called  the  Rumbling 
Bridge.  It  consists  of  one  arch,  thrown 
over  a  horrible  chasm,  worn  by  the  river, 
about  80  feet  deep,  and  very  narrow.  In 
other  places,  the  river  has  forced  its  way, 
in  a  surprising  manner,  through  the  rocks. 
At  the  Caldron-lin,  it  has  worn  away  the 
Softer  parts  of  the  stone,  and  formed  im- 
mense pits,  into  which  the  water  falls 
with  a  tremendous  noise.  Below  this, 
the  whole  river  is  precipitated  in  one 
shec,  from  a  height  of  40  feet. 

Devonshire,  an  English  county,  69 
miles  long,  and  64  broad.  It  is  287 
miles  in  circumference,  of  which  its  ma- 
r.time  coast  is  nearly  150  miles.  In  its 
figure  it  represents  a  parallelogram,  and 
.s  bounded  on  the  X  and  XW  by  the 
Bristol  Channel,  on  the  E  by  Somerset- 
shire and  Dorsetshire,  on  the  S  and  SE 
■  n  the  English  Channel,  and  on  the  Why 
Cornwall.  The  tops  of  die  mountains  are 
cold  and  bleak,  but  the  air  in  the  vallii  s 
is  mild  and  warm.  The  country  is  very 
beautifully  interspersed  with  hills  and 
ales,  and  the  climate  is  no  less  vaiious  ; 
the  vallies  being  fruitful  and  the  hills 
barren.  In  the  eastern  parts  there  is 
plenty  not  only  of  good  corn,  but  ofcfhe 
pasturage  for  sheep,  where  the  grounds 
.ire  dry  and  chalky.  The  southern  part 
of  the  county  is  remarkably  fertile,  and 
is  as  justly  called  the  Garden  of  Devon- 
shire as  Italy  is  the  Garden  of  the  World. 
Fruit-trees  are  plentiful,  especially  ap- 
ples, with  which  a  great  quantity  of  ci- 
der is  made.    The  western  parte  abound 


D I  A 


DIG 


with  game,  especially  hares,  pheasants, 
and  woodcocks,  which  are  in  such  abun-i 
dance,  as  to  render  them  very  cheap  ;  and  j 
here  is  a  bird  so  very  small,  that  it  is  re- 
puted a  humming-bird,  and  like  that, 
constructs  its  nest  on  the  extreme  branch- 
es of  trees.  In  the  N  of  the  county  there 
is  a  famous  breed  of  bullocks,  remarka- 
ble for  their  beauty.  Numbers  of  these 
are  bought  at  a  high  price,  and  sent  even 
to  Jamaica.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Tamar,  Ex,  Teigne,  and  Dart.  Exeter  is 
the  capital. 

Deux  JPonte,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the 
river  Evbach,  49  miles  N  by  W  of  Stras- 
burg,  and  50  SW  of  Mentz.  Lon.  7  26  E, 
lat.  49  10  N. 

Deiffne.    See  Deinse. 

JJiarbeck,  or  Diarbekar,  a  province  of 
Turkey  in  Asia,  which  extends  along  the 
banks  of  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates  from 
NNW  to  SE,  that  is,  from  Mount  Tau- 
rus, which  divides  it  from  Turcomania  on 
the  N,  to  the  inmost  recess  of  the  Per- 
sian gulf  on  the  S,  about  600  miles  ;  a-nd 
from  E  to  W,  that  is,  from  Persia  on  the 
E  to  Syria  and  Arabia-  Deserta  on  the  W, 
in  some  places  200,  and  in  others  about 
300  miles,  but  in  the  southern  or  lower 
parts  not  above  150.  Being  a  considera- 
ble frontier  towards  the  kingdom  of  Per- 
sia, it  is  very  well  guarded  and  fortified  ; 
bvit  as  for  those  many  cities  once  so  re- 
nowned for  their  greatness  and  opulence, 
they  are  at  present  almost  dwindled  into 
heaps  of  ruins.  Bagdad,  Mossul,  Carah- 
med,  and  a  few  more  indeed  continue  to 
be  populous  and  wealthy;  but  the  rest 
can  scarce  be  called  by  any  other  name 
than  that  of  sorry  places.  The  rivers 
Euphrates  and  Tigris  have  almost  then- 
whole  coMrse  through  this  country. 

Diarbekir,  the  capital  of  the  above  pro- 
vince, is  situated  in  a  delightful  plain,  on 
the  banks  and  near  the  head  of  the.  Ti- 
gris, about  155  miles  or  15  caravan  days 
jo  •  :  ncy  NE  from  Aleppo,  in  lon.  40  50, 
lat.  37  35  E.  The  bridge  of  10  arches  over 
the  said  river  is  said  to  have  been  built 
by  the  order  of  Alexander  the  Great. .  It  is 
one  of  the  richest  and  most  mercantile 
cities  in  all  Asiatic  Turkey;  and  is  well 
fortified,  being  encompassed  with  a  dou- 
ble 4K.ll,  the  outermost  of  which  is  flank- 
ed with  72  towers,  said  to  have  bvtn 
raised  in  memory  of  our  Saviour's  72  dis- 
ciples. It  has  several  stately  piazzas  or 
market-places,  well  stored  with  all  kinds 
of  rich  merchandise,  and  12  magnificent 
mosques,  said  to  have  been  formerly 
Christian  churches.    Its  chief  manufac- 1 


ture  is  the  dressing,  tanning,  and  dying- 
of  goat-skins,  commonly  called  Turkey 
leather,  of  which  the  vent  is  almost  in- 
credible in  many  parts  of  Europe  and  A- 
sia.  The  city  is  under  the  government 
of  a  bashaw,  who  has  great  power  and  ve- 
ry large  dominions.  He  has  commonly  a 
body  of  20,000  horse  under  him,  for  re- 
pelling the  frequent  incursions  of  the  Cur- 
di.es  and  Tartars,  *vho  always  go  on 
horseback  to  rob  the  caravans.  The  ad- 
jacent territory  is  very  rich  and  beauti- 
ful ;  the  bread,  wine,  and  flesh  excellent ; 
the  fruits  exquisite,  and  the  pigeons  bet- 
ter and  larger  than  any  in  Europe. 

Dickinson,  a  township  of  Pennsylvania, 
situated  in  Cumberland  county,  and  con- 
taining about  2000  inhabitants. 

Die,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Drome  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny.  It  was  lately  an  episcopal 
see,  and  is  seated  on  the  Drone,  24 
miles  SE  of  Valence.  Lon.  5  23  E,  lat 
44  42  N. 

Diepholt,  a  town  of*  Westphalia,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  subject 
to  the  elector  of  Hanover.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Dummer  Lake,  30  miles  NW  of 
Minden.    Lon.  8  45  E,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Dieppe,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  with  a  good  harbour, 
formed  by  the  mouth  of  the  river  Arques, 
an  old  castle,  and  two  piers.  It  is  not 
now  so  considerable  as  formerly.  It  is 
30  miles  N  of  Rouen,  and  132  NW  of  Pa- 
ris.   Lon.  1  9  E,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Diessenhofeen,  a  considerable  town  of 
Swisserland,  in  Thurgaus,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  five  miles  S  of  Schaffhausen.  Lon, 
8  42  E,  lat.  47  35  N.  % 

Diest,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant,  on 
the  river  Demer,  15  miles  NE  of  Louvain, 
Lon.  5  9  E,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Dietz,  a  town  of  Wetaravia,  capital  of 
|  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong 
castle.  It  is  subject  to  the  prince  of  Nas- 
sau-Dillemburg,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Lohn,  16  miles  E  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  7  35 
E,  lat.  50  12  Nl 

Dievze,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Meurthe  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain,  remarkable  for  wells  of 
saltwater,  which  produce  much  salt.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Scille,.  22  miles  NE  of 
Nanci.    Lon.  6  45  E,  lat.  48  53  N. 

Diez,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Vosges  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain.    It  is  seated  on  the  Meurthe, 
30  miles  SE  of  Luneville.  Lon.  7  4  E,  lat 
48  20  N. 

Dighton,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Bris- 
tol, Massachusetts. ;  lying  on  the  W  side 


DIN 


DIU 


.  i  Taunton  river,  about  seven  miles  be- 
low  Taunton  town.  It  has  a  post  office, 
and  about  1666  inhabitants. 

Dignan,  a  town  of  Venetian  Istria,  3 
miles  from  the  gulf  of  Venice.  Lon.  13  5 
E,  lat.  45  10  JST. 

Digne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment  of  the  Lower  Alps  and  late  province 
of  Provence,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  fa- 
mous for  its  hot  baths,  and  is  seated  30 
miles  S  by  W  of  Embrun.  Lon.  6  12  E, 
lat.  44  10*  N. 

Dijon,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cote  d'Or  and  late  province 
of  .Burgundy.  It  has  an  academy  of  scien- 
ces and  belles-lettres.  The  public  struc- 
tures, and  particularly  the  churches,  are 
very  fine,  and  in  one  of  the  squares  was 
a  statue  of  Lewis  XIV.  which  has  been 
destroyed  since  the  French  revolution. 
In  front  of  the  Palace  Royale,  is  the  an- 
cient palace  of  the  dukes  of  Burgundy  ; 
and  at  the  gates  of  Dijon  is  a  late  char- 
treuse, in  which  some  of  those  princes 
are  interred.  Dijon  is  seated  in  a  plea- 
sant  plain,  which  produces  excellent 
wine,  between  two  small  rivers,  48 
miles  XE  of  Autun.  The  inhabitants 
are  computed  at  20,000.  Lon.  5  7  E, 
fat.  47  19  N. 

Dili,  SceDelos. 

Dilla,  Mount,  a  remarkable  promontory 
on  the  Malabar  coast,  20  miles  N  by  W 
of  Tellicherrv.  Lon.  75  2  E,  lat.  12 
1  N. 

Dilhniburg,  a  town  of  Weteravia,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  subject 
to  the  prince  of  Nassau  Dillenburg".  It  is 
22  miles  NWof  Marpurg.  Lon.  8  27  E, 
lat.  5048  N. 

Dillengen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  with  auni 
versity.  Here  the  bishop  of  Augsburg 
resides.  It  is  seated  near  the  Danube,  17 
miles  NE  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10  20  E,  lat. 
48  30  W. 

Dimotuc,  a  town  of  Homania,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  surrounded  by  the  Meriza,  12 
miles  SW  of  Adrianople.  Lon.  $6  15  E, 
lat.  41  35  N. 

Dinant,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  the  North  Coast,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Bretagne.  It  is  seated  on 
a  craggy  mountain,  at  the  foot  of  which 
is  the  river  Ranee,  20  miles  S  of  St.  Ma- 
la. Lon.  1  58  W,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Dinant,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Mouse,  12  miles  S  of  Xa- 
mur.    Lon.  4  58  E,  lat.  50  17  N. 

JDinasmondy;  a  town  in  Merionethshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday,  18  miles  S  of 
Bala,  and  196  NW  of  London.  Lon.  3  40 
Wi  lat.  52  37  X.  1 


Dinchurch,  a  village  in  Kent,  in  Rom- 
ney  Marsh.  It  is  three  miles  XT,  ©i 
Romney. 

Dinckelspil,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Sua  - 
bia, seated  on  the  river  Wernitz.  It  lias 
a  great  and  a  little  council ;  the  former 
is  a  mixture  of  Papists  and  Lutherans 
but  the  little  one  is  all  Papists.  It  car- 
ries on  a  trade  in  cloth  and  reaping-hooks, 
and  is  37  miles  SW  of  Xuremburg.  Lou 
10  20  E,  lat.  49  0  N. 

Dingelfng,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Low. 
er  Bavaria,  seated  on  the  Tser,  20  miles 
XE  of  Landschut.  Lon.  12  36  E,  lat.  48 
40  N. 

Dingle,  a  seaport  of  Ireland  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Derry,  seated  on  Dingle  Bay,  four 
miles  W  of  Limerick.  Lon.  8  40  W,  lat. 
52  42  N. 

Dingivall,  a  royal  borough  in  Ross-shire, 
seated  at  the  head  of  the  Frith  of  Cromar- 
ty, 15  miles  W  of  the  town  of  Cromarty. 
Near  it  runs  the  river  Conel,  famous  for 
producing  pearls.  Some  linen  yarn  is  ma- 
nufactured here,  and  there  is  a  lint-mill 
in  the  neighbourhood.  Lon.  4  23  W,  lat  . 

57  45  X. 

Dimviddie,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia, situated  on  the  SW  side  of  Appo- 
mattox river,  which  separates  it  from 
Chesterfield  county.  Petersburg  is  the 
chief  town.  It  contains  about  12000  in* 
habitants,  one  third  slaves. 

Disappointment,  Cape,  a  cape  of  the  is- 
land of  Southern  Georgia,  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean.    Lon.  36  15  W,  lat.  54 

58  S. 

Dismal  Stvamp,  a  marshy  tract,  on  the 
coast  of  North  Carolina,  50  miles  long 
and  30  broad.  It  occupies  the  whole 
country  between  Albemarle  Sound  and 
Pamlico  Sound. 

Digs,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
YYavcney,  on  the  side  of  a  hill  ;  and  at 
the  W  end  of  the  town  is  a  large  muddy 
lake,  abounding  with  eels.  Here  are  ma- 
nufactures of  sail-cloth,  linen,  cloth,  hose 
and  stavs.  It  is  19  miles  S  of  Norwich, 
and  92  NNE  of  London.  Lon.  1  9  E,  lat. 
52  25  X. 

Div,  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  the 
gulf  of  Cam  bay,  in  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan,  three  miles  long-,  and  one  broad 
On  it  is  a  large  fortified  town  of  the  same 
name,  built  of  freestone  and  marble  ;  and 
it  contains  some  fine  churches,  erected 
by  the  Portuguese,  about  the  time  they 
took  possession  of  the  island  in  1515.  It 
is  pretty  large,  and  fortified  by  a  high 
stone  wall,  well  furnished  with  cannon. 
The  trade  of  the  town,  once  so  impor- 
tant, is  almost  entirely  removed  to  Su- 
rat.  It  is  180  miles  Why  S  of  Surat,  and 


DOB 


DOM 


200  NW  of  Bombay.    Lon.  69  52  E,  lat. 
20  43  N. 

Dixan,  the  first  town  in  Abyssinia,  on 
the  side  of  Taranta.  It  is  built  on  the 
top  of  a  hill,  exactly  ini  he  orm  of  a  sugar- 
loaf  ;  a  deep  valley  surrounds  it  like  a 
trench,  and  the  road  winds  spirally  up 
the-  hill  till  it  ends  among-  the  houses. 
The  town  is  well  peopled  by  Moors  and 
Christians,  whose  only  trade  is  the  sel- 
ling-of  children.  The  Chri.-nians  bring 
such  as  they  have  stolen  in  Abysteinia  to 
Dixan,  where  the  Moors  receive  them, 
ana  carry  them  to  a  market  at  Masuah, 
whence  they  are  smt  to  Arabia  or  India. 
The  priests  ot  the  province  of  Tigre,  are 
openly  concerned  in  this  infamous  traffic. 
JLrfm.  40  7  B.  lat.  14  57  N. 

Dixmont,  or  Coilegetotm,  a  town  of 
Hancock  coun  y,  Maine.  Here  is  a  post 
office,  644  miles  NE  from  Washington. 

Dixmnde,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
which  has  been  often  taken.  It  was  for- 
ced to  surrender  to  the  French  in  1794. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  excellent  butter  ; 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Yperlee,  10 
miles  NW  of  Ypres.  Lon.  2  57  E,  lat. 
51  2  N. 

Dizier,  St.,  a  considerable  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Marne  and  late  province  of  Champagne, 
seated  on  the  Marne,  where  it  begins  to 
be  navigable  for  boats,  15  miles  SE  of 
Vitri  le-Francois.  Lon.  4  54  E,  lat.  48 
35  N. 

Dnieper,  anciently  the  Boristhenes,  a 
large  river  of  Russia,  which  rises  in  the 
government  of  Smolensko>  and  flowing 
in  a  southerly  direction,  enters  the  Black 
sea,  between  Cherson  and  Oczakow.  From 
its  source  to  its  mouth,  it  now  flows  en- 
tirely through  the  Russian  dominions; 
and  through  this  whole  course  of  above 
800  miles,  its  navigation  is  only  once  in- 
terrupted by  a  series  of  cataracts,  which 
begin  below  the  mouth  of  the  Samara, 
and  continue  lor  above  40  miles  ;  but 
these  may  be  passed  in  spring,  without 
much  hazard,  even  by  loaded  barks. 

Dniester,  a  fine  river  which  rises  in 
Galicia.  in  Austrian  Poland,  and  taking 
a  SB  direction  visits  Choczim,  dividing 
Podolia  from  Moldavia  ;  it  then  separates 
Bessarabia  from  the  Russian  government 
of  Catharinenslaf,  and  having  watered 
Bender,  falls  into  the  Black  Sea,  be- 
tween the  mouths  of  the  Dnieper  and 
the  Danube. 

Dobelin^  a  town  of  Courland,  20  miles 
SW  of  Mittau.  Lon.  23  35  E,  lat.  56 
28  N. 

Dobrzin,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Maso- 
via,  cap'tal  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name,  seated  on  a  rock  near  the  Vistula, 


14  miles  NW  of  Plocksko.  Lon.  19  5  E, 
lat.  52  54  N. 

Dockum,  a  town  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, in  W  Friesland,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Ee,  10  miles  NE  of  Lewarden.  Lon 
5  41  E,  lat.  53  18  N. 

Duel,  a  town  of  Dutch  Flanders,  on  the 
river  Scheldt,  opposite  Lillo,  nine  miles 
NW  of  Antwerp.  Lon.  4  15  E,  lat.  51 
17  N. 

Doeshurg,  a  town  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, in  Zutphen.  It  is  seated  on  the  Is- 
sel,  10  miles  S  of  Zutphen.  Lon.  5  36  E, 
lat.  42  2  N. 

Dorrudo,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Venice,  bounded  on  the  E  by 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  S  by' Poles ttio, 
on  the  W  by  Paduano,  and  on  the  N  by 
Trevisano.  It  comprehends  many  small 
islands  near  it,  called  the  Lagunes  of  Ve- 
nice. 

Dal,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isle  and  Vilaine  and  late  province 
of  Bretagne.  It  is  situated  in  a  morass,  5 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  21  SE  of  St.  Ma- 
lo.  Lon.  1  41  W,  lat.  48  33  N. 

-Dolce- Jlqua,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  c; 
tal  of  a  marquisate  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Nervia, 
5  miles  N  of  Vintimig'lia.  Lon.  7  42  E,  I  il 
43  58  N. 

Doleigno,  a  s.trong  town  of  Albania, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  a  good  harbour,  and 
a  citadel.  It  is  seated  on  the  Drino,  10 
miles  SE  of  Antivari.  Lon.  19  20  E,  lat. 
42  12  N. 

Dole,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Jura,  andlate  province  ot  Frunche 
Comte,  seated  on  the  river  Doubs,  25 
miles  SW  of  Besancon.  Lon.  5  38  E,  lat. 
47  6  N. 

DolegeUy,  a  town  in  Merionethshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Avon,  in  a  vale  so  called, 
and  at  the  foot  of  the  great  rock  Cader- 
ldris  which  is  extremely  high.  It  has  a 
good  manufacture  of  Welsh  cotton,  and 
is  31  miles  NW  of  Montgomerv,  and 
205  of  London.  Lon.  9  48  W,  lat.  52 
42  N. 

Dollart  Buy,  a  large  gulf  separating  E 
Friesland,  in  Germany,  from  Groningen, 
one  of  the  United  Provinces. 

Domazlize,  a  town  of  R<  je~>,  in  the 
circle  of  Pilsen.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Swedes  iu  1541.  It  is  seated  on  the  ri- 
vulet Cadbuzz,  17  miles  S  of  Pilsen. 

Domfront,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Orne,  lately  in  the  province 
of  Normandy,  seated  on  a  steep  mountain, 
which  has  a  large  cleft  from  the  summit 
to  the  base,  through  which  flows  the  lit- 
tle river  Varenne.  It  is  35  miles  NW  of 
Alencon.  Lon.  0  43  W,  lat.  48  38  N,.£ 


DOM 


DON 


Domingo,  St.,  one  of  the  richest  islands 
in  the  West  Indies,  400  miles  in  length, 
and  75  in  breadth.  It  was  discovered  by 
Columbus,  in  1492,  and  is  surrounded  by 
craggy  rocks  and  dangerous  shoals.  The 
heat  to  the  N  and  SE  would  be  insuppor- 
table for  six  months  of  the  year,  if  not 
qualified  by  the  easterly  winds,  and  fre- 
quent rains  ;  but  the  latter  soon  spoil  the 
flesh,  bread,  and  fruits.  It  has  a  great 
many  rivers,  and  mines  of  gold,  talc  and 
crystal.  The  Spanish  name  of  it,  origi- 
nally given  by  Columbus,  is  Hispaniola. 
Since  the  French  revolution  this  island 
has  been  desolated  by  the  most  dreadful 
calamities.  In  1791,  a  most  alarming  in- 
surrection of  .he  negroes  began  in  the 
French  plantations.  A  scene  of  the  most 
horrid  cruelties  ensued.  In  a  lijttle  time 
no  less  than  100,000  negroes  were  in  re- 
bellion, and  all  the  manufactories  and 
plantations  of  more  than  half  the  northern 
provinces  appeared  as  one  general  con- 
flagration. The  plains  and  mountains 
were  filled  with  carnage,  and  deluged 
with  blood,  in  1793,  the  royalists  of 
fort  St.  Jerernie  invited  the  English  to 
take  possession  of  that  part  of  the  island. 
They  were  obliged,  however,  partly  on 
account  of  the  disorders  which  desolat- 
ed the  island,  and  partly  on  account  of 
that- dreadful  scourge  the  yellow  fever, 
to  abandon  this  island  altogether.  By 
the  peape  concluded  between  France  and 
Spain,  the  whole  of  this  island  has  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  the  French. 

Domingo,  St.,  the  capital  of  the  Span- 
ish part  of  the-  island  of  St.  Domingo, 
with  an  archbishop's  see,  whose  cathe- 
dral is  a  superb  structure.  It  is  seated 
on'  a  large  navigable  river,  difficult  of 
access,  and  has  an  excellent  harbour. 
Ti;e  town  is  built  in  the  Spanish  man- 
ner, with  a  great  square  in  the  middle 
of  it,  about  which  are  the  cathedral  and 
other  public  buildings.  From  this  square; 
run  the  principal  streets  in  a  direct  line, 
they  being  crossed  by  others  at  right  an- 
gles, so  that  the  form  of  the  town  is  al- 
most square.  Lon.  70  10  W,  lat.  18  20  N. 

Dominica,  one  of  the  windward  Carib- 
bee  islands  in  the  West  Indies.  It  lies 
about  half-way  between  Guadaloupe  and 
Martin ico,  and  is  near  28  miles  in 
length,  and  13  in  breadth.  It  was  taken 
by  the  English  in  1761,  and  confirmed 
to  them  by  the  peace  of  1763.  The 
French  took  it  in  1778,  but  restored  it 
in  1783;  and  in  1795  they  made  an  un- 
successful attempt,  for  all  the  French- 
men that  landed  were  either  killed  or 
taken  prisoners.  The  capital  is  Charlotte 
T">  vn.  formerly  Roseau. 

Dominica,  one  of  the  islands  of  ;j.he 


South  Pacific  Ocean,  called  the  Mar- 
quesas.   Lon.  139  2  W,  lat.  9  41  S. 

Domino,  St.,  one  of  the  'Fremiti  Is- 
lands, in  the  gulf  of  Tenice,  15  miles 
from  the  coast  of  Naples. 

Domitz,  a  town  of  Mecklenburg  Schwc- 
rin,  with  a  fort,  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Elbe  and  Elve,  25  miles  S  of 
Schwerin.    Lon.  11  41  E,  lat.  53  15  N. 

Dommel,  a  river  of  Brabant,  which  re- 
ceives the  Aa  below  Bois-le-Duc,  and 
then  falls  into  the  Meuse. 

Domo-d"  OsHolu,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of' Milan,  with  a  castle,  seated  on 
the  small  river  Tosa,  at. the  foot  of  the 
Alps,  16  miles  N  of  Yarallo. 

Domremy-la-Ducelle,  a  village  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Meuse  and  late 
province  of  Barrois,  remarkable  for  the 
birth  of  Joan  of  Arc,  the  Maid  of  Or- 
leans. Ft  is  seated  on  the  Meuse,  five 
miles  from  Neufchateau. 

Don,  a  large  river  that  separates  Eu- 
rope from  Asia.  It  issues  from  lake  St. 
John,  in  the  government  of  Moscow,  and 
divides,  near  Tcherkaslc,  into  three 
streams  which  fall  into  the  sea'rif  Asoph. 
This  river  has  so  many  windings,  is  in 
many  parts  so  shallow,  and  abounds  with 
such  numerous  shoals,  as  to  be  scarcely 
navigable,  except  in  the  spring,  on  the 
melting  of  the  snows  ;  and  its  mouths 
also  are  so  choaked  up  with  land,  that 
only  flat-bottom  boats,  except  in  the 
same  season,  can  pass  into  the  sea  of 
Asoph. 

Don,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises 
in  Aberdeenshire,  joins  the  Urie  Water 
at  Inverary,  and  passing  by  Kintore,  falls 
into  the  German  Ocean  at  Aberdeen, 
within  two  miles  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Dec.  Upon  both  of  these  rivers  is  an  ex- 
cellent salmon  fishery. 

Don,  a  river  in  Yorkshire,  which  wa- 
ters Sheffield,  Bother  ham,  and  Doncas- 
ter,  and  joins  the  Aire,  ne  ar  its  termina- 
tion with  the  Ouse. 

Donavjert,  a  strong  town  of  Germany, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Suabia,  subject  to  the 
duke  of  Bavaria.    It  is  seated  on  the  jV 
side  of  the  Danube,  25  miles  N  «f  Augt. 
burg.    Lon.  11  5  E,  lat.  48  52  N. 

Doncaster,  a  corporate  town  in  the 
West  riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market 
on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Don,  and  has  a  castle  now  in  ruins.  It 
is  large  and  well  built;  and  governed  by 
a  mayor.  It  was  noted  for  knitting, 
worsted  stockings,  but  that  article  of 
trade  is  now  on  the  decline.  It  is  37 
miles  S  of  York,  and  160  N  bv  W  of 
London.    Lon.  1  12  W,  lat.  53  33  N. 

Do7icherry,  a  handsome  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Ardennes  and  late 


D  O  O 


DOR 


province  of  Champagne,  seated  on  the 
Mouse,  three  miles  from  Sedan.  Lon.  5 
2  E,  lat.  49  42  N 

Donegal,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Ulster,  68  miles  in  length, 
and  44  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by 
Londonderry  and  Tyrone,  on  the  W  and 
N  by  tht  ocean,  and  on  the  S  by  Fer- 
managh and  the  bay  of  Donegal.  It  con- 
tains 40  parishes,  and  before  the  Irish 
Union  sent  12  members  to  the  Irish  par- 
liament. It  is  in  general,  a  champaign 
country,  and  abounds  with  harbours. 

Donegal,  a  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  seated  on 
the  bay  of  Donegal,  10  miles  N  of  Ballv- 
shannon.    Lon.  7  47  W,  lat.  54  42  N. 

Donegal,  a  populous  township  of  Lan- 
caster county,  Pennsylvania;  situated  in 
the  NW  corner  of  the  county,  about  14 
miles  NW  of  the  borough  of  Lancaster, 
and  containing  3000  inhabitants.  This 
is  the  name  of  two  other  townships  in 
the  same  state,  settled  chiefly  by  emi- 
grants from  Ireland  or  their  descendants. 

Doneschingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
principality  of  Furstenburgh.  It  is  the 
chief  residence  of  the  prince  of  Fursten- 
burgh, in  the  court-yard  of  whose  palace 
the  Danube  takes  its  rise.  Some  small 
springs  bubbling  from  the  ground,  form 
a  bason  of  clear  water,  about  30  feet 
square.  From  this  issues  the  Danube, 
which  is  here  only  a  little  brook  ;  and 
though  the  small  rivers  Bribach  and 
Brege,  uniting  below  the  town,  are  far 
more  considerable  than  this  stream, 
which  flows  into  them  soon  after  their 
junction,  yet  has  this  alone  the  honour 
of  being  called  the  source  of  the  Danube. 

Dongalat  or  Dancala,  a  town  of  Nu- 
bia, with  a  castle  seated  on  the  Nile, 
among  mountains,  150  miles  N  of  Sen. 
nor.  Lon.  30  35  E,  lat.  21  ON. 

Don-y,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nievre,  and  late  territory  ofNi- 
vernois,  22  miles  N  of  Nevers.  Lon.  3 
14  E,  lat.  47  22  N. 

Dooab,  or  Doabah,  a  tract  of  land  in 
Hindoostan  Proper,  occupying  all  the 
flat  country  between  the  Ganges  and  the 
N  mountains,  as  well  as  the  principal 
part  of  that  tract  lying  between  the 
Ganges  and  Jumnah.  The  principal  part 
of  it  is  subject  to  the  nabob  of  Oude. 

Doon,  Loch,  a  lake  of  Ayrshire,  in  the 
SC  part  of  Kyle,  six  miles  in  length,  and 
of  considerable  breadth.  On  an  island  in 
this  lake  stands  Balloch  Castle. 

Doon,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  issu- 
ing from  Loch  Doon,  runs  NW,  divides 
the  district  of  Kyle  from  Carrick,  the 
southern  division  "of  Ayrshire,  and  falls 
into  the  Frith  of  Clyde." 


Dorat,  a.  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Vienne,  lately  in 
the  territory  of  Limosin,  seated  on  the 
Abrax,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Sevre,  25  miles  N  of  Limoges.  Lon.  1 
24  E,  lat.  46  12  N. 

Dorchester,  the  county -town  of  Dorset- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  It  has  three  churches,  "sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayor.  The  streets  are 
broad  and  paved,  and  a  fine  terrace-walk, 
planted  with  trees,  almost  surrounds  the 
town.  It  has  no  manufactures,  but  is 
famous  for  excellent  ale.  At  a  mile's 
distance  stands  Maiden  Castle,  with  in- 
trenchments  thrown  up  in  the  time  of 
t  he  Romans.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to 
the  family  of  Darner,  and  is  seated  on 
the  river  Frome,  on  a  Roman  road,  eight 
miles  N  of  Weymouth,  and  120  W  by  S 
of  London.    Lon.  2  45  W,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Dorchester,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire, 
which  was  a  station  of  the  Romans,  and 
ruined  in  the  wars  with  the  Danes.  It 
was  the  see  of  a  bishop  500  years  till 
1086,  when  William  the  conqueror  trans- 
lated it  to  Lincoln.  It  gives  the  title  of 
baron  to  the  family  of  Carleion,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Tame,  10  miles  SE  of  Ox- 
ford, and  49  WNW  of  London.  Lon.  1  0 
W,  lat.  51  39  N. 

Dorchester,  a  considerable  county  on 
the  Eastern  shore  of  Maryland.  It  is  si- 
tuated between  Choptank  and  Nanticoke 
rivers,  and  extends  along  the  Chesapeuk 
bay,  from  river  to  river.  The  inhabitants 
are  estimated  at  16000,  one  fourth  at 
least  slaves. 

Dorchester,  a  township  of  Norfolk  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  in  the  vicinity  of  Bos- 
ton. It  was  settled  at  an  early  period  of 
the  colony,  and  contains  at  present  about 
3000  inhabitants. 

Dordogne,  a  department  of  France, 
which  includes  the  late  province  of  Pc- 
rigord. 

^Dom,  a  village  in  a  detached  part  of 
Worcestershire,  three  miles  SE  of  Camp- 
den  in  Gloucestershire,  where  have  been 
found  abundance  of  Roman  and  British 
coins. 

Dornoch,  a  royal  borough,  the  county- 
town  of  Sutherlandshire,  at  the  entrance 
of  a  frith  of  the  same  name,  over  which 
it  has  a  ferry  to  Taim;  Part  of  the  ca- 
thedral serves  for  a  parish  church:  the 
other  part  is  in  ruins.  It  is  a  small  place, 
and  half  in  ruins,  but  was  the  residence 
of  the  bishops  of  Caithness,  [t  is  40  miles 
NE  of  Inverness.  Lon.  3  48  W,  lat.  57 
52  N. 

Dorpt,  or  Dorput,  a  town  of  Livonia, 
on  the  Ember,  between  the  lakes  Wosero 


DOR 


D  O  V 


and  Pepas,  60  miles  S  of  Narva.  Lon. 
27  52  E,  lat  58  18  X. 

Dorsetshire,  a  county  of  Engjand, 
bounded  on  the  S  by  ihe  English  chan- 
nel, on  the  X  by  Somersetshire  and  Wilt- 
shire, on  the  E  by  Hampshire,  and  on 
the  W  by  Devonshire,  and  some  part  of 
Somersetshire.  It  is  between  40  and  50 
miles  long-  from  E  to  Wj  and  34  broad 
from  S  to  N,  and  contains  34  hundreds, 
22  market-towns,  and  248  parishes.  This 
county  enjoys  a  mild,  pleasaut,  and 
wholesome  air,  and  a  deep,  rich,  and 
fertile  soil,  finely  diversified.  Towards 
the  X  it  is  level,  under  the  high  lands 
that  divide  it  from  Somersetshire,  where 
there  are  fine  arable  grounds  that  will 
yield  large  crops  of  different  kinds  of 
grain.  But  on  the  S  from  the  borders 
of  Hampshire  by  the  sea-coast,  for  an  ex- 
tent of  almost  20  miles  in  length,  and  in 
some  places  four  or  five  in  breadth,  is  an 
heathy  common,  which  renders  this 
country  less  populous  than  it  otherwise 
would  be.  From  E  to  W  run  a  ridge  of 
hills  called  the  Downs,  abounding  with 
sweet  aud  short  herbage,  which  nour- 
ishes a  vast  number  of  sheep  equally 
esteemed  for  their  flesh  and  fleece.  The 
country  is  also  very  plentifully  watered  ; 
and  in  all  respects  so  well  suited  both 
for  pleasure  and  profit,  that  it  was  dis- 
tinguished by  the  Romans  above  all 
others.  This  county  yields  many  and 
very  valuable  commodities.  The  quar- 
ries in  Purbcck  and  Portland  supply 
stones  of  different  qualities  suited  to  va- 
rious uses,  and  in  prodigious  quantities, 
together  with  some  very  rich  and  beau- 
tiful marble.  The  best  tobacco-pipe  clay 
in  England  is  also  found  in  this  county. 
-Madder,  hemp,  and  flax,  also  thrive  in 
many  places,  also  grain  of  all  sorts.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Stour  and  Frome. 
Here  is  plenty  of  poultry  of  all  sorts, 
swans,  woodcocks,  pheasants,  partridges, 
fieldfares,  8cc.  It  is  distinguished  for  its 
woollen  manufactures,  and  its  fine  ale 
and  beer.  Dorchester  is  the  capital.  Sec 
Portland  and  Parked: 

Dorset,  a  post  town  of  Bennington 
county,  Vermont,  about  25  miles  X  of 
Pennington.  In  contains  about  1500  in- 
habitants. 

Dort,  or  Dordrecht,  a  city  in  Holland, 
famous  for  a  protestant  synod  held  in 
1618,  winch  condemned  the  tenets  of 
Arminius.  It  is  seated  on  an  island  of 
the  Meuse,  opposite  that  of  Ysselmond. 
It  was  detached  from  the  mainland  in 
1421  by  a  flood  occasioned  by  the  break- 
ing down  of  the  dyke,  which  overwhelm- 
ed 70  villages  and  about  100,000  per- 
sons.   In  1457,  this  city  was  almost  en- 


tirely destroyed  by  fire.  It  was  taken  by 
ihe  French  in  January  1795.  It  is  10 
miles  SE  of  Rotterdam.  Lon.  4  48  E, 
lat.  51  50  X. 

Dortmund,  a  strong  imperial  town  of 
Westphalia,  in  the  county  of  Marck, 
seated  on  the  Emster,  35  miles  XE  of 
Cologne.    Lon.  7  35  E,  lat.  51  26  X. 

Douaij,  a  city  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North  and  late  French  Flan- 
ders. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Scarpe  in 
a  very  pleasant  and  fertile  country.  The 
town  is  large  and  populous,  and  exceed- 
ingly  well  fortified.  You  enter  it  by  six 
gates,  ami  the  streets,  from  each  of  these 
gates,  lead  to  the  market  place.  It  has 
a  fine  arsenal,  a  fouhdery  for  cannon,  a 
military  school,  a  citadel,  and  three  fa- 
mous colleges.  The  great  square  in 
the  centre  of  the  city,  and  the  principal 
church,  are  worthy  of  notice.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1712,  after  the 
suspension  of  arms  between  Great  Bri- 
tain and  France.  It  is  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver Scarpe,  whence  there  is  a  canal  to 
the  Deulc,  15  miles  XW  of  Cambrav 
Lon.  3  10  E.  lat.  50  22  X. 

Daubs,  a  department  of  France,  in 
eluding   part   of  the  late  province  of 
Franche  Comte. 

Done,  a  small  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Anjou.  It  has  one  of  the 
finest  fountains  in  France  ;  and  near  it  is 
a  vast  Roman  amphitheatre^  cut  out  of 
the  solid  rock.  It  is  nine  miles  SW  of 
Sauruur. 

Dove,  a  river  in  Derbyshire,  which 
rises  in  the  Peak  parts,  the  county  from 
Staffordshire,  and  falls  into  the  Trent, 
four  miles  X  of  Burton.  The  Stafford- 
shire canal  is  carried  over  this  river, in  an 
aqueduct  of  23  arches. 

Dox-edale,  one, of  the  most  romantic 
spots  in  Derbyshire,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Ashborn.  Here  the  river  Dove 
runs  in  a  chasm  between  precipitous 

Dover,  a  seaport  of  England  in  the 
county  of  Kent,  with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday and  Saturday.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  who  are  styled  Ba- 
rons of  the  cinque  ports  of  which  Dover 
is  the  chief.  It  is  situated  between  two 
high  cliffs,  on  one  of  which  is  an  ancient, 
castle,  E  from  the  town.  It  was  repair- 
ed in  1756,  and  there  are  barracks  in  it. 
for  3000  men.  The  town  was  once  walled 
round,  ami  had  ten  gates,  but  there  now 
remain  only  three,  and  those  much  out 
of  repair ;  also  seven  churches,  which 
are  now  reduced,  to  two  in  the,  town  and 
one  in  the  castle  •  and  it  was  formerly 
deemed  the  key  of  the  islaikl.    \t  is  the 


1 


DOC 


BOW 


Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  N. 
side  of  Schuylkill,  in  the  SW  corner  oi 
the  county  ;  containing-  1500  inhabitants. 
It  is  about  35  miles  N\V  oi'  Philadelphia 
Downey  a  town  of  Persia  ne  ar  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  re- 
markable for  the  reed  of  which  the) 
make  pens.   Lon.  56  j,r  E,  lat.  32  15  N. 
Dourdan,  a  town  of  Prance,  in  the  de- 
Dover,  a  post  town  of  Strafford  coun-  J partmem  of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late  pro-- 
,  New  Hampshire,  lying  on  the  river  j  vince  of  the  isle  of  Prance,  with  a  niaiiu- 
Cochocho,  12  miles  X  by  W  of  Ports-  J  facttir^.of  ] isilk  and  worsted  stockings.  Li 

is  seated  on  the  Orge,  25  miles  SW  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  10  E,  lat.  48  35  X. 


station  ot  the  packet  boats  that,  in  lime  (County 
<-t*  peace,  pass  between  Driver  and  Calais, 
from  which  it  is  distant  only  21  miles 
The  harbour  is  made  by  a  gap  in  the 
d^ffs,  whose  height  is  truly  sublime. 
Hence,  in  fine  weather,  is  a  prospect  ot 
the  coast  of  Prance.  Dover  is  15  miles  S 
E  of  Canterbury  and  72  of  London.  Lon 
1  23  E,  lat.  51  8  N. 


Dourlach,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of 


mouth. 

Dover,  the  principal  town  of  Kent 
county,  Delaware,  as  well  as  the  seat  of 

state  Government;  situated  on  Jones'  j  Baden-Dourlach.  The  inhabitants "are  pro 
creek,  near  its  junction  with  the  river 
Delaware.,  about  36  miles  S  of  New  Cas- 
tle.   Here  is  a  post  office,  and  about  800 


inhabitants.  This  small  town  is  neatly 
built ;  the  houses  being  mostly  of  bricks, 
and  the  streets  disposed  with  regularity. 
In  the  centre  is  a  handsome  square,  on 
which  the  state  house  and  public  offices 
are  erected.    It  lies  in  the  lat.  of  39  10  |  50  10  N. 


testants.  It  is  seated  on  the  Giessen,  12 
miles  S  of  Philipsburg.   Lon.  9  28  E,  lat. 

Dovlen.%;  or  Dourlens,  a  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  Somme  lately 
in  the  province  of  Picardy,  with  two  ci- 
tadels. It  is  seated  on  the  Autie,  15 
miles  X  of  Amiens.    Lon.  2  23  E,  lat 


X,  and  lon.  75  30  W 

Dover,  a  town  of  York  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  about  8  miles  west- 
ward from  York,  ami  containing  1500  in- 
habitants! 

Dover,  a  township  of  Monmouth  coun- 
ty,  New  Jersey,  situaied  on  the  sea 
shore,  between  lieedy  and  Coose  creeks, 
and  nearly  opposite  to  Cranberry  inlet. 

Dcuero,  or  Douro,  a  river  in  Spain, 
which  rises  in  Old  Castile,  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Urbton.  It  runs  W  by  several 
towns,  and  crossing  Portugal,  falls  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  near  Oporto. 

Douglas,  a  town  in  Lanerkshire,  on  & 
river  of  the  same  name  that  falls  into  tin 
Clyde,  above  Lanerk.    Here  is  Douglas 


Doivlatabad,  formerly  called  Amcdna- 
gur,  a  province  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoo- 
stan.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Can- 
deish  and  Malwa,  on  the  W  by  the  Gauts, 
on  the  S  by  Visiapour  and  Golconda, 
and  on  the  E  by  Berar.  Aurungabad  is 
the  capital. 

Dowlatubacl,  a  fortress  in  the  Deccar. 
of  Hindoostan,  15  miles  N\V  of  Aurun- 
gabad. Near  it  are  the  Pagodas  of  Elora, 
most  of  which  are  cut  out  of  the  natural 
rock.    Lon.  76  0  E,  lat.  19  55  N. 

Doiw,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ulster,  42  miles  in  length,  and 
34  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  the 
Irish  Sea,  on  the  \V  by  Armagh,  on  the 
NAV  by  Antrim,  and  on  the  S  by  Carling 


Castle,  for  many  ages  the  residence  of  ford  Bay  and  the  ocean.    It  contains  72 


the  secona  family  in  Scotland.    A  mo- 
dern building  has  been  erected  on  th 
same  site,  in  imitation  of  the  ancient 
castle.    It  is  37  miles  SW  of  Edinburgh. 

Douglas,  a  seaport  of  the  Isle  of  Man, 
nearly  at  the  same  distance  from  the 
Enghsh,  Scotch,  and  Irish  shores,  and 
the  best  harbour  in  the  island.  It  is  de- 
li, nded  bv  an  impregnable  fort.  Lon.  4 
20  \V,  lat.  54  12  X.  ' 

Dovqhin,  Cape,  a  lofty  promontory  on 
the  "VV  coast  of  America,  within  the  en- 
trance of  Cook's  River.  It  was  discover- 
ed by  Captain  Cook  in  1778.  Its  summit 
appears  above  the  clouds,  forming  two 
very  high  mountains.  Lon.  153  30  W, 
lat."58  56  N. 

Douglas,  a  township  of  Worce^tc 
county,  Massachusetts,  about  50  miles 
W  of  Bos. on. 

Dottglas,  a  township  of  Montgomery 


parishes,  and  before  the  Irish  union  sent 
14  members  to  the  Irish  parliament. 
Phis  county  is  rough  and  full  of  hills, 
and  yet  the  air  is  temperate  and  healthy. 
The  soil  naturally  produces  wood,  unless 
constantly  kept  open  and  ploughed  ;  and 
the  low  grounds  degenerate  into  bogs 
•nd  moss,  where  thv*  drains  are  neglect- 
ed. But  by  the  industry  of  the  inhabi- 
tants it  produces  good  crops  of  corn,  par- 
cularly  oats  ;  and,  where  marl  is  found, 
Parley. 

Doivn,  the  capital  of  the  county  of 
Hown,  in  Ireland.  It  is  a  borough  and 
market-town,  seated  on  the  river  Newry, 
even  miles  W  of  Stranford  Bay.  Lon.  5 
42  W,  lat.  54  29  N. 

Doivus,  a  road  on  the  E  coast  of  Kent, 
etween  the  N  ami  S  Port-land.  It  is  a 
famous  rendezvous  for  shipping.  See- 
Godxcin  Sa?ufc  /-.<  jH 


D  R  E 


D  R  O 


Djvjuham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market -on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ouse,  on  which  there  is  a  bridge,  and 
noted  for  the  prodigious  quant  ty  of  but- 
ter that  is  brought  hither  and  sent  to  Lon- 
don, and  known  there  by  the  name  of 
Cambridge  butter.  It  is  35  miles  NE  of 
Cambridge,  and  86  N  by  E  of  Loudon. 
Lon.  0  20  E,  hit.  52  40  N. 

Dovniingto~vn,  a  pleasant  village  in 
Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  32  miles 
W  of  Philadelphia,  and  about  the  same 
distance  E  of  Lancaster.  Here  is  a  post 
office. 

Doionton,  a  borough  in  Wilts,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Avon,  six  miles  SE 
of  Salisbury,  and  84  WSW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  36  W,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Doyles-town,  a  post  town  in  Bucks  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  about  26  miles  N  of  Phi- 
ladelphia. 

Dracut,  a  town  of  Middlesex  count}-, 
Massachusetts  ;  situated  on  the  N  side  of 
the  river  Merrimack,  about  35  miles  NW 
of  Boston.  Here  is  a  post  office  511  miles 
from  Washington. 

Draguignan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  'of  Var  and  'late  province  of 
Provence,  10  miles  NW  of  Frejus.  Lon. 
6  35  E,  lat.  43  31  N. 

Brave,  a  considerable  river  of  Germa- 
ny, which  rises  in  the  Tirol,  runs  across 
Carinthia,  and  entering  Stiria  continues 
its  course  by  Marpurg:  then  it  runs  a- 
longthe  confines  of  Sclavonia  and  Lower 
Hungary,  passes  by  Esseck,  and  a  little 
after  fails  into  the  Danube. 

Drayton,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver Torn,  which  separates  this  county 
from  Staffordshire.  It  is  17  miles  NE  oi 
Shrewsbury,  and  154  XWof  London.  Lon. 
2  22  W,  lat.  52  54  N! 

Dreiitelburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
principality  of  Hesse.  Lon.  8  57  E,  lat. 
5123-N. 

Dresden,  the  capital  city  of  the  electo- 
rate of  Saxony  in  Germany.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Elbe,  which  divides  it  into 
two  parts.  One  part  is  called  Old  Dres- 
den, and  the  other  the  New  Town,  in  the 
German  language  New  Stadt.  They  are 
joined  together  by  a  stone  bridge,  sup- 
ported by  19  piers,  630  paces  in  length. 
>  t  has  a  castle,  a  university  and  a  magni- 
ficent church  for  the  Roman  catholics, 
and  the  principal  church  for  the  protes- 
tants  ;  that  of  the  Holy  Cross  is  also  a  no- 
ble structure.  It  is  surrounded  by  strong 
and  handsome  fortifications  ;  and  contains 
according  to  the  latest  accounts  110,000 
inhabitants.    All  the  buildings  of  this  ci- 


ty arc  constructed  with  square  free1 
stone,  and  are  almost  all  of  the  same 
height.  They  have  stone  from  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Pirna,  about  ten  miles  from 
this  city,  which  is  readily  brought  down 
the  Elbe;  In  general  the  houses  are  high 
and  strong;  the  streets  wide,  straight, 
well  paved,  clean,  and  well  illuminated  in 
the  night ;  and  there  are  large  squares, 
disposed  in  such  a  manner,  that  Dresden 
may  pass  for  one  of  the  handsomest  cities 
;n  the  world.  The  elector's  palace  is  a 
magnificent  structure,  and  abounds  in 
many  valuable  curiosities  both  of  nature 
and  art.  The  collection  of  pictures  is 
reckoned  one  of  the  finest  that  exists,  and 
is  valued  at  500,000/.  This  city  was  ta- 
ken by  the  king  of  Prussia  in  1745,  but 
was  soon  restored;  and  again  taken  by 
him  in  1756,  but  retaken  \\v&759.  It  is  75 
miles  NW  of  Prague.  Lon.  13  50  E,  lat 
51  0  N. 

Dresden,  a  town  in  Lincoln  county, 
Maine,  lying  on  the  Kenebec  river,  about 
50  miles  NE  of  Portland. 

Dreux,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Eure  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Beauce.  It  has  a  consi- 
derable manufacture  in  cloth  for  the  ar- 
my, and  is  seated  on  the  river  Blaise,  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain,  48  miles  W  of  Pa- 
ris.   Lon.  1  26  E,  la'  .  48  44  N. 

JJriessen,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  new  marche  of  Brandenburg,  with  a 
sitrong  fort,  on  the  river  Warta,  20  miles 
E  td'  Landsperg.  Lon.  15  43  E,  lat.  52 
53  N. 

Drinawardy  a  tcWn  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Servia.  It  stands  on  a  small  is- 
land formed  by  the  Drino,  on  the  confines 
of  Bosnia. 

Drino,  a  river  of  Turkey  in  ^Europe, 
which  has  its  source  in  the  frontiers  of 
Albania,  and  falls  into  a- bay  of  the  same 
name  in  the  gulf  of  Venice. 

Drino,  a  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice"  50  miles  SE  of  Ragusa.  Lon.  10 
19  E,  lat.  42  48  N. 

Drogheda,  a  seaport  and  borough  of 
Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Louth.  It.  is  a 
strong  place,  and  well  inhabited,  having 
in  excellent  harbour.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Bovne,  five  miles  W  of  the  Irish  Sea,  and 
23  N  of  Dublin.  Lon.  6  1  W,  lat.  51 
53  N.  ,  f 

-  Droitiridi,  a  borough  in  Worcester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Friday,  noted  for 
excellent  white  salt  made  from  the  salt 
springs  in  its  neighbourhood.  Ii  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Salwarp,  six  miles  ENE  of 
Worcester,  and  118  WNW  of  London. 
Loh.  1  48  W,  lat.  52  15  N. 

Drome,  a  department  of  France,  in-' 
B  B 


DRU 


PUB 


eluding  part  of  the  late  province  of  Dau- 
phiny. 

Dromore,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Down.  It  is  a  very  ancient 
town  and  the  scat  of  a  bishopric.  The 
cathedral  is  small,  but  the  episcopal  pa- 
lace is  handsome  and  convenient.  It  is 
seated  on  the  LaggUn,  15  miles  SW  of 
Belfast.    Lon.  6  8  E,  lat.  54  25  N. 

Dromore,  a  township  in  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Susquehannah  river,  between  Pequea 
and  Octorara  creeks.  It  contains  about 
1200  inhabitants. 

Dronero,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  seated 
at  the  foot  of  the  Alps  on  the  river  Ma- 
era,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of  prodigious 
height. 

Dronfield,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  and  a  free-school. 
It  is  so  resorted  to,  on  account  of  its 
wholesome  air,  that  it  abounds  with  gen- 
trv  and  handsome  buildings.  It  is  28 
miles  N  of  Derbv,  and  155  NNW  of  Lon- 
don. Lou.  1  25  W,  lat.  53  18  N. 

Drontheim,  a  province  of  Norway, 
bounded  on  the  W  by  the  ocean,  on  the 
N  by  the  government  of  Wardshuys,  on 
the  S  by  that  of  Bergen,  and  on  the  E 
by  Sweden,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  high  mountains.  It  is  but  thin  of 
people. 

Drontheim,  a  city  of  Norway,  capital 
of  a  government  of  the  same  name,  with 
an  archbishop's  see,  and  a  good  har- 
bour. It  carries  on  a  great  trade;  is  al- 
most surrounded  by  the  sea  and  the  ri- 
ver Piddet;  and  is  270  miles  NW  of 
Stockholm.  Lon.  11  9  E,  lat.  63  26  N. 

Drowned  Lands,  a  valuable  tract  of  a- 
bout  50,000  acres,  in  the  state  of  New- 
York,  on  the  N  side  of  the  mountains,  in 
Orange  county.  The  waters,  which 
descend  from  the  surrounding  hills,  be- 
ing slowly  discharged  by  the  river  Wat- 
kill,  cover  these  vast  meadows  every 
winter,  and  render  them  extremelv  fertile. 

Drumbote,  •  a  town  of  Ireland  in  the 
county  of  Monaghan,  eight  miles  W  of 
Du-idalk.    Lon.  6  31  W,  lat.  54  10  N. 

Ertiinlanritrt  a  town  in  Dumfrie  sshire  in 
the  district  of  Nithsdale ;  remarkable 
for  a  wood  of  oak  six  miles  in  length. 
Here  is  a  noble  seat  of  the  duke  of 
Queensberry,  skreened  by  woody  hills, 
and  adorned  with  beautiful  gardens. 
Drumlanrig  is  seated  on  the  river  Nith, 
13  miles  N  of  Dumfries.  Lon.  3  31  W, 
lat.  55  25  N. 

Drusenheim,  a  fortified  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Rhine,  and 
late  province  of  Alsace.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Moter,  near  the  Rhine,  five  miles 
SE  of  Haguenau, 


Dm  tes,  a  people  of  Syria,  on  the  moun- 
tains Libanus  and  Antilibanus.  They  are 
warlike,  mured  to  labour,  are  great  ene- 
mies of  the  Turks,  and  have  their  parti- 
cular princes,  called  Emirs. 

Dryden,  one  of  the  military  townships 
in  the  state  of  New-York,  situated  at  the 
SE  end  of  Cayuga  lake. 

Duanesburg,  a  post  town  of  Albany 
county,  New  York,  standing  on  the  E 
side  of  Schoharrie  river,  30  miles  W  of 
Albany.  The  township  contained  2800 
inhabitants  at  the  last  census  in  180U. 

Dublin,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  die  pro- 
vince of  Leinster,  27  miles  in  length,  and 
17  in  breadth ;  bounded  on  the  E  by 
the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  N  by  East  Meath 
and  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  W  by  East 
Meath  andlvikiare,  and  on  theS  by  "VYick- 
low.  Before  the  Union  it  sent  ten  mem. 
hers  to  the  Irish  parliament. 

Dublin,  the  capital  of  Ireland,  in  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  bishop's 
see  ;  seated  on  the  Liffey,  in  view  of  the 
Irish  sea  on  the  E-  Its  form  is  that  of  a 
square,  two  miles  and  a  half  in  extent  on 
each  side,  and  it  contains  about  22,000 
houses,  whose  inhabitants  are  estimated 
at  156,000.  With  respect  to  its  streets, 
Dublin  bears  a  near  resemblance  to  Lon- 
don ;  some  of  the  old  streets  were  for- 
merly narrow,  but  great  improvements 
have  been  lately  made,  in  regard  both  to 
convenience  and  embellishment,  and  the 
new  streets  are  wide  and  commodious, 
the  houses  lofty,  uniform,  and  elegant 
Among  these,  on  the  N  side  of  the  river, 
are  Gardiner's  row,  north  Great  George's 
street,  Cranby-row,  Cavendish-row,  and 
Palace-row ;  the  last  three  form  a  su- 
perb square,  having  the  garden  of  the 
lying-in  hospital  in  the  centre  ;  the  old 
wall  that  encompassed  the  garden  has 
been  lately  taken  down  ;  there  is  now  a 
full  view  of  this  delightful  spot,  surround- 
ed with  iron  palisades,  and  upwards  of 
100  globes  with  double  burners  disposed 
at  equal  distances,  which,  added  to  the 
globes  from  the  surrounding  houses,  have 
a  most  brilliant  effect.  Among  the  new 
streets  and  buildings  on  the  S  side  of  the 
river,  those  wherein  persons  of  distinc- 
tion reside  lie  chiefly  to  the  eastward  of 
the  college  and  Stephen's  green  ;  winch 
last,  though  it  does  not  rank  with  the 
new  buildings,  possesses  much  grandeur 
and  elegance,  being  one  of  the  largest 
squares  in  Europe:  it  is  an  English  mile 
in  circumference,  surrounded  by  a  gravel 
walk  planted  on  each  side  with  trees; 
within  this  walk  is  a  smooth  level  mea- 
dow, having  in  the  centre  an  equestrian 
siatue  of  the  late  king :  there  are  seve- 
ral fine  edifices,  though  almost  all  differ- 


DUB 


DUL 


icig  in  the  style  of  their  architecture. 
There  are  several  magnificent  squares, 
some  of  which  are  newly  built.  Among 
the  principal  public  buildings  are  the 
Oastle  (the  residence  of  the  viceroy)  the 
Parliament  House,  Trinity  College,  the 
Royal  Exchange,  the  Customhouse,  the 
Royal  Hospital  of  Kilmainham  for  inva- 
lids, and  Essex  bridge,  one  of  the  five 
bridges  over  the  Liffey,  which  being 
banked  in  through  the  whole  length  of 
the  town,  exhibiis  spacious  and  beauti- 
ful quays,  where  vessels  below  the  bridge 
load  and  unload  before  the  merchant's 
doors  and  warehouses  ;  it  is  navigable  as 
far  as  Essexbridge.  This  bridge  was  first 
built  in  1681,  and  took  its  name  from  the 
unfortunate  earl  of  Essex,  then  viceroy  of 
Ireland.  It  was  taken  down  in  1753,  and 
rebuilt  in  an  elegant  form,  after  the  mo- 
del of  Westminster  bridge,  but  much 
better  proportioned,  and  on  a  more  se- 
cure foundation.  It  has  five  arches,  the 
buttresses  between  which  support  semi- 
circular niches  that  project  from  the  para- 
pet ;  there  are  balustrades  between  these 
niches,  and  continued  to  the  ends  of  the 
bridge  which  is  commodiously  flagged 
for  foot  passages  ;  the  whole  constructed 
with  hewn  stone  in  a  very  fine  taste. 
There  are  four  bridges  besides  this  over 
the  piver.  This  city  has  two  cathedrals, 
18  parish  churches,  two  chapels  of  ease, 
15  Roman-catholic  chapels,  six  meeeting- 
houses  for  Presbyterians,  one  Anabap- 
tists, four  for  Methodists,  two  for  Qua- 
kers, a  church  for  French  Calvinists,  a 
Danish  and  a  Dutch  church,  and  a  Jewish 
synagogue.  Christ-church,  or  the  Holv 
Trinity,  built  in  1038  by  Donat  bishop  of 
Dublin,  is  a  venerable  Gothic  pile  ;  and 
its  present  appearance  evinces  its  anti- 
quity. St.  Patrick's  cathedral  is  also  a 
fine  Gothic  structure  ;  it  stands  on  the 
east  side  of  Patrick  street ;  the  monu- 
ments here  are  more  numerous  than  in 
Christ-church ;  and  the  steeple  is  the 
highest  in  the  city.  St.  Werburgh's 
church  w-ii£  originally  built  in  a  very  ear- 
ly age.  In  1301,  when  a  great  part  of  the 
city  was  consumed  by  an  accidental  fire, 
ibis  church  suiTered  in  die  conflagration  : 
it  was  burnt  a  second  time  in  1754,  and 
repaired  in  its  present  beautiful  form 
in  1759.  The  harbour  is  choaked  up  by 
two  banks  of  sand,  upon  which  at  high 
water  there  is  not  above  17  feet ;  which 
prevents  vessels  of  large  burden  from 
going  over  the  bar  ;  a  defect  which  will 
be  remedied,  no  doubt,  by  some  fine  pro- 
jected improvements.  A  canal  has  been 
m  ade  from  t  h  e  Li  ffey ,  wit  j  c  h  c  om  m  u  n  i  c  at  e  s 
with  the  Shannon  near  Clonfert.  Dublin 
is  60  miles  W  of  Holyhead,  in  Wales,  and 


330  NW  of  London.  Lon.  6  6  W,  Ujt.  53 
21  N. 

Dublin  Louder,  a  township  of  Philadel- 
phia county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  the  river  Delaware,  be- 
tween Oxford  and  Byberry  townships  ; 
10  miles  N  of  Philadelphia.  * 

Dublin  Upper,  a  township  of  Montgo- 
mery county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  be- 
tween Abington  and  Gwinned  townships. 
15  miles  NW  of  Philadelphia.  There  are 
two  other  townships  in  Pennsylvania 
of  the  same  name  ;  one  in  Bedford  and 
the  o.her  in  Huntingdon  county. 

Duck  Creek,  sometimes  called  Salesbu- 
ryt  a  thriving  town  of  Kent  county,  Dela- 
ware, 12  miles  N  by  W  of  Dover,"  and  28 
S  of  New  Castle.  It  has  a  post  office,  and 
about  600  inhabitants. 

Dudley,  a  township  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  line 
which  divides  this  state  from  Connecti- 
cut, and  on  the  E  side  of  Lockwood  river. 
It  contains  about  1500  inhabitants. 

Dudley,  a  town  in  Worcestershire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  and  a  great  manu- 
facture of  nails  and  other  iron-wares 
There  is  a  church  at  each  end  of  the 
longest  street.  It  is  ten  miles  NW  of 
Birmingham  and  120  of  London.  Lon.  2 
0  W,  lat.  52  33  N. 

Duerstade.  See  Wick-de-Dv%rstade. 

Duins  or  Doino,  a  seaport  of  Germany, 
in  the  duchy  of  Carniola,  eight  miles  N 
W  of  Trieste.  Lon.  13  46  E,  lat.  45  55  N 

Duisburg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  duchy  of*  Clcves,  with  a  university, 
seated  on  the  Hoer,  near  the  Rhine,  12 
miles  N  of  Dusseldorf.  Lon- 6  50  E,  lat. 
51  22  N. 

Duitz,  or  Dnytz,  a  town  of  Westphalia, 
on  the  E  side  of  the  Rhine,  opposite  Co- 
logne.   It  is  chiefly  inhabited  by  Jews. 

Duke  of  York's  Islund,  an  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  coim 
ii, "dore  Byron  in  1765,  lying  N  of  the 
Friendly  Islands.  The  ground  was  cover- 
ed by  land  crabs,  but  no  other  animal  was 
seen.  Lon.  172  30  W,  lat.  8  0S. 

Duk  e  of  York's  Island,  an  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  about  10  miles 
long,  lying  between  lord  Howe's  Croup 
and  the  SE  point  of  New  Ireland.  The 
natives  go  entirely  naked  ;  are  stout,  well 
made,  and  of  a  light  copper  colour. 
This  island  is  a  perfect  garden,  and  pro- 
duces betle-nut,  mangoes,  bread-fruit, 
and  guavas.  Here  are  also  dogs,  hogs, 
poidtry,  and  some  spices.  The  nutmeg 
was  seen  by  captain  Hunter,  who  an- 
chored in  Port  Hunter  Bav,  in  this  is- 
land, in  May,  1791.  Lon.  152 42 E, lat. 4 7 S. 

Didctft,  a  village  on  the  NE  side  of  the 
isle  of  Anglesey,  much  frequented  onac= 


DUM 


DUN 


count  of  the  corn  and  butter  trade,  and 
for  fern  ashes. 

Duhlerstadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Whipper,  15  miles  E  of  Gottingen, 
and  130  NE  of  Mentz.  Lon.  10  14  E,  lat. 
51  28  N. 

Dulmeri,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Munster,  18  miles  SW  of 
Minister.    Lon.  7  4  W,  lat.  51  47  N. 

Dulverton,  a  town  in  Some. •i-etshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  a 
branch  of  the  Ex,  24  miles  E  of  Barn- 
staple, and  164  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
3  30  W,  lat  51  S  X. 

Btrirvich,  a  village  in  Surry,  five  miles 
S  of  London. 

Dumbarton,  a  borough,  the  capital  of 
Dumbartonshire,  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Leven  and  Clyde,  with  a 
stone  bridg-e  over  the  former.  Its  prin- 
cipal manufacture  is  glass  ;  but  many  of 
the  young  women  are  employed  in  the 
print-fields  on  the  banks  of  the  Leven. 
Dumbarton  Castle,  in  which  a  garrison 
is  still  kept,  is  a  strong  ylace,  and  in 
ancient  times  was  deemed  impregnable; 
it  is  a  vast  rock,  steep  on  every  side,  ri- 
sing out  of  a  plain  to  the  height  of  500 
feet,  and  unconnected  with  any  high 
ground  for  the  space  of  a  mile.  It  is  al- 
most surrounded  by  the  Leven  and  the 
Clvde.  Dumbarton  is  15  miles  WNW  of 
Glasgow.    Lon.  4  30  W,  lat.  56  0  N. 

'Dumbartonshire,  or  Lenox,  runs  far  N 
among  a  cluster  of  hills,  and  is  bounded 
on  the  S  by  the  Frith  and  river  of  Clyde  , 
on  the  E  by  Lanerkshire  and  Stirling- 
shire ;  on  the  NE  by  Perthshire  and  the 
Grampian-hills  ;  and  on  the  W  by  Ar- 
gyleshire  and  Loch  Long-.  It  is  above  20 
miles  broad  from  E  to  W,  and  about  40 
long  from  N  to  S.  That  part  which  lies 
to  the  E  is  very  fruitful  in  corn;  t  c 
other  parts  being  hilly,  feed  vast  flocks 
of  sheep. 

Dnmblane,  a  village  in  Perthshire,  re- 
markable for  a  battle,  called  the  battle 
of  Sheriff-muir,  between  the  duke  of  Af- 
gyle  and  the  rebel  earl  of  Mar,  in  1715. 
At  the  upper  end  of  the  village  is  a  ruin- 
ous cathedral.  It  is  30  miles  NW  of 
Edinburgh. 

Dumfermlitie,  a  borough  in  Fifeshire, 
which  is  a  considerable  manufacturing 
town,  and  has  a  good  trade  in  linen 
goods,  particularly  diapers.  Here  was  a 
magnificent  abbey  and  palace,  where  the 
princess  Elizabeth,  from  whom  the  pre- 
sent royal  family  are  descended,  was 
born.  Adjoining  to  this  was  a  magnifi- 
cent abbey,  part  of  the  remains  of  which 
now  serve"  for  a  church.  In  this  place 
were  buried  Malcolm  and  his  queen,  and 


several  kings  of  Scotland.  It  is  15  miles 
NW  of  Edinburgh.    Lon.  3  27  W,  lat. 

56  5  N. 

Dumfries,  a  town  of  Virginia,  on  the 
river  Potomac. 

Dumfries,  a  royal  borough  of  Scotland, 
capital  of  Dumfriesshire,  pleasantly  seat- 
ed between  two  hills,  on  the  river  Nith. 
It  is  a  regular  well-built  town,  eight 
miles  N  of  Solway  Frith,  and  30  WNW 
of  Carlisle.    Lon.  3  29  W,  lat.  55  12  N. 

Dumfries,  a  county  of  Scotland,  which 
includes  Annandalc  and  Niddisdale;  it 
is  bounded  on  the  N  by  part  of  Ayrshire, 
Lanerkshire,  Peeblesshire,  and  Selkirk- 
shire; on  the  W  by  Selkirkshire  and 
Roxburghshire;  on  the  S  by  the  Solway 
Frith  ;  and  on  the  W  by  the  counties  of 
Ayr  and  Kircudbright;  extending  about 
50  miles  in  length  and  30  in  breadth. 
Eusdalc  is  the  most  eastern  division,  and 
divided  from  Annandale  In  Eskdale.  An- 
nandale  lies  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Annan  which  runs  through  the  middle 
of  the  county  and  falls  into  the  Solway 
Frith,  after  a  course  of  27  miles.  This 
division  is  a  stewarty,  abounding  w'uh 
pasture  and  pleasant  woods,  is  about  27 
miles  long  and  14  broad.  Niddisdale  or 
Nithdale  receives  its  name  from  the 
river  Nid,  that  passes  through  it  and 
runs  into  the  Solway  Firth  ;  this  is  the 
western  division,  abounds  in  pastures 
and  arable  lands,  produces  abundance,  of 
corn,  and  some  woods  and  forests ;  gold 
has  been  found  in  some  of  its  brooks 
after  great  rains.  Its  chief  rivers  are. 
the  Esk,  Annan,  and  Nid.  Its  chief 
towns  are,  Annan  and  Dumfries." 

Dumfries,  a  post  town  and  port  of  en- 
try, in  Prince  William  county,  Virginia; 
situated  on  Quantico  Creek,  which  com- 
municates with  Potomac,  about  25  miles 
below  Alexandria,  and  36  from  Well- 
ington. 

Dummer,  a  township  in  Grafton  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Umbagoglake,  between  Cam- 
bridge and  Percy. 

Dummertov,  a  township  of  Vem.on\ 
situated  in  Windham  county,  and  on  the 
W  side  of  Connecticut  river.  It  contains 
about  2800  inhabitants. 

Dunnmond,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Riga.  It  is  situated  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Dwina,  15  miles  NW  of 
Riga. 

Dunbar,  a  royal  borough  in  Fladdin^- 
tonshire,  seated  near  the  German  Ocean. 
It  has  a  good  harbour,  formerly  defend- 
ed by  a  castle.  Under  the  rock,  on  which 
the  castle  stands,  are  t  wo  natural  arches 
through  which  the  tide  flows  :  and  be- 
tween the  harbour  and  the  castle  is  & 


DUN 


DUN 


Stratum  of  vast  basaltic  columns.  Dun- 
bar is  remarkable  for  the  defeat  of  John 
Baliol's  army  by  earl  Warenne,  in  1296, 
and  for  a  victory  gained  by  Cromwell 
over  the  Scots,  in  1650.  It  is  25  miles  E 
of  Edinburgh.  Lon.2  34  W,  lat  56  12  N. 

Dunbar,  a  township  of  Pennsylvania, 
situated  in  Fayette  county,  on  the  SW 
side  of  Yoyogheonny  river,  and  contain- 
ing- 1600  inhabitants. 

Bunbarton,  a  township  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire,  situated  on  die 
W  side  of  Merrimack  river,  35  miles  \V 
of  Portsmouth. 

Duvrannon,  a  fortress  and  town  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Wexford,  seated 
on  the  river  Boss,  six  miles  E  of  Water- 
fowl.   Lon.  6  46  W,  lat  54  12  N. 

Dundalk,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Louth,  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  20  miles  NNW  of  Drogheda.  Lon. 
6  17  W,  lat.  52  16  N.  , 

Dundee,  a  royal  borough  in  Angus- 
shire,  with  an  excellent  harbour.  Its 
situation  for  commerce  is  very  advanta- 
geous. Trading  vessels  of  the  largest 
burden  can  get  into  the  harbour  ;  and  on 
the  quay  there  are  three  very  convenient 
and  handsome  warehouses,  built  in  1756, 
as  well  as  good  room  for  ship-building, 
which  is  carried  on  to  a  large  extent. 
The  houses  are  built  of  stone,  generally 
three  or  four  stories  high.  The  market- 
place or  high  street  in  the  middle  of  the 
town  is  a  very  spacious  oblong  square. 
360  feet  long  and  100  feci  broad  ;  from 
whence  branch  out  the  four  principal 
streets,  which  with  a  number  of  lesser 
ones  are  all  paved  in  the  best  manner. 
On  the  south  side  of  the  market  place 
stands  the  town-house,  an  elegant  struc- 
ture, with  a  very  handsome  front,  piaz- 
zas below,  and  a  neat  spire  over  it  140 
feet  high.  This  building  was  finished  in 
the  year  1734,  and  contains  the  guild- 
hall, the  court-room,  a  very  neat  mason- 
lodge,  the  bank,  vaulted  repositories  lor 
the  records,  and  the  common  prison, 
which  is  in  the  upper  story,  and  does 
honour  to  the  taste  and  humanity  of  the 
magistrates,  under  whose  auspices  it  was 
constructed,  being  well  aired  commodi- 
ous rooms  at  the  same  time  very  strong 
and  secure.  Each  prison  is  20  feet  by 
12,  and  7  feet  and  a  half  high,  well 
arched  above  and  below.  Dundee,  be- 
sides St.  Andrew's  church,  has  4  other 
churches,  and  five  ministers  on  the  lega] 
establishment.  The  old  church,  in  which 
were  originally  four  places  of  worship 
when  entire,  had  been  a  very  magnifi- 
cent building,  with  a  large  square  Go- 
thic tower  or  steeple.  186  feet  high,  on 
the  west  end  of  the  church.   This' build- 


ing was  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  erected 
by  David  Earl  of  Huntingdon,  brother 
to  William  L  of  Scotland.  This  he  did 
on  his  return  from  the  third  crusade, 
anno  1189,  in  gratitude  for  his  deliver- 
ance from  several  imminent  dangers,  and 
particularly  from  shipwreck,  by  which 
he  had  nearly  perished  when  in  sight  of 
this  town.  The  principal  and  staple  ma- 
nufactures are  osnaburghs,  saii-cioth,  of 
winch  in  1788  were  manufactured  to  the 
value  of  112,5877. ;  this  manufacture  has 
since  the  commencement  of  the  present 
war  increased  to  ait  enoimous  extent. 
A  manufacture  of  cotton  has  likewise 
been  established,  which  has  been  car- 
ried on  with  considerable  success  for 
some  years  past-  The  Dundee  coloured 
threads  have  been  justly  esteemed  ;  in- 
deed it  was  here  that  coloured  threads 
first, made  a  figure  among  the  amides 
of  trade  in  Scotland.  A  sugar-honse  was 
also  erected  here,  but  has  been  given 
up,  as  likewise  a  large  glass-house, 
which  was  carried  on  for  some  years. 
The  salmon  fishing  in  Tay  is  of  much 
consequence,  and  the  town  is  generally 
well  supplied  with  fish  of  various  kinds. 
The  population  in  1788  amounted  to 
nearly  20.000,  but  the  inhabitants  have 
increased  to  23  or  24000.  It  is  seated  on 
the  N  side  of  the  Frith  of  Tay,  12  miles 
from  its  mouth,  40  NE  of  Edinburgh,  22 
E  of  Perth,  and  14  NW  of  St.  Andrews. 
Lon.  2  55  W,  lat.  56  30  N. 

Dunebnrnr,  a  town  of  Livonia,  on  the 
Dwina,  90  miles  SE  of  Riga.  Lon.  27  0 
E,  lat.  56  8  N. 

Ihetgannon,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Tyrone,  11  miles  NNW  of  Ar- 
magh.   Lon.  6  39  W,  lat.  54  38  N. 

Dungarrov,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  or  Waterford,  seated  on  Dun- 
garvon  Bav,  22  miles  SW  of  Waterford. 
Lon.  7  29  W,  lat.  52  6  N". 

Jhmgeness,   a  cape  on  the  coast  of 
Kent,  eight  miles  S  bv  W  of  Romney 
Lon.  0  59  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Dimkard,  a  township  of  Pennsylvania, 
situated  on  the  W  side  of  the  river  Mo- 
nongahela,  in  Greme  county,  and  bound- 
ed on  the  S  by  the  line  that  divides  this 
state  from  Virginia. 

Dunkeld,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the 
shire  of  Perth,  seated  on  the  N  side  of 
the  river  Tay,  in  a  situation  truly  ro- 
mantic, under  and  among  very  high,  and 
almost  inaccessible  crags,  part  naked, 
and  part  wooded.  Its  romantic  situation, 
and  the  benefit  of  drinking  goats  whey, 
render  this  place  the  resort  of  much 
genteel  company  in  summer.  It  is  the 
Epfarket  town  of  the  Highlands  on  that 
side,  and  carries  on  a  manufacture  of 


DUN 


DUR 


linen.  The  duke  of  Athol  has  a  fine  seat 
here,  skreened  by  the  Grampian  moun- 
tains. His  Grace's  seat  is  a  modern 
building',  and  not  large,  with  pleasant 
walks  and  terraces,  and  near  it  js  a  fine 
cascade  on  the  water  of  Bran,  which  in 
its  way  from  the  western  hills  forms  an 
astonishing  fall  of  150  feet,  called  the 
Rumbling  Brig,  from  a  narrow  bridge 
made  by  the  fall  of  two  rocks  across  the 
stream.  Here  are  also  the  ruins  of  a  ca- 
thedral, part  of  which  ancient  structure 
is  now  the  parish  church.  Dunkeld  is 
32  miles  N  of  Perth.  Lon.  3  36  W,  lat. 
56  35  X. 

Dunkirk,  a  considerable  seaport  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  North 
and  late  French  Flanders.  It  was  taken 
from  the  Spaniards  by  the  English  and 
French  in  1658,  and  put  into  the  hands 
of  the  English,  but  sold  to  the  French, 
by  Charles  II.  in  1662.  Lewis  XIV.  made 
it  one  of  the  best  fortified  ports  in  t lit- 
kingdom  ;  but  all  the  vast  and  expensive 
works  were  demolished,  and  the  basins 
filled  up,  in  consequence  of  the  treaty  of 
Utrecht,  in  1713.  The  French  after- 
wards resumed  the  works;  but  they  were 
ordered  to  be  demolished  by  the  peace 
of  1763.  By  the  peace  of  1783,  the  com- 
missary was  withdrawn,  and  the  French 
were  left  to  resume  the  works.  This 
pl;<ce  was  besieged  by  the  English  in 
1793,  but  they  were  forced  to  retire  with 
loss.  It  is  22  miles  SW  of  Ostend.  Lon. 
2  28  E,  lat.  51  2  N. 

Dunkirk,  a  post  town  in  King  and 
Queen  county,  Virginia,  116  miles  from 
Washington. 

Dun-le-rei,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cher,  and  late  province  of 
Berry,  20  miles  S  of  Bourges.  Lon.  2  29 
E,  lat.  46  45  X. 

Dunlop,  a  village  in  Ayrshire,  in  the 
district  of  Cunningham,  celebrated  for 
rich  and  delicate  cheese. 

Dunmoic,  Great,  a  town  of  Essex,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  and  a  manufacture 
of  baize  It  is  13  miles  X  of  Chelmsford, 
and  46  NE  of  London.  Lon.  0  24  E,  lat. 
51  54  X. 

Duumoxv,  Little,  a  village  in  Essex,  ad- 
joining to  Great  Dunmow. 

Dwniinq-ton,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  27  miles  SE 
of  Lincoln,  and  111  X  of  London-  Lon. 
0  7  W,  lat.  52  55  X. 

Dunnose,  a  cape  on  the  S  side  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight.  Lon.  1  16  W,  lat.  50 
33  X. 

Dunoter,  a  magnificent  castle  of  Scot- 
land, in  the  county  of  Mearns,  seated  on 
a  high  rock  which  advances  into  the  sea. 
It  is  strong  both  by  nature  and  art,  and 


defended  by  thick  walls  and  towers. 
Here  have  been  dug  up,  some  Roman  in- 
scriptions which  have  been  since  placed 
in  the  castle  or  palace  by  the  earl  mar- 
shal Keith,  to  whom  the  castle  belonged. 
It  is  12  miles  S  of  Aberdeen.  Lon.  1  47 
W,  lat.  56  57  X. 

Dunne,  a  town  in  Berwickshire,  situ- 
ate between  the  forks  of  the  rivers 
Blackadder  and  Whit;  adder,  in  a  rich 
and  fertile  country,  12  miles  W  of  Ber- 
wick upon  Tweed.  Lon.  2  5  W,  lat. 
55  46  X. 

Dunstable,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  dry  chalky  hill,  and  has  four 
streets  which  regard  the  lour  cardinal 
points.  The  church  is  the  remainder  of 
a  priory,  and  opposite  to  it  is  a  farm- 
house, once  a  royal  palace.  Dunstable 
is  famous  for  elegant  baskets,  &c.  made 
of  straw,  which  are  even  an  article  of 
exportation.  It  is  34  miles  XW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  29  W,  lat.  51  59  X. 

Dunstable,  a  town  in  Hillsborough 
county,  Xew  Hampshire,  lying  on  the  ri- 
ver Merrimack,  about  40  "miles  NW  of 
Boston.    Here  is  a  post  office. 

Dunstable,  a  township  of  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Merrimack  river,  25  miles  X 
W  of  Boston. 

Dwistaffnage,  a  venerable  castle,  near 
Loch  Etive,  in  Argvleshire,  formerly  a 
royal  palace,  and  afterward  the  seat  of 
the  lord  of  the  isles. 

J)?/nster,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Friday,  and  a  harbour  on 
the  Bristol  Channel".  It  is  20  miles  XW 
of  Taunton,  and  158  W  of  London.  Lon. 
3  41  W,  lat.  51  13  X. 

Jhin-cvich,  a  borough  in  Suffolk,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  at 
the  top  of  a  loose  cliff*,  and  was  formerly 
a  bishop's  see,  but  it  is  now  only  the  re- 
mains of  a  town,  all  but  two  parishes  be- 
ing swallowed  up  by  the  sea.  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  24 
miles  S  of  Yarmouth,  and  99  X"  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  55  E,  lat.  52  21  X. 

Duplin,  a  county  of  Wilmington  dis- 
trict, North  Carolina,  watered  by  the 
upper  branches  of  Cape  Fear  river,  and 
situated  about  50  miles  X  of  Wilming- 
ton.   It  contains  8000  inhabitants. 

Dnpreeviile,  a  post  town  in  Xorthamp- 
ton  county,  Xorth  Carolina,  situated  be- 
tween Meherrin  and  Roanoke  rivers,  245 
miles  SSW  of  Washington. 

Duquela,  a  province  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Morocco  about  75  miles  in 
length,  and  85  in  breadth.  It  abounds 
in  corn  and  cattle. 

Durampour,  a  town  of  the  Dec  can  of 


D  UR 


D  US 


Uindoostan  in  the  province  of  Guzarat, 
46  miles  NN-E  of  Bombay.  Lon.  73  14  E, 
lat.  20  32  N. 

Durance,  a  river  of  France,  which  ri- 
ses near  Briancon,  and  watering  Em- 
brim,  Tallard,  Sisteron,  Monosque,  and 
Cavaillon,  falls  into  the  Rhone,  below  A- 
vignon. 

Durango,  a  populous  town  of  Spain,  in 
Biscay,  14  miles  SE  of  Bilboa.  Lon.  2  56 
W,  lat.  43  13  X. 

Durano-o,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in  New 
Biscay,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  good  salt 
works,  in  a  fertile  country.  Lon.  105  0  W, 
lat.  24  50  X. 

Durazzo,  a  village  of  Albania,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  has  a  ruii  cd 
fortress,  and  a  good  harbour,  on  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  50  miles  N  of  Valona.  Lon.  19 
19  E,  lat.  41  54  N. 

Dvrby,  a  town  of  French  Luxemburg, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  Outre,  20  miles  S  of  Liege. 
Lon.  5  23  E,  lat.  53  18  N. 

JJur  cheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  12  miles  NE  of 
Neustadt.  Lon.  8  21  E,  lat.  49  26  N. 

Dvre?i,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  du- 
chv  of  Juliets,  on  the  river  Roer,  12 
mi'les  S  of  Juliers.  Lon.  6  40  E,  lat.  50 
44  N. 

Durham,  a  county  of  England,  called 
the  bishopric  of  Durham,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Northumberland,  on  the  E  by  the 
German  Ocean,  on  the  S  and  S  W  by  York- 
shire, and  on  the  Why  Westmoreland  and 
Cumberland.  It  extends  37  miles  from 
N  to  S,  and  47  from  E  to  W  ;  contains 
one  city,  seven  market-towns,  and  113 
parishes  ;  and  sends  four  members  to  par- 
liament. Its  rivers  are  the  Tees,  Tine, 
Were,  Tame,  Lune,  Derwent,  Gaunt  less, 
Skem,  8tc.  Its  principal  product;;  arc 
lead,  coals,  iron,  corn,  mustard,  salt, 
glass,  fine  ale,  with  excellent  butter  and 
salmon.  The  soil  is  various ;  the  south 
is  rich,  but  the  western  parts  rocky  and 
moorish. 

Durham,  a  post  town  in  Strafford  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  12  miles  VV  by  N  of 
Portsmouth. 

Durham,  an  ancient  town  in  New  Haven 
county,  Connecticut,  17  miles  NE  of  New 
Haven.  It  has  a  post  office,  and  a  few 
more  than  1000  inhabitants  agreeably  to 
the  census  of  1800. 

Durham,  the  capital  of  the  county  of 
Durham,  with  a  market  on  Saturday,  and 
a  bishop's  see.  It  is  compactly  built  on 
a  hill,  on  a  beautiful  winding  of  the  Were 
over  which  are  two  stone  bridges.  Dur 
ham  is  about  a  mile  in  length,  and  as 
much  in  breadth,  resembling  the  figure 
of  a  crab.    The  streets  are  dark  and  nar- 


row ;  and  some  of  them  lying  on  the  ac- 
clivity of  a  steep  hill,  are  very  difficult 
and  dangerous  to  wheel-carriages.  The 
houses  are  in  general  strong  built,  but 
neither  light  nor  elegant.  The  most  re- 
markable edifices  are  the  cathedral  with 
six  other  churches,  three  standing'  in  the 
city,  and  as  many  in  the  suburbs  ;  the  col- 
lege :  the  Castle,  or  bishop's  palace  ;  the 
toolbooth  near  St.  Nicholas's  church  ;  the 
cross  and  conduit  in  the  market  place ; 
with  two  bridges  over  the  Elvet.  The  ca- 
thedral was  begun  by  Bishop  Carilepho 
in  the  11th  century.  It  is  a  large,  mag- 
nificent Gothic  structure,  411  feet  long, 
and  80  in  breadth,  having  a  cross  aisle  in 
the  middle  170  feet  in  length,  and  two 
smaller  aisles  at  each  end.  Durham  has 
a  manufacture  of  shalloons,  tammies  and 
calamancoes  ;  and  around  it  are  grown 
large  quantities  of  the  best  mustard.  Nc- 
vil's  Cross,  near  the  city,  was  erected  in 
memory  of  the  victory  obtained  by  queen 
Philippain  1346,  over  David  Bruce,  king 
of  Scotland,  who  was  taken  prisoner  in 
this  battle.  Durham  sends  two  members 
to  parliament;  is  14  miles  S  o'f  Newcas- 
tle, and  257  N  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
27  W,  lat.  5450  N. 

Durham,  a  township  of  Cumberland, 
district  of  Maine,  situated  on  the  SW 
side  of  Sagadohoc  river,  about  12  miles 
above  its  junction  with  the  river  Kenne- 
bec.   It  contains  1600  inhabitants. 

Durham,  a  northern  township  of  Bucks 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  the  river  Delaware,  9  miles  S  of 
Easton. 

Durlocb,  in  .Schoharie  county,  New 
York.  Here  is  a  post-office  449  miles  from 
Washington. 

Dursh'ii,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  and  a  castle,  now 
in  ruins.  It  is  inhabited  by  clothiers,  and 
seated  near  the  Severn,  13  miles  SW  of 
Gloucester,  and  107  W  of  London.  Lon. 
2  23  W,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Durtal,  atownof  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Anjou,  whose  chief  trade  con- 
sists in  tanning. 

Dusky  lien;,  a  bay  of  the  island  of  New 
Zealand,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon. 
166  18  E,  lat.  45  47  S. 

Dusseldorf,  a  strong  city,  capital  of  the 
duchy  of  Berg.  It  contains  about  18,000 
inhabitants,  including  the  garrison.  Dus- 
seldorf derives  an  air  of  dignity  fiom  its 
palace  and  great  church.  The  palace  is 
now  deserted  and  a  solitary  guard  or  two 
T'iggests  the  idea  of  departed  magnifi- 
cence. It  contains  however  the  invalua- 
ble collection  of  pictures,  which  is  cele- 
brated for  its  unrivalled  assemblage  of 


E  A  R 

Flemish productions >  A  new  town  called 
Oarlstadt,  is  nearly  completed.  It  is  di- 
vided into  six  regular quarters  that  open 
into  an  extensive  square;  and,  from  die 
uniformity  of  the.  bttiidingS  forrnsa  beau- 
tiful addition  to  the  old  city.  Dusseldori 
v/as  surrendered  to  the  French  in  1795. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Dussel,  near  the 
Rhine,  122  miles  NW  of  Cologne.  Lou.  6 
52  E,  Tat:  51  12  N.  '  '  -  . 

DiitehcsS,  a  populous  county  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  situated  between  the 
North  river,  and  the  line  which  divides 
this  state  from  Connecticut ;  and  bound- 
ed on  the  S  by  West  Chester,  and  on  the 
N  by  Columbia.  It  is  mountainous,  but 
well  settled,  containing  about  50,000  in- 
habitants. 

Dutlingeiil  a  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  cas- 
tle, seated  on  a  mountain.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Danube  over  which  it  has  abridge. 
It  belongs  to  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg, 
and  is  33  miles  NW  of  Constance.  Lon.  9 
2  E,  hit.  48  10  \ . 

Duxlmvy,  a  seaport  town  in  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusett  s  ;  situated  on  Cape 
Cod  Kay,  attout  nine  miles  N  of  Plymouth, 
and  33  SK,  of  Boston.  Here  is  a  post  of- 
fice, and  according  to  the  last  census 
1664  inhabitants. 

Duyvehmd,  one  of  the  islands  of  Zea- 
land, in  the  United  Provinces,  EofSchow- 
en,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  nar- 
row channel. 

Btwina,  a  river  of  Russia,  which  runs 
from  S  to  N  and  falls  into  the  White  Sea, 
at  Archangel. 

Diuina,  a  river  of  Lithuania,  which  di- 
vides Livonia  from  Courland,  and  falls 
into  the  Baltic,  below  Riga. 

Dysart,  a  borough  in  Fifeshirc,  seated 
on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  11  miles  N  of  Ed- 
inburgh. It  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
coal.  Lon.  3  6  W,  lat.  56  9  N. 


E 


E  AO  OWE,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered 
bv  Tasman,  in  1643,  and  by  him  named 
Middleburg.  Lon.  174  30  W,  lat.  21  24  S 

Early  a  township  of  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  and  another  of  Lancaster 
county,  in  the  same  State.  They  are 
small  townships,  and  neither  of  them  ve- 
ry populous. 

Earsltun  or  F.arulton,  a  town  in  Ber- 
wicks'iire,  seated  on  the  river  Leader,  35 
miles  SE  of  Edinburgh':  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  the  celebrated  Thomas  the  Rhy- 
mer. A  little  below  Earlston,  on  a  rocky 


E  A  S 

bank  overlooking  the  Leader,  stands  Cow- 
denknows,  and  on  the  adjacent  knowls* 
.  lay  be  seen  the  remains  of  its  broom,  so 
renowned  in  Scottish  song. 

Earn,  a  river  which  issues  from  Ujie 
lake  of  Earn,  in  Perthshire.  It  mean- 
ders fdr  above  20  miles  through  the  val- 
ley of  Slrathearn,  and  joins  the  Tay  be- 
low Perth. 

Earne,  a  lake  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Fermanagh,  30  miles  in  length.  It 
is  narrow  in  the  middle  ;  and  in  this  part 
is  an  island  on  which  stands  Inniskilling 

Eastbmirn,  a  town  of  Sussex,  noted  tor 
plenty  of  the  birds  called  wheatears  and 
is  a  place  of  resort  for  bathing.  It  is  seat- 
ednear  the  English  Channel,  15  miles  E 
SE  of  Lewes,  and  65  SSE  of  London. 

Easter  Island,  an  island  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  12  leagues  in  circuit.  It 
has  a  hilly  and  stony  surface,  an  iron- 
bound  shore,  and  affords  neither  safe  an- 
chorage,  fresh  water,  nor  wood  for  fuel. 
It  bears  evident  marks  not  only  of  a  vol. 
canie  origin,  but  of  having  been  not  very 
long  ago  ruined  by  an  eruption.  It  is  the 
same  that  was  seen  by  Davis  in  1686  :  ii 
was  next  visited  by  Roggewein  in  1722, 
and  again  by  Captain  Cook  in  1744.  Lon. 
109  46  W,  lat.  27  5  S. 

Easterton,  a  small  town  in  Dauphin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Susquehannah,  4  miles  N  of  Har- 
risburg. 

East  Greemuich,  a  seaport  and  post 
town  in  Kent  county,  Rhode  Island,  15 
miles  S  of  Providence,  and  14  N  of  South 
Kingston. 

East  Ifaddam,  a  post  town  of  Middles?  % 
county,  Connecticut ;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  10  miles  S  by 
E  of  Middleton,  and  24  of  Hartford. 

Eastham,  a  town  in  Barnstaple  county, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  Cape  Cod  Pe- 
ninsula, 10  miles  S  of  Welfleet,  and  about 
28  miles  by  water  from  Plymouth.  It  lias 
a  post  offiee,  and  according  to  last  census 
700  inhabitants. 

EUst  Hampton,  a  township  of  Hamp- 
shire county,  Massachusetts,  on  the  W 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  5  miles  N  of 
W  Springfield. 

East  Haven,  a  township  of  New  Haven 
county,  Connecticut,  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  New  Haven  harbour,  5  miles  SE 
of  New  Haven. 

East  Looe,  See  Looe,  East,  and  so  with 
other  words  that  have  the  same  name  of 
position. 

Easton,  the  capital  of  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  the  river  Delaware,  12  miles  N.E 
of  Bethlehem,  and  65  N  of  Philadelphia. 
Here  are  a  post  office,  a  court  house,  goal 


E  C  A 


E  D  D 


and  according-  to  last  census  1046  inha- 
bitants. 

Easton>  the  principal  town  of  Talbot 
county,  Maryland,  standing-  on  a  branch 
of  CJhoptank  river,  near  Chcsapcak  Bay, 
and  20  miles  S  of  CentrcviUe. 

Easton,  a  post  town  in  Bristol  county, 
Massachusetts,  about  12  miles  from  Bos- 
tor;,  southward. 

Easton,  a  township  of  Washing-ton 
county,  Xew  York,  situated  on  the  K 
side  of  the  North  river,  about  10  miles 
N  of  Troy.    It  has  3000  inhabitants. 

Eiistonness,  the  most  easterly  cape  on 
Che  coast  of  Suffolk,  and  the  N  point  of 
Southwold  Bay. 

Eastport,  a  post  town  in  Washington 
county,  Maine,  89/  miles  from  Washing- 
ton. 

East  Jllv:;r,  a  river  of  Xew  York  state, 
which  runs  on  the  E  side  of  the  city  of 
New  York,  and  separates  Long  Island 
from  the  Continent. 

Eause,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Gers  and  late  province 
of  Armagnac,  17  miles  SW  of  Condom. 
Lon.  0  10  E,  lat.  43  51  X. 

Ebenezer,  the  chief  town  of  Effingham 
county,  state  of  Georgia,  situated  on  the 
SW  side  of  Savannah  river,  35  miles  XT 
NW  of  the  city  of  Savannah.  It  was  o- 
riginally  settled  by  emigrants  from  Ger- 
many. 

Ebensburor,  a  post  town  of  Cambria 
county,  Pennsylvania,  70  miles  E  of  Pitts- 
burg-, and  4  miles  N\V  of  Beulah. 

Eberbach,.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  remarkable  for  its 
wine.  It  is  seated  on  the  Xeckar,  10 
miles  NE  of  Heidelberg.  Lon.  8  56  E,  lat. 
49  26  N. 

Eberbcrg,  a  castle  of  Germany,  in  the- 
palatinate  of  the  Rhino,  seated  at  tH< 
confluence  of  the  Nahe  and  Alscn,  8 
miles  SW  of  Creutznach.    Lon.  7  52  E, 
lat.  49  38  N. 

Eberstein,  a  district  and  castle  of  Sua- 
bia,  subject  to  the  margrave  of  Baden. 
The  castle  is  the  chief  place,  six  miles  SK 
of  Baden.    Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  48  46  X. 

H&eretein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Al- 
sace, eight  miles  SW  of  Strasburg.  Lon. 
7  46  E,  lat.  48" 29  N. 

Eberril'e,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de-  i 
partment  of  Puy-de-Dome  and  late  pro 
v  in  fie  of  Auvcrgne.    It  lately  had  a  Be- 
nedictine abbey,  which  was  very  rich.  \i 
is  seated  on  the  Scioule,  eight  miles  NE  ! 
of  Riom.    Lon.  3  15  E,  lat.  45  59  N. 

Ebro,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in 
the  mountains  of  Santillane,  in  Old  Cas  I 
tile, and  watering Saragossa  and  Tortossa,  < 
falls  into  the  Mediterranean. 

Eca'icri  in  vvUif.    See  Qaiharinemlaf.  ! 


Ecclefechan,  a  village  in  Dumfriesshire, 
noted  for  its  great  monthly  market  for 
cattle.  It  is  10  miles  SE  of  Dumfries, 
i  Ecclt'shal,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  with 
,  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
branch  of  the  river  Sow,  and  the  bishop 
of  Lichheld  and  Coventry  has  a  castle 
here.  It  is  six  miles  N*\V  of  Stafford 
and  143  of  London.  Lon.  2  9  \V,  lat.  53 
2  X. 

Kthternach,  a  town  of  Austrian  Lux- 
emburg, on  the  river  Sout,  in  a  valley  sur- 
rounded by  mountains,  18  miles  NE  of 
Luxemburg.    Lon.  6  33  E,  lat.  49  50  N. 

Ecya,  or  Ezija,  an  episcopal  town  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  seated  on  the  Zenil, 
28  milts  SW  of  Cordova.  Lon.  4  27  W, 
lat.  37  39  N. 

Edam,  a  town  of  New  Holland,  famous 
for  its  red  rind  cheeses,  and  seated  on 
the  Zuider-Zee,  20  miles  N  by  E  of  Am- 
sterdam. Lon.  4  54  E,  lat.  52  32  N. 

Eddi'stone,  the  name  of  some  rocks  in 
the  English  Channel,  which  cause  variety 
of  contrary  sets  of  the  tide  or  current  in 
their  vicinity.  They  are  situated  SSW 
from  the  middle  of  Plymouth  Sound,  at 
the  distance  of  14  miles.  They  are  al- 
most in  the  line  which  joins  the  Start 
and  the  Lizard  Points,  and  their  situation 
with  regard  to  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  the 
Atlantic  is  such,  that  they  lie  open  to 
the  swells  of  the  bay  and  ocean  from  all 
the  SW  points,  so  that  all  the  heavy  seas 
from  the  SW  break  upon  Eddystone  with 
the  utmost  fury.  On  the  principal  rock, 
(for  the  rest  are  under  water)  Mr.  Wins- 
tanley  in  1696,  undertook  to  build  a 
lighthouse;  and  he  completed  it  in  1700. 
This  ingenious  mechanic  was  so  certain 
of  the  stability  of  this  structure,  that  he 
declared  it  was  his  wish  to  be  in  it 
during  the  most  tremendous  storm.  Un- 
fortunate:}', he  had  his  w  ish,  it  was  des- 
troyed in  the  dreadful  storm,  November 
27,  1703,  when  he  perished  in  it.  In 
1709,  another  built  of,  wood,  but  on  a  dif- 
ferent construction,  was  erected  by  Mr. 
liudyarcl,  which  was  consumed  by  fire  in 
1755.  Another,  of  stone,  was  begun  by 
the  celebrated  Mr.  Smeaton,  on  April  2, 
1757,  and  finished  August  24,  1759.  The 
rock,  which,  slopes  towards  the  SW,  is 
cut  into  horizontal  steps,  into  which  are 
dovetailed,  and  united  by  a  strong  ce- 
ment, Portland  stone,  and  granite.  The 
whole,  to  the  height  of  35  feet  from  the 
foundation,  is  a  solid  bed  of  stones,  en- 
grafted into  each  other,  and  united  by  ev 
very  means  of  additional  strength.  The 
building  has  four  rooms,  one  over  the 
other,  and  at  the  top  a  gallery  and  lan- 
ern.  The  stone  floors  are  flat  above, 
but  concave  beneath,  and  are  kept  from 


E  D  I 


E  D  I 


pressing-  against  the  sides  of  the  build-  i 
ing  bv  a  chain,  let  into  the  walls.    It  is  1 
nearly  80  feet  h'uh,  and  has  been  stand-  t 
ing  36  years,  during  which  time  it  has  < 
been  assaulted  by  the  fury  of  the  ele- 
ments, without  suffering  the  smallest  in- 
jury ;  and.  in  all  probability,  nothing  but  ■ 
un  "earthquake  can  destroy  it.    Its  dis- 
tance from  the  Ram  Head,  the  nearest 
point  of  land,  is  12  miles.    Lon.  4  24  W, 
lat.  50  8  X. 

EJf.ii,  a  river  which  rises  in  Westmore- 
land, on  the  confines  of  Yorkshire,  and 
running  N  by  Appleby  and  Carlisle,  falls 
into  Solway  Frith. 

Edenton,  a  post  town,  port  of  entry, 
and  the  capital  of  Chowan  county,  N  Ca- 
rolina; situated  near  the  head  of  Albe- 
marle Sound,  18  miles  N  by  E  of  Ply- 
mouth, on  the  opposite  shore,  22  E  of 
Windsor,  and  about  the  same  distance 
S  by  W  of  Hertford.  It  contains  about 
1500  inhabitants,  and  lies  in  the  lat.  of 
35  58  N,  and  lon.  of  77  50  W. 

Edgarto-wn,  a  post  town  of  Duke's 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  it  is  a  port  of 
entry*  the  chief  town  of  the  county,  and 
the  capital  of  Martha's  Vineyard;  situ- 
ated in  the  lat.  of  41  25  N,  and  lon.  of 
70  30  W. 

Edgecombe,  a  county  of  Halifax  district 
North  Carolina,  situated  on  both  sides  of 
Pamlico  river,  having  Pitt  county  on  the 
S,  and  Nash  and  Halifax  on  the  X.  It  con- 
tains about  10,000  inhabitants.  The  capi- 
tal, Tarboro'. 

Edgefield,  a  county  of  Ninety  six  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  situated  between 
the  Saluda  and  Savannah  rivers,  and  con- 
taming  about  15,000  inhabitants. 

E&gemont,  a  township  of  Delaware 
county,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  on 
both  sides  of  Providence  creek,  about  15 
miles  W  of  Philadelphia, 

Edgehill,  a  village  in  Warwickshire, 
where  the  hi  st  battle  was  fought  between 
Charles  I.  and  the  parliament,  in  164J.  It 
is  11  miles  S  of  Warwick. 

Edge-ware,  a  town  in  Middlesex,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  eight  miles  X\V 
of  London.    Lon.  0  14  W,  lat.  51  37  N. 

Edikofen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine.  A  bloody  battle 
was  fought  here  between  the  Prussians 
and  the  French  in  1794,  which  terminat- 
ed in  favour  of  the  French. 

Edinburgh;  the  metropolis  of  Scotland, 
situated  in  a  county  of  the  same  n?me. 
It  mav  properly  be  divided  into  the  Old 
and  New  towns.  The  Old  Town  is  situ- 
ated on  a  narrow  steep  hill,  about  a  mile 
in  length,  termina'ed  abruptly  on  the  W 
side  by  the  castle,  from  which  there  is  a 
gradual  declivity  to  the  palace  of  Holy- 


rood-house,  which  is  placed  in  a  beauti- 
ful plain  called  St.  Ann's  Yards.  From 
the  level  of  this  plain,  and  on  each  side 
of  the  ridge  or  hill  on  which  the  Old 
Town  stands,   run  two  narrow  vallies, 
nearly  parallel  to  each  other  ;  the  south- 
ern one  forms  a  street  called  the  Cowgate, 
the  northern  continued  a  marsh  till  very 
lately,  which  was  called  the  North  Loch, 
but  is  now  drained.     The  high-street 
which  runs  between  the  castle  and  Holy- 
rood-house,  is  long  and  spacious,  and  the 
houses  are  very  high.    From  this  street 
many  narrow  lanes  or  closes  run  oft'  at 
right  angles,  towards  the  N  and  S.  The 
castle  is  seated  on  a  vast  perpendicular 
rock  accessible  only  by  a  drawbridge  on 
one  side,  and  in  ancient  times  was  consi- 
dered as  almost  impregnable.    The  a- 
partment  is  still   shewn   to  strangers 
where  the   unfortunate   Mary  brought 
forth  James  VI.  who  afterwards  inherit- 
ed the  crowns  of  England  and  Scotland. 
The  regalia  of  Scotland  are  kept  here,  in 
what  is  called  the  crown-room.  The 
Royal  Exchange,  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  street,  is   an   extensive  building, 
founded  in  1753  ;  but  not  occupied  as  an 
Exchange  ;  opposite  to  which  stood  the 
cross.     The  Tron-Church,  founded  in 
1637,  has  been  lately  modernized,  and 
has  a  neat  appearance.    The  palace  of 
Holyrood-house  forms  a  grand  quadran- 
gle, with  a  court  in  the  centre  surround- 
ed by  piazzas :  the  NW  towel's  were 
built  by  James  V.  and  the  whole  was 
completed  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  A 
spacious  gallery  here  is  hung  with  the 
pictures  of  111  monarchs,  from  Fergus  T. 
to  James  VI.  the  greatest  part  of  them 
imaginary.    In  the  NW  tower  is  shown 
the  chamber  where  queen  Mary  sat  at 
supper,  when  Rizzio  was  dragged  from 
her  side  and  murdered,  and  the  private 
staircase  by  which  Ruthven  entered  with 
the  assassins  to  perpetrate  the  ruthless 
deed.    Adjoining  are  the  magnificent  ru- 
ins of  an  abbey,  founded  by  David  I.  in 
1128,  and  converted  by  Charles  II.  into  a 
royal  chapel.    The  New  Town  is  situated 
on  the  N  side  of  the  Old,  on  an  elevated 
plain,  from  which  the  ground  descends 
to  the  S  and  N  with  a  gentle  declivity. 
U  forms  an  assemblage  of  very  elegant 
and  uniform  streets  and  squares  ;  the 
most  remarkable  of  which  are  Prince's 
street,  George  street,  Queen's  street,  St. 
Andrew's  square,  and  Charlotte  square. 
The  public  buildings  are  the  Register 
•  Office,  a  vast  pile  of  modern  architecture, 
uniting  elegance  and  stability  ;  St.  An- 
drew's Church,  with  an  elegant  slender 
i  spire;  the  Physician's  Hall ;  the  Excise 
■  Office ;  and  the  New  Assembly  Rooms. 


EDI 


E  G  Y 


The  communication  between  the  N  and  S 
parts  of.the  city  is  facilitated  by  two  no. 
ble  bridges,  the  N  bridge  founded  by 
Provost  Drummond  in  1763  ;  and  the  S 
bridge,  by  Provost  Hunter  Blair,  in  1785. 
Between  the  Old  and  New  Town,  consi- 
derably to  the  westward  of  the  N  bridge 
there  is  also  a  communication  called  me 
Earthen  Mound,  an  immense  pile  of  earth 
formed  from  the  rubbish  dug  out  of  the 
foundations  of  the  new  houses.  There 
are  a  number  of  public  buildings  in  Edin- 
burg,  besides  those  mentioned,  viz.  He- 
riot's  hospital,  founded  in  1628,  an  ele- 
gant Gothic  pile  ;  the  Royal  Infirmary  ; 
Watson's,  Merchants,  Trades,  Trinity, 
and  Orphan  Hospital;  Public  Dispensary, 
Merchant's  Hall,  8cc.  The  places  of  pub- 
lic amusement  are  the  Theatre  Royal, 
Concert  Hall,  Assembly  Rooms,  and'  E- 
questrian  Circus.  On  the  summit  of  the 
Caltonhill,  has  lately  been  erected  a 
Bridewell,  a  very  extensive  building,  on 
a  plain  equally  elegant  and  commodious. 
At  Jock's  Lodge,  to  the  eastward  of  the 
city,  an  elegant  set  of  barracks,  for  400 
cavalry,  have  lately  been  erected.  Edin- 
burgh, with  its  dependencies,  is  supposed 
to  contain  100,000  inhabitants.  It  is  sup- 
plied with  water,  conveyed  in  iron  pipes, 
from  Comiston,  four  miles  to  the  W.  It 
is  governed  by  a  lord  provost,  four  bai- 
liffs, and  a  common  council,  and  sends 
one  member  to  parliament.  It  is  two 
miles  S  of  Leith,  54  WNW  of  Berwick 
upon  Tweed,  and  389  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  3  7  W,  lat.  55  58  N.  See 
Leith. 

Edinburghshire,  the  principal  county  in 
North  Britain,  both  on  account  of  its  fer- 
tility, and  containing  the  capital.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Haddingtonshire, 
on  the  SE  by  Berwickshire,  on  the  S  by 
Selkirkshire  and  Peebleshire,  and  part  of 
Lanerkshire  ;  on  the  W  by  Linlithgow- 
shire, and  on  the  N  by  the  Frith  of  Forth  ; 
extending  about  21  miles  in  length  ;  and 
in  some  places  16  or  17  broad,  but  in  o- 
thers  not  above  6  or  7.  It  yields  corn  of 
all  sorts,  with  plenty  of  pasture  ;  and  is 
abundantly  furnished  with  all  necessa- 
ries, particularly  coal,  stone,  limestone, 
and  a  sort  of  black  marble  ;  and  not  far 
from  Edinburgh  is  a  copper  mine  and 
stone  quarries.  Its  chief  rivers  are,  the 
the  Almond,  Leithwater,  the  Esk,  Tyne, 
and  Gallawater,  which  receive  a  great 
variety  of  other  lesser  streams,  so  that 
few  spots  are  better  watered. 

Edisto,  a  post  town  in  Orange  county, 
South  Carolina  :  577  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Edisto,  a  considerable  river  of  South 
Carolina,  which  rises  in  the  district  of 


Orangeburg,  and  after  meandering  in  a  SI 
direction,  through  this  and  Charleston 
districts,  enters  the  ocean  by  two  sepa- 
rate outlets  in  the  lat.  of  32  25  N. 

Ednam,  a  village  near  Kelso,  in  Rox- 
burghshire, seated  on  the  Tweed,  whore 
Thomson,  the  author  of  the  seasons,  was 
born. 

Efferding,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria, 
defended  bv  two  castles,  eight  miles  W 
of  Lintz.  Lon.  13  52  E,  lat.  48  18  X. 

Effingham,  a  village  in  Surry,  once, 
according  to  tradition,  a  populous  town, 
containing  16  churches.  It  is  12  miles  N 
E  of  Guilford,  and  17  SW  of  London. 

Effingham,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
Georgia,  bounded  by  South  Carolina  on 
the  NE  and  by  the  river  Ogeechee  on  the 
SW,  containing  about  2500  inhabitants. 
The  chief  town  Ebenezer. 

Egg-harbour,  Great,  and  Little,  two  in- 
lets on  the  E  coast  of  New  Jersey,  about 
15  miles  apart ;  Lat.  about  39  20  N,  lon. 
about  74  10  W. 

Egg,  a  fertile  little  island,  one  of  the 
Hebrides  of  Scotland,  to  the  S  of  Skye. 

Egham,  a  village  in  Surry,  which  has 
two  neat  almshouses  for  six  men  and  six 
women,  with  a  school  for  the  education  of 
20  boys.  Egham  is  seated  near  -the 
Thames,  18  miles  YV  by  S  of  London. 

Eglisav,  an  ancient  town  of  Swisser- 
land,  in  the  canton  of  Zuric,  seated  on 
the  Rhine,  13  miles  N  of  Zuric.  Lon.  8 
30  E,  lat.  47  33  N. 

Egra,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  formerly 
imperial.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1742,  but  they  were  forced  to  evacuate  it 
the  next  year.  Its  mineral  waters  are  fa- 
mous. It  is  seated  on  the  Eger,  90  miles 
W  of  Prague.   Lon.  12  40  E,  lat.  50  9  N. 

Egremont,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  near 
the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  river  Eben,  over 
which  are  two  bridges  ;  and  on  the  peak 
of  a  hill  is  a  castle.  It  sent  members  to 
parliament  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  and 
is  14  miles  SW  of  Cockermouth,  and  299 
NW  of  London.  Lon.  3  35  W,  lat.  54 
32  X. 

Egypt,  a  country  of  Africa,  600  miles 
in  length,  and  250  where  broadest  ; 
bounded  on  the  "NT  by  the  Mediterranean, 
on  the  S  by  Nubia,  on  the  E  by  the  Red 
Sea  and  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  deserts. to  the  E  of  Fezzan. 
The  broadest  part  is  from  Alexandria  to 
Damietta,  and  thence  it  gradually  grows 
narrower,  till  it  approaches  Nubia.  It  is 
divided  into  the  Upper,  Middle,  and 
Lower;  which  last  comprehends  the  Del- 
ta ;  and  though  the  air  is  naturally  hot^ 
and  not  very  wholesome,  it  enjoys  so  ma- 
ny other  advantages,  that  it  has  been  al- 


E  G  Y 


E  G  Y 


\vays  extremely  populous.    JSgypt  car-  J  serpents  and  noxious  insects.    Here  is  a 


ried  on  a  considerable  trade  in  East  India 
commodities,  till  the  Portuguese  found 
the  way  round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
However  the  merchants  of  Europe  visit 
the  harbours  in  the  Mediterr  .nean,  and 
import  and  export  several  sorts  of  mer- 
chandise ;  and  from  other  parts  the  na- 
tives get  elephant's  teeth,  ebony,  gold 
dust,  musk,  civet,  ambergris,  and  coffee. 
The  gold  dust  is  brought  from  Negro- 
land,  to  Fez,  and  .Morocco,  and  thence 
to  Cairo,  over  immense  deserts.  The 
principal  commodities  which  the  mer- 
chants purchase  are  coffee,  senna,  cassia, 
rhubarb,  sal  ammoniac,  myrrh,  saffron, 
saltpetre,  aloes,  opium,  indigo,  sugar,  san- 
dal wood,  dates,  cotton,  cloth,  &.e,  The 
complexion  of  the  Egyptians  is  tawny, 
and  the  further  S  the  darker,  so  that 
those  near  Nubia  are  almost  black.  They 
are  generally  indolent  and  cowardly  :  the 
richer  sort  do  nothing  all  day  but  drink 
coffee,  smoke  tobacco  and  sleep  ;  and 
they  are  ignorant,  proud,  haughty,  and 
ridiculously  vain.    From  March  to  No- 
vember, the  heat  to  an  European,  is  al- 
most insupportable  ;  but  the  other  months 
are  more  temperate.   The  S  winds  are  m 
the  natives  called  poisonous  winds,  or 
the  hot  winds,  of  the  deserts;  they  are 
of  such  extreme  heat,  and  aridity,  that  no 
animated  body  exposed  to  it  can  with- 
stand its  fat;d  influence.     During  the 
three  days  that  it  generally  lasts,  the 
streets  are  deserted  ;  and  woe  to  the  tra- 
veller whom  this  wind  surprises  remote 
from  shelter.    Itiains  very  seldom  in  E- 
gypt ;   but  that  want  is  fully  supplied 
by  the  annual  inundation  of  the  Nile. 
■When  the  waters  retire,  all  the  ground 
is  covered  with  mud ;  then  they  only  har- 
row their  corn  into  it,  and,  in  the  following 
March,  they  have  usually  a  plentiful  har- 
vest :  their  rice  fields  are  supplied  with 
water  from  canals  and  reservoirs.  There 
is  no  place  in  the  world  better  furnished 
with  corn,  flesh,  fish,  sugar,  fruits,  and 
all  sorts  of  garden  stuff;  and  in  Lower 
Egypt,  are  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  dates, 
almonds,  cassia,  and  plantains,  in  great 
plenty.    The  sands  are  so  subtile  that 
they  penetrate  into  the  closets,  chests, 
and  cabinets,  which,  with  the  hot  winds, 
We  probably  the  cause  of  sore  eyes  being  so 
very  common  here.  The  animals  of  Egypt 
are  tigers,  hyenas,  antelopes,  apes,  black- 
cattle,  fine  horses,  large  asses, crocodiles, 
the  hippopotamus,  the  cameleon,  and  a 
kind  of  rat  called  ichneumon  ;  ostriches, 
eagles,  hawks,  pelicans,  water  fowls  of 
nil  kinds,  and  the  ibis  which  resembles  a 
duck,  and  was  deified  by  the  ancient  E- 
gyptians,  on  account  of  its  destroying 


getl 
dies 


serpent  called  the  cerastes,  or  horned  vi- 
per, whose  bite  is  fatal  to  those  who 
have  not  the  secret  of  guarding  against 
it ;  for  some  of  the  natives  can  play  with 
the  cerastes,  and  it  will  not  attempt  to 
bite  them  ;  but  when  applied  to  a  hen,  or 
any  other  animal,  it  has  instantly  bit  and 
killed  them.    The  pyramids  of  Egypt 
are  noticed  by  all  travellers  ;  the  largest 
takes  up  ten  acres  of  ground,  and  is, 
as  well  as  the  rest,  built  upon  a  rock. 
Here  are  also  caverns,  out  of  which  they 
et  the  mummies,  or  embalmed  dead  bo- 
s,  which  are  found  in  coffins,  set  up- 
right in  niches  of  the  walls,  and  have 
continued  there  at  least  4000  years  ;  ma- 
ny  of  these  have  been  brought  to  Eng- 
land, and  were  formerly  deemed  of  great 
use  in  medicine.    The  principal  oitv  rs 
Cairo.    The  ancient  kings  gove'-uc!  E 
gypt,  till  Cambyses  became  master  of  it, 
525  years]'.  C.and  in  their  time  all  those 
wonderful  structures  were  raised,  which 
we  cannot,  behold  without  astonishment. 
These  ar^  the  pyramids,  the  labyrinths, 
the  immense  grottos  of  the  Thebais  ;  the 
obelisks,  temples,  and  pompous  palaces  ; 
the  iake  Maris,  and  the  v;,st  canals,  which 
served  both  for  trade  and  to  render  the 
land  fruitful.    After  this  conquest  Cam- 
b\  ses  demolished  the  temples  and  perse- 
cuted the  priests.    After  his  death,  this 
country  continued  under   the  Version 
yoke   till  the  time  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  w  ho  having  conquered  Persia,  built 
the  famous  city  of  Alexandria.    He  \\:.s 
succeeded  by  Ptolemy,  the  son  of  Lagos, 
324  years  B.  C.    Ten  kings  of  that  name 
succeeded  each  other,  till  Cleopatra,  the 
sister  of  the  last  Ptolemy,  ascended  the 
throne ;  when  Egypt  became  a  Roman 
province,  and  continued  so  till  the  reign 
of  Omar,  the  second  calif  of  the  succes-r 
sors  of  J^ahomet,  who  drove  away  the 
Romans,  after  it  had  been  in  their  hands 
700  years.    When  the  power  of  the  califs 
declined,  Saladine  set  up  the  empire  of 
the  Mamlouks,  which  became  so  power- 
ful in  time,  that  they  extended  their  do- 
minions over  a  great  part  of  Afric  a,  Sy- 
ria, and  Arabia.    Egypt  was  then  con- 
quered by  Selim,   a  Turkish  emperor, 
and  great  numbers  of  its  ancient  inhabi- 
tants withdrew  into  the  plains.    An  at- 
tempt was  then  made  to  deprive  the  Ot- 
toman Porte  of  its  authority  over  Egy  pt 
by  Ali  Bey,  who  having  been  for  some 
time  extremely  fortunate,  was  at  last  de- 
feated and  killed  in  1773.     Egypt  has 
been  since  torn  by  civil  wars  between  the 
adherents  of  Ali,  and  other   beys  or 
princes,  who  rose  on  his  ruins.  Alter- 
nately expelled  from  Cairo,  they  finally 


EIN 


ELB 


agreed  to  a  compromise  in  1789.  From 
this  period  nothing1  of  importance  occurs 
till  1799,  when  this  country  was  invaded 
by  the  French  under  Buonaparte  ;  they 
landed  at  Alexandria,  which  surrender- 
ed to  them  after  a  feehle  resistance. 
They  then  proceeded  to  Rosetta  and 
Cairo,  which  they  took  without  much 
difficulty.  They  woidd  probably  have 
subdued  the  whole  country,  and  finally 
overturned  the  Turkish  empire,  had  not 
their  progress  been  arrested  at  St.  John 
d'Acre,  by  the  gallant  Sir  Sidney  Smith, 
who  defended  that  inconsiderable  place 
with  such  invincible  courage  and  skill, 
♦hat  the  enemy  were  compelled  after  in- 
numerable desperate  attacks  to  abandon 
the  attempt.  They  were  shortly  after- 
wards deserted  by  their  commander;  who 
lias  returned  to  France.  A  treaty  has 
since  been  entered  into  by  Sir  Sidney 
Smith,  which  has  not  met  with  the  ap- 
probation of  the  British  government. 

Egvptcn,  a  town  of  Poland  in  the  du- 
chy of  Courland,  100  miles  SE  of  Mittau. 
Lon.  26  40  E,  lat.  56  2  X. 

Ehigen,  the  name  of  two  small  towns 
of  Suabia,  the  one  near  the  Danube,  and 
'.he  other  on  the  Neckar.  They  belong 
to  the  house  of  Austria.  The  former  is 
in  lon.  9  45  E,  lat.  48  18  X,  and  the  lat- 
ter in  lon.  8  45  E,  lat.  48  25  X. 

Ehrcnbreitstein,  a  very  ancient  castle, 
in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  on  the  E 
bunk  of  the  Rhine,  opposite  Coblentz.  It 
stands  on  the  summit  of  a  stupendous 
rock,  not  less  than  800  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  river,  and  is  thought,  when 
supported  by  a  competent  garrison,  to  be 
impregnable.  It  has  a  communication 
with  Coblentz,  by  subterraneous  pas 
sages,  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock ;  and  is 
plentifully  supplieel  with  water  from  a 
well  280  feet  deep.  The  prospect  from 
this  castle  is  majestic,  extensive,  and 
variegated  ;  and  the  stream  at  its  foot  is 
decorated  with  two  small  islands,  on 
each  of  which  is  a  convent.  In  the  vale 
of  Ehrenbreitstein,  is  the  old  palace  of 
the  elector.  This  fortress  was  besieged 
by  the  French,  in  1796,  above  three 
months;  but  on  the  17th  of  September, 
the  Austrian s  compelleel  them  to  re- 
treat. 

Eimeo,  one  of  the  Society  Lies,  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  near  Otaheite, 
and  visited  by  Captain  Cook  in  his  last 
voyage. 

Eimbeck,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
territory  of  Grubenhagen,  25  miles  S  of 
Ilildesheim.    Lon.  lo'o  E,  lat.  51  46  X. 

Eimidlin,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  canton  of  Schwitz     It  is  situated  on 


the  river  Sihl,  between  the  lofty  moun- 
tains, whose  distant  summits  are  cover- 
ed with  snow. 

Eisleberi',  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
county  of  Mansfelel,  famous  as  the  birth- 
place of  Luther.  It  is  five  miles  E  of 
Mansfeld.  Lon.  12  16  E,  lat.  51  42  X". 

Eisnoch,  a  town  of  Thuring-ia,  capital 
of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  with  a  ce- 
lebrated college,  36  miles  W  of  Erfurt. 
Lon.  10  25  E,  lat.  50  59  X. 

Eithen,  or  Ythan,  a  river  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, which  crosses  that  county  in  a  SE 
direction,  and  falls  into  the  British  Ocean 
at  Xcwburgh. 

Ekereford,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
duchy  of  Slesv/ick,  seated  on  the  Baltic, 
12  miles  SE  of  Sleswicki  Lon.  10  30  E, 
lat.  54  56  X. 

Elba,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Tus- 
cany, remarkable  for  mines  of  iron  and 
loadstone,  and  quarries  of  marble. 

Elbaswno,  a  town  of  Albania.  45  miles 
SE  of  Durazzo.    Lon.  20  9  E,  lat.  41 

34  x.  ,'"-*v J  S 

Elbe,  a  large  river  of  Germany,  which 
rises  in  the  mountain  of  the  Giants,  on 
the  confines  of  Bohemia  and  Silesia; 
flows  to  Koningsgratz,Leutzmeritz, Dres- 
den, Dessaw,  Meissen,  Wittemberg,  Mag- 
deberg,  Hamburg,  and  Gluekstadt,  and 
enters  the  German  Ocean,  at  Cruxhaven. 
It  is  navigable  for  large  ships  to  Ham- 
burg, which  is  70  miles  from  the  sea. 

FJhevt,  a  county  in  the  slate  of  Geor- 
gia, bounded  on  the  XE  by  South  Caro- 
lina, on  the  X  by  Effingham  county,  and 
on  the  S  by  Scriven.  It  is  watered  by 
the  Savannah  and  Ogeechee  rivers,  and 
contains  about  12000  inhabitants.  The 
chief  town  is  Elberton. 

Elbevtov,  the  principal  town  and  seat 
of  justice,  in  Elbert  county,  Georgia,  23 
miles  XW  of  Petersburg  on  the  Savannah 
river,  and  30  SE  of  Carnesville.  It  has 
a  post-office,  court-house,  gaol,  &c. 

Elbevf,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Xormar.dy.  It  has  a  manufac- 
ture of  cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the  Seine, 
10  miles  S  of  Rouen,  and  65  XW  of  Pa- 
ris.   Lon.  1  8  E,  lat.  49  19  X. 

Elbing,  a  strong  town  of  Western 
Prussia,  in  the  palatinate  of  Marienburg. 
It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade,  and  is 
seated  near  the  Baltic  Sea,  30  miles  SE 
of  Dantzic,  and  100  X  by  W  of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  19  35  E,  lat.  54  9  X. 

Elbogen,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital 
of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  with  a  ci- 
tadel, on  the  river  Eger,  16  miles  XE  of 
Egra.    Lon.  13  0  E,  iat.  50  16  X. 

Elbwg,  a  town  of  the  United  Provin- 


E  L  I 


ELL 


ces,  in  Guelderland,  on  the  E  coast  of 
the  Zuider-Zee,  ten  miles  NE  of  Harder- 
wick.    Lon.  5  50  E,  lat.  52  30  N. 

Elcatif,  a  seaport  of  Arabia  Felix,  on 
the  W  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  300 
miles  S  of  Bassora.  Lon.  53  5  E,  lat. 
26  0  N. 

Elche,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  20 
miles  SWof  Alicant.  Lon.  0  23  W,  lat. 
38  7  N. 

Eleplianta,  an  island  on  the  W  coast  of 
the  Deccan  of  Ilindoostan,  five  miles 
from  the  castle  of  Bombay,  lc  contains 
one  of  the  most  inexplicable  antiquities 
in  the  world.  It  is  about  three  miles  in 
compass,  and  consists  of  almost  all  hill, 
at  the  foot  of  which  as  you  land  you  see 
the  figure  of  an  elephant,  of  the  natural 
sjze,  cut  coarsely  in  stone.  An  easy  slope 
then  leads  to  the  portal  of  a  magnificent 
temple,  hewn  out  of  the  solid  rock.  It 
is  an  oblong  square,  80  feet  long,  and  40 
broad.  The  roof  which  is  about  10  feet 
high,  is  cut  flat,  and  is  .supported  by  re- 
gular rows  of  pillars,  with  capitals  re- 
sembling round  cushions,  as  if  pressed 
by  the  incumbent  mountain.  At  the  fur- 
ther end  are  three  gigantic  figures, 
which  were  mutilated  by  the  absurd  zeal 
of  the  Portuguese,  when  this  island  was 
in  their  possession.  Elephanta  was  ced- 
ed to  the  English  by  the  Mahrattas. 

Eleiithes,  a  kingdom  of  Tartary,  lying 
to  the  NW  of  Chinese  Tartary.  It  was 
conquered  in  1759,  by  the  emperor  of 
China.    See  Kalmucks. 

Elgin,  the  county-town  of  Murray- 
shire,  pleasantly  seated  on  the  river 
Lossi.  Here  are  many  large  old  build- 
ings erected  over  piazzas.  Its  cathedral, 
founded  in  1224,  was  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  Gothic  structures  in  Scot- 
land. Its  magnificent  ruins  sufficenth 
prove  its  farmer  grandeur.  It  is  five, 
miles  S  of  Murray  Frith,  and  37  E  of  In- 
verness.    Lon.  3  15  W,  lat.  57  37  N. 

Elginshire.    See  Murrayshive. 

Elizabeth,  a  township  of  Alleghany 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  between 
Monongahela  and  Yoghiogeny  rivers, 
near  their  confluence,  and  containing 
2000  inhabitants. 

Elizabeth,  a  township  of  Essex  county. 
New  York,  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
lake  Champlaine,  opposite  to  Vergennes 
in  Vermont. 

Elizabeth  City,  one  of  the  maritime 
counties  of  Virginia,  situated  on  the  E 
end  of  a  peninsula,  formed  by  York  river 
and  Hampton  road,  and  containing  about 
oOOO  inhabitants,  one  half  slaves. 

Elizabeths  hland,  an  island  on  the 
coast  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  having  Cape 
Clid  to  the  N,  and  the  island  of  Nan- 


tucket to  the  E.  The  natives  are  chiefly 
employed  in  the  fisheries.  Lon.  69  3  W, 
lat.  42  0  E. 

Elizabethto-um,  a  town  in  Essex  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  six  miles  S  of  Newark, 
10  N  of  Amboy,  and  16  by  land  W  of 
New  York.  It  is  a  post  town  and  the 
seat  of  a  respectable  college. 

Elizabethtoum,  a  post  town  of  Essex 
county,  New  York  ;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  lake  Champlaine,  about  130  miles 
X  of  Albany,  and  containing  about  900 
inhabitants. 

Elizabethto-wn,  a  post  town  of  Lancas- 
ter county,  Pennsylvania  ;  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  Conewago  creek,  about  18  miles 
NAY  of  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  con- 
taining 600  inhabitants. 

Elizabethto~am,  a  post  town  in  Wash- 
ington county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Monongahela  river,  about 
12  miles  above  its  junction  with  the 
Ohio,  and  the  same  distance  S  by  E  of 
Pittsburg. 

Elizabethtoivn,  the  principal  town  of 
Washington  county,  Maryland  (some- 
times called  Hagerstown)  seated  on  An- 
tietam  creek,  26  miles  NW  of  Frederick- 
town,  and  14  N  of  Sharpsburg;  having 
a  post  office  and  containing  about  2000 
inhabitants. 

Elkholm,  a  seaport  of  Sweden  in  Blek- 
ingen,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  24  miles 
\V  of  Carlescroon.  Lon.  14  50  E,  lat.  56 
2U  N. 

Elk,  a  small  river  on  the  eastern  shore 
of  Maryland,  which  runs  into  the  Chesa- 
peak  bay,  near  its  head,  and  between 
North  Eas^and  Sassafras  rivers. 

Elkton,  a  post  town,  and  the  capital  of 
Cecil  county,  Maryland  ;  seated  on  Elk 
river,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  at  the 
distance  of  10  miles  E  by  N  from  Charles- 
ton, and  45  SW  from  Philadelphia.  It 
is  the  entreport  of  a  considerable  trade 
between  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia,  be- 
ing the  general  rendezvous  of  the  regu- 
lar stages  that  travel  between  the  two 
cities. 

Ellerena,'  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain, 
in  Estramadura,  54  miles  N  of  Seville. 
Lon.  5  20  W,  lat.  38  26  N. 

Ellesmere)  a  town  in  Shropshire!  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
large  mere,  in  a  small  but  fertile  district 
of  the  same  name,  16  miles  NNW  of 
Shrewsbury,  and  176  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  2  52  W,  lat.  52  53  N. 

Ellichpour,  the  capital  of  the  W  part 
of  Berar,  in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan. 
It  is  a  fine  city  subject  to  the  Niz;:m  of 
the  Deccan  ;  and  is  395  miles  ^E  of 
Bombay.    Lon.  77  46  E,  lat.  21  12  X 

Ellisville,  a  small  post  town  in  Cum 


ELT 


K  M  B 


berland  county,  Pennsylvania,  156  miles 
from  Washington. 

Elmadia,  or  Mahadia,  a  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tunis,  sealed  on  the  gulf  of 
Capes.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  sea,  is 
well  fortified,  and  has  a  good  harbour 
It  was  taken  by  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
but  retaken  soon  after.  Lon.  8  47  Wj  lat. 
35  4N. 

Elme,  St.,  a  castle  of  the  isle  of  Mal- 
ta, seated  on  a  rock  near  the  city  of 
Valetta,  at  the  mouth  of  a  very  fine  har- 
bour. 

Elmo,  Fort,  St.,  a  fortress  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Eastern  Pyre- 
nees. It  surrendered  to  the  Spaniards  in 
1793,  but  was  retaken  in  1794.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Tet,  five  miles  N  of 
Colioure. 

Elora.    See  Doiolatabad. 

Elphin,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Roscommon,  and  the  see  of  a  bi- 
shop. 

Elrich,  a  trading-  town  of  Upper  Sax- 
ony, foi-merlv  the  capital  of  the  county 
of  Klettenburg-. 

Ehimbvrg,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Gothland,  seven  miles  E  ot 
Elsinpre.    Lon.  13  20  E,  lat.  56  0  N. 

Ehinore,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  seat- 
ed on  the  Sound,  in  the  isle  of  Zealand. 
It  is  the  most  commercial  place  in  Dun- 
mark,  next  to  Copenhagen  ;  and  contains 
5000  inhabitants,  among  whom  are  a  con- 
siderable number  of  foreign  merchants, 
and  the  consuls  of  the  principal  nations 
trading  to  the  Baltic.  The  passage  of 
the  Sound  is  guarded  by  the  castle  of 
Cronborg,  situate  on  the  edge  of  a  pen- 
insular promontory,  the  nearest  point  of 
land  from  the  opposite  coast  of  Sweden. 
Every  vessel,  as  it  passes,  lowers  her 
top-sails  and  pays  a  toll  at  Elsinore.  The 
constant  discharge  of  the  toll,  is  not  so 
much  owing  to  the  strength  of  the  for- 
tress as  to  compliance  with  the  public 
law  of  Europe.  All  vessels,  beside  a 
small  duty  are  rated  at  one  and  one 
fourth  per  cent,  of  their  cargoes,  except 
the  English,  French,  Dutch,  and  Swed- 
ish, which  pay  only  one  per  cent,  and,  in 
return,  the  crown  takes  the  charge  of 
constructing  lighthouses,  and  erecting 
signals  to  mark  the  shoals  and  rocks, 
from  the  Categate  to  the  entrance  into 
the  Baltic.  The  tolls  of  the  Sound,  and 
of  the  two  Belts,  produce  an  annual  re- 
venue of  above  100,000/.  Lon.  13  23  E, 
lat.  56  0  N.    See  Croiiborg. 

Elteman,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Wurtsburg,  on  the  river 
Maine.    Lon.  10  52  E,  lat.  50  8  N. 

Eltham,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket or.  Monday,  eight  miles  S  of  London. 


Here  are  to  be  seen,  the  ruins  of  a  pa- 
lace, in  which  Edward  II.  ofien  resided, 
and  his  son,  John  of  Eltham  was  born. 
Its  stately  hall,  still  entire  is  converted 
into  a  barn. 

Eltor.    See  Tor. 

Eltz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bi- 
shopric of  Hildeshcim,  seated  on  the 
Leina,  10  miles  SW  of  Hildesheim.  Lon. 
10  5  E,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Elvas,  a  strong  frontier  town  of  Por- 
tugal, in  Alentejo,  with  a  castle  and  bi- 
shop's see.  The  streets  are  handsome, 
and  the  houses  well-built.  Here  is  a 
cistern  so  large,  that  it  will  hold  water 
enough  for  the  town  for  six  months.  It 
is  brought  by  a  magnificent  aqueduct, 
three  miles  in  length,  which,  in  some 
places,  is  supported  by  four  or  five 
arches,  one  upon  another.  On  the  side 
of  it  is  a  forest  of  olive-trees,  three  miles 
in  length,  among  which  are  walks  and 
fine  fountains.  Elvas  was  bombarded  by 
the  French  in  1706,  to  no  purpose.  A 
royal  academy,  for  young  gentlemen,  was 
founded  here  in  1733.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  near  the  Guadiana,  50  miles 
\E  of  Evora,  and  100  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
7  3  \V,  lat.  58  43  N. 

Eltvangen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  with  a 
chapter,  whose  provost  is  a  prince  of  the 
empire  and  lord  of  the  town.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Jaxt,  17  miles  SE  of  Halle,  and 
25  SW  of  Anspach.  Lon.  10  28  E,  lat, 
49  2  N. 

Ely,  a  city  in  Cambridgeshire,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  market  on  Saturday, 
[t  is  seated  on  the  Ousc  (which  i3  navl  • 
able  hence  to  Lynn)  in  the  fenny  tract 
called  the  isle  of  Ely.  The  assizes  are 
held  here  once  a  year  only.  It  is  a  coun- 
ty of  itself,  including  the  territory  around 
it,  and  lias  a  distinct  civil  and  criminal 
jurisdiction,  of  which  the  bishop  is  the 
head,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  bishop 
of  Durham  is  of  that  county.  It  has  a 
fine  cathedral,  but  is  otherwise  a  mean 
place.  It  is  17  miles  N  of  Cambridge, 
and  63  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  9  E, 
lat.  52  24  N. 

Embden,  a  strong  town  of  Westphalia, 
capital  of  E  Friesland,  with  a  good  har- 
bour. It  belongs  to  the  king  of  Prussia, 
and  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Embs, 
opposite  Dollart  Bay,  23  miles  NE  of 
Groningen.    Lon.  7  5  E,  lat.  53  26  N. 

Embo,  a  village  near  Brora,  on  the  E 
coast  of  Sutherlandshire. 

Emboli/,  a  tow  n  of  Macedonia,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  see  seated  on  the 
Stromona,  40  miles  NE  of  Salonichi.  Lon. 
23  55  E,  lat.  40  59  X. 

Embmn,  an  ancient  and  strong  city  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  Upper 


£  N  F 


E  N  G 


Al[>s  and  lute  province  of  Dauphiny.  11 
is  seated  on  a  eretgigy  nuk,  neat  the  ri- 
ver Durance,  17  miles  E  of  Gap.  Lou.  6 
34  E,  lat,  44  34  X. 

Entbs,  a  river  of  Westphalia,  which 
rises  in  the  CO  int.y  of  Lippo,  and  falls 
into  the  Dollari.  a  bay  of  the  German 
Ocean,  near  Embdeu. 

Enuntsa,  a  tow  n  of  Syria,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Damascus.  There  are  still  noble 
ruins,  that  show  it  was  anciently  a  mag- 
n  ificent,  <>Hw^ySvMlj|^  wff^ffWk '  <&jt 

Emmerich,  a  large  city  of  Germany,  in 
the  Duchy  of  Cleves.  It  carries  on  a  con- 
siderahle  trade  with  Holland,  and  is  seal- 
ed near  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  E  of 
Cleves.    Lon.  6  4  E,  lat.  51  45  K. 

Emmittsburg,  a  post  town  of  Frederick 
county,  Maryland,  about  18  miles  XYV 
from  Taneyto\\n.i,  and  about  50  in  the 
same  direction  from  Baltimore.  . 

Emovtf,  or  If  tame  n,  an  island  of  China, 
lying-  oil'  the  coast  of  the  province  of  Fo- 
kien.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  port,  which 
is  inclosed,  on  one  side,  by  the  island, 
and  on  the  other  by  the  main  land,  and 
is  so  extensive,  that  it  can  contain  many 
thousands  of  vessels  ;  and  so  deep,  that 
the  largest  ships  may  lie  close  to  the 
shore  without  danger.  This  island  is 
particularly  celebrated  on  account  of  the 
magnificence  of  its  principal  pagod,  de- 
dicated to  their  god  Fo.  Lon.  116  27  E, 
lat.  24  3  Nj 

Empoli,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Arno,  17 
miles  SW  of  Florence.  Lon.  11  6  E,  lat. 
43  42  X. 

Eackimysetly  a  seaport  of  N  Holland, 
on  the  Zuider-Zee.  It  was  once  a  flour- 
ishing place;  but  its  harbour  being  ob- 
structed by  sand  it  has  lost  its  former 
consequence.  It  is  25  miles  NE  of  Am- 
sterdam.   Lon.  5  4  E,  'lat.  52  45  X. 

Endeavour  Strait,  lies  in  the  S  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  separates  New  Guinea  from 
New  Holland.  Its  length  is  10  leagues, 
and  its  breadth  about  five,  except  at  the 
X'E  entrance,  where  it  is  contracted  to 
less  than  two  miles,  by  the  islands  cal- 
led Prince  of  Wales'  Islands.  It  was  ex- 
plored by  Captain  Cook  in  1770,  from 
whom  it  received  its  name. 

Ending-,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  Austrian 
Brisgaw,  formerly  free  and  imperial.  It 
is  seated  near  the  Rhine,  10  miles  below 
Brisach. 

Endkioping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Up- 
land, situated  on  a  river,  close  to  an  inlet 
of  Lake  Maelar.  It  consists  chiefly  of 
wooden  houses,  which  are  red.  It  is  40 
miles  W  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  16  59  E, 
lat.  52  45  X.  * 

Enfield,  a  town  in  Middlesex,  with,  a 


|  market  on  Saturday.  It  was  once  famous 
for  an  extensive  royal  chase,  disforested 
m  1 779.  Here  was  a  royal  palace,  wht  nee 
Edward  VI.  went  in  procession  to  the 
Tower,  on  his  accession  to  the  throne, 
which  is  now  taken  down.  It  is  10-nufcs 
X  of  London.    Lon.  0  2  E,  lat.  51  41  X. 

Enfield,  a  townslnp  of  Hartford  coun- 
ty, Connecticut;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Connecticut  river,  6  milts  X*  of  East 
W  indsor,  and  12  miles  NW  of  TTollancl. 

Enfield,  a  township  of  Grafton,  county. 
Xew  Hampshire,  containing  about  15UU 
inhabitant^. 

Engadina,  a  country  of  the  Grisons, 
in  the  mountains  of  the  Alps.  It  is  di- 
vided into  Upper  and  Lower,  extending 
along  the  banks  of  the  river  Inn,  from 
its  source  to  the  Tirolcse.  Uppar  Eu- 
gadina  is  a  beautiful  valley  ;  yet,  on  ac- 
count of  its  elevation,  produces  nothing" 
but  rye  and  barley.  The  winter  sets  in 
early,  and  even  in  summer,  the  air  is 
cold  and  piercing,  and  the  corn  occasion- 
ally much  damaged  by  the  hoar-frost. 

Engers,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves,  capital  of  a  county 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  11  miles  N  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  7 
32  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Enghien,  a  town  of  Austrian  Hainan  It, 
near  which  was  fought  the  famous  battle 
of  Stcenkirk.  It  is  15  miles  SW  of  Brus- 
sels.   Lon.  4  5  E,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Engia,  or  Engina,  an  island  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  in  a  gulf  of  the  same 
name,  between  Livadia  and  the  More:1. 
There  is  a  town  upon  it  of  the  same 
name,  22  miles  S  of  Athens.  Lon.  23  59 
E,  lat.  37  45  X. 

England,  the  south  and  most  conside- 
rable part  of  the  island  of  Great  Britain, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Scotland,  on  the  XF. 
and  E  by  the  German  Ocean,  on  the  S  by 
the  English  Channel,  and  on  the  W  by  St 
George's  Channel,  tt>e  principality  of 
Wales  and  the  Irish  Sea.  It  is  of  a  trian- 
gular form.  From  the  South  Foreland  in 
Ken  ,  which  may  be  termed  the  E  point 
of  the  triangle,  to  Berwick  upon  Tweed, 
which  is  the  X,  its  length  in  a  straight 
line,  is  345  miles ;  from  that  point  to  the 
Land's  End,  in  Cornwall,  which  is  the  W 
it  is  425:  and  the  breadth  thence  to  the 
South  Foreland  is  340.  The  face  of  the 
country  in  England,  affords  all  that  beau- 
tiful variety  which  can  be  found  in  the 
most  extensive  tracts  of  the  globe.  In 
some  parts,  verdant  plains  extend  as  far 
as  the  eye  can  reach,  watered  by  copious 
streams,  and  covered  by  innumerable  cat- 
tie.  In  others,  the  pleasing  vicissitudes 
of  gently-rising  hills  and  bending  vales, 
fertile  in  corn,  waving  with  wood,  and  in- 


E  N  G 


ENG 


tersnersed  with  meadows,  offer  the  most 
delightful  landscapes  of  rural  opulence 
and  beauty.  Some  tracts  abound  with 
prospec.s  of  a  more  romantic  kind  ;  lofty 
mountains,  craggy  rocks,  eleep  narrow 
delis,  and  tumbling1  torrents.  Nor  are 
there  wanting-,  as  a  contrast  to  so  num\ 
agreeable  scenes,  the  gloomy  features  oi 
black  barren  moors  and  wide  uncultiva- 
ted  he:^**^On  ihe  whole,  however,  few 
countries  have  a  smaller  proportion  of 
land  absolutely  steril  and  incapable  ot 
culture.  The  richest  parts  are  in  general 
the  midland  and  southern.  Toward  the 
N  it  partakes  of  the  barrenness  of  the 
neighbouring-  Scotland.  TheE  coast  is  in 
many  parts  sandy  and  marshy.  A  range 
of  rude  and  elevated  land,  sometimes  ri- 
sing into  lofty  mountains,  extends  from 
the  borders  of  Scotland  to  the  very  heart 
of  England,  running  from  N  to  S  and  for- 
ming a  natural  division  between  the  E 
and  W  sides  of  the  kingdom.  Cornwall 
is  also  a  rough  hilly  tract;  and  a  simi- 
lar character  prevails  in  part  of  the  ad- 
jacent counties.  These  mountainous 
tracts  abound  with  various  mineral  trea- 
sures. The  rivers  are  numerous  :  but  the 
comparatively  small  extent  of  England 
will  not  permit  them  to  vie,  in  length  of 
course,  with  the  great  rivers  on  the  con- 
tinent. The  most  considerable  of  them 
are  the  Thames,  Severn,  Medway,  Trent, 
Ouse,  Tyne,  Tees,  Eden,  Avon,  Derweni, 
Dee,  Mersey,  &c  The  lakes  are  neither 
numerous  nor  extensive.  They  are  chiefly 
m  the  NVV  counties  ;  and  those  of  West- 
moreland and  Cumberland,  in  particular, 
exhibit  such  varieties  of  beautifully  ro- 
mantic and  picturesque  scenery,  as  to 
have  become,  for  some  years  past,  the 
fashionable  object  of  summer  excursions 
from  the  metropolis,  and  every  part  of  the 
•-ountrv.  With  respect  to  climate,  Eng- 
land is  situated  on  the  N  part  of  the  tem- 
perate zone,  so  that  it  enjoys  but  a  scan- 
ty share  of  the  genial  influence  of  the 
sun.  Its  atmosphere  is  inclined  to  chil- 
ncss  and  moisture,  subject  to  frequent 
and  sudden  changes,  and  is  more  favoura- 
ble to  the  growth,  than  to  the  ripening, 
of  the  products  of  the  earth.  No  country 
is  clothed  with  so  beautiful  and  lasting 
a  verdure  :  but  the  harvests,  especially  in 
the  northern  parts,  frequently  suffer  from 
unseasonable  rains  ;  and  the" fruits  often 
fall  short  of  their  perfect  maturity.  The 
rigours  of  winter,  however,  as  well  as  the 
parching  heats  of  summer,  are  felt  here 
in  a  much  less  degree  than  in  parallel 
climates  on  the  continent;  a  circumstance 
common  to  all  islands.  While  the  sea- 
ports of  Holland  and  Germany  are  every 
winter  locked  up  with  ice,  those  of  Eng- 


land, and  even  of  Scotland,  are  never 
known  to  suffer  this  inconvenience.  The 
western  side  of  the  kingdom*  receiving 
first  the  great  clouds  from  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  which  are  afterward  intercepted 
in  their  passage  by  the  middle  ridge  of 
hills,  is  considerably  more  exposed  to  rain 
than  the  eastern  ;  but  the  latter  is  more 
frequently  involved  in  fogs  and  mists, 
The  whole  country,  some  particular  spots 
excepted,  is  sufficiently  healthy  ;  and  the 
natural  longevity  of  its  inhabitants  is 
equal  to  that  of  almost  any  region.  All 
the  most  valuable  productions,  both  ani- 
mal and  vegetable,  of  this  country,  have 
been  imported  from  the  continent,  and 
have  been  kept  up  and  improved  by  con-» 
slant  attention.  Originally,  this  great  is- 
land seems  to  have  been,  like  the  wilds 
of  Amenea,  overrun  with  wood,  and  peo- 
pled only  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  forest, 
ileoc  formerly  roamed  the  bear,  the  wolf, 
and  the  wild  boar,  now  totally  extirpa- 
ted. Large  herds  of  stags  ranged  through 
the  woods,  roebucks  bounded  over  the 
hills,  and  wild  bulls  grazed  in  tfye  mar- 
shy pastures.  By  degrees  the  woods  were 
destroyed,  in  order  to  make  way  for  cul- 
tivation ;  the  marshes  were  drained;  and 
the  wild  animals,  invaded  in  their  re- 
treats, gradually  disappeared,  and  their 
places  were  supplied  by  the  domestic 
kinds.  England  now  possesses  no  other 
wild  quadrupeds  than  some  of  the  smal- 
ler kinds  ;  such  as  the  fox,  the  wild  cat, 
the  badger,  the  marmot,  and  others  of 
the  weasel  kind ;  the  otter,  the  hedge- 
hog, the  hare  and  rabbit;  the  squirrel, 
dormouse,  mole,  and  several  species  of 
the  rat  and  mouse.  On  the  other  hand, 
every  kind  of  domestic  animal,  imported 
from  abroad,  has  b;en  reared  to  the  great- 
est degree  of  perfection.  The  horses  are 
to  be  found  in  England  of  all  sorts  and 
fit  for  all  kinds  of  service,  for  the  saddle, 
the  race,  and  the  Carriage,  all  equally 
good  though  of  very  different  natures, 
some  small  and  hardy,  others  large  and 
[strong  ;  so  that  asses  are  but  little,  and 
mules  still  less  used.  The  horned  cattle 
have  been  brought  to  the  largest  size  and 
the  greatest  justness  of  shape.  The  dif- 
ferent races  of  sheep  in  England  are  va- 
riously distinguished,  either  for  uncom- 
mon size,  goodness  of  flesh,  and  plenty 
or  fineness  of  wool.  The  deer  cf  our 
parks,  which  are  originally  a  foreign 
breeefc  are  superior  in  beauty  of  skin,  the 
delicacy  of  flesh,  to  those  of  most  coun- 
tries. Even  the  several  kinds  of  dogs 
have  been  traineel  to  degrees  of  courage, 
strength,  and  sagacity  rarely  to  be  met 
with  elsewhere.  The  improvement  in  the 
vegetable  products  of  this  island  is  not 

d  d  m 


E  NG 


ENG 


less  striking  than  in  the  animals  Nuts, 
acorns,  crabs,  and  a  few  wild  berries., 
were  almost  all  the  variety  of  vegctabi 
fo  (I  which  our  woods  could  boast  T 
foreign  countries,  and  .o  the  efforts  o' 
culture,  we  are  indebted  for  our  bread 
the  roots  and  greens  of  our  tables,  and 
all  our  garden  fruits.  The  barley  ami 
hops  for  our  malt  liquors,  and  apples  for 
our  cider,  are  equally  the  gifts  of  other 
lands.  The  meanest  labourer  is  now  fVd 
with  more  wholesome  and  delicate  ali- 
ments than  the  petty  kings  of  the  coun- 
try could  obtain  in  its  savage  and  uncul- 
tivated state.  The  rivers  and  se.»s  of 
England  are  stocked  with  a  great  variety 
of  fish,  which  yield  a  plentiful  article  of 
provision  to  all  ranks  of  people.  The  ri- 
ver fish  are  in  many  parts  diminished. 
But  the  sea  is  an  inexhaustible  source  ; 
and  every  exertion  of  industry  to  procure 
food  from  thence,  is  amply  repaid.  The 
fisheries,  at  present,  are  a  great  objee 
of  attention;  and  the  whole  sea-coast  is 
enlivened  by  numerous  inhabitants,  who 
gain  their  chief  subsistence  from  the  deep. 
The  manufactures  and  commerce  of  his 
country  are  so  vast,  extensive,  and  vari- 
ous, that  a  particular  a<  count  of  them 
would  lead  us  beyond  our  limits.  In  the 
woollen,  cotton,  and  hardware  manufac- 
tures, tn  particular,  it  has  long  maintain- 
ed a  pre-eminence  ;  and,  though  tiature 
has  denied  it  the  rich  fruits  of  other 
countries,  yet  the  manufacture,  as  it  may 
be  called,  of  home  made  wines,  in  imita- 
tion of  all  the  varieties  of  the  foreign, 
has  been  brought  to  an  uncommon  degree 
of  perfection.  The  government  of  Eng- 
land is  a  limited  monarchy  ;  the  legisla- 
tive power  residing  in  the  km-c,  lords  and 
commons  ;  and  the  executive  in  the  king 
the  great  officers  of  state,  the  judges, 
and  all  the  inferior  gradations  of  magis- 
tracy. The  civil  division  of  the  country 
is  into  circuits,  and  shires,  or  counties  ; 
these  last  are  subdividedinto  wapentakes, 
or  hundreds,  and  parishes.  The  circuits 
are  six  in  number,  and  in  each  of  them, 
for  the  most  part,  two  of  the  judges  ad- 
minister justice  twice  a  year.  They  are 
1.  The  Home  Circuit,containing  the  coim-> 
tics  of  Kent,  Surry  and  Sussex.  2.  The 
Norfolk  Circuit,  containing  the  counties 
of  Bucks.  Bedford,  Huntingdon,  Cam- 
bridge, Suffolk  and  Norfolk.  3.  The  Ox- 
ford Circuit,  containing  the  counties  of 
Oxford,  Berks,  Gloucester,  Worcester, 
Monmouth,  Hereford,  Salop  and  Stafford. 
4.  The  Midland  Circuit,  containing  the 
shires  of  Warwick,  Leicester,  Derby,  Not- 
tingham, Lincoln,  Rutland,  and  North- 
ampton. 5.  The  Northern  Circuit,  con- 
taining the  counties  of  York,  Durham, 


Northumberland,  Lancaster,  Westmore- 
..id,  .  nd  Cumberland.  6.  The  Western 
;.rcuit,  containing  Hants,  \\  dts,  Dorset, 
Somerset,  Devon  and  Cornwall.  '•  .  o 
jther  counties,  Middlesex  and  Ch:  sli'.re, 
.re  not  included  in  any  circuit,  The  es- 
tablished religion,  as  contained  in  the  39 
articles  of  the  church  of  Engl,  nd  is  Cal- 
vinism; but  these  articl  s  are  interpre- 
ted by  the  clergy  in  g  i,  accon  .ng 
?o  thu  more  liberal  prii  of  .Air.u- 

nius  ;  an  i  all  other  reli^  tp  toiera- 
ted.  The  ec<  lesastical  d  -  i  ol  Eng- 
land, is  into  two  archbishop. ics,  called 
the  provinces  of  Canterbury  and  York. 
Thar  of  Canterbury  contains  the  dioceses 
f  London,  Winchester,  Baih  and  Wells, 
Bristol,  Chichester,  Elv,  Exeter*,  Glou- 
cester, Hereford,  Lichfield  and  (  oven- 
try,  Lincoln,  Norwich,  Oxford,  Peterbo- 
rough, Rochester,  Salisbury,  and  Wor- 
cester, oeside  the  four  Welsh  bishoprics 
of  St.  David,  Bangor,  L*nd..ff,  and  St. 
Asaph..  The  province  of  York  contains 
the  dioceses  of  Durham,  Chester,  and 
Carlisle,  and  that  of  So  dor  and  Man.  Ev- 
ery preLu  of  the  sn  s  enumerated,  that 
of  Sotior  and  Man  excepted,  has  a  seat 
in  he  house  of  lords.  London  is  the  ca- 
pital, and  the  metropolis  also  of  the 
whole  British  empire. 

England,  'A"ewt  a  country  of  North 
America,  bounded  on  .he  N  by  Canada, 
on  the  !/  by  New  Brunswick,  and  the 
Atlantic,  on  the  S  by  that  ocean  and 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  on  the  W  bj 
New  Yoik.  New  England  is  a  high,  hil- 
ly, and  in  some  parts  a  mountainous  coun- 
try, formed  by  nature  to  be  inhabited  by 
a  hardy  tvee  office,  independent  repub- 
licans. The  mountains  are  comparative- 
ly small,  running  nearly  north  a<  d  south 
in  ridges  parallel  to  each  other.  Between 
these  ridge*  flow  the  great  rivers  in  ma- 
jestic meanders,  receiving  the  innumera- 
ble rivulets  and  larger  streams  which 
proceed  from  the  mountains  on  each  side. 
It  contains  the  stares  of  New' Hampshire, 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecti- 
cut and  Vermont ;  which  see.^iromvSni 
Engelberg,  a  valley  of  Swisserland,  10 
miles  long,  entirely  surrounded  by  very- 
lofty  and  barren  mountains,  and  bounded 
by  the  cantons  of  Bern,  Uri,  and  Under- 
walden.  It  was  formerly  subject  to  the 
abbot  of  a  Benedictine  monastery  of  the 
same  name,  who  was  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  cantons  of  Lucern,  Uri, 
Schweitz,  and  Underwalden.  The  ro- 
mantic  scenery  of  this  country  has  al- 
ways del itili ted  the  traveller,  and  engag- 
ed the  attention  of  the  naturalist.  Gla- 
ciers, of  a  very  great  extent,  and  ex- 
tremely diversified,  are  found  on  the  side 


E  P  H 


ERF 


of  very  fertile  mountains,  and  exhibit 
singular  poinls  of  view.  There  is  abun- 
dance of  fine  black  marble,  white  vein- 
ed ;  a  viti\olic  earth,  slate  impregnated 
with  vitriol;  small  crystals,  called  Swiss 
diamonds;  silver,  and  vitriol.  The  ao- 
bey  Is  12  miles  SW  of  Aitcknf.  See  Tit- 
lisbarg. 

Eno,  or  Enos,  a  town  of  Romania,  near 
the  gulf  f  Eno,  with  a  Greek  archbi- 
shop's  see,  125  miles  W  of  Constanti- 
nople.   Lon.  26  15  E,  lat.  40  46  N. 

Enosb-irg,  a  township  of  Vermont,  si- 
tuated in  Franklin  county,  on  the  SE 
aide  of  Miehiscoui  river,  between  Hun- 
ger ford  and  Montgomery. 

Ens,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  12  miles  SE  of 
Lin  z,  and  90  W  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14  22 
E,  lat.  48  13  X. 

Ensishdm,  a  town  of  Fiance,  in  the' 
depart  meat  of  the  Upper  Rhine  and  late 
province  of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  111,  10 
mil  s  SW  of  Brisach.  Lon.  7  30  E,  lat. 
47  58  N. 

E.nkirken,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchv  of  Juliers,  15  miles  SW  of  Co- 
lo g  ..  .    Lon.  6  29  E,  lat.  31  0  N. 

Entre-Douevoe-,Minho,  a  province  of 
Portugal,  45  miles  in  length  and  breadth. 
Braga  is  the  capital. 

Eperies,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  ca- 
pital of  the  county  of  Saros,  remarkable 
for  its  mines  of  salt.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Tatza,  20  miles  N  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  21 
13  E,  lat.  49  8  N. 

Epernay,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Marne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne.  The  wines  produced 
in  its  neighbourhood,  are  very  exquisite. 
It  is  17  miles  NW  of  Chalons.  Lon.  4  0 
E,  lat.  49  5  N. 

JSphesus,  an  ancient  and  celebrated  city 
of  Natolia,  in  that  part  anciently  called 
Ionia.  It  is  now  called  Ajasalouc,  by  the 
Turks  •,  but  of  its  former  splendour  there 
is  nothing  to  be  seen  but  heaps  of  mar- 
ble, overturned  walls,  columns,  capitals, 
and  pieces  of  statues.  The  fortress,  which 
is  upon  an  eminence,  seems  to  be  the 
work  of  the  Greek  emperors.  The  east- 
ern gate  has  three  basso-relievos,  taken 
from  some  ancient  monuments  ;  thai  in 
the  middle  was  constructed  by,  the  Ro- 
mans. The  most  remarkable  structure 
of  all,  was  the  Temple  of  Diana,  deemed 
one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world, 
and  which  the  primitive  Christians  had 
converted  into  a  church  ;  but  it  is  now 
so  entirely  ruined,  that  it  is  no  easy  mat- 
ter to  find  the  place  where  it  stood :  how- 
ever, there  are  some  ruins  of  the  walls, 
and  of  five  or  six  marble  columns,  all  of 
a  piece,  40  feet  in  length,  and  seven  in 


diameter.  Ephesus  is  seated  near  a  gulf 
of  the  same  name,  and  lias  still  a  good 
harbourV40  miles  S  of  Smyrna.  Lon.  27 
33  K,  lat.  37  48  N. 

Ephrata,  or  Tunkersto-um,  a  town  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  county  of  Lancaster. 
It  is  the  principal  settlement  of  a  sect, 
who  are  professionally  baptists,  of  Ger- 
man extraction,  and  first  appeared  in  A- 
menca  in  1719.  It  is  60  miles  W  of 
Philadelphia. 

Epinal,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Vosges  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mo- 
selle, near  the  mountains  of  the  Vosges, 
and  is  35  miles  SE  of  Nanci.  Lon.  6  0  E, 
Lkt  48  9  N. 

Epping,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday.  Its  butter  is  highly  es- 
leemed  in  London.  Epping  is  seated  at 
the  X  end  of  a  forest  of  the  same  name, 
17  miles  XXE  of  London.  Lon.  0  9  E,  lat. 
51  46  X. 

Eppixg  Forest,  a  fine  forest  in  the  SW 
of  Essex,  formerly  a  much  more  exten- 
sive district,  that  contained  a  great  part 
of  the  county. 

Epping,  a  post  town  of  Rockingham 
county,  New  Hampshire,  about  20  miles 
W  of  Portsmouth,  and  8  S  of  Notting- 
ham, with  1120  inhabitants. 

Eppingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Elfats,  20  miles  NE  of  Phi- 
lip sb  org.  Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  49  24  N. 

Epsom,  a  town  in  Surry,  that  has,  from 
the  number  of  opulent  people  residing  in 
and  near  it,  a  daily  market.  It  is  celebra- 
ted for  its  mineral  waters  and  salts.  It  is 
15  miles  SSW  of  London.  Lon.  0  15  W, 
lat.  51  25  N. 

Epsom,  a  town  of  New  Hampshire,  in 
the  county  of  Rockingham,  34  miles  W 
by  X  of  Portsmouth,  and  14  SB  of  Con- 
cord. Here  is  a  post  office  556 miles  from 
Washington.  The  inhabitants  at  the  last 
enumeration  amounted  to  1034. 

Epworth,  a  village  of  the  isle  of  Ax- 
holm,  in  Lincolnshire,  9  miles  X  of  Gains- 
borough. It  is  the  birthplace  of  John 
Wesley,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  sect 
of  the  methodists. 

Erfi/rt,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
Upper  Thuringia,  with  a  university.  It 
was  formerly  imperial,  but  is  now  sub- 
ject to  the  elector  of  Mentz,  and  is  de- 
fended by  two  strong  forts.  The  princi* 
pal  magistrate  is  sometimes  aprotestant 
and  sometimes  a  papist ;  but  the  greatest 
part  of  the  burghers  are  protestants.  It 
lias  three  fine  libraries,  one  of  which  be- 
longs to  the  papists,  another  to  the  uni- 
versity, and  a  third  to  the  prqtestant  mi- 
tnisters.    A  fi!"  happened  here  in  1736. 


E  R  I 


ESC 


which  burnt  dow  n  180  houses,  and  seve-  1 
rai  chu;ches.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  i 
Gere,  30  miles  ESE  of  Malhausen.  Lon.  i 
11  23  L,  lat.  51  0  N.  I 

Eribol,  Loch,  an  arm  of  the  sea,  on  the  \ 
N  coast  of  Sutherlandshire,  capable  of  « 
affording  a  safe  retreat  to  the  largest  ves-  i 
sels.  It  receives  several  streams  ;  parti-  ; 
cularly  that  which  flows  from  a  lake  cal- 
led Loch  Hope. 

Ericht,  Loch,  a  large  lake  in  Perth- 
shire, which  extends  several  miles  into  < 
Inverness-shire.  Near  this  place  the  un- 
fortunate Prince  Charles  wandered,  after 
the  battle  of  Culloden,  in  1746,  lurking  in 
caves,  and  among  rocks.  The  waters  of 
this  lake  descend  into  another,  called 
Loch  Rannoch. 

Erie,  Lake,  in  North  America,  lies  be- 
tween 41  and  43  N  lat.  and  79  and  84  W 
lon.  It  is  290  miles  long,  and  40  in  its 
broadest  part.  The  islands  and  banks 
towards  its  W  end  are  so  infested  with 
rattlesnakes,  as  to  render  it  dangerous 
to  land  on  them.  The  lake  is  covered 
near  the  banks  of  the  islands  with  a  large 
pond  lily;  the  leaves  of  which  are  thick- 
ly spread  on  the  surface  of  the  water  to 
an  extent  of  many  acres  ;  on  these,  in 
the  summer,  lie  myriads  of  watersnakes, 
basking  in  the  sun.  It  is  also  infested  by 
the  hissing  snake,  which  is  18  inches 
long,  small,  and  speckled ;  when  ap- 
proached it  flattens  itself  in  a  moment, 
and  its  spots,  which  are  of  various  co- 
lours, become  visibly  brighter  through 
rage.  This  lake,  at  its  NE  end,  commu- 
cates  with  lake  Ontario  by  the  river  Nia- 
gara. 

Erie,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. It  is  bounded  on  the  S  by  Craw- 
ford county,  on  the-E  by  Warren  count} 
and  the  state  of  New  York,  on  the  NW  by 
the  lake  Erie,  and  on  the  W  by  the  state 
of  Ohio.  It  has  a  front  of  50  miles  on  the 
lake,  and  progresses  rapidly  in  popula- 
tion and  improvements.  The  chief  town, 
Erie. 

Erisso,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf  of 
Monte  Sancto. 

Erith,  a  village  in  Huntingdonshire,  on 
the  Ouse,  five  miles  ENE  of  St.  Ive  s. 
Near  this  place  is  a  piece  of  antiquity 
called  Belfar's  Hill,  an  artificial  mount, 
generally  supposed  to  be  the  place  where 
the  people  took  up  arm9  against  William 
the  Norman,  in  1066,  after  lie  had  defeat- 
ed Harold  at  the  battle  of  Hastings; 

Erivan,  a  city  of  Asia,  in  a  province  of 
the  same  name,  and  capital  of  Persian 
Armenia,  with  an  Armenian  patriarch. 
It  is  defended  by  a  fortress,  in  which  is 
the  governor's  palace,  and  by  a  castle,  on 


<he  river  Zuengui,  near  a  lake  of  its  own 
name,  which  is  very  deep,  and  60  miles 
in  circumference.'  The  Meidan  is  an  o- 
pen  square,  400  paces  over,  wherein  are 
very  fine  trees.  The  baths  and  caravan- 
series  have  likewise  their  beauties,  but 
the  churches  of  the  Christians  are  small, 
and  half  under  ground.  It  is  105  miles 
NW  of  Astrabad.  Lon.  44  10  E,  lat.  40 
20  N. 

Erkelens,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers,  with  a  castle  seated  on 
the  Roer,  10  miles  NW  of  Juliers.  Lon.  6 
35  E,  lat.  51  4  N. 

Erlanrr,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Franconia,  and  marquisate  of  Cu- 
lembach,  seated  on  the  Regnitz,  12  milt  s 
NW  of  Nuremburg.  Lon.  11  5  E,  lat. 
49  35  N. 

Ermeland,  a  country,  now  become  a 
province  of  Prussia,  by  which  it  is  sur- 
rounded. 

Ernee,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  late 
province,  now  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne,  situated  on  the  Mayenne,  15 
miles  NNW  of  Laval.  Lon.  0  48  W,  lat. 
48  19  N. 

Erpach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  30  miles  SE  of  Franc- 
fort.  Lon.  9  10  E,  lav.  40  32  N. 

Erpach,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle, 
eight  miles  SE  of  Clm.  Lon.  10. 19  E,  lat. 
48  20  N. 

Erqvino,  a  seaport  of  the  Red  Sea,  on 
the  coast  of  Abex,  subject  to  Turkey.  It 
is  320  miles  SW  of  Mecca.  Lon.  39*5  E, 
lat.  17  30  N. 

Erzerwn,  a  city  of  Turkish  Armenia, 
with  Armenian  and  Greek  episcopal  sees, 
-  It  is  situated  between  the  two  sources  of 
the  Euphrates,  in  a  beautiful  plain,  at  the 
foot  of  a  chain  of  mountains,  fruitful  in 
all  sorts  of  corn.  Wood  is  very  scarce,, 
for  which  reason  their  fuel  is  only  cow 
dung.  It  is  surrounded  by  double  walls, 
defended  by  square  towers.  The  Turks, 
who  are  all  janizaries,  are  about  12,000 
in  number  ;  but  most  of  them  are  trades- 
men and  receive  no  pay.  The  Armeni- 
ans have  two  churches,  the  Greeks  but 
one  ;  the  latter  are  mostly  brasiers,  and 
live  in  the  suburbs.  They  drive  a  great 
trade  here  in  furs,  Persian  silks,  cottons, 
calicoes,  ami  drugs.  This  town  is  a 
thoroughfare,  and  a  resting  plaoe,  for  the 
caravans  to  the  East  Indies.  It  is  104 
■  miles  S  by  E  of  Trebisond.  Lon.  40  35  E, 
lat.  39  56  N. 

Escalona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  old  Cas- 
'  rile,  14  miles  NNE  of  Segovia. 

Escalona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
:  tile,  surrounded  with  walls.  It  is  situated 
i  on  an  eminence,  in  a  fertile  country*  near 


E  S  K 


ESQ 


the  Albreche,  20  miles  NW  of  Toledo, 
and  32  SW  of  Madrid. 

Eschelies,  a  town  of  Savoy,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Dauphiny,  10  miles  SW  of 
Chamberry.    Lon.  5  45  E,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Eschweg-en,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
landgravateof  Hesse-Cassel,  seated  on  the 
Wtri-ra,  22  miles  SE  of  Hesse -Cassel. 
Lon.  10  6  E,  lat.  51  9  N. 
- '  Escurial,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  seated  on  the  Guadara,  15  miles 
NW  of  Madrid.  Here  Philip  II.  built  a 
famous  structure,  in  1563,  in  memory  of 
the  victory  gained  over  the  French  near 
St.  Quintin.  It  is  called  by  the  Spani- 
ards the  eighth  wonder  of  the  world.  It 
consists  of  a  royal  palace,  a  church,  a 
monastery,  a  college,  a  library,  shops  of 
different  artists,  apartments  for  a  great 
number  of  people,  beautiful  walks,  larg'e 
alleys,  an  extensive  park,  and  fine  gar- 
dens. It  stands  in  a  dry  barren  country, 
surrounded  by  ruggid  mountains;  and  is 
built  of  gray  stones,  found  in,  the  neigh- 
bourhood, which  was  the  principal  rea- 
son of  its  being  erected  on  such  a  disa- 
greeable spot.  They  worked  at  this  struc- 
ture 22  years,  and  it  cost  6,000,000 
of  crowns.  It  has  a  long  square  of  280 
feet,  and  four  stories  high ;  they  reckon 
800  pillars,  11,000  square  windows,  and 
14,000  doors.  The  most  remarkable  part 
is  the  arched  chapel ;  in  which  is  a  mag- 
nificent sepulchre,  called  the  Pantheon, 
being  built  in  imitation  of  that  church  at 
Rome:  it  is  the  burying-place  of  the 
kings  and  queens  of  Spain  ;  and  is  thought 
by  some  to  be  the.  most  curious  piece  of 
architecture  in  the  world.  The  fathers 
belonging  to  the  monastery  are  200  in 
number,  and  have  an  income  of  40,000 
ducats  a  year.  The  church  is  built  after 
the  model  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome.  Lon. 
3  35  W,  lat.  40  35  N. 

Essens,  a  town  of  E  Friesland,  on  the 
German  Ocean,  20  miles  N  of  Emb  en. 
Lon.  17  14 E,  lat.  53  47  N. 

Esfarain,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Korasan,  famous  for  the  great 
number  of  waiters  it  has  produced.  It 
is  90  miles  E  of  Astrabad.  Lon.  41  23  E, 
lat.  36  48  N. 

Esher,  a  village  in  Surry,  on  the  river 
Mole,  five  miles  SW  of  Kingston.  It  is 
distinguished  by  a  noble  Gothic  mansion, 
the  two  towers  of  which  are  as  they  were 
originally  built  by  cardinal  Wolsey. 

Esh,  a  river  in  Dumfriesshire,  which 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Eng- 
land and  Scotland,  and  falls  into  Soiwav 
Frith. 

Esh,  a.  river  in  Edinburghshire,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  two  streams  called  N 
and  S  Esk.    They  seem  to  encircle  the 


town  of  Dalkeith,  passing  on  each  side 
of  the  eminence  on  which  it  stands ;  and 
uniting  a  little  below  the  town,  this  ri- 
ver enters  the  Frith  of  Forth,  at  Mus- 

sel  b<yqH^^  jaaji^npSS 

Esk,  Nor tli  and  South,  two  rivers  in 
the  shire  of  Angus,  which  rise  to  the 
Grampian  hills.  The  former  divides  the 
county  from  Kincardineshire  for  several 
miles,  and  falls  into  the  German  Ocean 
about  four  miles  N  of  Montrose.  The 
latter  after  traversing  the  whole  breadth 
of  the  county,  falls  into  the  bason  on  the 
W  of  the  same  town. 

Eskclale,  the  most,  easterly  division  of 
Dumfriesshire,  so  named  from  the  river 
Esk  which  flows  through  it. 

Edingen,  a  large  imperial  city  of  Sua- 
bia,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirteinburg.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Neckar,  eight,  miles  SE  of 
Stutgard-.    Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  48  47  N. 

Esne,  Asne,  or  Essemnj,  a  large  town  of 
Upper  Egypt,  on  the  Nile,  supposed  to 
be  the  ancient  Syena,  but  Norden  thinks 
it  was  Latopolis.  A  mile  to  the  S  is  the 
monastery  of  St.  Helen,  by  whom  some 
say  it  was  founded  ;  it  now  appears  to 
have  been  a  large  burying-ground,  and 
there  are  many  magnificent  tombs  in  it. 
Esne  lies  near  the  grand  cataract  of  the 
Nile.   Lon.  31  40  E,  lat.  24  46  N. 

Esperie,  a  town  of  Hungary,  near 
which  are  some  famous  salt  mines.  It  is 
22  miles  N  of  Caschaw.  Lon.  21  38  E, 
lat.  49  5  N. 

Espernon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Rcauce,  seated  on  the  Guesle, 
12  miles  NE  of  Chartres.  Lon.  1  44  E, 
lat.  48  36  N. 

Espiers,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
where  a  river  of  the  same  name,  falls  in- 
to the  Scheldt,  eight  miles  N  of  Tour- 
nay.    Lon.  3  25  E,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Esquimaux,  a  people  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, chiefly  inhabiting  Labrador.  They 
have  no  fixed  abode,  but  rove  from  place 
to  place,  and  sometimes  come  as  far  S  as 
Newfoundland.  They  are  of  a  different, 
race  from  the  other  native  Americans  ; 
for,  as  they  have  no  beards,  these  have 
them  so  thick  and  large,  that  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  discover  any  feature  of  their 
faces.  They  are  always  well  clothed,  for 
there  is  nothing  to  be  seen  but  part  of 
their  faces  and  their  hands.  They  have 
a  sort  of  shirt,  made  of  the  guts  of  fish, 
with  a  coat  of  bear  or  birds  skins,  and  a 
cap  on  their  head.  They  have  likewise 
breeches  made  of  skin.s,  with  the  hair- 
within,  and  covered  with  furs  without  . 
.They  have  also  two  pair  of  boots,  one 
over  another,  of  the  same  sort  of  skins. 
In  summer,  they  have  nothing  to  co- 


ESS 


EST 


ver  them  in  the  night f  and  in  winter 
they  Iodide  together  promiscuously  in 
caves.  The  women  perform  the  most  la- 
borious offices;  they  pitch  the  tents, 
curry  or  haul  burdens,  make  or  mend 
clothes,  and  cook  the  victuals.  When 
any  thing  is  prepared  for  eating,  the 
wives  and  daughters  of  the  greatest  cap- 
tain in  the  country  are  never  served,  till 
all  the  males,  even  those  in  the  capacity 
of  servants  have  eaten  what  they  think 
proper. 

Esseck,  a  trading  town  of  Sclavonia, 
with  a  strong  castle.  It  has  a  bridge  o- 
vcr  the  marshes,  8865  geometrical  paces 
in  lengtn,  and  15  in  breadth,  with  towers 
at  a  quarter  of  a  mile  distant  from  each 
other,  and  handsomely  railed  on  each 
side.  It  is  a  difficult  pass,  and  there  have 
been  several  battles  fought  here  between 
the  Turks  and  Germans.  There  are  trees 
in  all  the  streets  of  the  town,  which  was 
taken  from  the  Turks  in  1687,  since 
which  time  it  has  continued  in  the  hands 
of  the  house  of  Austria.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Drave,  80  miles  W  by  N  of  Bel- 
grade, and  175  S  bv  E  of  Vienna.  Lon.  19 
58  E,  lat.  45  40  N.- 

Essen,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  formerly 
imperial,  but  now  subject  to  the  abbess 
of  Essen.  It  is  eight  miles  E  of  Duisburg. 
Lon.  7  4E,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Essequebo.    See  Tsteqnibo. 

Essex,  a  populous  county  in  the  state 
of  New  Jersey.    It  is  almost  insulated  by 
the  Passaic  river;  containing  132,00 
acres  of  land,  and  about  25,000  inhabi- 
tants.   The  chief  town  is  Newark. 

Essex,  a  county  of  Virginia,  situated 
between  Rappahannock  and  Mattapom 
rivers  ;  having  Caroline  county  on  the  N, 
and  Middlesex  on  the  S.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  about  10,000,  a  full  moiety  be- 
ing slaves. 

Essex,  a  maritime,  northern  county  of 
Massachusetts  ;  bounded  on  the  N  and 
W  by  New  Hampshire ;  on  the  E  by  the 
Atlantic  ocean  ;  and  on  the  S  by  Middle- 
sex. It  is  very  populous,  and  contains 
62,000  inhabitants.  The  capital  is  Sa- 
lem ;  lat.  42  32  N,  and  lon.  71  W. 

Essex,  a  county  of  Vermont,  situated 
in  the  NE  corner  of  the  state,  joining 
Canada,  in  the  north,  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, in  the  east.  It  contains  about 
450,000  acres  of  land,  and  1600  inhabitants. 

Essex,  a  mountainous  county,  in  the 
state  of  New-York,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Franklin  and  Clinton  counties  ;  on  the 
E  by  lake  Champlain  ;  on  the  S  by  Wash- 
ington ;  and  W  by  Montgomery  and 
Franklin  counties.  It  contains  11  town- 
ships and  9525  inhabitants. 

Essex^  a  county  of  England,  bounded 


on  the  N  by  the  Stour,  which  separates 
it  from  Suffolk  and  Cambridgeshire  ;  on 
the  E  by  the  German  sea ;  on  the.  W  by 
Hertfordshire  and  Middlesex ;  and  on 
the  S  by  the  river  Thames.  It  extends 
46  miles  in  lengtb  from  E  to  W,  and  a- 
bout42  in  breadth  from  N  to  S,  and  200 
in  circuit.  This  county  is  in  the  diocese  of 
London,  and  gives  the  title  of  Earl  to  the 
family  of  Capel.  It  is  divided  into  19 
hundreds,  and  contains  27  market  towns, 
and  1100  villages,  with  about  34,800 
houses,  and  208,800  inhabitants.  Its  8W 
part  is  occupied  principally  by  the  two 
forests  of  Epping  and  Hainault:  and  is 
noted  for  its  butter,  which  is  sold  at  a 
high  price  in  London,  under  the  name  of 
Epping-butter.  About  Saffron  Walden, 
the  earth,  after  bearing  saffron  three 
years,  it  is  said  will  produce  good  bar- 
ley for  18  years  successively  without  any 
manure.  Its  produce  which  is  very  plen- 
tiful, consists  of  corn,  most  excellent  saf- 
fron, cattle,  fowl,  fish,  and  particularly 
oysters.  The  air  in  the  inland  part  is 
healthy  :  but  in  the  marshes  near  the  sea 
it  produces  agues,  particularly  in  the 
part  called  the  Hundreds.  However 
heir  fertility  is  very  great,  and  even  the 
higher  grounds  in  this  county  are  very 
fruitful.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Tnames,  Blackwater,"  Coin,  Chelmer, 
Stour,  Crouch,  and  Roding.  Reside 
vast  quantities  of  corn  of  all  kinds,  a- 
:undance  of  calves  are  sent  to  the  Lon- 
'on  market;  also  wild  fowls,  and  oys- 

rs.  The  chief  manufacture  is  baize, 
but  that  ts  not  so  flourishing  as  formerly. 
Chelmsford  is  the  county-town. 

Estaples,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and  late 
province  of  Boulonnois,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Candies,  12  miles  S  of  Bou- 
logne.   Lon.  1  56  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Estapo,  a  strong  town  of  New  Spain, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Tluluc. 
Lon.  103  5  W,  lat.  17  30  N. 

Este,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Paduan, 
15  miles  SW  of  Padtui.  Lon.  12  44  E, 
lat.  45  55  N. 

EsteUa,  an  Episcopal  town  of  Spain, 
n  Navarre,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ega,  15 
niles  W  of  Pampeluna.  Lon.  2  0  W,  lat. 
42  40  N. 

Estepa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
with  an  ancient  castle,  on  a  mountain,  62 
miles  N  bv  W  of  Malaga.  Lon.  4  19  W, 
lat.  37  16  N. 

Eathonia,  or  Revel,  a  government  of 
die  Russian  empire,  bounded  on  the  W 
by  the  Baltic,  on  the  N  by  the  gulf  of 
Finland,  on  the  E  by  Ingria,  and  on  the 
S  by  Livonia. 


ETA 


E  T  N 


Esthertoion,  a  town  of  Dauphin  county, 
Pen: tsvl.ania,  on  the  E  side  of  Susque- 
hammii,  4  miks  N  of  Harrisburg. 

Efthwuiie  Water,  a  hike  in  Lancashire, 
between  Hawkshead  and  Windermere 
Water.  It  is  two  miles  and  a  half  in 
lcngdi,  and  half  a  mile  broad,  intersect- 
ed by  a  peninsula  from  each  side,  jutting 
far  into  the  lake.  Its  banks  are  adorned 
with  villages  and  scattered  houses,  and 
clothed  with  delightful  verdure. 

Estramadura,  a  province  of  Spam,  175 
miles  in  length,  and  100  in  breadth ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Leon  and  Old  Cas- 
tile, on  the  E  by  New  Castile,  on  the  S 
by  Andalusia,  and  on  the  W  by  Portugal. 
It  abounds  with  corn,  wine,  and  fruits  ; 
but  the  air  is  bad  for  foreigners,  on  ac- 
count of  the  excessive  heat.  It  now  makes 
a  part  of  New  Castile. 

Estramadura,  a  province  of  Portugal, 
lying  about  the  mouth  of  the  Tajo  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Beira,  on  the  E  and 
S  by  Alentejo,  and  on  the  W  by  the  At- 
lantic Ocean.  It  abounds  with  wine,  ex- 
cellent oil,  honey,  and  oranges.  Here 
the  oranges  were  first  planted  that  were 
brought  from  China,  and  which  are  known 
by  the  name  of  China  oranges.  Lisbon  is 
the  capital. 

Estravayer,  a  town  of  SwisserJLand,  in 
the  canton  of  Friburg,  with  a  fine  castle, 
seated  on  the  lake  of  Neufchatel.  Lon.  6 
56  a;  lat.  46  55  N. 

Estremos,  a  town  of  Portugal  in  Alen- 
tejo, divided  into  the  upper  town  and 
the  lower.  The  upper  is  commanded  bv 
a  citadel,  on  the  top  of  a  hill,  strongly 
fortified  and  surrounded  by  a  large  ditch. 
The  houses  are  white,  and  the  principal 
are  adorned  with  fine  marble  pillars  : 
here  is  also  a  tower  of  marble,  finely  po- 
lished. The  lower  town  is  the  newest, 
and  has  a  large  square^  in  the  middle  of 
which  is  a  basin.  An  earthen  ware  is 
made  here,  greatly  esteemed  for  its  beau- 
ty and  fine  smell.  The  Portuguese  gain- 
ed a  complete  victory  over  don  John  of 
Austria,  near  this  place,  in  1663.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Terra,  which  falls 
ir.to  the  Tajo,  15  miles  W  of  Badajoz, 
and  75  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  16  W,  lat 
38  44  N. 

Esioecen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
landgravate  of  Hesse-Cassel,  25*miles  SE 
of  Cassel.    Lon.  10  9  E,  lat.  51  11  N. 

Etain,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meuse  and  late  duchy  of  Bar,  15 
miles  NE  of  Verdun.  Lon.  5  35  E,  lat. 
49  15  N. 

Etampes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  isle  of  France,  stated  on  the 
river  Loet  or  Etampes,  which  abounds 


with  crawfish.  It  is  15  miles  E  of  Char- 
tres.    Lon.  2  10  E,  lau  48  30  N. 

Etuya,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  Agra,  situated  on  a 
high  bank  of  the  Jumna.  It  is  a  large, 
but  very  wretched  town,  having  but  two 
tolerable  houses.  It  is  62  miles  SE  of 
Agra.    Lon.  79  25  E,  lat.  26  43  N. 

Ethiopia,  a  name  by  which  a  vast  re- 
gion of  Africa,  has  been  distinguished 
by  some  geographers  who  have  divided 
it  into  Upper  and  Lower  Ethiopia.  The 
first  includes  the  centrical  part  of  Africa, 
under  the  equinoctial  line.  The  second 
contains  what  is  now  called  Nigritia  or 
Xegroland.  As  each  country  will  be  de- 
scribed in  its  proper  place,  it  is  unneces- 
sary further  to  lengthen  this  article. 

Etienne,  St.,  a  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Rhone  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Forez,  remarkable  for  its 
manufactures  in  iron  and  steel,  for  the 
tempering  of  which,  the  water  of  the 
brook  Eurtns,  on  which  it  is  seated  is 
extremely  good.  It  carries  on  likewise 
a  considerable  manufacture  of  ribands. 
Coal  is  found  in  its  neighbourhood,  and 
also  a  soft  stone  fit  for  grindstones.  Its 
merchandise  is  conveyed  to  Paris,  Nantes, 
und  Dunkirk,  by  the  Loire,  which  begins 
to  be  navigable  for  small  barges  at  St. 
Lambcro.  St.  Etienne  is  22  miles  SE  of 
Fuers,  and  260  S  by  E  of  Parlsf  Lon.  4 
30  E,  lat.  45  22  N. 

Etlingen,  an  ancient  town  of  Suabia, 
in  the  maryravate  of  Baden-Dourlach, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Wirim, 
and  Eritz,  three  miles  S  of  Dourlach. 
Lon,  9  30  E,  lat.  48  59  N. 

Etna,  Jlfouvt,  a  volcano  of  Sicily,  now- 
called  Gibel  by  the  inhabitants.  It  is  63 
miles  in  circumference  at  the  base,  and 
10,954  feet  in  height.  But  travellers 
vary  greatly  in  their  accounts  both  of  its 
h<  ight  and  circumference.  This  moun- 
tain is  famous  from  the  remotest  anti- 
quity, both  for  its  bulk  and  terrible 
eruptions,  stands  in  the  eastern  part  of 
she  island,  in  a  very  extensive  plain. 
This  single  mountain  affords  an  epitome 
of  the  different  climates  throughout  the 
whole  world  :  towards  the  foot  it  is  very 
hot;  farther  up,  more  temperate;  and 
grows  gradually  more  and  more  cold  the 
higher  we  ascend.  At  the  very  top,  it  is 
perpetually  covered  with  snow;  ftom 
thence  the  whole  island  is  supplied  with 
that  article  so  necessary  in  a  hot  climate. 
Great  quantities  of  snow  and.  ice  are  like- 
vise  exported  to  Malta  and  Italy,  mak- 
ing a  considerable  branch  of  commerce. 
In  the  middle  of  the  snowy  regions  stands 
the  great  crater,  or  mouth  of  Etna.  It  is 
a  little  mountain  about  a  quarter  of  a 


E  U 


E  U  P 


mile  perpendicular,  and  very  steep,  si- 
tuated in  the  middle  of  a  gently  inclin- 
ing- plain,  of  about  nine  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  is  entirely  formed  of  stones 
and  ashes;  which  as  Mr.  Hamilton  was 
informed  by  several  people  of  Catania, 
had  been  thrown  up  2.5  or  30  years  be- 
fore the  time  (1769)  he  visited  Mount 
Etna.  In  the  middle  of  the  little  moun- 
tain is  a  hollow,  about  20  miles  and  a 
half  in  circumference.  It  goes  shelving 
down,  from  the  top,  like  an  inverted 
cone.  In  the  middle  of  this  funnel  is  the 
tremendous  and  unfathomable  gulph,  so 
much  celebrated  in  all  ages.  From  this 
gulph  continually  issue  terrible  and  con- 
fused noises,  which  in  eruptions  are  in- 
creased to  such  a  degree  as  to  be  heard 
at  a  prodigious  distance.  The  first  erup- 
tion of  Etna,  on  record,  is  that  mention- 
ed by  Diodorus  Siculus,  without  fixing 
the  period  when  it  happened;  but  the 
second,  recorded  by  Thucydides,  was  in 
the  year  734  B  C.  From  this  period  to 
the  year  1447,  there  were  18  more  erup- 
tions. After  this  it  ceased  to  emit  fire 
near  90  years.  The  next  was  in  1536  ; 
others  followed  in  1537,  1567,  1603 
(which  continued  till  1636),  1664  (which 
continued  14  years)  1682,  1686,  1693, 
1755,  1763,  1764,  1766,  1780,  1787,  and 
1794.  Of  all  its  eruptions,  that  of  1763 
was  the  most  terrible  ;  it  was  attended 
with, an  earthquake  that  overturned  the 
town  of  Catania,  and  buried  18,000  per- 
sons in  its  ruins.  It  is  10  miles  \V  of  Ca- 
tania. 

Eton,  a  town  of  Bucks  seated  on  the 
Thames,  over  which  is  a  bridge  to  Wind- 
sor. It  is  famous  for  a  school  and  col- 
lege; founded  by  Henry  VI.  and  King's 
college  in  Cambridge  admits  no  other 
students  for  fellows  but  what  have  been 
brought  up  here.  It  is  20  miles  W  of 
London.    Eon.  0  36  W,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Eiruvia,  a  village  in  Staffordshire,  near 
Newcastle.  It  is  the  principal  seat  of  the 
potteries  in  this  county,  and  here  the 
most  elegant  vases  of  every  use  and  form 
are  made. 

Ei,trick,  a  river  in  Selkirkshire,  which 
rises  from  the  mountainous  region  in  the 
SW,  and  having  formed  a  junction  with 
the  Yarrow,  their  united  streams  meet 
the  Tweed,  where  that  river  enters  Rox- 
burgshire.  From  the  woods,  formerly 
on  the  banks  of  this  river,  the  county  ob- 
tained the  name  of  Ei  trick  Forest.  El- 
trick  Banks  arc  the  subject  of  a  pastoral 
Scotch  ditty.  r 

Eu,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  with  a  strong  casile,  and  a 
handsome  square.    The  principal  trade 


is  in  serges  and  lace.  It  is  seated  in  a 
valley,  on  the  river  Brele,  15  miles  NE 
of  Dieppe.  Lon,  1  30  E,  lat.  50  3  v 
Evavx,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Creuse  and  late  province  of 
Marche,  20  miles  from  Mount  Lacon. 
,  Lon.  2  35  E,  lat.  46  13  X. 

Everting,  a  town  of  Germany,  In  the 
circle  of  Austria,  seated  on  the  Danube,  , 
12  miles  W  of  Lintz.    Lon.  13  46  E,  lat. 
48  19  N. 

Evershot,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Friday,  12  miles  N\V  of 
Dorchester,  and  129  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  2  55  W,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Evesham,  a  borough  in  Worcester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  has 
a  manufacture  of  stockings,  is  governed 
by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to 
parliament.  It  is  seated  on  a  gradual 
ascent  from  the  Avon,  which  almost  sur- 
rounds it,  and  over  which  is  a  ptone 
bridge.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its 
abbey,  and  stilL  contains  three  parish 
churches,  y  It  gives  name  to  an  adjacent 
vale,  remarkable  for  producing  plenty  of 
corn.  It  is  14  miles  SE  of  Worcester, 
and  95  NW  of  London.  Lon.  1  45  W,  lat. 
52  4  N. 

Evesham,  a  township  of  Burlington 
coumy,  New  Jersey;  situated  8  miles 
NE  of  Haddonfield,  and  about  16  miles 
E  of  Philadelphia. 

Eugubio,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  duchy  of  Urbino,  35  miles  S  of 
Urbino,  and  87  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  37 
E,  lat.  43  18  X. 

Evian,  a  town  of  Savoy,  in  Chablais, 
on  the  S  side  of  the  lake  of  Geneva,  22 
miles  NE  of  Geneva.  Lon.  6  50  E,  lat. 
46  21  N. 

Evoli,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Principato  Citeriore,  12  miles  E  of  Sa- 
lerno.   Lon.  15  16  E,  lat.  40  46  X. 

Evora,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  ca- 
pital of  Alentejo,  with  an  archbishop's 
see,  and  an  university.  It  is  seated  in  a 
country,  which,  though  a  little  unequal,, 
is  very  pleasant,  surrounded  on  all  sides 
by  mountains,  and  planted  with  large 
trees  of  divers  sorts.'  It  is  65  miles  E 
by  S  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  30  W,  lat.  58  28  XT. 

Euphemia,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Uheriore,  seated  .on  a  bay,  50 
miles  NE  of  Reggio.  Lon.  16  32  E,  lat. 
38  44  N.  "A  . 

Euphrates,  one  of-tbe  most  celebrated 
rivers  in  the  world,  and  the  principal  of 
Turkey  in  Asia.  It  has  its  rise  near  Er- 
zerum,  in  Armenia,  from  two  sources 
that  lie  to  the  eastward,  on  high  moun- 
tains covered  with  snow  almost  the  year 
round.  The  plain  of  Erzerum  is  inclos- 
ed between  these  two  fine  streams,  which, 


EUR 


EXE 


when  united,  are  called  the  Euphrates, 
or  the  Frat.  After  this  junction  it  be- 
gins to  be  navigable  for  boats  ;  but  the 
channel  is  so  rocky,  that  the  navigatioi 
is  not  safe.  It  first  divides?  Armeni%froit, 
Natplia,  then  Syria  from  Dim-beck;  after 
which  it  runs  through  Irac-Arabia,  and 
receives  the  Tigris  on  the  confines  of  the 
Persian  province  of  Kusis'.an  :  it  then 
Waters  Bussarah,  and  40  miles  SR  of  1. 
i  nters  the  gulf  of  Persia.  It  is  also  til. 
NE  boundary  of  the  great  desert  p* 
Arabia.         ;!«^^§^fc  Jfafcyi 

Eure,  a  department  of  France,  whic' 
includes  part  of  ;he  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy.   *fr    JU-  VHMf 

Eure  and  Loire,  a  department  o' 
France,  so  called  from  the  rivers  of  thai 
name.  It  contains  the  late  province  of 
Beauce,  and  its  capital  is  Cliartres. 

Evreux,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
seated  in  the  department  of  Eure.  It  is 
the  capital  of  the  department,  and  it 
cathedral  is  a  handsome  structure.  The 
trade  eonsists  in  corn,  linen,  and  wool- 
len cloth ;  and  it  has  a,  manufacture  of 
cotton  velvets,  and  another  of  tick.  Jt  is 
seated  on  the  river  Iton,  25  miles  S  of 
Rouen,  and  55  NW  of  Paris.  Eon.  1  14 
E,  lat.  49  1  N. 

Europe,  one  of  the  four  general  parts 
of  the  world,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
Frozen  Ocean,  on  the  S  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean, on  the  W  by  the  Atlantic  and 
Northern  Ocean,  and  on  the  E  by  Asia. 
From  Cape  St.  Vincent  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Oby,  it  is  near  3,600 miles  in  length; 
and  from  Cape  Matapan  in  the  Mbrea, 
to  the  North  cape  in  Lapland,  abolft 
2,2  JO  in  breadth.  It  is  much  less  than 
either  Asia  or  Africa,  but  surpasses  them 
in  many  particulars.  It  is  entirely  within 
the  tempe  rate  zone^  except  a  small  part 
of  \~orw.u  and  Russia  ;  so  that  there  is 
ne'ther  the  ex<  essive  heat,  nor  the  in- 
supportable cold,  of  the  other  parts  of 
the  continent.  It  is  much  more  popu- 
lous, and  better  cultivated,  than  either 
Asia,  or  Africa;  is  fuller  .kof  villages, 
towns,  and  ^ics,  and  thebuildings  arc 
stronger,  mofllelegant  and  commodious. 
The  inhabitants  are  all  whites,  and,  for 
the  most  part,  much  better  made  than 
the  Africans,  or  even  the  Asiatics.  With 
regapd  to  arts  and  sciences,  there  is  no 
manner  of  comparison  ;  nor  yet  in  trad,-, 
navigation*  and  war.  Europe  contains 
Norway,  Sweden,  Denmark,  Great  Bri- 
tain, Ireland,  France,  Germany,  Prus-J 
:->>.:i,  Poland,  Spain,  Italy,  Portugal,  Hun- j 
gary,  Swisserland,  aiidpart  of  Russia  and 
Turkey,  beside  several  islands  in  the 
Mediterranean,  rmd  elsewhere.  The  lan- 
guages arc  the  Ital&n,  French,  Spanish, 


and  Portuguese,  which  are  dialects  of 
the  Latin  :  the  German,  Flemish,  Dutch, 

iwedish,  Danish,  and  English,  which 
proceed' from  the  Teutonic  :  the  Sclavo- 

:ian,  which  reigns  (though  in  disguise) 

>.  Poland,  Russia,  Bohemia,  and  a  great 
part  of  Turkey  in  Europe:  the  Celuc,  of 

vhich  there  are  dialects  in  Wales,  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland,  Ireland,  ISretagne 
in  France,  ai  d  Lapland :  the  modern 
Greek,  and  several  others.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Danube,  Dniester* 
Dnieper,  Vistula,  Volga,  Dwina,  Bog, 
Oby,  Don,  Scheldt,  Rhine,  Rhon.  ,  Seine, 
Loire,  Garonne,  Groyne,  Tajo,  Thames, 

nd  Severn.    The  principal  lakes  are 

hose  of  Constance,  Geneva,  Lausanne, 
Warner,  Ladoga,  and  Onega.  The  chief 
mountains  are  the  Alps,  Appennines,  and 
Pyrenees.  The  prevailing  religion  is  the 
'Jhristian,  divided  into  the  Greek,  Ho- 
inish,  and  Protestant  churches.  There 
are  also  Jews  in  every  country,  and  Ma- 
hometan ism  is  the  established  religion 
of  the  Turks Jj&iRjjg 

Euntatia,  St.,  one  of  the  smallest  of 
the  Leeward  Islands  in  the  West  Indies. 
It  is  a  mountain  in  the  form  of  a  sugar - 
loafj  whose  top  is  holiowj  and  lies  to  the 
NTW  of  St.  Christopher.  It  was  taken 
from  the  Dutch  by  the  English  in  1781 ; 
"but  was  afterwards  taken  by  the  French^ 
and  restored  to  the  Dutch  in  1783$Lon. 
63  10  W,  Int.  17  29  X. 

Eutim,  a  town  of  Ifoistein,  with  a  cas- 
tle, where  the  bishop  of  Lubec  resides. 
It  is  seven  miles  from  Lubec. 

E%vel,  a  town  in  Surry,  with  a'market 
on  Thursday,  seated  on  a  rivulet  which 
emptied- itself  into  the  Thames,  at  King- 
ston1. ;■  It  is  10  miles  NNE  of  Darking, 
and  13  SSE  of  London.  Lon.  0  15  W,  lat. 
51  26  N. 

Ex,  a  river,  which  rises  in  the  forest 
of  Exmoor,  in  Somersetshire,  and  after 
being  joined  by  several  little  streams, 
leaves  that  county,  below  Dulverton,  and 
runs  to  Tiverton,  Exeter,  and  Topsham,, 
from  whence  it  forms  an  estuary,  which 
terminates  in  the  English  Channel,  at 
Exmouth,  lifter:  a  Course  of  40  miles. 

Exeter,  the  capital  city  of  Devonshire, 
■situated  on  the  river  Ex,  10  miles  N  of 
the  British  channel.  It  is  large,  popu- 
lous, and  wealthy,  with  gates,  walls,  and 
suburbs  ;  the  circumference  of  the  whole 
is  ..bout  three  miles.  It  is  the  see  of  a 
bishop,  transferred  hither  from  Credi- 
ton,  by  Edward  the  Confessor;  and  is 
one  of  the  principal  cities  in  ihe  king- 
dom for  its  buddings,  wealth,  and  num- 
ber of  its  inhabitants.  It  had  six  gates, 
besides  many  turrets,  several  of  which 
are  now  pulled  down.  Besides  chapels  ' 
E  F, 


EXE 


FAB 


and  five  large  meeting-houses,  there  are 
now  15  churches  within  die  walls,  and 
lour  without.  St.  Peter's,  the  cathedral, 
is  a  magnificent  pile;  though  little  now 
remains  of  the  ancient  fabric  of  the 
church,  except  that  part  which  is  called 
Our  Lady's  Chapel.  A  niost  beautiful 
modern  painted  glass  window  has  been 
lately  erected  at  the  western  end  of  the 
cathedral,  the  eastern  end  having  before 
a  remarkable  fine  antique  one.  In  the 
other  windows  there  is  much  fine  ancient 
painted  glass.  The  altar  is  remarkable 
for  its  beautiful  design  and  execution. 
The  grand  western  end  of  the  church  is 
most  magnificently  adorned  with  the 
statues  of  the  patriarchs,  &c.  The  Chap- 
ter-house was  built  in  1439.  The  beau- 
tiful throne  for  die  bishop  was  construct- 
ed about  1476,  and  is  said  to  be  -the 
grandest  of  the  kind  in  Britain.  Ships 
of  burden  formerly  came  up  to  this  city's 
but  the  navigation  was  almost  destroyed 
by  Henry  Courtney,  earl  of  Devoir,  and 
though  repaired,  could  not  be  restored' 
to  its  former  state.  Its  port,  therefore, 
is  at  Topsham,  five  miles  below.  It  n'as 
33  companies  of  tradesmen,  a  manufac- 
ture of  serges  and  other  woollen  goods 
an  extensive  foreign  and  domestic  com- 
merce, and  a  share  in  the  fisheries  of 
Newfoundland  and  Greenland.  It  is  M- 
icrned'by  a  mayory  sends  two  members 
t  .  parliament,  and,  is  68  miles  SW  of 
Bristol,  and  173  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
3  33  W,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Exeter,  a  t  iwn  of  North  Carolina,  on 
the  NE  branch  of  Cape  Fear  Rivei^SO 
miles  N  of  Wilmington^ 

Exeter,  an  ancient  town  in  Rocking- 
ham county,  New  Hampshire,  settled  ;  ,s 
early  as  1637.  It  is  a  post  town,  and 
seaport,  next  in  importance'  to  Ports- 
mouth, and  lies  in  the  lat;' of  43  N  and 
lon.  of  71  W. — This  town  is  famous  i.< 
the  annals  of  New  England,  as  the  #ssy- 
lum  of  the  Rev.  John  WheelwTighUjyvhen 
he  was  disfranchised  and  banished  by 
the  government  of  Massachusetts-for  l&s 
religious  opinions. 

t'lxeter,.,*  .ownship '  of  Kent  county, 
Rhode  Island.  It  is  situated  on  the  head 
branches  of  Wood  river,  and  is  bounded 
by  the  line  which  divides  this  state  from 
Connecticut  in  the.  W,  by  North  King- 
ston in  the  E,  by  West  Greenwich  in 
the  N,  and  by  Richmond  and  Hopkentorr 
in  the  S.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated 
at  2500.  '    ■.  * 

Exeter,  a  town  of  Otsego  county  New 
York,  containing  1420  inhabitants,  by  the 
census  of  1810. 

Exeter,  a  township  of  Berks  count)', 
••Pennsylvania,,  situated  5  miles  SE  of  the 


borough  of  Reading,  on  the  NE  side  or 
Schuylkill.   It  contains  1000  inhabitants. 

Exilla,  a  strong  fort  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  the  Upper,  Alps, 
lately* in  the  province  of  Dauphiny.  It 
was  taken  by  the  duke  of  Savoy  n  1708, 
but  restored  by  the  treaty  of  Uirecht.  It 
is  an  important  passage,  six  niks  W  of 
Suza,  and  40  NE  of  EmbrunT  ,3 

Exinoor,  a  fore.-t  in  Somersetshire,  in 
the  NttLcorner  of  that  county,  extend- 
ing thence  into  Devonshire. 

Exmoutli,  a  village  in  Devonshire,  on 
the  E  side  of  the  ba\  which  forms  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Ex,  10  miles  S  by  E 
of  Exeter.  It  is  much  frequented  for  the 
benefit  of  sea-bathing.  :  ^^^iF* 

Eye,  a  borough  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  has  the  ruins  of 
a  castle  4ind  a  Benedictine  abbey.  It  is 
a  mean  built  place,  with  narrow  streets  ; 
the  chief  manufacture  is  bonelace  and 
spinning.  It  is  20  miles  N  of  Ipswich, 
and  91  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  10  E,  lat. 
52  20  N. 

Eye,  a  river,  which  rises  in  the  NW  of 
Be  wickshire,  and  falls  into  the  British 
Ocean  at  Eyemouth; 

Eyemouth,  a  seaport  in  Berwickshire 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Eye,  formerly  for- 
ified  to  curb  the  garrison  of  Berwick 
from  which  it  is  distant  nine  miles'.  Lon. 
1  50  W,  lat.  55  51  \T. 

ilyesdule,  a  sin;  11  island  on  the  coast 
of  Argpeshire,  to  the  SE  of  Mull.  It  is 
noted  for  its  slate',  quarries. 

Eyndhoven,  a  town  of  Dutch  Brabant  , 
in  the  district  of  Bois-le-Duc,  at  the  con 
flue  nee  of  the  Eynds  and  Dommel,  13 
miles  SE  of  Bois-le-Duc.    Lon.  5  26  E, 
lafc  51  31  N. 

Eysoch,  a  river  of  the  bishopric^,  of 
Hrixen,  which  waters  the  town  of  that 
name,  and  falls  into  the  Adige  below 


FAABOJiG,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  on 
the  S  coast  of  the  island  of  Funen.  Lon. 
10  16  E,  lat.  55  12  N. 

Fnbius,  a  post  town  in  Onnndago  coun- 
ty, New  York.  It  is  situated  on"  the 
head  spring's  of  Chenango  liver,  148 
miles  W  of  Albany,  and  contains  1865  in- 
bab  Hants] 

Fal'iano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  mar- 
quisite  of  Ancona,  famous  for  its  good 


F  A  I 


FAL 


paper.  It  is  25  miles  NE  of  Foligni.  I  Fairhaven,  a  post  town  of  Vermont,  in 
Lon.  12  32  E,  lat.  43  10  N.  ¥s.      Rutjaod  county,  18  miles  W  of  Rutland, 

Faenza,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  |  and  50  N  of  Benningion,  with  about  450 
Romagna,  with  a  bishop's  see.    It  is  fa-  •  inhabitants. 

mous  for  fine  earthen  ware,  invented !  Fair  Isle,  an  island  of  the  Northern 
here;  and  is  seared  on  the  river  Aniona,  Ocean,  between  Shetland  and  Orkney, 
12  miles  SW  of  Ravenna.  j  from  both  which  its  high  towering  rocks 

Frfhlun,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of;  are  visible.  On  the  E  side,  the  duke  of 
Dalecarha,  situate  in  the  midst  of  rocks  Medina  Sidonia,  admiral  of  the  Spanish 


and  hills,  between  the  lakes  of  Run  and 
Warpen.  It  contains  two  churches,  and 
(including-  the  miners)  7000  inhabitants, 
whose  houses  are  generally  of  wood,  two 
stories  high.  It  is  chiefly  celebrated  for 
its  copper  mine,  which  is  on  the  E  side 
of  the  town.  It  is  30  miles  NW  of  Hede- 
mora.    Lon.  16  42  E,  lat.  60  34  N. 

Fairfax,  a  populous  county  in  the  state 
of  Virginia;  situated  on  the  S\Y  side  of 
Potowmac  river,  nearly  opposite  the  dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  it  contains  about 
15,000  inhabitants,  mere  than  one  third 
slav,       The  capital,  Alexandria. 

Fairfax,  a  post  town  of  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Vermont ;  situated  about  nine  miles 
eas  ward  from  lake  Champlain,  and  con- 
taining about  800  inhabitants. 

Fairfield,  a  town  of  Connecticut,  seat- 
ed near  the  Sea,  100  miles  SW  of  Bos- 
ton.   Lon.  73  30  W,  lat.  41  12  N. 

Fairjield,  a  town  of  Vermont,  near  the 
borders  of  Canada ;  situated  in  Franklin 
county,  about  10  miles  to  the  E  of  lake 
Champlain.  Here  is  a  post-office  573 
miles  from  Washington. 

Fairfield,  one  of  the  maritime  counties 
of  Conncctimt.  It  is  situated  on  Long  Is- 
land sound  on  the  S,  on'the  E  it  is  bounded 
by  Stratford  river,  and  on  the  W  by  the 
state  of  New  York.  It  contains  12  town- 
ships, and  about  40,000  inhabitants. 

Fairfield,  a  county  of  Camden  district, 
South  Carolina ;  it  is  situated  between 
the  Waberce  and  Broad  rivers,  about  30 
miles  northward  from  Columbia.  It  con- 
tains 10,000  inhabitants.  The  principal 
town  Winn  borough. 

Fairfield,  a  township  of  Ilcrkemer coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  27'j-')  inhabi- 
tants, &c.  about  76  miles  westward  of 
Albany. 

Fairfield,  the  principal  town  of  Fair- 
field county,  Connecticut,  lying  about 
20  miles  SW  of  New  Haven,  in  the  lat.  of 
41  10  N  and  73  \Y\ 

Fairford,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  The  church 
has  28  large  windows,  curiously  painted 
with -"scripture  histories,  in  beautiful  co-- 
lours,  and  designed  by  the  famous  Albert 
Durer.  It  is  seated  on  the  Coin,  25  miles 
SE  of  Gloucester,  and  80  W  by  N  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  44  W,  lat.  51  40  X.  M  5 

m  3k    ''IB  Jim, /  32^<L j'TI 


armada,  was  wrecked  on  1588. 

Faimtosh,  a  small  village  in  Ross-shire, 
Scotland,  the  proprietor  of  which  had 
formerly  the  privilege  of  disvilling  mult 
spirits  tree  of  duty. 

Faisans,  an  island  in  the  river  Bidas- 
soa,  which  separates  France  from  Spain. 
It  is  also  called  the  isle  of  Conference, 
because  Lewis  XIV.  and  Philip  IV.  here 
swore  to  observe  the  peace  of  the  Pyre- 
nees, in  1660,  after  24  conferences  be- 
tween their  ministers.  Here  also  the 
hostages  of  France  and  Spain  are  receiv- 
ed and  delivered  ;  this  being  a  neutral 
island,  the  sole  dominion  of  which  can 
be  claimed  by  neither  kingdom.  It  is  si- 
tuated between  Andaye  and  Fontarabia. 
Lon.  1  46  W,  lat.  43  2u  N. 

Fakenham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  situated  on  a 
hill,  20  miles  NW  of  Norwich,  and  110 
NNE  of  London.  Lon.  0  58  E,  lat.  52 
53  n: 

Falaise,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Calvados  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  with  a  castle,  and  one  of 
the  finest  towers  in  France.  It  is  remark- 
able for  being  the  birthplace  of  William 
the  Conqueror.  It  has  a  good  trade  in 
serges,  linen,  and  lace ;  and  its  fair, 
which  begins  on  August  16,  is  the  most 
famous  in  Fi  ance,  next  to  that  of  Beao- 
eare.  Ii  is  seated  on  the  river  Ante,  20 
miles  SE  of  Caen,  and  115  W  of  Paris- 
Lon.  0  2  W,  lat.  48  35  N. 

Fallcrwfieldy  E  and  W,  two  township.3 
of  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania.  They 
are  contiguous,  and  are  situated  on  .  the 
W  branch  of  the  river  Brandy  wine,  about 
40  miles  W  of  Philadelphia. 

Falkcnberg,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  on 
the  Baltic,  17  miles  NW  of  Helmstadt. 
Lon.  12  50  E,  lat.  56  52  N.  - 

Fatkenburcf,  a  strong  town  of  Germany^ 
in  the  new  marche  of  Brandenburg, 
seated  on  the  river  Traje,  60  miles  E  of 
Stetin.    Lon.  15  58  E,  lat.  53  35  N. 

Falkipglmm,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday,  18  miles  W 
bv  S  of  Boston,  and  104  N  of  London. 
Lon.  0  20  W,  lat.  52  48  N. 

Falkirk,  a  town  in  Stirlingshire,  re- 
markable for  a  battle  gained  by  Edward 
I.  over  the  Scots  in  1298,  and  where  the 


FAL 


FAR 


highUnders  in  1~46  defeated  the  king's 
J  wees.  It  a  ch  efly  supported  by  the 
i  veat  markets  for  Highland  cattle,  called 

Try  ts,  which  are  held  in  its  neighbour- 
hoo  thrice  a  ye:  r  :  15,000  head  of  cattle 
sre  sometimes  sold  at  one  tryst,  which 
for  the  most  part,  arc  sent  to  England. 
It  is  9  miles  S  of  Stirling'.  Lon.  4  58  W, 
lat.  55  57  N. 

Falkl.ind,  a  small  town  in  Fifesh.ire, 
made  a  royal  borough  by  James  II.  in 
1158.  It  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  one  of 
the  beautiful  green  hills  called  tive  Lo- 
monds.  Here  is  a  royal  palace  whose 
magnificent  ruins  evince  its  former  ele- 
gance. Falkland  has  some  linen  manu- 
facture, but  its  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
employed  in  agriculture.  It  is  20  miles 
N  of  Edinburgh.  Eon.  3  7  W,  lat.  56 
18  N. 

Falkland  Inlands,  near  the  straits  of  Ma- 
gellan, ,n  S  America,  discovered  by  Sir 
Itii  hard  Hawkins,  in  1594.  In  1764.  com- 
mo  lore  Byron  was  sent  by  lord  Egmont 
to  take  possession  of  them,  and  he  made 
a  settlement  on  a  part  which  he  called 
Port  Egmont.  Though  this  was  then 
thought  to  be  a  very  valuable  possession, 
yet  it  was  totally  deserted  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1774,  owing  to  some  applications 
by  the  Spanish  court.  In  1770,  the  Spa- 
niards forcibly  dispossessed  the  English, 
which  produced  an  armament  on  the  part 
of  the  British  court;  but  the  affair  was 
settled  by  a  convention,  and  the  English 
regained  possession  :  however,  in  1774,  it 
was  abandoned.    I  o  .CO  IV,  lat.  52  S. 

Falmouth,  a  corporate  town  and  seaport 
in  Cornwall,  situated  where  the  river 
Fale  runs  into  the  English  Channel  The 
harbour  is  so  extensive  and  commodiois 
that  ships  of  the  greatest  burden  come 
up  to  the  quay.  It  is  guarded  by  the 
castle  of  Maires  and  Pendennis,  on  a  high 
rock  at  the  entrance,  and  there  is,  such 
excellent  shelter  in  the  many  creeks  be- 
longing to  it,  that  the  whole  royal  navy 
might  ride  safe  here  in  any  wind.  It  is 
governed  by  a  mayor ;  and  is  a  town  of 
great  traffic,  much  improved  by  its  being 
the  station  of  the  packets  to  Spain,  Por- 
tugal and  America.  It  is  268  miles  WS 
W  of  London.  Lon.  5  2  W,  lat.  50  8  N. 

Falmouth,  a  seaport  town  of  Barnsta- 
ble county,  Massachusetts  ;  situated  at 
the  SW  end  of  the  peninsula  of  Barnsta- 
ble, 18  miles  S  by  W  of  Sandwich,  and 
41  S  of  Plymouth. 

Falmouth,  a  post  to^  n  in  Cumberland 
county,  Maine,  five  miles  NW  of  Port- 
land. 

Falmouth,  a  town  of  Stafford  county, 
Virguua ;  situated  on  the.  >J  side  of  the 


river  Rappahannock,  opposite  to  Frede- 
ricksburg, 70  miles  N  of  Richmond,  and 
60  S  by  W  of  Washington. 

False  Baij,  a  bay  E  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  frequented  during  he  prevalence 
of  the  2S"W  winds  which  begin  in  Mav. 
Lon.  18  33  E,  lat.  34  10  S. 

False  Cape,  E  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Lon.  18  44  E,  lat.  34  16  S. 

Falster,  a  little  island  of  Denmark,  near 
the  entrance  of  the  Baltic,  between  the 
islands  of  Zealand,  Lapland,  and  Mona. 
Nikoping  is  the  capital. 

Fuvuigusta,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Cy- 
prus, with  a  Creek  bishop's  see,  and  a 
harbour,  defended  by  two  forts.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Turks,  in  1570,  after  a  siege 
of  six  months,  when  they  flayed  the  Ve- 
netian governor  alive  and  murder<  d  the 
inhabitants,  though  they  surrendered  on 
honourable  terms.  It  is  62  miles  KE  of 
Nicosia.  Lorn  35  55  E,  lat.  35  10  N. 

Famart,  a  tow  n  of  France,  3  miles  S  of 
\  aiencienr.es,  in  the  department  of  the 
North,  where  the  allied  forces  defeated 
the  French  in  1793. 

Famine,  Port,  a  fortress  on  the  NE 
coast  of  the  straits  of  Magellan.  Here  a 
Spanish  garrison  perished  for  w  ant ;  since 
which  it  has  been  neglected.  Lon.  70  20 
W,  lat.  55  44  S. 

Fanatio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mode- 
nese,  25  miles  S  of  Modena.  Lon.  11  18 
E,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Fannet,  a  township  in  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  W 
branch  of  Conegoche:  gue  creek,  between 
Strasburg  and  the  Tuscoiora  mountain. 
It.  contains  1200  inhabitants. 

Fano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Urbino,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Here  are  an 
ancienttriumphaiarch,  handsome  church- 
es, and  fine  palaces.  It  is  seated  on  the 
tfulf  of  Venice,  8  miles  SE  of  Pesaro. 
Lon.  13  5  E,  lat.  43  46  N. 

Faiitin,  a  small  but  populous  kingdom 
of  Africa,  on  the  Gold  Coast  of  Guinea;' 
where  the  English  and  Dutch  have  forts 
Its  palm -wine  is  much  better  and  strong- 
er than  that  in  other  parts  of  the  coast. 
The  principal  village  huus  the  same  name. 

Faquier,  an  ancient  and  populous  coun- 
ty of  Virginia.  It  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  the  blue  ridge,  having  Loudon 
county  on  the  N,  and  Culpepper  on  the. 
S,  70  miles  W  of  Washington.  The  in- 
habitants arc  estimated  at  25,000. 

Farehaw,  a  tow~Q$h  Hampshire,  with  n 
market  on  Wednesday,  12  miles  E  of 
Southampton,  and  74.  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  1  6  W,  lat.  50  55  X. 

F\rre-ive!f,  Cape,  the  most  southerly  pro- 
montory of  Greenland,  at  the  entrance 


I 


FAR 


FE 


of  Davis'  Straits.    Lon.  42  42  W,  lat.  59 

3s  x.  .  vmmKL 

Furetoell,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  the 
island  of  New  Zealand.  Lon.  172  41  E, 
lat.  40  37  S. 

Fargeau,  St.,  an  ancient  town  of  France 
in  tlte  department  of  Yonnc,and  hue  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy,  with  a  rustle  10  miles 
SE  of  Briare,  :<nd  82  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 
8  E,  lat.  47  40  X. 

Farvungton,  a  post  town  in  Kennebec 
county,  Maine  ;  situated  on  Sandy  river, 
with  942  inhabitants. 

Farmington,  a  town  in  Hartford  county, 
Connecticut,  9  miles  westward  from  Har- 
ford. This  is  also  a  post  town,  and  has 
2S00  inhabitants. 

Fannington,  a  township  of  Ontario 
county,  New  York,  205  miles  W  of  Al- 
bany, and  containing-  1900  inhabitants. 
*  •  Furmvillc,  a  town  on  the  X  side  of  Ap- 
pomattox river,  in  Prince  Edward  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  20  miles  SW  of  Cumberland, 
and  72  W  by  S  of  Richmond  the  capital 
of  the  state.  Here  is  a  post  ofhee,  210 
miles  from  Washing-ton. 

Farnhara,  a  town  in  Surry,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday.  It  is  one  of  the  greatest 
wheat  markets  in  England.  It  is  famous 
for  hops,  of  which  there  are  many  plan- 
tations round  the  town.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Wve,  12  miles  W  of  Guildford,  and  39 
WSW  of  London.  Lon.  0  46  \Y,  lat.  51 
16  N. 

Farnham,  a  post  town  in  Richmond, 
Virginia,  distant  159  miles  S  from  the 
city  of  Yv'ashington. 

Fam  Inlands,  two  groups  of. little  is- 
lands and  rocks,  17  in  number,  lying  op- 
posite to  Bamborough  castle  in  Northum- 
berland. At  low  water  the  points  of  se- 
veral others  are  visible  besides  the  17 
just  mentioned.  The  largest  or  House 
island  is  about  one  mile  in  compass,  and 
has  a  fort  and  lig-hthouse.  It  contains 
about  six  or  seven  acres  of  rich  pasture  ; 
and  the  shore  abounds  with  good  coals 
which  are  dug  at  the  ebb  of  tide. 

Faro,  a  seaport  of  Portugal,  in  Algar- 
va,  on  the  gulf  of  Cadiz,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  20  miles  SW  of  Tavira.  Lon.  7  48 
W,  lat.  36  54  X. 

Faro  of  Jlfessina,  the  strait  between  Ita- 
ly and  Sicily  It  is  so  named,  from  the 
faro,  or  lighthouse,  on  Cape  Faro,  and  its 
vicinity  to  Messina. 

Farringdon,  a  town  in  Berks,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, near  the  Thames,  18  miles  W  oi 
Oxford  ;  and  50  W  bv  N  of  London.  Lon. 
1  27  W,  lat.  51  44  X.' 

Farsistan,  a  province  of  Persia,  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  Herman,  on  the  N  by  Irac 
Agemi,  on  the  W  by  Kusistan,  and  on 


+h«  S  by  the  gulf  of  Persia.  It  is  verv 
fertile,  and  famous  for  its  excellent  wines 
called  the  Wines  of  Schiras.  the  capital 
of  this  province.  Here  are  the  ruins  of 
Persepidis.,  perhaps  the  most  magnificent 
m  the  world. 

Fartack,  a  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  at  the 
foot  of  a  cape  of  the  same  same.  Lon'.  51 
25  E,  lat.  15  55  X. 

Fattipour,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  the  pvovince  of  Agra,  where  the 
emperors  of  Hindoostan,  when  in  the  ze- 
nith ot  their  power,  had  a  palace.  It  is 
25  miles  W  of  Agra.    Lon.  77  43  E,  lat. 

Fuvagnana,  a  small  island,  15  miles  in 
compass,  on  the  \V  side  of  Sicily,  with  a 
fort.  Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  38  16  n!" 

Faitquemont,  or  Valkenburg,  a  town  of 
Dutch  Limburg,  on  the  river  Geiile,  7 
miles  E  of  Maestricht.  Lon.  5  50  E,  lat. 
50  52  X. 

Fa-am,  a  township  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania  ;  situated  on  the  S  side  of 
Muddy  Creek,  and  joining  the  divisional 
line  that  separates  this  state  from  Mary- 
land.   It  contains  1500  inhabitants. 

Fayal,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  Western 
Islands,  which  suffered  greatly  bv  an 
earthquake,  in  1764.  Its  capital  is  Villa 
de  Horta. 

Fayence,  a  town  of  Prance,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Var  and  late  province  of  Pro- 
vence, near  the  river  Biason,  10  miles  W 
of  Grasse.    Lon.  6  44  E,  lat.  43  38  N. 

Fayette,  a  post  town  in  Kenntbec  coun- 
ty, Maine,  with  532  inhabitants.  The 
post  office  677  miles  from  Washington. 

Fayette,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  the  Ohio,  on  the  E  by 
Bourbon  county,  and  on  the  SW  by  the 
river  Kentucky.    Lexington  is  the  ( :  pi 
tal. 

Fayette,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  37 
miles  long  and  33  broad.  In  1790,  it  con 
lained  13,325  inhabitants.  Union  is  the 
capital. 

Fauettevitte,  the  principal  town  of  Cum- 
berland county,  North  Carolina  ;  situated 
on  the  W  side  of  the  NW  branch  of  Cape 
Fear  river,  about  60  miles  S  of  Raleigh, 
and  80  XW  of  Wilmington. 

Fe,  Santa,  the  capital  of  New  Mexico 
in  North  America,  and  the  see  of  a  bi- 
shop. It  is  a  nch  and  well  built  city,  si- 
tuated on  the  X  river.  Lon.  108  48  W, 
lat.  36  50  X. 

Fe,  the  capital  of  the  province  of  the 
same  name  in  Terra  Firma,  in  South  A- 
merica,  situated  on  the  river  St.  Martha, 
212  miles  S  of  Carthagena,  and  subject 
to  Spain.    Lat.  7  18  N,  lon.  76  49  W. 

Fe,  Santa,  a  small  place  of  Granada  in 
Spain,  situated  on  the  Xemil,  but  erected 


FEN 


FER 


into  a  city  by  Ferdinand  the  Catholic, 
when  lie  besieged  Granada,  from  which 
it  is  only  ten  miles.    Lat.  37  26  N,  Ion.  3 

47  Ws    -  /  "§3MffJ/l^^B 

Fe,  Santa-de-Bagota,  the  capital  of  New 
Granada  in  Terra  Firma,  in  South  Ame- 
rica, situated  at  the  foot  of  mount  Rago- 
ta,  in  a  very  fertile  country  ;  is  the  see 
of  an  archbishop,  and  the  seat  of  the  go- 
vernor and  the  supreme  courts.  It  lies 
218  miles  S  of  Pampeluna.  Lat.  4  15  N, 
Ion.  73  14  W.  M£ 

Fear,  Cape,  a  cape  of  North  Carolina, 
remarkable  for  a  dangerous  shoal,  called 
from  its  form,  the  Frying  Pan. 

Fear,  Cape  River,  a  river  in  North  Ca- 
rolina, which  opens  into  the  sea  at  Cape 
Fear,  in  about  dat.  33  45.  In  ascending  it 
you  pass  Brunswick  on  the  left,  and 
Wilmington  on  the  right.  The  river  then 
divides  into  NE  and  N  W  branches,  and 
affords  the  best  navigation  in  North  Caro- 
lina. 

Fecamp,  an  ancient  seaport  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Seine  and 
late  province  of  Normandy.  It  had  lately 
a  Benedictine  abbey,  remarkable  for  its 
opulence  and  great  privileges.  The  church 
Is  one  of  the  largest  in  France.  Fecamp  is 
24  miles  NE  of  Havre-de-Grace.    Lon.  0 

23  E;  lat.  49  37  N. 
Feldkirchs,  a  trading  town  of  Germa- 
ny, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  in  Tirol.  It  is  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver 111,  near  its  entrance  into  the  lihine, 
15  miles  E  of  Appenzel.  Lon.  9  49  E, 
lat.  47  10  N.      $  JS/Lfr 

Felicuda,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  in 
the  Mediterranean,  28  miles  W  of  Li- 
pari. 

Felix,  St.  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  NNW  of  Juan  Fernandas.  Lon. 
86  W,  lat.  26  S.  ' 

Fdletin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Creuse,  and  late  province 
of  Marce,  noted  for  its  manufacture  of 
tapestry. 

Fellen,  a  town  in  the  Russian  govern- 
n^c.it  of  Riga,  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  62  miles  SE  of  Revel.  Lon. 

24  5  E,  lat.  58  22  N. 
Feltri,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 

the  Treyisano,  capital  of  a  district  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Asona, 
40  miles  N  of  Padua.  Lon.  11  55  E,  lat. 
46  3  N.  ■ 

Femeren,  a  fertile  island  of  Denmark, 
in  the  Baltic,  three  miles  from  the  coast 
of  Holstein. 

Fenesirelle,  a  town  and  fort  of  Pied- 
mont, in  the  valley  of  the  Vaudois.  It 
was  taken  by  the  duke  of  Savoy,  from  the 
French,  in  1708,  and  ceded  to  him  by  the 


treaty  of  Utrecht.  It  is  18  miles  W  ot 
Turin.  Lon.  7  21  E,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Ferabad,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Mazanderan,  sealed  among  the 
mountains  which  bound  the  Caspian  Sea 
to  the  S,  and  12  miles  from  it.  Shah 
Abbas  often  spent  his  winters  here.  It  is 
130  miles  W  of  Astra  bad.  Lon  53  21  E, 
lat.  37  14  N. 

Ferabad,  a  town  of  Persia,  two  miles 
from  Ispahan,  and  extending  almost  three 
miles  along  the  banks  of  the  Zenderoad.  It 
was  built  by  Shah  Abbas,  who  brought 
the  Armenians  here  from  the  preceding 
town,  after  they  had  revolted  from  the 
Turks. 

Fere,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  and  late  province  of  Pi- 
eardy,  famous  for  its  powder-mill,  and 
school  of  artillery.  Near  this  town  is 
the  castle  of  St.  Gobin,  famous  for  its  ma- 
nufacture of  fine  'plate  glass.  Fere  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Serre  and 
Oise,  20  miles  N  of  Soisons  and  75  NE 
of  Paris.    Lon.  3  25  E,  lat.  49  29  N. 

Ferentino  or  Fiorento,  an  episcopal 
town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Roma,  seat 
e  i  on  a  mountain,  44  miles  SE  of  Rome. 
Lon.  13  27  E,  lat  41  46  N. 

Fcrette,  a  town  of  Alsace,  in  Germany, 
49  miles  S  of  Strasburgh.  Lon.  7  36  E, 
lat.  41  50  N. 

Fermanagh,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  Ulster,  38  miles  in  length, 
and  23  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Donegal  ami  Tyrone,  on  the  E  by  Tyrone 
and  Monaghan,  on  the  S  by  Cavan  and 
Leitrim/  and  on  the  \V  by  Leitrim.  It 
contains  19  parishes,  and  before  the  I- 
rish  Union  sent  four  members  to  the  Irish 
parliament.    Inniskilling  is  the  capital. 

Fermanagh,  a  township  in  Mifflin  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  having  the  Shade 
mountain  on  the  N,  and  Juniata  river  on 
the  S.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
1800.        [_  f 

Fcrm-?,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
marquisate  of  Ancona,  with  an  archbish- 
op's see.  It  is  seated  near  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  17  miles  SE  of  Macerata.  Lort. 
13  50  E,  lat.  43  7  N, 

Fernando,  vYoronha,  an  island  near  the 
coast  of  Brasil,  subject. to  the  Portuguese 
Lbn.  32  33  W,  lat.  3  56  S. 

Fernando  Po,  an  island  of  Africa,  25 
miles  W  of  the  coast  of  Benin.  It  is  30 
miles  long,  and  20  bro/id.  Lon.  3  3  E,  lat. 
3  6N. 

Ferrara,  a  cilyof  Italy,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  in 
an  agreeable  and  fertile  plain,  watered  by 
the  river  Po,  which  is  a  defence  on  one 
side  ;  and  on  the  other  is  encompassed 


FER 


FEV 


by  a  strong1  wall  and  deep  broad  ditches 
full  of  water,  as  well  as  by  a  good  cita- 
del, finished  by  pope  Paul,  lit  the  mid- 
dle of  the  city  is  a  magnificent  castle, 
which  was  .formerly  the  palace  of  the 
dukes,  and  is  not  now  the  least  ornament 
of  Ferrara.  It  is  quite  surrounded  with 
water;  and  the  arsenal,  which  is  near  it, 
deserves  the  observation  of  travellers. 
Over  against  the  palace  is  the  duke's  gar- 
den ;  with  .a  park,  called  Belvidere,  on 
account  of  its  beauty.  Behind  the  gar- 
den there  is  a  palace,  built  with  white 
marble,  called  the  Palace  of  Diamonds, 
because  all  the  stones  are  cut  diamond 
fashion.  Ferrara  had  formerly  a  conside- 
rable trade  ;  but  it  is  now  almost  desert- 
ed, being  very  poor,  insomuch  that  there 
is  hardly  a  person  to  be  seen  in  the 
streets.  The  country  about  it  is  so 
marshy,  that  a  shower  or  two  of  rain  ren- 
ders the  roads  impassable.  Ferrara  Was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1796.  It  is  24 
miles  NE  of  Bologna,  38  NW  of  Ravenna, 
70  N  bv  VV  of  Florence,  and  190  N  oi 
Rome.  'Lon.  12  14  E,  lat.  44  36  ft.  ' 

Ferrara,  the  duchy  of;  a  province  in  the 
pope's  territory,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
the  state  of  Venice,  on  the  W  by  the 
duchies  of  Mantua  and  Mirandoja,  on  the 
S  by  the  Bolognese  and  by  Romania,  of 
which  it  was  formerly  a  part,  and  on  the 
E  by  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  is  50  miles 
in  length,  and  43  in  breadth  along  the 
coast ;  but  grows  narrower  and  narrower 
towards  the  Mantuan.  This  country  is  al- 
most surrounded  by  the  branches  of  the 
Po,  which  of. en  overflow  the  country,  and 
form  the  great  morass  of  Comachia,  which 
has  a  bad  effect  on  the  air.  It  is  thin 
of  people,  and  indifferently  cultivated, 
though  fit  for  corn,  puhe  and  hemp.  The 
l*o  and  the  lake  of  Comachio  yield  a -large 
quantity  of  fish.  Ferrara  is  the  capital 
town  ;  besides  which  there  arc  Arano, 
Comachio,  Magnuvacca,  Belriguardo, 
Cento,  Buendeno,  and  Kicherola. 

Ferrendina,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basili- 
cata,  near  the  river  Br.sianto,  25  miles 
SW  of  Matera.  Lon.  16  34  E,  lat.  40  40  N. 

Ferrishurq-,  a  township  of  Addison 
county,  Vermont,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  lake  Champlaiue,  about  12  miles  X 
of  Crown  Point,  containing  1500  inhabi- 
tants. .  i  ... 

Ferro,  the  most  westerly  of  the  Canary 
Islands,  near  the  African  coast,  where  the 
first  meridian  was  lately  fixed  in  most 
maps.  It  is  a  dry  and  barren  spot,  af- 
fording no  water  except  what  is  supplied 
by  the  fountain-tree,  which  distils  waters 
from  its  leaves  in  such  plenty,  as  to  an- 
swer all  the  purposes  of  the  inhabitants. 
Lon.  1746  W,  lat.  27  47  N. 


Ferro,  Faro,  or  Feroe  Islands,  a  cluster 
of  little  islands,  lying  in  the  iSorthern 
Ocean,  between  61  and  63  N  lat.  and  be- 
tween 5  and  8  W  lon.  They  belong  to 
Denmark.  There  are  17  which  are  habi- 
table ;  each  of  which  is  a  lofty  mountain 
arising  out  of  the  waves,  divided  from 
the  others  by  deep  and  rapid  currents. 
Some  of  them  are  deeply  indented  with 
secure  harbours  ;  all  are  very,steep,  and 
most  of  them  faced  with  most  tremendous 
precipices.  The  surface  of  the  mountains 
consists  of  a  shallow  soil  ol  remarkable 
fertility ;  for  barley,  the  only  corn  sown 
here,  yields  about  20  for  one  ;  and  the 
grass  affords  abundant  pasturage  for 
sheep.  The  exports  are,  salted  mutton, 
and  tallow,  goose-quills,  feathers,  and  ei- 
der-down, and  by  the  industry  of  the  in- 
habitants, knit  woollen  waistcoats,  caps, 
and  stockings.  No  trees  beyond  the  size 
of  juniper  or  stunted  willows  will  grow 
here  ;  nor  are  any  wild  quadrupeds  Lo  be 
met  with  except  rats  or  mice,  originally 
escaped  from  the  shipping.  Vast  quan- 
tities of  sea-fowl  frequent  the  rocks  :  and 
the  taking  of  them  is  a  very  perilous  em  - 
ployment to  the  natives.  Among  the  nu- 
merous whirlpools  of  these  seas,  that  of 
Suderoe,  near  the  island  of  the  same 
name,  is  the  most-noted.  It  is  occasion- 
ed by  a  crater  61  fathoms  in  depth  in  the 
centre,  and  from  50  to  55  on  the'sides. 
The  water  forms  four  fierce  circumgyra- 
tions. The  danger  at  most  times,  espe- 
cially in  storms,  is  very  great.  Ships  are 
irresistibly  dra  wn  in  ;  the  rudder  loses 
its  power;  and  the  waves  beat  as  high 
as  the  "masts  ;  so  that  an  escapees  almost 
miraculous  ;  yet  at  the  reflux,  and  in  very 
still  weather,  the  inhabitants  will' venture 
in  boats  for  the  sake  of  fishing. 

Fcrrol,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Calicia, 
on  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic'.  Its  harbour  is 
one  of  die  best  in  Europe,  for  the  vessels 
lie  safe  from  ail  winds ;  and  here  the  Spa- 
nish squadrons  frequently  rendezvous  in 
time  of  war.  It  is  20  miles  NE  of  Corun- 
na,  and  65  W  of  Rivades.  Lon.  8  4  W, 
lat.  43  30  N. 

F-rte-Alais,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late 
province  of  the  isle  of  France,  18  miles. 
3  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  27  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Ferte- Bernard,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Sarte  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Maine,  seated  on  the  Ituisne,  20 
miles  NE  of  Mans.  Lon.  0  39  E,  lat. 
4-8  8  N.       :  •■^^^ 

Feversham,  a  seaport  in  Kent,  on*  a 
creek  of  the  Medway,  much  frequented 
by  '.small  vessels,  it  is  a  member  of  the 
port  of  Dover,  and  governed  by  a  mayor. 
It  has  a  market  on  Wednesday  and*  Sa- 


F  E  Z 


FE  Z 


turd  ay  ;  and  has  several  gunpowder  mills 
in  its  neighbourhood.  The  London  mar- 
kets arc  supplied  from  hence  wuh  abun- 
dance ol*  apples  and  cherries,  and  the 
best  <»_\siers  for  stewing",  It  is  a  popu- 
lous Hourishing-  place,  consisting'  chief!}' 
of  two  long  broad  streets,  with  a  market- 
house  in  the  centre.  Here  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  stately  abbey,  built  by  kino- 
Stephen  :  and  here  James  II.  attempted 
to  embark,  but  was  stopped  by  the  popu- 
lace. Feversham  is  nine  miles  W  of  Can- 
terbury, and  48  E  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
0  55  E',  lat.  51  22  N. 

Filers,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Rhone  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Forez,  seated  on  the 
Loire,  23  miles  SYVr  of  Lyons. 

Fez,  a  kingdom  of  Barbary,  125  miles 
in  length  and  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the 
W  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  N  by 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  on  the  E  by  Al- 
giers, and  on  the  S  by  Morocco  and  Ta- 
filet.  The  air  is  temperate  and  whole- 
some, and  the  country  full  of  mountains, 
particularly  to  the  W  and  S,  where  mount 
Atlas  lies  ;  but  it  is  populous  and  fertile, 
producing  citrons,  lemons,  oranges,  dates, 
almonds,  olives,  fig's,  raisins,  sugar,  ho- 
ne}', flax,  cotton,  pitch,  and  corn,  in 
abundance.  The  inhabitants  breed  ca- 
mels, beeves,  sheep,  and  the  finest  hor- 
ses in  Barbary. 

Fez,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Fez,  and  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  A- 
frica.  It  is  composed  of  three  towns, 
called  Beleyde,  Old  Fez,  and  Xew  Fez. 
Old  Fez  is  the  most  considerable,  and 
contains  about  80,000  inhabitants.  The 
palaces  are  magnificent,  and  there  are 
700  mosques,  50  of  which  are  very  con- 
siderable, adorned  with  marble  pillars 
and  Ovhcr  ornaments.  The  houses  are 
built  of  brick  or  stone,  and  adorned  with 
mosaic  work;  those  of  brick  are  orna- 
mented with  glazing  and  colours,  like 
Dutch  tiles,  and  the  wood-work  and 
ceilings  are  carved,  painted,  and  gilt. 
The  roofs  are  flat,  and  they  sleep  thereon 
in  the  summer.  There  is  a  court  tocvery 
house,  in  which  are  square  marble  ba- 
sons. Here  are  two  colleges  for  students, 
finely  built  of  marble  and  adorned  with 
paintings;  one  of  these 'has  100  rooms, 
and  the  sides  are  adorned  with  marble 
pillars  of  various  colours,  wher  e  capitals 
are  g-ilt,  and  the  roof  glitters  with  gold, 
azure,  and  purple.  Here  are  many  hos- 
pitals, and  above  100  public  baths,  many 
of  which  are  stately  structures.  All  the 
trades  live  in  a  separate  part  of  the  city : 
and  the  exchange,  full  of  all  sorts  of 
rich  merchandise,  is  as  large  as  a  small 
town.    The  gardens  arc  beautiful,  and 


full  of  all  kinds  of  fragrant  flowers  and 
shrubs,  so  that  the  citv,  in  general,  is  a 
sort  of  terrestrial  paradise.    The  inhabi- 
tants are  clothed  like  the  Turks  :  the  la- 
dies' dress  is  very  expensive  in  the  win- 
ter; but  in  the  summer,  they  wear  no- 
thing but  a  shift.    Fez  is  the  centre  of 
the  trade  of  this  empire  ;  and  hence  ca- 
ravans go  to  Mecca,  cam  ing  read v-made 
.garments,  Cordovan  leather,  indigo,  co- 
chineal, and  ostrich  feathers,  for  which 
they  bring  in  return,  silks,  muslins,  and 
drugs.    Other  caravans  go  to  Tumbuc- 
too,  and  the  river  Niger  :  one  of  which 
consists   of  20,000  men.    They  travel 
over  such  dry  barren  deserts,  that  every 
other  camel  carries  water.    Their  com- 
modities are  salt,  cowries,  wrought  silk, 
British  cloth,  and  the  woollen  manufac- 
tures of  Barbary.  i;Here  are  a  great  num- 
ber of  Jews,  who  have  handsome  syna- 
gogues; but  the  bulk  of  the  inhabitants 
are  Moors,  of  a  tawny  complexion.  Fez 
is  160  miles  S  of  Gibraltar,  and  250  \  1 '. 
of  Morocco.    Lon.  5  5  W,  lat.  33  40  N. 

Fezzan,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Tripoli,  on  the  E  by  deserts 
that  divide  it  from  Egypt,  on  the  S  by 
Bornou,  and  on  the  W  by  the  deserts  of 
Zahara,  lying  between  25  and  30  N  lat. 
It  is  an  extensive  plain,  encompassed  by 
mountains,  except  to  the  W ;  and  to  the 
■nfluence  of  these  heights  it  may  be  ow  - 
ing", that  here,  as  well  as  in  Upper 
Egypt,  Trio  rain  is  ever  known.  Though 
the  character  of  the  surface  (which,  in 
general,  is  a  light  sand)  and  the  want  of 
rain,  may  seem  to  announce  sterility,  yet 
the  spring's  are  so  abundant,  that  few"  of 
the  regions  in  the  N  of  Africa  exhibit  a 
richer  vegetation.  From  wells  of  eight 
or  ten  feet  deep,  with  several  of  which 
every  garden  and  field  is  furnished,  the 
husbandman  waters  the  natural  or  ar'. if: 
productions   of  his  land  ;  among 


hich  are  the  date  tree,  the  olive,  lime, 
apricot,  pomegranate,  fig,  Indian  corn, 
and  barley,  wheat,  pompions  or  c.da  • 
bash,  carrots,  cucumbers,  onions,  and 
garl  c.  Among  the  tame  animals  are  the 
sheep,  cow,  goat,  camel,  and  a  spech  s 
of;  the  domestic  fowl  of  Europe.  The 
wild  animals  are  the  ostrich,  and  ante- 
lopes of  various  kinds  ;  one  of  which  is 
called  the  huaddee,  and  is  celebrated  for 
the  singular  address  with  which,  when 
chased  by  the  hunters,  amid  its  craggy 
heights,  it  plunges  from  the  precipice, 
and  lighting  on  its  hams  without  dan- 
ger of  pursuit,  continues  till  evening  in 
the  vale  below.  The  heat  of  the  climate 
from  April  to  November,  is  so  intense 
that  from  nine  in  the  morning  to  sunset, 
the  streets  are  frequented  by  the  labour- 


F  E  Z 


F  I  G 


ing  people  only:  and,  even  in  the  houses, 
respiration  would  be  difficult,  hut  for 
the  expedient  of  w  etting  the  rooms  ; 
from  , May  to  the  end  of  August,  when 
the  wind*  is  usually  from  the  SE  to  the 
BW,  the  heat  is  often  such  as  to  threaten 
instant  suffocation,  but  if  it  change  to 
1  he  W  or  NW,  a  reviving  freshness  im- 
mediately succeeds.   But  nature  and  cus- 
tom have  formed  their  constitution  to 
such  high  degrees  of  heat,  that  any  ap- 
proach to  the  common  temperament  of 
Europe  entirely  destroys  their  comfort. 
A  multitude  of  noxious  animals  infest 
the  country;  adders,  snakes,  scorpions, 
and  toads,  are  the  constant  inhabitants 
of  the  iields,  gardens,  and  houses ;  the 
air  is  crowded  with  musquitos  ;  and  per- 
sons of  every  rank  are  overrun  with  the 
different  kinds  of  vermin  that  attack  the 
beggars  of  Europe.  The  towns  are  chief- 
ly inhabited  by  husbandmen  and  shep- 
herds :  for,  though  they  also  contain  the 
merchants,  artificers,  ministers  of  reli- 
gion, and  officers  of  government,  yet 
agriculture  and  pasturage  are  the  prin- 
cipal occupations.    The  houses  are  built 
of  clay,  with  a  flat  roof  composed  of 
boughs  of  trees,  on  which  a  quantity  of 
earth  is  laid.    The  natives  are  of  a  deep 
swarthy  complexion ;  their  hair  a  short 
curly  black,  their  lips  thick,  their  noses 
flat  and  broad  ;  and  their  skin  emitting 
a  very  fetid  effluvia  :  they  are  tall,  and 
well -shaped  ;  but.  weakly,  indolent,  and 
inactive.    Their  dress  is  simi*  r  to  that 
of  the  Moors  of  Barbary.    In  their  com- 
mon intercourse,  all  distinctions  of  rank 
seem  forgotten  ;  the  shereef  (or  gover- 
nor) and  the  lowest  plcbian,  the  rich, 
and  the  poor,  the  master  and  the  ser- 
vant, converse  familiarly,  and  eat  and 
drink  together.    Generous  and  hospita- 
ble, let  his  fare  be  scanty  or  abundant, 
the  Fezzanner  is  desirous  that  others 
should  partake  of  it ;  and  if  20  persons 
w  ere  unexpectedly  to  visit  his  dwelling, 
they  must  all  participate  as  far  as  it  will 
go.   When  they  settle  their  money  trans- 
actions, they  squat  upon  the  ground,  and 
having  levelled  a  spot  with  their  hands, 
make  dots  as  they  reckon  ;  if  they  are 
wrong,  they  smooth  the  spot  again,  and 
repeat  the  calculation.    Even  the  bystan- 
ders are  as  eager  to  correct  mistakes  as 
if  the  affair  were  their  own.    Gold  dust 
<  onstitutes  the  chief  medium  of  payment; 
and  value,  in  that  medium,  is  always  ex- 
pressed by  weight.    In  religion  they  are 
rigid,  but  not  intolerant  Mahometans. 
The  government  is  monarchical;  but  its 
powers  are  administered  with  such  re- 
gard to  the  happiness  of  the  people,  the 
rights  of  property  are  so  revered,  the 


,  taxes  so  moderate,  and  justice  is  direct* 
led  by  such  a  iinn,  yet  temperate  hand* 
j  tli at  the  people  are  ardently  attached 
i  to  their  sovereign.  Mourzook  is  the 
Capital. 

FiaiiOf  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  seated  on  the  Tiber, 

1 15  miles  X  of  Home. 

Fiahwa,  a  town  of  Venetian  Istria, 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Carnero,  17  miles 
X  of  Pol  a. 

Fiascone,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  territor}'  of  the  church,  noted  for  fine 
muscadine  wine.  It  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain near  Lake  Bolsena,  12  miles  NW  of 
Yiterbo.    Eon.  12  13  E,  lat.  42  34  N. 

Fichemlolo,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  Ferrarese,  seated  on  the  Po,  12 
miles  W  of  Ferrara.  Lon.  11  31  E,  lat, 
45  6  X. 

Fieranzuoh,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Parmesan,  l'J  miles  SE  of  Placentia.  Lon. 
9  44  E,  lat.  44  59  N. 

Fiezoli,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Florentino,  with  a  bishop's  see,  five  miles 
NE  of  Florence.  Lon.  11  11  E,  lat.  43 
49  X. 

Fif  shire,  a  county  of  Scotland.  It  is 
a  fine  peninsula,  inclosed  between  the 
Forth  and  the  Tay  rivers,  bounded  on 
the  E  by  the  British  or  German  ocean  ; 
on  the  S  by  the  Frith  of  Forth  ;  on  the 
W  by  the  Ochill-hills,  Kinross  and 
Perthshire  ;  and  on  the  X  is  divided  from 
Forfar  by  the  Tay.  It  is  about  36  miles 
long  from  XE  to  SW,  and  about  17 
where  broadest.  The  eastern  part  is  the 
most  level.  The  N  and  S  parts  are  fruit- 
ful in  corn,  and  the  middle  fit  for  pas- 
ture. It  has  plenty  of  black  cattle  and 
sheep,  whose  wool,  is  much  esteemed. 
On  the  S  are  coal  pits,  and  much  salt  is 
made  ;  and  it  produces  crystals  of  vari- 
ous colours,  freestone  and  lead.  It  lias 
several  mineral  Waters,  viz.  Kinghorn, 
Ball.trigy,  &c.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Leven,  and  the  Eden,  which  abound 
with  salmon,  he.  The  co.'tst  is  well 
planted  with  little  towns  that  are  nur- 
series for  seamen  :  and  the  sea  produces 
great  quantities  of  herrings,  &c.  The 
number  of  towns  is  almost' unparalleled, 
in  an  eqiud  tract  of  coast ;  for  the  whole 
shore,  from  Crail  to  Culross,  about  40 
miles,  is  one  continued  chain  of  towns 
and  villages.    Cupar  is  the  county-town. 

Figari,  a  seaport  of  Corsica,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,,  22 
miles  WXW  of  Bonifacio. 

Figeac,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
oartment  of  Lot  and  late  province  of 
Querci,  and  Guienne,  seated  on  the  Sel- 
le,  22  miles  E  of  Cahors,  and  270  S  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  58  E,  lat.  44  32  X. 

Fr 


F  I  N 


F  I  T 


Figueiro-dos-Vinhos,  a  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Estramadura,  seated  among  moun- 
tains, near  the  river  Zizere,  and  remark- 
able tor  its  excellent  vineyards.  It  is  22 
miles  X  of  Tomar.  Lon.  7  45  W,  lat.  39 
49  X. 

Figtieragt  or  St.  Fernando-de-Figueras, 
a  very  strong1  fortress  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 
lonia, which  was  taken  bv  the  French  in 
1794.    Lon.  2  46  B,  lat.  42  18  N. 

Fittech,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the 
county  of  Novigrad,  seated  on  the  Ipol, 
20  miles  from  Agria.  Lon.  19  8  E,  lat. 
48  24  N. 

Final,  a  town  of  Italy,  on  the  coast  of 
Genoa,  with  a  strong  citadel,  two  forts, 
and  a  castle.  It  was  sold  to  the  Genoese, 
by  the  emperor  Charles  VI.  in  1713.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Mediterranean,  and  is 
30  miles  SW  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8  0  E,  lat. 
44  14  N. 

Finale,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mode- 
nese.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the 
French  in  Nov.  1795.  It  is  seated  on  an 
island  formed  by  the  river  Panaro,  22 
miles  NE  of  Modena.  Lon.  11  25  E,  lat. 
44  26  X. 

Fincastle,  a  post  town  of  Boutetourt 
countv,  Virginia,  255  miles  distant  from 
Washington.  In  1800  the  inhabitants 
amounted  to  602. 

Findhorn,  a  fishing  town  in  Murray- 
shire,  at  the  mouth  of  a  bay  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  a  considerable  town  and  has 
a  good  harbour.  It  is  17  miles  W  by  N 
of  Elgin.    Lon.  3  40  W,  lat.  57  45  N". 

Findhorn,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which 
has  its  source  in  Invernesshire,  and  cros- 
sing Nairneshire  and  the  X\V  corner  of 
M  urrayshire,  forms  the  bay  of  Findhorn, 
which  opens  into  the  Frith  of  Murray,  at 
the  town  of  the  same  name. 

Finisterve,  Cape,  the  most  western 
cape,  not  only  of  Spain,  but  of  Europe. 
It  was  thought,  by  the  ancients,  to  have 
no  country  beyond  it,  and  therefore  they 
gave  it  a  name  .which  signifies  the  end  of 
the  earth.    Lon.  9  17  W,  lat.  42  51  N. 

Finintr'rri',  a  department  of  France, 
which  includes  part  of  the  late  province 
of  Bretagne.  Its  name  corresponds  to 
the  English  expression,  the  Land's  End, 
it  being  the  most  westerly  part  of  France. 
Quimper  is  the  capital. 

Finland,  one  of  the  five  general  divi- 
sions of  Sweden,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Bothnia  and  Lapland,  on  the  E  by  Wi- 
burgh,  on  the  S  by  the  gulf  of  Finland, 
nnd  on  the  W  by  that  of  Bothnia.  It  is 
about  200  miles  in  length,  and  as  many 
ni  breadth.  It  has  many  lakes,  in  which 
are  several  islands,  which  are  generally 
rocks  or  inaccessible  mountains.  It  con- 
rains  the  provinces  of  Finland  Proper, 


the  isle  of  (Eland,  Ostrobothnia,  Tavas- 
teland,  Xyland,  Savolax,  and  that  part 
of  the  fiefs  of  Kymene  and  Carelia,  which 
Sweden  has  preserved.  Abo  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Finley,  a  township  of  Washington  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  containing  about  1200 
inhabitants. 

Finmark,  a  part  of  Danish  Lapland,  in 
the  government  of  Wardhuys. 

FtQiida,  an  ancient  town  of  Xatolia,  on 
the  gulf  of  Satalia,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
25  miles  SW  of  Satalia.  Lon.  31  57  E, 
lat.  36  45  N. 

Fiorenzo,  St.  a  seaport  of  Corsica,  on  a 
gulf  of  the  same  name,  seven  miles  W  of 
Bastia.  It  surrendered  to  the  English 
and  Corsicans,  in  1794,  but  has  since  re- 
volted from  England.  Lon.  9  20  E,  lut 
42  35  X. 

Fireplace,  a  post  town  in  Suffolk  coun- 
ty, New  York,  about? 40  miles  NE  of  New- 
York,  and  227  from  Albany. 

Fisher-roiv,  a  village  about  five  miles 
from  Edinburgh.  It  is  seated  on  the  W 
side  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Esk,  and 
has  some  elegant  villas  in  its  vicinity. 

Fishing-creek,  a  township  in  Northum- 
berland county,  Pennsylvania,  which 
takes  its  name  from  a  creek  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  situated  on  the  X  side  of  the 
E  branch  of  Susquehannah.  The  chic  I 
town  is  Berwick. 

Fiskardt,  a  corporate  town  in  Pem- 
brokeshire, with  a  market  on  Friday.  It 
is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  carries  on  a 
good  trade  in  herrings.  It  is  situated 
on  a  steep  cliff,  at  the  influx  of  the  river 
Gwaine,  into  St.  George's  Channel,  which 
here  forms  a  spacious  bav.  It  is  16  miles 
XE  of  St.  D  vid's,  and  242  W  bv  X  of 
London.    Lon.  4  52  W,  lat.  52  4  X. 

Fishkill,  a  post  town  in  dutchess  coun- 
ty, Xew^  York,  61  miles  X  of  the  city  of 
Xew  York,  and  about  the  same  distance 
S  of  Hudson. 

Fish  River,  Great,  a  considerable  river 
if  Africa,  which  rises  in  the  unknown 
interior  regions,  divides  Caffraria  from 
the  country  of  the  Hottentots,  and  falls 
into  the  Indian  Ocean,  in  lat.  30  30  S. 
The  deepest  parts  of  this  river  are  in- 
habited by  the  hippopotamus,  and  the 
adjacent  woods  by  elephants,  rhinoce- 
roses and  buffaloes. 

Fistella,  a  fortified  town  of  Morocco. 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  great  trade  in 
fine  garments.  It  is  i25  miles  XE  of  Mo- 
rocco.   Lon.  5  55  W,  lat.  32  27  X. 

Fitchbnrg,  a  post  town  of  Worcester 
countv,  Massachusetts ;  situated  about 
40  miles  XW  of  Boston,  and  25  X  of 
Worcester.  It  contains  1500  inhabitants. 

Fitz-William,  a  post  town  in  Cheshire 


FLA 


FLI 


county,  New  Hampshire.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S  by  the  line  which  divides  this 
state  from  Massachusetts,  and  contains 
2500  inhabitants. 

Five  Churches,  an  episcopal  town  of 
Hungary,  85  miles  S  of  Buda.    Lon.  18 

13  E,  lat.  46  5  X. 

Fium,  the  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name  in  Egypt.  It  is  very  popu- 
lous, and  the  Cophts  have  a  bishop's  see. 
Here  are  many  ruins  of  magnificent  an- 
cient structures  ;  and  it  has  a  consider- 
able trade  in  flax,  linen,  mats,  raisins, 
and  fig-s.  The  province  contains  a  great 
number  of  canals  and  bridges  built  by 
the  ancient  Egyptians.  The  town  is  seat- 
ed on  a  canal,  that  communicates  with 
the  Nile,  70  miles  SW  of  Cairo.  Lon.  39 
49B,  lat.  29  2  N./Jjg 

Fiume,  or  St.  Yeit,  a  seaport  of  Aus- 
trian Istria,  with  a  castle  and  a  good 
harbour  formed  by  the  river  Fimarna, 
which  enters  the  bay  of  Carnero,  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice.  It  is  very  populous,  not- 
ed for  wine,  good  figs,  and  other  fruits  ; 
and  the  cathedral  is  worth  observation. 
It  is  37  miles  E  of  Capo  d'Istria.  Lon. 

14  46  E,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Flamborovgh  Head,  a  lofty  promontory 
in  Yorkshire,  whose  snow-white  cliffs 
serve  for  a  direction  to  ships.  Its  rocks 
are  occupied  by  innumerable  multitudes 
of  sea-fowls,  which  fill  the  air  and  ocean 
all  around.  It  is  five  miles  E  of  Burling- 
ton.   Lon.  0  4E,  lat  54  9  N. 

Flanders,  a  country  of  the  Netherlands, 
divided  into  Dutch,  Austrian,  and  French 
Flanders  ;  the  last  now  included  in  the 
department  of  the  North  It  is  60  miles 
in  length  and  50  in  breadth;  bounded  on 
the  X  by  the  German  Ocean  and  the 
United  Provinces,  on  the  E  by  Brabant, 
on  the  S  by  Hainault  and  Artois,  and  on 
the  W  by  Artois  and  the  German  Ocean. 
Flanders  Is  perfectly  champaign,  with 
not  a  rising  ground  in  it,  and  watered 
with  many  fine  rivers  and  canals.  Its 
chief  commodities  are  fine  lace,  linen 
and  tapestry. 

Flat  Bush,  a  town  in  King's  county, 
Long  Island,  in  the  state  of  New  York. 
It  is  situated  5  miles  S  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  and  163  of  Albany.  It  was  the 
scene  of  the  first  considerable  field  ac- 
tion bet  ween  the  American  troops  under 
General  Washington,  and  the  British  un- 
der General  Howe.  The  inhabitants  are 
estimated  at  1300. 

flattery,  Cape,  on  the  W  coast  of  N 
America,  so  named  by  Captain  Cook, 
who  discovered  it  in  i788,  because  he 
was  disappointed  at  not  finding  a  har- 
bour.   Lon.  124  57  W,  lat.  48  25  N. 

Flavigrri,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 


partment of  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy.  It  had  before  the  French 
revolution  a  benedictine  abbey.  It  is 
seated  on  a  mountain,  12  miles  E  of  Se- 
mur,  and  140  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  37  E, 
lat.  47  26  N. 

Fleche,  a  town  of  Fiance,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Sarte  and  late  province  of 
Maine.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Loire, 
22  miles  N  of  Angers.  Lon.  0  3  \V,  lat. 
47  39  X. 

Fleet,  a  river  in  Kircudbrightshire ; 
it  winds  through  a  beautiful  \  alley, 
skreened  by  woody  hills,  and  ent<  rs 
Wigton  Bay,  at  Gatehouse.  On  the  AVr 
side  of  this  river  are  the  vestiges  of  a 
camp,  a  druidical  circle,  and  a  vitrified 
fort. 

Fleming,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky. It  is  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Licking  river,  and  extends  from  the  Cum- 
berland mountain  in  the  S  to  the  Ohio 
river  in  the  N.  The  inhabitants  are  es^ 
timated  at  7000. 

Flemington,  a  small  town  in  Hunter- 
don county,  New  Jersey,  about  14  miles 
from  the  river  Delaware,  eastward,  and 
25  W  of  New  Brunswick.  It  has  a  post 
office,  and  possesses  a  considerable  retail 
trade. 

Flendsburg,  a  pretty  large  town  of  Den- 
mark, capital  of  Slcswick,  with  a  strong 
citadel.  It  is  situated  on  a  bay  of  the 
Baltic,  and  has  a  harbour  deep  enough 
for  large  shipping.  It  is  a  place  of  con- 
siderable commerce,  15  miles  XT\V  of 
Sleswick.    Lon.  9  47  E,  lat.  54  50  N. 

Fleurus,  a  village  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands, in  the  province  of  Nanuir,  fa- 
mous for  a  battle  fought  in  its  neighbour- 
hood in  1690,  between  the  French  and 
the  allies.  Here  also  in  June  1794,  the 
Austrians  made  a  general  attack  on  the 
French  posts,  but  were  repulsed.  It  is 
6  miles  NE  of  Charleroy. 

Fieury,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Saone  and  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy,  30  miles  X  of  Cha- 
lons.   Lon.  4  50  E,"  lat.  47  13  X. 

Ftie,  or  Vlieland,  an  island  on  the  coast 
of  Holland,  at  the  middle  of  the  entrance 
of  the  Zuider-Zee. 

Flint,  a  town  in  Flintshire  which  gives 
name  to  the  county,  and  sends  one  mem- 
ber to  parliament ;  but  it  is  a  small  place, 
without  trade,  and  the  assizes  are  held 
at  Mold.  Here  are  the  remains  of  a  cas- 
tle, in  which  Richard  II.  was  delivered 
into  the  hands  of  his  rival,  afterwards 
Henry  IV.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Dee, 
12  miles  W  by  N  of  Chester,  and  193  N 
W  of  London.    Lon.  3  2  W,  lat.  53  16  N. 

Flintshire,  a  county  of  N  Wales,  29 
miles  in  length,  and  12  where  broadest ; 


FLO 


F  L  O 


bounded  on  the  N  and  NE  by  a  bay,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Dec,  which  divides  it 
from  Cheshire  ,  on  the  NW  by  the  Irish 
sea;  on  the  E  by  the  Dee,  which  con- 
tinues to  divide  it  from  Cheshire,  and  on 
th.  S  and  S\V  from  Denbighshire.  Part 
of  Flintshire  extends  on  ihe  E  side  of  the 
Dec,  about  nine  miles  between  Cheshire 
and  Shropshire.  It  is  divided  into  five 
hundreds;  in  which  arc  two  market- 
towns  and  28  parishes,  with  39.  lUO  inha- 
bitants. The  greatest  part  of  this  coun- 
ty lies  in  the  diocese  of  St,  Asaph,  and 
the  rest  belongs  to  that  of  Chester.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  one 
for  she  county  and  one  for  Flint;  and 
pays  one  part  of  the  land  tax.  The  air 
is  cold,  but  healthful.  It  is  full  of  hills, 
intermixed  with  a  few  valleys,  which  are 
very  fruitful,  producing'  some  wheat  and 
plenty  of  rye.  The  cows,  thou:.'!!  small 
yield  a  great  quantity  of  milk  in  propor- 
tion to  their  size,  and  are  excellent  beef. 
The  mountains  are  well  stored  with  lead, 
coal  and  mill  stones.  This  county  ateo 
produces  good  butter,  cheese  and  honey. 

Flint  River,  a  river  of  Georgia,  which 
rises  from  various  heads  in  the  country 
of  the  Creek  Indians,  and,  uniting  with 
the  Chitta-Uchee,  near  the  northern  boun- 
dary of  East  Florida,  forms  the  Appa- 
lachicola.  Thence  the  united  stream 
runs  through  Florida,  and  empties  in  the 
bay  of  Appalachec,  near  the  lat.  of  30  N, 
and  Ion.  of  85  W. 

Flix,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
strong  both  by  art  and  nature.  It  is  built 
on  a  peninsula  in  the  river  Ebro,  where 
it  makes  an  elbow,  which  serves  the  town 
instead  of  a  ditch,  and  may  be  conducted 
quite  round  it.  The  side  where  the  river 
does  not  pass,  is  covered  by  mountains, 
and  defended  by  a  castle  on  an  emi- 
nence ;  and  near  it  is  a  water-fall.  It  is 
20  miles  S  of  Lerida.  Lon.  0  26  E,  lat. 
41  15  N. 

Florence,  the  capital  of  the  duchy  of 
Tuscany,  and  one  of  the  finest  cities  in 
Italy.  It  is  surrounded  on  all  sides  but 
one  with  high  hills,  which  rise  insensi- 
bly, and  at  last  join  the  lofty  mountains 
called  the  Appennines.  Towards  Pisa, 
there  is  a  vast  plain  of  40  miles  in  length  ; 
which  is  so  filled  with  villages  and  plea- 
gurerhouscs,  that  they  seem  to  be  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  suburbs  of  the  city.  In- 
dependent of  the  churches  and  palaces  of 
Florence,  most  of  which  are  very  magni- 
ficent, the  architecture  of  the  houses  in 
general  is  in  a  good  taste  ;  and  the 
streets  are  remarkably  clean,  and  paved 
with  lar<:e  broad  stones  chiseled  so  as  to 
prevent  the  horses  from  sliding.  The  ci- 
ty is  divided,  into  two  unequal  parts  by 


the  river  Arno,  over  which  there  are  no 
less  than  four  bridges  in  sight  of  each 
other.    That  called  the  Ponte  della  Tri- 
nita,  which  is  uncommonly  elegant,  is 
built  entirely  of  white  marble,  and  orna- 
mented with  four  beautiful  statues  re- 
presenting the  Seasons.    The  quays,  the 
building's  on  each  side,  and  the  bridges, 
render  that  part  of  Florence  through  which 
the  river  runs  by  far  the  finest,  Eyery 
corner  of  this  beautiful  city  is  full  of 
wonders  in  the  arts  of  painting,  statuary 
and  architecture.    The  streets,  squares, 
and  fronts  of  the  palaces  are  adorned 
with  a  great  number  of  statues  ;  some  oi 
them  by  the  best  modern  masters,  Mi- 
chael Angelo,  Brandintlii,  DonatellO,  Gio- 
vanni di  Bologna,  P.envenuto  Cellini,  and 
others.  Some  of  the  Florentine  merchants 
formerly  were  men  of  vast  wealth,  and  ~ 
lived  in  a  most  magnificent  manner.  One 
of  them,  about  the  middle  of  the  fifteirfith 
century,  built  that  noble  fabric,  which, 
from  the  name  of  its  founder,  is  still  cal- 
led the  Palazzo  Pitt i.  The  man  was  ruin- 
ed by  the  prodigious  expense  of  this 
building,  which  was  immediately  purcha- 
sed by  the  Medici  family,  and  has  conti- 
nued ever  since  to  be  the  residence  of 
the  sovereigns.    The  gardens  belonging 
to  this  palace  are  on  the  declivity  of  an 
eminence.     On  the  summit  there  is  a 
kind  of  fort  called  Belvedere.  From  thi  s 
and  from  some  of  the  higher  walks,  you 
have  a  complete  view  of  the  city  of  Flo- 
rence, and  the  beauteous  vale  of  Arno, 
in  the  middle  of  which  it  stands.  This 
palace  has  been  enlarged  since  it  was 
purchased  from  the  ruined  family  of  Pit- 
ti.    The  furniture  is  rich  and  curious, 
particularly  some  tabl-  s  of  Florentine 
work,  which  are  much  admired.  The 
most  precious  ornaments,  howeverj  are 
the  paintings.    The  walls  of  what  is  cal- 
led the  Imperial  Chamber,  are  painted  in 
fresco,  by  various  painters;  the  subjects 
are  allegorical,  and  in  honour  of  Lorenzo 
of  Mcdicis  distinguished  by  the  name  of 
the  Magnificent.  The  famous  gallery  at- 
tracts every  stranger.    One  of  the  most 
interesting  parts  of  it  in  the  eyes  of  ma- 
ny, is  the  series  of  Roman  emperors, 
from  Julius  Caesar  to  Gallienus,  with  a 
considerable  number  of  their  empresses 
arranged  opposite  to  them.    This  serh  s 
is  almost  complete ;  but  wherever  the 
bust  of  an  emperor  is  wanting,  the  place 
is  filled  up  by  that  of  some  other  distin- 
guished Roman.    The  celebrated  Venus 
of  Medici,  is  thought  to  be  the  standard! 
of  taste  in  female  beauty  and  proportion, 
stands  in  a  room  called  the  Tribunal. 
The  inscription  on  its  base  mentions  its 
being  made  by  Clcoments  an  Athenian, 


FLO 


FLU 


the  son  of  Apolloclorus.  It  is  of  white 
marble,  and  surrounded  by  other  mastei 
pieces  of  sculpture,  some  of  which  arc 
said  to  be  the  works  of  Praxiteles  and 
>ther  Creek  masters.  In  the  same  room 
are  many  valuable  curiosities,  besides  a 
collection  of  admirable  pictures  by  the 
best  masters.  There  are  various  other 
rooms,  whose  contents  are  indicated  by 
the  names  they  bear ;  as,  the  Cabinet  of 
Arts,  of  Astronomy,  of  Natural  History, 
of  Medals,  of  Porcelain,  of  Antiquities  ; 
*he  Saloon  of  the  Hermaphrodite,  so  cal- 
led from  a  statue  which  divides  the  ad- 
miration of  the  amateurs  w  ith  that  in  the 
Borghese  village  at  Home,  though  the 
excellence  of  the  execution  is  disgraced 
by  the  vileness  of  the  subject;  and  the 
Gallery  of  Portraits,  which  contains  the 
portraits  of  the  most  eminent  painters 
(all  executed  by  themselves)  who  have 
flourished  in  Europe  during  the  three 
last  centimes.  Our  limits  will  not  admit 
of  a  detail  of  the  hundredth  part  of  the 
curiosities  and  buildings  of  Florence.  "We 
must  not  however  omit  mentioning'  the 
chapel  of  St.  Lorenzo,  as  being  perhaps 
the  finest  and  most  expensive  habitation 
that  ever  was  reared  for  the  dead  ;  it  is 
encrusted  with  precious  stones,  and  ad- 
orned by  the  workmanship  of  the  best 
modern  sculptors.  Florence  is  a  place 
of  some  strength,  and  contains  an  arch- 
bishop's see  and  a  university.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  is  calculated  at  8C,000. 
Florence  is  45  miles  S  of  Bologna,  and 
125  NW  of  Rome.  Lon.  11  15  E,  lat.  43 
46  X. 

Flarent,  St.,  a  town  of  I 'ranee*  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Anjou.  It  lately  had  a  rich  Bene- 
dictine abbey.  It  is  seated  on  the  Loire, 
20  miles  VVSW  of  Angers.  Lon.  0  56  W, 
lat.  47  24  N. 

Florentin,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Yonne,  situated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Armance  and  Armancon, 
15  miles  NE  of  Auxerre,  and  80  SE  of  Pa- 
ris. Lon.  3  55  E,  lat.  48  1  N. 

Florentine,  one  of  the  three  provinces 
of  Tuscany,  bounded  on  the  W  by  the 
republic  of  Lucca  and  the  Modenese,  on 
the  X  by  the  Appennines,  on  thoE  by  the 
duchy  of  Urbino,  and  on  the  S  by  the  Si- 
ennese.  It  is  a  well  watered  province, 
and  very  fertile.    Florence  is  the  capital. 

FloreS*  a  fertile  island,  one  of  the  Azo- 
res, so  called  from  the  abundance  of  flow- 
ers found  upon  it.  Lon.  31  0  W,  lat.  39 
34  X. 

Florida,  a  country  of  North  America, 
600  miles  long-,  and  130  broad  ;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Georgia,  on  the  E  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  S  by  the  gulf  of 


Mexico,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Mississipp4 
It  is  divided  into  the  E  and  W  Florida  : 
St.  Augustine  the  capital  of  the  -former,, 
and  Pensacola  of  the  latter  The  conn 
try  about  St.  Augustine  is  the  most  un- 
fruitful ;  yet,  even  here,  two  crops  of  In- 
dian corn  are  annually  produced  :  the 
banks  of  the  rivers  which  water  the  Flo- 
ridas  are  of  a  superior  quality,  and  well 
adapted  to  the  culture  of  rice  and  corn, 
while  the  interior  country,  w  hich  is  high 
and  pleasant,  abounds  with  wood  of  al- 
most every  kind;  particularly  white  and. 
red  oak,  pine,  hiccory,  cypress,  red  and 
white  cedar;  the  intervals  between  7j«e 
hilly  parts,  produce  spontaneously  the 
fruits  common  to  Georgia  and  the  Caro- 
linas ;  and  the  whole  country  is  valuable, 
in  a  peculiar  manner,  for  the  extensive, 
ranges  for  cattle.  Florida  was  discover- 
ed by  Sebastian  Cabot  in  1497.  Having- 
often  changed  masters,  belonging  alter- 
nately to  the  French  and  Spaniards,  it 
was  ceded  by  the  latter  to  the  English 
in  1*63  ;  in  whose  hands  it  continued  till 
1781,  when  it  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards, 
and  ceded  to  them  in  1783. 

Florida,  a  post  town  in  Orange  court1, 
New  York,  about  60  miles  NW  of  the 
city  of  New  York,  on  the  post  road  to 
Albany. 

Furida,  a  post  town  of  Montgomery 
county  New  York,  containing  2700  inha- 
bitants. It  is  situated  35  miles  NW  of 
Albany. 

Flotz,  a  town  of  Walachia,  seated  on 
the  Genissa,  near  its  influx  into  the  Da- 
nube. 

Flour,  St.,  an  episcopal  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Can tal  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Auvergne.  It  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  knives,  audits  fairs  are 
famous  for  the  sale  of  mules  and  rye.  It 
is  seated  on  a  mountain,  45  miles  S  of 
Clermont,  and  250  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  11 
E,  lat.  45  2  X. 

Flo-wdeii,  a  village  in  Northumberland, 
5  miles  N  of  Wooler,  famous  for  a  battle 
fought  here  by  the  English  and  Scots  in 
1513,  in  which  James  IV.  was  killed  to- 
getherwith  the  flower  of  his  iiohiUfyt 

Flowerto-wn,  a  village  in  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania.    It  has  a  post  of- 
fice, and  is  12  miles  N  from  Philadc :1 
phi:!. 

Flushing,  a  strong  and  considerable 
seaport  of  Dutch  Zealand,  in  the  island 
of  Walcheren,  with  a  good  harbour,  and 
a  great  foreign  trade.  It  was  put  into 
the  hands  of  queen  Elizabeth  as  a  seeuri 
ty  for  the  money  she  advanced.  It  wasta- 
ken  by  the  French  in  January  1795,  and 
is  4  miles  SW  of  Middleburg.  Lon.  3  35 
■Z,  lat,  5129  N. 


F  O  I 


FON 


Flushing,  a  township  in  Queen's  county 
New  York,  siuiated  about  5  milts  E  of 
New  York,  an&  180  S  of  Albany;  and 
contains  2300  inhabitants. 

Fluvanna,  a  considerable  river  of  Vir- 
ginia, which  rises  in  the  Alleghany  moun- 
tains, and  runs  nearly  an  E  course  till  it 
joins  the  Rivanna  near  Columbia.  The 
united  stream  is  then  called  James  river, 
and  falls  into  Chesapeak  bay,  at  Hampton 
Roads. 

Fluvanna,  a  county  of  Virginia,  situa- 
ted in  the  fork  of  the  Rivanna  and  Flu- 
vanna rivers,  and  bounded  westward  by 
the  Green  mountain.  It  contains  about 
4000  inhabitants. 

Fochabers,  a  town  in  Banffshire,  seated 
on  a  plain,  near  the  river  Spey.  Here  is 
Gordon  castle,  the  princely  mansion  of 
the  di,tke  of  Gordon,  now  greatly  moder- 
nized. It  is  surrounded  by  ancient  trees 
and  elegant  pleasure  grounds,  and  the 
adjacent  hills  are  crowned  with  fir  and 
other  trees.  In  the  town,  many  girls  are 
employed  in  spinning,  and  in  the  manu- 
facture of  sewing  thread,  under  the  pa- 
tronage of  the  dutchess.  It  is  48  miles 
NW  of  Aberdeen. 

Fo-chan,  a  village  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Quang-tong.  It  is  called  a  vil- 
lage because  it  has  no  walls  nor  a  pre- 
siding governor,  although  it  has  a  great 
trade,  and  contains  more  houses  and  in- 
habitants than  Canton.  It  is  reckoned  to 
be  nine  miles  in  circumference,  and  to 
contain  1,000,000  of  inhabitants.  It  is  12 
miles  from  Canton. 

Fochia,  Nova,  a  town  of  Natolia,  on 
the  gulf  of  Sanderly,  with  a  good  har- 
bour, and  a  castle.  The  Venetians  beat 
the  Turkish  fleet,  near  this  place,  in  1650. 

Fodgia,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitana- 
ta,  seated  near  the  Cerbero,  10  miles  E 
of  Manfredonia. 

Fodioar,  a  town  of  Hungary,  seated  on 
the  Danube,  opposite  Colocza.  Lon.  19 
36  E,  lat.  46  39  N. 

Fogaras,  a  town  and  castle  of  Transyl- 
vania, on  the  river  Alauta,  30  miles  ?<E 
of  Hermanstadt.  Lon.  25  25 E,  lat.  4630  N. 

Foglia,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  on 
the  confines  of  Tuscany,  crosses  the 
duchy  of  Urbino,  and  falls  into  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  at  Pesaro. 

Fogo.  See  Fuego. 

Fohr,  an  island  of  Denmark,  near  the 
roast  of  Sleswick.  It  is  about  12  miles  in 
circumference. 

Foia,  an  ancient  town  of  Natolia  on  the 
gulf  of  Smyrna,  with  a  good  harbour, 
and  a  strong  castle,  30  miles  N  of 
Smyrna. 

F'ri.r,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Arriege  and  late  county  of  Foir. 


It  is  noted  for  its  manufacture  of  coarse 
woollen  cloths,  and  some  copper-mills, 
which  metal  is  a  considerable,  object  of 
commerce.  It  is  seated  on  the  Arrkgc, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  eight  miles 
S  of  Pamiers.    Lon.  1  32  E,  lat.  43  0  N. 

Fo-kitn,  a  province  of  China,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Tche-kiangc,  on  the  W  by 
Kiang-si,  on  the  S  by  Quang-tpjig,  &n'don 
the  E  by  the  Chinese  Sea.  it  is 'com  no- 
diously  seated  for  navigation  and  com- 
merce, part  of  it  bordering  or.  the  sea,  in 
which  they  catch  large  quantities  of  B  >h, 
which  they  send  salted  to  other  parts  of 
the  empire.  Its  shores  are  very  uneven, 
by  reason  of  the  number  and  variety  of 
its  bays.  Its  climate  is  warm ;  and  yet 
the  air  is  so  pure,  that  no  contagious  di- 
seases ever  prevail  here.  The  mountains 
are  almost  every  where  dispose.'  into  a 
kind  of  amphitheatres,  by  the  labour  of 
the  inhabitants,  with  terraces  placed  one 
above  another.  The  fields  are  watered 
with  rivulets  and  springs,  which  issue 
out  of  the  mountains,  and  which  the  hus- 
bandmen conduct  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
overflow  the  fields  of  rice  when  they 
please,  because  it  thrives  best  in  watery 
ground.  They  make  use  of  pipes  of  bam- 
boo for  this  purpose.  They  have  all 
commodities  in  common  with  the  rest  of 
China  ;  but  more  particularly  musk,  pre- 
cious stones,  quicksilver,  silk,  hempen- 
cloth,  calico,  iron,  and  all  sorts  of  uten- 
sils wrought  to  the  greatest  perfection. 
From  other  countries  they  have  cloves, 
cinnamon,  pepper,  sandal-wood,  amber, 
coral,  and  many  other  things.  The  capi- 
tal city  is  Foutcheou  Fou.  It  contains 
nine  cities  of  the  first,  and  sixty  of  the 
third  class. 

Foligui,  an  episcopal  and  trading  town 
of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Umbria,  re- 
markable for  its  sweetmeats,  paper-mills, 
silk-manufactures,  and  fairs.  It  it  seated 
on  the  declivity  of  a  mountain  near  a  fer- 
tile plain,  69  miles  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12 
24  E,  lat.  42  48  N. 

Folkstone,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday.  It  was  once  a  flourish- 
ing place,  containing  five  churches,  which 
are  now  reduced  to  one,  and  the  inhabit- 
ants are  chiefly  employed  in  fishing.  It 
is  a  member  of  the  port  of  Dover,  go- 
verned by  a  mavor,  and  is  seated  on  the 
English  Channel,  eight  miles  S\V  of  Do- 
ver, and  72  E  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  1  14 
E,  lat.  51  5  N. 

Fondi,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavora..  It  is  seated  on, a  fer- 
tile plain,  but  in  a  bad  air,  near  a  Jake 
of  its  own  name,  42  miles  NW  of  Capua, 
and  50  SE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  24  E,  lat 
41  22  N. 


F  O  N 


FOR 


Fon-tsiang-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  ot  Chen-si.  Its  district  contains 
eight  cities  of  the  second  and  third  class, 
it  is  495  miles  SW  of  Pekin. 

Fong-yang'-fnn,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-nan.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  which  hangs  over  the  Yellow 
Itiver.  It  encloses  within  its  walls  seve- 
ral fertile  little  hills,  and  its  jurisdic- 
tion is  very  extensive,  as  it  compre- 
hends five  cities  of  the  second  and  13  of 
the  third  class.  It  is  70  miles  NE  of 
Nanking. 

Fontcunbh-au,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Marne  and  late 
province  of  the  isle  of  France,  remarka- 
ble for  its  fine  palace,  where  the  kings  of 
France  used  to  lodge,  when  hunting.  It 
M  as  first  embellished  by  Francis  I-  and 
each  successive  king  added  something  to 
it ;  insomuch  that  it  was  one  of  the  finest 
pleasure-houses  in  the  world.  It  stands 
in  the  midst  of  a  forest,  35  miles  SE  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  47  E,  lat.  48  25  N. 

Fontaine  JJ  Eveque,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Xorlh  and  late 
province  of  Hainault,  near  the  river  Sam- 
bre,  three  miles  W  of  Charleroy.  Lon.  4 
18  E,  lat.  50  23  N. 

Fontarabia,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Bis- 
cay, seated  on  a  peninsula  in  the  bay  of 
Biscay,  and  on  the  river  Bidasoa.  It  is 
well  fortified  both  by  nature  and  art ;  has 
a  good  harbour,  though  dry  at  low  wa- 
ter ;  and  is  surrounded  on  the  land  side 
by  the  Pyrenean  mountains.  It  is  a  very- 
important  place,  being  accounted  the 
key  of  Spain  on  that  side.  It  surren- 
dered to  the  French  arms  in  1794.  It 
is  22  miles  SW  of  Bavonne,  and  62  E  of 
Rilboa.    Lon.  1  33  W,  lat.  43  23  N. 

Fontenai,  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Yonne  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  remarkable  for  a  bloody 
battle  fought,  in  841,  between  the  Ger- 
mans and  the  French,  in  which  the  Ger^ 
mans  were  defeated  with  the  loss  of 
100,000  men.  It  is  20  miles  SE  of  Aux- 
erre.    Lon.  3  48  E,  lat.  47  28  N. 

Fontenai-le-Comte,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Vendee  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Poitou.  It  has  a  woollen  manu- 
facture, and  its  fair  is  famous  for  cattle, 
particularly  for  mules.  It  is  seated  oi 
the  Vendee,  near  the  bay  of  Biscay,  25 
mile?  NE  of  Rochelle.  'Lon.  0  55  W, 
lat.  46  30  N. 

Fontenoy,  a  village  of  Austrian  Hain- 
ault, remarkable  for  a  battle  between  the 
allies  and  the  French,  in  1745,  in  which 
the  former  were  defeated.  It  is  four 
miles  SW  of  Tournay. 

Fontevrault,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
■h.  •  i  tment  of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late 


province  of  Anjou.  Here  was  a  famous 
abbey,  founded  by  Robert  d'Arbrissel,  in, 
1100.  It  was  the  chief  of  a  religious  or- 
der, which,  by  a  singular  whim  of  the 
founder,  consisted  of  both  sexes,  and  the 
general  of  which  was  a  woman.  Queen 
Bertrade,  so  famous  in  history,  was  a- 
mong  the  first  nuns  that  entered  this 
abbey.  It  is  nine  miles  SE  of  Saumur, 
and  160  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  0  E,  lat. 
47  9  N. 

Fovcalqnier,  an  ancient  town  of  France 
in  the  department  of  the  Lower  Alps, 
and  late  province  of  Provence,  seated  on 
a  hill  by  the  river  Lave,  20  miles  NE  of 
Aix.    Lon.  5  48  E,  lat.  43  58  N. 

Forchain,  a  strong  town  of  Franconia, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Bamberg,  with  a  fine; 
arsenal.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1796,  who  were  afterwards  compelled  to 
abandon  it  It  is  seated  on  the  Rednitz, 
18  miles  S  by  E  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  11  12 
E,  lat.  49  44  N. 

Fordham,  a  township  in  West  Chester 
county,  New  York,  containing  about  200 

Fondingbridge,  a  town  in  Hampshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  the 
Avon,  20  miles  WSW  of  Winchester,  and 
87  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  1  49  W,  lat. 
50  56  N. 

Fordun,  a  small  village  of  Scotland,  in 
Kincardineshire. 

Fordxvich,  a  member  of  the  port  of 
Sandwich,  in  Kent,  seated  on  the  river 
Stour,  and  governed  by  a  mayor.  It  is 
noted  for  excellent  trouts,  and  is  three 
miles  NE  of  Canterbury,  and  eight  W  of 
Sandwich. 

Forlandy  JVo/*M,  a  promontory  which  is 
the  NE  point  of  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  in 
Kent.  It  is  also  the  most  southern  part 
of  the  port  of  London,  which  is  thence 
extended  N,  in  a  right  line,  to  the  point, 
called  the  Nase,  in  Essex,  and  forms 
what  is  properly  called  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames.  Here  is  a  round  brick  tower, 
near  80  feet  high,  erected  by  the  Trinity 
House,  for  a  seamark. 

Foreland,  South,  a  headland,  forming 
the  E  point  of  the  Kentish  coast,  and 
called  South,  in  respect  to  its  bearing 
from  the  other  Foreland,  which  is  about 
six  miles  to  the  N.  Between  these  two 
capes,  is  the  noted  road,  called  the 
Downs,  to  which  they  afford  a  great  se- 
curity. 

Forest-Towns,  four  towns  of  Suabia,  ly- 
ing along  the  Rhine,  and  the  confines  of 
Swisserland,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Black 
Forest.  Their  names  are  Waidschut, 
L  aiffenburg,  Seckingen,  and  Rheinfel- 
den  ;  and  they  are  subject  to  the  house  of 
Austria. 


F  O  R 


FOR 


Forsz,  a  province  of  France,  bounded  J 
on  the  W  by  Auvergne,  on  t!ic  S  by  Ve- 
lay  and  the  Yivarais,  on  the  E  by  tlie  Ly- 
onois,  and  on  the  N  by  Burgundy  and  the 
IJourbonnois.  It  is  watered  by  the  Loire, 
•and  several  other  streams,  and  has  seve- 
ral mines  of  coal  and  iron.  It  is  now  in- 
cluded, with  the  Ly.mois,  in  the  depart- 
ment, of  Rhone  and  Loire. 

Forfar,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  and  ca- 
pital of  the  county  of  ihe  same  name.  It 
stands  on  tlie  valley  of  Strathmore  that 
runs  from  Perth  NK  to  the  sea.  It  is  an 
ancient  place,  and  here  are  the  ruins  of  a 
palace  built  by  .Malcolm  Canmore.  The 
lake  of  Forfar,  stretching  two  miles  in 
length,  from  E  to  W,  and  half  a  mile  in 
breadth,  covers  the  palace  on  the  N. 
This  lake  abounds  with  trout,  pike, 
perch  and  cel.  Of  late  years  it  has  been 
greatly  reduced  by  draining- ;  to  which 
die  immense  quantity  of  fine  marie  at  the 
bottom  is  the  principal  inducement.  For- 
far is  a  fine  flourishing  place,  and  its  in- 
habitants are  doubled  within  these  thirty 
vears;  the  houses  have  also  increased  in 
proportion  besides  being1  greatly  improv- 
ed. The  church  has  been  rebuilt  in  an 
elegant  and  extensive  plan,  calculated  to 
contain  2,000  hearers.  Its  principal  ma- 
nufacture is  osnaburg-hs,  and  it  is  20 
miles  W  of  Montrose.  Lon.  2  54  W,  lat. 
56  35  N. 

Forfarshire.    See  Jlngusahire. 

Forges,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  remarkable  for  its  mineral  wa- 
ters. It  is  60  miles  NW  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  40  E,  lat.  49  38N. 

Forli,  an  ancient  town  of  Romagnia, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  The  public  struc- 
tures are  very  handsome,  and  it  is  seated 
in  a  fertile  and  healtliy  country,  10  miles 
SE  of  Fazena,  and  40  NB  of  Florence, 
Lon.  11  44  E,  lat.  44  16  X. 

Formosa,  an  island  in  the  Chinese  Sea, 
90  miles  E  of  Canton,  lying  between  119 
and  122  E  lon.  and  22 and  25  N  lat.  It  is 
subject  to  the  Chinese,  who,  notwithstand- 
ing its  proximity,  did  not  know  of  its  ex- 
istence till  the  year  1430.  It  is  about  85 
leagues  in  length,  and  25  broad;  and  a 
chain  of  mountains  running  from  X  to  S, 
divides  it  into  two  parts,  the  E  and  W. 
The  Dutch  built  the  fort  of  Zealand,  in 
the  W  part,  in  1634.  They  were  driven 
thence,  in  1661,  by  a  Chinese  pirate,  who 
made  himself  master  of  all  the  W  part, 
which  in  1682,  submitted  to  the  emperor 
of  China.  This  island  presents  exten- 
sive and  fertile  plains,  watered  by  a  great 
number  of  rivulets  that  fall  from  the  E 
mountains.    Its  air  is  pure  and  whole- 


some ;  and  it  produces  abundance  of 
corn  and  rice,  ami  the  greater  part  of  o- 
ther  grains.  Most  of  the  Indian  fruits, 
many  of  those  ofcEurope,  tobacco,  sugar, 
pepper,  camphire,  and  cinnamon,  are 
found  here.  The  inhabitants  rear  a  great 
number  of  oxen,  which  they  use  for  rid 
ing,  from  a  want  of  horses.  They  accus- 
tom them  early  to  that  kind  of  service, 
and,  by  daily  exercise,  train  tiiem  to  gq 
as  well  as  the  best  horses.  These  oxen 
are  furnished  with  a  bridle,  saddle,  and 
crupper.  A  Chinese  looks  as  proud,  whei 
mounted  in  this  manner,  as  if  he  wen 
carried  by  the  finest  Barbary  courser, 
Wholesome  water  is  tlie  only  thing  want 
ing  in  Formosa.  It  is  very  extraordina- 
ry that  every  kind  of  water  in  it  is  a 
deadly  poison  to  strangers,  for  which 
no  remedy  has  yet  been  found.  On  the 
22d  of  .May  1782,  this  fine  island  was  o 
verwhelmed,  and  almost  desolated,  by  a 
furious  hurricane  and  dreadful  inunda 
tion  of  the  sea,  supposed  to  have  beer 
occasioned  by  an  earthquake.  Tai-quans. 
is  the  capital. 

Forres,  a  town  in  Murray  shire,  seated 
on  an  eminence,  close  to  a  rivulet,  it  is  a 
small  well  built  town  pleasantly  situated, 
two  miles  to  the  E  of  the  river  Findhorn 
A  little  to  the  XE  near  the  road,  is  a  re- 
markable column,  called  King  Seven's  or 
Sweno's  Stone,  above  20  feet  high,  and 
3  broad,  covered  on  both  sides  by  an- 
tique sculpture..  It  is  supposed  to  have 
been  erected  in  memorv;  of  a  victory  ob- 
tained over  the  Danes,  in  1008,  before 
their  final  retreat  from  Scotland.  For 
res  manufactures  some  linen  and  sewing- 
thread,  and  is  15  miles  W  of  Elgin. 

Fort  Ann,  a  small  post  town  of  Wash- 
ington countv,  Xew-York  ;  at  the  distance 
of  10  miles  NW  of  Fort  Edward,  and  459 
from  Washington. 

Forteventura,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands, 
65  miles  in  length,  and  of  a  very  irregu  - 
lar  breadth,  consisting  of  two  peninsula- 
joined  by  an  isthmus  12  miles  in  breadth, 
It  produces  plenty  of  wheat,  barley, 
beeves,  and  goats.  Lon.  14  26  W,  lat  . 
28  4  X. 

Fort  Edward,  (formerly  a  considerable 
British  fortress)  now  a  post  town  of 
Washington  county,  Xew-York  ;  situated 
on  the  E  side  of  Hudson  river,  50  miles 
X  of  Albany. 

Fort  George,  a  town  in  AVashington 
county,  New-York;  on  the  SW  coiner  of 
lake  George.  Here  is  a  post  office  465 
miles  from  Washington. 

Forth,  one  of  the  most  noble  and  com- 
modious rivers  in  Scotland.  It  takes  its 
rise  near  the  bottom  of  Lomond  hills  .- 
and  running  from  E  to  W,  receives  in  it* 


F  O  U 


FOX 


prr-sage  many  considerable  streams,  deT 
riving-  their  waters  from  the  eminences 
in  t!)e  midland  counties  of  Norih  Britain. 
Between  Stirling-  and  Alloa,  the  Forth 
winds  in  a  most  beautiful  and  surprising 
manner  ;  so  that,  though  it  is  but  four 
miles  by  land,  it  is  twenty  four  by  wa- 
ter, between  those  two  pi. ices.  Below 
Alioa  the  river  expands  itself  to  a  great 
bre  adth  between  the  counties  of  Lothian 
and  Fife,  till  at  Queen's-ferry  it  is  con- 
tracted by  promontories  shooting-  into  it 
from  both  coasts ;  so  that,  from  being- 
four  or  five,  there  it  is  not  above  two 
spiles  broad.  At  the  mouth  of  it,  from 
North  Berwick  to  Fifeness,  it  is  full  five 
leagues  broad;  having  the  little  island  of 
May  in  the  middle  of  it,  and  to  the  W  of 
this  the  rocky  island  of  B^ss  ;  notwith- 
standing- which,  the  largest  fleet  may  en- 
ter and  sail  up  it  many  miles  with  the  ut- 
most facility  and  in  the  greatest  safety. 
There  is  a  communication  between  this 
river  and  the  Clyde,  by  a  canal  35  miles  in 
length. 

Fort  Wilkinson,  a  post  town  in  Han- 
cock county,  Georgia;  situated  on  the 
river  Appalachy,  30  miles  W  of  George- 
town. 

Fortrose,  a  borough  in  Boss -shire,  si- 
tuated on  the  Frith  of  Murray,  nearly  op- 
posite Fort  George,  and  nine  miles  W  of 
Inverness. 

Fossavo,  a  strong  town  of  Piedmont, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Sture, 
10  miles  NE  of  Coni,  and  27  SE  of  Pigne- 
roi.  Lon.  7  56  E,  lat.  44  45  X. 

Fossombrone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Urbino,  with  a  bishop's  see  ; 
seated  near  the  river  Metro.  15  miles  S 
W  of  Pesaro,  and  12  SE  of  Urbino.  Lon. 
12  48  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Foster,  a  town  of  Providence  coun'y, 
Biiode  Island,  containing  about  3000  in- 
habitants. 

Father'uigciy,  a  town  in  Northampton- 
shire, nine  miles  S  of  Stamford,  near  the 
river  Nen.  It  is  noted  for  the  ruins  of 
the  castle  where  Richard  III.  was  born, 
and  where  Mary,  queen  of  Scotland,  was 
beheaded. 

Foue,  an  ancient  town  of  Lower  Egypt, 
seated  on  the  Nile,  25  miles  S  of  Roset- 
to,  and  40  E  of  Alexandria.  Lon.  31  15 
E,  lat.  31  12  N. 

Fouget*qst  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Bretagne,  with  an  ancient 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Coesnom,  25 
miles  NE  of  Rennes,  and  150  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  13  W,  lat.  48  22  N. 

Fmdsham,  a  town  jn  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  16  miles  NW  of 


Norwich,  and  111  NE  of  London.  Lon.  I 
7  E,  lat.  52  51  N. 

Four  Cantons,  Lake  of  the.  See  Wold- 
stcetter  Sea. 

Foitrnemix  Island,  a  small  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  143  2  W,  lat. 
17  11  S. 

Fourness,  in  Loynsdale  Lancashire,  is 
a  tract,  between  the  Kent,  Leven,  and 
Dudden-Sands  which  runs  N  parallel  with 
the  W  sides  of  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland; ;  nd  on  the  S  runs  out  into  the 
sea  ;,s  a  promontory.  This  whole  tract, 
except  on  the  coast,  rises  in  hills  and 
vast  piles  of  rocks  called  Forness-Fells. 
En  these  mountainous  parts  are  found 
quarries  of  a  fine  durable  blue  slate  to 
cover  buildings  with,  which  are  made 
use  of  in  many  other  parts  of  the  king- 
dom. The  low  or  plain  part  of  Four- 
ness, produces  all  sorts  of  grain,  but 
principally  oais,  whereof  the  bread  eaten 
in  this  country  is  generally  made  ;  and 
there  are  found  here  veins  of  a  very  rich 
iron  ore. 

Fou-tclieon-fov,  a  city  of  China,  in  Fo- 
kicn  ;  one  of  the  most  considerable  in  that 
province,  on  account  of  its  trade,  the  con- 
venience of  its  rivers  and  port,  the  num- 
ber*  of  its  literati,  and  the  magnificence 
of  its  principal  bridge,  which  has  more 
than  100  arches!  constructed  of  white 
stone,  and  ornamented  with  a  double  ba- 
lustrade. It  is  the  residence  of  a  vice- 
roy has  under  its  jurisdiction  nine  cities 
of  the  third  class,  and  is  360  miles  NE 
of  Canton. 

Fo-wey,  a  borough  and  seaport  in  Corn- 
wall, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  a 
populous  place  extending  above  one  mile 
on  the  E  side  of  a  river  of  its  own 
name,  and  has  a  considerable  share  in 
the  pilchard  fishery.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament  and  is  governed  by  a 
mayor.  It  is  32  miles  SW  of  Latmceston, 
and  240  V,'  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  35  V/, 
lat.  50  19  N. 

Fowey,  a  river  in  Cornwall,  which 
rises  in  the  NE  part,  passes  by  Lestwith- 
iel,  and  enters  the  English  Channel,  at 
Fowey. 

Foxvleness,  an  i  sland  on  the  coast  of  Es- 
sex, formerly  subject  to  inundations,  till 
by  the  Dutch  art  of  draining  it  has  be- 
come good  land. 

Fo-rborough,  a  township  of  Norfolk 
county,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  Wa- 
ding creek,  a  branch  of  Taunton  river, 
about  25  miles  S  of  Boston.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  estimated  at  1000. 

Vox  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  in  the 
Northern  Archipelago.  They  are  16  in 
number,  and  are  situated  between  the 
G  G 


F  O  X 


FR  A 


E  coast  of  Kamtsrhatka  and  the  W  coast 
of  America,  between  52  and  55  N  la.L. 
Each  island  has  a  particular  name  ;  but 
this  general  name  is  given  to  the  whole 
group,  on  aceoimt  of  the  great  number  01 
black,  prey,  and  red  foxes  with  which 
they  abound.  The  dress  of  the  inhabi- 
tants consists  of  a  cap,  and  a  fur  coat 
that  reaches  down  . to  the  knee  ;  some  of 
them  wear  common  caps  of  a  party  co-; 
loured  bird-skin,  upon  which  they  leave 
part  of  the  wings an  el  tail.  On  the  fore- 
part of  then-hunting  andfishingjcaps,  they 
place  a  small  board,  like  a  skreen,  adorn- 
ed with  the  jawbones  of  seabears,  and  or- 
namented with  glass  beads,  which  they 
receive  in  barter  from  the  Russians.  At 
their  festivals  and  dancing  parties  they 
use  a  much  more  shewy  sorts  of  caps. 
They  feed  upon  the  flesh  of  all  sorts  of 
sea  animals,  and  generally  eat  it  raw; 
but  when  they  dress  their  food,  they 
p'ace  it  in  a  hollow  stone,  they  then  co- 
ver it  with  another,  and  close  the  inter- 
stices with  lime  or  clay;  they  next  lay  it 
horizontally  on  two  stones,  and  light  a 
fire  under  it.  The  provision  intended  for 
keeping,  is  dried  without  salt  in  the  open 
air.  Their  weapons  are  bows,  arrows, 
and  darts ;  and  for  derence,  they  use 
wooden  shields.  The  most  perfect  equa- 
lity reigns  among  them  ;  they  have 
neither  chiefs  nor  superiors,  neither  laws 
nor  punishments.  They  live  together  in 
families,  and  societies  of  several  families 
united,  which  form  what  they  call,  a 
race,  who,  in  case  of  attack  or  defence, 
mutually  aid  each  other.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  the  same  island  always  pretend 
to  be  of  the  same  race,  and  each  one 
looks  upon  his  island  as  a  possession,  the 
property  of  which  is  common  to  al!  indi- 
viduals of  the  same  society.  Feasts  are 
very  common  among  them,  and,  more 
particularly,  when  the  inhabitants  of  one- 
island  are  visited  by  those  of  another. 
The  men  of  the  village  meet  their  guests, 
beating  drums,  and  preceded  by  the  wo- 
men, who  sing  and  glance;  at  the  con- 
clusion of  the  d.mce,  the  hosts  serve  up 
their  best,  provisions,  and  invite  their 
guests  to  partake  of  the  feast.  They  feed 
their  children,  when  very  young,  with 
the  coarsest  flesh,  and  for  the  mo:<t 
part  raw.  Ifan  infant  cries,  the  mother 
immediately  carries  it  to  the  sea-side, 
and  whether  it  be  summer  or  winter, 
holds  it  naked  in  the  water  till  it  is 
quiet.  This  is  so  far  from  doing  the  chil- 
dren any  harm,  that  it  hardens  them 
against  the  cold  ;  and  they  accordingly 
go  barefooted  through  the  winter,  with- 
out the  least  inconvenience.  They  sel- 
dom heat  their  dwellings ;  but  when  they 


would  warm  themselves,  they  light  ., 
bundle  of  hay,  and  si  and  over  it ;  or  they 
set  fire  to  ivain-oil,  which  they  pour  into 
.1  hollow  stone.  They  have  a  good  share 
of  plain  natural  sense,,  but  are  rather 
slow  of  understanding.  They  seem  cold 
and  indifferent  in  most  of  their  actions  ; 
but  let  an  injury,  or  even  a  mere  suspi- 
cion, rouse  them  from  this  phlegmatic 
state,  and  they  become  furious  and  in- 
flexible, Uking  the  most  violent  revenge, 
without  any  regard  to  the  consequences. 
The  least  affliction  prompts  them  to  sui- 
cide ;  the  apprehension  of  even  an  un- 
certain event  often  leads  them  to  des- 
pair ;  and  they  put  an  end  to  their  days 
with  great  apparent  insensibility.  The 
llussians  call  these  islands  the  Lyssie 
Ostrova. 

Fraga,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
wiih  a  castle.  It  is  strong  by  situation, 
having  the  river  Cinca,  before  it,  whose 
high  banks  are  difficult  of  access,  and  a: 
its  back  a  hill,  which  cannot  easily  be 
approached  with  large  cannon.  The  gar- 
dens produce  herbs  and  saffron,  but  the 
parts  about  it  are  mountainous  and  bar- 
ren. Alphonso  VII.  king  of  Arragon, 
was  killed  here  by  the  Moors,  in  1134, 
when  he  besieged  this  town.  It  is  46 
miles  E  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  0  28  E,  lat. 
48  46  N. 

Frumingham,  a  township  of  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts,  situated  between 
Sherborn  and  Marlborough,  20  miles  SW 
of  Boston.  The  inhabitants  are  estimat- 
ed at  1800. 

FramUngham>  a  town  in  Suffolk  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  near 
the  head  of  a  rivulet,  and  has  the  re- 
mains of  a  castle  said  to  have  been  built 
in  the  time  of  the  Saxon  hep.archy.  To 
this  castle  the  princess  Mary  (afterwards 
Mary  I.)  retired,  when  lady  Jane  Grey 
v.'us  proclaimed  queen.  Here  is  a  stately 
church,  in  which  are  the  monuments  of 
some  noble  families.  Tt  is  30  miles  E  of 
iJhry,  and  87  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  26 
E,  tat.  52  25  N. 

Frump*  on,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the 
Fromc,  12  miles  NW  of  Wevmouth,  and 
126  W  bv  S  of  London.    Lon.  2  50  W, 

so  4$3§£!  -  i'fM 

France,  a  country  of  Europe,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  English  channel  and  the 
Austrian  Netherlands  ;  on  the  E  by  Ger- 
many, and  the  Alps,  which  separate  it 
from  Swisserland,  Savoy,  and  Piedmont ; 
on  the  S  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea  and 
Spain,  from  which  kingdom  it  is  divided 
by  the  Pyrenees;  and  on  the  W  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  From  the  Pyrenees  in 
the  S,  to  Dunkirk  in  the  N,  its  extent  is 


F  R  A 


F  R  A 


>25  miles  ;  and  something  more  from  the 
most  easterly  part  of  Alsace  to  the  most 
western  point  of  Bretagne ;  which  pro- 
vince,   it  must  be  observed,  extends 
above  100  miles  further  into  the  ocean 
than  any  other  part   of  the  country. 
France  was  lately  an  absolute  monarchy, 
and  divided  into  several  military  govern- 
ments', or  provinces.    These  were  Al- 
sace, Angoumois,  Anjjbu,  Armagnac,  Ar- 
tois,  Aunis,  Auvergne,  Barrois,  Basques, 
Beam,  Berry,  Bigorre,  Blasois,  Boulon- 
nois,   Bourbonnois,    Bresse,  Bretagne, 
Burgundy,  Cambresis,  Champagne,  Cou- 
serans,  Dauphiny,  Forez,  Foix,  Franche 
Comte,  French  Flanders,  Gascony,  Ge- 
vasidan,  Guiei.ne,  French  Hainault,  Isle 
of  France,  Languedoc,  Limosin,  Lorrain, 
Lyonois,  Marche,   Maine,   Marsan,  Na- 
varre,  Nivernois,  Normandy,  Orleanois, 
Ferche,  Perigord,  Picardy,  Poitou,  Pro- 
vence, Querci,  Rouerdne,  Rousillon,  Sain- 
tonge,  Soissonnois,  Touraine,  Velay,  and 
Vermandois.    All  these  provinces  were 
divided  into  districts,  which  had  their 
particular  names.  .  The  air  of  France  is 
said  to  be  peculiarly  mild  and  whole- 
some.   The  soil  in  many  places  is  excel- 
lent, though  in  others  the  heat  in  sum- 
mer entirely  consumes  the  verdure  ;  and 
these  parched  spots  are  scarce  found  ca- 
pable of  producing  rye  and  chesnuts  suf- 
ficient for  the  maintenance  of  the  poor 
people  who  inhabit  them.    It  must  be 
owned,  however,  that  agriculture  was 
nevqr  well  understood  in  this  country. 
France  in  general  is  not  a  mountainous 
country;  though  its  boundaries  on  the 
land  side  are  the  high  ridges  called  the 
Alps,  which  separate  it  from  Italy,  the 
Pyrenees  which  divide  it  from  Spain,  and 
mount  Jura  which  separates  it  from 
Swisserland.    Besides  these,  there  are 
the  Cevennes,  in  the  province  of  Langue- 
doc, and  Mount  Dor  in  that  of  Auverg- 
ne.   The  country  abounds   with  many 
and  fine  rivers,  as  the  Loire,  which  runs 
N  and  N\V ;  us  course  inch-ding  the 
windings,  not  less  than  500  miles.  The 
I'll  one  flows  through  the  country  in  a  S 
W  direction,  and  then  running  due  S 
fills  into  the  Mediterranean.    The  Ga 
ronne  rises  in  the  Pyrenean  mountains,, 
and  running  NE  communicates  with  the 
Mediterranean,  by  a  canal  made  by  or- 
der of  Louis  XIV.  Th?  Seine,  the  Some, 
Soihrae,  Moselle,  Var  and  Adour,  are  alt 
considerable  streams,  which  are  of  gre:  ' 
Service  to  the  inland  commerce  of  th<. 
country;  and  this  is  still  further  aug- 
mented by  the  great  number  of  artifi- 
cial canals  which  open  a  c /mmunicatior 
betwixt   one  part  of  the   Country  and 
another*.    That  of  Languedoc  was  16 


years  before  it  was  completed,  and  is 
carried  through  an  extent  of  near  100 
miles  over  hills  and  vallies,  and  in  one 
place  through  a  mountain.  It  was  in- 
tended for  a  communication  between  the 
ocean  and  Mediterranean,  to  afford  a 
more  speedy  passage  for  the  French 
fleet;  but  did  not  answer  the  purpose. 
The  greatest  part  of  the  fuel  used  by  the 
inhabitants  of  this  kingdom  is  wood ; 
which  in  the  northern  parts  is  scarce, 
which  proves  very  distressing  to  the  peo- 
ple In  other  places,  however,  there  are 
large  forests,  particularly  those  of  Or- 
leans, which  cover  an  extent  of  14,000 
acres.  In  Alsace  there  are  mines  of  sil- 
ver and  copper,  but  too  expensive  to  be 
wrought ;  but  there  are  mines  of  various 
metals  in  other  parts,  and  coal  is  like- 
wise met  with  in  some  provinces  ;  there 
are  several  quarries  of  excellent  stone, 
and  a  kind  of  a  gem  named  the  Two- 
quoise  is  met  with  in  Lang-uedoc.  Salt 
is  made  in  great  quantity  in  tre  island 
of  Rliee,  and  at  liocheford,  and  in  the 
southern  parts  of  the  kingdom,  where 
they  employ  the  heat  of  the  Sun  success- 
fully for  the  purpose  of  evaporating  the 
sea  water  ;  but  in  general  the  commodity 
is  scarce  and  dear  all  over  the  kingdom. 
Tnere  is  great  abundance  of  wine  made 
in  this  country ;  the  vines  being  the 
greatest  care  of  the  inhabitants,  and 
next  to  these  the  cultivation  of  garden 
vegetables  for  soups  and  sallads.  For- 
merly the  French  were  celebrated  for 
their  skill  in  gardening,  but  they  are 
now  much  inferior  in  this  respect  to  the 
British.  The  animals  are  the  same  with 
;hose  of  Britain,  wolves  only  excepted, 
which  in  some  places  are  very  numerous 
and  very  dangerous.  The  French  breed 
of  cattle  of  ail  kinds  is  much  inferior  to' 
that  of  England,  the  wool  of  the  sheep 
is  less  fine,  and  the  .sea  coasts  are  not  so 
well  supplied  with  fish.  Such  was  the 
situation  of  France  in  the  year  1789, 
when  the  revolution  commenced,  since 
which  time  it  has  .been  in  such  an  unset- 
led  state,  as  renders  it  impossible  to 
give  a  true  representation  of  the  state  of 
that1  country.  It  cannot  be  imagined  that 
we  can  here  minutely  trace  the  progress 
of  the  French  revolution.  For  a  particu- 
lar history  .of  the  events  of  that  period, 
"we  must  refer  to  more  copious  histories. 
On  account  of  the  deranged  state  of  the 
finances  Louis  XVI  was  induced  to  corr- 
voke  an  assembly  of  the  notables,  and  af- 
•Vr wards  Che^Uttes  general,  who  had  not 
assembled  since  1614.  These  consisted 
the  nobility,  e:<  r^v.  and  the  third 
-slate.  or$Prfe  commons,  who  were  all 
mingled  in  one  assembly.    In  the 'mean 


F  R  A 


F  R  A 


time  it  was  reported  that  Paris  was  sur- 
rounded by  an  armed  force.  Notwith- 
standing this,  on  the  removal  of  the  po- 
pular minister,  M.  Neckar,  in  July  1789, 
a  dreadful  insurrection  ensued  in  Pans  ; 
the  military  refused  to  fire  upon  the  peo- 
ple ;  the  formidable  Bastile  was  captur- 
ed by  the  citizens;  the  governor,  and 
some  other  obnoxious  persons,  were  be- 
headed, and  their  heads  carried  about  in 
horrid  triumph  on  poles  ;  in  a  word,  tight 
weeks  after  the  opening  of  the  stales  ge- 
neral on  the  fifth  of  May,  a  revolution 
was  effected,  which  then  excited  aston- 
ishment, and  since  that  period  even  ter- 
ror and  alarm  in  all  Europe.  On  the 
17th  of  July,  the  king-  visited  the  Hotel 
de  Ville  in  Paris,  and  surrendered  him- 
self, as  it  were,  to  his  people.  From 
that  moment,  from  being  an  absolute  mo- 
narch, lie  became  one  of  the  most  limit- 
ed in  Europe.  The  national  assembly, 
now  triumphant,  proceeded  to  the  most 
extraordinary  measures.  They  abolished 
nobiliiy  and  the  whole  feudal  system, 
and,  confiscating  the  possessions  of  the 
clergy,  rendered  them  dependant  for  sup- 
port, on  a  public  allowance,  like  the  ser- 
vants of  the  state  ;  and  all  the  monaste- 
ries were  suppressed.  In  October,  in  con- 
sequence of  another  dreadful  riot  at  Ver- 
sailles, the  king,  the  royal  family,  and 
the  national  assembly,  were  removed  to 
Paris.  The  king  was  now,  in  fact,  a  state 
prisoner  treated  with  the  formalities  ap- 
pendant to  royalty,  but  watched  in  al 
his  motions  with  the  utmost  circumspec 
tion.  From  this  irksome  situation  he  at- 
tempted to  escape  in  June  1791,  with 
the  queen,  his  sister,  the  dauphin,  ant 
the  princess  his  daughter.  He  had  a) 
most  reached  the  frontiers,  when  he  wa. 
arrested  at  Varennes,  and  conducted 
back  to  Paris.  The  national  assembly 
completed  a  new  constitution,  which  was 
accepted  by  the  king  in  September,  of 
the  same  year,  when  a  new  national  as- 
sembly was  elected.  Jkit  it  was  impos- 
sible that  the  king  could  long  submit  to 
the  insults,  which  as  they  were  not  pu- 
nished, seemed  to  be  sanctioned  by  the 
national  assembly.  Some  of  their  decrees 
which  were  quite  contrary  to  the  spirit 
of  the  New  Constitution  he  refused  to 
sanction.  This  refusal  concurring  with 
other  circumstances  excited  the  most 
violent  tumults  among  the  profligate  po- 
pulace of  Paris.  Innumerable  libels  is- 
sued from  the  press,  full  of  the  most  ma- 
licious and  absurd  calumnies  against  the 
king,  queen  and  the  royal  family,  whom 
the  Jacobin  faction  endeavoured  by  the 
vilest  arts  to  render  odious  to.  the"  peo- 
ple.   At  kst  in  August  1792,  the  mavor 


of  Paris,  at  the  head  of  a  deputation 

from  that  city,  appeared  at  the  bar  of 
the  national  assembly,  and  demanded 
the  deposition  of  the  king.  Before  they 
could  deliberate  on  this  demand,  a  dread- 
ful insurrection  ensued;  the  Thuilleries, 
the  royal  residen.ee,  was  attacked ;  the 
Swiss  guards  were  defeated  and  massa- 
cred ;  and  the  king  and  the  royal  family 
took  refuge  in  the  national  assembly. 
That  body  instantly  decreed  the  suspen- 
sion of  the  executive  power  in  the  hands 
of  the  king,  and  the  convocation  of  a  na- 
tional convention.  The  king  and  his  fa- 
mily were  co  veyed  to  a  house  in  Paris, 
called  the  Temple,  and  there  kept  in 
close  confinement,  with  circumstances  of 
the  most  humiliating*  degradation.  Be- 
tween the  prison  and  the  grave  of  a  de- 
posed sovereign,  the  distance,  it  lias  been 
observed,  is  not  very  remote.  The  con- 
vention met  on  the  21st  of  September, 
uui  instantly  decreed  the  abolition  of 
royalty,  and  the  formation  of  a  republic 
on  the  principles  of  liberty  and  equality. 
Ill  December  following,  they  decreed, 
Jiat  the  king  should  be  tried  before 
•hem.  The  trial  accordingly  took  place  ; 
and  this  tribunal,  exercising  at  once  the 
incompatible  characters  of  accusers,  pro- 
secutors, and  judges,  condemned  the  un- 
fortunate monarch ;  who,  in  pursuance 
of  their  sentence,  was  publ  cly  behead- 
ed, in  the  Place  de  la  Revolution,  lately 
called  the  Place  de  Louis  XV.  on  the 
21st  of  January  1793.  All  Europe  ex- 
claimed against  the  injustice  and  cruel- 

y,  not  to  say  the  impolicy,  of  this  pro- 
ceeding.   Powers,  hitherto  neutral  in 

lie  war,  were  eager  to  take  an  active 
part  in  it;  and  the  new  republic  had  to 
contend  whh  the  principal  powers  of  Eu- 

ope.  After  the  murder  of  the  king, 
France  became  a  prey  to  the  most  afnict- 
<ng  calamities.  The  people  either  en- 
slaved by  bloody  tyrants  or  oppressed  by 
a  lawless  mob,  haiassed  by  proscrp- 
tions,  arbitrary  imprisonment,  massa- 
cres, confiscations,  submitted  patiently 
to  every  new  oppression,  the  nobility, 
clergy  and  men  of  landed  property,  be- 
ing robbed  of  their  estates,  have  been 
either  brought  to  the  scaffold  ;  or  been 
obliged  to  seek  safety  in  poverty  and  in 
exile.  The  country  has  been  wasted  by 
ihe  fury  of  contending  factions;  its  fer- 
tile plains  and  populous  cities  desolated 
by  civil  war,  and  polluted  with  blood. 
With  respect  to  the  war,  it  may  be  suf- 
ficient to  state,  in  general,  that  aftei 
four  campaigns,  in  which  greet  reverses 
of  fortune  w  ere  experienced,  the  French 
nation  displayed  against  the  combined 
powers  such  wonderful  energy  and  re- 


F  R  A 


F  R  A 


sources,  that,  before  the  conclusion  of 
1795,  they  were  in  the  entire  possession 
of  Savoy,  and  of  the  Austrian  and  Dutch 
Netherlands,  and  the  whole  of  Holland. 
In  Spain,  Italy,  and  Germany,  they  had 
made  such  progress  as  to  procure  a  peace 
with  Prussia  and  Spain,  and  form  an  al- 
liance with  the  United  Provinces.  Their 
commerce,  however,  was  ruined  ;  their 
finances  were  supported  by  a  vast  emis- 
sion of  compulsive  paper  currency,  and 
by  plunder  and  confiscation  ;  their  armies 
which  fought  with  the  ardour  of  enthu- 
siasm, were  recruited  by  despotic  requi- 
sitions. The  campaign  of  1796  was  car- 
ried on  with  various  success.  In  Sep- 
tember they  met  widi  a  reverse  of  for- 
tune, and  were  driven  from  almost  all 
their  newly  acquired  dominions.  The 
army  under  Buonaparte  were  more  suc- 
cessful; they  defeated  the  Imperialists 
in  several  obstinate  engagements ;  took 
Mantua,  and  threatened  the  Imperial  ca- 
pital itself.  The  emperor  was  therefore 
induced  to  commence  a  negociation  for 
peace.  Rastadt  was  the  place  appointed 
for  a  congress  of  deputies  from  the  states 
of  Germany.  During  this  negociation 
the  French  employed  themselves  in  ex- 
ecuting other  ambitious  enterprises.  Un- 
der pretence  of  an  insult  offered  to  their 
ambassador  at  Rome,  they  declared  war 
ag'ainst  the  Pope,  whose  capital  they 
took  and  plundered,  and  whose  govern- 
ment they  overturned.  They  likewise 
obtained  possession  of  Mentz,  blockad- 
ed Ehrenbretztein,  and  forced  that  im- 
portant fortress  to  surrender.  Intent  up- 
on plans  of  aggrandizement  they  sent  a 
formidable  fleet  and  army  to  Egypt,  who 
overran  that  country  with  uninterrupted 
success  till  their  progress  was  stopped 
at  St.  John  D'Acre  by  the  gallant  efforts 
of  Sir  Sidney  Smith.  The  emperor  hav- 
ing now  formed  alliance  with  the  em- 
peror of  Russia  determined  to  submit  no 
longer  to  the  injuries  and  insults  of  the 
French.  Hostilities  were  accordingly 
commenced,  when  the  French  gained 
some  advantages.  They  were,  however, 
under  general  Jourdan  completely  de- 
feated by  the  archduke  Charles,  and 
forced  to  recross  the  Rhine.  The  Aus- 
trians  in  Italy  were  afterwards  joined  by 
the  Russians  under  Suwarrow.  The 
French  were  vanquished  in  repeated  en- 
gagements, and  were  finally  driven  out 
of  Italy.  The  emperor  of  Russia  has 
since  withdrawn  from  the  confederacy, 
•nd  the  campaign  of  1800  has  terminat- 
ed unfavourably  for  the  allies  by  the 
Fatal  battle  of  Marengo.  The  interna] 
government  is  at  present  directed  by 
Buonaparte,   who  rules   with  despotic 


sway.  How  long  the  tyrant  will  remain 
in  his  present  insecure  situation  is  a 
question  difficult  to  determine,  and  in- 
deed foreign  to  this  work.  The  geogra- 
phical division  of  the  country,  however, 
requires  to  be  noticed.  By  the  first  le- 
gislative assembly  France  was  divided 
into  departments,  and  these  departments 
were  subdivided  into  districts,  cantons, 
and  municipalities.  The  names  of  the 
departments,  by  the  constitution  of  1795, 
are  Ain,  Aisne,  Ailier,  Alps  Upper,  Alps 
Lower,  Ardeche,  Ardennes,  Arricge,  Au- 
he,  Ancle,  Aveiron,  Calvados,  Cantal, 
Charente,  Chareme  I -ewer,  Cher,  Cor- 
reze,  Cote  d'Or,  Cotes  du  Nord,  Creuse, 
Dordogne,  Doubs,  Drome,  Eure,  Eure 
and  Loire,  Finisterre,  Card,  Garonne 
Upper,  Gers,  Girondc,  Herautt,  Indre, 
Indre  and  Loire,  lsere,  lsie  and  Vilaine, 
Jura,  Landes,  Loire  and  Cher,  Loire  Up- 
per, Loire  Lower,  Loiret,  Lot,  Lot  and 
Garonne,  Lozere,  Maine,  Maine  and 
Loire,  Manche,  Marne,  Maine  Upper, 
Meunhe,  Meuse,  Morbihan,  Moselle, 
Nord,  Nievre,  Oise,  Orne,  JJas  de  Ca- 
lais, Puy  de  Dome,  Pyrenees'  Upper,  Py- 
renees Lower,  Pyrenees  Eastern,  Rhine 
Upper,  Rhine  Lower,  Rhone,  Bouches 
du  Rhone  and  Loire,  Saone  Upper,  Sacne 
and  Loire,  Sarte,  Seine,  Seine  and  Oise, 
Seine  Lower,  Seine  and  Marne,  Sevres 
les  deux,  Somme,  Tarn,  Var,  Vendee, 
Yienne,  Vienne  Upper,  Yosges,  and  Yon- 
ne.  Each  of  these  departments  has  an 
archiepiscopal  or  episcopal  town ;  there 
being  now  only  ten  archbishoprics  or  me- 
tropolitan circles,  and  73  bishop's  sees. 
The  population  of  France  was  formerly 
reckoned  at  20,000,000^  By  an  estimate 
of  Mr.  Neckar,  which,  has  been  very  much 
questioned,  it  amounted  to  25,000,000. 
Since  the  revolution,  on  a  moderate  cal- 
culation, no  less  than  400,000  have  per- 
ished by  massacre  or  by  war,  which  oc- 
casions a  considerable  diminution  in  the 
population  of  that  country.  Paris  is  the 
metropolis. 

France,  Isle  of,  a  late  province  of  France, 
so  called,  because  it  was  formerly  bound- 
ed by  the  rivers  Seme,  Marne,  Oise,  Ais- 
ne and  Ourque.  It  now  comprehends  the 
four  departments  of  Oise,  Seine  and  Oise, 
Seine  and  Marne,  and  Paris. 

France,  Isle  of,  or  JHaur/titis,  an  island 
in  the  Indian  Ocean,  200  leagues  E  of  Ma- 
dagascar. It  was  early  discovered  by  the 
Portuguese.  After  them,  the  Dutch  set- 
tled on  the  SE  shore,  and  gave  it  the 
name  of  Mauritius,  in  honour  of  prince 
Maurice,  their  stadtholder.  But  they 
abandoned  it,  on  their  acquisition  of  the 
cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  then  re  mained  un- 
inhabited, till  the  French  landed  there  ii 


F  R  A 


F  R  A 


1720.  This  island  is  about  45  leagues  in 
circumference.  The  climate  is  healthy  ; 
but  the  soil  not  very  fertile.  There  are 
many  mountains,  some  of  which  arc  so 
high  that  their  tops  are  covered  with 
snow  ;  they  produce  the  best  ebony  in  the 
world.  The  vallies  are  well  watered 
with  rivers,  and  are  made  very  produc- 
tive by  cultivation,  of  which  indigo  is  the 
principal  object.  The  town  and  harbour 
are  called  Port  Louis,  and  are  strongly 
fortified  ;  the  town  is  large  and  covers  a 
great  deal  of  ground.  But  in  the  hurri- 
cane months,  the  harbour  cannot  afford 
shelter  for  more  than  eight  vessels.  Here 
are  large  storehouses  and  every  thing  ne- 
cessary-for  the  equipment  of  fleets.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  on  the  island  ex- 
clusive of  the  military,  is  8000  whites, 
and  12000  blacks.  Lon.  57  28  E,  lat.  20 
9  S. 

Franckfort  on  the  Maine,  an  ancient  and 
free  imperial  city  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Pranconia.  The  chief  structure  is 
the  town  house,  in  which  is  preserved 
the  golden  bull,  the  origin  of  the  funda- 
mental laAvs  of  the  empire,  and  here  is 
the  chamber  in  which  the  emperor  is 
elected.  All  religions  are  tolerated  at 
Franckfort  under  certain  restrictions  : 
but  Lutheranism  is  the  established  faith. 
It  has  been  repeatedly  taken  and  retaken 
during  the  present  war,  the  last  time  by 
the  Austrians  in  September  1796.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Maine,  15  miles  NE 
of  Mentz,  and  350  W  bv  N  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
8  40  E,  lat.  49  55  N. 

F  ranch  fort  on  the  Oder,  a  flourishing  ci- 
ty of  Germany,  in  the  middle  marche  of 
Brandenburg,  formerly  imperial  but  now 
subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  It  is  re- 
markable for  three  great  fairs,  and  its 
university.  It  is  45  miles  SE  of  Berlin, 
and  72  S  of  Stetin.  Lon.  14  39  E,  lat.  52 
23  N. 

Franche  Comte,  a  late  province  of 
Prance,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Lorrain, 
on  the  E  by  Alsace  and  Swisserland,  on 
the  W  by  Burgundy,  and  on  the  S  by 
Bresse.  It  is  126  miles  in  length,  and 
80  in  breadth,  and  abounds  in  corn,  wine, 
cattle,  horses,  mines  of  iron,  copper  and 
lead.  It  was  conquered  by  Prance  in 
1674,  and  ceded  to  it  by  the  treaty  of 
Nimeguen  in  1678.  It  now  comprehends, 
the  three  departments  of  Doubs,  Jura, 
and  Upper  Saone. 

Franchemojit,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Liege,  12  miles  SE  of 
Liege. 

Franciade.    Sec  Deny  a,  s 
Francistoxon,  a  post  town  of  Hillsbo- 
rough county,  New  Hampshire,  fifteen 
miles  NW  of  Amherst,  and  about  fifty- 


five  W  of  Portsmouth,  with  1400  inhabi- 

tarns. 

Francois,  Cape,  a  fine  town  in  the  N 
part  of  the  island  of  St.  Domingo,  belong- 
ing  to  the  French,  who  often  call  it  the 
Cape,  by  way  of  eminence.  It  was  almost 
mine'!  by  the  dreadful  commotions  which 
attended  the  French  revolution.  Lon.  72 
18  W,  lat.  19  46  N. 

Frunconia,  a  circle  of  Germany  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxo- 
ny, on  the  E  by  that  of  Bavaria^  on  the  S 
by  that  of  Suabia,  and  on  the  W  by  the 
circles  of  the  Rhine.  The  middle  is  fer- 
tile in  corn,  wine  and  fruits,  but  the  bor- 
ders are  full  of  woods  and  barren  moun- 
tains. The  Franks,  who  conquered  France, 
came  from  this  province,  and  gave  their 
name  to  that  kingdom. 

Fl'anconia,  a  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  S 
side  of  the  NE  branch  or  Perquiorning 
ereek,  and  containing  about  1000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Franeker,  or  Franker,  a  town  of  the 
United  Provinces,  in  Friesland,  with  a 
castle  and  university.  The  public  build- 
ings and  palaces  are  magnificent.  It  is 
seven  miles  W  of  Lewarden.  Lon.  5  33 
E,  lat.  53  U  N. 

Frankendal,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine.  It  has  been  of- 
ten talcen  and  retaken,  the  last  time  by 
the  allies  in  1794. '  It  is  seated  near  the 
Rhine  7  miles  S  of  Worms.  Lon.  8  29  E, 
lat.  49  25  N. 

Frankenstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  12  miles  N 
W  of  Landau.    Lon.  7  55  E,  lat  49  18  N. 

Frankfort,  a  handsome  post  town  in 
Philadelphia  coun.y,  Pennsylvania,  five 
miles  NE  of  the  city.  This  has  been  a 
favorite  retreat  of  the  citizens,  whenever 
Philadelphia  has  been  visited  with  the 
yellow  fever,  and  has  expe  rienced  a  con- 
siderable increase  as  well  as  improvement 
in  its  buildings  from  tins  cause. 

Frankfort,  a  post  town  of  Hancock 
county,  Maine;  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Penobscot  river,  a  few  mdes  above  the 
head  of  Penobscot  Bay. 

Fran! fort,  a  town  in  Virginia,  the  capi- 
tal of  Pendleton  county,  situated  at  the 
foot  of  the  Allegheny  mountain,  55  miles 
N  of  Bath,  on  the  S  branch  of  the  river 
Potomac,  here  is  a  post  office. 

Frar.cford,  the  chief  town  of  Hampshire 
county,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  the  S  branch  of  Potomac  river,  about 
30  miles  SVV  of  Bath,  and  12  NW  of 
Winchester. 

Franc-fort,  a  township  of  Herkimer 
county,  New  York,  87  miles  NW  of  Al- 
bany, and  containing-  1300  inhabitants. 


FRE 


F  R  E 


Franklin,  a  populous  county,  in  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania;  situated  between  the 
N  and  S  mountains,  and  joining  the  slate 
of  Maryland,  on  the  south.  This  county 
is  finely  watered  by  the  two  principal 
branches  of  Conecocheague  creek,  and  is 
for  the  most  part  a  fertile  valley  It  con- 
tains about  800  square  miles,  and  the  in- 
habitants are  estimated  at  25,000.  Cham- 
bersburg  is  the  capital. 

Franklin,  a  county  of  Virginia.  It  is  a 
mountainous  country,  being  situated  be- 
tween the  Blue  ridge,  on  the  west,  and 
Smith  and  Long  mountains,  on  the  east. 
It  is  watered  by  a  number  of  fertilizing 
streams,  and  contains  about  10,000  inha- 
bitants. 

Franklin,  the  capital  of  Venango  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  French  creek  with  Alleghany  ri- 
ver, 25  miles  SE  of  Meadville. 

Frankstoxvn,  a  township  in  Huntingdon 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  about 
1000  "inhabitants. 

Francfort,  the  capital  of  the  state  of 
Kentucky,  situated  hi  Franklin  county,  on 
the  N  side  of  the  river  Kentucky.  Here 
is  a  post  office;  and  the  inhabitants  are 
estimated  at  800. 

FranUin,  a  post  town  of  Pendleton 
countv,  Virginia,  191  miles  W  from  the 
city  of  Washington. 

Franenficld,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  ca- 
pital of  the  Thurguu.  It  is  seated  on  an 
eminence,  and  was  the  place,  where  since 
1712,  the  deputies  of  the  Swiss  cantons 
heid  their  general  diet.  Lon  8  5G  E,  lat. 
47  35  X. 

Fraustadt,  a  town  of  Silesia,  remarka- 
ble for  a  battle  gained  by  the  Swedes  o- 
ver  the  Saxons,  in  1706.  It  is  twentv 
miles  NW  ofGlogaw.  Lon.  16  3  E,  lat. 
51  48  N. 

Frazersburg-h,  a  small  town  in  Aber- 
deenshire, on  the  German  Ocean,  wi.h  a 
tolerable  harbour.  It  is  seated  close  by 
a  promontory,  called  Kinnaird's  Head, 
on  which  is  a  lighthouse,  40  miles  N  of 
Aberdeen.    Lon.  1  37  W,  lat.  57  35  X. 

Fredmburg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  50 
miles  W  of  Cassel.    Lon.  8  16  E,  lat.  51 

io  n.  * 

Frederica,  a  village  (with  a  post  office 
in  Kent  county,  Delaware)  containing 
250  inhabitants.  - 

Frederics,  a  post  town  on  St.  Simon's 
island,  «  Georgia;  situated  at  the 


mouth  o  k ha  river.    Here  Gen. 

Og-eltho  pe  planted  a  colony  of  High- 
landers,, :-nd,erected  a  fort  in  the  year 
17-36  ich  purpose  the  British 

parliament  granted  an  aid  of  10.000J. 


and  palace  of 


the  king  of  Denmark,  in  the  isle  of  Zea- 
land, 15  miles  N  W  of  Copenhagen.  Lon. 
12  25  E,  lat.  55  52  N. 

Frederick,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia, situated  on  the  NW  side  of  She- 
nandoa  river,  between  Berkley  county  on 
the  north,  and  Shenandoa  on  the  south. 
Though  a  mountainous  country  it  is  well 
peopled,  containing  25,000  inhabitants.. 

Frederick,  a  fertile  county  in  the  state 
of  Maryland  ;  bounded  on  the  W  by  the 
South  mountain,  on  the  S  by  Ann  Arun- 
del and  Montgomery  counties,  on  the  E 
by  Baltimore,  and  on  the  N  by  the  state 
of  Pennsylvania.  It  contains '557,000  a- 
cres,  and*  33,000  inhabitants. 

Fredericksburg,  a  post  town  in  Spott- 
sylvania,  county  .  Virginia  ;  seated  on  the 
S  side  of  the  river  Rappahannock,  66 
miles  XW  of  Richmond,  and  62  SW  of 
Washington. 

Fredericsburg,  a  Danish  fort  on  the  Gold 
Coast  of  Guinea,  near  Cape  Three-points, 
62  miles  WSW  of  Cape  Coast  Castle. 
Lon.  1  5  W,  lat.  4  30  N. 

Frederickshail,  or  Frederickstadt,  a  sea- 
port of  Norway,  in  the  province  of  Ag- 
gerhuys,  situated  on  the  extremity  of  the 
Swinesund,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Tist.  It  is  the  most  regular  fortress  in 
this  part  of  Norway,  containing  an  arsenal 
amply  supplied.  The  harbour  is  safe 
and  commodious  ;  but  the  large  quanti- 
ty of  saw-dust  brought  down  the  river, 
froni  the  different  saw  mills,  occasions  an 
annua!  expense  to  clear  it  away.  This 
town  is  51  miles  SE  of  Christiana.  Lon. 
10  55  E,  lat.  59  12  N. 

Frcderickshum,  a  neatly  built  town  of 
Russia  in  Carcha,  whose  streets  go  off 
like  radii  from  a  centre.  It  is  seated  near 
tjie  gulf  of  Finland. 

Frederickstadt,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  S 
Jutland,  seated  on  the  river  Eyder,  17 
miles  SW  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9  43  E,  lat. 
54  30  X. 

Frederickstcin,  a  strong  fortress  of  Nor- 
way. It  is  situated  on  the  summit  of  an 
almost  perpendicular  rock,  which  over- 
hangs the  town  of  Frederickshail,  and  has 
never  been  taken.  It  was  besieged  in 
1/18,  by  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  who  was 
killed  by  a  musket  shot. 

Fredericktovm,  the  principal  town  of 
Frederick  county,  Maryland,  situated  on 
Vfonocasy  creek,  about  42  miles  W  of 
Baltimore,  21  E  by  N  of  Harper's  Ferry 
e  Potomac,  and  44  from  Washington, 
r  is  ,i  very  thriving  town,  and  contains 
4  500  inhabitants. 

Frehel,  a  cape  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North  Coast  and  late  pror 
vincc  ofBretagr.e,  13  miles  W  of  St.  Ma- 
lo.  Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  48  41  N. 


F  R  K 


F  R  I 


Frzehohl>  a  post  town,  and  the  capital 
of  .Monmouth  county',  Xcw  Jersey,  with 
about  3500  inhabitants.  It  is  thirteen 
miles  SW  of  Shrewsbury,  and  22  NE  of 

Freeport,  a  post  town  in  Cumberland 
county,  Maine,  situated  near  the  head  of 
Casco  Hay;  about  17  milesNE  of  Port- 
land. H9DrPil 

Free  Town,  a  township  of  Bristol  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  oh  the  E  side 
of  Taunton  river,  about  10  miles  above 
Mount  Hope  bay. 

French  Broad,  a  navigable  river  of  Ten- 
nessee, which  rises  in  Sevier  county,  and 
fails  into  Hoi  stein  river  at  Knoxville. 

Frenchman '*  JBay,  a  bay  and  a  settlement 
round  it,  in  the  district  of  Maine.  It  was 
so  named  from  a  small  colony  of  French 
established,  there  as  early  as  163%. 

Frei/bnrg,  a  township  of  Maine,  York 
county,  on  the  E  side  of  Cold  river,  35 
miles  NW  of  Portland. 

Friesingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria.  It  surrendered  to  the 
French,  September  3,  1796.  It  is  seated 
on  a  mountain,  near  the  Iser,  20  miles 
N  by  E  of  Munich.  Lon.  11  50  E,  lat. 
48  26  N. 

Frejns,  a  fortified  town  of  Provence  in 
France,  now  in  the  department  of  Var. 
By  the  Romans,  it  was  called  Forum  Ju- 
lii ;  and  at  that  time  had  a  good  port  on 
the  Mediterranean,  which  is  now  above 
a  mile  from  it.  It  is  the  birthplace  of 
Agricola  ;  and  near  it,  some  fine  remains 
of  antiquity  are  still  visible.  It  is  seated 
near  the  river  Argens,  in  a  morass,  40 
miles  NE  of  Toulon.  Lon.  6  50  E,  lat. 
43  26  N. 

Frescati,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Champag- 
na  di  Roma.  It  derives  its  name  from 
the  coolness  of  the  air,  and  fresh  verdure 
of  the  fields  around.  In  its  neighbour- 
hood are  situated  some  of  the  most  mag- 
nificent villas  in  Italy.  It  is  built  on 
the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Tusculum,  the 
Tusculan  villa  of  Cicero  is  at  no  great  dis- 
tance. Frescati,  with  Tivoli  and  Alba- 
no,  is  the  favorite  abode  of  the  landscape 
painters  who  travel  into  Italy  for  im- 
provement. Nothing"  can  surpass  the  ad- 
muvdde  assemblage  of  hills,  meadows, 
lakes,  cascades,  gardens,  ruins,  groves, 
and  terraces,  which  charm  the  eye,  as  ir 
wanders  among  the  shades  of  these  de- 
lightful villages.  Frescati  is  seated  or. 
thV  declivitv  of  a  hill,  12  miles  SE  ol 
Rome.    Lon.  11  42  E,  lat.  41  48  N. 

Frevderstadt,  a  strong  town  of  Suabia. 
in  the  Black  Forest,  built  in  1600,  to 
defend  the  passage  into  this  forest.   It  is 


12  miles  SE  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  21  E,  lat. 

48  28  N. 

Freudenthid,  a  town  of  Silesia,  cele- 
brated for  its  breed  of  horses,  and  manu- 
facture of  fine  linen.    Lon.  17  21  E,  lat 

50  3  N. 

Frefjstadt,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the 
county  of  Neitra,  with  a  strong  castle, 
seated  on  the  Vv'aag,  opposite  Leopold- 
stadt.    Lon.  18  10  E,  lat.  48  32  X. 

Freystadt,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Treschen,  20  miles  E  of  Trop- 
paw.'  Lon.  18  15  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Frias,  a  considerable  town  of  Spain,  in 
j  Old  Castile,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Kino,  35  miles  NW  of  Burgos. 
Lon.  3  46  W,  lat.  42  52  N. 

Friburg,  one  of  the  cantons  of  Swisser- 
;  land,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  can- 
jton  of  Bern.  It  is  fertile  in  corn,  fruits 
(and  pastures. 

Friburg,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capi- 
!  tal  of  a  canton  of  the  same  name.  The 
[  public  buildings,  especially  the  cathe- 
dral, are  very  handsome,  and  the  inhabi-' 
jtants  are  papists.  Its  situation  is  very 
j  extraor  dinary,  for  only  the  W  side  is 
near  plain  ground,  and  all  the  rest  is 
built  upon  rocks  and  precipices,  several 
parts  of  which  are  accessible  only  by- 
stairs  and  ladders.  Three  miles  from 
this  town  is  a  celebrated  hermitage,  cut 
in  a  rock,  which  contains  a  church  and 
steeple,  a  vestry,  a  kitchen,  a  large  hall, 
two  rooms  on  each  side,  two  pair  of 
stairs,  and  a  cellar.  The  church  is  63 
feet  long,  36  broad,  and  22  high  ;  but 
the  most  wonderful  thing  of  all  is  the 
steeple,  which  is  70  feet  high  above  the 
rock :  and  the  chimney  of  the  kitchen  is 
90  feet  in  height.  It  is  almost  inconceiv- 
able how  one  man,  with  his  servant, 
could  perform  so  difficult  a  work,  though 
hey  were  25  years  about  it.  Friburg  is 
seated  on  the  river  San,  15  miles  SW  of 
Bern.    Lon.  6  55  E,  lat.  46  48  N, 

Friburg,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of 
Rrisgaw ;  remarkable  for  the  steeple  of 
the  great  church  and  for  its  university 
The  inhabitants  arc  famous  for  polishing 
crystal  and  precious  stones.  It  surren- 
dered to  the  French  in  June  1796.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Triser,  10  miles  E  of 
f.irisach,  and  26  S  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7 
57  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Fricenti,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Principato  Ulteriore,  near  the  river 
Triapalto,  20  miles  SE  of  Benevento.  Lon. 
15  9  E,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Friedberg,  an  imperial  town  of  Germa- 
ny in  Weteravia,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
15  miles  NE  of  Franc  fort.  Lon.  8  46  E, 
lat.  50  10  N. 


F  R  I 


F  R  O 


Friedberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ba- 
varia, with  a  castle,  taken  and  plunder- 
ed by  life  Swedes  in  1632.  It.  is  30  miles 
N\v"  ()f  Munich.    Lon.  11  10  E,  iat.  40 

Fjnedb  :\  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Mis- 
nia,  remarkable  for  its  mines,  and  for 
being*  the  burying- -place  of  the  princes  of 
tJie  house  of  Saxony.  It  is  seated  on  the 
llulta,  15  miles  SYV  of  Dresden.  Lon. 
13  36  W,  hit.  51  OX. 

Friedberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Thu- 
ringia,  seated  on  the  Lnstruc,  30  miles 
W  of  Leipsick.    Lon.  11  41  E,  hit.  51 

Friedber'gt  the  name  of  two  small 
towns  in  Silesia  ;  the  one  in  the  duchy  of 
J  aver,  and  the  other  in  the  duchy  of 
Schweldnitz.  The  last  is  remarkable  for 
a  battle  gained  there  by  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia, over  the  Austrians,  in  1745. 

F riding,  a  town  of  Suabia,  on  the  Da- 
nube, 30  nyles  NE  of  Constance.  Lon.  9 
.  31  E,  lat.  48  11  N. 

Fridland,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the 
confines  of  Silesia,  55  miles  E  of  Dres- 
den.   Lon.  15  15  S,  lat.  52  4  X. 

Fridtingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  three 
miles  E  of  the  Rhine,  and  four  N  of 
Basle.    Lon.  7  36  E,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Friendly  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  so  named  by 
captain  Cook,  in  1773,  on  account  of  the 
friendship  that  appeared  to  subsist  among 
the  inhabitants,  and  their  courteous  be- 
haviour to  strangers.  The  general  ap- 
pearance of  these  islands  convey  an  idea 
of  the  most  exuberant  fertility  ;  the  sur- 
face, at  a  distance,  seems  entirely  cloth- 
ed with  trees  of  various  sizes,  some  of 
which  are  very  large,  particularly  the 
tall  cocoa-palm,  and  a  species  of  fig 
with  narrow  pointed  leaves.  On  closer 
examination,  they  arc  almost  wholly  laid 
out  in  plant  a  ions,  in  which  are  some  of 
the  richest  productions  of  nature  ;  S'.ich 
as  bread-fruit  and  cocoa-nut  trees,  pi.  r 
tains,  yams,  sugar-canes,  and  a  fruit  like 
a  nectarine.  The  stock  of  quadrupeds 
is  scanty  ;  but  thev  v;  ceived  from  dp 
tain  Cook  some  valuable  additions,  hot!- 
to  the  animal  arid  vegetable  kingdom 
Their  domestic  fowls  are  as  large  as 
those  of  Europe.  Among  the  birds  an 
parrots  and  parroquets  of  various  sorts, 
whieh  furnish  the  red  feathers  so  much 
esteemed  in  the  Society  Isles.  The  nr. 
tncroua  ivefs  and  shoals  afford  sheltc  :• 
['.-•:•  an  endless  varietv  of  shell-fish.  These 
islands  are  all  inhabited  by  a  race  or'pe 
pie,  who  cultivate  the  earth  with  greai 
industry;  and  nature,  assisted  by  a  lit- 
tle art,  appears  no  where  in  greater 
splendour.     Agriculture,  architecture, 


boal-i)iiilding,  and  fishing  are  the  em- 
ployments of  the  men  ;  to  the  women  is 
confined  the  manufacture  of  cloth. 

Fiiesachy  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Saltzburg,  with  a  strong 
castle,  on  a  mountain.  It  is  56  miles 
SE  of  Saltzburg.  Lon.  14  12  E,  lat.  47 
12  N. 

Friesland,  one  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, bounded  on  the  N  by  the  German 
Ocean,  on  the  W  by  the  Zuider-Zee,  on 
the  S  by  the  same  and  O'.cryssel,  which, 
also,  with  Groningen,  bounds  it  on  the 
E.  Le warden  is  the  capital. 

Friesland,  East,  a  province  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  lying 
near  the  German  Ocean.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S  by  the  bishopric  of  Minister,  on 
the  E  by  the  county  of  Oldenburg,  on 
the  W  by  the  province  of  Groningen,  and 
on  the  X  by  the  sea,  being  about  50 
miles  in  length,  and  30  in  breadth.  The 
country  being  level  and  low,  is  obliged 
to  be  secured  against  inundations  by  ex- 
pensive dykes.  It  is  a  very  fertile  coun- 
try, and  feeds  a  great  number  of  cattle  ; 
but  it  was  greatly  damaged*,  by  an  inun- 
dation in  1717,  and  the  repair  of  the 
dykes  cost  an  immense  sum.  The  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Xorden,  Leer,  Essens, 
Whitmunde,  and  Aurick.  Embden  was 
an  imperial  city,  and  the  principal  place 
in  the  country  ;  but  now  belongs  also  to 
the  king  of  Prussia,  who  bought  it  of  the 
Dutch.' 

Fri&s!ond,  fl'cst,  another  name  for  that 
part  of  Holland,  called  North  Holland. 
The  states  of  Holland  hence  take  the 
title  of  the  states  of  Holland  and  West 
Trirsland. 

Frin-.va'u,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
gravate  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on 
the  Oder,  30  miles  XE  of  Berlin.  Lon. 
14  10  E,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Frio,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Brasil,  in 
'he  province  of  Rio  Janeiro.  Lon.  41  31 
\V,  lat.  22  54- S. 

Frinehah,  a  bay  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  at 
•he  mouth  of  the  Vistula. 

Fritzlar,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  th« 
landgravate  of  ilusse-Cassel,  20  miles  S 
YV  of  Cassel. 

Friirii,  a  province  of  Italy,  bounded 
on  the  X  by  Carin.hia,  on  the  S  by  the 

If  of  Venice,  on  the  E  by  Carniola  and 
'  gulf  of  Trieiuo.  and  on  the  W  by  th© 
Trevasano  and  Bclhmese.  It  is  fertile  in 
wine  and  fruits,  -and  subject  partly  to  the 
Venetians,  and  partly  to  Austria.  Udina 
e  0  a  p  it  ah  •  .•;;jk«|B^     : : 

Fro6isher\<:  Sfrnitr,  a  little  N  of  Cape 
Parcwisns  and  West  Greenland,  disco- 
.er-d  bv  Sir  Martin  Frcbisber.    Lon.  42 

o  w,  iat.  63  o  s.mgm'^mm: 

'  H  K<&    »  ~*\  d 


F  U  E 


*  l'UN 


?  rodingham,  a  town  in  the  E  riding  of 
Vorksiure,  with  a  market  on  Thursday, 
36  miles  E  of  York,  and  194  N  oi' Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  12  W,  Int.  53  .56  X. 

Fro(hham)  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a 
castle  at  the  W  end,  and  a  market  on 
Wednesday.  It  is  seated  near  the  Mer- 
sey, by  Frodsham  Hills,  the  highest  hi 
the  county,  11  miles  XE  of  Chester,  and 
182  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  48  W,  lat. 
53  21  N. 

Frome,  or  Froom,  a  river  in  Dorset- 
shire, which  conies  from  the  S\V  part 
of  the  county  to  Dorchester,  and  pro- 
ceeding- to  Wareham  empties  itself  into 
the  bay  that  forms  the  harbour  of  Poole. 

Fvome,  a  river  in  Somersetshire,  which 
flows  by  the  town  of  Frorae,  and  unites 
with  the  Avon  at  Bristol. 

Frame,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday.  Their  chief 
manufacture  is  second  cloths.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Frome,  12  miles  S  of  Bath,  and 
104  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  16  W, 
lat.  51  10*N. 

Ft*»nsac}  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gironde  and  late  province  of 
Guienne,  seated  on  the  Dordogne,  22 
miles  NE  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  6  16  W, 
lat.  45  4  N. 

Fronteira,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tejo,  19  miles  NE  of  Estremos. 

Frontigniac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ilcrault  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc,  remarkable  for  its  excel- 
lent muscadine  wines.  It  is  seated  on 
Lake  Maguleone,  14  miles  SW  of  Mont- 
pellier.    Lon.  3  48  E,  lat.  43  46  N. 

Front  Royal,  a  town  in  Frederick  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  on  the  E  side  of  Shenan- 
doah river,  near  the  Blue-Ridge  moun- 
tain, 20  miles  S  of  Winchester,  and  38 
X  of  Culpepper.    Here  is  a  post-ofiicc. 

Froveny  an  island  in  the  Xorth  Sea, 
;)bout  35  miles  in  circu inference,  and  si- 
tuated near  the  coast  ofXorwav.  Lon. 
9  0  E,  lat.  63  46  X. 

Fmtingen,  a  beautiful  tovSffcof  Swis- 
serland,  situated  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
,1  miles  SE  of  Friburg. 

Frnbcrg,  a  post  town  of  York  county, 
Maine  ;  lying  on  the  X  branch  of  Saco 
river,  58*miles  XW  of.  Portland,  and  648 
from  Washington. 

Fnego,  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  Islands, 
in  the  Atlantic.  Ocean.  R  is  much  high- 
er that}  any  of  the  rest,  and  seems  to  be 
a  single  mountain  at  sea,  but  on  tlxe  sides 
there  are  deep  rallies.  It  is  a  volcano, 
which  burns  continually,  and  may  be 
seen  a  great  way  off  at  sea.  The  Port  u- 
guese,  who  first  inhabited  it,  brought 
negroes  with  them,  and  a  stock  of  cows, 
horses,   and  hogs,   but  no \f  the  chief 


inhabitants  are  blacks,  of  the  Romish 
religion.  It  is  300  miles  W  of  Cape  de 
Verd.    Lon.  24  30  W,  lat.  14  54  X. 

Fiien-hoit  fou,  an  extensive  and  popu- 
lous city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
I'etcheli,  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its 
streets  and  triumphal  arches.  It  has  un- 
der its  jurisdiction  two  cities  of  the  se- 
cond rank,  eight  of  the  third,  and  many- 
fortresses,  which  bar  the  entrance  of 
China  against  the  Tartars.  It  is  seated 
near  the  great  wall,  amid  mountains. 

Fuen-tchcou-fou,  a  commercial  city  of 
China,  in  the  province  of  Chang-sii.  It 
is  noted  for  its  baths  and  springs,  which 
are  almost  as  hot  as  boiling  water,  and 
attract  a  great  number  of  strangers.  Its 
district  contains  one  city  of  the  second, 
and  seven  of  the  third  class.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Fuen-ho,  250  miles  SW  of 
Pekin. 

Fuente-Duegna,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
New  Castile,  seated  on  the-  Tajo,  35 
miles  SE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  0  W,  lat. 
40  14  N. 

Fuessen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  belonging 
to  the  bishop  of  Augsburg,  with  an  an- 
cient castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lech, 
50  miles  S  bv  E  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  11 
15  E,  lat.  47  40  XT. 

FiiLh-ntaU,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Troppaw,  seated  near  the  Moh- 
ra,  16  miles  W  by  S  of  Troppaw. 

Fiila*  or  Thule,  one  of  the  Shetland 
Islands,  W  of  Mainland,  thought  by 
some  to  be  the  Ultimata  Thule  of  the 
ancients. 

Fulde,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  the  Upper  Rhine,  with  a  celebrat- 
ed abbey,  whose  abbot  is  primate  of  the 
abbies  of  the  empire,  and  sovereign  of  a 
small  territory  between  Hesse,  Franco- 
nia,  and  Thuringia.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Fulde,  55  miles  S  of  Cassel.  Lon.  9  43 
E,  lat.  50  40  X. 

Ful/iavi,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  four 
nvjles  W  by  S  of  London,  seated  on  the 
Thames,  over  which  is  a  wooden  bridge 
to  Putney.  It  has  been  the  demesne  of 
the  bishops  of  London  ever  since  the 
conquest :  here  they  have  a  palace  ,  and 
in  the  church-yard  are  the  tombs  of  seve- 
ral of  the  prelates  of  that  see. 

Fvnchal,  the  capital  of  Madeira,  situ-^ 
ate  round  a  bay,  on  the  gentle  ascent  of* 
the  first  hills,  in  form  of  an  amphithea- 
;  ire.    An  old  castle,  which  commands 
;  the  road,  stands  on  the  top  of  a  steep 
''black  rock,  surrounded  by  the  sea,  at 
\  high-water.  On  a  neighbouring  eminence 
above  the  town  is  another,  caHect  St. 
!  Joint's  Castle  ;  and  on  the  seaside  are  se- 
'  veral  batteries.    The  streets  are  narrow, 
j  ill-paved,  and  dirty.    The  houses  are 


F  U  T 


GAB 


built  b£ freestone,  or  of  brick;  but  they 
are  dark,  and  only  a  few  of  the  best,  be- 
longing- to  the  English  merchants,  or  tlie 
principal  inhabitants,  are  provided  with 
glass  windows  ;  all  the  others  have  a 
kind  of  lattice-work  in  their  stead,  which 
hangs  on  hinges,  and  may  he  lifted  up 
occasionally.    Lon.  17  6  W,  lat.  32  38  Xr. 

Fuiidy,  a  bay  of  North  America,  be- 
tween New  England  and  Nova  Scotia, 
remarkable  for  its  tides,  which  rise  to 
the  height  of  50  or  60  feet,  and  flow  very 
rapidly. 

Funeu,  an  island  of  Denmark,  340 
miles  in  circumference  :  separated  from 
Jutland  by  a  strait  called  the  Little  Belt, 
and  from  Zealand  by  the  Great  Belt.  It 
is  remarkably  fertile  in  pasture  and  grain, 
and  exports  to  Xorway,  barley,  oats,  rye, 
and  peas.    Odensee  is  the  capital. 

F 'uniess,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
seated  near  the  German  Ocean,  on  the 
canal  from  Bruges  to  Dunkirk,  which 
was  destroyed  by  the  English  forces  in 
1798.  It  was  one  of  the  barrier  towns  ; 
but,  in  1781,  the  emperor  Joseph  II.  ex- 
pelled the  Dutch  garrison.  It  surrender- 
ed to  the  French  in  1793,  and  is  12  miles 
E  of  Dunkirk.    Lon.  2  45  E,  lat.  51  4  X. 

Furruckabad,  a  district  of  Hindoos  tan 
Proper,  contiguous  to  the  W  bank  of  the 
Ganges,  and  surrounded  by  the  domini- 
ons of  Oude.  It  is  little  more  than  30 
miles  in  extent,  and  belongs  to  a  chief 
of  the  Patan  R  oh  ilia  tribe.  Its  capital  is 
of  the  same  name.  Lon.  79  30  W,  lat.  27 
28  N. 

Furstenburg,  a  principality  of  Suabia, 
bounded  by  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg, 
the  county  of  Hohenburg  and  other  ter- 
ritories of  the  house  of  Austria,  by  tiie 
Brisgaw,  the  Black  Forest,  and  the  lake 
and  bishopric  of  Constance.  In  this  state 
the  river  Danube  takes  its  rise. 

Furstenburg,  the  capital  of  a  principal- 
ity of  the  same  name,  in  Suabia,  with  a 
eastle,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the 
Danube,  17  miles  S  of  Rotweil.  Lon.  9 
0  E,  It.  47  53  N. 

Furstetrfeid,  a  town  of  Lower  Stiria, 
with  a  castle,  on  the  river  Ausnitz,  50 
miles  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  5  E,  lat.  47 
23  X. 

Furstemoald,  a  town  of  German v,  in 
the  middle  marche  of  Brandenburg-,  "seat- 
ed on  the  Spree,  20  miles  W  of  Francfort 
on  the  Oder.  It  was  taken  bv  the  Swedes 

in  1631.    Lon.  14  8  E,  lat.  52  23  N. 
Futtupaur  Sicri,  a  considerable  town 

.fllmdoostan  Proper,  in  the  province  of 
Agra,  seated  under  a  range  of  hills,-  the 
southern  boundary  of  an  immense  plain, 
in  which  for  tlie  greatest  part,  not  a 
shrub  is  to  be  seen,  and  the  soil  is  (ieht, 


and  almost  as  line  as  hair-powder .;  a  cir- 
cumstance productive  of  the  most  dis- 
agreeable effects,  when  this  fine  dust  is 
taken  up  by  the  hot  winds  from  the  west- 
ward. Its  situation  too,  is  unhealthy, 
from  the  ifidWferent  water  witlv  which 
the  whole  country  abounds.  How  eve' 
the  country  immediately  near  tlie  town 
is  in  tolerable  cultivation.  On  tlie  sum- 
mit of  the  highest  hill  is  a  large  mosque, 
built  by  the  emperor  Acbar,  in  the  first 
style  of  Moorish  architecture  ;  and  at 
the  foot  of  this  hill  are  the  ruins  of  an 
imperial  palace,  which  occupy  a  greai 
extent  of  ground.  It  is  42  miles  W  hi 
Agra.    Lon.  77  45  E,  lat.  27  0  X. 

Fual,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  Western 
Islands.  It  is  well  cultivated  and  has  a- 
bundance  of  chesnuts,  beeches,  myrtles, 
and  aspen-trces.  The  most  considerable 
place  is  called  Villa  de  Horta.  Lon.  28 
36  W,  lat.  38  32  X. 

Fyers,  a  river  of  Inverness-shire,  in 
Scotland,  which,  descending  from  the  S, 
flows  toward  Loch  Xess.  Over  this  riv- 
er is  built  a  stupendous  bridge,  on  two 
opposite  rocks;  the  top  of  the  arch  be- 
ing above  100  feet  above  the  surface  of 
the  water.  A  little  below  the  bridge  is 
the  celebrated  Fall  of  Fyers,  where  a 
great  body  of  water  darts  through  a  nar- 
row gap  between  two  rocks,  then  falls  o- 
ver  a  vast  precipice  into  the  bottom  of 
the  chasm,  where  the  foam  rises  and  fills 
the  air  like  a  cloud  of  smoke. 

Fyne,  Loch,  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  in 
Argvleshire,  near  40  miles  in  length., 
noted  as  the  resort  of  the  herring'  shoals, 
and  numerous  fishing  vessels.  It  re- 
ceives and  returns  a  tide  on  each  side  of 
the  isle  of  Arran,  which  is  directly  oppo- 
site its  entrance. 

Frzabad,  a  large  city  of  Ilindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  territory  of  Oude,  of  which 
it  was  once  the  capital.  Here  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  vast  building,  the  palace  of 
the  late  nabob  Sujah  ul  Dowlah.  The 
city  is  very  populous  :  but  since  the  re- 
moval of  the  court  of  Oude  to  Lucknow, 
the  people  are  of  the  lowest  class.  It  is 
seated  oil  the  Gogra,  a  large  river  from 
Thibet,  and  is  80  miles  E  of  Lucknow, 
and  500  NW  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  82  30  E, 
lat.  29  34  N. 


C.  UL  illET,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  tiers  and  late  province  of 
Ga-  ronv,  seated  on  the  Gelise,  20  mil  • 
\V  -.a  Godfc  m.     Lon.O  6F,  lat.  44  59  N 


GAL 


GAL 


Gabel,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  45  miles  N 
of  Prague. 

Gabian,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Herault  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  famous  for  its  mineral  waters. 

Gabin,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinate ot  Ruva,  50  miles  NW  of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  19  45  E,  lat.  52  26  X. 

Gaieta,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavora,  with  a  fort,  a  citaclt  i,  a 
harbour,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  tak- 
en by  the  Austrians,  in  1707,  and  by  die 
Spaniards  in  17J4.  It  is  seated  at  the 
loot  of  a  mountain,  near  the  sea,  30 
miles  NW  of  Capua.  Lon.  13  47  E,  lat. 
41  30  HP. 

Gaillac,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Tarn,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Lang-uedoc,  remarkable  for  its 
wines.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tarn,  10 ] 
miles  SW  of  Alby.  Lon.  2  5  E,  lat.  43 
54  \r. 

Gaillon,  a  town  of  Fiance,  in  the  de- 
part ment  of  Eure  and  late  province  oT 
Normandy,  remarkable  for  its  arohiepis- 
copal  pab. ce„  which  lately  belonged  to  the 
archbishop  of  Rouen.  It  is  five  miles  from 
Andely,  and  22  from  Rouen. 

Gainsborough,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  near 
the  river  Trent,  over  which  is  a  handsome 
stone  bridge.  It  is  a  pretty  large  well- 
built  town,  its  river  being1  accessible  to 
vessels  of  sufficient  size  to  navigate  the 
sea :  and  serves  as  a  place  oi' export  and 
import  for  the  N  part  of  the  county,  and 
for  Nottinghamshire.  It  is  17  miles  NW 
of  Lincoln,  and  151  N  by  W  of  London. 
Lon.  0  36  W,  lat.  53  28  N. 

Gairloch,  a  large  bay  of  Scotland,  on 
the  W  coast  of  Ross-shire.  In  this  bay, 
which  gives  name  to  a  tract  of  land  m  ai- 
lt, the  fishing  of  cod,  and  other  white 
fish  is  very  considerable. 

Gaisee,  a  village  of  Svasserland  in 
Rhode  exterior,  which  is  the  protestant 


stantinople,  seated  opposite  the  seraglio, 
on  the  other  side  of  the  harbour.  It  is 
inhabited  by  Christians  of  all  sorts,  as 
well  as  Jews,  who  exercise  "heir  religion 
publicly;  and  here  wine  is  sold  in  ta- 
verns, which  is  not  allowed  in  the  city 
itsel!'. 

tritlfally,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Tipperarv,  23  miles  SE  of  Lim- 
erick.   Lon.  8  20  W,  lat.  52  15  N. 

Galicia,  a  large  country  in  the  S  of  Po- 
land, which  consists  of  that  part  of  Lit- 
tle Poland,  which  lies  on  the  S  side  of -the 
Vistula,  almost  the  whole  of  Red  Russia, 
and  a  slip  of  Podolia.  It  was  forcibly- 
seized  by  the  Austrians  in  1772,  and  in- 
corporated into  the  Austrian  dominions, 
under  the  appellation  of  the  kingdoms 
of  Galicia  and  Lodomeria. 

Galicia,  a  province  of  Spain,  bounded 
on  the  N  and  W  by  Ike  Atlantic,, on  the 
S  by  Portugal,  and  on  the  E  by  the  As- 
turias  and  Leon.  The  air  is  temperate 
along  the  coast,  but  in  other  places  cold 
and  moist.  It  is  thin  of  people.  The  pro- 
duce is  wine,  flax,  and  citrons.  Here  al- 
so are  good  pastures,  copper,  and  lead  :-, 
and  the  forests  yield  wood  for  building 
of  ships.  St,  J  ago  de  Compostella  is  the 
capital. 

Galichia,  JK'ew.    See  Guadalajara. 
Galistio,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Estrr.inadu- 
ra,  10  miles  NW  of  Piacentia.    Lon.  5  8 
E,  lat.  40  2N, 

Gall,  St.  or  St.  Gaikn,  a  town  of  Swis- 
serland,  in  Thurgau,  with  a  rich  abbey, 
whose  abbot  is  titular  prince  of  the  Ger- 
man empire,  ar.d  formerly  possessed  theft' 
sovereignty  of  the  town  ;  but  the  inhabi- 
tants shook  off  his  authority,  and  became 
independent.    The  town  is  entirely  pro- 


tectant, and  its  government  at 
cratical.    The  subjects  of 


he 


nVitoi-y  is  distinct. 
It  is  a  cheerful 
n  a  fine  weli-wa 
*e  of  the  abbot's  tc 


>to-ctemo- 
the  abbot, 


re  most!}-  <:;-.- 
?at  town,  s;- 

:\:d  yalley  in 
: torn  ;-,  close 


division  of  the  county  of  Appenzel.    It  is 

much  resorted  to  oh  account  of  its  goat's  i  to  the  abbey  in  which  that  prince  re 
whev,  which  is  brought  from  a  neigh-  j  sides,  who  is  reciprocallv  suiTOt  <».dedb] 


bouring  mountain. 

Galacz,  a  town  of  Bulgaria,  seated  near 
the  Danube,  between  the  mouths  of  the 
Pruth  and  Seret. 

Galashiels,  a  village  in  Selkirkshire, 
seated  on  the  Gala,  near" its  confluence 
with  the  Tweed.  Here  is  a  flourishing 
manufacture  of  woollen  cloth  and  flan- 
nels, and  superior  cloths  have  been  tried 
with  tolerable  success.  It  is  25  miles  S 
by  E  of  Edinburgh. 

Galasot  a  river  of  Naples,  ln,Otranto, 
which  rises  in  the  opening  near  Oria,  and 
falls  into  the  gulf  of  Tarauto, 

Cuhiia,  the  orir.cioal  suburb  of  Con- 


ledby 

the  town.  In  the  abbey  is  an  ancient  li- 
brary which  contains  several  valuable 
MSST  of  the  classics  and  gospels.  The 
linen  manufacture  has  flourished  here  lor 
many  years,  and  still  preserves  its  repu- 
tation. Its  effects  are  very  sensibly  felt 
in  the  competent  wealth  which  it. has 
diffused  through  a1.!  ranks.  It  carries  on 
likewise  manufactures  of  muslin  and "era. 
broivlerv.  It  is  37  miles  NE  of  Zurip.  Lon. 
9  20  E,*lat.  47  26  N. 

Galla,  a  fort  of  Ceylon,  belonging  to 
the  Dutch,  who  drove  the  Portuguese 
thence  in  16!-').  Some  call  it  Punta  de 
Gallo.    Lon.  80  30  E>  lat.  6  20  N. 


GAL 


CAN 


Gallatin,  a  town  in  Sumner  county, 
Tennessee,  named  in  honour  of  a  Gene- 
van who  presides  at  the  head  of  the  trea- 
sury of  the  United  States.  This  town  is 
33  miles  NE  of  Nashville,  and  714  from 
Washington,  and  has  a  post  office.  It  is 
also"  the  name  of  a  county  in  Kentucky. 

Galliopolis,  a  town  in  the  state  of  Ohio, 
originally  settled  by  a  small  French  colo- 
ny. It  is  situated  on  the  W  side  of  the 
river  Ohio,  near  the  mouth  of  Great  Iyan- 
Lawa  river. 

Gullipago  Islands,  a  number  of  islands 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  the 
Spaniards,  to  whom  they  belong-.  They 
are  not  inhabited ;  but  the  Spaniards 
touch  here  for  fresh  water  and  provisions, 
when  they  sail  from  America  to  Ash. 
Here  are  a  great  number  of  birds,  and 
excellent  tortoises.  They  lie  under  the 
equator,  the  centre  island  in  Icn.  85  30  W. 

Gallipoli,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
D'Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see  and  a  fort. 
This  place  is  a  great  mart  for  olive  oil. 
It  is  seated  on  a  rock,  surrounded  by  the 
sea,  and  joined  to  the  mainland  by  a 
bridge,  23  miles  W  ofOtranto.  Lon.  18  5 
E,  lat.  40  20  N. 

Gallipoli,  a  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Romania,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
contains  about  10,000  Turks,  3,500 
Greeks,  beside  a  great  number  of  Jews. 
It  is  an  open  place,  and  lias  no  other  de- 
fence than  a  sorry  square  castle.  The 
houses  of  the  Greeks  and  Jews  have  doors 
not  above  three  feet  and  a  half  high,  to 
prevent  the  Turks  riding  into  their  houses. 
It  is  seated  on  a  strait  of  the  same  name 
lOO  miles  SWof  Gonstantinople.  Lon.  26 
59  E,  lat.  40  26  N. 

Gallipoli,  a  strait  between  European 
and  Asiatic  Turkey.  It  is  defended  at 
the  S\V  entrance  by  the  Dardanelles,  and 
forms  the  communication  between  the 
Archipelago  and  die  sea  of  Mamora.  It 
is  here  two  miles  over,  and  is  33  miles 
long.  It  was  anciently  called  the  Helles- 
pont. See  Dardanelles. 

Galio,  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
near  the  coast  of  Peru  :  the  firs,  place 
possessed  by  the  Spaniards,  when  they  at- 
tempted the  conquest  of  Peru.  It  is  also  the 
place  where  the  Buccaneers  used  to  come 
for  wood  and  water,  and  to  refit  their 
vessels.    Lon-  80  W,  lat.  2  30  N. 

Galloway,  JVVzy,  a  borough  in  Kircud- 
hrightshire,  situated  on  the  river  Ken,  14 
miles  N  of  Kircudbright. 

Gull'ju-ai/,  Upper,  or  West.  Sec  Wig- 
tons/u're.  iSjaLfc  ';■ 

Gahuatf,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Gonnaught,  82  miles  in  length, 
mid  42  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
;he  Atlantic,  and  the  counties  of  Mayo 


and  Roscommon ;  on  the  E  by  Roscom- 
mon, West  Meath,  and  King's  county  ; 
on  tiie  SW  by  Tipperary  ;  on  the  S  by 
Oalway  Bay  and  Clare  ;  and  on  the  W  by 
the  Atlantic.  The  river  Shannon  washes 
the  frontiers  of  the  E  and  SE,  and  forms 
a  lake  seyfcral  miles  in  length.  It  con- 
tains 136 parishes,  and  formerly  sent  eigSt 
members  to  the  Irish  parliament. 

Gal-way,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  stir- 
rounded  by  strong  walls  ;  the  streets  are 
large  and  straight  ;  and  the  houses  are 
generally  well  built  of  stone.  Its  har- 
bour is  defended  by  a  fort,  and  it  has  $; 
good  foreign  trade,  being  sealed  on  a 
bay  of  the  same  min  e,  on  the  .Atlantic 
Ocean,  40  miles  Yv'SW  of  Athlone,  and 
100  W  of  Dublin.  Lon.  90  W,  lat.  53 18  N. 

Gahvay,  a  post  town  of  Saratoga  coun- 
ty, New' York  :  10  utiles  NYV  of  Balls- 
town,  and  33  from  Albany.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  5700. 

Gambia,  a  great  river  of  Africa,  which 
running;  from  E  to  \Y,  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  between  Cape  Yerd  on  the 
N,  and  Cape  St.  Mary  on  the'S.  It  over- 
flows the  country  annually,  like  the  Nile. 
The  Gambia  was  long  supposed  to  be  a 
branch  of  the  Niger;  but  its  source  was 
determined  by  Mr.  Park  to  be  130  geo- 
graphical miles  W  of  that  river;  its 
branches  are  numerous,  and  intersect  the 
country  for  about  200  miles  from  E  to  W. 
It  abounds  with  fish,  some  species  of 
which  are  excellent  food:  it  is  deep  and 
muddy,  and  the  banks  are  covered  with 
impenetrable  thickets  of  mangrove ;  the 
whole  of  the  adjacent  country,  indeed, 
appears  to  be  fiat  and  swampy. 

Gandersheim,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxonv, 
in  the  duchy  of  Brunswick  Wolfcnbuttle, 
w  ith  a  celebrated  nunnery,  17  miles  SW 
of  Gpslar.    Lon.  18  20  E,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Gandia,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia, witli  a  spiall  university,  55  mi ies  N 
of  Alicant.  *,Lon.  0  20  E,  lat.  39  6  N. 

Gandicotia,.'x  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  remarkable  for  a  strong  For- 
tress, and  a  diamond  mine  near  it.  It  is 
sealed  near  the  .river  Pehnar,  between 
Gooty  and  Cuddapa. 

Gangea,  or  Ga?ija,  a  town  of  Persia,  in 
the  province  of  Erivsn,  105  miles  S  by  E 
of  Tefliis.    Lon.  45  50  E,  lat.  41  10  N. 

Ganges,  a  large  and  celebrated  river  of 
Asia,  which  has  its  source  in  two  springs 
on  the  \V  side  of  Mount  KentaifVe,  in 
Thibet.  These  two  streams  take  their 
coursS  westward,  inclining  considerably 
to  the  N,  for  a  course  of  about  300  miles, 
when  meeting  the  great  ridge  of  Mourn 
Himmaleb,  they  turn  to  the  S,  in  which 
course  they  unite  the;;-  waters,  and  form 


GAP 


GAR 


■what  is  properly  called  the  Ganges. 
This  great  body  of  water  now  forces  a 
passage  through  the  ridge  of  Himmaleh, 
at  the  distance  of  100  miles  below  the 
place  of  its  first  approach,  and,  sapping 
its  very  foundation,  rushes  through  a  ca- 
vern, and  precipitates  itself  into  a  vast 
basin  which  it  has  worn  in  ihe  rock,  at 
the  higher  foot  of  the  mountains.  The 
Ganges  thus  appears,  to  incwi  ious  specta- 
tors, to  derive  its  original  spring's  from 
this  chain  of  mountains.  The  mind  of 
superstition  has  given  to  the  mouth  of 
the  cavern,  the  form  of  the  head  of  a 
cow  ;  an  animal  held  by  the  Hindoos  in 
a  degree  of  veneration,  almost  equal  to 
that  in  which  the  Egyptians  held  their 
god  Apis.  From  this  second  source  (as 
it  may  be  termed)  of  the  Ganges,  its 


course  becomes  easterly,  through  the  tants. 


the  department  of  the  Upper  Alps,  and 
late  province  of  Dauphiny,  and  lately  a 
bishop's  see.  It  was  taken,  in  1692,  by 
the  duke  of  Savoy,  who  burnt  a  great 
part  of  it.  Gap  is  seated  on  the  small 
river  Bene,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  in 
which  some  mineral  waters  are  found 
that  are  deemed  febrifuge.  It  is  27 
miles  N  of  Sistron.  Lon.  6  10  E,  lat 
44  34  N. 

Garack,  an  island  of  Asia,  in  the  gull 
of  Persia,  remarkable  for  the  fine  pearls 
fished  up  on  its  coasts.  Lon.  48  0  E,  lat 
28  15  X. 

Garard,  a  county  of  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky, situated  on  "the  E  side  of  Kentuc- 
ky river,  the  centre  of  it  is  about  22 
miles  S  of  Lexington.  It  is  a  small 
countv,  and  contains  about  8000  inhabi- 


rugged  country  of  Siringur,  until,  at 
Hurdwar,  it  finally  escapes  from  this 
mountainous  tract  in  which  it  has  wan- 
dered 800  miles.  From  Hurdwar  where 
it  gushes  through  an  opening  in  the 
mountains,  and  enters  Hindoostan,  it 
flows  with  a  smooth  navigable  stream 
through  delightful  plains,  during  the  re- 
mainder of  its  course  to  the  bay  of  lien- 
gal,  which  is  about  1350  miles.  In  the 
annual  inundation  of  this  immense  river, 
the  country  is  overflowed  to  the  extent 
of  more  than  100  miles  in  width  ;  no- 
thing appearing  but  villages  and  trees, 
excepting  very  rarely,  the  top  of  an  ele- 
vated spot,  the  artificial  mound  of  some 
deserted  village,  appearing  like  an  is- 
land. The  rise  of  the  water,  is,  on  an 
average,  31  feet.  In  a  word,  it  is,  in  eve- 
ry respect,  one  of  the  most  beneficial  ri- 
vers in  the  world,  diffusing  plenty  imme- 
diately by  means  of  its  living  produc- 
tions, and  secondarily  by  enriching  the 
lands,  affording  an  easy  conveyance  for 
the  productions  of  iis  borders,  and  giv- 
ing employment  to  many  thousand  boat- 
men. 

Gangotri,  a  town  of  Thibet,  situated 
on  the  Ganges,  138  mdes  N  of  Delhi. 
Lon.  76  35  E,  lat.  33  8  N. 

Gangpour,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  226  miles  S  of  Patna.  It  is 
in  the  country  of  Orissa.  Lon.  83  57  E, 
lat.  21  25  N. 

Ganjam,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  in  one  of  the  Xorthern  Cir- 
cars,  subject  to  the  English.  It  lies  on 
the  bay  of  Bengal,  between  a  river  and 
the  SYV  end  of  Chilka  Lake.  Lon.  85  20 
E,  lat.  19  22  X. 

Gamiat,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Allier,  and  late  province  of 
Bourbonnois,  30  miles  S  of  Moulins. 

Gvp,  an  ancient  town  of,  France,  in 


Gard,  a  department  of  France,  which 
comprehends  part  of  the  late  province 
of  Languedoc.  Nismes  is  the  episcopal 
town. 

Garda,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Vero- 
nese, seated  at  the  end  of  a  lake  of  its 
own  name,  17  miles  NW  of  Verona.  Lon. 
114  E,  lat.  45  36  X. 

Gardeleben,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  oldMarche  of  Brandenburg.  It  has 
a  trade  in  hops  and  excellent  beer,  and 
is  seated  on  the  river  Beise,  32  miles  X 
by  W  of  Magdeburg.  Lon.  11  35  E,  lat 

52  41  X. 

Gardner,  a  township  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts.  It  is  situated 
between  Ashburnham  and  Fitchburgh, 
and  contains  about  1000  inhabitants. 

Garonne,  a  river  of  France,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  Pyrenean  mountains,  and 
taking  a  XW  direction,  waters  Toulouse 
an 
ed 

entrance  into  the  bay  of  Biscay,  assumes 
the  name  with  the  Gironde.  It  communi- 
cates with  the  Mediterranean,  by  its 
junction  with  the  Royal  Canal. 

Garonne,  J  "pjter,  a  department  of  France, 
which  comprehends  part  of  Laiiguedoc 
Toulouse  is  the  capital. 

Garratsville,  a  post  town  of  Otsego 
county,  Xew  York,  about  81  miles  W  of 
Albany: 

Garrison,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Fermanaugh,  10  miles  SE  of 
Ballyshannon.  Lon.  17 13  W,  lat.  5-1  25  X. 

Garstzang,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver W"vre,  10  miles  S  of  Lancaster,  and 
225  XX YV  of  London.    Lon.  2  53  YV,  lat. 

53  56  X. 

Gartz,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
seated  on  the  Oder,  13  miles  S  of  Stetin 
Lon.  14  45  E,  lat.  53  23  X. 


d  Bourdeaux,  below  which  it  is  join- 


G  A  Z 


GEM 


Gascoiw,   a  late  province  of  France,  \ 
bounded  on  the  W  by  the  bay  of  Biscay, } 
on  the  N  by  Guienne,  on  the  E  by  Lan- 
guedoc,  and  on  the  S  by  the  Pyrenees. 
This  province,  with  Armagnac,  is  now 
included  in  the  department  of  Gers.  I 

Gatehouse,  a  considerable  village  in  J 
Kircudbrightshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Fleet,  with  a  cotton  mill.  The  ri- 
ver is  navigable  for  sloops,  within  a  short 
distance  of  the  town.  It  is  9  miles  NW 
of  Kircudbright. 

Gates,  one  of  the  Northernmost  coun- 
ties of  North  Carolina,  situated  on  the  N 
E  side  of  Chowan  river,  and  containing 
about  7000  inhabitants. 

Gatton,  a  borough  in  Surry,  which 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  but 
now  has  neither  market  nor  fair.  It  is  19 
miles  S  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  10  W, 
lat.  51  18  N. 

Gavardo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Bres- 
ciano,  seated  on  the  Wcise,  seven  miles 
W  of  Lake  Garda.  Lon.  10  9  E,  lat.  44 
40  N. 

Gaudens,  St.,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late 
province  of  Languedoc,  seated  on  the 
Garonne,  eight  miles  NE  of  St.  Bertrand. 
Lon.  0  56  E,  lat.  43  1  N. 

Gaveren,  or  ffaveren,  a  town  of  Aus- 
trian Flanders,  seated  on  the  Schcld, 
eight  miles  S  of  Ghent.  Lon.  3  51  E.  lat. 
50  46  N. 

Gavi,  a  town  bf  Italy  in  the  territory  of 
Genoa,  seated  on  the  Lcmo,  19  miles  N 
W  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8  57  E,  lat.  45  40  N. 
...  Gautt,  or  Indian  *lppennin*s,  a  stupen- 
dous wall  of  mountains,  which  extend  13 
degrees  of  latitude  from  Cape  Comorin, 
the  S  extremity  of  Hindoostan,  to  the 
Tapty,  or  Surat  river,  at  unequal  dis- 
tances from  the  coast ;  seldom  more  than 
70  miles,  and  commonly  about  40 ;  and 
\v  ithin  one  short  space  only,  it  approaches 
within  six  miles.  They  rise  abruptly 
from  the  low  country,  called  the  Concan, 
supporting,  in  the  nature  of  a  terrace,  a 
vast  extent  of  fertile  and  populous  piains, 
which  are  so  elevated,  as  to  render  the 
air  cool  and  pleasant.  This  celebrated 
ridge  does  not  terminate  in  a  promon- 
tory, when  it  approaches  the  Tapty  ;  but, 
departing-  from  its  meridional  course,  it 
bends  eastward,  in  a  wavy  line,  parallel 
with  the  river ;  and  is  afterwards  lost 
among  the  hills,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Burhampour.  In  its  course  along  the 
Tapty,  it  forms  several  passes  or  de- 
scents toward  that  river. 

G  ;•-('.,  an  ancient  and  celebrated  town 
of  Palestine,  three  miles  from  the  Medi- 
terranean, with  a  harbour  called  New 


Gaza.  It  is  now  very  small ;  but,  from 
appearance  of  the  ruins,  it  was  formerly 
a  considerable  place.  There  is  a  castle 
near  it,  where  a  bashaw  resides.    It  is 

50  miles  SW  of  Jerusalem.    Lon.  34  45 
E,  lat.  31  28  N.;, 

Gearon,  or  Jaron,  a  town  of  Persia,  in 
Farsistan,  in  whose  territory  the  best 
dates  of  Persia  are  produced.  Lon.  51 
17  E,  lat.  28  15  N. 

Gefe,  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
Gcstrike,  in  Sweden,  seated  on  three 
branches  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
which  beg'ins  to  be  navigable  here,  and 
falls,  in  a  short  distance,  into  a  bay  of 
the  Baltic.  It  is  the  most  commercial 
town  in  this  northern  part  of  Sweden  ; 
and  its  exports  are  principally  iron, 
pitch,  tar,  and  planks.  It  is  65  miles  >. 
bv  W  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  0  E,  lat 
63  0  N. 

Gegenbach,  a  free  imperial  city  of  Sua- 
bia,  and  under  the  protection  of  the  house 
of  Austria.  It  is  seated  on  the  Kinzia, 
12  miles  SE  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  8  2  E, 
lat.  48  24  N. 

Geildure,  a  town  of  Suabia,  near  the 
river  Kocher,  with  a  castle,  belonging 
to  the  lords  of  Limburg. 

Geislcngen,  an  imperial  town  of  Sua- 
bia, 17  miles  NW  of  Ulm.  Lon.  10  3  E, 
lat.  48  36  N. 

Geismavy  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Hesse.    Lon.  S  57  E,  lat.  J 

51  19  N. 

Gdhnvaen,  a  small  imperial  town  of 
YYetcravia,  under  the  protection  of  the 
elector  palatine,  with  a  castle,  seated  on 
the  Kintzig,  25  miler  E  of llanau.  Lon. 
9  15  E,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Gemuppc,  a  village  of  Austrian  Hai- 
nault,  three  miles  W  by  S  ofMons.  It 
is  remarkable  for  a  bloody  battle  between 
the  Austrians  and  the  French,  Nov.  5 
179 J,  in  which  the  Austrians  were  de-  * 
feated  with  great  loss. 

Gtnibioura,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant, with  an  ancient  abbey.  Don  John 
of  Austria  gained  a  battle  here  over  the 
Dutch  in  1578;  and  it  was  twice  burnt 
down,  in  1628  and  1712.  It  is  seated  on 
i he  Orneau,  22  miles  SE  of  Brussels. 
Lon.  4  51  E,  lat.  50  37  N. 

Geminiani,  St.,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in 
the  Florentino,  seated  on  a  mountain,  in  _% 
which  is  a  mine  of  Vitriol,  25  miles  SS  $Bfe 
W  of  Fioren.ce. 

Ganmingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  khine,  30  miles  E  of 
Plniipsburg.    Lon.  9  13  E,  lat.  49  6  N. 

Gemgttnd,  an  imperial  town  of  Suabia, 
j  wuh  a  manufacture  of  chaplets  or  beads, 
which  arc  sent  to  distant  countries.  It 


GEN 


G  E  N 


was -taken  by  the  French  in  August  179G  ; 
and  is  seated  on  the  Bei'rhs,  30  miles  X 
by  \Y  of  IJlm.    Lon,  9  48  E,  lat.  48  4£N. 

Gsvv.tyd,  a  town  of  "Westphalia,  in  the 
duchy  o£.Iutiers,  seated  on  the  Roer)f 24 
miles*  S\f  uf  Cologne.    Con.  6  48  E,  lat. 

Getmmd,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  re- 
markable for  its  salt  works  ;  seated  to 
the  N  of  a  lake  of  the  same  narrrte,  on  the 
river  Draim,  20  miles  SSVYof  Lintz. 

Genap,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
with  "an  ancient  castle,  seated  on  the 
Dylc,  15  miles  SK  of  Brussels.  Lon.  <f 
40  E,  lat.  50  40  X. 

Genet)  or  Gennep,  a  town  of  Westpha- 
lia, subject  to  t lie  king  of  Prussia,  and 
seated  on  the  Nears,  five  miles  SW  of 
Cloves.    Lon.  5  48  E,  lat.  51  42  X. 

Genesee,  an  extensive  county  in  the 
sta'e  of  Xew  York*!* joining  lakes  Ontario 
and  Erie,  on  the  X  and  W,  bounded  by 
Ontario  and  Steuben  counties  on  the^E, 
*nd  the  sva  e  of  Pennsylvania  on  the  S.  It 
contains  12644  inhabitants.  The  chief 
town  Batavia. 

Geneva,  an  ancient,  large,  and  popu- 
lous town,  capital  of  a  republic  of  the 
same  name,  near  the  confines  of  France 
and  SwisserlancL    It  is  seated  on  the 
most  narrow  part  of  the  lake  of  the  same 
name,  where  the  llhone  issues  in  two 
Large  narrow  channels,  which  soon  after 
unite.    This  river  divides  the  city  into 
two  unequal  parts.    Geneva,  which  lies 
partly  in  .the  plain  on  the  borders  of  the 
lake,  ancf  partly  on  a  gentle  ascent,  is 
irregularly  built.    It  is  the  most  popu- 
lous  town    of  Swisscrland,  containing 
24,000  souls.     The  treaty  of  alliance 
which  Gevena  contracted  with  Bern  and 
Friburgh,  in  1525,  may  be  considered  as 
the  ?era  of  its  liberty  and  independence  ; 
for,  not  long  after,  the  dukes  pf  Savoy 
were  deprived  of  the  authority  which 
they  possessed  -over  this  city  ;  the  bishop 
was  expelled  ;  a  republican  form  of  go- 
vernment was  established,  and  the  refor- 
mation introduced.  In  1584,  Geneva  cm- 
•lured  a  treaty  of  perpetual  alliance  with 
Zurich  and  Bern,  by  which  it  is  allied 
with   the  Swiss  cantons.    During  the 
greater  part *cf  the  last  century,  to  the 
year  1789,  the  history  of  Geneva  contains 
little  more  than  a  narrative  of  contests 
etween  the  aristocratic  and  the  popular 
parties,- the  hisiory  of  which  would  re- 
qi^ire  a  volume  to  relate.    It  may  suffice 
to  observe  here,  that  the  years  1768, 
1782.  and  1789,  were  distinguished  by 
great  revolutions  ;  and  that,  by  the  last, 
the  constitution  was  wisely  modelled 
into  a  mean  between  the  too  popular  form 


|  csuioiis^cu  m  i/Go,  ana  tnc  too  aristo- 
cratic form  established  in  17S2.  The 
houses  of  Geneva  are  lofty;  and  many, 
that  stand  in  the  trading  parr  of  the  cite, 
have  arcades  of  wood,  which  are  raised 
even  to  the  upper  stories.  These  ar- 
cades, supported  by  pillars,  give  a  glooiTi'v 
appearance  to  the  street,  but  are  useful 
to  the  inhabitants  in  protecting  them 
from  the  sun  and  rain.  Playing  at  c ai  ds, 
or  drinking  at  public,  houses  is  not  per- 
mitted; but  they  exercise  their  militia, 
play  at  bowls,  and  have  other  Aversions 
on  Sunday:  where,  however  the  duties 
of  the  day,  during  the  hours  appropriat- 
ed to  divine  service,  are  observed  With 
the  utmost  decorum.  In  1794,  by  the  in- 
trigues of  the  French  faction,  ^revolt! 
tion  or  insurrection  wras  brought  about, 
resembling  in  miniature  that  of  France, 
by  which  much  mischief  was  done,  and 
many  of  the  principal  inhabitants  oblig- 
ed to  fiy,  after  leaving  their  propertv  at 
the  mercy  of  the  insurgents.  Geneva  i.« 
40  miles  XE  of  Chamberrv,  and  136  XYV 
of  Turin.    Lon.  6  5  E,  lat.  46  12  X. 

Geneva,  Lake  of,  a  magnificent  ex- 
panse of  water,  in  Swisserland,  which, 
from  the  city  of  Geneva  to  Yillcncuvc . 
extends    54   m-les  in  length;  and  it* 
breadth  in  the  widest  part,  is  12.    It  is 
in  the  shape  of  a  crescent,  of  which  Swis- 
serland forms  the  concave,  and  Savoy 
the  convex  part.    Savoy  affords  a  rude 
and  awful  boundary  of  aspiring  Alps, 
craggy,  and  covered  with  the  ice  of  ages, 
From  Geneva  to  the  environs  oi  Lausanne*} 
the  country  slopes,  for  a  considerable^ 
way,  to  the  margin  of  the  lake,  and  is® 
enriched  with  all  the  varieties  that  na 
tore  can  bestow.    The  long  ridge  of  the 
Jura,  fertile  in  pastufage,  and  varied 
with  woods,  backs  this  beautiful  tract 
Xcar  Lausanne,  the  banks  rise  consider- 
ably, and  form  a  charming  tcrra.ee.  .\ 
few  miles  beyond  that  town  is  a  rapid 
tescent.    Xcar  Vevay,  begins  a  plain, 
which  is  continued  far  beyond  the  end  oi 
the  lake,  but  contracting  by  the  approach 
of  the  mountains,  toward  the  water;  the 
colour  of  which  is  extremely  beautiful 
jnd  clear  ;  and  at  a  distance  seems  of  a 
lovely -blue.    The  depth  is  various;  the 
reatcst  yet  found  by  sounding  is  ]60 
fathbms.    Like  all  inland  lakes,  inclosed 
with  high  mountains,  it  is  subject  to  sud- 
len  storms.    Among  the  birds  that  fre- 
cuicnt  this  lake  are  the  tippet  grebes  (see 
Pennant's  Brit.  Zool.  Vol.  U.  No.  222.) 
vhich  appear  in  December,  and  retire  in 
February.    Their  skins  are  an  elegant 
article  of  luxury,  and  sell  for  12  or  14s. 
each.    These  birds  are  obliged  to  breed 


GEN 


GEO 


in  other  places,  this  hike  being-  almost 
totallv  destitute  of  reeds  and  rushes,  in 
which  they  form  their  floating-  nests.  The 
river  Rhone  runs  through  the  whole  ex- 
tent of  the  Lke,  from  its  E  to  its  SW  ex- 
tremity. 

Geneva,  a  town  in  Ontario  county, 
New  York ;  situated  on  the  N\V  corner 
of  lake  Seneca:  here  is  a  post  office  42 
miles  E  of  Hartford,  and  432  from  Wash- 
ing-ton. i<*|§Bl 

Geneveve,  St.  a  town  in  Louisiana  ter- 
ritory, situated  on  the  W  side  of  the  ri- 
ver Mississippi,  nearly  opposite  to  Kas- 
kaskias.    It  contains  1500  inhabitants. 

Genevoisy  a  duchy  of  Savoy,  of  which 
Geneva  and  its  territory  were  formerly  a 
part.    Annecy  is  the  capital. 

Gengenback,  a  town  ofSuabia,  10  miles 
SE  of  Strasburgh.    Lon.  7  53  E,  lat.  48 

28  n.  ;.3£?g- 

Gengoux  de  Royal,  St.  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Saone  and 
Loire  and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  re- 
markable for  its  excellent  wines.  It  is 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  17 
miles  SYV  of  Chalons.  Lon.  4  43  E,  lat. 
46  37  tf. 

Geniez,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aveiron,  24  miles  NE  of 
Rhodes.    Lon.  3  0  E,  lat.  44  35  X. 

Genia,  a  torn  of  Savoy,  seated  on  the 
Guier,  12  miles  \V  of  Chamberry.  Lon. 
5  30  E,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Genoa,  a  territory  and  republic  of 
Italy,  extending  along  that  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  called  the  gulf  of  Genoa, 
152  miles;  bfit  its  breadth  is  very  un- 
equal, being  from  eight  to  12  miles. 
Where  it  is  not  bounded  by  the  sea,  it  is 
bordered  from  W  to  E  by  Piedmont, 
Montserrat,  Milan,  Placentia,  Parma, 
Tuscany,  and  Lucca.  It  is  populous, 
'•v  eil  cultivated,  and  fertile  near  the  sea  ; 
but  the  inner  parts  are  mountainous,  and 
barren  in  several  places,  having  neither 
trees  nor  grass  upon  them. 

Gtnoa,  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  capi- 
tal of  a  repubbc  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
situated  at  the  bottom  of  a  little  gulf, 
partly  on  the  flat,  and  partly  on  the  de- 
clivi'y  of  a  pleasant  hill ;  in  consequence 
A'  which  it  appears  to  great  advantage 
from  the  sea.  It  is  defended  on  the  land- 
side,  by  a  double  wall,  which  in  circum- 
ference is  about  six  miles.  Two  of  the 
streets  consist  entirely  of  a  double 
straight  row  of  magnificent  palaces.  The 
others,  though  clean  and  well  paved,  are 
crocked  and  narrow.  The  palaces  of  the 
nobility  are  almost  all  of  marble,  and 
many  of  them  are  painted  on  the  outside. 
The  city  contains  a  vast  number  of  pa- 
laces, churches,  and  convents,  and  seve- 


ral hospitals.  The  palace  where  the  dog>: 
resides,  and  where  the  great  and  little 
council,  and  the  two  colleges  of  the  pro- 
curator! and  governatori  assemble,  is  a 
large  stone  building  in  the  centre  of  the 
city  ;  but  it  contains  some  fine  paintings 
:ii  fresco;  two  statues  of  Andiew  and 
John  Dcria  in  white  marble  ;  and  an  ar- 
senal, in  which  are  said  to  be  arms  for 
thirty-four  thousand  men.    All  the  in- 
habitants here  except  the  principal  la- 
dies,  who  are  carried  in  chairs,  walk  on 
loot,  on  account  of  the  narrowness  or 
steepness  of  the  streets.    The  fortifica- 
tions of  the  city,  towards  the  sea,  are 
remarkably  strong.    There  are  two  fine 
stone  bridges'  over  the  rivers  Bonzevera 
and  Bisagno,  the  first  whereof  washes 
i lie  W,  and  the  other  the  E  side  of  the 
city,  within  which  there  is  also  a  sur- 
prising stone*bridge  joining  two  hills. 
The  harbour,  though  large,  is  far  from 
being  safe  ;  but  no  care  or  expense  have 
been  spared  to  render  it  as  safe  and  com- 
modious as  possible.  The  trade  of  Genoa 
is  chiefly  in  velvets,  damasks,  plush,  and 
other  silks,  brocades,  lace,  gloves,  sweat- 
meats,  fruits,  oil,  Parmesan  cheese,  an- 
chovies, and  meelicinal  drugs  from  the 
Levant  ;  but  the  badness  of  the  harbour, 
and  the  high  price  of  commodities,  great- 
ly check  its  commerce.    The  nobility 
carry  on  velvet,  silk,  and  cloth  manufac- 
tures.   Another  very  profitable  ai'ticle  of 
trade  carried  on  by  them  is  banking,  and 
dealing  in  bills  of  exchange.  Before 
Genoa  was  taken  by  the  French,  the  go- 
vernment was  aristocratic,  and  none  but 
the  nobility  had  any  share  in  it.    It  was 
taken  by  the  Austrians  from  the  French, 
in  18 JO  ;  but  by  the  convention  after  the 
fatal  battle  of  Marengo,  it  was  ceded  to 
the  French.    Genoa  is  62  miles  SE  of 
Turin,  and  225  X  W  of  Rome.    Lon.  8  41 
E,  lat.  44  25  N. 

George,  Fort,  a  strong  and  regular  for- 
tress in  Inverness-shire,  which  has  seve- 
ral handsome  streets  of  barracks:  It  is 
seated  on  a  peninsula  running  into  the 
Murray-frith,  and  completely  commands 
the  entrance  into  the'  harbour  of  Inver- 
ness. 

George,  Fort,  St.    See  Madrass. 

George,-  Lake,  a  lake  of  North  Ame- 
rica, in  the  state  of  New-York.  It  lies 
SW  of  Luke  Cliamplain,  and  is  35  mi  les 
long,  but  is  narrow.  The  adjacent  coun- 
try is  mountainous  ;  the  vallies  tolerably 
good, 

George,  St.  one  of  the  Azores.  The 
inhabitants  are  employed  in  the  cultiva- 
tion o*"  whe  at,  and  mav  amount  to  5000. 
Lon.  28  0  W,  lat.  38  39  N. 

Georq-e,  St  :<w  island  of  the  United 

I    I         :  P**.?V 


GEO 


GEO 


States,  in  the  strait  of  St.  Mary,  that] 
forms  the  communication  between  Luke 
Superior  and  Lake  Huron*. 

George  del  mina,  St.  the  best  fort  on 
the  Cold  Coast  of  Guinea,  and  the  prin- 
cipal settlement  of  the  Dutch  in  those 
parts.  It  was  taken  from  the  Portuguese 
in  1G30.  The  town  under  it,'  called  by 
the  natives  Oddena,  is  very  long,  and 
pretty  broad.  The  houses  are  built  of 
stone,  which  is  uncommon,  for  in  other 
places  they  are  composed  only  of  cla\ 
and  wood,  ft  was  once  very  populous, 
but  the  inhabitants  were  greatly  reduced 
by  the  small  pox.  It  is  30  miles  W  by  S 
of  Cape  Coast  Castle.  Lon.  0  22  W,  hit. 
5  3  N. 

George's,  St.  a  small  island  in  the 
gulf  of  "Venice,  lying  to  the  S  of  Venice, 
to  which  it  is  subject.  Here  is  a  Bene- 
dictine monastery,  whose  church  is  one 
of  the  finest  in  Italy. 

George's,  St.  the  largest  of  the  Ber- 
muda Islands,  in  which  is  the  town  of 
St.  George,  the  capital  of  all  the  islands. 
Lon.  63  30  W,  lat.  32  45  N. 

George's,  St.  an  island  in  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Ap- 
palachicok.  Lon.  84  50  W  lat.  29  30  N. 

George's  Key,  St.  a  small  island  of 
North  America,  oft'  the  coast  of  Hondu- 
ras. It  is  likewise  called  Casina  or  Cayo 
Cassina.  By  a  convention  in  1786,  the 
English  Logwood  cutters  were  permitted 
to  occupy  this  island. 

George  -Town,  the  seat  of  justice,  in  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  in  South  Ca- 
rolina; stands  on  a  spot  of  land  near  the 
junction  of  a  number  of  rivers,  which 
when  united  is  named  the  Pedee,  and 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  12  miles 
below  die  town.  It  is  55  miles  N  by  E 
of  Charleston.  Lon.  79  30  \Vm  lat.*  33 
20  N.  ' 

Georgetown,  a  post  town  in  Lincoln 
county,  Maine,  lying  on  (lie  Kennebec 
river,  had  1534  inhabitants  at  the  last 
census  in  1S0O. 

Georgetown,  a  post  town,  and  the  ca- 
pital of  Sussex  county,  Delaware,  12 
Jiiiles  W  of  Lewistown  at  Cape  Kenlopen. 

Georgetown,  a  post  towrtin  Scctt  coun- 
ty, Kentucky,  17  miles  W  of  Franckfort. 

Georgetown,  a  post  town  m  Warren 
county,  Georgia;  situated  on  the  Great 
Ogeechee  river,  25  miles  NW  of  Louis- 
ville. 

Georgetown ,  a  post  town  of  Montgo- 
mery county,  Maryland,  within  the  dis- 
trict of  Columbia;  situated  on  the  NE' 
bank  of  Potomac  river,  two  miles  from 
Washington,  the  seat  of  General  Govern- 
ment.   Lat.  3S  50  N,  lon.  77  3  W. 


Georgia,  a  beautiful  country  of  Asia, 
called  by  the  Persians  Gurgistan,  and 
by  the  Tuiks  Gurtshi.  It  is  one  of  the 
seven  Caucasian  nations,  in  the  countries 
between  the  Black  Sea,  and  the  Caspian, 
and  comprehends  the  ancient  Iberia  and 
Colchis.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Cir- 
cussia,  on  the  E  by  Dughestan  and  Schir- 
van,  on  the  S  by  Armenia,  and  on  the  W 
by  the  Cuban,  or  new  Russian  govern- 
ment of  Caucasus.  Georgia  is  as  fertile 
a  country  as  can  be  seen  ;  the  bread  is  as 
good  here  as  in  any  part  of  the  world  ; 
1  he  fruit  of  an  exquisite  flavour,  and  of 
different  sorts  ;  no  place  in  Europe  yields 
better  pears  and  apples,  and  no  place  in 
Asia  better  pomegranates  The  country 
abounds  with  cattle,  venison,  and  wild 
fowl,  of  all  sorts  ;  the  river  Kur  is  well 
stocked  with  fish  ;  and  the  wine  is  so 
rich,  that  the  king  of  Persia  has  always 
some  of  it  for  his  own  table.  The  in- 
habitants are  robust,  valiant,  and  of  a  jo 
vial  temper;  great  lovers  of  Wine,  and 
esteemed  very  trusty  and  faithful ;  en- 
dowed with  good  natural  parts,  but  for 
want  of  education  very  vicious.  The  wo- 
men are  so  fair  and  comely,  that  the 
wives  and  concubines  of  the  king  of  Per 
sia  and  his  court  are  for  the  most  pari 
Georgian  women.  This  country  formerly 
abounded  with  great  cities,  as  appears 
not  only  from  its  history,  but  from  the 
ruins  of  many  of  them  still  visible,  which, 
show  that  they  must  have  been  very 
large,  opulent,  and  magnificently  built. 
These  were  all  destroyed  by^the  inun- 
dations of  northern  barbarians  from  mount 
Caucasus,  as  the  Alans,  Huns,  Sucvi,  and 
some  others,  so  much  noted  in  history 
for  their  strength,  courage,  and  con- 
quests. The  latest  division  of  this  coun- 
try is  into  nine  provinces  ;  five  of  which 
form  what  is  commonly  called  the  king- 
dom of  Georgia;  and  tour  compose  the 
kingdom  or  principality  of  Imeritia.  The 
hills  are  covered  with  forests  of  oak,  ash, 
beech,  chesnuts,  walnuts,  and  elms,  en- 
circled with  vines,  growing  perfectly 
wild,  but  producing  vast  quantities  of 
grapes.  From  these  is  annually  made  as 
•uuch  wine  as  is  necessary  for  their  year- 
ly consumption  ;  the  remainder  are  left 
to  rot  on  the  vines.  Cotton  grows  spon- 
taneously, as  well  as  the  finest  European 
frui'-'rees.  Rice,  wheat,  millet,  hemp, 
and  flax,  are  raised  on  the  plains,  almost 
without  culture.  The  vallies  afford  the 
finest  pasturage  in  the  world  ;  the  rivers 
are  full  offish  ;  the  mountains  abound  in 
minerals ;  and  the  climate  is  delicious  ; 
so  that  nature  appears  to  have  lavished 
on  this  country  every  production  that 


GEO 


GER 


can  contribute  to  the  happiness  of  its  in- 
habitants.   On  (lie  other  hand,  the  rivers 
of  Georgia,  being-  fed  by  mountain  tor- 
rents, ajeg  at  all  seasons  either  too  rapid 
or  too  shallow  f.tr  the.  purposes  of  navi- 
gation ;  the  Black  Sea,  by  which  com- 
merce and  civilization  might  be  intro- 
duced from  Europe,  has  been  till  lately 
in  the  exclusive  possession  of  the  Turks; 
the  trade  of  Georgia  by  land  is  greatly 
obstructed  by  the  high  mountains  of 
Caucasus  ;  and  this  obstacle  is  still  in- 
creased, by  the  swarms  of  predatory  na- 
tions, by  which  those  mountains  are  in- 
habited.   The  Georgians  are  Christians 
of  the  Greek  communion,  and  appear  to 
have  received  their  name  from  their  at 
tachment  to  St.  George,  the  tuteiarj 
saint  of  these  countries.    Their  dress 
nearly  resembles  that  of  the  Cossacks 
but  men  of  rank  frequently  wear  the  ha 
bit  of  Persia.    Travellers    accuse  the 
Georgians  of  drunkenness,  superstition, 
cruelty,  sloth,  avarice  and  cowardice  ; 
vices  which  are  every  where  common  to 
slaves  and  tyrants,  and  are  by  no  means 
peculiar  to  the  natives  of  this  country. 
The  descendants  of  the  colonists,  carried 
by  Shach  Abbas,  and  settled  at  Peria, 
near  Ispahan,  and  in  Masenderan,  have 
changed  their  character  with  their  go- 
vernment ;  and  the  Georgian  troops,  em- 
ployed in  Persia  against  the  Atfghans, 
were  advantageously  distinguished  by 
their  docility,  their  discipline,  and  their 
courage.    The  other  inhabitants  of  Geor- 
gia are  Tartars,  Ossi,  and  Armenians. 
These  last  are  found  all  over  Georgia, 
sometimes  mixed  with  the  natives,  and 
sometimes  in  villages  of  their  own.  The;, 
speak  among  themselves  their  own  lan- 
guage, but  all  understand  and  can  talk 
the  Georgian.    Their  religion  is  partly 
the  Armenian,  and  partly  the  Roman  Ca- 
tholic.   They  are  the  most  oppressed  of 
the  inhabitants,  but  are  still  distinguish- 
ed by  that  instinctive  industry  which 
every  where  characterizes  the  nation.  Be 
sides  these,  there  are  in  Georgia  consi- 
derable numbers  of  Jews,  some  having 
villages  of  their  own,  and  others  mixed 
with  the  Georgian,  Armenian,  agd  Tar- 
tar inhabitants,  but  never  with  the  Ossi  ; 
they  pay  a  small  tribute  above  that,  of 
the  natives.    Tefflis  is  the  capital.  See 
Inieritia. 

Georgia,  the  most  southern  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  600  miles 
long  and  250  broad;  bounded  on  the  E 
by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  S  by  East 
and  West  Florida,  on  the  W  by  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  on  the  X  and  XE  by  North 
and  South  Carolina.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween 31  and  35  of  X  latitude,  and  be- 


tween  81  and  86  of  W  longitude,  and. 
contains  according  to  the  last  census 
252,433  inhabitants,  of  whom  105,218  are 
slaves.  The  total  increase  of  inhabitants 
during  10  years  is  about  90,000,  and  the 
addition  of  slaves,  born  and  imported  in. 
the  same  time,  about  45,5,00.  That  part 
of  Georgia  which  is  laid  out  in  counties 
is  divided  into  the  following;  Chatham, 
Effingham,  Burke,  Richmond,  Wilkes, 
Liberty,  Glyn,  Camden,  Washington, 
Green,  and  Franklin.  The  principal  ri- 
vers are  the  Savannah,  Ogeechee,  Alata- 
maha,  Turtle  river,  Little  Sitilla,  Great 
Sitilla,  Crooked  River,  St.  Mary's,  and 
Appallachicola,  the  Catahooche  which 
sp.  ings  in  this  state,  and  runs  the  great- 
est part  of  its  course  through  it,  and  the 
Flint  River,  which  is  a  considerable  part 
of  the  same.  The  winters  in  Georgia  are 
very  mild  and  pleasant.  Snow  is  seldom 
or  never  seen.  The  soil  and  its  fertility 
are  various,  according  to  situation  and 
different  improvements.  By  culture  are 
produced  rice,  indigo,  cotton,  silk.  In- 
dian corn,  potatoes,  oranges,  figs,  pome- 
granates, 8cc.  Cotton,  at  present,  is  the 
staple  commodity  ;  but  great  attention 
begins  to  be  paid  to  the  raising  of  tobac- 
co ;  the  soil  being  suited  to  the  culture 
of  that  plant.  The  whole  coast  of  Geor- 
gia is  bordered  with  islands,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are  Skidaway,  Wassaw, 
Ossahaw,  St.  Catharine's,  Sapelo,  Frede- 
rica,  Jekyl,  Cumberland,  and  Amelia. 
The  capital  of  this  state  is  Augusta. 

Georgia,  a  post  town  of  Franklin  coun- 
ty,  Vermont,  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
lake  Champlain,  about  5  miles  N  of  Mil- 
ton, containing  1500  inhabitants. 

Georgia,  Southern,  an  island  of  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  cap- 
tain £ook  in  1775,  and  so  named  by  him. 
f  .  is  31  leagues  long,  and  10  in  its  great- 
est breadth.  It  seems  to  abound  with 
bays  and  harbours,  which  the  vast  quan- 
tities of  ice  render  inaccessible  the  great- 
est part  of  the  year.  The  valleys  were 
covered  with  snow ;  and  the  only  vege- 
tation observed,  was  a  bladed  grass, 
growing  in  tufts;  wild  burnet ;  and' a 
plant,  like  moss,  which  sprung  from  the 
rocks.  Not  a  stream  of  fresh  water  was 
o  be  seen  on  the  whole  coast.  This  is- 
land lies  bet  ween  38  13  and  35  34  W. 
Ion.  ai\d  53  57  and  54  57  S  1  at. 

Geppihg,  an  imperial  town  of  Suabist, 
in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  seated  on 
the  river  Wils,  25  miles  E  ofStutgard. 
Lon.  9  45  E,  lat.  48  44  N. 

Gera,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Misnia, 
with  a  handsome  college,  on  the  river 
Elster.    Lon.  11  56  B,  lat.  50  50  X. 

Geran;  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse- 


GER 


G  E  R 


Darmstadt,  capital  of  a  district  of  the 
same  name,  10  miles  NW  of  Darmstadt, 
ton.  8  29  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Gerbei°oyt  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise,  and  late  province  of 
the  sic  of  Prance,  50  miles  N  by  W  of 
Paris     Lon.  1  54  E,  lat.  49  32  N." 

Gerbes,  Gerbi,  or  Zerbi,  an  island  on 
the  coast  of  Tunis  It  bears  n  >  other 
corn  than  barley ;  but  lias  large  quanti- 
ties of  figs,  olives  and  grapes,  which, 
when  dried,  form  the  principal  trade.  It 
depends  on  the  dey  of  Tripoli.  Lon.  10 
30  E,  lat.  33  56  N. 

Gerbevillers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meurthe  and  laie  province 
of  Lorrain,  with  a  handsome  castle.  The 
church  of  the  late  Carmelites  is  very  ele- 
gant, It  is  seated  on  the  Agen,  five 
miles  from  Luneville. 

Gergentif  a  town  of  Sicily,  with  a  cas- 
tle, and  a  bishop's  see;  seated  near  the 
river  St.  Blaise,  50  miles  S  of  Palermo. 
Lon.  13  24  E,  Lat.  47  24  N. 

Gerisau,  a  village  of  Swisserland,  on 
the  N  side  of  the  lake  of  Schweitz,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Rigi.  It  is  a  republic,  the 
smallest  in  Europe.  Its  territory  is  two 
leagues  in  length  and  one  in  breadth, 
composed  entirely  of  scattered  houses 
and  cottages,  of  a  very  neat  and  pictur- 
esque appearance.  The  inhabitants  are 
computed  at  about  1200  and  are  much 
employed  in  preparing  silk  for  the  ma- 
nufactures at  Basle.  This  republic  is 
under  the  protection  of  the  cantons  of 
Lucern,  Uri,  Schweitz,  and  Underwal- 
den  ;  and,  in  case  of  war,  furnishes  its 
quota  of  men.  Gerisau  is  12  miles  SW 
pt  Schweitz. 

Germain,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Uise  and  late 
province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  with  a 
magnificent  palace,  embellished  by  se- 
veral kings,  particu/arly  Lewis  XIV. 
Here  James  II.  found  an  asylum,  when 
he  fled  to  France.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Seine,  near  a  fine  forest,  10  miles  NW  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  15  E,  lat.  48  52  X. 

.Germain's,  St.  a  borough  in  Cornwall, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  was  once 
the  largest  town  in  the  county,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  cathedral".  The  town 
is  now  mean,  consisting  chiefly  of  fish- 
ermen's cottages,  but  is  governed  by  a 
m  .yor,  and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament. It  stands  near  the  sea,  10  miles 
SX  of  Plymouth,  and  224  W  by  S  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  4  24  W,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Germain  Laval,  St.  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Rhone  and  Loire, 
and  late  province  of  Forea,  remarkable 
for  excellent  wine.  It  is  225  miles  SE 
Of  Paris    Lon.  4  2  E,  lat.  45  50  N. 


German  Flatts,  a  post  town  in  Herke- 
mer  county,  New  Ytfrk  ;  situated  on  the 
X  side  of  Mohock  river,  79  miles  WNW 
of  Albany,  with  about  2200  inhabitants. 

Germania,  a  town  in  Culpeper  county, 
Virginia ;  with  a  post-office,  distant  82 
miles  SW  from  Washington. 

Gevmano,  St.  a  town  of  Xaples.  in 
T  rra  di  Lavora,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Cassano,  and  belonging  to  an  abbey  on 
die  top  of  that  mount.  Lon.  13  59  E,  lat. 
41  13  X. 

Germuntoivn,  an  ancient  town  in  Phila- 
delphia county,  Pennsylvania;  pleasant- 
ly situated  7  miles  N  by  W  of  Philadel- 
phia :  most  of  the  houses  are  built  in  one 
street  which  is  near  two  miles  long.  It 
was  originally  settled  by  Germans,  and 
contains  about  3500  inhabitants. 

GermantOTvn,  a  post  town  of  Stokes 
county,  North  Carolina,  10  miles  NE  of 
Bethany  the  Moravian  settlement. 

Gennantown,  a  township  of  Columbia 
county,  New  York,  about  50  miles  S  of 
Albany.   It  contains  700  inhabitants. 

Germany,  a  country  of  Europe,  640 
miles  in  length,  and  550  in  breadth  ; 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Hungary  and  Po- 
land, on  the  N  by  the  Baltic  Soa  and 
Denmark,  on  the  W  by  Fi  ance  and  the 
Netherlands,  and  on  the  S  by  the  Alps, 
Swisserland,  and  Italy,  It  is  divided  into 
ten  circles,  three  of  which  lie  on  the  X, 
namely  Upper  Saxony,  Lower  Saxony, 
and  Westphalia ;  three  on  the  S,  Aus- 
tria, Bavaria,  and  Suabia;  three  about 
the  middle,  Franconia,  the  Upper  and 
Lower  Rhine ;  the  tenth  and  last  is  the 
circle  of  Burgundy,  or  ancient  Belgium, 
which  formerly  consisted  of  the  duchy  of 
Burgundy,  a»  d  the  17  provinces  of  the 
Low  Countries,  but  these  have  been  long 
since  severed  from  the  empire  of  Germa- 
ny. In  this  country  arc  upwards  of  300 
sovereign  princes  and  states,  most  of 
them  independent  in  their  respective  ter- 
ritories :  the  emperor,  or  head  of  the 
Germanic  body,  is  chosen  by  the  nine 
electors,  spiritual  and  temporal ;  the  ec- 
clesiastical princes,  consisting  of  arch- 
bishops, bishops,  abbots  and  abbesses  j 
secular  princes,  consisting  of  dukes, 
marquises,  counts,  landgraves,  and  ba- 
rons, with  free  cities,  either  imperial  or 
Hanse  towns  ;  both  which  are  sovereign 
states,  and  send  deputies  to  the  general 
diet  or  parliament  of  the  empire.  Ger- 
many is  for  the  most  pari  level  towards 
the  N  and  E,  being  a  barren  sand  or 
marshy  soil.  On  the  S  it  is  encumbered 
with  the  Alps  ;  but  in  the  middle  of  the 
country  is  an  intermixture  of  hills  and 
dales,  corn  fields  and  meadows,  especial- 
ly on  the  banks  of  its  rivers,  namely,  the 


G  E  R 


G  E  S 


Rhine,  Danube,  &c.  It  has  se\reral  fine 
cities,  castjes,  palaces,  and  scats,  and  is 
more  populous  than  Fi  ance.  Charlemagne, 
the  son  of  Pepin,  and  king  of  France, 
was  the  founder  of  the  German  empire 
in  the  year  800  of  the  Christian  sera,  be- 
ing1 then  sovereign  of  Italy,  great  part 
of  Spam,  and  the  S  of  Germany-  The 
empire  was  divided  among  Charle- 
magne's descendants,  and  the  sovereign 
of  Italy  a  d  Germany  only  retained  the 
style  of  emperor,  the  princes  of  the  em- 
pire being  then  his  feodarics  or  vassals. 
The  imperial  crown  continued  hereditary 
for  300  years  after  Charlemagne,  when 
the  Pope  of  Rome,  in  order  to  diminish 
the  emperor's  authority,  and  increase  his 
own,  s  irred  up  the  German  princes  to 
alter  the  constitution,  and  make  the  im- 
perial dignity  elective.  So  that  during 
the  mutual  struggles  between  the  head 
of  the  church  and  the  empire,  for  superi- 
ority, several  sovereign  states  were  erect- 
ed in  Italy  and  Germany,  independent  of 
either.  The  emperors,  after  the  break- 
ing of  the  hereditary  line,  were  at  first  e- 
lected  by  the  body  of  the  people  ;  but  the 
nobility,  and  great  officers  of  state,  ob- 
serving that  this  gave  occasion  to  endless 
confusion,  excluded  the  people  from  their 
share  in  the  election  and  assumed  the 
right  of  chusing  the  emperor  themselves ; 
and  at  length  the  nnmber  of  electors  was 
reduced  to  seven,  namely,  the  archbish- 
ops of  Mentz,  Triers,  Cologne,  the  king 
of  Bohemia,  the  duke  of  Saxony,  the 
prince  palatine  of  the  Rhine,  and  the 
marquis  of  Brandenburgh  ;  but  upon  the 
palsg-rave  Frederick  incurring  the  ban  of 
the  empire,  the  duke  of  Bavaria  was  added 
as  an  eighth  elector,  and  the  duke  of  Ha- 
nover since  that  made  the  ninth.  But 
though  the  imperial  crown  was  elective, 
the  house  of  Austria  found  means  by  the 
count  of  Hapsburg  to  continue  it  in  their 
family  upwards  of  300  years,  till  upon  the 
failure  of  the  male  issue  of  Austria,  in 
the  emperor  Charles  VI.  the  elector  of 
Bavaria  was  crowned  emperor  in  1742, 
who,  contending  with  Maria  Theresa 
queen  of  Hungary,  and  daughter  to  the 
said  Charles,  for  the  hereditary  dominions 
of  Austria,  he  brought  himself  into  great 
distress,  ruined  his  country,  and  after  a 
short  reign,  died  in  his  capital,  January 
9,  1745.  But  Francis,  grand  duke  of 
Tuscany,  who  married  Maria  Theresa, 
was  afterwards  elected  to  the  imperial 
dignity,  through  the  interest  of  Great 
Britain  and  its  prince  the  elector  of  Ha- 
nover; and  his  descendants  still  sway 
the  Germanic  Sceptre.  The  nine  above 
mentioned  electors  now  chuse  an  empe- 
ror, when  the  imperial  throne  is  vacant, 


unless  a  king  of  the  Romans  hath  been  e- 
'.ected  in  the  preceding  reign,  who  suc- 
ceeds of  course.  The  emperor  is  the 
fountain  of  honour  in  Germany,  disposing 
of  all  places  and  dignities  both  civil  and 
military,  except  those  that  are  heredita- 
ry, as  the  great  chancellor,  treasurer, 
sword-bearer,  cup-bearer,  which  are  only 
honorary  posts  with  little  or  no  profit. 
Germany  is  a  fruitful  country,  particu- 
larly in  the  valleys  ;  and  its  mountains 
abound  with  mines,  trom  which  proceed 
some  of- the  best  medicinal  springs  and 
baths  in  Europe,  as  those  at  Pyrmont, 
Baden,  Aix-la-Cbapefle.  8cc.  The  inhabi- 
tants arc  excellent  mechanics  and  che- 
mis  s,  yet  among  the  latter  have  arisen 
several  pretenders  to  the  grand  elixir ; 
as  among  the  former,  several  projectors 
have  pretended  to  have  found  out  the 
perpetual  motion.  The  invention  of 
printing  and  gunpowder  is  generally  as- 
cribed to  the  Germans,  and  they  have 
also  brought  clocks,  watches,  swords, 
locks,  and  fire-arms  to  very  great  perfec- 
tion. The  manufactures  of  tin-plau  s  or 
white  iron  they  have  entirely  monopo- 
lized. They  are  reputed  good  painters, 
engravers,  enamellers,  and  engineers. 
I'heir  foreign  trade  they  carry  on  with 
great  success,  by  means  of  the  rivers 
Rhine,  Elbe,  Oder,  Weser,  and  the  Baltic 
Sea ;  more  particularly  from  Hamburg, 
Lubeck,  Bremen,  Stetin,  &c.  and  by  land 
with  Italy,  Swisserland,  France,  and  Hol- 
land. 

Gemersheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  situated 
near  the  Rhine,  five  miles  W  of  Philips- 
burgh. 

Gerrv,  a  township  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, state  of  Massachusetts,  containing 
1000  inhabitants.  * 

Gers,  a  department  of  France,  in  which 
are  comprehended  the  late  provinces  of 
Gascony  and  Armagnac. 

Gertntdenburgy  an  ancient  town  of 
Dutch  Brabant,  one  of  the  principal  bul- 
warks of  the  Dutch,  situated  at  the  E  ex- 
tremity of  the  Biesboch  lakes  which  are 
formed  by  the  Maese,  and  make  a  good 
harbour.  It  has  been  often  taken,  the 
last  time  bv  the  French  in  1795.  It  is  10 
miles  N  of"  Breda.  Lon.  4  52  E,  lat.  52 
44  X. 

Geriimenhi,  an  ancient  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Alentejo,  with  a  strong  castle ;  but  was 
taken,  in  1662,  by  the  Spaniards.  It  is 
seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  river  Guadiana, 
18  miles  below  Badajoz. 

Gestrike,  a  prov  ince  of  Sweden,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Helsiugia,  on  the  E  by  the 
gulf  of  Bothnia,  on  the  R  by  Upland,  and 
and  on  the  W  bv  Dalecarlia.    It  is  diver- 


G  H  E 


G  I  B 


slfied  by  forests,  rocks,  hills  and  dales, 
pasture  and  arable  land,  hikes  and  rivers  ; 
and  the  river  Dam  meanders  through  the 
w  hole  extent  of  the  province. 

Gettisbitrg,  a  post  town  in  Adams' 
county,  Pennsylvania,  28  miles  SW  of 
Yorktown,  the  capital  of  the  county,  and 
115  westward  of  Philadelphia. 

Gevaudan,  a  territory  of  Languedoc,  in 
France,  bounded  on  the  N  by  AuyeVghe, 
on  the  W  by  Rouergue,  on  the  S  by  the 
Cevenncs,  and  on  the  E  by  Velay.  It  is  a 
mountainous,  barren  country  ;  and  now 
forms  the  department  of  Lozere. 

Gever,  or  Goiver.    See  Goar,  St. 

Gext  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- i 
ment  of  Aine  and  late  province  of  Bresse,  | 
seated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  St.  Claude, 
between  the  Rhone,  the  lake  of  Geneva, 
and  Swisserland.  It  produces  excellent 
cheese;  and  is  10  miles  NW  of  Geneva. 
Lon.  6  1  E,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Gezira,  a  town  of  Diarbeck,  in  an  is- 
land formed  by  the  Tigris,  70  miles  NW 
of  Mousul.    Lon.  40  50  E,  lat.  36  36  N. 

Ghanah,  or  Ghiimah,  a  town  of  the 
empire  of  Cashna,  in  Africa.  It  is  seated 
between  a  lake  and  the  river  Niger.  It 
is  90  miles  NE  of  the  city  of  Cashna, 
and  208  S  of  Agadez.  Lon.'lo  12  E,  lat. 
15  55  N. 

Ghent,  the  capital  of  Austrian  Fland- 
ers, and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on 
four  navigable  rivers,  the  Scheldt,  the 
Lys,  the  Lieve,  and  the  Moere,  which  run 
through  the  city.  It  is  well  situated  for 
foreign  trade,  and  the  silk,  woollen,  and 
linen  manufactures  flourish  ;  it  also  deals 
considerably  in  corn.  It  contains  70,000 
inhabitants  ;  but  is  not  populous  in  pro- 
portion to  its  extent.  The  cathedral  is 
a  noble  ancient  structure,  dedicated  to 
St.  Buvon  ;  beside  this,  there  are  only 
six  parochial  churches.  The  Benedictine 
abbey  of  St.  Peter  is  a  magnificent  edi- 
fice ;  in  which,  as  well  as  in  the  churches, 
are  some  capital  paintings  by  the  best 
masters.  The  emperor  Charles  V.  was 
born  here,  and  here,  in  1576,  was  con- 
cluded the  famous  treaty,  called  the  Pa- 
cification of  Ghent,  the  first  commence- 
ment of  the  separation  of  seven  provinces 
from  the  seventeen  which  then  formed 
the  Austrian  Netherlands.  Ghent  has 
been  of  ten  taken ;  the  last  lime,  by  the 
French,  in  1794.  The  city  is  cut  by  ma- 
ny canals,  which  divide  it  into  26  isles, 
and  over  the  can  ids  are  300  bridges.  It 
has  also  two  navigable  canals  ;  the  one 
to  Sns  van  Ghent  the  other  to  Bruges 
and  Ostend,  the  last  of  which  was  des- 
troyed in  1/98.  by  the  British.  It  is  26 
miles  NW  of  Brussels.  Lon.  3  49  E,  lat. 
513  X.  "•Lt^!tjB$S^r 


Ghergong,  a  city  of  Asia,  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Assam.  It  is  seated  on  a 
river  which  runs,  in  a  short  distance.  in- 
to  the  Burrampooter,  400  miles  NE  of 
Calcutta.    Lon.  93  15  E,  lat.  25  55  N. 

G/icriah,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  on  that  part  of  the  W  side 
called  the  Pirate  Coast.  It  was  lately  the 
capital  and  principal  port  of  Angria.  It  is 
295  miles  S  by  E  of  Bombay.  Lon.  73  8 
E,  lat.  17  59  N. 

GJdlan,  a  province  of  Persia,  on  the  S 
W  side  of  the  Caspian  Sea;  supposed  to 
be  the  Hyrcania  of  the  ancients.  It  is  ve- 
ry agreeably  situated,  having  the  sea  on 
one  side,  and  high  mountains  on  the  o- 
ther ;  and  there  is  no  entering  it  but 
through  narrow  passes,  which  may  be 
easily  defended.  The  sides  of  the  moun- 
tains are  covered  with  man)  sorts  of  fruit 
trees;  and  in  the  highest  parts  of  them 
are  deer,  bears,  wolves,  leopards,  and  ti- 
gers. It  is  one  of  the  most  fruitful  pro- 
vinces of  Persia,  and  produces  abundance 
of  silk,  oil,  wine,  rice,  tobacco,  and  ex- 
cellent fruits.  The  inhabitants  are  brave; 
and  the  women  are  accounted  extremely 
handsome.    Rcsht  is  the  capital. 

Ghilan,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  province 
of  French  Hainault,  seated  on  the  Haina, 
five,  miles  W  of  Mons.  Lon.  3  53  E,  lat. 
50  28  N. 

Ghizni,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
formerly  the  capital  of  an  extensive  em- 
pire of  the  same  name.  It  is  termed  the 
second  Medina,  owing  to  the  great  num- 
ber of  illustrious  persons  interred  here. 
Lon  68  20  E,  lat.  16  12  N. 

Gibraltar,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, near  a  mountain  of  the  same  name, 
formerly  called  Calpe,  which,  with  Aby- 
la,  on  the  opposite- shore  of  Africa,  were 
called  the  pillars  of  Hercules.  Tarick,  a 
general  of  the  Moors,  built  a  fortress 
here,  which  he  called  Gibel  Tarick,  that 
is,  Mount  Tarick.  Since  that  time  a  town 
has  been  built  at  the  foot  of  this  rock, 
which  is  strongly  fortified.  Ii  can  be  ap- 
proached only  by  a  narrow  passage  be- 
tween the  mountain  and  the  sea,  across 
which  the  Spaniards  have  drawn  a  line, 
and  fortified  it,  to  prevent  the  garrison 
from  having  any  communication  with 
the  country.  It  was  formerly  thought  to 
be  impregnable  ;  but,  in  1704,  it  was  ta- 
ken by  the  confederate  fleet,  commanded 
by  Sir  George  R  oke.  The  Spaniards 
attempt  ed  to  retake  it  the  following  year, 
and  500  of  them  crept  up  the  rock  in  the 
night-time,  but  were  driven  down  head- 
long in  the  morning.  In  1727,  the  Spani- 
ards besieged  it  again,  and  attempted  to 
blow  up  the  rock,  which  they  found  ini- 


GIN 


G  I  U 


pv  actio  able,  and  were  obliged  to  raise 
the  siege.  It  was  besieged  in  the  last 
w  ar,  from  the  16th  oi"  July  1779,  to  the 
beginning  of  Feb.  1783,  when  the  siege 
\v:is  finally  raised.  But  it  may  be  consi- 
dered as  terminated  on  the  13th  of  Sept. 
1782,  on  the  failure  of  the  grand  attack 
made  by  the  Spaniards,  whose  dreadful 
floating  batteries  were  destroyed  by  red 
hot  shot  from  the  garrison.  The  garri- 
son here  are  cooped  up  in  a  very  narrow 
compass,  and  have  no  provisions  but  what 
arc  brought  from  Barbary  and  England. 
The  strait  of  Gibraltar  is  24  miles  in 
length,  and  15  in  breadth,  and  a  strong 
current  always  runs  through  it  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Mediterranean.  Gibral- 
tar is  25  miles  N  of  Ceuta,  and  45  SE  of 
Cadiz.    Lon.  5  17  W,  lat.  36  6  N. 

Gien,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret  and  late  province  of  Or- 
leannois,  seate  d  on  the  Loire,  76  miles  S 
E  of  Paris,    Lon.  2  43  E,  lat.  47  34  N. 

Gienzor,  a  town  of  Barbary,  in  Tripo- 
li, 10  miles  from  the  town  of  Tripoli. 

Gicrace,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Ulteriore,  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, near  the  sea,  32  miles  NE  of  Reggio. 
Lon  16  40  E,  Lit.  38  13  X. 

Giesen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
landgravate  of  Hcsse-Cassel,  with  a  cas- 
tle and  an  university.  It  belongs  to  the 
house  of  Darmstadt,  and  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1796,  but  retaken  the  same 
year  by  the  Austrians.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Lohn,  16  miles  WSW  of  Marpurg. 
Lon.  8  41  E,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Gisj-a,  a  small  island  on  the  W  coast  of 
Scotland,  between  the  isle  of  Skyc  and 
the  peninsula  of  Cantyre,  in  Argyleshiie, 
in  which  county  it  is  included.  The  inha- 
bitants annually  export  a  considerable 
quantity  of  grain. 

Giglio,  a  small  island  on  the  coast  of 
Tuscany,  with  a  castle  It  makes  part 
of  the  state  of  Sienna,  and  is  15  miles 
W  of  Porto  liercolc.  Lon.  11  16  E,  lat. 
42  1  N. 

Gilolo,  a  large  island,  with  a  town  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  Archipelago  of 
the  Moluccas.  It  does  not  produce  any 
fine  spices,  though  it  lies  near  the  Spice 
Islands  ;  but  it  has  a  great  deal  of  rice, 
and  the  inhabitants  are  fierce  and  cruel. 
It  is  seated  under  the  line,  in  ion.  130  0  E. 

Gihnantown,  a  town  of  Stafford  county, 
New  Hampshire,  about  52  miles  N  by  W 
of  Portsmouth.  The  township  contained 
3750  inhabitants  in  1800,  and  has  a  post- 
office,  584  miles  from  Washington. 

Gingen,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Sua- 
bia,  16  miles  N  of  Ulm.  Lon.  10  13  E, 
lat.  48  39  N. 

Gingee,  a  large  and  populous  town  on 


the  coast  of  Coromandcl.  It' is  strong" 
both  by  art  and  na  tire,  being  seated  on 
a  mountain,  whose  top  is  divided  into 
three  points,  on  each  of  which  is  a  cas- 
tle. The  Great  Mogul,  in  1690,  began  a 
siege,  which  continued  three  years  to  no 
purpose.  It  is  33  miles  W  of  Pondicher 
ry.    Lon.  79  25  E,  lat.  11  42  N. 

Giodda,  or  Giddah,  a  seaport  on  the  E 
coast  of  Arabia,  on  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  the 
port  of  Mecca,  and  carries  on  a  great  tradt:. 
Lon.  39  27  E,lat.  21  30  N. 

Giovannazzo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
ra di  Bari,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the 
sea,  10  miles  NW  of  J3ari.  Lon.  16  50  E, 
lat.  41  26  N. 

Gierst,  a  large  town  of  Persia,  in  Her- 
man, whose  trade  consists  in  wheat  and 
dates.    Lon.  57  55  E,  lat.  27  30  N. 

Gironde,  a  department  of  France, 
which  includes  part  of  the  late  province 
of  Guienne. 

Girrmua,  an  ancient  and  strong  town  of 
Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with  a  bishop's  sec 
It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  side  of  the 
river  Onhal.    Lon.  2  52  E,  lat.  42  0  N. 

(xivon,  St.  a  town  of  France,  ii*  the  de  - 
partment of  Arriege,  and  late  province 
of  Cousreans,  seated  on  the  Sarat,  three 
miles  S  of  St.  Lisier.  Lon.  1  16  E,  lat-. 
42  53  N. 

Girvan,  a  village  in  Ayrshire,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  al- 
most opposite  the  rock  of  Ailsa.  Here 
arc  some  manufactures  ;  particularly  in 
the  tanning  of  leather,  and  the  making  of 
shoes  and  boots.  It  is  16  miles  S  by  W 
of  Ayr. 

Gisboroii^h,  a  town  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Monday.  It 
is  noted  for  being  the  first  place  where 
alum  was  made,  as  it  was  formerly  for  its 
abbev.  It  is  four  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Tees,  22  NW  of  Whitby,  and  247 
X  by  W  of  London.    Lon.  0  55  W,  lat. 

54  35  N.  WWnfflSE 

Gisbimi,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Monday. 
Lon.  2  22  W,  lat.  53  55  N. 

Gisors,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandv,  seated  on  the  Ept,  28  miles  SE 
of  Rouen.    Lon.  143  E,  lat.  49  15  N. 

Givel,  a  fortified  town  in  the  bishopric 
of  Liege,  divided  in  two  by  the  river 
Maese,  21  miles  SW  of  Namur.  Lon.  4 
34  E,  lat.  50  13  N. 

Givira,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
seated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  eight 
miles  from  Anghierra. 

Giula,  a  strong  town  of  Upper  Hunga- 
ry, on  the  frontiers  of  Transylvania.  It 
w  as  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1566,  and.  re- 
taken in  1695.    It  is  seated  on  the  Keres- 


G  L  A 


G  L  A 


fclan,  30  miles  SW  of  Great  Waradin. 
Lou.  20  40  E,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Giuliani/,  town  of  Sicily,  on  a  craggy 
rock,  12  miles  XNE  of'Xacca,  and  30  SS 
WofValermoi 

Giustaiulel,  a  large  town  of  Mace- 
donia, with  a  Greek,  archbishop's  see, 
seated  near  lake  Oclirida,  .sixty  miles 
SE  f  Durazzo.  Lon.  2u  36  E,  lat.  41 
40.  N. 

Glaciers,  a  name  given  to  some  very 
extensive  fields  of  ice  among  the  Alps 
of  Swisserland.  These  glaciers  may 
be  divided  into  two  sorts  :  the  first, 
occupying  the  deep  valiies  situated  in 
the  bosom  of  the  Alps,  and  termed  by 
the  natives  the  Valley  of  Ice,  but 
which  Mr.  Coxe  distinguishes  by  the 
name  of  Lower  Glaciers;  the  second, 
which  clothe  the  summits  and  sides  of 
the  mountains,  he  cails  the  Upper  Gla- 
ciers. The  Lower  Glaciers  are  by  fa# 
the  most  considerable  in  extent  and 
depth.  Some  stretch  several  leagues  in 
length,  that  of  des  Bois,  in  particular,  is 
more  than  15  miles  long,  and  above  three 
in  iis  greatest  breadth.  The  Lower  Gla- 
ciers do  not  as  is  generally  imagined, 
communicate  with  each  other,  they  most- 
ly stretch  in  a  transverse  direction,  and 
are  bordered  at  the  higher  extremity 
by  inaccessible  rocks,  and  on  the  other 
extends  into  the  cultivated  valiies.  The 
thickness  of  the  ice  varies  in  different 
parts.  M.  de  Saussure  found  its  general 
depth  in  the  Glacier  des  Bois  from  SO  to 
100  feet ;  but  questions  not  the  informa- 
tion of  those  who  assert,  that  in  some 
places,  its  thickness  exceeds  even  600 
feet.  These  immense  fields  of  ice  usu- 
ally rest' on  an  inclined  plane.  Being* 
pushed  forward  by  the  pressure  of  their 
own  weight,  and  but  weakly  supported 
by  the  rugged  rocks  beneath,  they  are 
intersected  by  large  transverse  chasms  ; 
and  present  the  appearance  of  walls,  py- 
ramids, and  other  fantastic  shapes,  ob- 
served at  allheighis,  and  in  all  situations, 
wherever  the  declivity  exceeds  30  or  40 
degrees.  But  in  those  parts  where  the 
plant:  on  which  they  rest  is  horizontal, 
or  only  gently  inclined,  the  surface  of 
the  ice  is  nearly  uniform  :  the  chasms 
are  but  few  and  narrow,  and  the  traveller 
crosses  on  foot,  without  much  difficulty. 
The  surface  of  the  ice  is  not  so  slippery, 
as  that  of  frozen  ponds  or  rivers  ;  it  is 
rough  and  granulated,  and  is  only  dan- 
gerous to  the  passenger  in  sleep  descents  : 
it  is  not  transparent,  is  extremely  porous 
and  full  of  small  bubbles,  which  seldom 
exceeds  the  size  of  a  pea,  and  conse- 
quently is  not  so  compact  as  common 
ice.    For  the  theory  of  the  formation  of 


the  Glaciers,  the  reader  is  referred  to 
M.  de  Saussure.  The  Upper  Glaciers 
may  be  subdivided  into  those  which  co- 
ver the  summits,  and  those  which  ex- 
tend along  the  sides  of  the  Alps.  Those 
which  cover  the  summits  of  the  Alps, 
owe  their  origin  to  the  snow  that  falls  at 
all  se-.sons  of  the  year,  and  which  re- 
mains nearly  in  its  original  state,  being 
congealed  into  a  hard  substance,  and  not 
converted  into  ice.  The  substance  which 
clothes  the  side  of  the  Alps  is  neither 
pure  snow  like  that  of  the  summits,  nor 
ice  which  forms  the  Lower  Glaciers,  but 
is  an  assemblage  of  both.  It  contains 
less  snow  than  the  summits,  because  the 
summer  heat  has  more  power  to  dissolve 
it;  and  because  the  liquified  snow  des- 
cending from  above,  the  mass  is  pene- 
trated with  a  larger  quantity  of  water.  It 
contains  more  snow  than  the  Lower  Gla- 
ciers, because  the  dissolution  of  the  snow 
is  comparatively  less.  In  a  word,  there 
is  a  regular  gradation  from  the  snow  on 
the  summits  to  the  ice  of  the  Lower 
Glaciers,  formed  by  the  intermediate 
mixture  of  snow  and  ice,  which  becomes 
more  compact  and  less  porous  in  pro- 
portion as  it  approaches  the  Lower  Gla- 
ciers, until  it  unites  and  assimilates  with 
them. 

Glamorganshire ,  a  county  of  S  Wales, 
48  miles  long  and  26  broad  ;  bounded  on 
ihe  N  by  Carmarthenshire  and  Breck- 
nockshire, on  the  E  by  Monmouthshire, 
and  on  the  S  and  W  by  the  Bristol  Chan- 
nel. It  lies  in  the  diocese  of  LandafT; 
contains  10  hundreds,  one  city,  eight 
market-towns,  and  118  parishes ;  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  The 
air,  in  the  S  part,  towards  the  sea,  is 
temperate  and  healthful ;  but  the  north- 
ern part.,  which  is  mountainous,  is  cold 
and  piercing,  full  of  thick  woods,  ex- 
tremely barren,  and  thin  of  inhabitants. 
The  S  part  is  so  remarkably  fertile,  plea- 
sant and  populous,  that  it  is  generally 
styled  the  garden  of  Wales  ;  but  it  has  no 
manufacture.  Its  principal  commodities 
arc  lead,  coal,  iron,  and  limestone.  lis 
chief  rivers  are  the  Romney,  Taafee,  El- 
wy,  Neath  and  Tawy.  Cardiff  is  the  prin- 
cipal town,  and  Swansey  the  most  com- 
m<  rcial  ;  but  the  assizes  are  held  at  Cow- 
bridge.    See  Gotver. 

Glammrs,  a  village  in  the  SW  part  of 
Angusshire,  near  which  is  Glammis  cas- 
tle, the  ancient  seat  of  the  earl  of  Strath- 
more,  in  which  is  shown  the  apartment 
where  Malcolm  II.  was  assassinated  in 
1034. 

Glandfordbridge,  or  Brigg,  a  town  in 
Lincolnshire,  with  a  market  on  Thurs- 
day ;  seated  on  the  Ankara,  which  is  fa- 


t 


GLA 


OLA 


rr.pus  for  its  fine  eels,  and  bos  been  lately 
made  navigable  Tor  sloops  to  die  Hum- 
ber.  Jt  is  23  miles  N  of  Lincoln,  and  156 


Lon.  0  23  V/ 


at.  5 


N  bv  W  of  London 

35  n.  ■■ 

Glitrtts',  a  Canton  of  Syvisscrlaiid,  boun- 
ded on  the  E  by  the  Grissoos;  on  the  S 
by  the  same,  the  canton  of  Uri,  and  that 
ot'Schweitz  ;  and  on  the  N  by  the  rivcF 
Lintb.  It  is  a  mountainous  country  ;  aiid 
the  chief  trade  is  in  catlle,  cheese,  and 
flutter.  (>iarns  is  surrounded  by  the 
Alps,  except  towards  the  N;  and  there 
is  no  other  entrance  but  through  this  o- 
pening,  which  lies  between  the  lake  of 
of  YVallenstadt  and  the  mountains  sepa- 
rating this  canton  from  that  of  Schweitz. 

Giants,  a  large  town  of  Swisserland, 
capital  of  a  canton  of  the  same  name,  and 
seated  oh  the  river  Lintb,  32  miles  SE  of 
Zunc.  The  streets  are  large,  and  the 
houses  kept  in  good  repair.  Lon.  9  1  E, 
hit.  46  56  X. 

Glasgow,  a  city  in  Lanerkshire,  which 
in  point  of  size  and  importance  may  be 
esteemed  the  second  city  in  Scotland.  It 
is  seated  on  the  N  side  of  the  Clyde;  over 
which  are  two  stone  bridges  ;    one  of 
them  an  elegant  modern  structure  of  se- 
ven arches,  500  feet  long,  and  32  wide  ; 
it  was  completed  in  1772.    The  streets 
are  clean  and  well  paved;  and  several  ot 
them  intersecting  each  other  at  right  an- 
gles, produce  a  very  agreeable  efFecti  The 
4  principal  streets,  which  intersect  each  o- 
ther  at  right  angles,  divide  the  city  near- 
ly into  four  equal  parts;  and  the  diiier- 
ent  views  of  them  from  thecross,  or  cen- 
tre of  intersection  have  an  air  of  magnifi- 
cence,   Glasgow  was  once  an  archiepis- 
copal  see.    There  are  11  churches  in 
Glasgow,  3  of  which  are  contained  in  the 
ancient  cathedral,  which  is  considered 
one  of  the  most  entire  pieces  of  Gothic 
architecture  in  Scotland.    St.  Andrew's 
is  the  finest  piece  of  modern  architecture 
in  the  city.    Tl  was  begun  in  1739  and  fi- 
nished in  1756.    The  Tron  Church,  with 
the  session  house  at  the  W  end  of  it, 
which  had  been  for  some  time,  occupied 
as  a  guard-house  by  the  town  guard,  was 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1793.    There  are  se- 
veral charitable  establishments;  particu- 
larly the  merchant's  Hospital,  and  that  of 
the  town.    Here  is  a  celebrated  universi- 
ty ;  the  single  college  belonging  to  which 
is  an  elegant  building.    The  Tontine  ta- 
vern, cofFee-house,  and  hotel,  for  extent 
and  accommodation  is  perhaps  equal  to 
any  in  Europe.    The  American  and  West 
Indian  trade  laid  the  foundation  of  the  o- 
pulence  of  Glasgow ;    but  the  former 
having  declined,  the  merchants,  possess-! 


rit  of  industry,  turned  their  view  to  rn£U 
nu&'ctlires  which  in  many  instances  they 
have  curried  to  t;  e  highest  perfection. 
The  cotton  manufacture  in  particular  is 
carried  oivin  a  most  extensive  scale,  and 
rivals  that'  of  Manchester  in  cheapness 
and  eleg-.nce.  A  pottery  bus  likewise 
been  established  winch  emulates  in  beau- 
ty the  Staffordshire  ware.  The  printing 
types  cast  lu  re,  have  been  long  distin- 
guished for  their  neatness  and  regulari- 
ty ;  and  the  glass  manufacture  has  been 
very  successful.  'I  he  inhabitants,  are 
computed  at  upwards  of  70,000.  It  has 
■Mie  advantage  of  '  wo  canals,  besides  the 
tircat  Cabal  that  joins  (he  Clyde  to  tbd 
Forth  ;  and  is  15  miles  ESE  of  Dumbar- 
t  ml  and  45  W  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  4  2  W, 
lat.  55  52  N.  ". 

Glasgow,  Port,  a  town  in  Renfrewshire 
on  the  S  side  of  the  Clyde,  erected,  in 
1710,  to  serve  as  the  seaport  of  the  city 
of  Glasgow,  whose  magistrates  appoint  a 
bailiff  for  the  government  of  it.  It  has  an 
excellent  harbour  with  a  noble  pier;  but 
still  most  of  the  ships  that  trade  to  the 
>\rest  Indies,  sail  from  Greenock,  and  re- 
turn to  that  port.  The  herring  fisheries, 
in  the  frith  of  Clyde,  form  a  considerable 
part  of  its  trade.  This  port  is  situated 
21  miles  W  by  N  of  Glasgow. 

Glassborovgh,  a  village  of  Xew  Jersey, 
situa'ed  in  Gloucester  county,  20  miles  S 
R  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  E  side  of  the  ri- 
ver Delaware.  Here  has  •'been  a  considera- 
ble manufactory  of  glass  ware  recently  es- 
tablished. 

Glastonbury,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated 
near  a  high  hill,  coiled  the  Tor,  and  i9 
famous  for  an  abbey,  some  ruins  of  which 
still  remain  ;  particularly  the  curious 
structure,  called,  the  abbot's-  kitchen, 
which  is  entire,  and  of  a  very  unusual 
contrivance.  The  las',  abbot  of  this  place 
was  hanged  on  the  top  of  the  Tor,  by  or- 
der of  Henry  VI 11 .  for  not  acknowledging 
bis  supremacy;  this  hill,  so  called  from 
the  tower  which  stands  on  it,  commands 
an  extensive  prospect,  and  is  an  excellent 
seamark.  Glastonbury  has  two  churches, 
and  a  manufacture  of  stockings.  It  is  6 
miles  SW  of  Wells,  and  129  W  by  S  of 
London.  Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  51  8  X. 

Glastonbury,  a  post  town  of  Hartford 
county,  Connecticut;  situated  on  the  E 
dde  of  Connecticut  river,  about  5  miles  S 
E  of  the  city  of  Hartford.  It  contains 
3000  inhabitants. 

Glatz,  a  county  of  Germany,  seated  be- 
tween Silesia,  Bohemia,  and  Moravia; 
and  surrounded  by  mountains,  which 
render  it  very  difficult  of  access.    It  is 


ed  of  great  capitals  and  an  adequate  spi-l  33  miles  long,  and  23  broad.  It  has  mines 

k  it  ...    '  Mmk% 


G  L  E 


G  L  O 


.  .  coal,  copper,  anil  iron,  good  qviarries 
of  marble  and  stone,  and  fine  springs  of 
mineral  waters.  In  1724,  it  was  ceded 
to  Hie  king-  of  Prussia,  by  the  queen  of 
Hungary. ;,,  &fjg 

Glatz,  a  city  of  Bohemia,  and  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  it  is  situ- 
ated at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  which 
divide  that  kingdom  from  Silesia,  near 
the  river  Neisse.  On  the  top  of  the  hill 
is  an  ancient  castle ;  and  the  Prussians 
have  not  only  greatly  augmented  and  im- 
proved it,  but  have  built  a  new  citadel. 
It  has  been  frequently  besieged  and  tak- 
en. It  is  48  miles  SSE  of  Breslaw,  and 
82  ENE  of  Prague.  Lon.  16  50  E,  lat.  50 
25  N. 

Glencoe,  Vale  of,  a  valley  in  Scotland, 
near  the  head  of  Loch  Etive,  in  Argyle- 
shire,  noted  for  the  cruel  massacre  of  its 
unsuspecting  inhabitants  in  1691.  King 
William  had  published  a  proclamation, 
inviting  the  Highlanders,  who  had  been 
in  arms  for  King  James  II.  to  accept  a 
general  amnesty  before  the  1st  of  Janua- 
ry, on  pain  of  military  execution  after 
that  period.  Alexander  Macdonald,  laird 
of  Glencoe,  on  the  last  day  of  December, 
went  to  Fort  William,  the  governor  of 
which  referred  him  to  a  civil  officer. 
This  made  it  the  first  of  January  before 
he  could  reach  Inverary,  where  he  sur- 
rendered to  the  sheriff,  who,  however, 
accepted  his  submission,  in  consideration 
of  his  offer  to  surrender  the  day  before. 
The  laird  having  taken  the  oaths,  return- 
ed to  Glencoe,  in  full  assurance  of  safe- 
ty ;  notwithstanding  which,  he,  and  his 
whole  clan,  were  butchered,  on  the  15th 
of  February,  and  the  whole  of  that  beau- 
tiful valley  rendered  a  scene  of  massacre 
and  desolation*.         ^  ■ 

Glencroy,  Vale  of,  a  wild  and  romantic 
tract,  near  the  >iE  extremity  of  Loch 
Loung,  in  Argyleshire.  The  two  ranges 
of  mountains,  which  overhang  this  valley, 
approach  each  other,  and  between  these 
the  traveller  is  immured.  Their  stu- 
pendous height,  and  the  roaring  of  nu- 
merous cataracts,  that  pour  over  their 
brokeiviurface,  produce  an  effect  awfully 
sublime! 

Glenlttce,  a  town  in  Wigtonshire,  seated 
on  the  river  Luce,  near  its  entrance  into 
the  bay  of  that  name,  16  miles  W  by  S  of 
Wigton. 

Glenshee,  Spital  of,  a  noted  pass  of  the 
Grampian  mountains  in  Scotland,  a  little 
S  of  the  point  where  the  counties  of 
Perth,  Angus,  and  Aberdeen  meet.  In 
1718,  a  small  body  of  Highlanders,  With 
f>00  Spaniards,  took  possession  of  this 
pass  :  but  at  the  approach  of  the  king's 
forces,  they  retired  to  the  pass  at  Stra- 


cheil.  They  were  driven  from  one  emi  - 
nence to  another  till  night,  when  the 
Highlanders  dispersed ;  and  the  next 
day  the  Spaniardssurrendered themselves 
prisoners  of  war.  -r 

Glenville,  a  post  town  of  Washington 
county,  New  York,  51  miles  NE  of  Al- 
bany. 

Glogaw,  a  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  and  well 
fortified  on  the  side  of  Poland.  It  has  a 
castle,  with  a  tower,  in  which  several 
counsellors  were  condemned  by  duke 
John,  in  1498,  to  perish  with  hunger. 
Besides  the  Papists,  there  is  a  great 
number  of  Protestants  and  Jews.  It  was 
taken  by  assault  by  the  king  of  Prussia, 
in  174L  After  the  peace,  in  1742,  that 
king  settled  the  supreme  court  of  jus- 
tice here,  it  being  next  to  Breslaw,  the 
most  populous  place  in  Silesia.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Oder,  50  miles  NW 
of  Breslaw,  and  115  NE  of  Prague.  Lon. 
16  13  E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Glomme,  the  longest  river  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Aggerhuys,  in  South  Norway, 
which  flows  into  the  North  Sea,  at  Fre- 
dericstadt.  It  receives  the  river  Worme 
which  issues  from  Lake  Mioss.  J3t  is  not 
navigable  in  any  part  of  its  course  from 
this  lake  to  Frcelericstadt,  its  stream 
being  intercepted  by  such  frequent  cata- 
racts and  shoals,  as,  in  some  places,  to 
render  it  necessary  to  drag  the  trees, 
which  are  floated  down,  over  the  ground. 
At  least  50.0G0  trees  are  annually  floatee! 
by  this  river  to  Fredericstadt. 

Gloucester,  a  city  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day. It  is  seated  on  the'  E  side  of  the 
Severn,  where,  by  two  streams,  it  make, 
the  isle  of  Alney.  From  the  middle  of 
the  city,  where  the  four  principal  streets 
meet,  there  is  a  descent  every  way,  which 
makes  it  not  only  clean  and  healthy,  but 
adds  to  the  beauty  of  the  place.  It 
once  contained  11  churches,  but  now 
has  only  five,  beside  the  cathedral  of  St. 
Peter,  which  is  an  ancient  but  magnifi- 
cent fabric,  and  has  a  tower,  reckoned 
one  of  the  neatest  and  most  curious 
pieces  of  architecture  in  England.  In 
which  cathedral  are  the  tombs  of  Robert 
duke  of  Normandy,  son  to  W  illiam  the 
Conqueror,  and  of  Edward  II.  and  there 
is  a  whispering  palace  like  to  that  of  St. 
Paul's  at  London.  It  has  five  hospitals, 
two  free-schools,  and  anew  county  gaol  ; 
and  was  fortified  with  a  wall  which 
Charles  II.  after  the  restoration,  ordered 
to  be  demolished.  Gloucester  is  a  county  of 
i  :self,  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  Great  quantities 
of  pins  are  made  here  ;  and  there  are  1? 


G  L  U 


G  O  A 


Incorporated  trading-  companies.  Here 


is  a  good  stone  bridge  over  the  river 
Severn,  with  a  quay,  wharfs  and  custom- 
house, but  most  of  its  business  is  engros 
sed  by  Bristol.  It  is  24  miles  NE  of  Bris 
tol,  and  106  W  bv  N  of  London.  Lon.  S 
16  W,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Gloucester,  a  maritime  and  post  town 
in  Essex  county,  Massachusetts,  situated 
near  Cape  Ann,  14  miles  NE  of  Beverly 
and  about  18  from  Salem,  and  Marble 
head,  in  the  lat.  of  42  40  N,  and  lon.  of 
68  45  W. 

Gloucester,  one  of  the  maritime  coun- 
ties of  Virginia,  bounded  on  the  E  by 
Chesapeak  bay,  on  the  N  by  King  and 
Queen's  county,  and  on  the  W  and  S  by 
York  river.  It  is  a  small  county,  but  well 
peopled,  containing  about  20,000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Gloucester,  a  township  of  Providence 
county,  Rhode-Island ;  situated  in  the 
NW  corner  of  the  state,  having  Massa- 
chusetts on  the  X,  and  Connecticut  on 
the  W.  It  contains  about  4000  inhabi- 
tants.^./&* 

Gloucester,  a  post  town  and  the  capital 
of  Gloucester  county,  Virginia,  seated 
on  the  N  side  of  York  river,  12  miles  NE 
of  Williamsburg,  and  45  E  by  S  of  Rich- 
mond. 

Gloucester,  a  small  town  in  Gloucester 
county,  New  Jersey,  on  the  E  bank  of 
the  river  Delaware,  four  miles  below  Phi- 
ladelphia. 

Gloucester  slur  e,  a  county  of  England, 
63  miles  in  length,  and  47  in  breadth  ; 
bounded  on  the  W  by  Herefordshire  and 
Monmouthshire,  on  the  N  by  AYorcester- 
shire,  on  the  E  by  Warwickshire  and  Ox- 
fordshire, and  on  the  S  by  Wiltshire  and 
Somersetshire.    It  contains  13  hundreds^ 
1  city,  27  market-toWns,  and  218  pa- 
rishes ;  and  sends  8  members  to  parlia- 
ment.    The  air  is  generally  healthy; 
sharp  in  the  E,  or  hilly  part,  which  con- 
tains the  Cotes^ld  Hills;  but,  us  mild 
in  the  rich  vale  of  Severn,  which  occu- 
pies the  centre.    The  V/  part,  which  is 
by  much  the  smallest  district,  is  varied 
by  hill  and  dale,  and  is  chiefly  occupied 
by  the  forest  of  Dean.    The  Staple  com- 
modities of  the  county  are  ils  woollen 
cloth  and  cheese.    Its  -principal  rivers, 
are  the  Severn,  which  is  joined  to  the 
Thames  by  a  navigable  canal,  the  War- 
wickshire Avon,  the  Lower  Avon,  the 
Wye,  Thames,  Coin,  and  Lech.  See 
Cotes-wold;   Dean,  Forest  of,-  Evesham, 
Yale  of;  and  Severn,  Vale  of. 

Gluckstadt,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  with  a  strong 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  near 
its  mouth,  30  miles  NW  of  Hamburg, 


and  55  N  of  Bremen.    Lon.  9  15  E,  lat. 

Gnadenhvtten,  a  post  town  of  North- 
ampton county,  Pennsylvania.  Situated 
on  the  SVV  side  of  the  river  Lehigh,  a- 
bout  25  miles  NW  of  Bethlehem. 

Gnadeihhutten,  a  post  town  of  Tuskara- 
wa  county,  state  of  Ohio;  a  Moravian  set- 
tlement, planted  with  the  pious  view  of 
propagating  the  Christian  religion  among 
the  Indians. 

Gwsna,  a  city  of  Great  Poland,  of 
which  it  is  the  capital,  with  an  archbish- 
op's see,  whose  prelate  is  primate  of  Po- 
land, and  viceroy  during  the  vacancy  of 
the  throne.  It  was  the  first  town  built 
in  the  kingdom,  and  formerly  more  con- 
siderable than  at  present.  It  is  90  miles 
N  by  E  of  Breslaw,  and  125  W  of  War- 
saw.   Lon.  17  40  E,  lat.  52  28  N. 

Goa,  a  considerable  city  of  the  Hither 
India  with  an  harbour  to  the  coast  of 
Malabar,  in  the  kingdom  of  Deccan,  in 
Yisiapour.    Tt  is  the  capital  of  the  Por- 
tuguese settlements  in  India,  and  the 
seat  of  a  viceroy.    It  stands  in  an  island, 
22  miles  in  length,  and  6  in  breadth  ;  and 
the  city  built  on  the  NT  side  of  it,  having 
the  conveniency  of  a  fine  river,  capable 
of  receiving  ships  of  the  greatest  burden, 
where  they  lie  within  a  mile  of  the  town. 
The  banks  of  the  river  are  beautified  with 
great  number  of  churches,  castles,  and 
gentlemen's  houses.    The  viceroy's  pa- 
ce is  a  noble  building,  and  stands  at  a 
small  distance  from  the  river,  over  one 
of  the  gates  of  the  city,  which  leads  to  a 
spacious  street,  terminated  by  a  beautiful 
lurch.    This  city  contains  a  great  num- 
ber of  handsome  churches  and  convents, 
and  a  stately  hospital,  the  market-place 
takes  up  an  acre  of  ground ;  and  in  the 
shops  about  it  may  he  had  the  produce 
of  Europe,  China,  Bengal,  and  other 
countries.    The  houses  are  large,  and 
make  a  fine  appearance,  but  are  poorly 
furnished.    The  inhabitants  arc  content- 
■  d  with  greens,  fruits,  and  roots,  which, 
with  a  little  bread,  rice,  and  fish,  is  their 
principal  diet,  though  they  have  hogs 
and  fowls  in  pjenty.    Their  religion  is 
the  Roman  catholic,  and  they  have  a  se- 
vere inquisition.   .The  clergy  are  mime- 
merous  and  illiterate  ;  the  churches  are 
finely  embellished,  and  have  a  great  num. 
her  of  images.     It  is  remarkable,  that 
only  one  of  the  churches  has  glass  win- 
dows ;  for  they  make,  use  of  clear  oys- 
ter-shells instead  of  glass,  and  all  their 
fine  houses  have  the  same.    Goa  has  few 
manufactures  or  productions,  their*-  best 
trade  being  in  arrack,  which  they  distil 
from  the  sap  of  the  cocoa-nut  tree.  The 
harbour  is  defended  by  several  forts  and 


GOD 


GOL 


batteries.  It  is  292  miles  S  by  L  of  Bom- 
bay. Lon.  73  45  E,  lat.  15  28  N. 

Goar,  St.  qi  Cower,  a  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  sub- 
ject to  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  Cassel.  It 
stands  immediately  under  the  stupendous 
rock  of  Rheinfels,  and  w  as  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794.  It  lias  a  considerable 
commerce  in  wines  and  hides,  and  is  15 
miles  SE  of  Cobientz. 

Goat  Island,  in  the  state  of  Rhode  Is- 
land, near  the  entrance  of  the  harbour  of 
Newport.  It  is  fortified  with  a  fort  and 
citadel. 

Gobcein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  18  miles  SB  of 
Pinlipsburg.    Lon.  8  56  E,  lat.  49  6  N. 

Gobi/i,  St.    See  Fere. 

Goch,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  du- 
chy of  Cleves,  seated  on  the  Neers,  six 
mil  s  S  of  Cleves.  Lon.  5  52  E,  lat.  51 
39  X. 

Gociano,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cas- 
15  miles  E  ol 


tie,  seated  on  the  Thurso 
Algher. 

Godalming,  a  town  in  Surry,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Wey,  where  it  divides  into  several 
streams,  four  miles  SW  of  Guildford  and 
54  of  London.  Lon.  0  34  W,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Godavery,  or  Gonga  Godoivvy,  a  river 
of  the  Deccan  of  ilindoostan,  which  lias 
its  source  90  miles  to  the  NE  of  Bombay. 
After  crossing  Dowlatabad  and  Golcon- 
da,  from  W  to  E,  it  turns  to  the  SE,  and 
receiving  the  Bain  Gonga,  about  90  miles 
above  the  sea,  besides  many  smaller  ri- 
vers separates  into  two  principal  chan- 
nels at  Rajamundry  ;  and  these  subdivid- 
ing again,  form  altogether  several  tide 
harbours,  for  vessels  of  moderate  burden. 
Ingeram,  Coringa,  Yalam,  Bandarmalan- 
ka,  and  Narsapour,  arc  among  the  places 
situated  at  die  mouths  of  this  river,  which 
appear  to  be  the  most  considerable  one 
between  the  Ganges  and  Cape  Comorin. 
Extensive  forests  of  teek  timber  border 
on  its  banks,  within  the  mountains,  and 
supply  ship-timber  for  the  use  of  the 
ports  above  mentioned. 

Gochnunchsster,  a  large  village  in  Hun- 
tingdonshire, parted  from  Huntingdon  bv 
the  river  Ouse.  It  is  sealed  in  a  rich  and 
fertile  soil,  which  yields  great  plenty  of 
corn;  and  is  inhabited  by  a  great  num- 
ber of  yeomen  and  farmers.  Here  is  a 
school  called  the  free  Grammar  School 
of  queen  Elizabeth.      u.  flSt 

Godivin  Sand*,  famous  sandbanks  oil" 
ihe  coast  of  Kent,  lying  between  the  N 
;v.id  S  Foreland,  and  as  they  run  parallel 
with  the  coast  for  three  leagues  together, 
•it  p.bout  two  league  s  and  a  half  distant 


from  it,  they  give  additional  security  to 
the  Downs. 

Goes,  or  Ter  Goes,  a  strong  town  of  I 
United  Provinces,  in  Zealand,  and  ca 
tal  of  the  island  of  South  Beveland. 
communicates  with  the  Scheldt  by  a  ca- 
nal, and  is  20  miles  E  of  Middleburg. 
Lon.  3  50  E,  lat.  51  33  K. 

Goffs-to~vn,  a  township  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire;  situated  on  a 
branch  of  the  .Merrimack  river,  about  45 
nides  W  of  Portsmouth.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  estimated  at  2000. 

Gogmagng  Hi  lis,  three  miles  from  Cam- 
bridge, remarkable  for  the  intrenchnients 
and  other  works  cast  up  here  ;  whence 
some  suppose  it  was  a  Roman  c«mp  ; 
and  other's,  that  it  was  the  work  of  the 
Danes.  They  are  covered  with  a  fine 
dry  carpet  of  turf ;  and  the  people,  near 
these  hills,  tell  strange  stories  about 
them. 

Gogra,  or  Soorjew  Jiiver,  a  large  river 
which  rises  in  Lake  Lank,  c  Dhe,  in  Thi- 
bet, in  lat.  33  17  N,  and  forcing  its  way 
through  Mount  Himmaleh,  takes  a  SE 
direction,  and  unites  with  the  Ganges, 
above  Chuprah,  in  the  province  of  Baiiar. 

Gohud,  a  territory  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  the  province  of  Agra  ;•  subject  to 
a  rajah,  who  is  tributary  to  the  Poofiah 
Mahrattas.    Gwalior  Is  the  capital. 

Goochland,  a  county  in  the  state  of  'Vir- 
ginia, situated  on  the  N  side  of  .lames  ri- 
ver, which  divides  it  from  Powhatan 
county  ;  on  the  E  it  is  bounded  by  Hano- 
ver and  Henrico:  on  the  N  by  Louisa; 
and  on  the  W  by  Fluvanna  county.  The 
inhabitants  are  estimated  at  10,000,  about 
one  half  slaves. 

Goochland  Court  House,  the  principal 
seat  of  justice  in  Goochland  county,  Vir- 
ginia. It  is  situated  on  the  N  side  of 
James  River,  30  miles  W  by  N  of  Rich- 
mond, and  has  a  post  office,  court  house, 
gaol,  he. 

Quito,  a  town  of  Italy,  m  the  Mantuan, 
seated  on  ihe  river  Mincio,  between  the 
lake  of  Mantua  and  that  of  Garda,  15 
miles  NW  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  40  E, 
lat.  45  16  N. 

Golconda,  a  country  of  the  Deccan  of 
Ilindoostan,  between  the  lower  parts  of 
the  courses  of  Kistna  j.nd  Godavery 
rivers  and  the  principal  part  of  Dow 
latabad.  It  was  formerly  called  Telliu- 
gana,  or  Tilling,  and  is  subject  to  the 
Nizam  of  the  Beccan.  It  is  most  remark- 
able for  its  diamond  mines,  the  most 
considerable  in  the  world.  Here  are  also 
mines  of  salt,  fine  iron  for  sword-blades, 
and  curious  calicoes  and  chintzes.  Hy- 
drabad  or  Bagnngur  is  the  capita!. 

Golconda,  a  celebrated  fortress,  In  ;». 


G  O  M 


G  O  N 


country  of  the  same  name,  six  miles  WN 
W  of  Hydrabad,  and  joined  to  that  city 
by  a  wall  of  communication.  It  occupies 
tlie  summit  of  a  hill  of  a  conical  form 
and  is  deemed  impregnable.  "When  Au- 
rengzebe  conquered  the  kingdom  of  Gol- 
cor.da,  in  1687,  this  fortress  was  taken 
possession  of  by  treachery. 

Goldberg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  In  the  du- 
chy of  Lignitz,  36  miles  W  of  Breslaw. 
Lon.  16  23  E,  lat.  51  3  X. 

Gold  Coast,  a  maritime  country  of 
Guinea,  where  the  Europeans  have  seve- 
ral forts  and  settlements.  It  readies 
from  the  Gold  River,  12  miles  W  of  As-; 
sine,  and  ends  at  the  village  of  Ponni, 
eight  miles  E  of  Acraw.  It  includes  se- 
veral districts,  in  which  are  two  or  three 
towns  or  villages,  lying  on  the  seashore. 
Seven  of  these  districts  are  dignified 
with  the  title  of  kingdoms,  though  they 
contain  but  a  small  tract  of  land  ;  for  the 
whole  Gold  Coast  is  not  above  180  miles 
in  length.  The  negro  inhabitants  are  ge- 
nerally very  rich,  as  they  carry  on  a 
great  trade  with  the  Europeans  for  gold; 
and  many  of  them  are  employed  in  fish- 
ing, and  cultivating  their  rice,  which 
grows  in  incredible  quantities.  This  they 
exchange  with  others  for  Indian  corn,, 
yams,  potatoes,  and  palm  oil.  Most  of 
the  inhabitants  go  naked ;  and  those  who 
are  best  clothed  have  only  some  yards  of 
stuff'  wrapped  about  their  middle. 

Golden  Island,  a  barren  island  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  or  gulf  of  Darien, 
where  the  Scots  attempted  to  make  a 
settlement  in  1698.  Lon.  77  10  W,  lat. 
9  0  HpAi^v?#, 

Goldingen,  a  town  of  Courland,  with 
a  castle,  seated  on  the  Wela,  60  miles  W 
of  Mittau.    Lon.  22  21  E,  lat.  56  48  X. 

GohUborough,  a  post  town  of  Hancock 
county,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Frenchman's  bay,  about  50  miles  of 
Castine,  in  the  lat.  of  44  22  X,  and  lon. 
of  67  52  W. 

Goleita,  an  island  of  Africa,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  bay  of  Tunis  ;  taken  by  the 
emperor  Charles  V.  when  he  attempted 
the  siege  of  Tunis,  and  kept  by  the  Chris- 
tians several  vears.  It  is  29  miles  N  of 
Tunis.    Lon.' 10  20  E,  lat.  37  10  X. 

Golnarv,  a  town  of  Prussian  Fomera- 
nia,  seated  on  the  Una,  18  miles  XE  of 
Stetin.    Lon.  14  59  E,  lat.  53  46  X. 

Gombroon,  a  considerable  seaport  of 
Persia,  in  Farsistan,  called  by  the  na- 
tives Bandar  Abassi.  The  best  houses 
are  built  of  brick,  flat  at  the  lop,  with  a 
square  turret,  having  holes  oil  each  side 
for  the  free  passage  of  the\air:  upon 
these  roofs  they  sleep  in  the  simmer  sea- 
son. The  common  people  have  wretched 


huts,  made  with  the  boughs  of  palm- 
trees,  and  covered  with  leaves.  The 
streets  are  narrow  and  irregular.  The 
English  and  Dutch  have  factories  here, 
which  is  a  great  advantage  to  the  trade 
of  the  place.  The  soil  is  barren,  but 
provisions  brought  from  ot'  er  countries 
are  very  plentiful.  The  weather  is  so  !uk 
in  .Tune,  July  and  August,  that  this  place 
is  extremely  unhealthy;  and  therefore 
the  English  retire  to  Asseen  during  those 
months.  It  is  frequented  by  people  of 
several  nations,  as  well  Europeans  as 
others  ;  and  the  Banyans  are  so  nume- 
rous, that  they  bribe  the  governor  not 
to  permit  any  cows  to  be  killed  in  the 
town.  It  is  seated  in  a  bay  of  the  strait, 
of  Ormus,  120  miles  SSE  of  Kerman. 
Lon.  56  30  E,  lat.  27  28  N*VJ 

Gomera,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands,  be- 
tween Ferro  and  Tencriffe.  It  has  avtown 
of  the  same  name,  with  an  excellent  har- 
bour, where  the  Spanish  ships  often  take 
in  refresh ments.  Here  is  corn  sufficient 
to  support  the  inhabitants,  and  one  su- 
gar-work, with  great  plentv  of  wine  and 
fruits.    Lon.  17  3  W,  lat.  28  6  X. 

Gondar,  the  metropolis  of  Abyssinia, 
situated  on  a  hill  of  considerable  height, 
and  containing  about  10,000  families  in 
time  of  peace.  It  is  about  10  miles  in 
circumference,  and  the  houses  consist 
only  of  one  story,  and  most  of  them  re- 
semble a  funnel,  with  the  narrow  end 
upwards.  They  have  no  shops;  but  car- 
ry on  their  trade  in  a  large  square,  where 
they  expose  their  merchandise  to  sale, 
laid  upon  mats;  aid  gold  and  rock  salt 
are  the  only  money  made  use  of.  Each 
bar  of  salt  is  a  foot  in  length,  and  they 
break  off'  as  much  as  they  agree  for  in 
the  purchase  of  small  wares.  There  are 
about  100  churches  and  their  patriarch 
depends  on  that  of  Alexandria.  The 
habit  of  the  better  sorts  is  made  of  silk 
and  cottons ;  but  the  common  people 
have  only  drawers  to  hide  their  naked- 
ness. It  is  180  miles  SE  of'Sennar.  Lon. 
37  33  E,.  lat.  12  34  X. 

Gondegama,  or  G on dl.a comma,  a  river 
of  the  peninsula,  of  Hindoostan,  which 
rises  near  Combam,  forms  the  nominal 
i  boundary  of  the  Carnatic  on  the  X,  and 
falls  into  the  bay  of  Bengal,  at  Mootapilly . 

(Jondrecourt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Mouse  and  late  duchy  of 
Bar,  seated  on  the  Ornev,  20  miles  S  of 
St  Michael.    Lon.  5  37  E,  lat.  48  30  X. 

Gondrevillc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  ofMeurthe  and  late  province 
i  of  Lorrain,  with  a  castle  and  a  magnih- 
jcent  hospital.  It  stands  on  a  hill,  on  the 
J  river  Moselle,  eight  miles  from  Xar.d 
i.on.  6  9  E,  lat.  48  40  X. 


GOO 


G  O  R 


Gonesse,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Oise,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  Isle  of  France,  remarkable 
for  the  goodness  of  its  bread,  which  is 
brought  twice  a  week  to  Paris.  It  is  the 
birthplace  of  king  Philip  Augustus  ;  and 
is  seated  on  the  Crould,  10  miles' KE  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  30  E,  lat.  48  58  NY. 

Gonga,  an  ancient  town  of  Romania, 
seated  near  the  sea  of  Marmora,  37  miles 
NE  of  Galipoli.    Lon.  37  31  E,  lat.  40 

53  n.  ^ySB^^H^ii'  ^ 

Go?ijah,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  between 
the  coast  of  Guinea  on  the  S,  and  Tom- 
buctou  on  the  N,  supposed  by  major 
Rennel  to  be  the  Conche  of  M.  d'Anville. 
Gonjah,  the  capital,  is  870  miles  W  by 
S  of  Cashna.    Lon.  6  10  W,  lat.  13  20  N. 

Good  Hope,  Cape  of,  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Africa,  in  18  23  E  lon.  and  34 
29  S  lat.  discovered  by  the  Portuguese 
in  1493.  The  Dutch  have  here  built  a 
neat  town  ami  fort,  which  rises  in  the 
midst  of  a  desert,  surrounded  by  black 
and  dreary  mountains.  From  the  ship- 
ping, the  town  appears  pleasantly  situ- 
ated, but  at  the  same  time  small.  On 
landing,  however,  you  arc  surprised, 
and  agreeably  disappointed,  to  find  it 
not  only  extensive,  but  well-built,  and 
in  a  good  style ;  the  streets  spacious, 
and  intersecting  each  other  at  right  an- 
gles with  great  precision.  The  only  land- 
ing place  is  at  the  E  end  of  the  town, 
where  there  is  a  wooden  quay  running- 
some  paces  into  the  sea.  To  this  place 
excellent  water  is  conveyed  by  pipes, 
which  makes  the  watering  of  ships  both 
easy  and  expeditious.  Close  to  the  quay, 
on  the  left  hand,  stands  the  castle  and 
principal  fortress :  a  strong  extensive 
work,  having  excellent  accommodations 
for  the  troops,  and  for  many  of  the,civil 
officers  belonging  to  the  company.  With- 
in the  gates,  the  company  have  their 
principal  stores ;  which  are  spacious  as 
well  as  convenient.  This  fort  covers  and 
defends  the  E  part  of  the  town  and  har- 
bour, as  Amsterdam  fort  does  the  west 
part.  There  are  two  churches  in  the 
town  and  one  plain  and  unadorned  for 
the  Calvinists,  and  a  smaller  one  for  the 
Lutherans.  The  religion  of  the  slaves  is 
as  little  regarded  here  as  in  the  colonies 
of  other  European  states  :  in  other  .re- 
spects, they  are  treated  with  humanity, 
and  are  lodged  and  boarded  in  a  spaci- 
ous house,  where  they  are  likewise  kept 
at  work.  Another  great  building  serves 
as  an  hospital  for  the  sailors  belonging 
to  the  Dutch  East  India  ships  which 
touch  here.  It  is  situated  close  to  the 
Company's  gardens,  and  is  an  honour  to 
that  commercial  body,  and  an  ornament 


to  the  town.  The  convalescents  have 
free  access  to  these  gardens,  where  they 
enjoy  the  benefit  of  a  wholesome  air, 
perfumed  by  the  fragrance  of  a  number 
of  rich  fruit-trees,  and  odoriferous 
shrubs,  plants,  and  flowers.  The  inha- 
bitants of  the  Cape,  though  in  their  per- 
sons, large,  stout,  and  athletic,  have 
not  all  that  phlegm  about  them  which  is 
the  characteristic  of  Dutchmen  in  gene- 
ral. The  ladies  are  lively,  good-natured, 
familiar,  and  gay.  The  heavy  draught 
work  about  the  Cape,  is  chiefly  perform- 
ed by  oxen,  which  are  here  brought  to 
an  uncommon  degree  of  docility  and  use- 
fulness. It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  16 
and  sometimes  18  in  one  of  their  teams, 
which  the  slaves  bave  in  the  most  perfect 
subjection.  One  of  them  places  himself 
on  the  top  of  the  load,  and  with  a  tre- 
mendous long  whip,  which  he  is  obliged 
to  hold  with  both  his  hands,  manages 
those  creatures  with  inexpressible  ad- 
dress. The  inhabitants,  in  general,  tra- 
vel in  a  kind  of  covered  waggon,  drawn 
by  oxen,  which  better  suit  the  roughness 
of  the  country  than  more  elegant  ve- 
hicles; but  the  governor,  and^some  of 
the  principal  people,  keep  coaches,  which 
are  much  in  the  English  style,  and  are 
drawn  by  six  horses.  The  mountains 
behind  Cape  Town  are,  the  Table  Moun- 
tain, which  is  the  highest;  the  Sugar- 
loaf,  so  named  from  its  form  ;  the  Lion's 
Head,  Charles  Mount,  and  .lames  Mount, 
or  the  Lion's  Rump.  From  these  moun- 
tains descend  several  rivulets  which  fall 
into  different  bays,  as  Table  Bay,  False 
Bay,  8cc.  The  view  from  the  Table 
Mountain  is  very  extensive :  and  all 
along  the  valleys  and  rivulets  among 
these  mountains,  is  a  great  number  of 
plantations,  this  fine  colony  surrendered 
to  General  Clarke  and  admiral  Sir  George 
Keith  Elphinstonc,  September  16,  1795. 
See  Hottentot's,  Country  of  the. 

Goompty,  a  river  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, which  rises  in  the  Ilohilla  Country, 
and  flowing  SE  by  Lucknow  and  .Tion- 
pour,  falls  into  the  Ganges,  a  little  be- 
low Benares. 

Gooty,  or  Gutti,  a  strong  fortress  in 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  formerly 
the  seat  of  government  of  a  Mahratta 
prince,  and  now  subject  to  the  British. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Pennar,  25  miles  S  by 
E  of  Adoni.    Lon.  77  35  E,  lat.  15  15  N. 

Gorcum,  a  town  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, in  Holland,  which  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  cheese  and  butter.  It 
is  seated  at  the  junction  of  the  Linghe 
with  the  Waal,  12  miles  E  of  Dort,  and 
32  S  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  51  E,  lat 
51  51  Ni 


G  O  S 


GOT 


Goree,  a  small  island  of  Africa,  near 
Cape  de  Verd,  subject  to  the  French.  It  1 
is  barren,  but  of  great  importance  on  ac-  | 
count  of  its  good  trade.    Lon.  17  25  W,  I 
lat.  14  40  N.  T^^jP^ 

Goree,  the  capital  of  an  island  of  the  < 
same  name,  in  Holland,  eight  miles  SS  1 
W  of  Briel.    Lon.  4  20  E,  lat.  51  44  N.  i 

Gores  Island,  a  barren  and  uninhabited  i 
island  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  so 
named  bv  captain  Cook,  who  discovered  < 
it  in  1778.  Cape  Upright,  the  SE  ex-  i 
tremity,  is  in  lon.  172  50  W,  lat.  60  i 
30  N. 

Gorgona,  a  small  island  of  Italy,  in  the 
sea  of  Tuscany,  eight  miles  in  circum- 
ference, remarkable  for  the  large  quan- 
tity of  anchovies  taken  near  it.  Lon.  10 
0  E,  lat.  43  22  N. 

Gorgona,  an  island  in  the  South  Paci- 
fic Ocean,  12  miles  W  of  the  coast  of 
Peru.  It  is  high  land,  very  woody,  and 
iome  of  the  trees  are  proper  for  masts. 
It  is  10  miles  in  circumference,  and  has 
several  rivulets  of  excellent  water.  Lon. 
77  50  W,  lat.  3  20  S. 

Gorham,  a  post  town  of  Cumberland 
county,  Maine,  11  miles  W  of  Portland, 
and  contained  2.500  inhabitants  in  the 
year  1800. 

Goritz,  the  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  duchy  of  Carniola, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Lisonzo,  16 
miles  NE  of  Aquileia.  Lon.  13  30  E, 'lat. 
46  20  N. 

Gorlitx,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
Upper  Lusatia,  on  the  river  Neisse,  55 
miles  E  of  Dresden.  Lon.  15  40  E,  lat. 
51  10  N. 

Gorze,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle  and  late  province  of 
Lorrain.  It  had  a  rich  abbey,  previous 
to  the  revolution,  and  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
eight  miles  SW  of  Metz. 

Goshen,  a  town  in  Orange  county,  New 
York,  famous  for  excellent  cheese,  dis- 
tant 60  miles  NW  from  the  city  of  New 
York,  and  112  S  of  Albany.  It  has  a  post 
office  and  about  500  inhabitants. 

Goshen,  a  township  of  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  between 
AVorthington  and  Conway,  about  90  miles 
westward  from  Boston.  It  contains  about 
1000  inhabitants. 

Goshen,  a  township  of  Litchfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  7  miles  W  of  Litchfield, 
and  38  NW  of  the  city  of  Hartford.  The 
inhabitants  are  about  1600. 

Goshen,  a  township  of  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  about  5  miles  E  of  Dow- 
ningstown.  It  contains  about  1200  inha- 
bitants.   The  chief  town  West  Chester. 

Guslar,  on  ancient,  free,  and  imperial 
city  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  territory  of 


Brunswick,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, near  the  river  Cose.  It  derives  its 
principal  subsistence  from  the  neigh- 
bouring iron-mines  ;  and  it  is  famous  for 
breweries  of  excellent  beer.  Here  the  art 
of  making  gunpowder  is  said  to  have 
been  discovered  by  a  monk.-  It  is  28 
miles  S  of  Brunswick.  Lon.  10  42  E,  lat. 
52  0  N. 

Gosport,  a  fortified  town  in  Hampshire, 
on  the  W  side  of  the  harbour  of  Ports- 
mouth, over  which  is  a  ferry.  It  has  a 
market  on  Saturday  ;  is  a  large  town  and 
of  great  trade,  especially  in  time  of  war. 
Here  is  a  noble  hospital,  built  for  the  re-  " 
lief  of  the  sick  and  wounded  sailors.  It 
is  78  miles  SW  of  London.  Lon.  1  3  W, 
lat.  50  49  N.  •  . '  % 

Gostynen,  or  Gostavin,  a  town  of  Po- 
land, in  the  palatinate  of  llava,  36  miles 
NE  of  Rava.  Lon.  20  40  E,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Gotha,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,'  ca- 
pital of  a  duchv  of  the  same  name,  18 
miles  W  of  Erfurt.  Lon.  10  52  E,  lat. 
51  0  N. 

Gotha,  a  river  of  Sweden  which  issues 
from  Lake  Wenner,  and  falls  into  the 
North  Sea,  at  Gotheborg. 

Gothard,  St.  one  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains of  Swisserland,  being  9075  feet, 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Itas  eight 
miles  from  Altorf. 

Gothland,  the  most  southern  province 
of  Sweden,  being  a  peninsula  encompas- 
sed on  three  sides  by  the  Baltic  sea.  It 
contains  the  provinces  of  Ostrogoihia  or 
East  Gothland,  Snioland,  Westrogoihia 
or  West  Gothland,  the  isles  of  Gothland 
and  CEiand,  Wermlaud,  Dalia,  Halland, 
Blekingen,  and  Scania  or  Schonen. 

Gothland,  an  island  of  the  Baltic,  on 
the  E  coast  of  Sweden.  Wisby  is  its  only 
town.    Lon.  19  45  E,  lat.  57  0  N. 

GotJieborg,  or  Gottenburg,  a  flourishing 
town  of  Sw  eden,  in  West  Gothland,  seat- 
ed at  the  mouth  of  the  Gotha,  which 
forms  an  excellent  harbour  :  the  best  si- 
tuated for  foreign  trade  of  any  in  the 
kingdom,  as  it  lies  without  the  Sound. 
The  inhabitants  have  increased  consider- 
ably within  these  30  years,  and  are  now- 
computed  to  be  about'30,000.  This  flour- 
ishing state  is  attributed  to  the  exten- 
sion of  its  commerce,  particularly  its 
East  India  Company,  and  the  success  of 
the  herring  fishery.  It  was  besieged  by 
the  Danes  in  1788,  who  must  have  taken 
it,  but  tor  the  interference  of  the  British 
minister.  Gotheborg  is  188  miles  SW  of 
Stockholm.    Lon.  11  44  E,  lat.  57  42  N. 

Gottivgen,  a  city  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Brunswick,  formerly  free 
and  imperial,  but  now  subject  to  the 
eiector  of  Hanover.     Here  George  It 


GOZ 


G  R  A 


'"ounded  a  university.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Leine.  25  miles  NE  of  Cassel  Lon.  9  53 
E,  1  it.  51  32  X. 

(J-ittorft,  a  town  of  Denmark,"  in  the 
duchy  ot  Slcswiclc,  capital  of  the  duchy 
of  Holsteih  Gortorp,  seated  at  the  bot- 
tom of  an  Arm  of  tlu:  sea,  (  ailed  the  SU  v, 
four  mile^WSW  of  Sleswick.  Lo#9  26 
E,  l:it.  54  36  X. 

(Jotlsbevgy  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Schweidnitz,  remarkable  for 
its  silver  mines. 

Gondii,  or  Turgors,  a  strong  town  of 
the  United  Provinces,  in  Holland,  cele- 
"brated  for  its  noble  church,  and  painted 
glass  windows,  supposed  to  be  the  finest 
in  Europe.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tssel,  eight 
miles  NE  of  Rotterdam.  Lon.  4  41  E, 
lat.  52  2  X. 

Goudlntr$fx  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  12  miles  SW  of 
Maidstone,  and  44  SE  of  London.  Lon. 
0  31  E,  lat.  51  8  X. 

Goveinolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Mantuan,  seated  on  the  Mincib,  12  miles 
SE  of  Mantua.  Eon.  10  56  E,  lat.  45  4  X. 

Goura,  or  Guru,  a  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Masovia,  belonging*  to 
the  bishop  of  Posnania.  Eon.  21  50  E,  lat. 
52  1  X. 

Gordon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot,  and  late  province  of 
Querci,  18'miles  NW  of  Cahors.  Lon.  1 
24  E,  lat.  45  43  X. 

Govmai',  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Seine  lately  in  the 
province  of  Normandy,  remarkable  for 
its  fine  butter.  It  is  seated  on  the  Epte, 
52  miles  XW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  36  W,  lat. 
49  32  N. 

Gourock,  a  town  in  "Renfrewshire,  on 
a  bay  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  with  a  cop- 
per mine  in  its  neighbourhood,  latch 
shut  up. 

Go-aer,  the  peninsulated  extremity  of 
Glamorganshire,  to  the  W  of  the  bay  of 
Swansey.  It  has  very  lofty  limestone  cliffs 
next  the  sea,  whence  large  cptantities  of 
lime  are  exported  to  the  English  coun- 
ties across  the  Bristol  Channel.  The 
coast  abounds  with  oysters.  The  land  is 
a  fertile  tract  of  arable  and  pasture. 

Goioer,  or  Gever.    See  Gatu;  St. 

Go-ivran,  a  borough  and  post  town  of 
Ireland,  in  the  countv  of  Kilkenny.  Lon. 
7  0  E,  lat.  52  34  X. 

Govjrie,  Corse  of,  a  fertile  tract  of  coun- 
try in  Perthshire,  remarkable  for  the  fine 
crops  produced  there. 

Gozzie,  or  Gozes,  an  island  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, to  the  S  of  the  isle  of  Candia, 
12  miles  from  Fort  Selino. 

Gozzo,  a  fortified  island  of  the  Medi-' 


\  '  •  an,  .  t.  !,  ':!■  •.  N  \V  of  Malta,  :e 
belonging  to  the  knights  of  that  island 

Grabo'io,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxon v, 
the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  18  mi 
S  of  Schwerin.    Lon.  11  44  E,  lat 

Graciosa,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  West- 
ern Islands.  It  contains  about  300  inha- 
bitants, and  produces  wheat,  winej  but- 
ter, and  cheese.  Lon.  27  58  VV,  lat.  39 
2X. 

Graciosa,  a  rocky,  barren,  uninhabited 
!  island,  one  of  the  Canaries,  to  the  X  of 
Lancerota.    It  is  three  miles  long,  and 

two  broad'. 

Grudista,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Croatia,  taken  by  the  Turks 
in  1691.  It  is  seated  on  the  Save,  20 
miles  SW  of  Poscga.  Lon.  18  39  E,  lat 
45  21  X. 

Gradiska,  a  strong  town  of  Germany  in 
the  county  of  Goritz,  seated  on  the  Li 
sonzo,  15  miles  SE  of  l  uina.  Lon.  13  14 
E,  lat.  46  6  X. 

Grado,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  a  small  3s- 
lav. '  of  the  same  name,  on  the  coast  of 
Venetian  Friuli,  50  miles  E  bv  X  of  Ve- 
nice.  Lon.  13  10  E,  lat.  45  46*N. 

Grafton,  a  village  in  Northamptonshire, 
between  Stony  Stratford  and  Northamp- 
ton, where  there  is  a  manor-house  and 
park,  given  by  Charles  II.  to  the  duke  of 
Grafton,  whence  the  title  is  derived. 

Grafton,  a  post  town  in  Grafton  county. 
Xew  Hampshire,  20  miles  SK  of  Dart- 
mouth college,  and  29  NW  of  Salisbury, 
with  700  inhabitants. 

Grafton,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Xew 
Hampshire,  bounded  on  the  S  by  Hftlsbo 
rough  and  Cheshire,  Rockingham  and 
Strafford ;  in  the  E  by  the  district  of 
Maine  ;  in  the  W  by  Connecticut  river, 
which  separates  it  from  Vermont  ;  and 
in  the  N  by  Canada.  It  contains  59  town- 
ships, and  about  35,000  inhabitants.  It 
is  a  mountainous  country,  but  the  inter- 
vales are  fertile,  and  capable  of  affording 
a  sustenance  to  a  much  greater  number 
of  inhabitants. 

Grafton,  a  township  of  Worcester  coun- 
y,  Massachusetts,  about  forty  miles  SAX 
of  Boston,  with  1000  inhabitants. 

Graini  er,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ten- 
nessee. It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
Cumberland  mountains,  and  on  the  S  by 
'  he  Holston  river,  on  the  E  by  Hawkins, 
and  on  the  W  by  Knox  county.  It  is 
extremely  mountainous,  but  well  wa- 
tered, and  contains  about  10,000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Gravnnovt,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders, seated  on  the  Dender,  IS  miles  NE 
of  Tournav.  Lon.  3  59  E,  lat.  50  47  N. 


G  R  A 


G  R  A 


Grammont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Viene  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lirnosin.  It  is  15  miles  NE  ot 
Limoges.  Lon.  1  30  E,  lat.  46  1  N. 

Grampian  Hills,  a  chain  of  high  moun- 
tains in  Scotland,  running-  from  E  to  W, 
nearly  the  whole  breadth  of  the  kingdom. 
They  take  their  name  from  the  Mo'ns 
Grampius  of  Tacitus,  whence  Galgactis 
waited  the  approach  of  Agricola,  and 
where  the  battle  was  fought  so  fatal  to 
the  brave  Caledonians. 

Grambonnd,  a  borough  in  Cornwall, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  Ii  has  aeon 
siderable  manufacture  of  gloves,  is  gov 
erned  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Valles,  40  miles  SW  of  Launceston,  and 
244  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  49  W, 
lat.  50  22  N. 

Gran,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  with 
an  archbishop's  see.  It  has  been  several 
times  taken  and  retaken,  but  last  of  all 
by  the  Austrians,  in  1683.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Danube,  87  miles  E  by  S  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  18  6  E,  lat.  47  46  N.  " 

Granada,  a  province  (formerly  a  king- 
dom) of  Spain,  bounde  d  on  the  N  and  W 
by  Andalusia,  on  the  E  by  Murcia,  and 
on  the  S  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  It  is 
1/5  miles  in  length,  and  75  in  breadth. 
Though  a  mountainous  country,  the  soil 
is  good  ;  but  it  has  not  been  well  cultiva- 
ted since  the  Moors  were  expelled  in 
1492.  However,  it  produces  corn,  wine, 
oil,  sugar,  flax,  hemp,  excellent  fruits, 
honey,  wax,  and  mulberry  trees,  which 
feed  a  great  number  of  silk  worms.  The 
forests  produce  gall  nuts,  palm  trees,  and 
oaks. 


Tobago.  The  chief  port  called  Lewisj 
s  oir'the  W  side,  in  the  middle  of  a  large 
bay,  with  a  sandy  bottom,  and  is  very 
spacious.  The  island  abounds  with  wild 
g-ame  and  fish,  and  produces  very  fine 
umbci-,  sugar,  tobacco,  and  indigo.  It 
has  been  <  ften  taken  and  retaken.  In 
1795,  the  French  landed  some  troops 
and  raised  an  insurrection  in  this  is- 
land, which  was  not  finally  quelled  till 
June  1796. 

Granada,  a  town  of  North  America,  in 
ihe  province  of  Nicaragua,  seated  on  the 
hike  Nicaragua.  It  was  taken  twice  by 
the  French  buccaneers,  and  pillaged. 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  great  trade 
by  means  of  the  lake,  which  communis 
cates  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is 
54  miles  SE  of  Leon.  Lon.  87  0  W,  lat. 
12  5  N. 

Granada,  JY'Vw,  an  extensive  inland 
country  in  South  America,  denominated 
by  the  Spaniards  the  new  kingdom  of 
Granada.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W  by  Po- 
payan  ;  on  the  N  by  other  provinces  of 
Terra  Firma,  namely,  Santa  Martha,  Rio 
de  la  Hacha,  and  Venezuela  ;  on  the  S  by 
Peru  ;  and  on  the  E  by  a  country  w  hich 
stretches  along  the  banks  of  the  Orono- 
ko,  and  is  little  known,  and  imperfectly 
occupied  by  the  Spaniards.  New  Grana- 
da was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards  in 
1536.  It  is  so  far  elevated  above  the  le- 
vel of  the  sea,  that  though  it  approaches 
almost  1o  the  equator,  the  climate  is  re- 
markably temperate.  The  fertility  of  its 
vallies  is  not  inferior  to  that  of  the  rich- 
est districts  in  America;  and.  its  higher 
grounds  yield  gold  and  precious  stones 
of  various  kinds.  Its  towns  are  populous 
Granada,  a  large  and  handsome  city  of  and  flourishing;  and  the  capital  is  Santa 
Spain,  capital  of  the  province  of  Granada,  Fe-dc-Hagota. 

with  an  archbishop's  sec,  and  a  universi-  G  randy,  a  township  of  Hampshire 
"  y.    It  is  built  on  four  hills,  and  divided  ! county,  >>fassachuseUs;  situated  about  85 


into  four  parts,  in  one  of  which  is  ihe  large 
church*  containing  the  tombs  of  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella,  who  took  this  place 
f  rom  the  Moors  in  1492.    In  another  is 

he  palace  of  the  kings  of  Spain,  and  an 
c  j  e  tit  palace  of  the  Moorish  kings,  with 
ho  many  rooms  that  it  is  like  a  labyrinth. 
Jn  the  third  is  the  university  ;  the  fourth 

a*  nothing  considerable  ;  but  all  the  pub- 
lic buildings  are  magnificent.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  confluence  of  the  Oro  with 
the  Xenil,  125  miles  SW  of  Murcia,  and 
225  S  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  30  W,  lat.  37 
8  N. 

Granada,  an  island  in  the  West  Indies, 
the  principal  of  the  Grenadines,  situated 
in  61  40  W  lon.  and  between  11  55  and 
12  23  N  lat.  It  is  the  last  of  the  Wind- 
ward Caribbees,  and  30  leagues  NW  of 


miles  W  of  Boston^  and  containing  1000 
in  h  a  1  >  i  t  nnli^ffi^Sff 

Grantiy,  a  township  of  Hartford  coun- 
ty, Connecticut ;  joining  the  state  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  the  north,  and  bounded  in 
the  west  by  the  Poppotonuck  moun- 
tain. It  is  situated  about  20  miles  NW 
of  Hartford,  and  contains  3000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Grande-Pre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ardennes  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Champagne,  seated  on  the  Ayre; 
32  miles  E  of  Rheims.  Lon.  4  55  E,  lat. 
49  21  N. 

Granic,  or  Grav.iats,  a  small  river  of 
Natolia,  which  has  its  source  in  Mount 
Ida,  near  the  ruins  of  ancient  Troy,  and 
falls  into  the  sea  of  Marmora,  to  the  E 
of  Lampfaeo.    On  its  banks  was  fought 


G  R  A 


G  R  A 


the  celebrated  battle,  in  which  Alexander 
the  Great,  obtained  his  first  victory  over 
the  Persians. 

Granson,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
Pays  de  Vaud,  capital  of  a  baibwic  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  Charles 
the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy,  'ook  it  by 
storm  ;  but  in  a  battle  near  it,  in  1476, 
he  was  totally  defeated.  Lon.  6  30  E,  lat. 
46  50  N. 

Grantham,  a  borough  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  has  a  church 
famous  for  its  high  spire,  which  seems  to 
lean  on  one  side.  It  is  seated  on  the  Wi- 
tham,  20  miles  S  by  W  of  Lincoln,  and 
110  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  36  \V, 
lat.  52  59  N. 

Gramsere  Water,  a  small  lake  of  West- 
moreland,  to  the  W  of  Ambleside.  Its 
margin  is  hollowed  into  small  bays,  with 
boid  eminences  ;  some  of  rock,  some  of 
turf,  that  half  conceal  and  half  Vary  the 
figure  of  the  little  lake  they  command. 
From  the  shore/ a  low  promontory  pro- 
jects far  into  the  water;  and  on  it  stands 
a  white  village,  with  the  parish  church 
rising  in  the  midst  of  it. 

Granville,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  he 
department  of  the  Channel  and  late  pro- 
vince of -.Normandy,  partly  seated  on  a 
rock,  and  partly  on  a  plain.  It  is  15 
miles  S  by  E  of  Coutances,  and  .185  W  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  32  W,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Granville,  a  township  of  Washington 
county,  New-York;  situated  on  the  hue 
which  divides  this  state  from  Vermont, 
and  60  miles  NNE  of  Albany.  It  con- 
tains 3700  inhabitants. 

Granville,  a  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  14  miies  W  of 
Springfield,  and  containing  2500  inhabi- 
tants. 

Granville,  a  county  in  the  state  of  N 
Carolina,  joining  the  state  of  Virginia  on 
the  N#  from  which  it  is  separated  by  tin 
river  Roanoke.  The  inhabitants  are  abo\it 
16,000. 

Grass;:,  a  "town  of  France,  now  in  tlv. 
department  of  Var,  lately  in  the  province 
of  Provence*  -It  was  "'lately  a  bishop's 
see;  and  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  15 
miles  W  of  Nice.  Lon.  6  56  E,  lat.  43 
39  V. 

Grassc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Au:le  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  seated  on  the  rive  r  Othie'u, 
at  the  foot  of  the  mountain^  of  Courbi- 
ere,,  18  miles  SE  of  Carcassonne. 

Gratcletf,  a  village  in  Hampshire,  on 
the  SE  side  of  Quarley  Hill",  in  the  road 
from  Antlover  to  Salisbury,  where,  hi 
926,  king  Athelstan  held  a  grand  coun- 
cil of  the  nobility.  Near  it  is  a  great  Ho- 


rn an  camp,  and  on  Quarley  hill  is  a  large 
British  camp.  , 

Gratz,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
Stiria,  with  a  castle,  and  a  university. 
Here  are  many  palaces,  and  a  fine  arse- 
nal. The  castle  stands  on  a  rock,  and 
communicates  with  the  river  by  means  of 
a  deep  well  It  is  seated  on  the  Muehr, 
85  miles  S\V  of  Vienna.  Lon.  15  30  E, 
lat.      4  N. 

Grauilentz,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Culm,  with  a  castle  ;  seat- 
ed on  <he  Vistula,  30  miles  N  of  Thorn, 
and  110  NW  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  18  52  E, 
lat.  53  36  N. 

Grave,  a  strong  town  of  Dutch  Bra- 
bant, seated  on  the  river  Maese,  beyond 
which  there  is  a  fort.  It  has  been  often 
taken  and  retaken,  the  last  time  by  the 
French  in  1794.  It  is  eight  miles  S  of 
Nimeguen.    Lon.  5  45  E,  lat.  51  47  N. 

Gravelines,  a  strong  seapor:  of  France, 
now  in  die  department  of  the  North, 
lately  in  French  Flanders.  It  was  ceded 
to  France,  by  the  treaty  of  the  Pyrenees, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Aa,  12  miles  E  of 
Calais.    Lon  2  13  E,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Gravenac,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of 
a  countv  of  "the  same  name,  30  miles  W 
of  Ulm."  Lon  9 '28  E,  lat.  48  22  N. 

Graven  Macheren,  a  town  of  Luxem- 
burg, on  die  Moselle,  taken  in  1552,  by 
the  Marquis  of  Brandenbttrgh,  who 
burnt  it. 

Gravesande,  a  town  of  Holland,  the 
residence  of  the  ancient  counts  of  Hol- 
land.   It  is  seven  miles  W  of  Delft. 

Gravesend,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It 
is  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Thame*, 
md  is  a  place  of  great  resort,  being  the 
common  landing-place  for  seamen  and 
smuv.  e;  3  in  their  passage  to  London.  It 
has  a  blockhouse  well  mounted  with  can- 
urn  opposite  Tilbury  fort.  It  is  called 
,the  corporation  of  Gravesend  and  Mil- 
on,  these  two  places  being  united  under 
die  government  cf  a  mayor.  They  were 
incorporated  by  queen  Elizabeth;  but, 
long  before.  Richard  II.  had  granted 
them  the  exclusive  privilege  of  convey- 
:  -  -lasseiigt  rs  to  London  in  boats  at  two- 
•  a  \u  .ul.  They  still  enjoy  this  pri- 
vilege ;  but  the  fare  is  now  ninepence  a 
head.  Gravesend  is  famous  for  aspara- 
gus ;  which  is  preferred  to  that  of  Bat- 
tersea  ;  and  the  chief  employment  of  the 
labouring  people  is  spinning  of  hemp,  to 
make  nets  for  fishing,  and  ropes.  It  is 
22 -miles  SE  of  London.  Lon.  0  27  E,  lat. 

Gravina,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
ii  Ban,  with  a  bishop's  see,  32  miles  B 
W  of  Barf. 


! 

G  R  E 

Grmdhet,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  12  mii^s  NW  of 
Castres. 

Gray,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart 
ment  of  Upper  Saone  and  late  province 
(„  of  Franc  he  Comte.  It  carries  on  a  trade 
in  iron  ;  and  it  is  seated  on  the  Saone,  25 
miles  XE  of  Dijon.  Lon.  5  41  E,  lat.  47 
28  X. 

Grayson,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia, bounded  on  the  E  by  the  Allegha- 
ny mountain  which  divides  it  from  Hen- 
ry county ;  on  the  X  by  Montgomery ; 
on  the  W  by  the  Great  Kenhawa  river, 
that  separates  it  from  Wythe  county  . 
and  on  the  S  by  Xorth  Carolina.  It  con- 
tains about  5000  inhabitants. 

Grayson  Court  House,  the  principal  seat 
of  the  courts,  in  Grayson  county,  Virgi- 
nia, 20  miles  from  Austinville,  and  140 
from  Washington.    Here  is  a  post  office. 

Gray's  Thurrock,  a  town  in  Essex,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the 
Thames,  24  miles  E  of  London.  Lon.  0 
24  E,  hit.  51  26  X. 

Great  Harrington,  a  post  town  in  Berk- 
shire county,  Massachusetts,  about  23 
miles  W  of  Springfield  on  the  river  Con- 
necticut. 

G^eat  Dismal,  an  extensive  morass  in 
the  state  of  Xorth  Carolina,  containing 
upwards  of  350,000  acres,  in  the  middle 
of  which  is  a  small  lake,  about  40  miles 
in  circuit.  From  this  lake  a  canal  has 
been  cut,  communicating  with  Scupper- 
nong  river.  It  is  situated  in  Tyrrel  coun- 
ty, on  the  S  side  of  Albemarle  sound. 

Great  Kenhawa,  a  river  of  Virginia, 
which  rises  in  Xorth  Carolina,  and  thence 
runs  a  northern  course  1,0  Greenbriar 
county  in  Virginia;  and  it  afterwards 
flows  in  a  XW  direction,  till  it  unites 
with  the  Ohio  at  Point  Pleasant. 

Greece,  the  ancient  name  of  that  part 
of  Turkey  in  Europe,  which  contains 
Macedonia,  Albania,  Livadia,  the  Mo- 
rca,  the  Archipelago,  and  Candia. 

Green,  a  post  town  in  Kennebec  coun- 
ty,  Maine;  situated  on  the  E  side  of  the 
river  Andrascoggin,  about  25  miles  above 
its  .junction  with  the  Kennebec. 

Green,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  which 
takes  its  name  from  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  which  runs  nearly  through  the 
middle  of  it.  It  has  about  3000  inha- 
bitants! 

Green,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  si- 
tuated on  the  SW  corner  of  the  state, 
being  bounded  on  the  S  bv  Virginia,  and 
W  by  the  Ohio.  It  is  divided  into  10 
townships,  and  contains  10,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  chief  towns  are  Grcensburg 
and  Morrisville. 

Green,  a  considerable  river  of  Kc*n- 


GR  E 

tricky,  which  rises  in  Lincoln  county,  and 

after  a  meandering  course  through  Green 
.md  Ohio  counties,  falls  into  the  river 
Ohio  about  120  miles  by  land  below 
Frankfort; 

Greene,  a  county  of  Xew  ^flgk^Jt  is 
bounded  eastward  by  Hudson's  Hrivf-r 
northward  by  Albany  county,  and  south- 
ward by  Ulster.  It  contains  7  townships 
and  19536  inhabitants.  The  chief  town 
is  Cattskill. 

Greene,  a  county  of  Xorth  Carolina, 
belonging  to  Xewbern  district.  It  con- 
tains about  6000  inhabitants. 

Greenbrier,  a  county  of  Virginia,  lying 
on  the  W  side  of  the  Great  Kenhawa  ri- 
ver. It  is  a  mountainous  country  and 
contains  about  5000  inhabitants. 

Greenbrier  Court  House,  the  principal 
seat  of  the  courts  in  Greenbrier  county, 
Virginia,  it  has  a  post  office,  and  dis- 
tant from  the  city  of  Washington  300 
miles. 

Greenbush,  a.  township  of  Renssalaer 
county,  New  York,  about  12  miles  from 
Albany,  containing  4458  inhabitants. 

Greenfield,  a  post  town  in  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts ;  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Connecticut  riiver,  about  55 
miles  XW  of  Worcester. 

Greenfield,  a  post  town  of  Saratoga 
county.  Xew  York,  8  miles  W  by  X  of 
Saratoga  springs. 

Green  Castle,  a  post  town  in  Franklin 
county^  Pennsylvania,  11  miles  S  of 
Chambersburg,  and  the  same  distance  X 
of  Ha.  erstown,  Maryland,  with  about 
1000  inhabitants. 

Greensboro',  a  post  town  in  Caroline 
county,  Maryland,  situated  on  the  E 
branch  of  Choptank  river,  8  miles  X  of 
Denton,  and  10  miles  E  of  Centreville. 

Greensboro',  a  town  in  Green  county, 
Georgia,  28  miles  W  by  S  of  Washing- 
ton, and  67  XW  of  Louisville.  Here  is 
a  post  office.     jftfef^  *^ 

Greenland,  a  general  name  by  which 
are  denoted  the  most  easterly  parts  of 
America,  stretching  towards  the  north 
pole,  and  likewise  some  islands  to  the 
northward  of  the,  continent  of  Europe, 
lying  in  very  high  latitudes.  This  coun- 
rv  is  divided  into  W  and  E  Greenland. 
\V  Greenland  is  now  determined  by  our 
latest  maps  to  be  a  part  of  the  continent 
of  Ameik  a,  though  upon  what  authority 
is  not  very  clear.  That  part  of  it  which 
the  Europeans  have  any  knowledge  of  is 
bounded  on  the  W  by  Baffin's  Bay,  on 
the  S  by  Davis's  Straits,  and  on  the  E  by 
the  northern  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
It  is  a  very  mountainous  country,  and 
some  parts  of  it  so  high  that  they  may  be 
discerned  30  leagues  off  at  sea.    The  in 


ORE 


GRE 


land  mountains,  hills,  and  rocks,  are 
covered  with  perpetual  snow ;  but  the 
low  lands  on  the  sea-side  are  clothed 
with  verdure  in  the  summer  season.  In 
a  great  many  places,  on  the  eastern  coasv 
especially,  the  shore  is  inaccessible  b\ 
i  t  jsott  of*the  floating  mountains  of  ice. 
The  principal  river,  called  Baal,  falls 
into  the  sea  in  the  64th  degree  of  lati- 
tude, where  the  first  Danish  lodge  was 
b  :ilt  in  1721  ;  and  has  been  navigated 
above  40  miles  up  the  country.  East 
Greenland  was  for  a  long  time  consider- 
ed s  a  part  of  the  continent  of  West 
Greenland,  but  is  now  discovered  io  be 
an  assemblage  of  islands  lying  between 
76  46  and  80  30  of  N  latitude,  and  be- 
tween 9  and  20  of  E  longitude.  It  was 
discovered  by  Sir  Hugh  \\  illoughby  in 
1553,  who  called  it  Groen"md;  suppos- 
ing it  to  be  a  part  of  the  western  conti- 
nent. In  1595,  it  was  again  visited  by 
William  Barentz  and  John  Cornelius, 
two  Dutchmen,  who  pretended  to  be  the 
original  discoverers,  and  called  the  coun- 
try Spitzbergen,  or  Sharp  Mountains, 
from  the  many  sharp-pointed  and  rocky 
mountains  with  which  it  abounds.  The 
only  quadrupeds  of  either  W  or  E  Green- 
land, are  deer„  white  bears,  and  foxes. 
To  its  frozen  seas,  the  English  and  other 
nations  repair  annually,  in  the  proper  sea- 
son, to  fish  for  whales.    See  Spitzbergen. 

Greenlaw,  the  county-town  of  Berwick- 
shire, seated  on  a  river  that  joins  the 
Tweed,  before  it  reaches  Berwick.  It  is 
18  miles  W  by  S  of  that  town.  Lon.  2  10 
W,  lat.  55  43  N. 

Greenock,  a  considerable  seaport  in 
Renfrewshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Clyde, 
which  here  expands  into  a  basin  four 
miles  wide.  It  is  a  place  of  great  resort, 
for  shipping,  but  its  trade  chiefly  de- 
pends on  Glasgow.  It  has  a  great  share 
in  the  herring  fishery.  Here  is  a  sugar- 
house,  a  rope  and  sail  manufacture,  and 
a  small  fort  for  the  defence. of  the  har- 
bour. It.  is  22  miles  W  of  Glasgow.  Lon. 
4  29  W,  lat.  55  54  N. 

Greensburg,  a  post  town  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Westmoreland  county,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 31  miles  E  by  S  of  Pittsburg,  and 
264  W  of  Philadelphia  :  it  has  a"  court 
house,  gaol,  and  about  800  inhabitants. 

Greensburg,  a  post  town  in  Green  coun- 
ty, Kentucky  ;  situated  on  the  N  side  of 
Green  river,  about  55  miles  SW  of  Spring- 
field. 

Grernsted,  a  village  in  Essex,  one  mile 
W  of  Chipping  Ongar,  remarkable  for  its 
little  church,  the  walls  of  which  an 
formed  of  the  solid  trunks  of  trees  place* 
in  roVs,  and  are  entire  though  built  be- 
fore the  conquest. 


Greenville,  a  post  town  of  Mecklenburg 
county,  Kentucky,  on  the  W  side  of 
Green  river,  14  nules  SW  of  Hartford. 

Greenville,  a  post  town  in  Pitt  county, 
North  Carolina,  on  the  S  bank  of  Pamp- 
tico  river,  23  mdes  above  Washington, 
on  the  same  stream. 

Greenville,  a  post  town  in  Green  coun- 
ty, Tennessee,  82  miles  NW  of  Knox- 
ville. 

Greenville,  a  county  of  Washington 
district,  South  Carolina.  It  is  mountain- 
ous, and  situated  in  the  NW  corner  of 
the  state;  containing  12001)  inhabitants. 

Greenville,  a  post  town  in  Greenville 
county,  South  Carolina,  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  the  Great  Pedee  river,  20 
miles.  NE  of  Camden. 

Greenwich,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It  is 
famous  for  a  magnificent  hospital  for  de- 
cayed sean:en,  and  a  royal  observatory 
in  a  delightful  park.  The  hospital  is 
thought  to  be  the  finest  structure  of  the 
kind  in  the  world;  the  front  to  i!ie 
Thames  consists  of  two  ranges  of  stone 
buildings.  These  buildings  perfectly  cor- 
respond with  each  other,  and  have  their 
tops  crowned  with  a  stone  balustrade. 
Under  one  of  these  is  the  hall,  which  is 
finely  painted  by  Sir  James  Thornhill, 
and  contains  many  royal  portraits ;  and 
under  the  other  the  chapel,  which  by  ac- 
cident was  destroyed  by  fire.  This  fire 
broke  out  in  the  hospital  on  the  second 
of  January  1779,  and  totally  consumed 
the  dome  at  the  SE  quarter  of  the  build- 
ing, with  the  chapel,  which  was  the  most 
elegant  in  the  world,  the  great  dining- 
hall,  and  eig'ht  wards  containing  the 
lodgings  of  near  600  pensioners,  the 
whole  has  been  since  rebuilt.  The  dome 
was  rebuilt  about  the  year  1785  ;  but  the 
reparation  of  the  whole  damage  is  not 
yet  completed.  The  observatory  was 
built  by  Charles  II.  on  the  summit  of  a 
hill,  called  Flamstead  Hill,  from  the 
great  astronomer  of  that  name,  who  was 
here  the  first  astronomer  royal.  The 
English  compute  the  longitude  from  the 
meridian  of  this  place.  Here  is  a  col- 
lege, called  the  Duke  of  Norfolk's  Col- 
lege, (though  founded  by  Henry  earl  of 
Northampton,  father  of  the  celebrated 
earl  of  Surry)  for  the  maintenance  of  20 
decayed  housekeepers;  and  an  hospital, 
called  Queen  Elizabeth's  College,  found- 
ed by  Mr.  Lambard,  the  first  erected  by 
an  Engligh  protest  ant  subject.  Green- 
wich is  seated  on  the  Thames,  5  miles  E 
of  London. 

Greenwich,  a  post  town  in  Fairfield 
county,  Connecticut ;  situated  on  Long 
Island  sound,  about  half  way  between 


G  R  I 


G  R  I 


New  York  and  New  Haven  :  the  township 
contains  3147  inhabitants. 

Greenwich,  a  village  in  Cumberland 
county,  New  Jersev,  on  Cohansy  creek, 
about  20  miles  SE  of  Salem,  and  10  SW 
of  Bridgetown. 

Greemvich,  a  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  situated  22  miles 
N  W  of  Worcester,  and  74  W  of  Boston, 
and  containing  1200  inhabitants. 

Greenwich,  a  township  of  Berks  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Maiden  creek,  8  miles  E  of  Hamburg, 
and  18  NE  of  Reading. 

Greenwich,  East,  a  post  town,  the  ca- 
pital of  Kent  county,  Rhode  Island  ;  si- 
tuated on  the  W  side  of  Narragar.set  bay, 
12  miles  S  of  Providence. 

Greenwood,  a  township  of  Mifflin  conn- 
ty,  Pe  nsylvania  ;  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Susquehannah,  and 'on  the  N  of  Ju- 
niata :  being  an  angle  formed  by  the  two 
rivers.    It  contains  1200  inhabitants. 

Grenoble,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Isere  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Dauphiny.  The  leather  and 
gloves  that  are  made  here  are  highly  es- 
teemed. It  is  seated  on  the  Isere,  over 
which  are  two  bridges  to  pass  into  that 
part  called  Perreire,  a  large  street  on  the 
side  of  the  river.  It  is  27  miles  S  of 
Chamberry,  and  105  W  bv  N  of  Turin. 
Lon.  5  49  E,  lat.  45  12  N. 

Gretna,  a  village  in  Dumfriesshire, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Esk,  and  on  the 
borders  of  Cumberland,  nine  miles  NW 
of  Carlisle.  It  has  been  long  noted  as 
the  resort  of  the  young  persons  in  Eng- 
land, who  are  here  united  without  in- 
curring the  penalties  of  the  marriage  act, 
notwithstanding  the  prohibitions  of  their 
parents  and  guardians.  The  ceremony  is 
performed  by  a  blacksmith. 

Grijfenhaken,  a  town  of  Prussian  Po- 
merania,  in  the  duchy  of  Stetin,  seated 
on  the  Oder  opposite  Gartz.  Lon.  14 
42  E,  lat.  53  25  N.  ' 

Grimbergan,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant, with  an  abbey  and  a  castle,  six 
miles  N  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  27  E,  lat. 
50  57  N. 

Grimm,  a  town  in  the  electorate  of 
Saxony,  with  a  citadel,  seated  on  the 
Muldaw,  10  miles  SE  of  Leipsick.  Lon. 
12  35  E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Grimmen,  a  town  of  Swedish  Pomera- 
nia,  five  miles  S  of  Stralsund.  Loh.  13 
27  E,  lat.  54  12  N. 

Grimperg,  a  town  in  the  electorate  of 
Treves,  with  a  bishop's  see,  17  miles  SE 
of  Treves.    Lon.  6  59  E,  lat.  49  35  N. 

Grimsby,  Great,  a  seaport  and  borough 
;n  Lincolnshire,  with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday and  -Saturday.    It  has  now  only 


one  church,  a  large  structure,  like  a  ca- 
thedral. It  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, and  is  governed  by  a  mayor. 
The  harbour,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hum- 
ber,  is  almost  choaked  up.  It  is  35  miles 
NE  of  Lincoln,  and  170  N  of  London. 
Lon.  0  6E,  lat.  53  34  N. 

Grindrm-Jiig,  a  river  in  Northumber- 
land, near  Berwick,  famous  for  the  victo- 
ry gained  over  the  Scots,  in  1558,  by  the 
earl  of  Northumberland,  and  his  brother, 
when  many  of  the  Scots  were  drowned  in 
this  river.  On  a  rising  ground  near 
Grindon,  are  four  upright  stone  pillars, 
funeral  monuments  of  the  chieftains  slain 
in  (h^ts^am^^,i/M: 

Grinstead,  East,  a  borough  in  Sussex, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  The  as- 
sizes are  sometimes  held  here,  and  it 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It  is 
20  mi'*  s  N  of  Lewes,  and  29  S  of  London. 
Lon.  0  2  E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Gripsivald,  a  strong  town  of  Swedish 
Pormerania,  formerly  imperial,  with  a 
good  harbour,  and  an  university.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Baltic  Sea,  15  miles  SE 
of  Straisund,  and  55  NW  of  Stetin.  Lon. 
13  44  E,  lat.  54  4  N. 

Grisons,  a  people  inhabiting  the  Alps, 
and  in  alliance  with  Swisserland.  They 
are  divided  into  three  parts  called  the 
Leagues,  which  form  one  republic ;  name- 
ly, the  Grey  League  ;  the  League  of  the 
House  of  God  ;  and  that  of  the  Ten  Ju- 
risdictions. Throughout  the  three  leagues 
the  Roman  law  prevails,  modified  by  the 
municipal  customs.  The  courts  of  jus- 
tice in  each  community  are  composed  of 
the  chief  magistrate,  who  presides,  and 
a  certain  number  of  jurymen,  chosen  by 
the  people  :  they  have  no  regular  sala- 
ries, but  receive  for  their  attendance  a 
small  sum,  arising  in  some  communities 
from  the  expenses  of  the  process,  which 
are  defrayed  by  the  criminals;  in  others 
from  a  share  of  the  fines.  The  count  r\ 
of  the  Grisons  is  about  87  miles  in  length, 
and  very  populous  ;  bounded  on  the  S  by 
the  duchy  of  Milan  and  the  territories  of 
the  Venetians,  by  Tyrol  on  the  E  and  N* 
and  by  the  Swiss  cantons  on  the  W. 
They  are  partly  Papists  and  partly  Pro- 
testants. They  possess  the  Vaheline,  and 
the  counties  of  Bormio  and  Chiavcnna. 

Grodno,  a  pretty  large  city  of  Lithua- 
nia, in  Poland,  and  next  to  Wilma,  the 
best  in  that  duchy.  (It  is  situated  on  the 
river  Nicmen,  partly  on  a  plain,  and  part- 
ly on  a  mountain.  It  is  a  large  and 
straggling  place,  but  contains  no  more 
than  3000  Christians,  exclusive  of  the 
persons  employed  in  the  manufactures, 
and  1000  Jews.  It  has  the  appearance  of 
a  decayed  town  ;  containing  a  mixture  of 


GRO 


GU  A 


wretched  hovels,  falling  houses,  andru-: 
ined  palaces,  with  magnificent  gateways,! 
remains  of  its  ancient  splendour.  A  few 
habitations  in  good  repair  make  the  con- 
trast more  striking.  Here  is  a  college 
and  physic  garden  ;  the  king  of  Poland 
having  established  a  royal  academy  of 
physic  tor  Lithuania.  In  the  new  palace, 
built  by  Augustus  III.  are  the  apart- 
ments, where  the  last  diet  was  held  in 
1793,  which  was  compelled,  at  the  point 
of  the  bayonet,  to  consent  to  t&e  second 
partition  of  Poland  ;  and  here,  in  1795 
the  unfortunate  Stanislaus  III.  formally 
resigned  his  crown.  Grodno  is  125  miles 
NE  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  24  15  E,  lat.  53 
28  N. 

Groll,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland,  in 
the  county  of  Zutphen  The  French  took 
it  in  1672,  and  demolished  the  fortifica- 
tions. It  is  seated  on  the  Slinghe,  1."  miles 
SE  of  Zutphen. 

Groningen,  a  populous  city  of  the  Unit- 
ed Provinces,  capital  of  a  lordship  of  tin 
same  name,  with  a  citadel  and  a  universi- 
ty. It  is  seated  on  the  rivers  Hunes  and 
Aa;  at  10  miles  distance  from  the  sea, 
with  which  it  has  a  communication  by  a 
canal.  It  is  85  miles  NE  of  Amsterdam. 
Lon.  6  31  E,  lat.  53  10  N. 

Groningen,  one  of  the  UnitedProvinces, 
bounded  on  the  E  by  East  Friesland,  or 
the  W  by  Friesland,  on  the  N  by  the  Ger- 
man Ocean,  and  on  the  S  by  Overyssei. 
It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  of  which  the 
town  of  Groningen  and  its  district  are 
one,  and  the  Ommerlands  the  other.  The 
excellency  of  this  country  consists  in 
pastures,  which  feed  a  great  number  ol 
large  horses,  fit  for  the  coach. 

Grossa,  an  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  near  the  coast  of  the 
county  of  Zara.  It  is  50  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  belongs  to  the  Venetians. 

Grossetto,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a 
castle  and  a  bishop's  see;  situated  near 
the  sea,  30  miles  SW  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11 
1  E,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Grotskaiv,  a  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of 
a  province  of  the  same  name,  30  mile9  N 
E  of  Glatz.  Lon.  17  25  E,  lat.  50  37  N. 

Grotska-u<>  a  town  of  Servia,  where  the 
Turks  defeated  the  Germans  in  1739. 
Lon.  21  10  E,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Groton,  a  post  town  in  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  35  miles  NW  of  Bos- 
ton, which  contained  1800  inhabitants  at 
the  last  census  in  1800. 

Groton,  a  township  of  New  London 
county,  Connecticut,  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  the  river  Thames,  nearly  opposite 
to  New  London.  It  contains  about  G000 
inhabitants. 

Grotpw,  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 


which  enters  the  bay  of  Biscay,  at  Co- 
runna. 

Grubenhagen,  a  town  and  castle  of 
Lower  Saxony,  and  the  chief  place  of  a 
principality  of  the.  same  name,  belonging 
to  the  house  of  Hanover.  In  the  moun- 
tains near  it  are  mines  of  silver,  iron, 
copper,  and  lead.  It  is  45  mih  s  S  of 
Hanover.    Lon.  10  3  E,  lat.  51  31  N. 

Grvckfeldt,  a  town  of  Carinthia,  with 
a  castle  on  the  river  Save.  Lon.  15  45  E, 
lat.  46  7  N. 

Gnmberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Up- 
per  Hesse.  Here  Charlemagne  and  the 
kings  of  the  Merovingian  race  held  their 
court. 

Grunberg,  a  town  of  Silesia  in  the 
principality  of  Glogan  ;  it  is  surrounded 
with  vineyards,  and  has  a  manufacture  of 
cloth. 

Gvnn.de,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick,  and  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Hartz.  Lon.  13  35  E,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Gruningen,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  die  principality  of  Halberstadt,  on  the 
river  Felke.    Lon.  11  41  E,  lat.  52  4  N. 

GruJungen,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
die  canton  of  Zuric,  capital  of  a  bailiwic 
»f  the  same  name.  The  castle  stands  on 
.i  lofty  rock,  and  commands  an  exten- 
sive prospect.  Lon.  8  43  E.  lat.  47 
14  N. 

Gruyires,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Friburg,  with  a  castle,  where 
die  bailiff  resides.  It  is  famous  for  cheese, 
and  is  15  miles  SW  of  Friburg.  Lon.  6 
43  E,  lat.  46  35  N. 

Guacockin^o,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  30 
miles  SE  of  Mexico.    Lon.  99  45  W,  lat. 

19  36  N. 

Guadalajara,  or  Neto  Galicia,  one  of 
the  three  audiences  of  New  Spain,  exten- 
ding 800  miles  in  length,  and  500  in 
•readth.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  New- 
Mexico,  on  the  E  and  S  by  the  audience 
of  Mexico,  and  on  the  W  by  the  gulf  of 
California  and  the  North  Pacific  Ocean. 
It  is  divided  into  the  provinces  of  Gua- 
dalajara Proper,  Zacatecas,  New  Biscay, 
Cirialoa,  Culiacan,  Chameti;»n,  and  Xalis- 
co.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  fertility,  and 
the  richness  of  its  silver  mines. 

Guadalajara,  or  Guadalaxara,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  province  and  audience  of  Gua- 
dalajara, in  New  Spain.  It  is  a  bishop's 
see,  and  situated  on  the  Bareinja,  217 
miles*  W  of  Mexico.  Lon.  104  49*W,  lat. 

20  50  N. 

Guadalajara,  or  Guadalaxara,  a  town 
of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  seated  on  the 
Herares,  30  miles  NE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2 
47  W,  lat.  40  36  N. 

Guadalaviar,  a  river  of  Spain,  which 
rises  on  the  confines  of  Arragon,  cros- 


GU  A 


G  U  A 


ses  the  province  of  Valencia,  and  fails  in- 
to the  Mediterranean,  below  Valencia 

Guadaloupe,  a  handsome  town  of  Spain, 
in  Estramadura,  with  a  rich  convent.  It 
is  seated  on  a  rivulet  of  the  same  name, 
^4  miles  E  by  N  of  Truxillo.  Lon.  4  45 
W,  lat.  39  12  N. 

Gaiidalovpe,  one  of  the  Leeward  Carib- 
bee  Islands  in  the  West  Indies,  between 
Antigua  and  Dominica,  in  lon.  62  0  W, 
and  lat.  16  20  N.  The  island,  which  is 
of  an  irregular  figure,  may  be  about  80 
leagues  in  circumference.  It  is  divided  into 
two  parts  by  a  small  arm  of  the  sea,  which 
is  not  above  2  leagues  long,  and  from  15 
to  40  fathoms  broad.  This  canal,  known 
by  the  name  of  the  Salt  River,  is  naviga- 
ble, but  will  only  carry  vessels  of  50  tons 
burden.  The  soil  is  exceedingly  good, 
and  well  watered  near  the  sea,  by  rivu- 
lets which  fail  from  the  mountains  The 
island  towards  the  centre,  is  full  of  crag- 
gy rocks,  where  the  cold  is  so  intense, 
that  nothing  will  grow  upon  them  but 
fern,  and  some  useless  shrubs  covered 
with  moss.  On  the  top  of  these  rocks,  a 
mountain  rises  to  an  immense  height.  It 
exhales  through  various  openings,  a  thick 
black  smoke,  intermixed  with  sparks 
that  are  visible  by  night.  The  French 
settled  in  this  island,  in  1632.  11  has 
been  often  taken  and  retaken,  the  last 
time  by  the  French  in  1794,  in  whose 
possession  it  stdl  remains.  Basseterre  is 
the  capital 

Guadutquiver,  a  river  of  Spain,  which 
rises  in  the  S  part  of  New  Castile,  flows 
through  Andalusia,  and  falls  into  the  bay 
of  Cadiz. 

Gziudarama,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, remarkable  for  its  great  trade  in 
cheese.  It  is  seated  on  the  Guadaram,  25 
miles  N\V  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  48  W,  lat. 
41  45  N. 

Guadimia,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  ha- 
ving its  source  in  New  Castile,  crosses 
Estramadura  into  Portugal,  and  separat- 
ing Algarva  from  Andalusia,  fall  inlothe 
bay  of  Cadiz.     ';  W*    #?JB&  % 

Gandix,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  30  miles  E  of  Grana- 
da. Lon.  2  47  W,  lat.  37  4 N.. 

Gualdo,  a  town  of  Italy,  In  Ancorta,  8 
miles  NW  of  Nocera.  In  1751,  it  was  al- 
most destroyed  bv  an  earthquake.  Lon. 
12  43  E,  lat.  43  6  N. 

Guam,  the  chief  of  the  Ladrone  Islands, 
in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  100  miles  in 
circumference.  It  depends  upon  the  Spa- 
niards who  have  a  garrison  here,  but  the 
inhabitants  are  almost  all  natives  of  the 
country,  and  reputed  to  be  very  skilful 
in  building  boats.  It  abounds  "with  ex- 
cellent Iruit,  and  the  air  is  wholesome; 


notwithstanding  which  the  natives  are 
subject  to  a  kind  of  leprosy.  Lon.  145  15 
E,  lat.  13  *  N. 

GriahiarigQ}  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  with  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  remarkable  for  sweetmeats, 
and  near  it  are  mines  of  gold,  silver, 
loadstone  and  quicksilver.  It  is  200 
miles  SE  of  Lima.  Lon.  74  15  W,  lat.  13 
20  S. 

Gvanahami,  or  Cat  Island,  one  of  the 
Bahama  Islands,  the  first  land  of  Ameri- 
ca, discovered  by  Columbus,  in  1491,  and 
named  by  him  St.  Salvador.  Lon.  75  5  W, 
lat.  24  20  N. 

Guaimgo,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  that  abounds 
in  all  the  necessaries  of  life.  It  is  172 
miles  NNE  of  Lima.    Lon.  75  15  W,  lat, 

9  55  S. 

Gi/anzavelca,  a  rich  town  of  Peru, 
whose  neighbourhood  abounds  with  mines 
of  quicksilver.  It  is  159  miles  ENE  of 
Pisca.  Lon.  74  S9V#,  lat,  12  36  S. 

Gudrdafui,  a  cape  of  Africa,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  strait  of  Rabclmandel.  Lon, 

52  5  E,iat.  \%mm^^M 

Guardia,  or  Guarda,  a  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Beira,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
fortified  both  by  art  and  nature,  and  has 
a  stately  cathedral.  It  is  138  miles  E  of 
Lisbon/  Lon.  6  37  W,  lat.  40  22  N. 

Guavdia-Jllfrrez,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
the  Molise,  with  a  bishop's  see,  7  miles 
NW  of  Larino.  Lon.  14  56  E,  lat.  41 
39  -N. 

Gnarma,  a  seaport  of  Peru*:  120  miles 
NW  of  Lima.    Lon.  77  49  W,  lat.  10 

10  S. 

Giiactalla,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Man- 
tuan,  ceded  to  the  duke  of  Parma,  in 
It  is  noted  for  .'a;,  battle  between 
:he  Austrians  and  the  French,  in  which 
the  former  were  defeated  with  the  loss 
of  5000  men.  It  is  seated  near  the  river 
Po,  15  miles  N  of  Iteggio.  Lon.  10  38  E, 
lat.  44  56  N. 

Guasio.  or  Vas-to,  a'town  of  Naples,  in 
Abruzzo  Citeriore,  on  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, 15  miles  SE  of  Lanciano.  Lon.  15 
6E,  lat.  42  15  N. 

Guatimala,  an  audience  of  New  Spain, 
about  750  miles  long,  and  450  broad, 
bounded  on  the  NW  by  the  audience  of 
•Mexico,  on  the  NE  by  the  gulf  of  Mexi- 
co, on  the  SE  by  the  isthmus  of  Darien, 
and  on  the  SW  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  *ftt 
is  subdivided  into  the  provinces  of  Gua- 
iimala  Proper,  Vera  Paz,  Honduras,  Ni- 
caragua, Costa  Rica,  and  Veragua.  The 
ndigo  of  this  country  is  superior  in  qua- 
:  ty  to  that  of  any  other  in  America,  and 
is  cultivated  to  a  considerable  extent. 

Guatimala,  New,  the  capital  of  the  au- 


G  U  E 


G  U  I 


dicnce  and  province  of  Guatimala,  in  New 
Spain,  with  a  bishop's  see  and  a  universi- 
ty. It  is  situated  not  far  from  the  site  of 
the  former  town  of  that  name,  which  was 
destroyed,  June  7th,  1773,  by  a  dreadful 
earthquake,  attended  by  an  eruption 
from  the  neighbouring  volcano.  New 
Guatemala  is  600  miles  SW  of  Mexico. 
Lon.  90  30  W,  lat.  13  40  N. 

Guatimala,  a  burning  mountain  in  New 
Spain,  which  throws  out  fire  and  smoke. 
It  has  twice  destroyed  St.  J  ago  de  Guati- 
mala. 

Gitaxaca,  Ja  province  of  New  Spain, 
bounded  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  N, 
and  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  S.  It  is 
fertile  in  wheat,  Indian  corn,  cochineal, 
and  cassia  ;  and  contains  mines  of  gold, 
silver,  and  crystal. 

Guaxaca,  a"  town  of  New  Spain,  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  noted  for  fine  sweet- 
meats and  chocolate  ;  and  has  several  rich 
convents.  It  is  160  miles  E  of  Acapulco. 
Lon.  100  0  W,  lat.  17  25  N. 

Gubcn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Lusatia,  seated  on  the  Neisse,  62  miles 
NE  of  Dresden.  Lon.  14  39  E,  lat.  51 
58  N. 

Gubio,  or  Eugnbio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  duchy  of  Urbino,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
82  miles  N  of  Rome-  Lon.  12  38  E,  lat. 
43  16  N. 

Gucldcrland,  or  Gueldres,  a  territory  of 
the  Netherlands,  which  was  overrun  by 
the  French  in  1794. 

Gueldres,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  territory  of  the  same  name,  which 
has  been  often  taken  and  retaken.  It  was 
ceded  to  the  king  of  Prussia  by  the  peace 
of  Utrecht,  and  was  taken  bv  the  French 
in  1794.  It  is  10  miles  NE  of  Velno.  Lon. 
6  0  E,  lat.  51  26  N. 

Guerandc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne.  It  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  white  salt,  and  is  three 
miles  from  the  Atlantic,  and  250  W  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Gucret,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Creuse  and  late  province  of 
Marche,  seated  on  the  Gartampe,  35  miles 
NE  of  Limoges,  and  170  S  of  Paris.  Lon. 

1  56  Ef  lat.  46  10  N. 

Guernsey,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Normandy,  subject  to  Great  Britain,  but 
governed  by  its  own  laws.  It  is  natural- 
ly strong,  being  surrounded  by  high 
rocks,  and  of  a  round  form,  30  mdes  in 
circumference.  Thenatives  speak  French, 
it  having  been  a  part  of  Normandy.  Lon. 

2  37  W,  lat.  49  32  N. 

Giteta,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 


tile, 60  miles  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  1  56  W, 

lat.  40  22  N. 

Guiana,  a  large  country  of  South  Ame- 
rica, is  bounded  on  the  E  and  N  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  river  Oroonoko ; 
on  the  S  by  the  river  of  the  Amazons  ; 
and  on  the  W  by  the  provinces  of  G  i  tna- 
da  and  New  Andalusia,  in  Terra  Firma, 
from  which  it  is  separated  both  on  the 
VV  and  N  by  the  river  Oroonoko.  It  ex- 
tends above  1200  miles  from  NE  to  SW, 
that  is,  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  O- 
roonoko  to  the  mouth  of  the  river  Ama- 
zons, and  near  600  in  the  contrary  direc- 
tion. The  Portuguese,  French,  and 
Dutch,  have  all  settlements  along  the 
coast.  What  lies  S  of  Cape  North  be- 
longs to  the  first  of  these  nations  ;  the 
coast  between  Cape  North  and  Cape  O- 
range  is  possessed  by  the  natives  ;  French 
Guiana,  Old  Cayenne,  or  Equinoctial 
France,  extends  from  Cape  Orange,  about 
240  miles  along  the  coast,  to  the  river 
Marani ;  where  the  Dutch  territory  be- 
gins, and  extends  to  the  mouth  of  the  O- 
roonoko.  The  greatest  heat  takes  place 
in  October,  and  continues  to  March;  this 
is  succeeded  by  violent  uninterrupted  rain 
till  June,  when  parching  heat  again  lakes 
place  till  July,  which  is  again  followed  by 
incessant  rain  till  October.  The  land  of 
Dutch  Guiana,  for  50  miles  up  the  coun- 
try from  the  sea-coast  is  flat ;  and  during 
the  rainy  seasons  covered  two  feet  high 
with  water.  This  renders  it  inconceiva- 
bly fertile,  the  earth,  for  12  inches  deep, 
being  a  stratum  of  such  perfect  manure  ; 
that  an  attempt  was  once  made  to  carry 
some  of  it  to  Barbadoes.  On  the  banks 
of  the  Issequibo,  30  crops  of  ratan  canes 
have  been  raised  successively;  whereas 
in  the  West  India  Islands,  not  more  than 
two  are  ever  expected  from  the  richest 
land.  The  interior  parts  of  the  country 
are  inhabited  by  savages,  who  hare  dif- 
ferent languages  and  customs;  and  some 
of  them  build  their  houses  on  trees,  to 
be  secure  from  the  inundations  of  the  ri- 
vers. 

Guiaqvil,  one  of  the  nine  jurisdictions 
of  the  province  of  Quito,  in  Peru.  Cho- 
colate is  one  of  its  principal  products. 

Guiaqiril,  a  commercial  city  of  Peru, 
capital  of  a  jurisdiction  of  the  same  name. 
It  stands  partly  on  the  side  and  partly  at 
the  foot  of  a  hill,  which  descends  gently 
toward  the  river  Guiaquil,  on  which  the 
town  stands.  It  is  large  and  populous, 
and  is  140  miles  N  by  E  of  Paita.  Lon. 
81  11  W,  lat.  2  11  S. 

Gnira,  a  seaport  of  Terra  Firma,  on 
the  coast  of  Caracca.  Lon.  66  5  W,  lat. 
10  35  N. 


G  U  I 


GUN 


Ctiicnne,  a  late  province  of  France, 
which  now  makes  i he  department  ot  Gi- 
ronde  and  that  of  Lot  and  Garonne. 

Guilford,  a  borough  in  Surry,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
"Wcy,  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  near 
which  are' the  ruins  of  an  old  castle.  The 
summer  assizes  are  alternately  held  here 
and  at  Croydon;  but  the  election  of 
members  f>r  the  county  is  always  held 
here,  and  it  sends  two  for  the  borough. 
The  Wey  is  navigable  to  the  Thames, 
and  much  timber  and  corn  are  carried 
upon  it.  It  is  a  well  built  town,  with 
two  churches,  and  governed  by  a  mayor. 
It  is  23  miles  WSW  of  Oovdon,  and  30 
SW  of  London.  Lorn  0  29  W,  lat.  51 
15  N. 

Guildford,  a  post  town  in  New  Haven 
county,  Connecticut,  18  miles  E  by  S  of 
New  Haven,  on  Long  Island  Sound. 

Guildford,  the  capital  of  Guildford  coun- 
ty, North  Carolina,  48  miles  NW  of 
Hillsborough  ;  the  scene  of  a  hard  fought 
battle,  the  Americans  under  Gen.  Greene, 
and  the  British  under  Lord  Cornwallis, 
March  1781 — Here  is  a  post-office. 

Guildford,  a  township  of  Windham 
county,  Vermont ;  situated  between  Ha- 
lifax township  and  Connecticut  river, 
about  30  miles  E  of  Bennington,  and  con- 
taining about  2500  inhabitants. 

Guildford,  a  township  of  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  ahout  6  miles  SE  of 
Chambers'burgh.  It  contains  1600  inha- 
bitants. 

Guillain,  St.  a  town  of  Austrian  Hai- 
nault,  seated  in  marshy  land,  on  the  ri- 
ver Haisne,  six  miles  W  of  Mons.  Lon. 
3  53  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Guillestree,  a  town  and  castle  in  the 
Alps,  once  belonging  to  Dauphiny,  in 
France.  It  was  taken  by  prince  Eugene 
in  1692,  and  is  nine  miles  NE  of  Em- 
brum.    Lon.  6  36  E,  lat.  44  41  N. 

Guimaraens,  an  ancient  and  conside- 
rable town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province 
of  Entve-Houero-e-Minho.  It  has  former- 
ly been  the  residence  of  their  kings  and 
is  divided  into  the  Old  and  New.  The 
public  buildings  are  magnificent.  It  is 
1 65  miles  NE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  21  W, 
lat.  41  35  N. 

Guinea,  a  country  of  Africa,  of  which, 
little  is  known  except  the  coast.  It  lies 
vithin  the  tropic  of  Cancel-,  between  12 
W,  and  80  E  lon.  and  is  divided  into  the 
Lower  and  Upper.  This  last  compre- 
hends the  Grain  Coast,  the  Tooth  Coast, 
the  Gold  Coast,  the  Slave  Coast,  (which 
includes  Whidah  and  Ardrah)  and  Benin. 
The  lower  part  is  commonly  called  Con- 
go. It  is  very  unhealthy  for  Europeans, 
though  the  negroes  live  a  considerable 


time.  The  natives  in  general  go  almost 
naked,  and  theie  seems  to  be  little  re- 
ligion or  honesty  among  them.  The  com- 
modities purchased  here,  are  gum-sene- 
ca,  at  Senegal;  grain,  upon  the  Grain 
Coast ;  elephants'  teeth,  upon  the  Tooth 
Coast  ;  the  greatest  plenty  of  gold,  upon 
the  Gold  Coast ;  and  all  in  general,  fur- 
nish slaves.  The  English,  Dutch,  French, 
Danes,  and  oiher  nations,  have  factories 
upon  this  coast,  and  purchase  slaves  and 
other  commodities.  There  are  many  lit- 
tle states,  whose  chiefs  the  sailors  dig- 
nify with  the  name  of  kings;  but  very 
few  deserve  that  title.  They  are  often 
at  war  with  each  other,  when  the  people 
taken,  on  both  sides,  are  sold  for  slaves ; 
and  it  is  not  uncommon  for  the  nearest 
of  kin  to  sell  each  other. 

Guinea,  jV*ew,  an  isb.nd  of  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  to  the  N  of  New  Holland. 
This  island,  which  is  long  and  narrow, 
extends  SE  from  the  equator  to  12  S  lat. 
and  from  131  to  155  E  lon.  It  was  sup- 
posed to  be  connected  with  New  Hol- 
land, till  Captain  Cook  discovered  the 
strait  which  separates  them.  The  land 
in  general  is  low,  but  is  covered  with 
such  luxuriance  of  wood  and  herbage, 
as  can  scarcely  be  conceived.  The  cocoa- 
nut,  bread-fruit,  and  plantain  tree,  flour- 
ish in  the  greatest  perfection.  The  in- 
habitants make  much  the  same  appear- 
ance as  the  New  Hollanders. 

Guincartip,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  Coast  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne,  seated  oivthe  Tricu, 
13  miles  S  of  Treguier.  Lon.  3  8  W,  lat. 
48  36  N. 

Gitifmscoat  the  NE  division  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Biscay,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
bay  of  that  name,  on  the  E  by  Navarre, 
on  the  \V  by  Biscay  Proper,  and  on  the 
S  by  Alava.    Tolosa  is  the  capital. 

Guise,  a  small  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Aisne,  lately  in  the 
province  of  Picardy,  with  a  casile,  seat- 
ed on  the  Oise,  25  miles  E  of  St.  Quintin, 
and  95  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  42  E,  lat.  49 
54  N. 

Gunpowder,  a  river  oTMarylartd,  which 
rises  in  York  county,  Pennsylvania,  and 
running  in  a  SE  direction  through  Balti- 
more county,  falls  into  Chesapeake  bay, 
opposite  Poole  island. 

Guntoort  one  of  the  Northern  Circars, 
in  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan.  It  is  also 
called  Mortinazagur  and  Condavir,  and 
occupies  the  space  between  Condapilly, 
the  southmost  of  the  four  English  Cir- 
cars, and  the  N  part  of  the  Carnatic  ;  ex- 
tending along  the  sea-coast  of  the  bay  of 
Bengal  more  than  30  miles.  The  mari- 
time parts  of  this  circar  are  flat  and  open 
M  M  ' 


GWA 


HAD 


but  the  interior  parts  contain  some  very 
strong  fortresses  and  posts.  It  was  sub- 
ject to  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan,  but  has 
been  ceded  to  the  English. 

Guntzberg,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
margravate  of  Burgaw,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Danube,  16  miles  XE  of 
Ulm.    Lon.  10  25  E,  lat.  48  35  N. 

Guntzenhausen,  a  town  of  Franconia, 
five  miles  from  Weissemberg.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Altmul,  near  a  forest,  and  sub- 
ject to  the  king-  of  Prussia. 

Giirk,  a  town  of  Carinthia,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see,  seated  on  the  river  Giirk,  55 
miles  E  of  Saltzburg.  Lon.  14  18  E,  lat. 
47  12  N. 

Gustrow,  a  city  of  Germany,  in  the  du- 
chy of  Mecklenburg  Schwerin,  and  capi- 
tal of  the  circle  of  Wen  den.  The  chief 
courts  of  judicature  for  the  duchy  are 
held  here  ;  and  it  has  an  elegant  palace, 
in  which  the  dukes  sometimes  reside.  It 
is  35  miles  NE  of  Schwerin.  Lon.  12  13 
E,  lat.  53  57  N. 

Gutta,  a  town  of  Hungary,  seated  on 
the  E  side  of  the  Danube,  opposite  the 
island  of  Schut,  29  miles  E  bv  S  of  Pres- 
burg.    Lon.  17  47  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Gvtsko-w,  a  town  of  Swedish  Pome- 
rania,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Peene,  '14 
miles  W  of  Wolgast.  Lon.  13  39  E  lat. 
54  0  N. 

Guzerat,  a  peninsula  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  about  200  miles  long,  and  140 
broad,  formed  by  the  Arabian  Sea  and  the 
gulfs  of  Cambay  and  Cutch.  The  West 
part  is  mountainous  and  woody,  and  in- 
habited by  a  wild  hardy  race,  governed 
by  rajahs  of  their  own.  But  the  largest 
as  well  as  the  finest  part  is  subject^  to 
the  Mahrattas.  Amedabad  is  the  capi- 
tal; 

G-ivaliov,  an  ancient  fortress  of  Hin- 
doostan Proper,  in  the  province  of  Go- 
hud.  It  stands  on  a  vast  rock,  about  4 
miles  in  length,  but  narrow  and  of  une- 
qual breadth,  and  nearly  flat  on  the  top. 
The  sides  are  so  steep  as  to  appear  al- 
most perpendicular  in  every  part ;  for 
where  it  w  as  not  naturally  so  it  has  been 
scarped  away  ;  "and  the  height  from  the 
plain  below,  is  from  200  to  300  feet.  The 
rampart  conforms  to  the  edge  of  the  pre- 
cipice all  around  ;  and  the  only  entrance 
to  it  is  by  steps  running  up  the  side  of 
the  rock,  which  are  defended  on  the 
side  next  the  country  by  a  wall  and  bas- 
tions, and  further  guarded  by  very  str.ng 
gateways,  at  certain  distances  from  each 
other.  The  area  within  is  full  of  noble 
buildings,  reservoirs  of  water,  wells,  and 
cultivated  land  ;  so  that  it  is  a  little  dis- 
trict within  itself.    At  the  NWfoot  of 


the  mountain  is  the  town,  pretty  large, 
.md  well  built,  the  houses  all  of  stone. 
This  place  is  considered  as  the  Gibraltar 
of  the  East ;  but  in  1780,  major  Pop- 
ham  took  it  by  an  unexpected  nocturnal 
escalade.  It  is  80  miles  S  of  Agra.  Lon. 
78  30  B,  lat.  26  9  N. 

Gyfhorn,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxonv,  in 
he  duchy  of  Lunenburg,  seated  on  the 
rivers  Allcr  and  Iser,  25  miles  N  of  Bruns- 
wick. Lon.  10  49  E,  lat.  52  49  N. 


H 


seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Inn,  30  miles 
E  of  .Munich.  Lon.  12  15  E,  lat.  48  18  X. 

ffacketstortm,  a  post  town  in  Sussex 
county,  New  Jersey,  twelve  miles  E  of 
the  river  Delaware,  and  22  W  of  Morris- 
town. 

Hackinsack,  a  town  in  Bergen  county, 
New  Jersey,  and  the  principal  seat  of 
justice  ;  it  has  a  post  office,  and  is  distant 
from  the  citv  of  New  York  about  15  miles 
NW. 

Hackinsack,  a  river  of  New  Jersey, 
which  rises  in  Rockland  county,  New- 
York,  and  running  a  southern  course 
through  Bergen  county,  falls  into  Newark 
bay,  a  few  miles  above  Ehzabethtown. 

Hackney,  a  populous  village  to  the  NE 
of  London;  die  first  that  was  accommo- 
dated with  carriages  for  occasional  pas- 
sengers ;  from  hence  the  hackney  coach- 
es of  L«ndon  derive  their  name. 

Hadamar,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  We- 
tarnvia,  with  a  castle  seated  near  the  Elss, 
22  miles  NW  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8  0  E,  lat. 
50  23  N. 

Haddam,  a  post  town  of  Middlesex 
county,  Connecticut ;  situated  on  the  W 
>ide  of  Connecticut  river,  17  miles  NEof 
New  Haven.  In  1800  it  contained  2307 
inhabitants. 

Haddington,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday  for  grain.  Part  of  a  Fran- 
ciscan monastery  here  is  occupied  as  a 
parish  church  ;  and  at  a  small  distance 
are  the  ruins  of  a  nunnery,  founded  in 
1178.  Haddington  is  seated  on  the  Tyne, 
18  miles  E  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  39  W, 
•lat.  55  58  N. 

Haddingtonshire,  or  East  Lothian,  a 
county  of  Scotland,  bounded  on  the  N 
and  E*  by  the  Frith  of  Forth  ;  S  by  Ber- 
wickshire, and  W  by  Edinburghshire.  It 
is  about  27  miles  long  from  E  to  W,  and 
about  17  from  N  to  S.  It  produces  corn 
of  all  sorts,  and  has  plenty  of  grass, 


HAG 


H  A  I 


coals,  limestone,  and  some  considerable 
woods.  It  feeds  great  flocks  of  sheep, 
especially  near^he  hills  of  Lammermoor 
and  W  Lammerlow ;  and  abounds  with 
rabbits.  A  great  deal  of  salt  is  made 
here,  and  the  herring  fishery  is  carried 


rendered  to  the  French  in  1795.  It  is 
10  miles  NW  of  Rotterdam,  and  30  SW 
of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  23  E,  lat.  52  4  N. 

H  gucnan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Rhine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace.  It  was  several  times  ta- 


consumpcion  and  exportation.  Here  are 
sever  1  convenient  harbours,  with  the  ad- 
vantage of  some  fishing  towns.  This 
county  may  be  reckoned  as  fruitful, rich, 
and  pleasant  as  any  in  Scotland  ;  or  in- 
deed as  most  in  England  The  chief 
towns  are,  Dunbar,  Haddington,  and 
North  Berwick ;  and  its  principal  river 
the  Tyne,  which  receives  several  small 
streams. 

Haddonfield,  a  town  in  Gloucester  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  8  miles  E  of  Philadelphia, 
and  6  from  Gloucester,  where  there  is  a 
post  office. 

Haderslcben,  a  maritime  town  of  Den- 
mark, in  Sleswick,  with  a  strong-  citadel, 
on  a  small  island,  in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic 
25  miles  E  of  Ripen.  Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  55 
18  N 


on  with  success  at  Dunbar,  both  for  home  ken  and  retaken;  the  last  time  by  the 

!  French  in  1796.  It  was  an  imperial  city 
till  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French 
in  1673.  It  is  seated  on  the  Motter,  which 
divides  it  into  two  parts,  12  miles  N  of 
Strasburg,  and  252  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  7  53 
E,  lat.  48  47  N. 

Hailbron,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Sua- 
bia,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg.  The 
inhabitants,  who  are  protestants,  derive 
a  great  advantage  from  the  baths  near  it, 
wn  nee  the  town  has  its  name,  which 
signifies  the  fountain  of  health.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Neckar,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge,  25  miles  NE  of  Stutgard, 
Lon.  9  25  E,  lat.  49  19  N. 

Huimburg,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  on 
the  Danube,  10  miles  W  of  Presburg, 
"ienna.    Lon.  16  58  E,  lat. 


Hadtey,  a  corporate  town  in  Suffolk 
with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  is  a  pretty 
large  town,  and  has  a  very  handsome 
church.  Large  quantities  of  yarn  are 
spun  here  for  the  Norwich  manufacture 
and  it  had  a  considerable  woollen  manu 
facture,  which  is  now  decayed.  It  is  sea- 
ted on  the  Bret,  20  miles  SE  of  Bury,  and 
64  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  6  E,  lat.  52 
10  N. 

Hadky,  a  village  in  Essex,  5  miles  SW 
of  Rochford.  Here  are  to  be  seen  the 
ruinous  remains  of  a  castle,  on  a  channe 
of  the  Thames  between  Canvey  Island 
and  the  shore. 

Hadley,  a  post  town  in  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts  ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Connecticut  river,  43  miles  W  of  Wor- 
cester and  97  of  Boston. 

Hagarstonm,  a  flourishing  inland  town 
of  Maryland,  in  the  fertile  and  well  culti- 
vated valley  of  Conegocheague.  It  car- 
ries on  a  considerable  trade  with  the  wes- 
tern country. 

Hague,  a  town  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Holland,  which  may  compare  with  the 
handsomest  cities  in  Europe,  in  extent, 
the  beauty  of  its  palaces,  its  streets,  its 
agreeable  walks,  and  its  great  trade.  It 
is  seated  two  miles  from  the  sea,  and 
there  is  a  pavement  across  the  sand  hills 
with  trees  on  each  side,  which  leads  to 
Scheveling,  near  the  sea-shore.  The  an- 
cient counts  of  Holland  resided  here  ; 
and  it  is  the  court  though  not  the  capi- 
tal of  the  United  Provinces.  As  it  is  not 
walled,  and  sends  no  deputies  to  tin 
states,  it  is  called  a  village  only.    It  sur- 


and  25  E  of 
48  12  N. 

Ham,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mis- 
nia.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Rhedar,  12  miles  N  W  of 
Dresden. 

Hai-nan,  a  considerable  island  of  the 
Chinese  Sea,  to  the  N  of  the  gulf  of  Co- 
chin-China,  and  to  the  S  of  the  province 
of  Quang-tong  from  which  it  is  12  miles 
distant.  It  is  400  miles  in  circumference. 
The  soil  of  the  N  part  is  level ;  but  in 
the  S  and  E  are  mountains,  among  which 
are  y  allies  that  produce  two  crops  of  rice 
every  year.  There  are  mines  of  gold  and 
lapis  lazuli,  which  last  is  carried  to  Can* 
ton,  to  paint  the  porcelain.  It  produces 
the  same  fruits  as  China,  beside  sugar, 
tobacco,  cotton,  and  indigo.  Among  the 
animals  is  a  great  black  ape,  with  fea- 
tures resembling  those  of  the  human 
fixe  ;  but  the  common  sort  of  apes  are 
gray,  and  very  ugly.  The  inhabitants 
are  mostly  a  wild  sort  of  people,  short 
and  deformed,  and  of  a  copper  colour; 
they  are  clothed  from  the  waist  down- 
ward only,  and  paint  their  faces  like  o- 
her  savages.  Hiun-tcheou-fou  is  the 
capital. 

Hainault,  a  province  of  the  Nether- 
ands  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Brabant,  on 
the  NW  by  Flanders,  on  the  W  by  Ar« 
ois,  on  the  S  by  Oambresis,  Picardy,  and 
Jhampagne,  and  on  the  E  by  the  territo- 
ies  of  Liege  and  Namur.  It  is  divided 
nto  Austrian  Hainault,  of  which  the  ca- 
pital is  Mons ;  and  French  Hainault, 
which  is  comprehended  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North. 
HamaiMf  a  forest  in  Essex,  SE  of  Ej»- 


HAL 


HAL 


ping  Forest,  supposed  to  be  so  called 

from  some  of  the  deer,  with  which  it  was 
6tocked,  having  been  brought  from  the 
province  of  the  same  name  in  the  Neth- 
erlands. 

Hamburg,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the 
Danube,  35  miles  E  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17 
18  E,  lat.  48  14  N. 

Hulberetadt,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same  name. 
It  was  formerly  capital  of  the  bishopric 
of  Halberstadt,  now  secularized,  T  he 
cathedral  is  a  superb  structure ;  and  here 
are  three  regular  abbics,  and  two  nunne- 
ries. The  Jews  are  tolerated,  and  carry 
on  a  great  trade  ;  and  the  inhabitants 
brew  excellent  beer.  It  is  subject  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  and  seated  on  the  Ho- 
thiem,  32  miles  SE  of  Brunswick.  Lon. 
11  2-1  E,  lat.  52  6  X. 

Hahlemtein,  a  free  and  independent  ba- 
rony of"  the  country  of  the  Grisons.  It 
consists  of  a  semicircular  plain,  between 
the  Rhine  and  the  foot  of  Mount  Calen- 
dar, about  five  miles  in  length,  and  scarce- 
ly one  in  breadth. 

Halen,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant,  on 
the  river  Geet,  24  miles  W of Maestricht. 
Lon  5  4  E,  lat.  50  58  N. 

Hales-Oioeii,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  in- 
closed by  Worcestershire,  six  miles  E  of 
Stourbridge.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Shen 
stone,  and  near  it  is  the  celebrated  seat  of 
Le;isowes. 

Halesworth,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  has  a  trade  in 
linen,  yarn,  and  sailcloth,  and  about  the 
town  is  raised  a  great  deal  of  hemp.  It 
is  seated  on  a  neck  of  land,  between  two 
branches  of  the  river  Blyth,  28  miles  NE 
of  Ipswich,  and  101  of  London.  Lon.  1  40 
E,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Halibut  Island,  an  island  in  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  so  named  by  Captain  Cook 
on  account  of  the  number  of  fish  of  that 
name  they  caught  here.  It  is  7  leagues 
in  circumference,  and  except  the  head 
verv  low  and  barren.  Lon.  164  15  W,  lat. 
54  48  N. 

Halifax,  a  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  begun 
to  be  built  by  the  English  planters  in 
1749.  It  is  delightfully  seated  in  Che 
bucto  harbour,  which  is  large  enough  to 
shelter  a  squadron  of  men  of  war  through 
the  winter.  It  is  789  rniles  NE  of  New- 
York.    Lon.  63  30  Wi  lat.  44  45  N. 

Halifax,  sl  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday, 
seated  in  a  hilly  country  near  a  branch 
of  the  Calder.  It  is  a  very  large  parish, 
containing  ,  12  chapels  of  ease,  and  up- 
wards of  12,000  inhabitants  who  are 
principally  employed  in  the  woollen  ma- 
nufacture-   Jt  is  the  great  mart  for  shal- 


loons, calamancoes,  everlastings,  and  has 
a  large  market  house,  called  the  New 
Piece  Hall,  and  various  others  for  parti- 
cular goods.  It  is  40  miles  WSW  of 
York,  and  197  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  45  W,  lat.  53  45  N. 

Halifax,  a  post  town  in  Dauphin  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania;  standing  on  the  E  side 
f  the  river  Susquehannah,  19  miles  N  of 
Harrisburg. 

Halifax,  a  district  in  the  state  of  North 
Carolina,  situated  on  the  SE  side  of  the 
river  Roanoak.  It  is  divided  into  6  coun- 
ties, and  contains  70,000  inhabitants. 
The  chief  town,  Halifax,  is  situated  in 
the  lat.  of  36  15  N,  and  lon.  of  77  W. 

Halifax,  a  post  town  in  Halifax  coun- 
ty, North  Carolina,  67  mdes  WNW  of 
Edenton,  and  on  the  S  bank  of  the  river 
Roanoke. 

Halifax,  a  post  town  and  the  capital  cf 
Halifax  county,  Virginia;  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Staunton  river,  20  miles  above 
its  junction  with  the  river  Dan. 

Halifax,  a  populous  county  in  the  state 
of  Virginia;  situated  on  the  N  side  of 
Dan  river,  between  Mecklenburg  and 
Pittsylvania  counties.  It  contains  20,000 
inhabitants,  about  one  third  slaves. 

Halifax,  a  township  of  Windham  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  situated  between  Guildford 
and  Whittingham,  25  miles  E  of  Ben- 
nington.   It  has  about  2000  inhabitants. 

Halitz,  a  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a 
territory  of  the  same  name,  in  Red  Rus- 
sia, with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Dniester,  46  miles  S  of  Lemburg.  Lon. 
25  19  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Hallam,  a  township  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  S  side  of 
he  river  Susquehannah,  and  on  the  SE 
side  of  Codores  creek.  It  has  about  1200 
inhabitants. 

Holland,  a  province  of  Sweden,  on  the  W 
coast  of  Gothland.  It  is  60  miles  .along 
the  coast,  but  not  above  12  in  breadth. 
Halmstadt  is  the  capital. 

Hallaton,  a  town  in  Leicestershire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  12  miles  SE  of 
Leicester,  and  90  N  by  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  50  E,  lat.  52  32  N. 

Halle,  a  dismantled  town  of  Austrian 
Uainault.    The  church  contains  an  im 
a^e  of  the  Virgin,  held  in  great  venera- 
tion. It  is  seated  on  the  Serine,  8  miles  S 
SW  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  20  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Halle,  a  considerable  city  of  Cpper 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Magdeburg, 
seated*  on  the  Sal,  40  miles  E  of  Magde- 
burg. It  is  famous  for  its  university,  and 
salt  worts.  Lon.  12  8  E,  lat.  51  36  N.  ; 

Halle,  a  free  imperial  city  of  Suabia, 
famous  for  its  salt  pits.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Kocher,  among  ropks  and  mountains, 


HAM 

37  miles  NE  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  52  E, 
lat.  49  20  N. 

Halle,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Tirol,  6 
miles  NE  of  Inspruck.  Lon.  H  33  E,  lat. 
47  12  (ST. 

Hallein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Saltzburg;  seated  on 
the  Saltza,  among  mountains  that  abound 
in  mines  of  salt,  which  are  the  chief 
riches  of  the  town  and  country.  It  is  7 
miles  SE  of  Saltzburg.  Lon.  13  12  E,  lat. 
47  33  N. 

Halloivell,  a  post  town  in  Kennebec 
county,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  \V  side 
of  the  river  Kennebec,  about  25  miles  a- 
bove  the  junction  of  this  river  with  the 
Andrascoggm. 

Halmstadt,  a  strong  seaport  of  Sweden, 
capital  of  Halland,  situated  on  a  bay  of 
the  North  Sea,  80  miles  SSE  of  Gothe- 
bo:g.  Lon.  12  48  E,  lat  56  39  N. 

Halstead,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday,  and  a  manufacture  of  bays, 
says,  and  callamancots.  It  is  seated  on 
the  declivity  of  a  hill,  at  the  fowt  of 
which  runs  the  Coin,  16  miles  N  of 
Chelmsford  and  47  NE  of  London.  Lon. 
0  45  E,  lat.  51  59  N. 

Halteren,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Munster,  seated  on  the  Lippc, 
25  miles  SW  of  Munster.  Lon.  7  27  E, 
lat.  51  40  N. 

Halton,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  near  the 
Mersev,  13  miles  NE  of  Chester,  and 
184  NN  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  47  W,  lat. 
53  23  N. 

Halva,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
seated  on  the  Cebu,  8  miles  S  of  Fez. 
Lon.  5  5  W,  lat.  33  32  N. 

Ham,  a  strong  town  of  Westphalia,  ca- 
pital of  the  county  of  Marck,  seated  on 
the  Lippe,  24  miles  S  of  Munster.  Lon. 
7  50  E,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Ham,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somrae  and  late  province  of  Pi- 
cardy,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Somme,  48  miles  N  of  Paris.  Lon 
3  6  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Ham,  a  village  in  Surry,  one  mile  from 
Kingston.  Near  it  is  Ham  Walks,  cele- 
brated by  Thomson  and  other  poets. 

Ham,  West,  a  village  in  Essex,  where 
are  the  remains  of  an  opulent  abbey, 
founded  in  1135.  This  village  is  seated 
on  the  river  Lea,  four  miles  E  by  N  of 
London. 

Ham,  East,  a  village  in  Essex,  adjoin- 
ing to  West  Ham.  In  this  parish  is  a 
spring  called  Miller's  Well,  the  excellent 
water  of  which  has  never  been  known 
to  freeze,  or  to  vary  in  its  height. 

Hamah,  a  large  town  of  Syria,  seated 
among  the  hills.    The  best  "houses,  the 


HAM 

mosques,  and  the  castle,  are  built  of  black 
and  white  stones.  The  river  Assi,  for- 
merly called  Orontes,  runs  close  by  the 
castle,  and  fills  its  ditches,  which  are  cut 
deep  into  the  solid  rock.  The  inhabi- 
tants have  a  trade  for  linen,  of  their  own 
manufacture.  It  is  78  miles  SW  of  Alep- 
po. Loii.  34  55  E.  lat.  36  15  N. 

Hamamet,  a  town  of  Rarbary,  on  a  gulf 
of  the  same  name,  45  miles  S  of  Tunis. 
Lon.  10  15  E,  lat.  36  35  N. 

Hamar,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Aggerhtiys,  60  miles  NE  of 
Christiana.    Lon.  11  5  E,  lat.  60  33  N.  • 

Hameledon  Hill,  near  Sturmins.er,  in 
Dorsetshire.  Here  was  a  Roman  camp, 
and  many  Rwman  coins  have  been  dug"  up. 

Hamburg;  a  free  imperial  city  of  Ger^ 
many,  in  the  duchy  of  Hoistein,  consist- 
ing of  the  Old  Town  and  the  New  Town ; 
both  nearly  of  an  equal  size.  It  stands 
on  the  N  side  of  the  riv  er  Elbe,  which  is 
not  less  than  four  mil.  s  broad  opposite 
the  city.  It  is  very  populous  in  pr<  por- 
tion to  its  size  and  contains  about  100,000 
inhabitants.  Hamburg  is  well  fortifi\  d, 
and  on  the  ramparts  are  handsome  walks. 
The  senate  of  this  town  is  composed  of 
ibur  burg-omasters,  of  whom  one  only  is 
a  tradesman  ;  four  syndics  ;  twenty-four 
senators,  of  whom  eleven  are  men  of  let- 
ters, and  the  rest  tradesmen ;  four  se- 
cretaries one  of  whom  is  a  prothonotary, 
and  another  belongs  to  the  archieves  ;  so 
that  the  whole  senate  consists  of  36  per- 
sons. Hamburg,  from  its  situation,  has 
all  possible  advantages  for  foreign  and 
domestic  trade ;  particularly  from  its 
communication,  by  the  Elbe,  with  some 
of  the  principal  navigable  rivers  of  Ger- 
many ;  and  hence  it  is  one  of  the  most 
commercial  places  in  the  world.  There 
are  not  less  than  200  ships  at  a  time,  be- 
longing to  foreign  merchants,  at  anchor 
before  the  city ;  and  there  is  a  handsome 
exchange  The  inhabitants  have  the  li- 
berty of  performing  divine  service  in  a 
chapel  of  their  own  Other  religions  are 
tolerated  at  Altena,  a  large  town  near  the 
harbour  of  Hamburg;  except  the  Jews 
who  have  no  synagoguie.  Besides  the  6 
principal  churches,  there  are  11  smaller 
ones  for  particular  occasions,  some  of 
which  belong  to  hospitals.  The  cathedral 
of  Our  Lady  is  a  very  fine  structure. 
Hamburg  is  55  miles  SE  of  the  mou^h 
of  the  Elbe  in  the  German  Ocean,  and 
55  NE  of  Bremen.  Lon.  9  55  E,  lat.  53 
34  N, 

Hamburg,  a  thriving  inland  town  in 
Beiks  comity,  Pennsylvania;  about  15 
miles  N  of  Reading  on  the  post  road  to 
Northumberland :  has  a  post  ofiice  and 
about  400  inhabitants. 


HAM 


II  A  M 


Hamelburgh,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in 
the  territory  of  the  abbey  of  Fulde,  seat- 
ed on  the  Saab,  28  miles  SE  of  Fulde 
Lon.  10  12  E,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Hamelin,  a  strong1  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  duchy  of  Calenberg,  at  the  extremity 
of  the  duchy  of  Berwick,  of  which  it  is 
the  key.  It  is  situated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Hamel  and  Weser,  25  miles  SW 
of  Hanover.    Lon.  9  36  E,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Hamerstein,  a  castle  and  village  of  Ger- 
many, belonging  to  the  elector  of  Treves. 
The  castle  is  seated  on  a  lofty  mountain, 
on  the  E  side  of  the  Rhine,  two  miles  N 
by  W  of  Andernach. 

Ha-mi,  a  country  situated  to  the  NE  of 
China.  The  country  of  Hami,  though 
surrounded  by  deserts,  is  accounted  one 
of  the  most  delightful  in  the  world.  The 
soil  produces  abundance  of  grain,  fruits, 
leguminous  plants,  and  pasture  of  even- 
kind.  The  rice  which  grows  here  is  par- 
ticularly esteemed  in  China;  and  pome- 
granates, oranges,  peaches,  raisins  and 
prunes,  have  a  most  exquisite  taste.  It 
is  a  kingdom,  tributary  to  that  country ; 
and  its  capital  is  of  the  same  name. 

Hamilton,  a  town  in  Lanerkshire,  seat- 
ed in  a  very  agreeable  plain.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  a  collegiate  church  found- 
ed in  1451.  Near  it  is  Hamilton  House, 
the  magnificent  seat  of  the  duke  of  Ha- 
milton. The  town  is  situated  on  the  Clyde, 
10  miles  SE  of  Glasgow.  Lon.  4  16  W, 
lat.  55  58  N. 

Hamilton,  a  post  town  of  Essex  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  10  miles  NW  of  Sa- 
lem, with  800  inhabitants. 

Hamilton,  a  post  town  in  Albany  coun- 
ty, New  York,  at  the  distance  of  10  miles 
from  the  city  of  Albany,  famous  for  its 
glass  works. 

Hamilton,  a  post  town  in  Chenango 
county,  New  York;  27  miles  NW  of 
Cooper's-town.  In  1800  the  township 
contained  2673  inhabitants. 

Hamilton,  a  township  of  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  the  N  mountain,  and  watered  by  the 
W  branch  of  Conegocheague  creek.  It 
contains  1263  inhabitants. 

Hamilton,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ohio, 
a  newly  settled  country,  but  increasing- 
rapidly  in  population.  It  has  about  2000 
inhabitants. 

Hamilton,  a  district  in  the  state  of  Ten- 
nessee. It  contains  6  counties  and  about 
4J.000  inhabitants. 

Hamilton's  Ban,  a  township  of  Adams 
county,  Pennsylvania;  situated  in  the  S 
\V  corner  of  the  county,  12  miles  SW  of 
Gettysburg,  the  capital  of  the  county.  Iti 
has'isoO  inhabitants.  ! 
Hammer smith,  a  large  village  in  Mid- 


dlesex, sealed  on  the  Thames,  four  miles 
W  of  London.  Here  is  Brandenburg- 
House,  the  magnificent  seat  of  the  mar- 
grave of  Anspach. 

Hamont,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  bi- 
shopric of  Liege,  17  miles  W  of  Rure- 
monde.    Lon.  5  31  E,  lat.  41  17  N. 

Hampden,  a  township  of  Hancock  coun- 
ty, Maine.  It  has  a  post  office,  and  1000 
inhabitants. 

Hampshire,  Hantshire,  or  Hants,  a  coun- 
ty of  England,  bounded  on  the  N  bv 
Berks,  on  the  E  by  Surry  and  Sussex, . 
on  the  S  by  the  English  Channel,  and  on 
the  W  by  Dorsetshire  and  Wilts.  It  ex- 
rends,  exclusive  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  42 
miles  from  N  to  S,  and  38  from  E  to  W. 
The  air  is  very  pure  and  pleasant,  especi- 
ally upon  the  downs,  on  which  vast  flocks 
of  sheep  are  kept  and  bred.  In  the 
champaign  part  of  the  county,  where  it 
is  free  of  wood,  the  soil  is  very  fertile, 
producing  all  kinds  of  grain.  The  rivers 
are  the  Avon,  Anton,  Arle,  Test,  Stow- 
re,  and  Itchin  ;  besides  several  smaller 
streams,  all  abounding  in  fish,  especial- 
ly trout.  As  its  sea-coast  is  of  a  consi- 
derable extent,  it  possesses  many  good 
ports  and  harbours,  and  is  well  supplied 
with  salt-water  fish.  Much  honey  is  pro- 
duced in  the  country.  Here  is  also  plenty 
of  game,  and  on  the  downs  is  most  de- 
lightful hunting. 

Hampshire,  a  county  of  Virginia,  sepa- 
rated from  Maryland  by  the  river  Poto- 
mac, the  S  branch  of  said  river  running 
through  the  middle  of  it.  It  contains 
9874  inhabitants. 

Hampshire,  a  county  of  Massachusetts, 
extending  from  Connecticut  in  the  S  to 
Vermont  in  the  N.  It  is  watered  by  Con- 
necticut river  the  whole  length,  about 
50  miles.  It  contains  62  townships  and 
75,000  inhabitants. 
Hampshire, 


A'cw,  one  of  the  United 
States,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Canada,  on 
the  NE  by  the  district  of  Maine,  on  the 
SE  by  the  Atlantic,  on  the  S  by  Massa- 
chusetts, and  on  the  W  and  NW  by  the 
river  Connecticut,  which  separates  it 
from  Vermont.  It  is  divided  into  the  five 
counties  of  Rockingham,  Stafford,  Hills- 
borough, Cheshire,  and  Grafton.  The 
land  near  the  sea  is  generally  low,  put, 
advancing  into  the  country,  it  rises  into 
hills.  The  air  is  serene  and  healthful ; 
the  weather  not  so  subject  to  variation 
as  in  the  more  southern  climes.  From 
the  vicinity  of  some  mountains,  whose 
summits  are  covered  with  snow  most  of 
the  year,  this  country,  is  intensely  cold 
in  winter.  In  summer  the  heat  is  great; 
but  of  short  duration.  The  inhabitants 
are  214,460.    The  capital  is  Portsmouth. 


HAN 


HAN 


♦ 


Hampstead.  a  village  in  Middlesex,  four 
iniks  NNW  of  London,  formerly  famous 
for  its  medicinal  waters.  It  is  sealed  on 
the  declivity  of  a  hill,  on  the  top  of  which 
is  a  fine  heath  that  commands  a  delight- 
ful prospect. 

Hampstead,  a  town  in  Rockingham 
county,  New  Hampshire,  30  miles  W  by 
S  of  Portsmouth',  with  790  inhabitants. 

Hampton,  a  township  of  Washington 
county,  New  York,  containing  820  in- 
habitants, and  situated  70  miles  NNE  of 
Albany. 

Hampton,  a  township  of  Windham  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  on  the  E  side  of  Biga- 
low's  river,  5  miles  N  of  Windham,  con- 
taining 1274  inhabitants. 

Hampton,  or  Jtinching  Hampton,  a  town 
in  Gloucestershire,  with  a  market  on 
Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on  the  Coteswold 
Hills,  14  miles  S  of  Gloucester,  and  90 
W  of  London.  Lon.  2  15  W,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Hampton,  a  seaport  town- in  Elizabeth- 
city  county,  Virginia;  situated  on  Hamp- 
ton road,  about  20  miles  NW  of  Cape 
Henry,  and  10  miles  E  of  York,  on  York 
river,'  in  the  iat.  of  37  N  and  lon.  of  76 
28  W. 

Hampton,  a  small  maritime  town,  in 
Rockingham  county,  New  Hampshire,, 
about  6  miles  E  of  Exeter,  between  Rye 
and  Newtown.    Inhabitants  900. 

Hampton,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  fa- 
mous for  a  royal  palace,  called  Hampton 
Court,  built  by  cardinal  Wolsey,  who 
gave  it  to  Henry  VII.  It  is  seated  on  the 
ft  side  of  the  Thames,  14  miles  S\V  of 
London. 

Hanau,  a  county  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  which  belongs 
to  its  own  prince.  It  is  45  miles  in 
length,  but  the  breadth  is  small  ;  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  the  county  of  Rheinec  and 
the  territory  of  Fulde,  on  the  W  by  the 
counties  of  Weissemburg  and  Holms  and 
on  the  N  and  S  by  the  territories  of 
Mentz,  and  Francfort. 

Hanau,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  L 
is  divided  into  two  towns,  the  Old  and 
the  New,  and  is  seated  near  the  Maine, 
18  miles  NE  of  Darmstadt.  Here  is  an 
univerity  with  several  manufactures,  and 
a  very  considerable  traffic.  Lon.  8  55  E, 
lat.  49  56  N. 

Hang-Tcheou-Fou,  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Tche-kiang,  in  China.  It  is 
four  leagues  in  circumference,  exclusive 
of  its  suburbs,  and  contains  more  than  : 
million  of  inhabitants.  It  is  seated  on  a 
small  lake,  called  Si-hou  ;  has  under  its 
jurisdiction,  seven  cities  of  the  second 
and  third  class;  and  is  225  miles  SE  of 
Nan-king.    Lon.  120  20  E,  lat.  30  21  N. 


Hancock,  a  post  town  in  Washington 
county,  Maryland,  standing  cm  the  N 
ide  of  the  River  Potomac,  35  miles  W 
of  H  gerstown. 

Hancock,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Geor- 
gia, containing  13,330  inhabitants.  It  is 
situated  chiefly  between  the  head  waters 
of  the  Oconee  and  Great  Ogechee  livers; 
and  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Green  and 
Jefferson;  on  the  E  by  Warren;  and  on 
the  S  by  Washington. 

Hancock,  a  township  of  Berkshire,  Mas- 
sachusetts, containing  1,049  inhabitants. 
It  is  situated  between  Richmond  and 
Lanesborough,  on  the  New  York  line. 

Hancock,  a  maritime  county  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Maine,  containing  30,000  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  watered  by  several  branches 
of  Penobscot  river;  and  is  divided  into 
22  townships.  The  chief  town  Penob- 
scot. 

Hanover,  an  electorate  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony.  It  contains 
the  duchies  of  Zell,  Saxe-Lawenburg, 
Bremen,  Lunenburg,  and  the  principali- 
ties of  Yerden,  Grubengen,  and  Over- 
wald.  The  soil  produces  abundance  of 
corn,  fruits,  hemp,  flax,  tobacco,  mad- 
der, and  some  wine.  There  are  several 
large  salt  works.  A  good  deal  of  cattle 
are  reared,  and  a  great  number  of  excel- 
lent horses.  The  forests  furnish  timber, 
and  quantities  of  pitch  and  tar.  Most 
metals  and  minerals  are  also  found  here. 

Hanover,  a  city  of  Germany,  capital  of 
the  king  of  Great  Britain's  German  do- 
minions. The  electors  resided  here  be- 
fore George  I.  ascended  the  British 
throne  ;  and  the  regency  is  now  admini- 
stered in  the  same  manner  as  if  the  so- 
vereign was  present.  It  is  a  well  built 
town,  and  well  fortified.  The  establish- 
ed religion  is  the  Lutheran  ;  but  the  Ro- 
man catholics  are  tolerated,  and  have  a 
handsome  church.  It  is  noted  for  a  par- 
ticular kind  of  beer,  reckoned  excellent 
in  these  parts.  It  is  seated  on  the  Leina, 
which  divides  it  in  two,  25  miles  W  of 
Brunswick.    Lon.  10  5  E,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Hanover,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia, containing  15,000  inhabitants,  more 
than  one  half  slaves.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween Pamunkey  and  Chikahominy  ri- 
vers, about  16  miles  northward  of  Rich-' 
mor.d. 

Hanover,  a.  township  of  Luzerne  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania;  situated  between  the 
NE  branch  of  the  Susquehannah  and  the 
Lehigh,  and  containing  635  inhabitants. 

Hanover,  a  post  town  of  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  1171 
inhabitants,  about  30  miles  SE  of  Boston. 

Hanover,  a  post  town  of  Grafton  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  containing  2135  in- 


H  A  P 

habitants.  It  is  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Connection  river,  and  is  the  seat  of  an 
eminent  seminary  of  learning-,  called 
Dartmouth  college.  Lat.  43*30  and  Lon. 
72  W. 

Hanover,  a  post  town  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Codorus  creek,  20  miles  SE  of  York.  It 
contains  about  1200  inhabitants. 

Hanover,  a  post  town  in  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts,  28  miles  SE  of 
Boston,  containing  958  inhabitants. 

Hanover,  a  post  town  in  York  county, 
Pennsylvania,  sometimes  cailed  M'Callis- 
ter's-town,  at  the  distance  of  18  miles  S 
W  from  York. 

Hanover,  New,  a  large  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  opposite  the  NW 
extremity  of  New  Ireland.  It  is  high 
and  covered  with  trees,  among  which  are 
many  beautiful  plantations. 

Hansbach,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  with  ma- 
nufactures of  paper,  thread,  and  cotton. 

Han-tchoag-fou,  a  large  and  populous 
city  of  China,  in  the  province  of  Chensi. 
It  has  16  cities  of  the  second  and  third 
class  under  its  jurisdiction,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Han,  845  miles  SYV  of 
Pekin.  Lon.  106  55  E,  lat.  32  45  N. 
Hants.  See  Hampshire. 
Hanuye,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
20  miles  SE  of  Louvain.  Lon,  5  15  E, 
lat.  50  41  N. 

Han-yang  foil,  a  populous  and  commer- 
cial city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Hou-quang.  It  has  one  city  under  its  ju- 
risdiction" 

Hapaee,  the  name  of  four  of  the  Friend- 
ly Islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  plantations  are  numerous  and  exten- 
sive, and  some  of  them  are  inclosed  in 
such  a  manner,  that  the  fences,  running- 
parallel  to  each  other,  form  spacious 
public  roads,  that  would  appear  orna- 
mental in  countries,  where  rural  conve- 
niences have  been  carried  to  the  great- 
est perfection.  These  islands  extend 
about  19  miles. 

Hapsal,  a  seaport  of  Livonia  in  Russia 
in  the  government  of  Revel,  seated  on 
the  Baltic,  five  miles  SW  of  Revel  oppo- 
site the  island  of  Dago.  Lon.  22  47  E, 
lat.  57  4  N. 

Hapsburg,  an  ancient  castle,  now  in 
ruins,  on  a  lofty  eminence,  near  Schintz- 
nach,  in  Swisserland,  famous  for  being 
the  patrimony  of  Rodolph  Count  of  Haps- 
burg, who  by  his  bravery  and  abilities 
raised  himself  to  the  imperial  throne  of 
Germany.  The  remains  of  it  are  inhabit- 
ed by  the  family  of  a  peasant.  See  Ger- 
many. 

Harborovgh,  a  town  of  Leicestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  the 


HAR 

Welland,  14  miles  S  of  Leicester,  and 
83  N  by  \V  of  London.  It  is  observed  of 
'his  town,  that  there  are  no  lands  belong- 
ing to  it.    Lon.  0  52  W,  lat.  52  28  N. 

Harbnrg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Lunenburg,  with  a  strong 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  oppo- 
site Hamburg,  equally  well  situated  for 
trade  as  that  city,  and  is  37  miles  NW  of 
Lunenburg. 

Harcoitrt,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Calvados  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Normandy.  It  is  12  miles  S  of 
Caen. 

Hardeberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  52 
miles  S  of  Vienna  ;  it  is  situated  in  the 
duchy  of  Stiria.    Lon.  16  12  E,  lat.  47 

22  X. 

Hardegsen,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Calenberg,  10  miles 
NW  of  Gottingen:  It  has  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  leather. 

Harden,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky, containing  in  1810 — 7500  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  situated  on  the  SE  side  of 
Ohio  river,  near  a  town  in  the  river,  cal- 
led the  Big  Bend.  The  chief  town  is 
Elizabethtown. 

Hardenberg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  duehy  of  Berg,  it  is  13  miles  ENE  of 
Dusseldorp.    Lon.  6  43  E,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Hardcnburg,  a  town  of  Overyssel,  situ- 
ated on  the  Vecht,  10  miles  SW  of  Covo- 
erden. 

Hurdertvich,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelder- 
land,  with  a  university,  it  was  often 
taken  and  retaken  in  the  civil  wars  of 
the  16th  century;  the  French  did  it  a 
great  deal  of  damage  in  1672,  since  which 
time  it  has  been  upon  the  decline.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Zuider-Zee,  32  miles  E  of 
Amsterdam.    Lon.  5  40  E,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Hardv.ick,  a  township  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Ware  river,  55  miles  W  of 
Boston.  In  1810  it  contained  1657  inha- 
bitants. 

Hardy,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Virgi- 
nia, eontaining  5525  inhabitants  in  the 
year  18|g^J$^ 

Jlarjleur,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy.  Its  fortification « 
have  been  long  demolished,  and  its  har- 
bour choked  up.  The  English  took  it  by 
assault  in  1415.  It  stands  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Seine,  36  miles  NW"  of  Rouen. 
Lon.  0  19  E,  lat.  49  30  N.  . 

Hartford,  a  city  in  Connecticut,  plea- 
santly situated  on  the  W  bank  of  the  ri- 
ver Connecticut,  37  miles  N  by  E  of  New 
Haven,  in  the  lat.  of  41  44  N.  an  t  lon.  72 
50  W. — This  is  interchangeably  with 
"New  Haven,  the  seat  of  state  govern- 


K  A  R 


H  A  R 


merit :  it  has  a  bank,  and  post  office,  and 
in  the  year  IblO  contained  ."5955  inhabi- 
tants'! 

Harford,  a^county  of  Maryland,  on  the 
western  shore,  containing-  21,258  inhabi- 
tants^ It  is  bounded  on  the  E  by  the 
Ohesapeak  bay  ;  on  the  NE  by  the  river 
Susquenahnah ;  on  the  N  by  Pennsylva- 
nia, ■■  and  on  the  S\V  by  Baltimore  county. 
The  chief  town  Bellair. 

Harford,  a  post  town  in  Harford  coun- 
v,  Maryland,  at  the  head  of  Bush  river, 
on  the  post  road  from  Philadelphia  to 
Baltimore,  and  at  the  distance  of  25 
miles  NE  from  the  latter. 

Harlebeck,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
on  the  river  Lis,  three  miles  NE  of  Cour- 
tray.    Lon.  3  29  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Harlech,  a  town  in  Merionethshire, 
With  a  market  on  Saturday,  It  is  seated 
on  a  rock,  on  Cardigan  Bay,  and  but  a 
poor  place,  though  the  county  town,  and 
governed  by  a  mayor.  It  is  28  miles  SSE 
of  Carnarvon,  and  213  NNW"  of  London. 
Lon.  4  0  W,  lat.  54  57  N. 

Harlem,  a  populous  city  of  the  United 
Provinces  in  Holland.  The  church,  which 
is  the  largest  in  Holland,  is  adorned 
with  the  finest  organ  in  Europe.  It  con- 
sists of  8000  pipes;  the  largest  38  feet 
long-,  and  16  inches  in  diameter ;  and 
there  are  68  stops,  of  which  the  most 
wonderful  is  the  vox  humana.  Harlem 
is  seated  near  a  lake  of  the  same  name ; 
and  to  the  S  of  the  town  is  a  wood,  cut 
into  delightful  walks  and  vistas.  This 
place  claims  the  invention  of  printing; 
the  first  attempts  in  the  art  being  attri- 
buted to  Laurentius  Costa,  a  magistrate 
;  of  ihe  city.  It  is  situated  10  miles  W  of 
Amsterdam.    Lon.  4  38  E,  lat.  52  24  N. 

ITirlem,  Jnere,  a  lake  of  Holland,  near 
Harlem,  14  miles  long-  and  the  same 
broad.  It  lies  between  Leyden,  Harlem, 
and  Amsterdam  ;  though  it  is  navigable, 
it  is.  subject  to  dangerous  storms;  on 
which  account,  the  canals  from  Leyden 
to  Amsterdam  were  made,  which  are  a 
safer  passage. 

Harleston,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on  the 
Wavencv,  over  which  there  is  a  bridge, 
16  miles' S  of  Norwich,  and  100  NE  of 
London.  Lon.  1  20  W,  lat.  52  26  N.  | 
Hirling,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  a  rivulet 
between  Thetford  "  and  Buckenham.  It 
manufactures  a  little  lineivcloth,  and  is 
24  miles  SW  of  Norwich,  and  88  NE  of 
London.    Lon.  0  58  E,  lat.  52  27  N. 

Harlingeii,  a  seaport  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  West  Friesland.  The  manu- 
factures are  salt,  bricks,  tiles,  and  all 


sorts  of  linen  cloth.  It  is  13  miles  W  of 
Lewarden.    Lon.  5  14  E,  lat.  53  9  N. 

Harlow,  a  town  in  Essex,  seven  miles 
NW  of  Chipping  Ongar.  On  a  common, 
two  miles  from  the  town  is  a  famous  an- 
nual fair  on  the  9th  of  September,  called 
il.  riow  Bush  Fair,  much  frequented  by 
the  neighbouring  gentry. 

Harinondswortk,  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
two  miles  E  by  N  of  Colnbrook.  It  is  re- 
markable f  or  one  of  the  largest  barns  in 
England,  whose  supporting  pillars  are 
of*  stone,  and  supposed  to  be  of  great  an- 
tiquity. L 

Hiiro,  a  town  of  Sprin,  in  Old  Castile, 
seated  on  the  Ebro,  and  the  chief  place 
of  a  county.    Lon.  2  23  W,  lat.  42  32  N. 

Harper's  ferry,  is  on  the  river  Poto- 
mac, in  .leflerson  county,  Virginia;  30 
miles  E  by  N  of  Winchester,  21  W  by  S 
of  Fredericktown,  Maryland,  and  65  from 
Washington.  Here  is  a  post  office  and  a 
public  armoury. 

Harpers  field,  a  post  town  in  Delaware 
count},  New  York,  65  miles  W  of  the 
city  of  Hudson,  with  1008  inhabitants. 

Harponetty,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  152  miles  NNW  of  Seringa- 
patam,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  Mvsore  country.  Lon.  75 
2S  E,  lat.  14  40  N. 

Harria,  or  Harelinland,  a  province  of 
Livonia,  lying  on  the  NW  part  of  the 
gulf  of  Finland.  Revel  is  the  only  town. 
Harris.  See  Lewis. 
Harrisburg,  the  capital  of  Dauphin 
county,  Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  E 
bank  of  the  Susquahunnah  river,  25  miles 
\V  of  Lebanon,  18  E  of  Carlisle  and  107 
W  by  N  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  lat.  of 
40  10  N,  and  lon.  of  76  40  W.  It  con- 
tains 2287  inhabitants,  has  a  post  office, 
and  is  conveniently  situated  for  the  re- 
ception of  grain  and  lumber  brought 
down  the  river  ;  in  both  which  articles 
it  supports  a  considerable  trade.  The 
streets  are  laid  out  with  considerable  re-" 
gularity.  Many  of  the  dwelling  houses 
arc  built  of  brick,  and  some  of  the  pub- 
lic buildings  large  and  elegant,  particu- 
larly the  county  Court  House.  Hither  it  * 
is  expected  that,  the  seat  of  the  state  go- 
vernment will  be  removed,  in  a  short 
time.  ^ 
Harrod:;biirg,  a  post  town  in  Mercer 
countv,  Kentuckv,  lving  on  the  E  side 
of  Salt  River,  30  mi'les  S  of  Frankfort> 
the  caphal  of  the  state. 

Harrogate,  a  village  in  the  W  riding*^ 
of  Yorkshire,  in  the  parish  of  Knares- 
borough,  noted  for  medicinal  springs  : 
one  of  which  is  the  strongest  sulphur 
water  in  Great  Britain.  Bathing  is  the 
N  N 


HAH 


HAT 


most  general  mode  of  using  it ;  and  it  is 
successful  in  dropsical,  scovbu  icj  and 
gouty  eases.  The  season  is  from  May  to 
Michaelmas  ;  and  the  company  assemble 
and  lodge  in  five  or  six  large  inns,  each 
house  having  a  long  room  and  an  ordina- 
ry.   It  is  206  miles  N  by  W  of  London. 

Harrow,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  on  the 
highest  hill  in  the  comity  :  on  the  sum- 
mit of  which  is  the  church,  with  a  lofty 
spire.  Here  is  a  celebrated  free-school, 
founded  by  Mr.  John  Lyons,  in  the  reign 
of  queen  Elizabeth.  It  is  10  miles  V.  X 
W  of  London. 

]Iarienstein,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
situated  in  the  lordship  of  Schonberg, 
six  miles  SE  of  Zwickau. 

Hartford,  or  Hertford,  the  county  town 
of  Hertfordshire,  seated  on  the  river  Lea. 
It  sends  two  members  to  parliament :  and 
its  market  is  on  Saturday,  the  chief  com- 
modities of  which  are  wheat,  malt  and 
wool;  and  it  sends  5000  quarters  of  malt 
to  London  weekly  by  the  river  Lea. 

-Hartland,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Bristol  Channel,  near  a  promontory  called 
Hartland-point,  28  miles  W  of  Barnstaple, 
and  213  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  31 
W,  lat.  51  12' N,  ; 

Hartland,  a  post  town  in  Windsor  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  lying  on  the  W  side  of  Con- 
necticut river,  about  itine  miles  N  of 
Windsor.  The  township  has  1960  inha- 
bitants. 

Hartlepool,  a  seaport  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  with  a  market  on  Monday.  It 
is  commodiously  seated  on  the  German 
Ocean,  and  has  a  good  harbour  where  the 
Newcastle  colliers  generally  take  shelter 
in  stress  of  weather.  Itjis  16  miles  SE 
of  Durham,  and  254  X  by  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  4  W,  lat.  54  47  N. 

Hartley,  a  town  in  Northumberland, 
XW  of  Tinmomh,  where  lord  Delaval 
has  constructed  a  haven,  whence  coal  is 
shipped  to  London.  Here  are  large  salt, 
copperas,  and  glass  works  ;  and  a  canal 
has  been  cut  through  a  solid  rock  to  the 
oh  arbour. 

Hartzgerode,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
situated  near  the  llartz  mountains  in  the 
principalis  of  Anhalt  Bernburg.  Lon. 
U  2  E,  lat.  51  46  N.  ^f^^^g 

Harvard,  a  township  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  1431 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  about  30  miles 
NW  of  Boston. 

Harvey's  Island,  an  island  in  the  S  Sea. 
Lon.  158  48  W,  lat.  19  17  S. 
*  Hai~ivichfv,  seaport  and  borough  in  Es- 
sex, with  a  market  on  Tuesday  and  Fri- 
day. Here  the  packet-boats  are  stationed 


that  go  to  Germany  and  Holland.  It  has 
a  capacious  harbour,  and  the  bay  is  so 
spacious  that  100  sail  of  men  of  war  with 
their  tenders,  besides  300  or  400  sail  of 
colliers  have  been  seen  here  at  one  time, 
and  a  dock  for  the  building  of  men  of  war. 
The  entrance  into  the  harbour  is  defend- 
ed by  a  strong  fortress,  called  Landguard 
Fort,  built  on  a  sandy  point  on  the  Suf- 
folk side  of  the  water.  Harwich  is  42 
miles  E  by  N  of  Chelmsford,  72  ENE  of 
London.    Lon.  1  25  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Harwich,  a  town  with  a  post  office,  in 
Barnstable  county,  Massachusetts,  situ- 
ated on  Barnstable  Bay,  nine  miles  from 
Chatham,  and  eight  from  Yarmouth,  con- 
taining 1942  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Harxvington,  a  post  town  in  Litchfield 
county,  Connecticut,  eight  miles  E  of 
Litchfield,  and  24  W  of  Hartford,  con- 
taining- at  last  census  1718  inhabitants. 

Hash  at,  a  province  of  Africa,  in  Barba- 
ry,  and  in  the  kingdom  of  Morocco. 

Haselfelde,  an  ancient  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  Lower  Saxony. 

JIuslem,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the 
Catcgat,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic,  N 
of  Zealand.    Lon.  11  51  E,  lat.  56  21  N. 

Hasfemere,  a  borough  in  Surry,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  is  12  miles  SW  of 
Guildford,  and  43  of  London.  Lon.  0  38 
W,  lat.  51  6  N. 

Haslingden,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday,  16  miles  N  by 
W  of  Manchester,  and  196  NNW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  16  W,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Hasselt.  a  handsome  town  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Overyssel,  seated  on  the 
Vccht,  five  miles  N  of  Zwoll. 

Hasselt,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Liege,  seated  on  the  Demer,  20 
miles  NW  of  Maestricht. 

Hussli,  a  small  territory  of  Swisserland, 
in  the  county  of  Bern. 

Hastenbeck,  a  town  in  the  principality 
of  Calenberg,  in  Lower  Saxony,  five  miles 
SE  of  Hamelin.  Here  the  duke  of  Cum- 
berland was  defeated  by  the  French  un- 
der Marshal  D'Estres, 

Hastings,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It 
is  one  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  Here  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror  landed,  in  1066,  and 
Harold  II.  was  slam  in  battle.  It  is  24 
miles  E  of  Lewes,  and  64  SE  of  London. 
Lon.  0  46  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Hatfield,  a  town  in  Herts,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday.  It  formerly  belonged 
to  the  see  of  Ely,  but  was  alienated  to 
the  crown  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  Sir 
Robert  Cecil,  afterward  earl  of  Salisbury, 


H  A  V 


H  A  V 


built  the  present  magnificent  seat  called 
Hatfield  House.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Lea,  20  miles  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  0 
10  W,  lat.  51  48  X. 

Hatfield- 7i  road-Oak,  or  Hatjield  Regis, 
a  town  in  Essex,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day, 30  miles  NNE  of  London.  Lon.  0 
20 E,  lat.  51  48  N. 

Hatherly,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  on  a 
branch  of  the  river  Towridge,  with  a 
market  on  Fridav,  26  miles  NW  of  Exe- 
ter, and  201  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4 
9  W,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Hattem,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland, 
seated  on  the  Yessel,  five  miles  SW  of 
Zwoll. 

Hattengen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  in  the  county  of 
Marck,  seated  on  the  Roer,  17  miles  EXE 
of  Dusseldorp.  Lon.  7  14  E,  lat.  51  17  Ni 

Hainan,  a  town  and  fort  of  Upper  Hun- 
gery,  seated  on  a  mountain,  28  miles  XE 
of  Buda.  In  1596  the  imperialists  took 
it  and  dismantled  it.  Lon.  19  43  E,  lat. 
47  52  N. 

Havannah,  a  seaport  on  the  NW  part 
of  Cuba,  opposite  Florida.  It  is  two 
miles  in  circumference,  and  famous  for 
its  large  harbour,  that  will  hold  1000 
vessels,  and  yet  has  a  mouth  so  narrow, 
that  only  one  ship  can  enter  at  a  time, 
which  entrance  is  well  defended  by  forts. 
This  is  the  place  where  all  the  ships  that 
come  from  the  Spanish  settlements  ren- 
dezvous on  their  return  to  Spain.  It  is 
near  two  miles  in  circumference,  and 
contains  about  2000  inhabitants.  The 
building's  are  elegant,  built  of  stone,  and 
some  of  them  superbly  furnished ;  and 
the  churches  are  rich  and  magnificent. 
It  is  the  capital  of  the  island,  where  the 
gov  ernor  and  captain-general  resides,  and 
also  an  assessor  for  the  assistance  of  the 
governor  and  captain-general  of  the  W. 
Indies.  It  is  seated  cn  the  W  side  of  the 
harbour,  and  watered  by  two  branches  of 
the  river  Lagida.    Lon*  82  13  W,  lat.  23 

12  sr. 

ffavant,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  between 
Fareham  and  Chichester,  with  a  market 
on  Saturday,  seven  miles  XE  of  Ports- 
mouth, and  64  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
0  58  E,  lat.  50  52  X. 

Havel,  a  river  of  Germany,  in  Branden- 
burg, which  empties  itself  into  the  Elbe. 

Havelberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Brandenburg,  with  a  secu- 
larized bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Havel,  37  miles  XW  of  Brandenburg. 
Lon.  12  26  E,  lat.  53  5  X. 

Haveiistein,  a  small  village  in  Suabia, 
where  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  which 
was  thrown  down  by  an  earthquake  ;in 


1356. 'The  town  is  situated  on  the  Rhine, 
13  miles  XW  of  Baden. 

Haverford,  a  township  of  Delaware 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  754  in- 
habitants in  1810  ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Derby  creek,  about  six  miles  W  of 
Philadelphia. 

Haverfordwest,  a  borough  in  Pembroke- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday  and  Sa- 
turday. It  is  seated  on  a  creek  of  Mil- 
ford  Haven,  over  Which  is  a  stone  bridge. 
It  is  a  large,  handsome  place,  inhabited 
by  many  genteel  families,  and  contains 
three  parish  churches.  It  has  a  consi- 
derable trade,  with  several  vessels  be- 
longing to  it,  and  sends  one  member  to 
parliament.  The  assizes  are  kept  here. 
It  is  15  miles  S  by  E  of  St.  David's,  and 
329  W  by  X  of  London.  Lon.  5  0  W,  lat. 
51  50  X. 

Haverhill,  a  considerable  town  in  Essex 
county,  Massachusetts,  lying  on  the  X  W 
side  of  the  river  Merrimack,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  15  miles  W  from  Xewburyport, 
and  32  X  from  Boston  ;  it  has  a  post  of- 
fice, and  carries  on  a  brisk  trade,  foreign 
and  domestic.   The  inhabitants  are  2682. 

Haverhill,  a  post  town  in  Grafton  coun- 
ty, Xew  Hampshire,  on  the  E  side  of  Con- 
necticut river,  35  miles  XW  by  X  of 
Dartmouth  college. 

Haverill,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday  and  a  manufacture  of 
checks,  cottons  and  fustians.  It  appears 
by  the  ruins  of  a  church  and  castle,  to 
have  been  of  more  consequence  formerly 
than  now.  It  is  16  miles  SW  of  Bury, 
and  59  XE  of  London.    Lon.  0  28  E,  lat. 

Havering  Hoxoer,  a  village  in  Essex, 
three  miles  XE  of  Rumford.  It  M  as  once 
the  seat  of  a  royal  palace,  in  which  died 
Joan,  queen  of  Henry  IV. 

Haverslraw,  a  post  town  of  Rockland 
county,  Xew  York,  containing  1866  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Hudson  river  53  miles  N  of  Xew 
York,  and  120  S  of  Albany. 

Havre-de-Grace,  a  considerable  sea-port 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Lower  ' 
Seine,  and  late  province  of  Xormandy, 
on  the  English  Channel,  in  a  large  plain 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Seine.  It  is  a 
sinull  fortified  town,  divided  into  t\i$* 
pans  by  the  harbour,  surrounded  with  a 
wall,  and  other  works,  and  defended  by 
a  strong  citadel,  which,  together  with  iis 
foreign  trlfcle  makes  it  one  of  the  most 
important  places  in  France.  It  is  45  miles 
W  of  Rouen,  and  112  XW  of  Paris.  ,Lom 
0  11  E,  iat.  49  29  X. 

Hivre-dc-Grace,  a  considerable  seaport 
town,  in  Hartford  county,  Maryland;  si 


H  A  Y 


H  E  B 


tuated  at  the  head  of  Chesapeak  bay,  in 
the  lat.  of  39  35  N,  and  Ion.  of  76  8  W. 
It  is  a  principal  entre  pot  of  the  lumber 
and  grain  brought  down  the  river  Sus- 
quehannah,  it  has  a  post  office,  and  is  37 
miles  NE  from  Baltimore. 

Haute-rivc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late 
province  oi£anguedoc.  seated  on  the  Ar- 
rlege.    Lon.  1  26  E  lat.  43  26  N. 

Hautviltiers,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Marne  and  late  province 
of  Champagne,  where  the  best  cham- 
pagne is  made  It  is  seated  on  the 
Marne,  20  miles  S  by  E  of  Rheims. 

Hawick,  a  pleasant!;  situated  town  in 
Roxburghshire,  sea  ed  on  the  Tiviot  amid 
wooded  rocks,  cataracts,  and  bridges,  15 
miles  SW  of  Kelso. 

Jfawkin's  Court  House,  the  principal 
seat  of  justice  in  Hawkin's  coun'y,  Ten- 
nessee. Here  is  a  post  office,  67  miles 
NE  of  Knoxville,  and  477  from  Wash 
ington. 

Hcnojchurst,  a  village  in  Kent,  noted  for 
smugglers. 

Haxvkshead,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  s 
tuated  in  Fourness,  24  miles  NXYV  of 
Lancaster,  and  273  of  London.    Lon. 3  6 
W,  lat.  54  24  N, 

Hatvs-water,  a  lake  in  Westmoreland 
S  of  Penrith,  three  miles  long,  and  half 
a  mile  over  in  some  places.  It  is  almost 
divided  in  the  middle  by  a  promontory 
of  inclosures,  so  that  it  consists  of  two 
sheets  of  water. 

Hawthornden,  an  ancient  building,  a  few 
miles  to  die  SE  of  Edinburgh,  famous 
for  some  artificial  caves  cut  out  of  the 
solid  rock ;  it  was  the  seat  of  Drummond 
the  poet  and  historian. 

Ifay,  a  town  in  Brecknockshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  between  the 
Wyll  and  Dulas,  15  miles  NE  of  Breck- 
nock, and  151  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
3  4  YV,  lat.  51  59  N. 

Haycock,  a  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  X  side  of 
Tokickon  creek,  22  miles  NW  of  New- 
ton, and  contained  836  inhabitants  in 
1810. 

Jlaycj  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Touraine.  It  is  memo- 
rable for  being  the  birthplace  of  De.s  Car- 
tes, and  seated  on  the  Creuse,  25  miles  S 
of  Tours,  and  135  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 
46  E,  lat.  46  56  N.  *       '  . 

Hoytsha:u,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Sus- 
sex, with  a  market  on  Saturday,  12  miles 
£  of  Lewis,,  and  58  SE  of  London.  Lon.  0 
20  E,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Hay-Market,  a  post  town  in  Prince  Wil- 


liam county,  Virginia ;  at  the  distance  o£ 
38  miles  W  from  Washington. 

Headford,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Galway,  and  province  of  Con- 
naught,  12  miles  N  of  Galway.  Lon.  0  3 
W,  lat.  22  12  N. 

Head  of  Elk,  a  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Maryland,  situated  near  the 
head  of  the  bay  of  Chesapeak,  on  a  small 
river  of  its  own  name.  It  enjoys  great  ad- 
vantage* from  the  carrying  trade  between 
UaUimore  and  Philadelphia,  being  about 
50  miles  from  each. 

Hebrides,  or  Western  Islands,  numerous 
islands  on  the  \V  coast  of  Scotland,  the 
principal  of  which  are  Skye,  St.  Kilda, 
Lewis  and  Harris,  Uist,  Cannay,  Staffa, 
Mull,  Jura,  and  I  slay.  The  situation  of 
these  islands  in  the  great  Atlantic  Ocean 
renders  the  air  cold  and  moist  in  the  most 
of  them.  In  the  most  northerly  isles  the 
sun,  at  the  summer  solstice,  is  not  above 
an  hour  under  the  horizon  at  midnight, 
and  not  longer  above  it  at  mid-day  in  the 
depth  of  winter.  The  soil  of  the  He- 
brides varies  also  in  different  isles,  and 
in  different  parts  of  the  same  island  ; 
some  are  mountainous  and  barren,  pro- 
ducing little  else  than  heath,  wild  myr- 
tle, fern,  and  a  little  grass  ;  while  others 
being  cultivated  and  manured  wiih  sea 
weed,  yield  plentiful  crops  of  oats  and 
barley. 

Hebrides,  JVew,  a  cluster  of  islands,  ly- 
ing in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  discover- 
ed by  Quiros  in  1606,  and  considered  as 
part  of  a  great  southern  continent,  under 
the  name  of  Tierra  Australia  del  Espiritu 
Santo.  They  were  next  visited  by  Bou- 
gainville in  1768,  who  did  no  more  than 
discover  that  the  land  was  not  connect- 
ed, but  composed  of  islands,  which  he 
called  the  Great  Cyclades.  Captain 
Cook,  in  1774,  ascertained  the  extent 
and  situation  of  the  whole  group,  and 
gave  them  the  name  they  now  bear. 
1  i  _ .  lie  between  14  25  and  20  4  S  lat  . 
and  166  41  and  170  21  E  lon.  extending 
125  leagues,  The  principal  islands  arc 
Tierra  del  Espiritu  Santo  and  Malicollo, 
besides  several  of  less  note,  6ome  of 
which  are  from  Vd  to  25  leagues  in  cir- 
cuit. In  general,  they  are  high  and 
mountainous,  abounding  with  wood,  wa- 
ter, and  the  usual  productions  of  the 
tropical  islands.  The  bread  fruit,  co- 
coa nut;;,  and  plaintains  are  neither  so 
good  nor  so  plentiful  as  at  Otahcitc ;  on 
the  other  hand,  sugar  canes,  and  yams, 
are  not  only  in  greater  plenty,  but  of'supe- 
rior  quality,  and  much  larger,  some  of 
the  latter  weighing  56  pounds.  The  in- 
habitants are.  of  VeYv  different*  appear , 


HE  I 


H  E  L 


ances  at  different  islands,  but  are  chiefly 
of  a  slender  make,  and  dark  colour,  and 
most  of  them  have  frizzled  hair.  Their 
canoes  and  houses  are  small,  and  poorly 
constructed ;  and  except  their  arms, 
they  have  scarcely  any  manufacture,  not 
even  for  clothing.  They  are,  however, 
hospitable  and  good  natured,  when  not 
prompted  to  a  contrary  conduct  by  the 
jealousy,  which  the  unusual  appearance 
of  European  visitors,  may  naturally  be 
supposed  to  excite. 

Hebron,  a  town  of  Palestine,  seated  at 
the  foot  of  an  eminence  on  which  are  the 
remains  of  an  ancient  castle.  The  se- 
pulchre of  Abraham  is  shown  here 
which  is  visited  by  Christians  and  Ma- 
hometans. It  is  25  miles  SW  of  Jerusa- 
lem. 

Hebron,  a  post  town  in  Tolland  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  18  miles  SE  of  Hartford, 
with  2266  inhabitants. 

Hebron,  a  post  town  in  Washington 
countv,  New  York,  situated  about  half  way 
between  Fort  Miller,  and  Fort  Edward, 
and  containing  2528  inhabitants. 

Hecla,  Jtfottnt.    See  Iceland. 

Hedomora,  a  town  of  Dalecarlia  in  Swe- 
den, seated  on  the  lake  Hafran,  famous 
for  the  gunpowder  made  here  :  it  is  55 
miles  NW  of  Upsal.  Lon.  17  7  E,  lat. 
60  14  N- 

Heidenheim,  a  town  of  Suabia,  and  in 
the  territory  of  Brent zhall,  with  a  hand- 
some palace  belonging  to  the  house  of 
Wurtemburg.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  August  1796,  and  is  22  miles 
N  of  Ulm.  Lon.  10  9  E,  lat.  48  47  N. 

Heidelberg,  a  city  of  Germany,  capital 
of  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  with  a  ce- 
lebrated  university.  It  is  noted  for  its 
great  tun,  which  holds  800  hogsheads, 
generally  kept  full  of  good  Rhenish  wine. 
It  stands  in  a  pleasant  rich  country,  and 
was  a  famous  seat  of  learning;  but  it  has 
undergone  so  many  calamities,  that  it  is 
nothing  now  to  what  it  was  formerly. 
Heidelberg  is  seated  on  the  Neckar,  over 
which  is  abridge,  12  miles  NE  of  Spire. 
Lon.  8  48E,  lat.  49  20  J\T. 

Heidelberg,  a  town  of  Dauphin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  30  miles  E  of  I  lar- 
risburg,  and  about  the  same  distance  N  of 
Lancaster.  It  is  the  chief  town  of  Hei- 
delberg township  which  in  1810  contain- 
ed 3582  inhabitants. 

Neil  a  a  town  of  Western  Prussia  in 
Poland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Vistula,  on 
the  Baltic  Sea,  12  miles  X  of  Dantzic. 
Lon.  19  25  E,  lat.  54  53  N. 

Heilegen-ffave,  a  seaport  of  Holstcin  in 
Germany,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  opposite 
the  island  of  Femeren.  Lon.  10  57  E, 
lat.  54  30  N.  IV^mt^'f^fB^fk 


Heiligoland,  an  island  of  the  German 
Ocean,  belonging  to  the  King  of  Den- 
mark ;  it  is  seated  between  the  mouths  of 
the  Eider  and  the  Elbe.  Lon.  8  20  E,  lat. 
54  21  N. 

Heiligenstadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  be- 
longing to  the  elector  of  Mentz,  capital 
of  the  territory  of  Etchset.  It  is  seated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Ge island  and 
Leina,  30  miles  NW  of  Eisnach.  Lon.  10 
14  E,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Helena,  St.  an  island  in  the  Atlantic  O- 
cean,  20  mites  in  circumference,  belong- 
ing to  the  English  East  India  Company. 
It  has  some  high  mountains',  particufc  rly 
one  called  Diana's  Peak,  which  is  cover- 
ed with  wood  to  the  very  top.  it  :s  in 
general  reeky  and  mountainous,  but  far 
from  being  barren,  the  interior  rallies 
and  even^mcuntairi!  jkyeing  pleasant  and 
fertile.  Mr.  Forster  tells  ns,  that  "  hav- 
ing travelled  about  half  a  mile  from  the 
town  into  the  country,  he  was  transport- 
ed with  one  of  the  finest  prospects  he 
had  ever  seen,  consisting  of  several  little 
hills,  covered  with  rich  verdure,  and  in- 
terspersed with  fertile  vallies,  which  con- 
tained gardens,  orchards,  and  various 
plantations ;  that  many  pastures  sur- 
rounded by  inclosures  of  stone,  were  fill  - 
ed with  a  small  but  fine  breed  of  cattle, 
and  with  English  sheep  ;  that  every  val- 
ley was  watered  by  a  little  rivulet;  that 
the  mountains  in  the  centre  of  the  island 
were  hung  with  woods;  that  the  soil, 
which  covered  the  rocks  and  mountains, 
was  in  general  a  rich  mould,  from  six  to 
ten  inches  deep,  clothed  with  a  variety 
of  plants  and  shrubs,  among  which  was  a 
tree,  which  the  inhabitants  call  a  cab- 
bage tree,  though  only  used  for  fuel, 
gum-trees,  and  red  wood  ;  that  in  the  go- 
vernor's garden,  about  three  miles  from 
the  town,  he  saw  several  plants  of  Eu- 
rope, Africa,  and  America,  and  particu- 
larly a  profusion  of  roses  and  lilies,  in- 
terspersed with  myrtle  and  laurel;  that 
several  walks  of  peach  trees  were  loaded 
with  fruit,  which  had  a  peculiar  rich  fla- 
vour, different  from  that  of  our  peaches  ; 
but  that  the  other  European  fruit-trees 
throve  but  indifferently,  and  never  bore 
fruit;  that  vines  had  been  planted  several 
times,  but  had  net  succeeded,  on  account 
of  the  climate  ;  that  cabbages  and  other 
greens  thrive  extremely  well,  but  arc 
devoured  by -^caterpillars  ;  that  barley, 
and  oilier  kinds  of  corn,  are  generally 
devoured  by  rats,  which  are  immensely 
numerous  ;  that  the  ground,  for  that  rea- 
son, was  laid  out  chiefly  in  pastures,  the 
verdure  of  which  was  surprising;  that 
iuhe  whole,  island  could  support  3000 
!  head  of  their  small  cattle  ;  that  the  beef 


HEL 


HEL 


is  juicy,  delicious,  and  very  fat ;  that  the 
island,  besides  cattle,  abounds  with  goats, 
rabbits,  a  small  breed  of  horses,  ring- 
pheasants,  red-legged  partridges,  rice- 
birds,  pigeons,  Sec.  of  some  of  which  the 
breed  is  indigenous  but  others  have  been 
brought  from  Africa,  Europe,  or  the 
East  Indies ;  that  the  number  of  inhabi- 
tants on  the  island  does  not  exceed  2000, 
including  near  500  soldiers  and  600 
slaves,  who  are  supplied  with  all  sorts  of* 
manufactures  and  other  necessaries  b> 
the  company's  ships,  in  rettira  for  refresh- 
ments :  and  that  many  of  the  slaves  were 
employed  in  catching  fish,  which  are  ve- 
ry plentiful."  It  lies  between  the  conti- 
nents of  Africa  and  South  America,  about 
1200  miles  W  of  the  former,  and  1800 
E  of  the  latt?r.  Lon.  5  49  W,  lat.  15  55  S. 

Helen's  St.  a  town  in  East  Medina  in 
the  isle  of  Wight.  It  has  a  large  bay, 
and,  in  a  war  with  France,  is  often  the 
station  of  the  royal  navy. 

Seller,  St.  the" capital  of  the  island  of 
Jersey,  in  the  English  Channel,  seated 
in  the  bay  of  St.  Aubin,  where  it  has  a 
harbour  and  a  stone  pier.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  computed  to  be  2000.  At  the 
top  of  the  market-place,  is  the  statue  of 
George  II.  in  bronze,  gilt.  In  the  church, 
where  prayers  are  read  alternately  in 
English  and  French,  is  a  monument  to 
the  memory  of  -Major  Pierson,  who  fell 
here  in  the  moment  of  yictorv.  Lon.  2 
10  W,  lat.  49  11  N.    See  Jersey. 

Helier,  St.  a  little  island,  near  the  town 
of  the  same  name,  in  the  bay  of  St.  Au- 
bin, on  the  S  side  of  Jersey.  It  took  its 
name  from  Elerius  or  Helier,  a  holyman 
who  lived  in  this  island  many  centurie«> 
ago,  and  was  slain  by  the  pagan  Normans 
at  their  coming  here.  His  cell,  with 
the  stone  bed,  is  still  shown  among  the 
rocks  ;  and  in  memory  of  him,  a  noble 
abbev  was  founded  on  this  island.  On 
the  site  of  this  abbey  now  stands  Eliza- 
beth Castle,  a  very  large  and  strong  for- 
tification, it  is  the  residence  of  the  go- 
vernor and  garrison  of  Jersey,  and  occu- 
pies the  whole  island,  which  is  near  a 
mile  in  circuit,  and  is  surrounded  by  the 
sea  at  every  half  flood ;  and  hence,  at 
low  water,  is  a  passage  to  the  town  of 
St.  Helier,  called  the  Bridge,  half  a  mile 
long,  -and  formed  of  sand  and  stones. 

JL'U-Gate,  a  celebrated  strait  of  N.  A- 
mcrica,  near  the  W  end  of  Long  Island 
Sound,  eight  miles  E  of  New  York.  It 
is  remarkable  for  its  whirlpools  ;  but,  at 
proper  times  of  the  tide,  a  skilful  pilot 
ma'y  conduct  a  ship  of  any  burden  through 
this  .s;rait. 

Helmsdale,  a  river  in  Suthetlandshjre, 
.which  descends  from  the  mountains  bor- 


dering on  Caithness-shirc,  and  empties 
itself  into  the  German  Ocean,  where  there 
is  a  good  salmon  fishery.0  '' 

Hellespont,  a  strait,  dividing  Asia  from 
Europe,  now  called  the  Dardanelles. 

Helmoiit,  a  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  in 
the  low  countries  with  a  strong  castle, 
seated  on  the  A  a,  17  miles  SE  of  Bois-le- 
Duc,  and  20  W  of  Venlo.  Lon.  5  37  E, 
lat.  51  31  N. 

Helmsley,  or  Helmsley- Blackmore,  a  town 
in  the  N  riding  of  Yorkshire,  in  Rhidal- 
vale,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  had 
formerly  a  castle,  for  the  defence  of  this 
part  against  the  Scotch  invaders,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Rye,  20  miles  N  of  York, 
and  220  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  0  W, 
lat.  54  19  N. 

Hehnstadt,  a  town  of  Brunswick  and 
Lower  Saxony  in  Germany,  with  a  uni- 
versity 20  miles  SE  of  Brunswick.  Lon. 
11  16  E,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Heimstadt,  a  strong  maritime  town  of 
Sweden,  and  capital  of  a  province  of  Hol- 
land. 

Helsinburg,  or  Ekinburg,  a  seaport  of 
Sweden  in  the  province  of  Gothland  and 
territory  of  Schonen,  seated  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  Sound,  seven  miles  E  of 
Elsinore,  and  37  S  of  Kalmstadt.  Lon. 
13  2  E,  lat.  56  2  N. 

Helsingfors,  a  town  of  Swedish  Fin- 
land, with  a  harbour  reckoned  almost 
the  best  in  the  kingdom.  It  is  150  miles 
E  of  Abo.    Lon.  25  0  E,  lat.  60  20  N. 

Helsingia,  a  province  of  Sweden,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Jempterland  and  MadeL 
padia,  on  the  E  by  the  gulf  of  Bothnia, 
and  dVi  the  S  and  W  by  Dalecarlia  and 
Austricia.  It  is  full  of  mountains  and 
forests,  and  the  employment  of  the  inha- 
bitants is  hunting  and  fishing. 

Helston,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Corn- 
wall, with  a  market  on  Monday,  seated 
on  the  Cober,  near  its  influx  into  Mounts- 
bay.  It  is  one  of  ihe  towns  appointed  for 
1  he  eoinage  of  the  tin,  and  the  place  of 
assembly  for  the  "W  division  of  the  shire. 
It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  sends  two 
members  to  parliament  and  lias  the  lar- 
gest market-house  .  in  the  county.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Low,  and  is  11  miles 
SW  of  Falmouth,  and  274  W  by  S  of 
London.    Lon.  5  15  E,  lat.  50  2  N.  * 

Helvoetsluys,  a  seaport  of  Holland,  on 
the  island  of  Voorn,  where  the  English 
packet  boat  always  goes.  It  is  but  a 
small  place,  consisting  only  of  a  hand- 
somc  quay,  and  two  or  three  little 
streets.  Here  some  of  the  Dutch  men 
of  war  are  laid  up  in  ordinary  ;  it  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  January  1795 ; 
and  is  five  miles  S  of  the  Briel.  Lon.  4 
23  E,  lat.  51  45  N. 


HEN  * 


HER 


Hempficld,  a  township  of  Lancaster 
^.county,  Pennsylvania  ;  situated  on  the  N 
V.  side  of  Susquehannah,  and  containing 
343  L  inhabitants  in  1810.  The  chief 
town  Columbia. 

Hempjield,  a  township  of  Westmoreland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  3,444 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
N  side  of  Big1  Sewickly  creek,  about  25 
miles  SE  of  Pittsburg-.  The  chief  town 
is  Greensburg. 

Hempsted,  or  Hemel  Hempsted,  a  corpo- 
rate town  in  Herts,  with  a  market  on 
Thursday  ;  seated  among  the  hills  on  a 
branch  of  i.he  Coin,  18  miles  SW  of  Hert- 
ford, and  23  NW  of  London.  Lon.  0  15 
W,  lat.  51  47  N. 

Hempstead,  a  post  town  on  Long*  Is- 
land, in  Queen  Ann's  county,  New  York, 
23  miles  E  of  the  city.  It  is  situated  on 
the  edge  of  an  extensive  plain,  sixteen 
miles  long,  by  eight  broad. 

Hen  bwy,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
near  Bristol,  two  miles  from  St.  Vincent's 
Rock.  In  this  parish  is  a  camp,  with 
three  rampires  and  trenches,  supposed 
to  have  been  British.  In  digging  up  this 
hill  in  1707,  great  numbers  of  Roman 
coins  were  found. 

If<-ndemon,  a  county  in  the  slate  of 
Kentucky,  situated  between  Muddy  creek 
and  the  river  Ohio.  In  1810  it  contained 
4544  inhabitants.  The  chief  town  is  Hen- 
derson. 

Hendrrsonville,  a  post  town  in  Notto- 
way county,  Virginia,  204  miles  from 
Washington. 

Headers  bur  Me,  a  post  town  in  Sumner 
county,  Tennessee,  on  the  N  side  of 
Cumberland,  20  miles  N  of  Nashville,  the 
capital. 

Henley,  a  corporate  town  in  Oxford- 
shire, with  markets  on  Wednesday,  Fri- 
day and  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Thames,  over  which  is  a  handsome  stone 
bridge,  and  sends  malt,  corn,  wood,  Sec. 
to  London,  by  barges.  It  is  24  miles  SE 
of  Oxford,  and  35  W  of  London.  Lon.  0 
46  W,  lat.  51  35  N. 

Henley,  a  town  in  Warwickshire,  where 
was  once  a  castle,  with  a  market  on 
Tuesday,  seated  on  the  Alne,  10  miles 
NW  of  Warwick,  and  202  NNW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  50  W,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Henlopen  Cape,  a  cape  of  Delaware 
state,  opposite  to  cape  May,  at  the  en- 
trance of  Delaware  bay.  Lat.  38  55,  lon. 
75  W. 

Henneberg,  a  county  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Franconia  ;  it  is  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Thuringia,  on  the  W  by  Hesse, 
on  the  S  by  the  bishopric  of  Wurlzburg, 
the  E  by  that  of  Bamberg-.  Main- 
ungi     i  the  capital. 


Henneberg,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle, 
34  miles  NW  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  10  38  E, 
lat.  50  40  N. 

Uennebon,  a. town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Morbihan  and  lately 
in  the  province  of  Brctagne,  seated  on 
the  river  Blavet,  22  miles  NW  of  Vannes 
and  260  miles  W  by  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 
4  W,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Henvichem'mi ,  a  town  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  Cher  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Berry.  It  was  the  capital  of  a 
district  which  Henry  IV.  gave  to  his  mi- 
nister the  duke  of  Sully.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Sandre,  15  miles  NTNE  of  Bourges. 

Henrico,  a  populous  county  of  Virginia* 
containing  9,945  inhabitants,  nearly  one 
half  slaves.  It  is  situated  on  the  NE  side 
of  James  river,  between  that  river  and 
Chikahominy.  The  chief  town  Rich- 
mond, the  capital  of  the  state. 

Jfcnry,  a  county  of  Virginia,  situated 
on  the  E  side  of  Allegheny  mountain, 
and  on  the  S  by  North  Carolina  ;  on  the  E 
by  Patrick  county ;  and  on  the  W  by 
Grayson.  It  contained  5611  inhabitants 
in  1810.    >^HK/if iMK' 

Henry,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky, containing  6777  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is.  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Kentucky  river,  in  a  peninsula  formed  by 
this  river  and  the  Ohio.  The  chief  town 
New  Castle. 

Henry,  Cope,  the  S  cape  of  Virginia, 
'it  the  entrance  of  Chesapeak  Bay.  Lon. 
76  5  W,  lat.  36  56  N.  v 

Ikppenheim,  a  town  in  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Mentz,  with  a  castie  and  an 
abbey.    Lon.  8  41  E,  lat.  49  29  N. 

Heraclea,  an  ancient  seaport  of  Roma- 
nia, With  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It 
was  very  famous  in  ancient  times  ;  and 
there  are  still  considerable  remains  of  its 
former  splendour.  It  is  50  miles  W  of 
Constantinople.  Lon.  27  58  E,  lat.  40  59N. 

Herat,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Korasnn'^ 
160  miles  SE  of  Mesched.  Lon.  61  0  E, 
lat.  34  30  N. 

Heraulty  one  of  the  departments  of 
France,  so  named  from  a  river  which 
falls  into  the  gulf  of  Lyons.  It  includes 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Languedoc  ; 
and  tiie  capital  in  Montpellier. 

Herbemont,  a  town  of  Austrian  Luxem- 
burg, with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Semoy,  three  miles  NW  of 
Chiney. 

Herborn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine  and  territory 
of  Nassau,  with  a  famous  university  and 
woollen  manufacture,  eight  miles  SW  of 
Dillenburg.    Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  0  40  N. 

Hereford,  the  capital  of  Herefordshire, 


H  E  R 

with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  Friday,  and 
Satu.day,  unci  a  bishop's  see.  it  is.  al- 
most encompassed  by  the  river  Wye  and 
two  other  rivers.  The  city  is  about  a 
mile  and  a  half  in  compass,  but  not  ve- 
ry populous.  The  chief  manufacture  of 
Hereford  is  gloves.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. It  is  24  miles  WSW  of  Worces- 
ter, and  130  WNT\V  of  London.  Lon.  2  35 
W,  lat.  52  4  X. 

Iter ef oviUlure,  a  county  of  England, 
nearly  of  a  circular  form,  bounded  on  the 
E  by  Worcester  and  Gloucester,  on  the 
S  by  Monmouthshire,  on  the  W  by  Rad- 
norshire, and  Brecknockshire,  and  on  the 
N  by  Shropshire.  Its  length  from  N  to 
S  is  46  miles,  its  breadth  from  E  to  W 
40,  and  its  circumference  220.  The  air 
of  this  count}-  is  allowed  to  be  as  plea- 
sant, sweet,  and  wholesome,  as  that  of  a- 
ny  other  in  England,  there  beingnothing 
either  in  the  soil  or  situation  to  render 
it  otherwise.  The  soil  throughout  is 
excellent,  and  inferior  to  none,  either 
for  grain,  fruit,  or  pasture,  supplying  the 
inhabitants  plentifully  with  all  the  ne- 
cessaries of  life  :  but  that  by  which  it 
is  distinguished  from  most  others,  is  its 
fruit,  especially  apples,  of  which  it  pro- 
duces such  quantities,  that  the  cyder 
made  of  them  is  not  only  sufficient  for 
their  own  consumption,  though  it  is  their 
ordinary  drink,  but  also  in  a  great  mea- 
sure for  that  of  London  and  other  parts. 

Harenthah,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
seated  on  the  Nethe,  20  miles  NE  of  Lou- 
vain.    Lon.  4  54  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Herford,  or  Jlervorden,  a  free  imperial 
town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  the  coun- 
ty of  Ravensberg,  with  a  famous  nunne- 
ry belonging  to  the  protestants  of  the 
confession  of  Augsburg,  whose  abbess  is 
a  princess  of  the  empire.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Aa,  17  miles  SW  of  Mitiden.  Lon. 
3  47 E,  lat.  52  9  N. 

Hevgrnndts  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
remarkable  for  its  mines  of  vitriol,  which 
are  extremely  rich.  The  miners,  who 
are  numerous, have  built  a  subterraneous 
town.  It  is  65  miles  N  of  Buda.  Lon. 
1815E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Heri,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
two  miles  NNW  of  Ternate.  It  is  pretty 
high  and  not  more  than  two  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  appears  to  be  in  a  per- 
fect state  of  cultivation,  and  well  inha- 
bited. 

Herisau,  a  considerable  commercial 
town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  canton  of 
Appenzel.  It  is  famous  for  its  manufac- 
tures of  very  fine  linen  and  muslin.  It 
is  seven  miles  SW  of  St.  Gall. 

Ilerk,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bish- 


opric of  Liege,  seated  on  a  river  of  tj;c 
same  name,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Denier,  two  miles  \V  of  Maestricht.  Lon. 
5  38  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Herkimer,  an  extensive  county  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  containing  22,060  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
E  by  Montgomery  ;  on  the  N  by  St.  Law- 
rence ;  on  the  W  by  Oneida* ;  and  on  the 
S  by  Otsego  county.  The  chief  towns 
are  Herkimer  and  Warren. 

Hermanstadt,  a  large  and  strong  town 
of  Hungary,  the  capital  of  Transylvania, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ceben,  25  miles  E  of  Weissemburg,  and 
205  S  E  of  Buda.  Lon.  24  40  E,  lat.  46 
25  N. 

Heme,  a  town  of- Kent,  six  miles  from 
Canterbury,  with  a  commodious  bay  frc 
quented  by  Colliers. 

jfernhut,  a  famous  place  in  Upper  Lu- 
satia,  in  the  territory  of  the  elector  of 
Saxony,  between  Zittaw  and  Leobau.Here 
in  1722,  some  persecuted  Moravian  bre- 
thren, settled  in  the  fields  of  the  village 
of  Berthelsdorf,  belonging  to  count  Zin- 
zindorf,  and  began  to  build  another  vil- 
lage. 

Eernosand,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  on  the 
W  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  Lon.  17 
5S  E,  lat.  62  38  X. 

Herstal,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  with  an  ancient  cas- 
tle, seated  on  the  Maese,  three  miles  N 
of  Liege.  Lon.  5  40  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 
N  Hertfordshire,  a  county  in  England,  de- 
riving its  name  from  Hartford,  or  Hert- 
ford, the  county  town,  and  is  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Cambridgeshire,  on  the  E  by 
Essex,  on  the  W  by  Bedfordshire  and 
Buckinghamshire,  and  on  the  S  by  Mid- 
dlesex. It  is  35  miles  in  length,  27  in 
breadth,  and  about  190  in  circumference. 
Though  the  soil  is  in  general,  especially 
in  the  Chiltern  and  southern  parts,  but 
very  indifferent,  and  much  inferior  to 
that  of  the  neighbouring  counties;  yet. 
the  air  is  so  much  superior,  that  lands 
in  this  shire  generally  sell  at  three  or 
four  years  purchase  more  than  in  many 
others  on  that  account.  There  are  few 
or  no  manufactures  in  the  county  ;  but  it/3 
markets  are  much  frequented,  in  conse- 
quence of  its  being  near  London,  for  malt 
and  all  sorts  of  grain,  which,  with  the 
many  thorough -fares  through  it,  make 
nmplc  amends. 

Hertford,  a  county  of  North  Carolina, 
in  Edenton  district,  containing  6032  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
SW  side  of  Mehcrrin  river,  between 
Gates  and  Bertie  counties.  The  chief 
town  is  Win  ton. 

Hertford,  a  post  town  in  Perquimmons 


ii  E  Y 


H  I  L 


county,  North  Carolina,  situated  on  the 
river  Perquimmons,  about  15  miles  NE 
of  Edentprii  in  the  iat.  of  36  12  N,  and 
Ion.  of  76  40  W. 

Herkimer,  the  capital  of  Herkimer  coun- 
ty, New  York,  lying- on  the  8  side  of  Mo 
hock  rifrer.  Here  is  a  post  office  75  miles 
NW  of  Albany,  and  175  from  Washing- 
ton. 

Herizberg,  a  considerable  town  of  Ger- 
many in  the  electorate  of  Saxony,  35 
miles  NW  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13  17  E, 
hit.  51  41  N. 

Herzegovina,  a  town  of  Turkish  Dal- 
matia,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name. 

Hcsdin,  a  strong  town  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  the  straits  of  Calais, 
and  lately  in  the  county  of  Artois  ;  it  is 
a  regular  hexagon,  and  surrounded  with 
morasses  seated  on  the  Canchc,  25  miles 
SSW  of  St.  Omer,  and  165  N  of  Paris. 


into  the  Ilumber  ;  and  was  formerly  a 
considerable  town,  but  is  now  much  de- 
cayed. It  is  six  miles  W  of  Hull,  and 
181  N  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  5  W, 
Iat.  53  45  N. 

Hin/le&evii  :i  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
14  miles  SE  of  Louvain,  Lon.  5  7  E,  lat. 
50  45  N. 

Heytesbvry,  a  borough  in  Wilts,  that 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  but 
has  no\y  no  market.  It  is  20  miles  NW 
of  Salisbury,  and  93  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  2  8  W,  lat.  51  12  N. 
Women,  See  Fmoiiy. 
■Uteres.,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Var  and  late  province  of  Pro- 
vence, seated  near  the  Mediterranean 
Sea;  but  its  harbour  being  choaked  up, 
it  is  considerable  only  for  its  salt  works. 
It  is  a  pretty  little  town,  situated  in  a 
beautiful  country.  This  town  is  the  birth 
place  of  Massillon,  the  celebrated  French 
preacher,  It  is  12  miles  E  of  Toulon, 
Lon.  6  20  E, 


Lon.  2  6  E,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Hesse,  a  country  of  Germany,  in  the  land  350  S  by  E  of  Paris 
circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine  ;  bounded  on  lat.  43  5  N. 
the  N  by  the  bishopric  of  Paderborn  and  Hieres,  fou:*  islands  of  France,  on  the, 
duchy  of  Brunswick,  on  the  E  by  Thu- (coast  of  Provence,  and  opposite  to  the 
ringia,  on  the  S  by  the  territory  of  Fulde  town  of  the  9ame  name.  Their  names 
and  Weteravia,  and  on  the  W  by  the  are  Povquerollos,  Porterous,  Bagueau, 
counties  of  Nassau,  Witgenstein,  itatz-  and  Titan,  which  last  is  the  largest.  Be- 
feldt,  and  Waldeck.  The  house  of  Hesse  jt  ween  these  islands  and  the  continent,  is 
is  divided  into  four  branches  ;  namely,  the  road  of  Hieres,  which  is  so  capacious 
Hesse  Cassel,  Hohiburgh,  Darmstadt,  and  I  and  excellent,  that  it  has  afforded  shelter 
khenfcld,  each  of  which  has  the  title  of  for  the  largest  squadrons.  It  is  defend- 
landgrave,  and  takes  its  name  from  one  jed  by  three  forts. 


of  the  four  principal  towns.  They  like- J 
wise  culiivate  a  great  quantity  of  hops, 


H  ero.    See  Ferro. 
Hiesvies,  a  to  wn  of  France,  in  the  de- 


which  serve  lo  make  excellent  L/.-er,  and  i partment  of  Orne  and  late  province  of 
birch-trees  are  very  common,  from  the  j  Normandy,  seated  on  a  barren  mountain, 


sap  of  which  a  deal  of  wine  is  made. 

Heukelum,  or  Hoekelun,  a  town  of  the 
Hinted  Provinces,  in  Hol'and,  seated  on 
the  Linghe,  five  miles  XE  of  Gorcum. 
Lon.  4  55  E,  lat.  51  55  N. 

jfertsden,  a  strong'  town  of  the  United 


Provinces,   in   Holland,  seated  on  the  j  an  ascent,  on 


10  miles  from  Seez,  and  90  W  of  Paris. 

Uigham  Ferrers,  a  borough  in  North* 
amptonshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  had  formerly  a  castle,  now  in  ruins  ;  is 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  one 
member  to  parliament.  It  is  seated  On 
the  E  bank  of  the  river 


Mae.se,  with  a  castle.  It  surrendered  to  Nen, 
the  French  in  1795;  and  is  eicrht  miles'NNY 
NW  of  Bois-le-Duc.  Lon.  5  3  E,  lat.  51  ( 19  N 
44  N. 

Hexham,  a  town  in  Northumberland 
With  a  market  on  Tuesday.    It  is  scatet 


15  miles  ESE  of  Coventrv,  and  66 
of  London.    Lon.  0  40  W,  lat.  52 


Hig/tgate,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  seat- 
ed on  a  hill,  E  of  that  of  Hampstead, 
and  four  miles  N  by  W  of  London.  On 
on  the  river  Tyne,  and  was  formerly  fa- [the  side  next  London  the  fineness  of  the 
mdlis  for  an  abbey.  A  battle  wai  fought  j  prospect  occasioned  several  handsome 
in  1463,  near  this  place  between  the  J  edifices  to  be  built.  Here  lord  chief  ba- 
houses  of  York  and  Lancaster;  in  which  iron  Cholmondely  built  a  free  school  in 
the  latter  was  defeated.    Hexham  has  a  1 1562. 

manufacture  of  tanned  leather,  shoes,)     Highivorth,  a  town  in  Wilts,  with  a 
.•  loves  ;  and  is  22  miles  W  of  New-  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  seated  on  a 


castle,  and  284  NXW  of  London.  Lon. 
3  1  \V,  lat.  55  3  N. 

Heydon,  a  borough  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Thursday. 
It  is  seated  on  a  river,  which  soon  falls 


hill,  which  stands  in  a  rich  plain,  36  miles 
N  of  Salisbury,  and  77  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  40  W,  lat.  51  36  N. 

HiUesheim,  a  free  imperial  city  of  Low- 
er Sa:;onv,  in  a  bishopric  of  the  same 

06 


H  I  3VI 


H  I  N 


name.  In  the  cathedral  is  a  statue  of 
Herman,  the  celebrated  German  chief. 
It  is  divided  into  the  old  and  new  towns, 
each  of  which  has  its  separate  council ; 
and  its  inhabitants  are  Lutherans  and 
Papists.  It  is  seated  on  the  Irnestej  17 
miles  SSE  of  Hanover.  Lon.  10  10  E, 
lat.  52  10  N. 

HihllmrghavsPit,  a  town  of  franconia, 
in  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  and  prin- 
cipality of  Colbourg.  It  is  subject  to 
the  duke  of  Saxe-Hildburghausen,  who 
has  a  palace  here.  It  is  seated  on  the 
rivet*  Werra,  and  is  22  miles  N  by  W  of 
Cobourg.    Lon.  11  5  E,  laf.  50  53  N. 

Hillshoro'  a  post  town  in  Loudon  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  33  miles  NW  of  Washing- 
ton. 

Hillsborough,  a  district  in  the  state  of 
North  Carolina,  containing  about  90,000 
inhabitants.  It  is  divided  into  seven 
counties.  The  chief  towns  arc  Raleigh 
and  Hillsborough,'  life  former  being  the 
seat  of  the  state  government. 

Hillsboro',  a  post  town.,  in  Orange  coun- 
ty, Norih  Carolina,  lying  on  the  N  side 
of  die  river  Eno,  about  30  miles  NW  of 
Raleigh,  the  capital  of  the  state. 

Hillsborough,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
New  Hampshire,  containing  49,149  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  divided  into  42 
townships,  and  is  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Grafton  ;  on  the  E  by  Rockingham  ;  on 
the  W  by  Cheshire ;  and  on  the  S  by  the 
state  of  Massachusetts.  The  chief  town 
Hillsborough. 

Hillsborr,  a  post  town  in '  Hillsboro' 
county,  New  Hampshire,  about  24  miles 
W  of  Concord,  and  about  the  same  dis- 
tance SE  of  Charleston  on  the  river  Con- 
necticut. 

Hillsdale,  a  post  town  in  Columbia 
county,  New  York ;  18  miles  SE  of  the 
city  Qf  Hudson.  In  1810  the  township 
contained. 4182  inhabitants. 

HiUifjwv,  a  township  of  Rucks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  between  New  Britain  and 
Rockhill  townships,  17  miles  SW  of  New- 
ton. In  1S10  it  contained  1335  inhabi- 
tants. 

Hilton,  a  considerable  island  on  the 
coast  of  South  Carolina,  opposite  Beau- 
fort district.  It  is  about  20  miles  in 
length,  and  five  in  breadth.  Lat.  32  10 
N,  and  lon.  80  20  W. 

Himmaleh,  JVlount,  a  vast  chain  of  moun- 
tains in  Asia;  which  extends  from  Cabtil 
along  the  N  of  Hindoostan,  and  is  the 
general  boundary  of  Thibet,  through  the 
whole  extent  from  the  Ganges  to  the  ri- 
ver Teesta;  inclosing  between  it  and 
Hindoostan,  a  tract  of  country,  from  100 
to  180  miles  in  breadth,  divided  into  a 
number  of  small  states,  none  of  which 


are  understood  to  be  either  tributaries 
or  feudatories  of  Thibet;  such  as  Sirina- 
gur,  Nupaul,  8tc.  This  ridge  is  precisely 
that  designed  by  the  ancients,  under  the 
names  of  i  mails  and  the  Indian  Caucasus. 
The  natives  now  call  it  Hindooko  (the 
Indian  mountains)  as  -well  as  Himmeleh  ; 
which  last  is  a  Sanscrit  word,  signifying 
snoti'i/ ;  its  summit  being  covered  with 
snow.  ri 

Hinchinbrook  Island,  one  of  the  New 
Hebrides,  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon. 
168  33  E,  lat.  17  25  S. 

Hinckley,  a  town  in  Leicestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  has  a  large 
church  with  a  lofty  spire,  and  a  consi- 
derable stocking  manufacture.  It  is  12 
mdes  SW  of  Leicester,  and  91  NXW  of 
London.    Lon.  1  20  W,  lat.  52  34  N. 

Hindelopen,  a  seaport  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Friesland,  seated  on  the 
Zuider-Zee,  20  miles  SW  of  Lewarden. 
Lon.  5  10  E,  lat.  52  58  N. 

Hinesburg,  a  post  town  in  Chittenden 
county,  Vermont,  about  12  miles  SE  of 
Burlington,  on  lake  Champlaine. 

Hinlopen,  Cape,  a  cape  of  N  America, 
on  the  S  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  Dela- 
ware.   Lon.  75  2  W,  lat.  38  47  N. 

Hindon,  a  borough  in  N  Wilts,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament ;  and  is  20  miles  W 
of  Salisbury,  and  97  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  2  9  W,  lat.  51  6  N. 

Hindoo-ko,  See  Himmaleh,  Mount. 
Hindoostan,  or  India,  a  celebrated 
country  pf  Asia,  which  in  its  most  exten-  , 
sive  signification,  comprehends  the  tract 
situated  between  the  Ttiibetian  and  Tar- 
tarian mountains  on  the  N,  the  Indian  O- 
ceafl  on  the  S,  the  Burrampooter  and  the 
bay  of  Bengal  on  the  E,  and  the  Indian 
ocean  and  Persia  on  the  W.  But  this 
country  must  be  considered  under  the 
three  grand  divisions  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, the  Deccan,  and  the  Peninsula.  Hin- 
doostan Proper  •includes  all  the  countries 
on  the  N  of  the  river  Ncrbuddah,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  S  as  far  as  it  goes  ; 
Bengal  and  Bahar  compose  the  remain- 
der of  its  southern  boundary.  It  is  di- 
vided into  eleven  soubahs,  the  names  of 
which  are  Lahore,  Aroultan  (including 
Sincly)  Agimere,  Delhi,  Agra,  Oude,  Ai- 
iakabad,  Bahar,  Bengal,  Malwa,  and  Guze- 
rat.  A  12th  soubah,  named  Cubul,  was 
formed  out  of  the  countries  contiguous  to 
the  W  sources  of  the  Indus,  and  3  new  ones 
out  of  the  conquests  of  the  Dt  ccan  ;  Berar, 
Canduste,and.Amednagur.  The  Deccan  in 
its  most  extensive  signification  is  applied 
to  the  whole  region  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per: in  its  more  limited  sense  it  means 
only  the  countries  situated  between  Hin- 


H  I  N 


HI  N 


iloostan  Proper,  the  Carnatic,  the  Wsea, 
and  Orissa  ;  that  is  the  provinces  of  Can- 
deish,  Dowlatabad,  Visiapour,  Golconda, 
and  the  \V  part  of  Berar.  The  iract  S  of 
these,  or  the  river  Kistrfa,  is  generally 
called  the  Peninsula;  although' its  form 
does  by  no  means  warrant  it.  There  is 
no  known  history  of  fiindoostan  extant 
before  the  Mahometan  conquests.  The 
first  irruption  of  the  Mahometans  was  in 
the  year  1000.  From  this  period  the  pro- 
vinces of  Hindoostan  were  held  rather 
tributary  kingdoms,  than  as  provinces  of 
as  the  same  empire ;  and  they  seldom  fail- 
ed to  revolt  when  a  favourable  opportu- 
nity offered.  In  1398,  the  Mogul  Tar- 
tars, under  the  conduct  of  Timur,^or 
Tamerlane,  invaded  Hindoostan  ;  but  the 
conquest  of  the  country  was  not  effected 
till  1525,  by  Sultan  Babar,  one  of  his 
descendants,  who  was  the  first  of  the  line 
of  Tamerlane  who  mounted  on  tne  throne 
of  Hindoostan ;  but  their  government  was 
not  established  till  the  reign  of  Acbar  his 
son.  Babar  was  however  the  real  foun- 
der of  the  Mogul  dynasty  ;  and  from  this 
event  Hindoostan  came  to  be  called  the 
Mogul  empire.  The  illustrious  Acbar, 
failed  in  his  attack^  upon  the  Deccan;  ah 
attempt,  in  which  many  of  his  successors 
were  equally  unfortunate,  and  which  ten- 
ded, in  the  sequel,  to  the  decline  and 
dissolution  of  the  empire.  Acbar  was 
succeeded  by  Jehangubue  his  son,  who 
reigned  22  years.  In  his  reign,  in  1615 
Sir  Thomas  Roe  was  sent  as  the  first  En- 
glish ambassador  to  the  emperor  of  Hin- 
doostan ;  and  the  Portuguese  had,  by 
this  time,  acquired  considerable  settle- 
ments in  Bengal  and'  Guzerat.  In  1660 
Aurungzebe  peaceably  ascended  the 
throne  after  he  had  deposed  his  father 
and  murdered  or  expelled  his  brethren. 
During  his  reign  Hindoostan  enjoved  the 
most  profound  peace  ft  had  ever  known.. 
The  conquest  of  the  Deccan  employed  the 
last  years  of  his  life,  from  1678  "to  1707 
during  15  years  of  which  time  he  was  ac- 
tually in  the  field.  This  dereliction  of 
his  capital  for  nearly  30  years  occasioned 
great  disorders  there,  and  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  many  more.  Under  his  reig'n 
the  empire  attained  to  its  full  measure \>f 
extent,  see  Major  Rennet's  memoir  of  a 
map  of  Hindoostan,  p.  lxiii.  In  a  word, 
instead  of  finding  the  emperors  attempt- 
ing now  the  conquest  of  the  Dvftrcan,  their 
empire  was  attacked  by  tlie  powerful  ni- 
xam  of  that  country,  through  whose  con- 
trivance, Nadir  Shah,  the  Persian  usurp- 
er, invaded  Hindoostan  in  1738.  By  the 
intrigues  of  the  Nizam  and  his  party  Ma- 
homed Shah  was  induced  to  throw  him- 
self on  tlie  clemency  of  the  invader,  who 


entered  Delhi,  and  demanded  30  millions 
sterling,  by  way  of  ransom.  Tumults, 
massacres,  and  famine  were  the  result : 
100,000  of  tlie  inhabitants  were  massa- 
cred, and  62  millions  of  plunder  were 
said  to  be  collected.  He  evacuated  Del- 
hi, however,  and  left  the  Nizam  in  pos- 
session of  the  whole  remaining  power  of 
the  empire,  which  he  sacrificed  to  his 
own  views  in  the  Deccan,  where  he  es- 
tablished an  independent  kingdom.  Ma- 
homed Shah  died  in  1747,  having  seen 
the  Carnatic  and  Bengal  become  likewise 
independent,  under  their  respective  na- 
bobs ,  an  independent  state  too,  formed 
by  the  Rohdlas  (a  tribe  from  the  moun- 
tains between  India  and  Persia)  on  the  E 
by  the  Ganges,  within  80  miles  of  Delhi ; 
and  the  kingdom  of  Candahar,  erected 
by  Abdalla,  one  of  the  generals  of  Nadir 
Shah.  Ahmed  Shah,  the  son  of  Maho- 
med, succeeded  ;  in  whose  reign  the  en- 
tire division  of  the  empire  took  place; 
nothing  remaining  to  the  house  of  Ta- 
merlane but  a  small  territory  round  Del- 
hi, with  the  city  itself  (no  longer  a  capi- 
tal) exposed  to  depredations,  massacres, 
and  famines,  by  the  . contests  of  invaders. 
The  last  imperial  army  was  defeated  by 
the  Rohillas  in  1749.  The  Jats,  a  Hin- 
doo tribe,  founded  a  state  in  Agra  ;  Oude 
was  seized  by  the  grandfather  of  the  pre- 
sent nabob  ;  Allahabad,  by  Mahomed 
Kooli.  The  Mahrattas,  besid.es  their  an- 
cient domains  in  the  Deccan,  obtained 
great  part  of  Malwa,  Guzerat,  Berar,  and 
Orissa.  The  Mogul  empire  was  now  be- 
come merely  nominal  -.  and  the  emperors 
from  this  period,  must  be  regarded  as  of 
no  political  c  ^sequence,  otherwise  than 
as  their  names  and  persons,  weve  made 
use  of,  by  different  parties,  to  promote 
their  own  views.  That  the  name  and  per-  , 
son  of  the  emperor  were  of  use,  as  re- 
taining a  considerable  degree  of  venera- 
tion among  the  bulk  of  the  people  in 
Hindoostan,  is  evident,  from  the  applica- 
tion made,  at  different  times,  for  grants 
of  territory,  forcibly  obtained  by  the 
grantee,  but  which  required  the  sanction 
of  the  lord  paramount,  to  reconcile  the 
transaction  to  the  popular  opinion.  Ano- 
ther instar.ee  of  the  effect  of  this  opinion 
is,  that  the  coin  throughout  the  whole 
tract,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Mogul 
Empire^  is  to  this  day  struck  in  the  name 
of  tlie  nominal  emperor.  Ahmed  was  de- 
posed in  1753,  and  was  succeeded  by  Al- 
lumguire,  who  was  deposed  and  murder- 
ed in  1760.  He  was  succeeded,  however, 
by  li is  son  Shah  Aulum,  who  was  alter- 
nately dependent  on  the  contending  pow- 
jers,  and  more  particularly  apon  the  En- 
Iglish,  who  obtained  from  him  a  grant  of 


H  I  N 


H  I  N 


the  provinces  of  Bengal,  Bahar,  and  O 
rissa,  together  with  the  Northern  Circurs 
on  conuition  of  paying  him  3t5U,OUO/.  per 
annum  by  way  of  tribute.    It  was  his 
misfortune  however,  that  lie  could  not 
accommodate  his  mind  to  his  circum- 
stances, and  put  himself  into  the  hands 
of  the  Mahrattas,  who  promised  to  seat 
him  on  the  throne  of  Delhi.     He  thus 
lost  all  he  had  acquired  with  the  Bri- 
tish^  and  has  ever  since  continued  a  kind 
of  state  prisoner  ;  living-  on  the  produce 
of  a  trifling-  domain,  allowed  him  out  of 
veneration  for  his  ancestors,  and  for  the 
use  of  his  name.    In  the  sequel,  he  was 
dethroned  and  murdered  by  the  Ilohillas. 
These  being-  defeated  by  Madajee  Sindia, 
a  Mahratta  chief,  his  son,  Jewaii  Bucht, 
was  permitted  to  succeed  him,  and  to 
live  in  the  same  deplorable  state  of  de- 
gradation.   The  whole  of  Hindopstan  in 
1792,  consisted  of  six  principal  states, 
wrhich  hold  as  tributaries,  or  feudatories, 
some  inferior  states.    These  six  princi- 
pal states,  were,  the  British,  the  Poonah 
Mahrattas,  the  Berar  Mahrattas,  Nizam 
Ally,  soubah  of  the  Deccau  ;  Mysore,  or 
the  dominions  of  Tippoo  Sultan  ;  and 
the  Seiks.    The  British  possessions  are 
Bengal,  Bahar,  Benares,  the  Northern 
Circars,  the  .Taghire  in  the  Carnatic, 
Bombay,  Salsette,  the  district  of  Midna- 
pour  in  Orissa,  and  some  considerable 
cession  from  Tippoo  Sultan,  in  1792. 
Since  1792,  war  broke  out  with  Tippoo, 
who  was  defeateel,  and  his  capital  taken 
by  assault,  together  with  an  immer.se 
quantity  of  plunder,  Tippoo  lost  his  life 
in  the  attack.    By  his  fall,  a  great  ex- 
tent of  territory  will  accrue  to  the  Bri- 
tish, and  their  power  will  be  secured  on 
a  stable  and  permanent  founelation.  The 
allies  of  the  British,  who  may  be  consi- 
dered as  dependent  upon  them,  are  the 
nabobs  of  Oude,  and  the  Carnatic,  and  the 
rajahs  of  Travancore  and  Tanjorc.  For 
the  fire  other  principal  states,  see  their 
respective  names,  and  for  an  account  of 
some  inferior  independent  states,  see 
Bundela,  Ballogisian,  the  .Tats,  Rohil- 
cund,  &,c.    According  to  Mr.  Orme,  the 
inhabitants  of  Hindoostan  are  computed  at 
10,000,000  Mahometan.-,  and  100,000,000 
Hindoos.    The  Hindoos  or  Gentoos,  are 
of  a  black  complexion  ;  their  hair  is  long, 
their  person  straight  and  elegant.  Their 
limbs  are  finely  proportioned ;  their  fin- 
gers long  and  tapering ;  their  counte- 
nances open  and  pleasant.    They  eliffer  i 
materially  from  all  other  nations,  by  be- 
ing divided  into  tribes  or  casts.  The 
4  principal  tribes  are,  the  Br  am  ins*  Sol- 
diers, Labourers,  and  Mechanics.  These 
are  subivided  into  a  multiplicity  of  infe- 


rior distinctions.  There  are  Bramins  of 
various  degrees  of  excellence,  who  have 
the  care  of  religion  allotted  to  them 
These  are  held  sacred  by  the  rest.  It  is 
difficult  to  draw  a  general  character  of 
the  Bramins,  as  they  vary  much  in  their 
pursuits,  and  in  their  degrees  of  know 
ledge.  "  Some  that  I  have  conversed 
with,  (says  Mr.  Scrafton)  acknowledge 
the  errors  that  have  crept  into  their  reti 
gion,  own  one  Supreme  Being,  and  laugh 
at  the  idolatry  of  the  multitude,  but  in- 
sist upon  the  necessity  of  working  upon 
the  weaknesses  of  the" vulgar." — The  ge- 
nerality of  the  Bramins  are  as  ignorant 
as  the  laity.  Such  as  are  r.ot  engaged  in 
worldly  pursuits,  are  a  very  superstitious, 
innocent  people,  who  promote  charity  as 
much  as  they  can,  both  to  man  and 
beast;  but  those  who  engage  in  the 
world  are  generally  the  worst  of  all  the 
Gentoos;  for,  persuaded  that  the  waters 
of  the  Ganges  will  purify  them  from  their 
sins,  and  being  exempt  from  the  utmost 
rigour  of  the  courts  of  justice  (under  the 
Gentoo  governments)  »!iey  run  into  much 
greater  excesses.  The  Soldiers  are 
commonly  called  Bajah-Vonts ;  that  is, 
descended  from  Rajahs:  They  are  much 
more  robust  than  the  rest,  have  a  gre.tt 
share  of  coumge,  and  a  nice  sense  of  mi- 
litary honour,  which  consists,  among 
them,  in  fidelity  to  those  they  serve. 
Fighting  is  their  profession  ;  they  readi- 
ly enter  into  the  service  of  any  that  v.  ill 
pay  them,  and  will  follow  wl.ei\  wr  hrfe 
leads  ;  but,  should  their  leader  fall  in  the 
battle,  their  cause  is  at  an  end,  and  thev 
run  off  the  field,  without  any  stain  to 
their  reputation.  The  English  E::st  In- 
dia Company  have  many  !•.»'.' a'io.is  of 
them  in  their  service  ;  they  arc  called 
Sepoys,  and  are  clothed  and  disciplined* 
in  the  European  manner.  The  Labour- 
ers include  farmers,  and  all  who  culi  i- 
vate  the  land.  The  Mechanics  include 
merchants,  bankers,  and  ail  who  follow 
any  trade:  these  again  are  subdivided 
into  each  profession.  Besides  these,  are 
the  Hallachoros,  who  cannot  be  called  a* 
tribe,  being  rather  the  refuse  of  all  tl»c 
tribes.  They  are  a  set.  of  unhappy  wreteh- 
es,  destined  to  misery  from  their' birth. 
They  perform  all  the  vilest  offices  of 
life,  bury  the  dead,  and  carry  away  eve- 
ry thing  diat  -is  polluted.  All  the  differ- 
ent trilies  are  kept  distinct  from  each  o- 
ther  by  insurmountable  barriers  ;  they 
are  forbidden  to  intermarry,  to  cohabit, 
to  eat  with  each  other,  or  even  to  drink 
out  of  the  same  vessel  with  one  of  anoth- 
er tribe.  Every  deviation  from  these 
points  subjects  them  to  be  rejected  by 
their  tribe,  renders  them  polluted  for  ^  * 


H  I  N 


H  I  N 


c-r,  and  obliges  them,  from  that  Instant, 
to  herd  with  the  Hallachores.  "  The 
members  of  each  cast,"  (says  Dr.  Robert- 
son) "  adhere  invariably  to  the  profes- 
sion of  their  forefathers;  from  generation 
to  generation,  the  same  families  have  fol- 
lowed, and  will  always  continue  to  follow 
one  uniform  line  of  life.  To  this  may  be 
ascribed  that  high  degree  of  perfection 
conspicuous  in  many  of  the  Indian  manu- 
factures; and  though  veneration  lor  the 
practices  of  their  ancestors  may  check 
the  spirit  of  invention,  yet,  by  adhering 
to  these,  they  acquire  such  an  expert- 
ness  and  delicacy  of  hand,  that  Euro]  e- 
ans,  with  all  the  advantages  of  superior 
science,  and  the  aid  of  more  complete 
instruments,  have  never  been  able  to  e- 
qual  the  execution  of  their  workmanship. 
To  this  circumstance  also  Dr.  Robertson 
ascribes  a  striking  peculiarity  in  the  state 
of  Hindoostan,  the  permanency  of  its  in- 
stitutions, and  the  immutability  in  the 
manners  of  the  inhabitants.  Hence  it  is, 
that  the  Hindoos  admit  no  converts,  nor 
are  themselves  ever  converted,  whatever 
the  Roman  missionaries  may  pretend. 
The  Hallachores  may  be  here  excepted, 
v  ho  are  glad  to  be  admitted  into  any  so- 
iety  where  they  are  treated  as  fellow 
creatures.  The  Hindoos  vie  with  the 
Chinese,  in  respect  to  the  antiquity  of 
their  nation  ;  and  the  doctrine  of  trans- 
migration is  one  of  their  distinguishing 
tenets.  Their  institutions  of  religion 
form  a  complete  system  of  superstition, 
upheld  by  every  thing  which  can  excite 
reverence  of  the  people.  The  tem- 
ples consecrated  to  their  deities  are  mag- 
nificent ;  their  religious  ceremonies 
spl.-ndid  ;  and  the  absolute  dominion 
which  ill.-  Iiramins  have  obtained  over 
the  minds  of  the  people,  is  supported  by 
the  command  of  the  immense  revenues, 
with  which  the  liberality  of  princes,  and 
the  zeal  of  pilgrims  and  devotees,  have 
enriched  their  pagodas.  The  dominion 
of  religion  extends  to  a  thousand  parti- 
culars v.  ;> -rh,  in  other  countries,  are  go- 
verned by  the  civil  laws,  or  by  taste,  cus- 
tom, or  fashion:  Their  dress,  their  food, 
the  common  intercourses  of  life,  their  mar- 
riages, and  professions,  are  all  ut  der  the 
jurisdiction  of  religion.  The  food  of 
the  Hindoos  is  simple,  consisting  chiefly 
of  rice,  ghee  (a  kind  of  imperfect  but- 
ter) milk,  vegetables,  and  oriental  spices. 
The  warrior  cast  my  eat  of  the  flesh  of 
goats,  sheep,  and  poultry.  Other  supe- 
rior casts  may  eat  poultry  and  fish,  but 
the  inferior  casts  are  prohibited  from 
eating  flesh  or  fish  of  any  kind.  Their 
greatest  luxury  consists  in  the  use  of  the 
rich*-'  ies  and  perfumes,  of  whirh 


the  great  people  are  very  1: 


Thev 


esteem  milk  the  purest  of  food,  because 
i  hey  think  it  partakes  of  some  of  the  pro- 
perties of  the  nectar  of  their  gods,  and 
because  they  esteem  the  cow  itself  al- 
most as  a  divinity.  Their  manners  are 
gentle.  Their  happiness  consists  in  the 
sokxes  of  domes  lie  lite  ;  and  they  are 
taught  by  their  religion,  that  matrimony 
is  an  indispensable  duty  in  every  man, 
who  does  not  entirely  separate  himself 
from  the  world,  from  a  principle  of  devo- 
tion. Their  religion  permits  them  to  have 
several  wives  ;  but  they  seldom  have  more 
than  one  ;  and  their  wives  are  distin- 
guished by  a  decency  of  demeanour,  a 
solicitude  in  their  families,  and  a  fidelit) 
10  their  vows,  which  might  do  honour  to 
human  nature  in  the  most  civilized  coun- 
tries. The  custom  of  women  burning- 
themselves  on  the  death  of  their  hus- 
bands is  still  practised  in  Hindoos  tan.  In 
j  some  parts  of  India,  as  the  Carnatic,  it 
I  is  asserted,  that  they  dig  a  pit,  in  which 
is  deposited  a  large  quantity  of  combus- 
tible matter,  which  is  set  on  fire,  and  the 
body  being  let  down,  the  victim  throws 
herself  into  the  flaming  mass.  In  other 
places,  a  pile  is  raised  extremely  high, 
and  the  body,  with  the  wife,  is  placed 
upon  it,  and  then  the  whole  is  set  on  fire. 
In  the  Code  of  Gentoo  Laws,  translated 
by  Mr.  Halhead,  is  the  following  passage 
concerning  this  practice?  "  It  is  proper 
for  a  woman,  after  her  husband's  death, 
to  burn  herself  in  the  fire  with  his  corpse. 
Every  woman,  who  thus  burns  herself, 
shall  remain  in  paradise  with  her  hus- 
band three  crores  and  fifty  lacks  of  years, 
by  destiny.  If  she  cannot  burn,  she  must, 
in  that  case,  preserve  an  inviolable  chas- 
tity :  if  she  remain  always  chaste,  she 
goes  to  paradise ;  and  if  she  do  not  pre- 
serve her  chastity,  she  goes  to  hell." 
This  code  of  laws,  with  their  sacred 
books,  the  Veidam  and  the  Shastah,  were 
written  in  the  Sanscrit  language,  which 
is  very  copious  and  nervous,  although  the 
style  of  their  best  authors  is  wonderfully 
concise.  Hindoostan,  toward  the  N  is 
pretty  temperate  ;  but  hot  toward  the  S. 
anil  it  rains  almost  constantly  for  three 
months  in  the  year.  J,ts  products,  and 
various  other  particulars,  will  be  found 
under  the  different  names  of  its  provin- 
ces, cities,  towns,  mountains,  and  rivers, 
described  in  the  course  of  this  work. 
See  Lulia. 

Hivglmm,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  oji  Saturday,  12  miles  SW  of 
Norwich,  and  97  NE  of  London.  Lon. 
1  4  E,  lat.  52  43  N. 

Hiugham,  a  town  in  Plymouth  county, 
Massachusetts,  where  is  a  post  office,  19 


H  I  N 


H  IN 


miles  SE  of  Boston,  and  500  from  Wash- 1 
ington.  The  township  contained  2382! 
inhabitants  at  the  last  census  (1810.) 

Hinsdalet  a  township  of  Cheshire  conn- 
ty,  New  Hampshire  ;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  6  miles  S  of 
Chesterfield,  and  90  SW  of  Portsmouth. 
It  contained  740  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Hinzuan,  Joanna  67.  one  of  the  Comora 
islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  This  island 
is  a  proper  place  of  refreshment  for  the 
East  India  ships,  whose  crews,  when  ill 
of  the  scurvy,  soon  recover  by  the  use  of 
limes,  lemons,  and  orange  s,  and  from 
the  air  of  the  land.  The  town  where  the 
king-  resides  is  at  the  east  side  of  the  is- 
land; and  though  it  is  three  quarters  of 
a  mile  in  length,  it  does  not  contain 
above  .200  houses.  Their  principal  houses 
are  built  with  stone,  with  a  quadrangle, 
in  the  middle,  and  are  only  one  storv 
high.  All  the  other  houses,  or  rather 
huts,  are  slightly  composed  of  plastered 
reeds;  and  yet  the  mosques  are  tolerable 
structures,  very  neat  and  clean  in  the  in- 
side. The  horned  cattle  are  a  kind  ot 
buffaloes,  having  a  large  hump  on  thei: 
shoulders,  which  is  very  delicious  eat- 
ing ;  but  there  is  not  one  horse,  mule, 
nor  ass,  in  all  the  island. — The  original 
natives,  in  number  about  7000,  occupy 
the  hills,  and  are  generally  at  war  with 
the  Arabian  interlopers,  who  established 
themselves  on  the  seacoast  by  conquest, 
and  are  about  3000  in  number.  Though 
Joanna  is  not  the  largest,  yet  it  may  be 
reckoned  the  principal  of  the  Comora  Is- 
lands ;  it  claims  sovereignty  over,  and 
exacts  tribute  from  all  the  others.  They 
get  their  supplies  of  arms  and  ammuni- 
tion from  ships  that  touch  here,  as  it  is 
customary  for  all  to  make  presents  oi 
arms  and  powder  to  the  prince  when  he 
pays  a  visit  on  board,  which  ,he  does  to 
every  one.  They  have  a  regular  form  oi 
government,  and  exercise  the  Mahome 
tan  religion  ;  both  being  introduced  b\ 
the  Arabs.  The  colour  of  these  two  races 
of  men  is  very  different :  the  Arabs  havt 
not  so  deep  a  tinge  as  the  others,  being 
of  a  copper  complexion,  with  better  fea 
tures,  and  a  more  animated  countenance. 
They  consider  a  black  streak  under  tht 
eyes  as  ornamental,  and  this  they  make 
everyday,  with  a  brush  dipt  in  a  kind 
of  ointment.  The  custom  of  chewing- 
the  betel-nut  prevails  here,  as  in  most  of 
the  eastern  countries,  and  answers  to 
the  fashion  of  taking  snuff  with  us,  ex- 
cept that  with  them  it  is  more  general. 
No  one  is  without  a  purse  or  bag  of  be- 
tel ;  and  it  is  looked  on  as  a  piece  of  ci- 
vility to  offer  it  to  your  friend  when  you 
meet  him  or  take  leave.    Their  religion 


I  licenses  a  plurality  of  wives  and  likewise 
I  concubines."  They  are  extremely  jealous 
of  them,  and  never  allow  any  man  to  see 
the  women  ;  but  female  strangers  are  ad- 
mitted into  the  harem  ;  and  some  English 
ladies,  whose  curiosity  has  led  them 
there,  make  favourable  reports  of  their 
beauty,  and  richness  of  apparel  display- 
ed in  a  profusion  of  ornan »ents  of  gold, 
silver,  and  beads,  in  form  of  necklaces, 
bracelets,  and  ear-rings  ;  they  wear  half 
a  dozen  or  more  of  each  through  holes 
bored  all  along  the  outer  rim  of  the  ear. 
The  men  "seem  not  to  look  with  an  eye 
of  indifference  on  our  fair  country  wo- 
men, notwithstanding  they  are  of  so  dif- 
ferent a  complexion.  They  are  very  tem- 
perate and  abstemious,  wine  being  for- 
bidticn  them  by  the  law  of  Mahomet ; 
and  are  frequent  in  prayer,  attending 
their  mosques  three  or  four  times  a  day. 
These  pe  pie  profess  a  particular  regard 
for  our  nation,  and  are  very  fond  of  re- 
peating to  you,  that  Joanna-man  and  Eng- 
lishman all  brothers  ;  and  never  fail  to 
-sk,  How  king  George  do  ?  In  general, 
uiey  appear  to  be  a  courteous,  and  well- 
disposed  people,  and  very  fair  and  ho- 
nest in  their  dealings,  though  there  are 
among  them,  as  in  all  other  nations,  some 
viciously  inclined;  and  theft  is  much 
practised  by  the  lower  class,  notwith- 
standing the  punishment  of  it  is  very  ex- 
amplary,  being  amputation  of  both  hands 
of  the  delinquent.  The  climate  here  pro- 
motes vegetation  to  such  a  degree  as  re- 
quires litde  toil,  but  that  little  is  denied; 
so.  that,  beyond  oranges,  bananas,  pine- 
apples, cocoa-nuts,  yams,  and  purslain 
(ail  growing  spontaneously)  lew  vege- 
tables are  met  with.  The  face  of  the 
country  is  very  picturesque  and  pleasing. 
Lof  y  mountains,  clothed  to  their  very 
summits  ;.  deep  and  rugged  vallics,  adorn- 
ed by  frequent  cataracts,  cascades, 
woods,  rocks,  and  rivulets,  intermixed, 
form  the  landscape.  Groves  are  seen  ex- 
Lending  over  the  plains  to  the  very  edge 
of  the  sea,  formed  principally  by  the 
palm  and  cocoa-nut  trees,  whose  long 
and  naked  stems  leave  a  clear  and  unin- 
terrupted passage  beneath  ;  while  their 
lufed  and  overspreading  tops  fprm  a 
hick  shade  above,  and  keep  off  the 
scorching  rays  of  the  sun.  In  the  inte- 
rior part  of  the  island,  surrounded  by 
mountains  of  a  prodigious  height,  and 
about  15  miles  from  the  town,  is  a  sacred 
lake,  half  a  mile  in  circumference.  The 
adjacent  hills,  covered  with  lofty  trees, 
and  the  solitude  of  the  place  seem  more 
calculated  to  inspire  religious  awe,  than 
any  sanctity  that  is  to  be  discovered  in 
a  parcel  of  wild  ducks  inhabiting  it. 


HOC 


HOL 


which  are  deified  and  worshipped  by  thfc 
original  natives.  Lon.  44  15  E,  hit.  12 
30  S. 

Bio,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Goth- 
land, seated  on  the  lake  Wetter,  145 
miles  S  VV  of  Stockholm,  and  25  E  of  Fal- 
coping.    Lon.  14  0  E,  lat.  57  53  N. 

Bircaniu,  under  this  name  the  ancients 
comprised  the  Proyinces  of  Persia  in 
Asia,  lying-  on  the  S  shore  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea,  which  was  also  called  the  Hir- 
canian  sea. 

Birch-Born,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  with  a  castle. 
It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the 
Neckar,  near  EberbachT 

Birchfdd,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the,  Upper  Rhine,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  depending* 
on  a  famous  abbey,  which  was  secular- 
ized in  favour  of  the  house  of  Hesse-Cas 
sel.  It  is  seated  on  the  Fulde,  16  miles 
NE  of  the  town  of  Fulde,  and  32  SE  of 
Cassel.    Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  50  56  N. 

Bivbcrg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  famous  for 
its  mineral  baths.  It  is  the  most  trading" 
place  in  all  Silesia,  next  to  Breslaw, 
there  being*  in  the  town  and  suburbs  con- 
siderable manufactures.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Bosar,  44  miles  SW  of  Breslaw. 

Bispaniola.    See  Domingo,  St. 

Bitchin,  a  large  and  populous  town  in' 
Hertfordshire,  wiih  a  marked  on  Tues 
day.  The  inhabitants  make  great  quan- 
tities of  malt;  and  the  market  is  one  of 
the  greatest  in  England  for  wheat.  It  is 
15  miles  NNW  of  Hertford,  and  34  NW 
of  London.    Lon.  0  10  W,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Withe,  or  B^the,  a  borough  in  Kent, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  one  of 
the  Cinque  Ports,  and  had  formerly  five 
parishes,  but  by  the  choaking  up  of  the 
harbour  it  is  now  reduced  to  one.  It  is 
10  miles  W  of  Dover,  and  68  SE  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  10  E,  lat.  51  8  N. 

Hoai-ngan-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang*-nan,  seated  in  a  marsh, 
and  inclosed  by  a  triple  wall.  This  place 
is  a  very  populous,  and  every  thing  in  it 
announces  a  brisk  ancWactive  tract. 

Boang-Bo.    See  Yelloxo  River. 

Woang-tcheon-fou,  a  populous  and  com- 
mercial city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Hou-quang*.  Its  district  contains  one 
city  of  the  second  and  eight  of  the  third 
class. 

Bochberg,  a  marquisate  of  Suabia,  in 
Brisgaw,  belonging  to  the  prince  ofBa: 
den  Dourlach. 

Bochstet,  a  town  of  Suabia,  remarkable 
for  the  great  battle  gained  near  it  by  the 
duke  of  Marlborough,  in  1704,  and  which 
the  English  call  the  battle  of  Blenheim, 
from  a  village  three  miles  SW  of  this 


place.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  23 
miles  NE  of  Ulm.  Lon.  10  33  E,  lat.  38 
48  N. 

Bockerland,  a  territory  of  Germany, 
and  one  of  the  circles  of  Prussia. 

Hockhocking,  Great,  a  river  of  the  state 
of  Ohio,  which  empties  into  the  rivet- 
Ohio  200  miles  below  Pittsburg.  It  is 
200  feet  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  is  navi- 
gable about  70  miles  with  large  boats. 
On  the  banks  of  this  river,  are  consider- 
able bodies  of  free-stone,  coal,  and  iron 
ore.     v  ' 

Hoddesdon,  a  town  in  Herts,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  near  the  Lea,* 
three  miles  S  of  Ware,  and  17  N  bv  E  of 
London.    Lon.  0  5  E,  lat.  5 1  49  N." 

Botii-tcheou,  the  most  southern  city  of 
the  province  of  Kiang-nan,  in  China,  fa- 
mous for  its  teas,  varnish,  and  engrav- 
ings. It  is  one  of  the  richest  cities  in  the 
empire,  and  has  six  cities  of  the  third 
class  dependant  on  it. 

Boei-tcheou-fou,  a  commercial  city  of 
China,  in  the  province  of  Quang-tong. 
Its  jurisdiction  contains  11  cities  of  the 
second  and  third  class. 

Hoekelun.-   See  Beukehim. 

Boenzollern,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital 
of  a  countv  of  the  same  name,  25  miles 
S  of  Stutgard.    Lon.  9  6  E,  lat.  48  23  N. 

Bocsht,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of.Mentz,  seated  on  the  Maine, 
three  miles  from  Francfort. 

.Hague,  Cape  la,  the  NW  point  of  Xor- 
mandv,  in  France.  Lon.  1  52  W,  lat.  49 
45  .N  *  ■ 

Ho-kien-fou,  a  city  of  China,  and  one  of 
the  principal  in  the  province  of  Petcheli. 
It  has  two  cities  of  the  second  and  15  of 
;he  third  class  in  its  district.  It  is  125 
miles  S  of  Pekin. 

Hrfbeach,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
i  market  on  Thursday,  12  miles  S  by  E 
or" .Boston,  and  108  N  by  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  11  E,  lat.  52  47  N. 

Holden,  a  township  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  1072  in- 
liabitants  in  1810. 

Maidemeks,  a  township  of  Grafton  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire.  It  is  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Bemigcwassct  river,  and 
contained  835  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Bohhivorthy,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  be- 
tween two  branches  of  the  Tamar,  43 
miles  ENE  of  Exeter,  and  215  W  bv  S 
of  London.    Lon.  2  42  W,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Holland*  the  largest  of  the  seven  Unit- 
ed Provinces,  is  bounded  on  1he  W  by 
the  German  Ocean,  or  North  sea;  to  the 
E  by  the  Z;iyder-sea,  the  province  of 
Utrecht,  and  part  of  Gelderland ;  to  the 
S  by  Dutch  Brabant  and  Zealand  :  and  to 


HOL 


H  O  L 


the  N  by  the  Zuyder-sea.    Its  greatest 
extent,  from  N  to  S,  including-  the  island 
of  Texel,  is  about  90  English  miles  ;  but 
from  E  to  W  its  extent  varies  froii)  40  to 
25.    To  defend  it  against  the  seu,  dykes 
have  been  erected  at  an  immense  ex- 
pense, and  innumerable  canals  cut  to! 
drain  it,  as  being  naturally  very  low  and  i 
marshy.    Some  parts  of  the  province  are  ! 
very  fruitful  in  corn;    but  the  greater! 
parts  consist  of  rich  pastures  J  wherein 
are  kept  large  herds  of  feme,  which  sup- 
ply them  with  incredible  quantities  of 
butter  and  cheese.    Of  the  latter,  that  of 
Edam,  in  North  Holland,  is  highly  es- 
teemed. The  many  rivers  and  canals  that 
intersect  the  provinces  are  of  great  ad- 
vantage to  its  commerce,  but  contribute 
to  render  the  air  foggy  and  unwholesome. 
There  is  a  communication  by  water  be-  j 
twixt  almost  every  town  and  village.  To- 1 
wards  the  middle  also  of  the  province  ! 
are  great  numbers  of  turf-pits.    It  is  so 
populous,  that  the  number  of  inhabi-j 
tants  is  computed  at  1,200,000.    In  point ; 
of  cleanliness  no  country  surpasses,  and  j 
few  come  up  to  it,  especially  in  North  | 
Holland,  and  that  even  in  the  villages.  It ! 
has  considerable  linen  and  woollen  manu- ! 
fact  tires,  and  numerous  docks  for  the  i 
building  of  ships.    The  established  re-  ' 
ligion  is  Calvinism ;   but  all  religious 
sects  are  tolerated.    Amsterdam  is  the 
capital. 

Holland,  one  of  the  divisions  of  Lin- 
colnshire in  England.    It  so  much  re- 
sembles the  province  of  that  name  upon 
the  continent,  in  most  respects,  being 
low  and  marshy,  with  the  sea  on  one 
side,  and  canals  running  through  it,  that 
it  must  either  have  had  its  name  from  [ 
thence,  or  on  the  same  account.    On  the 
B  it  has  what  the  ancient  geographers, 
calliEstuarium  Metaris,now  the  Washes,  j 
which  are  overflowed  at  high  water,  and  I 
part  of  Cambridgeshire  on  the  S.  The, 
lower  part  of  it  is  full  of  bogs  and  mar- ■ 
shes,  and  has  huge  banks  to  defend  it  j 
against  the  sea  and  land  floods.    The  j 
ground  is  so  soft,  that  horses  are  work- 
ed unshod;  and  it  prod'ices  plenty  of 
grass,  but  little  corn.    The  whole  tract 
seems  to  have  been  gained  from  the  sea; 
and  is  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower, 
the  latter  of  which  was  impassable  ;  bui 
since  the  fens  have  been  drained,  the 
lands  are  grown  more  solid,  and  the  in- 
habitants sow  cole-seed  upon  them  to 
their  great  profit.    They  have  no  fresh 
water  but  from  the  clouds,  which  is  pre- 
served in  pits,  but  if  these  are  deep,  it 
soon  turns  brackish  ;  and  if  they  are  shal- 
low, they  soon  become  dry. 

Holland,  j\Te~u>,  the  largest  known  land  i 


that  does  not  bear  the  name  of  a  con- 
tinent :  it  extends  from  10  30  to  43  42  S 
lat.  and  from  110  30  to  153  30  E  Ion.  so 
diat  its  square  surfa.ee  considerably  c  x 
ceeds  that  of  Europe.  When  this  vast 
island  was  first  discovered,  is  uncertain. 
In  the  beginning  or  last  century,  ti  e  I\ 
and  W  coasts  were  traced  by  the  Dutch  : 
the  S  extremity  was  discovered  by  Tas- 
man,  in  1642."  Captain  Cook,  in"  1770, 
explored  the  E  and  NE  from  38  S,  and 
ascertained  its  separation  from  New  Gui- 
nea ;  and,  in  1773,  captain  Furneaux,  by- 
connecting  Tasinan's  discoveries  with 
Cook's,  completed  the  circuit.  In  that 
part  of  it,  which  Tasman  distinguishc a 
by  the  name  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  and 
which  was  visited  by  Furneaux  in  1773., 
and  again  by  Cook,  in  1777,  the  land  is, 
for  the  most  part,  of  a  good  height,  di- 
versified with  hills  andvallies.  See  Hales, 
J\'e~v  Sa*rtk, 

Jh/les,  a  township  of  Hillsborough  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  containing  1529  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Merrimack  river,  between 
Dunstable  and  Merrimack  townships. 

Holm.,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  sometimes" 
called  Abbey-Holm,  from  an  abbey  that 
formerly  stood  here.  It  if.  a  small  place 
seated  on  an  arm  of  the  sea,  12  miles  N 
of  Cockerra outh,  and  310  NNW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  3  19  W,  lat.  54  53  N. 

Holmsdale.  a  rough  and  woody  tract  in 
Surry,  lying  immediately  beneath  the 
hills  to  the  S  and  E  of  that  county,  and 
extending  into  Kent.  Red  deer  are  still 
found  here ;  and  it  abounds  with  the 
holm  oak. 

Hjlstc'in,  a  duchy  of  Germany,  bounded 
by  the  German  ocean  on  the  Vv  ;  the  Bal- 
tic or  the  gulf  of  Lubeck,  on  the  E  ;  the 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg  on  the  SE  ;  that 
of  Bremen,  with  the  river  Elbe,  on  the 
SW;  and  Lauenburg,  with  the  territory 
of  Hamburg,  on  the  S.  Its  greatest 
length  is  about  80  miles,  and  its  breadth 
60.  A  great  part  of  this  country  consists 
of  rich  marshland,  *vhich  being  much  ex 
posed  to  inundations  both  from  the  sea 
and  rivers,  dykes  have  been  raised  at  a 
great  expense  to  guard  and  defend  them 
The  pastures  in  the  marshes  are  so  rich:. 
that  cattle  are  bred  in  vast  numbers  and 
fattened  in  them,  and  great  quantities  of 
excellent  butter  and  cheese  made  of  their 
milk.  They  are  also  very  fruitful  in 
wheat,  barley,  pease,  beans,  and  rape 
seed.  In  the  more  barren,  sandy,  and 
heathy  parts  of  the  country,  large  flock:- 
of  sheep  are  bred  and  fed  :  nor  are  or- 
chards wanting,  or  woods  ;  especially  of 
oak  and  beech ;  nor  turf,  poultry,  game 


II  O  L 


HON 


and  wild-fowl.  Notwithstanding  this 
country's  advantageous  situation  for  com- 
merce* there  are  few  manufactures  arid 
little  trkde  in  it.  Hamburg*  and  Lubec 
supply  the  inhabitants  with  what  they 
wai.t  from  abroad  ;  from  whence  and  Al- 
tena  they  export  sonic  grain,  malt,  grots, 
starch,  buck-wheat,  pease,  beans,  rape- 
seed,  butter,  cheese,  sheep,  swine,  hom- 
ed cattle,  horses,  and  fish.  Tiie  manu- 
factures of  tlie  duchy  are  chiefly  carried 
on  at  Altena,  Kiel,  and  Gluckstadt.  Den- 
mark now  possesses  the  whole  duchy; 
the  imperial  cities  excepted. 

Hohton,  a  navigable  river  of  Tennessee 
state.  It  rises  in  Virginia,  and  running 
in  a  SVT  direction,  passes  by  Knoxvilie, 
the  capital  of  the  s;atc,  and  falls  into 
Tennessee,  near  the  town  of  Maryville. 

Holt,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday,  20  miles  XNW  of  Nor- 
wich, and  122  NE  of  Lu«.don.  Lon.  1  6 
E,  hat.  53  5  X. 

'Holy  l.dandy  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Northumberland,  six  miles  SE  of  Ber- 
wick. It  is  two  miles  \ox\?9  and  one 
broad  :  the  soil  rocky  and  full  of  stones. 
It  has  a  town  and  a  castle,  under  which 
is  a  commodious  harbour,  defended  by 
a  blockhouse.  On  this  island  which  is 
likewise  called  Lindisfarne,  are  the  ruins 
of  a  stately  monastery;  and  here  was  an- 
ciently a  bishop's  see,  removed  with  the 
body  of  St.  Cuthbert,  first  to  Chester  le 
Street,  and  afterward  to  Durham. 

Hiekfiead,  a  seaport  and  cape  of  the  isle 
of  Anglesea.  It  is  the  most  usual  place 
of  embarkation  for  Dublin,  there  being 
packet-boats  that  sail  for  that  city  every 
day,  except  Tuesday,  wind  and  Weather 
permitting1.  On  the  adjacent  rocks  tlx 
herb  'grows  of  which  kelp  is  made;  arid 
in  the  neighbourhood  is  a  large  vein  of 
white  fuller's  earth,  and  another  of  yel- 
!  >w  .  On  the  isle  of  Skerries,  nine-miles 
to  the  X,  is  a  light-house.  Kolvhead  is 
93  miles  WNW  of  Chester,  and  276  NW 
of  London.    Lon.  4  22  W,  lat.  53  19  N. 

ffolyrwe%  a  town  in  Flintshire  witb  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  fatuous  well  of  St.  Winifred, 
concerning  which  so  many  fables  and  su- 
perstitious notions  have  prevailed.  It  h 
a  copious  stream,  bursting-  out  of  the 
ground  with  a  considerable  degree  of  im- 
petuosity. fJesid  -s  the  cold  bath,  ecle 
brated  for  wonderful  cures,  formed  at 
the  sprii ••g-'.ie.'  d,  and  covered  with  a  beau- 
tiful Gothic  shrine,  it  is  now  applied  to 
the  purpose  of  turning  several  mills  foi 
the  working-  of  copper,  making*  bras.- 
wire,  paper,  and  snuff  and  spinning  cot- 
ton.   It  is  10  miles  R  of  St.  Asaph,  and 


212  NE  of  London.  Lon.  3  21  W,  lat.  54 
13  X. 

fiofoiebfhirg,  a  thriving  village  with  a 
post-ovtice,  in  Philadelphia  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  on  the  post  and  stage 
road  to  New  York,  10  miles  NE  of  Phila- 

delph  ia.  '*^KBmMijht'     J'  ^ '  $ 

Jhmuw-g;  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
landg-ravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  150  miles  N 
of  Frauckfort.    Lon.  9  26  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

HmiLnrg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Deux-Ponts  between  the  Mo- 
selie  and  the  Rhine,  50  miles  SE  of 
Treves.    Lon.  7  32  E,  lat.  49  16  X. 

Jit-nan,  a  province  of  China,  bounded 
on  the  X  by  the  province  of  Petcheli  and 
Chan-si,  on  the  E  by  Kiangsi,  and  Cban- 
tong-,  on  the  S  by  Houquang,  and  on  the 
\V  by  Chen-si.  As  every  thing*  that  can 
contribute  to  render  a  country  delight- 
ful, is  found  in  this  province,  the  Chi- 
nese call  it  Tonghoa.  The  middle  Flow^ 
er.  It  is,  im1  ed,  situated  almost  in  the 
centre  of  China.  Reside  Cai-fongfou,  its 
capita*],  it  contains  seven  cities  of  the  first 
cla  is,  and  102  of  the  second  and  third. 

Honan-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Honan.  It  has  under  its  juris- 
diction one  citv  of  the  second  class,  and 
13  of  the  third.  It  is  500  miles  SW  of 
Pekin. 

Ttmuhtras,  a  larg-e  province  of  New 
Spam*  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  bay  of 
Honduras,  on  the  E  by  the  Mosquito 
Shore,  on  the  S  by  Nicaragua,  and  on 
the  W  by  Chiapa  and  Guatimala.  This 
province,  and  the  peninsula  of  Jucatan, 
on  the  other  side  of  the  bay  of  Honduras, 
derive  their  value  from  the  great  abun- 
dance of  the  logwood-tree,  which,  in  dy- 
ing some  colours*  is  so  far  preferable  to 
any  other  material,  that  the  consumpt,:,n 
of  it  in  Europe  is  considerable,  and  it  is 
become  an  article  in  commerce  of  great 
value.  Af.er  the  conquest  of  Jamaica  by- 
he  English,  one  of  the  first  objects  of 
the  settlers  on  that  island  was  the  great 
profit  arising  from  the  logwood  trade, 
and  the  facility  of  wresting  some  portion 
of  it  from  the  Spaniards.  The  Spaniards 
alarmed  at  their  encroachments',  endea- 
voured by  negociation,  remonstrances, 
and  open  force,  to  prevent  the  English 
from  obtaining  any  footing  on  that  part 
jf  the  American  continent.  But,  after 
strugglin  against  it  for  more  than  a  cen* 
tury,  the  disasters  of  an  unfortunate  war 
■xiorted  from  the  court  of  Madrid,  in 
1~63,  a  reluctant  consent  to  tolerate  this 
-.ettlement  of  foreigners  in  the  heart  of 
its  territories.  This  privilege  was  con- 
firmed by  the  definitive  treaty  of  1T83, 
by  which,  however,  it  was  stipulated, 
P  P 


HOP 


LI  OR 


that  they  should  confine  themselves  with- 
in  a  certain  district,  lying1  between  the 
rivers  Wallis,  or  BeUize,  and  Kio  Hon- 
do, taking  the  course  of  the  said  two  ri- 
vers for  unalterable  boundaries,  so  as 
that  the  navigation  of  them  be  common 
to  botb  nations.  But  by  a  convention 
signed  in  1786  tbe  English  were  not  only 
permitted  to  cut  logwood,  but  mahogany 
or  any  other  kind  of  wood,  and  to  parry 
away  any  other  produce  of  the  country  ; 
and  also  to  occupy  the  small  island  cal- 
led Casina.  The  capital  of  Honduras  is 
Valladolid. 

Honjleurt  a  considerable  seaport  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Calvados 
and  late  province  of  Normandy,  with  a 
good  harbour  and  a  trade  in  lace.  It  is 
eight  miles  N  of  Pont  l'Eveque,  and  110 
NW  of  Paris.    Lon.  0  15  E,  lat.  49  24  N. 

Honiton,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  Honiton  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  has  a  large 
manufacture  of  white  thread  and  bone- 
lace.  It  is  seated  on  tbe  Otter,  16  miles 
E  of  Exeter,  and  156  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  3  12  W,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Honohtein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves.  Lon.  7  5  E,  lat.  49 
43  N. 

Hood  Island,  one  of  the  Marquesas  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  and  named 
by  captain  Cook,  in  1774.  Lon.  138  47 
W,  lat.  9  26  S. 

Hoogly,  a  small  bnt  ancient  city  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  Bengal.  It  is  now  nearly  in 
ruins,  but  possesses  many  vestiges  of 
former  greatness.  In  the  beginning  of 
this  century,  it  was  the  great  mart  of 
the  export  trade  of  Bengal  to  Europe.  Ii 
is  seated  on  an  arm  of  the  Ganges,  called 
llooglv,  26  miles  N  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  88 
28  E,  lat  32  30  N. 

Hoogly  River,  an  arm  of  the  Ganges, 
formed  by  the  union  of  its  two  western- 
most brandies,  named  the  Cossimbuzar 
and  Yellingby  rivers.  It  is  the  port  ot 
Calcutta,  and  the  only  branch  of  the  Gan- 
ges that  is  commonly  navigated  by  ships. 

Hoog&traten,  a  town  of  Dutch  Bratan*, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  10 
nv'les  S  of  Breda,  and  15  NE  of  Antwerp. 

Hoosack,  a  township  of  Renssellaei 
county,  New  York,  containing  3117  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  3u  miles  N  of 
Albany  and  is  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Hudson  river. 

Hope,  a  village  in  the  high  peak  of  Der- 
byshire. 

Hope,  a  post  town  in  Sussex  countv, 
New  Jersey ;  a  small  Moravian  settle- 
ment 22  miles  NE  of  Easton  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. 


Hopewell,  a  township  of  Hunterdon 
couniy,  New  Jersey,  containing  2565  in- 
habitants in  181u.  It  is  siiuated  on  the 
NE  side  of  the  river  Delaware,  14  miles 
E  of  Princeton,  and  lu  N  of  Trenton. 

Hopewell,  a  township  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania,  joining  to  the  state  of  Ma- 
ryland. In  1810  it  contained  1587  in- 
habitants. 

Hopewell,  a  township  of  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  2193 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  about 
14  miles  NW  by  YV  from  Washington, 
and  joins  the  state  of  Ohio, 

Hopkifttori,  a  town  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire,  containing  2216 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Conkcook  river,  8  miles  W  of 
Concord. 

Hopkinton,  a  township  of  Washington 
county,  Rhode  Island,  containing  1774 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween Wood  and  Ashewague  rivers,  and 
joi:is  the  state  of  Connecticut. 

Horeb,  a  mountain  of  Arabia  Petrea,  isr 
Asia. 

Horn,  a  considerable  town  of  the  Uni- 
ted Provinces,  in  N  Holland,  with  a  good 
harbour,  on  the  Zuider-Zee,  13  miles  N 
E  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  59  E,  lat.  52 
38  N. 

Horn,  a  town  of  the  late  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands, in  the  bishopric  of  Liege.  Lon. 
5  55  E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Hornbach,  a  town  in  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Deux-Ponts.  Lon.  7  36  E,  lat. 
49  10  N. 

Hornberg,  an  ancient  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  Black  Forest,  in  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
temberg,  with  a  fortress  on  a  mountain. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Gutlash,  21  miks  NE 
of  Friburg.    Lon.  8  27  E,  lat.  48  12  N. 

Hornby,  a  town  of  Lancashire,  in  Eng- 
land, seated  on  a  branch  of  the  river 
Lune,  with  a  handsome  church.  Lon.  2 
20  W,  lat.  54  6  N. 

Horn,  Cape,  the  most  southern  part 
of  Tierra-del-I'uego,  in  South  America, 
round  which  all  ships  now  pass  that  sail 
into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  67  26  W, 
lat.  55  58  S. 

Ilorncastle,  a  large  well  built' town  in 
Lincolnshire,  on  the  river  Bane.  It  is  20 
miles  E  of  Lincoln,  and  136  N  of  London, 
Lon.  0  2  W,  lat.  53  14  N. 

Hornchurch,  a  village  in  Essex,  two 
miles  E  by  S  of  Rumlord,  of  which  it  is 
the  mother  church.  A  large  pair  of  horns 
is  affixed  to  the  E  end  of  the  church,  for 
which  tradition  assigns  a  reason  too  idle 
to  be  repeated. 

Homdon,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a  mar- 
ket  on  Saturday.    It  is  seated  on  a  hill. 


HOT 


H  O  T 


which  commands  a  beautiful  prospect, 
16  miles  S  by  W  of  Chelmsford,  and  19 
E  of  London.  Lon.  0  35  E,  lut.  51  32  N. 

Hornseg,  a  town  of  Yorkshire,  183  miles 
from  London.  It  is  almost  surrounded 
by  a  small  arm  of  the  sea,  and  the  church 
having-  a  high  steeple,  is  a  noted  sea- 
mark. Not  many  years  ago  there  was  a 
street  here  called  Hornsey  beck,  which 
was  washed  away  by  the  sea,  except  a 
house  or  two.    E  lon.  0  6,  N  lat.  54  0. 

Hornsey,  a  town  of  Middlesex,  five 
miles  X  of  London  It  is  a  long  strag- 
gling place,  situated  in  a  low  valley,  but 
extremely  pleasant,  having  the  new  river 
winding  through  it. 

fforsens,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  Jut- 
land, scaled  on  the  bottom  of  a  bay  that 
opens  into  the  Categatenear  the  island  of 
Hiarnoe,  125  miles  W  by  N  of  Copenha- 
gen.   Lon.  9  40  E,  lat.  55  57  N. 

H,rntoion,  a  post  town  in  Accomack 
county,  Virginia,  situated  near  the  line 
that  divides  this  state  from  the  eastern 
shore  of  Maryland,  at  the  distance  of  16 
miles  S  from  Snow  Hill. 

Horsham,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  noted  for  fine  poul- 
try. Here  is  the  county -gaol,  and  the  as- 
sizes are  sometimes  held  here.  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  36 
miles  S  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  12  W, 
lat.  51  8  N. 

Horsham,  a  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  S 
branch  of  Neshaminy  creek,  joiningBucks 
county.  It  contained  938  inhabitants  in 
1810. 

Hottentots,  Country  of  the,  a  large  re- 
gion in  the  S  extremity  of  Africa,  ex- 
tending N  by  W,  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  beyond  the  mouth  of  Orange  Ri- 
ver, and  from  that  cape,  in  an  EXE  di- 
rection, to  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Fish 
River,  which  parts  it  from  Caffraria.  It 
lies  between  the  tropic  of  Capricorn  and 
35  S  lat.  and  is  bounded  on  the  west, 
south  and  east  by  the  Atlantic,  Southern, 
and  Indian  Ocear*-:,  and  on  the  N  by  re- 
gions very  little,  if  at  all  explored.  The 
Hottentots  are  as  tall  as  most  Europeans, 
but  are  more  slender ;  and  the  charac- 
teristic mark  of  this  nation  is,  the  small- 
ness  of  their  hands  and  feet  compared  j 
with  the  other  parts  of  their  body.  Their  I 
skin  is  of  a  yellowish  brown  hue,  resem- 
bling that  of  an  European  who  has  the 
jaundice  in  a  high  degree.  There  are  not  j 
such  thick  lips  among  the  Hottentots  as  ' 
among  their  neighbours,  the  Negroes, 
the  CafTres,  and  the  Mozambiques ;  and  j 
their  mouth  is  of  the  middling  size,  with  j 
the  finest  set  of  teeth  imaginable.  Their ' 
heads  are  covered  with  hair,  more  wool- ! 


ly,  if  possible,  than  that  of  the  Negroes, 
With  respect  to  shape,  carriage,  and  eve- 
ry motion,  their  whole  appearance  indi- 
cates health  and  content.  In  their  mcin, 
moreover,  a  degree  of  carelessness  is  ob- 
servable, that  discovers  marks  of  alacriu 
and  resolution;  qualities  which,  upon  oc- 
casion, they  certainly  can  exhibit.  Not 
on'y  the  men,  but  the  women  also  are 
clothed  with  sheep  skins  ;  the  wool  being 
worn  outward  in  summer,  and  inward  in 
winter.  They  wear  one  skin  over  their 
shoulders,  the  ends  of  it  crossing  each 
other  before,  and  leaving  their  neck  bare  , 
another  is  fastened  round  their  middle, 
and  reaches  down  to  their  knees.  They 
besmear  their  bodies  all  over  with  fat,  in 
which  a  little  soot  is  mixed  :  and  this  is 
never  wiped  off.  They  are  likewise  per- 
fumed  with  powder  of  herbs,  rubbing  it 
all  over  them,  when  they  besmear  them- 
selves. The  odour  of  this  powder  is  rank 
and  aromatic,  and  comes  nearest  to  that 
of  the  poppy  mixed  with  spices.  The 
women  who  are  ambitious  to  please,  not 
only  grease  all  the  naked  parts  of  their 
body,  to  make  them  shine,  but  braid  or 
plait  their  hair  as  an  additional  elegance, 
and  adorn  themselves  with  necklaces  of 
shells.  A  Hottentot  lady  thus  bedizen- 
ed, has  exhausted  all  the  arts  of  her  toi- 
lette ;  and  however  unfavourable  nature 
may  have  been,  with  regard  to  shape  and 
stature,  her  pride  is  wonderfully  flatter, 
ed,  while  the  splendour  of  her  appear- 
ance gives  her  the  highest  degree  of  sa- 
tisfaction. But  with  all  this  vanity,  thev 
are  not  devoid  of  modesty,  for  the  fe- 
males of  this  nation  cover  themselves 
much  more  scrupulously  than  the  men. 
They  seldom  content  themselves  with 
one  covering,  but  almost  always  have 
two,  and  very  often  three.  These  are 
made  of  well-greased  skins,  and  are  fas- 
tened about  their  bodies  with  a  thong, 
almost  like  the  aprons  of  our  ladies.  The 
outermost  is  the  largest,  finest,  and  most 
showy,  and  frequently  adorned  with  glass 
beads  strung  in  different  figures.  Both 
the  men  and  women  generally  go  bare- 
headed. Neither  their  ears  nor  nose  are 
adorned  with  any  pendent  ornaments,  as 
(hey  are  among  oilier  savages;  but  the 
nose  is  sometimes,  by  way  of  greater  state, 
marked  with  a  black  streak  of  soot,  or 
with  a  large  spot  of  red  lead;  of  which 
latter,  on  high  days,  they  likewise  put  a 
little  on  their  cheeks.  Both  sexes  wear 
rings  on  their  arms  and  legs.  Most  of 
these  are  made  of  thick  leather  straps, 
cut  in  a  circular  shape  ;  and  these  have 
given  rise  to  the  received  notion,  that  the 
Hottentots  wrap  guts  about  their  legs,  in 
order  to  eat  them  occasionally.  Rinsrs  of 


II  O  T 


H  O  T 


iron,  copper,  or  brass,  of  the  size  of  a 
goose-quill,  are  considered  us  more  gen- 
teel than  those  of  leather  ;  but  the  girls 
are  not  allowed  to  use  any  ring's  till  they 
are  marriageable.  The  Hottentots  sel- 
dom wear  any  shoes.  What  they  do  wear, 
are  made  of  undressed  leather,  with  the 
hairy  side  outward  ;  they  are  rendered 
si  ft  and  pliable,  by  being  beat  and  mois- 
tened, and  are  very  light  and  cool.  Their 
habitations  are  adapted  to  their  wander- 
ing1 pastoral"  life.  They  are  merely  huts, 
resembling  a  round  bee-hive  or  a  vault, 
from  18  to  24  feet  in  diameter,  and  so 
low,  as  scarcely  possible  for  a  middle- 
sized  man  to  stand  upright.  Hut  neither 
the  lowness  of  the  hut,  nor  that  of  the 
door  which  is  barely  three  feet  high,  can 
be  considered  as  any  inconvenience  to 
a  Hottentot,  who  finds  no  difficulty  in 
stooping  a  »d  crawling  on  all-fours,  and 
who  is,  at  any  time,  more  inclined  to  lie 
down  than  stand.  The  fire-place  is  in 
the  middle,  and  they  sit  or  lie  round  it 
m  acircle.  The  low  door  is  the  only  place 
that  admits  the  light,  and  the  brily  out- 
let that  is  left  for  the  smoke.  The  Hot- 
tentot, inured  to  it  from  his  in  fan.  \  ■,  pees 
it  hover  round  him,  without  feeling  the 
least  inconvenience  arising  from  it  to  his 
eyes :  and  rolled  up,  like  a  hedge  hog 
snug  in  his  skin,  he  lies  in  the  midst  of 
this  cloud,  till  he  is  now  and  then  obli- 
ged to  peep  out  from  beneath  his  sheep- 
skin, in  order  to  stir  the  fire,  or  perhaps 
to  light  his  pipe,  or  turn  the  steak  he  is 
broiling- over  the  lire.  The  order  of  these 
huts  in  a  craal  or  clan,  is  most  frequent- 
ly in  the  form  of  a  circle,  with  the  doors 
inward  ;  by  which  means  a  kind  of  yard 
is  formed,  where  the  cattle  are  kept  at 
night.  Such  are  the  Hottentots  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  In 
1778,  lieutenant  Paterson  visited  a  Hot- 
tentot village  in  the  small  XimiquaLand, 
in  the  NAV  part  of  the  country ;  it  con- 
sisted of  19  huts  and  about  150  inhabi- 
tants. The  ensign  of  authority,  worn  by 
their  chief,  was  a  cane  with  a  brass  top, 
given  to  him  by  the  Dutch  East  India 
Company.  The  Hottentots  amused  them, 
part  of  the  night,  with  music  and  dan- 
cing; their  visitors,  in  return;  treated 
them  with  tobacco  and  d:icka,  or  hemp' 
leaves,  which  they  prefer  even  to  tobac- 
co. Their  music  was  produced  from 
flutes,  made  of  the  bark  of  trees,  of  dif- 
ferent sizes.  The  men  form  themselves 
into  a  circle,  with  their  flutes  ;  and  the 
women  dance  round  them.  Among  other 
tribes  of  Hottentots  are  the  Boshmans, 
who  inhabit  the  mountains  in  the  interim 
part  of  the  Gauntry,  NE  of  the  Cape,  and 
are  enemies  to  the  pastoral  life.  Their 


weapons  are  poisoned  arrows,  which  shot 
from  a  small  bow,  will  hit  a  mark  with  a 
tolerable  degree  of  certainty,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  100 paces.  Their  h  abitations  are 
not  more  agreeable  than  their  manners 
and  maxims.  Like  the  wild  beasts,  bush- 
es and  clefts  in  rocks,  serve  them  by 
turns  for  dwellings.  Many  of  these  sa- 
vages are  entirely  naked  ;  but  some  of 
them  cover  their  body  with  the  skin  of 
any  sort  of  animal,  great  or  small,  from 
the  shoulder  downward  as  far  as  it  will 
reach,  wearing  it  till  it  fall  off  their 
back  in  rags.  As  ignorant  of  agriculture 
as  apes  and  monkies,  they  are  obliged, 
like  them,  to  wander  over  bills  and  dales 
after  cei.tain  wild  roots,  berries,  and 
plants,  which  they  eat  raw.  'Their  tab!-, 
however,  is  composed  of  several  oth» -r 
dishes,  among  which  are  caterpUlars,*te?- 
mities,  locusts,  grasshopper-,  s/iakes,  and 
spiders.  Another  tribe  of  Hottentots, 
near  the  mouth  of  Orangte  River,  were 
observed  by  lieutenant  l'atersoiv,  -in.  his 
journey  to  the  NW  in  1779.  Their  hilts 
were  loftier,  and  thatched  with  grass 
Their  mode  of  living  is  in  the  highest 
degree  wretched,  and  they  are  apparent- 
ly the  most  dirty  of  all  "the  Hottentot 
tribes"*}  Their  dress  is  composed  of  the 
skins  of  seals  and  jack.dls.  the  bVsh  oi 
which  they  eat.  When  a  grampus  is  cast 
ashore,  they  remove  their  huts  to  the 
place,  and  subsist  upon  it  as  long  as  any 
part  of  it  remains  ;  and  in  this  manner, 
it  sometimes  affords  them  sustenance  for 
half  a  year,  though  in  a  great  measure 
decayed  and  put  rifled  by  the  sun.  They 
smear  their  skin  with  the  oil,  the  odour 
of  which  is  so  powerful,  that  their:.;) 
p roach  may  be  perceived  some  time  be- 
fore* they  appear  in  view.  With  respect 
to  the  Hottentots,  in  general,  none  of 
them  seem  to  have  any  religion,  nor  do 
they  appear  willing  to  receive  any  in- 
struction. All  of  them,  however,  have 
the  firmest  opinion  of  the  power  of  ma- 
gic ;  whence'it  might  be  inferred,  that 
they  believe  in  an  evil  being,  but  they 
pay  no  religious  worship  to  him,  though 
from  tills  source  they  derive  all  the  v\  ils 
that  happen ;  and  among  these  they  reck- 
on cokt,  rain,  and  thunder.  So  monstrous- 
ly ignorant  are  they,  that  the  Boshmans 
w  ill  abuse  the  thunder  with  many  oppro- 
brious epithets,  and  threaten  to  assault 
the  lightning.  *Even  the  most  intelligent 
of  them  could  not  be  convinced  by  Bt. 
Sparrman,  that  irin  was  not  always  an 
evili  and  that  it  would  be  an  unhappy 
circumstance,  w  ere  it  never  to  rain.  They 
seem,  however,  to  have  some  idea  of  a  fu- 
ture state,  as  they  reproach  their  friends, 
when  dead  with  leaving  them  so  soo:i, 


HOT 


H  O  W 


admonishing  them  to  behave  henceforth 
more  properly ;  by  which  they  mean, 
that  their  deceased  friends  should  not 
come  back  again  and  haunt  them,  nor  al- 
low themselves  to  be  made  use  of  by 
wizzaros,  to  bring  any  mischief  on  those 
that  survive  them.  The  Hottentots  sleep 
promiscuously  in  the  same  hut,  and  are 
neither  acquainted  with  the  difference  of 
age, nor  with  that  invincible  horror  which 
separates  beings  connected  by  blood.  The 
country  possessed  b\  the  Batch  is  of  a 
pretty  considerable  extent,  comprehend- 
ing not  only  the  large  tract  between  Ta- 
ble Bay  and  False  Bay,  but  that  which  is 
called  Hottentot  Holland,  extending  from 
False  Bay  to  the  Cabo  dos  Agulhas,  or 
Cape. of  Needles,  and  the  country  further 
E  beyond  St.  Christopher's  River,  called 
Terra  dc  Natal.  The  whole  of  this  coun- 
try is  naturally  barren  and  mountainous; 
but  the  industrious  Dutch  have  overcome 
all  natural  difficulties,  and  it  produces, 
not  only  a  sufficiency  of  a,U  the  necessa- 
ries of  life  for  the  inhabitants,  but  also 
for  the  refreshment  of  all  the  European 
ships  that  touch  here.  The  Dutch  con- 
sider the  year  as  divided  into  two  sea- 
tons,  which  they  term  monsoons,  the  wet 
monsoon/  or  winter,  begins  in  March  ; 
and  the  dry  one,  o»  summer,  in  Septem- 
ber. Among  the  quadrupeds  of  this 
country  are  antelopes,  which  go  in  herds 
of  20,000  each  ;  buffaloes ;  cameleopar- 
diliscs  ;  the  gems-boch,  a  species  of  an- 
telope, which  has  remarkably  long- sharp 
horns,  and  when  attacked  by  dogs  will 
sit  on  its  hind  quarters,  and  defend  it- 
self ;  wild  dogs,  which  travel  in  herds, 
and  are  very  destructive  to  sheep  ;  ele- 
phants;  elks  ;  hyenas;  the  koedo,  an  ani- 
mal of  a  mouse  colour,  rather  larger 
than  our  deer,  with  three  white  stripes 
over  the  back,  and  the  male  having  very 
large  twisted  horns ;  lions  ;  jackulls  ;  ti- 
gers; the  quacha,  a  species  of  the  zebra, 
but  more  tractable  ;  rhinoceroses ;  hor- 
ses ;  domestic  horned  cattle ;  common 
sheep,  and  a  peculiar  species  of  sheep 
covered  with  hair  instead  of  wool.  The 
hippopotamus  or  river  horse,  is  frequent- 
ly seen  here.  Among  the  birds  are  vul- 
tures, ostriches,  whose  eggs  are  excellent 
f  >od  ;  and  the  loxia,  a  species  of  grega- 
rious bird  ;  these  latter  build  their  curi- 
ous nest  in  the  mimosa  tree,  where  they 
form  a  kind  of  thatched  house,  with  a 
regular  street  of  nests  on  both  sides,  at 
about  two  inches  distance  from  each 
ilier,  and  containing  under  its  rcof,  in 
one  that  lieutenant  Paterson  saw,  upward 
of  800  birds.  Among  the  insects  are, 
the  termities,  or  white  ant  ;,  which  do  no 


injury  to  wood  as  in  the  East  Indies,  but 
by  raising  a  number  of  hills,  they  im- 
pede the  progress  of  vegetation.  '  The 
Hottentots  eat  them  ;  and  lieutenant  Pa- 
terson,  who  tasted  tins  food,  found  it  far 
from  disagreeable.  The  locusts  are  es- 
teemed excellent  food  by  the  Boshmans, 
by  whom  they  are  uried  and  kept  for 
use.  The  black,  or  rock  scorpion,  is 
nearly  as  venomous  here  as  any  of  the 
serpent  tribe,  of  which  there  are  nume- 
rous kinds. 

Jfouat,  an  island  of  France,  near  the 
coast  of  Bretagne.    It  is  10  miles  in  cir- 

CUffrf^Mpg||7T^:    '       1 < %J^Vjv, , ' ' 

JLjiidun,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Eure  and  Loire  and  lately 
in  the  province  of  Beauce,  with  a  manu- 
facture of  woollen  stockings.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Yegre,  10  inihs  frnrn  Dreux, 
and  32  miles  S\V  of  Paris.  Lou.  1  41  E, 
lat.  48  47  N.      ,  .  v£ 

llousatonick,  a  river  of  Connecticut 
state.  It  rises  in  Massachusetts,  and 
runs  through  Lichfield  county,  Connecti- 
cut, nearly  due  south,  till  it  pastes  N 
Milford.  Thence  it  flows  SE  till  it  joins 
the  Stratford,  and  the  united  stream  falls 
into  Long  island  Sound  near  the  town 
of  Stratford. 

Mounsfaw,  a  town  in  Middlesex,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  is  situated  or, 
a  heath  of  the  same  name,  on  which  arc- 
some  powder-mills,  on  a  branch  of  the  ri- 
ver Coin.  Here  is  a  charity  school  and  a 
chapel.  The  heath  is  noted  for  robbe- 
ries and  horse  races.  Hounslow  is  10  miles 
\V  by  S  of  London. 

HoM-quang,  a  province  of  China,  which 
occupies  nearly  the  centre  of  the  empire. 
Yang-tse-kiang  traverses  it  from  E  to  W, 
aiul  divides  it  into  two  parts.  This  pro- 
vince (the  greater  part  of  which  is  level, 
and  watered  by  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers) 
is  celebrated  for  its  fertility  ;  the  Chi- 
nese call  it  the  storehouse  of  the  em- 
pire. It  contains  15  cities  of  the  first 
class,  and  114  of  the  second  and  third. 
Yout-chang-fou  is  the  capital. 

Hoii-tchvou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Tche-kiang.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  on 
which  it  is  seated.  The  quantity  of  silk 
manufactured  here  is  almost  incredible. 
Its  district  contains  one  city  of  the  se- 
cond and  six  of  the  third  class.  It  is  |60 
miles  NE  of  N^n-king.  Lon.  119  45  E, 
lat.  30  35  N. 

Htrwilen,  a  town  in  the  E  riding  o. 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday 
It  gives  name  to  a  small  district  called 
llowdenshirc,  and  has  a  large  church, 
like  a  cathedral.    It  is  seated  on  the  N 


HUD 


HUD 


side  of  the  Ouse,  15  miles  SE  of  York, 
and  179  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  51 
W,  lat.  53  46  N. 

/foxier,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  seated 
on  the  Weser,  8  miles  NW  of  Corwey, 
27  miles  NE  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  9  39  E, 
lat.  51  50  N. 

Hoy,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands  situat- 
ed between  the  Island  of  Pomona  and  the 
N  coast  of  Caithness-shire.  It  is  10  miles 
long-.  On  this  island,  besides  the  great 
conic  hill  of,  Holyhead,  which  is  a  sea 
mark,  there  is  a  stupendous  rock,  called 
the  Beary,  where  a  bird,  named  the  lay- 
er, supposed  to  be  a  species  of  penguin, 
is  found.  In  a  gloomy  valley  in  this  is- 
land, is  a  large  stone,  36  feet  long  and 
18  broad,  called  the  Dwarfic  stone.  It  is 
hollow  within,  having  the  form  of  a  bed 
and  pillow  cut  in  the  stone  ;  and  is  sup 
posed  to  have  been  the  habitation  of  a 
hermit.    Lon.  3  20  W,  lat.  58  36  NT. 

Hoye,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  subject  to 
the  elector  of  Hanover,  seated  on  the 
Weser,  43  miles  NW  of  Zell.  Lon.  9  6 
E,  lat.  52  57  N. 

Haradisch,  a  town  of  Moravia,  on  an  is- 
land in  the  river  Morava,  30  miles  SE  of 
Olmutz,  and  30  E  of  Brinn.  Lon.  17  53 
E,  lat.  49  0  N. 

Hun,  or  Kahmi,  a  large  town  of  Asia, 
capital  of  Cochin-China,  with  a  royal  pa- 
lace. It  is  seated  in  a  beautiful  plain, 
and  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  large  ri- 
ver.   Lon.  105  5  E,  lat.  17  40*  N. 

Huulrine,  one  of  the  Society  Islands  in 
the  S  Pacific  Ocean,  30  leagues  from  O- 
taheite.  It  is  21  miles  in  compass,  and 
has  a  commodious  harbour.  Lon.  151  1 
W,  lat.  16  44  S. 

Hubbardstorvn,  a  township  of  Worces- 
ter county,  Massachusetts,  containing 
1127  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated 
on  a  branch  of  the  river  Ware,  45  miles 
westward  from  Boston. 

Jf liberty  St.  a  town  of  Austrian  Luxem- 
burg, with  an  abbev,  20  miles  SE  of 
Rochefort.    Lon.  5  12  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Hiiddersjieldi  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It 
is  the  mart  for  narrow  cloths,  called 
plains.  It  is  42  miles  SW  of  York,  and 
189  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  1  40  W,  lat. 
53  40  N 

Hudson,  one  of  the  most  flourishing  ci- 
ties in  the  state  of  New  York;  situated 
on  the  E  bank  of  Hudson  river,  in  Colum- 
bia county,  132  miles  N  of  the  city  of 
New  York,  and  40  S  of  Albany,  in  the 
lat.  of  42  15  N  and  lon.  of  74  9  W.  The 
foundation  of  the  first  house  was  laid  in 
"!783,  and  in  1800  it  contained  4048  inha- 


I  bitants.  Here  is  a  post  office,  and  a  bank 
whose  capi'ul  is  limited  by  act  of  Assem- 

|  My,  to  160,000  Dollars. 

Hudson,  a  river  of  New  York  state, 
which  from  i  s  course  from  N  to  S,  is 
sometimes  called  the  North  River.  Its 
most  northerly  springs  are  in  Essex 
county,  whence  it  flows  a  little  eastward 
of  South,  till  it  joins  the  Mohawk  river, 
one  of  its  prin  ipal  branches.  Thence  it 
runs  nearly  due  S  -uth,  till  it  falls  into 
New  York  bay,  a  little  below  the  cuy  of 
New  York.  This  river  is  navigable'  by 
vessels  of  considerable  burthen  to  the  ci'- 
ty  of  Hudson  (about  120  miles)  and  by 
sloops  as  high  as  Albany,  the  capital  of 
the  state. 

Hudson's  Bay,  a  bay  of  North  America, 
lying  between  51  and' 69  N  latitude,  and 
discovered  in  1610,  by  captain  Henry 
Hudson.  He  had  made  two  voyages  be- 
fore on  the  same  adventure  ;  the  first  in 
1607,  and  the  second  in  1608.  In  his 
third  and  last,  in  1610,  he  entered  the 
straits  that  lead  into  the  bay  known  by 
his  name  ;  coasted  a  great  part  of  it, 
and  penetrated  to  80  30  N  lat.  His  ar- 
dour for  the  discovery  not  being  abated 
by  the  difficulties  he  struggled  with  in 
this  empire  of  frost  and  snow,  he  staid 
uere  till  the  ensuing  spring,  and  then 
prepared  to  pursue  his  discoveries  ;  but 
his  crew,  who  suffered  equal  hardships, 
without  the  same  spirit  to  support  them, 
mutinied,  seized  him  and  seven  of  those 
w  ho  were  most  faithful  to  him,  and  com- 
mitted them  to  the  icy  seas  in  an  open 
boat.  Hudson  and  his  companions  were 
never  heard  of  more  ;  but  the  ship  and 
the  rest  of  the  men  returned  home.  U- 
ther  attempts  towards  a  discovery  of  that 
passage  have  been  since  made,  but  hith- 
erto without  effect.  The  entrance  of 
this  bay,  from  the  ocean,  is  between  Re- 
solution Isles  on  the  N,  and  Button's  Isles 
on  the  Labrador  coast  to  the  S,  forming 
the  E  extremity  of  the  strait,  distin- 
guished by  the  name  of  its  great  discov- 
erer. This  bay  communicates  on  the  N, 
by  two  straits,  with  Baffin's  Bay  :  on  the 
E  side  it  is  bordered  by  Labrador,  on  the 
SW  by  New  South  Wales,  and  on  the  W 
by  New  North  Wales.  These  countries 
are  included  under  the  name  of  New  Bri- 
tain, and  abound  with  animals  whose 
skins  and  furs  are  far  superior  in  quality 
to  those  found  in  less  northerly  regions. 
The  natives  are  called  Esquimaux,  and 
Northern  Indians ;  and  are  materially 
different  from  all  the  Southern  tribes. 
In  1670,  a  charter  was  granted  to  a  com- 
pany, which  does  not  consist  of  above 
ten  persons,  for  the  exclusive  trade  to 


H  UL 


HUM 


this  bay.  This  company  possess  three 
forts  on  the  S  coast  of  James  Bay,  by 
which  the  S  termination  of  Hudson's 
Cay  is  distinguished.  These  factories 
are  called  Rupert,  Moose,  and  Alba- 
ny, and  they  lie,  from  51  to  52  N 
lat.  and  from'  75  to  79  W  Ion.  On  the 
W  side  of  Hudson's  Bay,  considerably  up 
Hayes  River,  is  a  factory  called  Flambo- 
rough  ;  and  beyond  this  is  York  Fort,  on 
Xehon  River, "in  Ion.  92  30,  and  lat.  57 
25:  but  the  most  northern  settlement  is 
Prince  of  Wales'  Fort,  at  the  mouth  of 
Church-hill  River,  in  Ion.  94  7,  and  lat. 
58  48.  In  December  1770,  Mr.  Hearne, 
in  the  service  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany, set  out  from  Prince  of  Wales'  Fort 
to  explore  a  river,  that  the  Esquimaux, 
who  came  to  the  company's  factories  to 
trade,  had  brought  to  their  knowledge  j 
and  which,  on  account  of  much  copper 
being  found  near  it,  had  obtained  the 
name  of  Copper-mine  River.  Under  the 
convoy  of  those  Indians,  he  arrived  at 
this  river  in  June  1771,  and  traced  it  till 
he  came  in  sight  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
finding  it  encumbered  with  shoals  and 
falls  to  its  mouth,  which  is  in  lat.  72  X, 
and  Ion,  119  W.  In  1782,  the  settlement, 
&c.  of  the  country,  valued  at  500,000/. 
were  destroyed  by  a  French  squadron  : 
but  the  damage  has  been  repaired,  and 
the  commerce  is  again  in  a  flourishing  si- 
tuation. 

If/ie?ia,  an  island  of  the  Baltic,  three 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Sweden,  a  id  sub- 
ject to  the  Swedes,  to  whom  it  was  ced- 
ed by  the  Danes  in  1658.  It  has  one 
scattered  village,  and  produces  hay  and 
corn,  more  than  sufficient  for  its  own 
consumption.  In  this  island  was  the  ob- 
servatory of  the  celebrated  Tycho  Brahe. 
It  is  six  miles  in  circumference  ;  nine 
miles  S  by  E  of  Elsinore,  and  fourteen  X 
bv  E  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  12  38  E,  lat 
55  54  X. 

Huesca,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Arragon,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  uni- 
versity. It  is  seated  on  the  Issuela,  35 
milcs'XE  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  0  2  W,  lai 
42  18  N. 

Huescar,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Granada,  with  a  castle,  60  miles 
XE  of  Granada.  Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  37 
45  X. 

ffuessen,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelder- 
land,  sealed  on  the  Rhine,  three  miles  S 
of  Arnheim. 

Huetta,  an  old  and  small  town  of  Spain, 
in  New  Castile,  67  miles  E  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  1  55  W,  lat.  40  22  N. 

Hull,  or  Kingston  upon  Hvll,  a  borough 
and  seaport  in  the  E  riding  of  Yorkshire, 


with  a  market  on  Tuesday  and  Saturday. 
It  was  built  by  Edward  I.  who  called  it 
Kin-ston,  and  it  is  st  ated  on  the  river 
Hull,  on  the  X  side  of  the  Humber.  It 
is  a  large  town  with  two  parish  churches, 
and  is  a  county  of  itself,  governed  by  a 
mayor.  It  is  fortified,  and  is  the  first 
town  that  shut  its  gates  against  Charles 
1.  but  its  fortifications  are  now  inc  nside- 
rable,  while  its  commerce  is  increased 
so  much,  that  it  is  deemed  the  fourth 
port  in  the  kingdom.  Its  situation  is 
extremely  advantageous  ;  for,  besides  its 
communication  with  the  Yorkshire  rivers 
and  canals,  it  has  access  also  to  the 
Trent  and  all  its  branches;  hence  it  has 
the  import  and  export  u  ade  of  many  of 
the  northern  and  midland  counties.  The 
foreign  trade  is  chiefly  to  the  Baltic :  but 
it  has  regular  traffic  with  the  southern 
parts  of  Europe,  and  with  America.  More- 
ships  are  sent  hence  to  Greenland  than 
from  any  other  port,  that  of  London  ex- 
cepted, and  more  grain  is  exported  from 
Hull  than  London  by  means  of  its  exten- 
sive inland  commerce.  The  harbour  is 
artificial ;  and  here  are  docks  for  build- 
ing and  repairing  ships.  Among  the 
public  buildings,  are  the  Trinity  House, 
for  the  relief  of  seamen  and  their  wi- 
dows ;  a  custom  house,  an  exchange,  and 
a  town-hall.  The  stone  bridge,  over  the 
river  to  Holderness,  was  rebuilt  in  1787, 
and  consists  of  14  arches  Hull  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  36 
miles  SE  of  York,  and  173  X  of  London. 
Lon.  0  14  W,  lat.  53  45  X. 

Hulpen,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  Xether- 
lands,  nine  miles  SE  of  Brussels.  Lon. 
4  37  E,  lat.  51  44  X. 

Hulst,  a  strong  town  of  Dutch  Flan- 
ders, seated  on  a  plain,  which  may  be 
overflowed.  It  has  a  very  fine  town- 
house,  15  miles  NW  of  Antwerp,  and  17 
XE  of  Ghent.  Lon.  4  6  E,  lat.  51  18  X. 
-  Humbev,  a  rived  of  England,  formed  bv 
the  Trent,  Ouse,  Derwent,  and  several 
other  streams.  It  divides  Yorkshire  from 
Lincolnshire,  and  falls  into  the  German 
Ocean,  at  Holderness. 

Hummehtov.'n,  a  town  of  Dauphin;  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  yli  the-E  side 
of  Swetara  creek,  9  miles  E  of  Harris- 
burg  and  27  XW  of  Lancaster.  It  con- 
tains about  1000  inhabitants  and  is  a 
flourishing  place. 

Hummoch,  an  island,  of  Asia,  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  about  six  miles  long.  The 
rajah  «.s  supported  in  his  authority  by 
the  Dutch  East  India  Compa'ny.  The 
island  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  pro- 
duces most  of  the  tropical  fruits;  but 
the  principal  articles  of  trade  with  the 


II  U  N 


HUN 


Dutch  are  bees-wax  and  honey.  Jt  lies 
five  leagues  S  of  Mindanao.'  Lon.  125  12 
H,  hit.  5  27  X. 

JTitndttfefd,  a  town  of  Silesia,  seated  on 
the  Wide,  eight  miles  \B  of  Breslaw. 
Lon.  17  18  I,  hit.  51  9  N. 

Hungary ^  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  hound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Poland;  on  the  AV  by  the 
circle  of  Austria,  on  the  S  by  the  Brave, 
which  separates  it  from  Sclavonia,  and 
by  the  Danube,  which  parts  it  from  Tur- 
key in  Europe  ;  and  on  the  E  by  Wala- 
chia  and  Transylvania.  It  is  divided  into 
Upper  and  Lower  Hungary  ;  and  to  these 
may  be  added  the  Ban  n  at  of  Temeswar, 
incorporaied  into  the  kingdom  of  Hun- 
gary in  1778.    Hungary  formerly  includ- 


/fun.-naniiy,  a  town  in  the  E  riding  o1 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday, 
34  miles  NE  or' York,  and  209  N  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  12  W,  hit.  54  12  X. 

Hunt-nl'j.i,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
New  .Jersey,  containing  24,553  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  if,  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  the  river  Delaware,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Pennsylvania.  The  princi- 
pal town  is  Trenton,  the  capital  of  the 
state. 

Hur^ngdon,  the  county  town  of  Hun- 
tingdonshire, with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. It  is  pleasantly  seated  on  a  rising 
ground,  on  the  river  Ousc,  over  which 
is  a  stone  bridge  to  Oocimanchester  ;  and 
as  once  a  large  place,  having  no  less 


ed  Transylvania,  Sclavonia,  Dalmatja,  j  than  15  churches,  which  are  now  reduc- 
Servia,  and  Walachia.  The  principal  ri- 
vers are,  the  Danube,  Save,  Drave,  Tres- 
se,  .Maros,  Raab,  and  Waag.  The  air  is 
very  unhealthy,  occasioned  by  the  lakes 
and"  bogs,  insomuch  that  a  sort  of  plague 
visits  them  every  three  or  four  years.  It 
abounds  in  all  the  necessaries  of  life, 
and  the  wine,  especially  that  called  Toe- 
kay,  is  excellent.  There  are  mines  of 
gold,  silver,  copper,  and  iron,  and  they 
have  such  plenty  of  game,  that  hunting 
is  allowed  to  all.  The.  Hungarians  are 
said  to  be  of  a  sanguine,  choleric  tem- 
per, and  somewhat  fierce,  cruel,  proud 
and  revengeful  They  have  been  always 
reputed  good  soldiers,  being  much  more 
inclined  to  arms,  martial  exercises,  and 
hunting,  than  to  arts,  learning,  trade, 
or  agriculture.  The  nobility  affect  great 
pomp  and  magnificence,  and  arc  much 
addicted  to  feasting  and  carousing.  The 
men  in  general  are  strong  and  well  pro- 
portioned. They  shave  their  beards,  but 
leave  whiskers  on  the  upper  lip  ;  wear- 
ing fur  caps  on  their  heads,  a  ciose-bodi- 
ed  coat  girt  with  a  sash,  with  a  short 
cloak  or  mantle  over  all,  so  contrived  as 
to  be  buckled  under  the  ann,  and  leave 


the  right  hand  at  liberty.  Their  horse 
are  called  iwr.sars,  and  their  foot  hey- 
dukes.  Buda  is  famous  for  its,  mineral 
waters  and  baths,  and  is  the  capital  of 
Lower  Hungary,  and  P  res  burg  of  the 
uppert$Kt 

Hungen,  atoWn  of  Germany  in  the  Up- 
per Rhine. 

Hungerford,  a  town  in  Berkshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on  the 
Kenet,  and  noted  for  the  best  trout  and 
crawfish  in  England.  It  is  64  miles  \V  of 
London.    Lon.  1  26  W,  lat.  51  26  N. 

Hunninguen,  a.  fortified  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  Upper  Rhine 
and  lately  in  the  province  of  Alsace,  seat- 
ed on  the  Rhine,  five  miles  N  of  Basle. 
Lon.  11  40  E,  lat.  47  40  N. 


cd  to  two.  Tt  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liamcnt,  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor. 
Huntingdon  is  the  birthplace  of  Oliver 
Cromwell.  It  is  16  miles  W  by  N  of 
Cambridge,  and  65  X  of  London.  Lon 
0  5  W,  lat.  52  17  X. 

Huntingdon,  the  capital  town  in  Hun- 
tingdon count v,  Pennsylvania;  situated 
on  the  X  side  of  Juniata  river,  90  miles 
W  of  Harrisburgh,  and  35  SW  of  Lewis- 
town.  It  has  a  post-office,  court-house, 
jail,  and  676  inhabitants. 

Huntingdon,  a  town  in  Chittenden  coun- 
ty,  Vermont,  on  the  S  side  of  Onion  ri- 
ver, 10  miles  northward  of  Bristol,  and 
16  SE  of  Burlington,  with  about  450  in- 
habitants. 

Huntingdon,  a  town  in  Fairfield  countv, 
Connecticut,  on  the  S  side  of  Housaton'ic 
river,  about  16  miles  X  of  Fairfield. 

Huntingdon,  a  town  in  Suffolk  county, 
Xew-York;  situated  on  Long  Ish.nd,  IA 
miles  SE  of  Smithtown,  and  36  NE  of 
the  city  of  New  York. 

Huntingdonshire,  a  county  of  England, 
25  miles  in  length,  and  20  in  its  broad- 
est part;  bounded  on  the  X  and  XW  by 
Xorthamptonshire,  on  the  E  by  Cam 
bridgeshire,  and  on  the  SW  bv  Bedford- 


sh'n 


It  contains  four  hundreds,  six 


market-towns,  and  79  parishes.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Ouse  and  Xen. 
The  SE  part  consists  of  beautiful  mea- 
dows. The  middle  and  western  parts 
are  fertile  in  corn,  and  sprinkled  with 
woods  ;  and  the  upland  part  was.  an- 
ciently a  forest,  peculiarly  adapted  for 
hunting.  The  NE  parr  consists  of  fens, 
which  join  those  of  Ely  ;  but  they  are 
drained,  so  as  to  afford  rich  pasturage, 
anil  even  large  crops  of  corn.  The  air  of 
this  county  is,  in  most  parts  pleasant  and 
wholesome,  except  among  the  fens  and 
meres;  there  are  great  numbers  of  cattle 
end  plenty  of  water-fowl,  fish,  and  turf 
for  firing.  This  county  sends  four  mem- 


H  YD 


J  AF 


hers  to  parliament ;  and  the  sheriff,  who 
is  chosen  alternately  from  Cambridge- 
shire, the  isle  of  Ely,  and  Huntingdon- 
shire, is  sheriff  of  both  counties. 

HitiitspU,  a  sm.di  town  in  Somerset- 
shire ai.  the  mouth  of  ihe  river  Parrel, 
five  miles  N  of  Brklgt;  water,  and  3.43  \V 
by  S  of  Loudon.  Lon.  3  12  W,  lat.  51 
11  N. 

ffuntfiville,  a  small  post  1own  in  Stun 
county,  North  Carolina,  15  miles  SW  ol 
Bethania  the  Moravian  town. 

mtntsburg,  a  town  in  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Vermont;  situated  near  the  line  thai 
divides  this  State  from  Lower  Canach1,  at 
the  distance  of  about  12  miles  E  of  Lake 
tJhamplain.    Here  is  a  post-office. 

Ifm-dwar,  a  town  of  the  province  of 
Delhi,  where  the  Ganges  first  enters  the 
plains  of  Himldostan.  It  is  117  miles  N 
by  E  of  Delhi.  Lon.  78  15  E,  lat.  29  3J  % 

Huron,  a  lake  of  North  America,  which 
lies  betwe  en  80  and  85  W  lon.  and  42  and  j 
46  N  lat.  from  whence  the  country  around 
is  called  the  country  of  the  Hurons. 

Hurst  Castle,  a  castle  in-  Hampshire, 
near  Lymington.  In  this  castle  Charles 
I.  was  confined  previously  to  his  being 
brought  to  trial.  It  is  seated  on  the  ex- 
treme point  of  a  neck  of  land,  which 
shoots  into  the  sea  toward  the  isle  ot 
Wight  from  which  it  is  destant  two  miles. 

Hmsingabad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  in 
the  province  of.Malwa,  the  eastern  divi- 
sion of  the  Mahratta  empire.  It  is  140 
miles  NW  of  Nagpour.  Lon.  77  54  E,  lat. 
22  42  N. 

Hi/sum,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  du- 
chy (#f  Slesw  ek,  with  a  strong  (Jit&deJ, 
and  a  very  handsome  church.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  river  Ow,  on  the  German 
Ocean,  20  miles  W  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9 
0  E.  lat.  54  45  NT. 

Huy,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege  ;  the  Dutch,  in  1718, 
demolished  the  fortifications,  ami  sur- 
rendered it  to  the  bishop  of  Liege.  U  is 
seated  on  the  Macse,  12  miles  WSW  of 
Liege.    Lon.  5  22  E,  lat.  50  32  N. 

Hyde,  a  county  of  Newbern  district, 
frorth  Carolina,  containing  6029  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  a  maritime  country, 
and  is  wilshed  on  the  eastern  side  by 
Pamp  ico  sound,  in  this  county  is  the 
Gr<  at;  Alb-gator  swamp. 

Hj'b'nhjd,  the  tapi.al  of  Colconda,  in 
the  IK'ccun  .»f  Hindoostan,  seated  on  a 
r  i  that  fails  into  the  Kislna,  352  miles 
N  by  E  of  Madrass.    Lon.  78  51  E,  lat. 

Htjdrabad,  a  fort  of  Hindoostan  Proper,- 
in  the  province  of  Sindy.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  a  Mahometan  prince,  who  is 
tributary  to  the  king  of  Candahar.    It  is 


situated  on  1  he  Indus,  not  far  above  the 
head  of  the  Delta,  and  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Nusserpour.  Lon.  69  30  E,  lat. 
25  29  N.  . 

Hi'j)olitc,  St.  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Card  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Langut  doc.  A  canal  crosses  the 
town,  which  turns  several  mills,  and  sup- 
plies many  fountains  with  water.  An  in- 
sult offered  by  the  inhabitants  to  a  priest, 
who  was  carrying  the  viaticum,  occa- 
sioned the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes.  This  town  has  a  good  fort,  and 
is  slated  on  the  Yidourle,  near  its 
source,  12  miles  SW  of  Alais.  Lon,  0  4< 
1-:,  lat  43  55  N. 

Hijthe.    See  Hithe. 


I  J 


JAdTi,  a  river  rising  near  Tongress, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Liege,  and  after  a  N 
E  course  falls  into  the  Maese  at  Maes- 
tricht. 

Jtabhiiika,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Teschen,  35  miles  SE  of  Trop- 
paw."  Lon.  18  10  E,  lat.  49  41  N. 

facca,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Arragon,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  fort. 
It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
among  the  mountains  of  Jacca,  in  a  very 
pleasant  and  fruitful  plain,  which  are  a 
oart  of  the  Pyrenees,  22  miles  N  of  Hu- 
esca.    Lon.  0*19  W,  lat.  42  36  N. 

faci-d' -Agllila,  a  seaport  town  on  the 
astern  coast  of  Sicilv,  10  miles  N  bv  E 
of  Catania.    Lon.  15  26  E,  lat.  37  27  N. 

Sacksonbufg,  a  post  town  in  Colleton 
county,  South  Carolina;  situated  on  the 
VV  side  of  Edisto  river,  30  miles  W  of 
Charleston. 

Jacksonburg,  a  post  town  in  Scriven 
county,  Georgia,  59  miles  SW  of  Sa- 
vannah. 

Yuen,  a  strong  and  handsome  town  of 
ipain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
and  a  caslle.  It  is  seated  in  a  country 
producing  excellent  fruits,  and  Very  fine 
silk,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  15  miles 
SW  of  Baeza.  Lon.  3  22  W,  lat.  37  38  N. 

Jaffa,  a  town  of  Palestine,  formerly 
called  .loppa*  and  entirely  f  lien  from  its 
ancient  grandeur.  It  is  50  milts  NW  of 
Jerusalem.    Lon.  35  0  E,  lat.  32  16  N. 

J  ffray,  a  post  town  in  Cheshire  coun- 
ty New  Hampshire,  lying  near  the  boun- 
dary hue  between  this  Slate  and  Massa- 
chusetts, about  70  miles  SW  of  Ports- 
mouth, and  25  eastward  of  Connecticut 

Ju  f.iapatim,  a  seaport  of  Ceylon,  in  the 


JAG 


J  A  M 


East  Indies  at  the  N  end  of  that  island, 
and  100  miles  N  of  Candy.  Tlie  Dutch 
took  it  from  the  Portuguese  in  1658; 
and  it  was  taken  by  the  English  in  Octo- 
bei  1795.  They  export  great  quantities 
of  tobacco  from  hence,  and  some  ele- 
phants, Which  are  accounted  the  most 
docile  of  any  in  the  world.  Lon.  80  45 
E,  lat.  9  47  N. 

Jagarnaut,  a  famous  pagoda,  in  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  and  province 
of  Orissa.  It  is  one  of  the  first  objects 
of  Hindoo  veneration,  and  visited  by  vast 
c  owds  of  pilgrims  fiom  all  parts  of  In- 
dia, and  is  an  excellent  seamark.  It  lies 
on  the  bav  of  Bengal,  a  few  miles  E  of 
lake  Chilka,  and  311  SW  of  Calcutta. 
L-iii.  85  40  E,  lat.  19  35  N. 

Jagerrulorf,  a  town  and  castle  of  Sile- 
sia, capital  of  a  province  of  the  sam< 
name,  seated  on  the  Oppa,  65  miles  S  by 
I  of  BTeslaw.   Lon.  17  24  E,  lat.  50  4  N. 

,  JagerrOurg,  a  town  of  Cermany,  in  the 
principality  of  Hesse  Darmstadt. 

Xaghire" a  tract  of  land,  in  the  Car- 
nal ic,  subject  to  the  English  East  India 
Company.  It  ex, ends  along  the  bay  ot 
Bengal,  from  Madrass  to  Lake  Pullicate 
on  the  N,  to  Alemparve  on  the  S,  and  to 
Conjeveram  on  the  W ;  being  108  miles 
along  the  shore,  and  47  inland  in  the 
widest  part.  It  contains  2440  square 
miles,  and  its  annual  revenue  is  about 
15  0,000/. 

Jago,  St.  the  largest,  most  populous, 
and  most  fertile  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  Is- 
lands in  Africa.  It  lies  13  miles  W  of 
the  island  of  Mayo,  and  abounds  with 
high  barren  mountains ;  but  the  air,  in 
the  rainy  season  is  unwholesome  to  stran- 
gers. The  animals  are  beeves,  horses, 
asses,  mules,  deer,  goats,  hogs,  civet- 
cats,  and  monkies.  Here  are  fowls,  and 
birds  of  almost  all  sorts ;  and  Indian 
corn,  plantains,  bananas,  pompions,  oran- 
ges, lemons,  tamarinds,  pine-apples,  co- 
coa-nuts, guavas,  tar,  apples,  and  sugar- 
canes.  Itiias  also  some  cedar  trees,  and 
plenty  of  cotton.  S>.  J  ago  or  Ribeira- 
Granclc  is  the  capital,  but  the  governor 
resides  at  Pray  a. 

Jagof^St.  a  handsome  and  considerable 
town  of 'South  America,  the  capital  of 
Chili,  with  a  good  harbour,  a  bishop's 
see,  and  a  royal  audience.  It  is  seated 
in  a.  beautiful  plain,  abounding-  in  all  the 
necessaries  of  life,  at  the  foot  of  the  An- 
des, on  the  river  Mapocho.  Here  are  se- 
veral canals,'  and  a  dike,  by  means  of 
which  they  water  the  gardens  and  cool 
the  streets.  It  is  subject  to  earthquakes, 
and  the  inhabitants  are  native  Americans 
and  Spaniards.  Lon.  71  5  W,  lat.  34  10  S. 

Jago-de-Cuba,  St.  the  capital  of  the  is- 


land of  Cuba,  with  a  good  harbour,  at 
the  bottom  of  a  bay,  and  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name.    Lon." 76  10  W,  lat.  20  5  N. 

Jago-de-los-Cavalleros,  St.  a  town  of 
Hispaniola,  on  the  river  St.  Jago,  in  a 
fertile  soil,  but  bad  air.  Lon.  70  38  W, 
lat.  19  22  N. 

Jajo-del-Eiitero,  St.  a  town  of  South 
America,  in  Tu  uman,  and  the  usual  re- 
sidence of  the  inquisitor  of  the  province. 
It  is  seated  on  a  large  river  called  he 
Dulce  in  a  flat  country,  475  miles  SSE  of 
Potosi.  Lon.  62  0  W,  lat.  28  25  S. 
Jago  de  (Juattmida,  St.   See  Gvettimufa, 

NtW.i    -  *,  :  is  r. 

Sago  de  las  Valles  St.  a  town  of  New 
Spain,  in  the  audience  of  Mexico,  seat- 
ed on  thi  river  Panuco.  Lon.  100  0  YV, 
Lat.  23  0  N. 

Jago  de  la  I'ega,  St.  or  Spanish  Town, 
a  town  of  Jamaica,  where  the  assembly 
and  the  grand  courts  of  jusiice  are  held. 
It  was  once  a  populous  place,  containing 
two  churches,  a  monastery,  and  several 
chapels  ;  but  it  is  now  reduced  to  a  small 
compass,  and  h  .s  only  one  church  end  a 
chapel.  It  is  seated  near  the  SE  part  of 
tne  island  in  a  pleasant  valley,  on  the 
Rio  Cobre,  seven  miles  N\V  of  Port  Pas- 
sage, on  the  bav  of  Port  Royal.  Lon.  76 
49  W,  lat.  18  6  N. 

Jago  de  Leon,  St.  the  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Caraccas,  in  South  America.  Lon. 
64  48  W,  lat.  9  32  N. 

Jugodiuiy  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Servia,  seated  on  the  Morava,  70 
miles  SE  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  21  18  E,  lat 
43  40  N. 

Jaick,  a  large  river  of  Tartary,  which 
falls  into  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Jaicza,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Bosnia,  with  a  strong  citadel,  seated 
on  the  Plena,  50  miles  NE  of  Bosna-Se- 
rago. 

Jtikutskoi.    See  Yakutsk. 
Jalalabad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, situated  on  the  Kameh,  60  miles  ES 
E  of  Cabul. 

Jatiendar,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per in  the  country  of  Lahore,  capital  of 
a  district  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  74  1Q 
E,  lat.  30  50  N. 

Jallonitz,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Wallachia.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Jallonitz,  and  is  95  miles  S\Y  of  Ismael. 

Jallovr,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  die  country  of  Agimere.  Lon.  73  40 
E,  lat.  25  15  N. 

Jamaguro;!,  a  town  in  the  Russian  go- 
vernment of  St.  Petersburg,  with  a  strong 
fort,  seated  on  the  Jama/  12  miles  NE 
of  Narva.    Lon.  28  3  E,  lat.  59  25  N.  $ 

Jamaica,  an  island  of  the  West  In.ves, 
discoveredljy  Columbus,  in  1494.  It  lies 


JAM 


J  A  M 


in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  30  leagues  W  of 
Hispaniola,  nearly  tlie  same  distance  S 
of  Cuba,  and  145  leagues  N  of  Gartha- 
gena,  on  the  continent  of  South  America. 
It  is  of  an  oval  figure,  150  miles  long, 
and  40  broad  in  the  middle.  It  contains 
upwards  of  4.000,000  acres,  and  is  divid- 
ed by  a  ridge  of  !;ills  which  run  length- 
wise from  E  to  W  .  Here  numerous  fine 
rivers  t«dce  their  rise  from  both  sides, 
yet  none  of  them  are  navigable,  even  for 
barges;  but  some  arc  so  large,  that  tl.t 
sugars  are  carried  upon  them  in  canoe jg 
from  the  remote  plantations  to  the  sea- 
side; some  of  them  run  underground 
for  a  considerable  space,  and  paricular- 
jy  the  Rio-Cobre  and  the  Rio-Pedra.  The 
mountains,  and  great  part  of  the  island, 
are  covered  with  woods,  which  look 
green  at  all  times  of  the  year ;  for  here  is 
an  eternal  spring.  There  are  many  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  trees  adorning  the  brow 
of  every  hill,  and  forming  groves  and 
cool  retreats.  Among  these  arc  the  lig- 
num vitae,  the  ced.-^r,  and  the  mahogany- 
trees.  In  the  vallies  are  sugar-canes, 
and  such  a  variety  of  fruit-trees  as  to 
make  the  country  look  like  a  paradise. 
But  to  balance  this,  there  are  alligators 
in  the  rivers  ;  guu.noes  and  galliwasps  in 
the  fens  and  marshes ;  and  snakes  and 
noxious  animals  in  the  mountains.  The 
longest  day  is  about  13  hours,  and  about 
nine  in  the  morning  it  is  so  intolerably 
hot,  that  it  would  be  difficult  to  live,  if 
the  sea-breezes  did  not  arise  to  cool  the 
air.  Sometimes  the  nights  are  pretty 
cool,  and  there  are  great  dews,  which 
are  deemed  unwholesome,  especially  to 
new-comers.  The  year  is  distinguished 
into  two  seasons,  the  wet  and  dry  ;  but 
the  rains  are  not  so  frequent  as  formerly, 
which  is  supposed  to  be  owing  to  the 
cutting  down  of  the  woods.  The  months 
of  July,  August,  and  September,  are  cal- 
led the  hurricane  m-  nths,  because  then 
they  are  the  most  frequent ;  and  there  is 
lightning  almost  every  night.  There  is 
'not  above  a  third  part  of  the  island  in- 
habited, for  the  plantations  are  all  by  the 
seaside.  Here  and  there  are  savannas, 
or  large  plains,  where  the  original  na- 
tives used  to  plant  their  Indian  corn,  and 
which  the  Spaniards  made  use  of  for 
breeding  their  cattle.  The  best  houses 
are  generally  built  low,  being  only  one 
story,  on  account  of  the  hurricanes  and, 
earthquakes  ;  and  the  negroes  huts  are 
mode  of  reed,  and  will  hold  only  two  or 
three  persons.  The  common  drink  is  Ma- 
deira wine  or  rum  punch.  The  common 
bread,  or  that  which  serves  for  it,  is 
plantains,  yams,  and  cassavaj'oots ;  but 
in  1793,  a  great  number  of  the  bread 


fruit  trees  were  brought  here  from  0<a. 
heite,  and  introduced  into  the  different 
plantations.  Hogs  and  sheep  are  plenti- 
ful, but  the  servants  generally  feed  upon 
Irish  salt-beef,  and  the  negroes  have  her- 
rings  and  salt-fish.  The  general  produce 
of  this  island  is  sugar,  rum,  ginger,  cot- 
'an,  indigo,  pimenta,  chocolate,  several 
kinds  of  woods,  and  medicinal  drugs.  It 
has  some  tobacco,  but  not  good,  <>nd 
used  only  by  the  negroes,  who  can  scarce 
live  without  it ;  also  Indian  com,  Guinea, 
corn,  and  peas  of  various  kinds,  with  va. 
ricy  of  roots  Fruits  are  in  great  plti  v, 
such  as  oranges,  lemons,  shaddocks,  ci- 
trons, pomegranates,  mammees,  sweet- 
sops,  papaws,  pme-apples,  star-apples, 
prickly  pears,  melons,  pompions,  guavas, 
and  many  other  sorts.  There  are  four 
negroes  to  a  white  man  ;  and  of  the  for- 
mer there  are  about  100,000,  besides  ar 
mixed  breed,  between  the  blacks,  whites, 
and  mulattoes.  This  island  was  taken  by 
ihe  English  in  1655,  and  is  now  the  most 
valuable  of  their  West  India  colonies.  In 
June  1795,  the  Maroons,  or  original  na- 
tives, who  inhabit  the  mountains,  rose 
against  the  English,  and  were  not  quel- 
led till  March  1796.  The  principal  town 
is  Kingston  ;  but  St.  Jago  de  la  Vega,  or 
Spanish  Town,  is  the  seat  of  government. 

Jamaica,  a  town  on  Long  Island,  in 
Queen's  county,  New  York;  12  miles  E 
of  the  metropolis.  It  has  a  post  office, 
and  contains  2110  inhabitants  (in  1810.) 

Jamana,  the  capital  of  a  principality  in 
Arabia  Felix,  seated  on  the  river  Asian, 
150  miles  W  of  Eleatif. 

Jamba,  a  city  of  the  Hither  India,  and 
the  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name.    Lon.  81  55  E,  lat.  31  21  N. 

Jamboli,  a  territory  of  Turkey,  in  Eu 
rope,  lying  on  the  Archipelago. 

Jambi,  or  Jambis,  a  seaport  and  small 
kingdom,  on  the  E  coast  of  the  island  of 
Sumatra.  The  Dutch  have  a  fort  here, 
and  export  pepper  hence,  with  the  best 
sort  of  canes.  It  is  160  miles  X  of  Ben- 
coolen.    Lon.  102  35  E,  lat.  0  59  N. 

James,  St.  an  hospital  and  burying- 
ground,  near  Basil  in  Swisserland,  cele- 
brated for  a  battle,  fought  by  3000  Swiss 
against  an  army  of  30,000  French,  in 
which  only  32  of  the  former  remained 
alive  desperately  wounded,  on  the  field 
of  battle.  Sixteen  that  escaped  from  the 
field,  were  branded  with  infamy,  for  not 
having  sacrificed  their  lives  in  defence  of 
their  country;  and  the  conquerors  them- 
selves were  compelled  to  retire  into  Al- 

James  Citii,  a  county  of  Virginia;  situ- 
ated between  York  and  James  river,  and 
between  New  Kent  and  Warrick  coun- 


JAN 


JAP 


tiep.  In  1810  it  contained  4094  inhabi- 
tants, more  than  one  half  slaves.  The 
c'  ief  town  is  the  ancient  city  of  Williams- 

James  Island,  an  inland  of  Africa,  3D 
miles  up  the  river  Gambia,  and  three 
miles  from  its  nearest  shore.  Hi-re  the 
English  have  a  fort  and  factory.  Lon.  16 
0  W,  lat  13  15  N. 

J.mes  Id  mid,  an  island  of  South  Caro- 
lina, opposite  Charleston. 

James  Island,  an  island  of  North  Ame- 
rica, in  Baffin's  Bay,  between  Davis 
Straits  and  Baffin's  Straits.  Lon.  6?  35 
\V,  lat.  70  0  N. 

J.mes  River,  a  fine  river  of  Virginia, 
which  enters  the  bay  of  Chesapeak,  near 
Hampton.  It  rises  in  Bath  county,  be  - 
tween Jackson's  and  the  Alleghany  moun- 
tains, and  after  it  has  entered  Rock- 
bridge county,  runs  nearly  in  an  eastern 
direction  till  it  is  joined  by  the  Rivanna 
river,  at  or  near  Columbiajn  Goochland 
county;  thence  it  winds  a  little  to  the  S, 
passing-  by  the  city  of  Richmond,  and  en- 
larged by  the  river  Appomattox,  until  it 
falls  into  the  bay  at  Hampton  road. 

Junes  Toion.  an  ancient  town  in  James 
City  county,  Virginia,  planted  as  ear- 
ly as  1607,  and  made  the  seat  of  colonial 
government ;  it  is  situated  on  the  N  bank 
of  James  River,  in  the  lat.  of  37  9  N,  and 
lon.  of  74  10  W,  at  the  distance  of  eight 
miles  S  from  Williamsburg,  and  32  SE 
from  Richmond. 

James  Toxun,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Leitrim,  seated  on  the 
Shannon,  five  miles  S  bv  E  of  Carrick, 
and  73  NW  of  Dublin.  *  Lon.  8  29  W, 
lat.  53  51  N. 

Jamets,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  and  late  province  of 
Barrois,  12  miles  S  of  Stenay. 

Janeiro,  a  province  of  Brazil,  in  S  A- 
merica,  seated  between  the  tropic  of  Ca- 
pricorn and  22  of  S  lat.  T  is  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  province  of  Spirito  Sane 
to,  on  the  E  and  S  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  mountains  which 
separate  it  from  Guiana,  in  Spanish  Ame- 
rica. This  is  the  most  valuable  province 
which  the  Portuguese  are  musters  of; 
for  'hey  import  yearly  from  the  nee  great 
quantities  of  gold  and  precious  stones, 
■which  they  find  in  the  mountains,  to  a 
prodigious  value. 

Janna,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Macedonia,  on  the 
6  by  Livadia,  on  the  VV  by  Albania,  and 
or  the  E  by  the  Archipelago.  It  is  the 
Thessaly  of  the  ancients,  and  Larissa  is 
the  capital. 

Janna,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
jM      ?•  province  of  the  same  name.    It  is 


62  miles  \V  of  Larissa.  Lon.  21  36  E, 
lat.  39  48  N. 

Janotvitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Kaushim,  famous  for  a  battle 
between  the  Swedes  and  Imperialists  in 
1645,  when  the  latter  were  defeated.  It 
is  48  miles  SE  of  Prague.  Lon.  15  38 
E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Jao-tcheov  fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
:  province  of  Kiang-si,  seated  on  the  river 
l*o,  whic  h,  at  a  small  distance, enters  ti.e 
lake  Po-yang.    It  commands  seven  cities 
of  die  third  class. 

Japan  Inlands,  lying  in  the  East  Indies, 
in  Asia,  between  S'j  and  40  N  lat.  and  be- 
tween 130  and  144  E  lon.  the  largest  of 
which  is  called  Japan,  and  sometimes 
Niphon,  and  gives  i:s  name  to  all  the  rest, 
being  600  miles  in  length,  and  from  100 
to  150  iii  breadth.    Its  capital  is  Jcddo. 
The  second  island  in  magnitude  is  cal- 
led Sacock,  and  separated  from  the  for- 
mer only  by  a  very  narrow  channel.  Jt 
is  about  500  milts  in  circuit,  and  its  ca- 
pi  al  is  called  Bongo. — The  third  in  mag- 
nitude is  called  Tonsa,  and  these  are 
surrounded  by  a  great  number  of  smaller. 
All  these  are  subject  to  one  sovereign,  or 
emperor,  who  has  50  or  60  vassal  kings 
under  his  dominion,  whom  he  can  depose 
or  punish  at  his  pleasure.  They  are  obli- 
ged one  half  of  the  year  to  attend  his 
court,  and  therefore  each  of  them  h.is  a 
house  within  the  verge  of  the  emperor's 
palace  at  Jeddo.    The  eldest  sons  of  the 
nobility  are  also  brought  up  at  court, 
where  they  continue  till  they  are  promo- 
ted to  some  post.   This  prince,  when  he 
appears  abroad  is  attended  by  5U00  or 
6000  of  his  guards,  and  maintains  an  ar- 
my of  20,000  horse,  and  100,000  foot, 
though  there  seems  to  be  no  necessity 
for  so  large  a  body  of  nun,  unless  he 
suspects  the  fidelity  of  his  vassals.  His 
revenues,  according  to  the  accounts  giv- 
en of  this  country,  exceed  those  of  all  the 
mqnarchs  upon  earth  added  together  s 
and  the  riches  of  the  country  are  answer- - 
able,  it  being  said  by  the  Portuguese,  ami 
some  of  our  own  countrymen,  who  for- 
merly traded  io  Japan,  that  their  palaces 
are  covered  with  goid  plates  instead  of 
tiles.  But  Christians  of  no  denomination 
have  been  suffered  to  settle  in  Japan  for 
above  a  hundred  years,  or.  pretence  of  a 
conspiracy  formed  by  the  Porttlgm 
and  their  proselytes  against  the  ffovc  rt 
ment.    The  Dutch  alone  were  admitted 
to  traffic  afterwards,  upon  declaring,  ii 
is  said,  they  were  no  Christians,  and  then 
trampling  upon  the  cross,  to  confirm  the 
Japanese  in  this  opinion  ;  and  they  are 
so  jealous  even  of  the  Dutch,  that  upon 
the  arrival  of  any  of  their  ships,  the, 


J  AS 


J  A  V 


take  away  their  guns,  sails,  and  rudders, 
carrying  them  on  shore  till  they  are  rea- 
dy to  sail.  Tiie  goods  which  the  Dutch 
import  to  Japan,  are  spices,  sugars,  silks, 
woollen,  and  linen  manufactures,  ele- 
phants teeth,  and  haberdashery  wares, 
for  which  they  have  in  return,  gold,  sil- 
ver, fine  copper,  cabinets,  and  other  cu- 
rious Japan  works,  and  lacquered  ware. 
The  Japanese  make  no  use  of  tables, 
beds,  or  chairs,  but  sit  and  lie  upon  car- 
pets, in  the  s»rae  manner  as  the  Turks 
and  Persians.   _  -, 

Jupara,  a  seaport  on  the  N  coast  of  the 
isla.id  of  Java  in  Asia,  with  a  good  har- 
bour. It  was  the  capital  of  a  considera- 
ble kingdom,  till  the  Dutch  made  them- 
selves masters  of  it ;  and  now  they  have 
a  colony  here,  and  a  considerable  trade. 
It  is  253  miles  E  by  S  of  Batavia.  Lori. 
110  45  E,  lat.  6  20  S. 

Juro-eau,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Loiret  and  lately  in  the 
province  of  Orleanois.  It  is  10  miles  SE 
of  Orleans,  and  70  SW  of  Paris. 

Jarislau.    See  Yaraslaf. 

JarisUcw,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Red  Rus- 
sia, 100  miles  E  of  Cracow. 

Jamac,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Charente  and  lately  in  the 
province  of  Angoumois.  It  is  remarka- 
ble for  a  victory  obtained  by  Henry  III. 
(then  duke  of  Anjou)  over  the  Hugue- 
nots, in  1569.  It  is  seated  on  the  Cha- 
rente, 20  miles  W  of  Angoulesme,  and 
235  S  bv  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  4  W,  lat. 
45  43  N. 

Jaromitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seated 
on  the  river  Elbe,  27  miles  SW  of  Glatz. 
and  62  NE  of  Prague.  Lon.  15  57  E,  lat. 
50  22  N. 

Jaroslowy  a  handsome  town  of  Austrian 
Poland,  in  Red  Russia,  with  a  strong  ci- 
tadel. It  is  remarkable  for  its  great  fair, 
its  handsome  buildings,  anel  a  battle 
gained  by  the  Swedes,  in  1656,  after  which 
they  took  the  town.  It  js  seated  on  the 
Saine,  55  miles  W  of  Letnburg,  and  100 
E  of  Cracow.    Lon.  22  43  E,  lat.  50  4  N. 

Jasciritz,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomera- 
nia,  in  the  duchy  of  Stetin,  seated  on  the 
Oder,  8  miles  N  of  Stetin. 

Jasque,  a  seaport  of  Persia,  on  the  gulf 
of  Ornius,  and  in  the  province  of  Tube- 
ran.    Lon.  59  15  E,  lat.  26  10  N. 

Jas^ebnere,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  a  small  territory  of  the  same 
name,  subject  to  a  petty  rajah,  in  the 
province  of  Agimere.  It  is  680  miles  N 
of  Bombay.    Lon.  73  0  E,  lat.  27  34  N- 

Jagsy,  the  capital  of  Moldavia,  in  Eu- 
ropean Turkey  :  and  residence  of  the 
jhospodar  of  that  country,  who  is  a  vassal 
of  the  grand  signior.    In  1753,  the  whole 


city  was  destroyed  by  fire ;  it  has  been, 
several  times  taken  in  the  wars  between 
the  Turks  and  the  Russians  or  Austri- 
;ms  ;  the  last  time  by  the  latter  in  1788, 
/ho  restored  it  by  the  peace  of  Reichin- 
bach  in  1790.  It  is  a  large  strong  lown 
seated  on  the  river  Pruth  125  miles  W 
of  Bender.    Lon.  27  35  E,  lat.  47  8  N._ 

.fats,  once  a  powerful  Hindoo  tribe,  in 
Hindoostan  Proper,  to  w  hom  all  that  now 
remains,  is  the  small  territory  of  Bhart- 
oour,  45  miles  W  of  Agra. 

Java,  an  island  of  the  East  Indies,  ly- 
ing to  the  S  of  Borneo,  and  separated  at 
i  s  Wend  from  Sumatra,  by  the  strait  of 
3 Mima.  It  is  sometimes  called  Great  Ja- 
■  a,  to  distinguish  it  from  Bali,  by  some 
named  Little  Java,  and  is  420  miles  in 
length,  and  of  various  breadth,  extend- 
ng'from  105  to  118  E  lon.  and  6  to  8  S 
i  it.  The  N  coast  has  a  great  many  com- 
modious creeks,  bays,  harbours,  and 
towns,  with  many  little  islands  near  the 
shore.  In  former  times  it  h:d  as  many 
petty  kings  as  there  were  large  towns  ; 
but  now  it  has  two  kingdoms  only':  one 
of  which  is  under  the  king  of  Mataram, 
and  the  other  under  the  king  of  Bantam. 
The  Javanese  are  a  barbarous,  proud,  and 
fierce  people,  of  a  brown  complexion, 
short  coal-black  hair,  large  cheeks,  small 
eyes,  and  large  eyebrows.  The  men  are 
very  robust  ami  strong  limbed,  but  the 
women  are  small.  The  men  wear  a  piece 
of  calico  wrapt  two  or  three  times  round 
their  middle  ;  and  the  women  wear  them 
from  their  arm-pits  down  to  their  knees, 
nit  all  other  parts  are  bare.  The  men 
have  two  or  three  wives,  and  several 
concubines,  according  to  their  circum- 
stances. Those  that  live  near  the  sea- 
side are  generally  Mahometans ;  but  with- 
in land  they  areGentoos,  abstaining  from 
flesh  of  all  kinds.  This  island  has  very 
high  mountains,  particularly  the  Pepper 
mountain  on  the  S  side  ;  it  has  likewise 
impassable  forests  and  wildernesses  ;  but 
to  the  N,  between  Batavia  and  Ban- 
tam, is  a  very  populous  country,  full  of 
rice-fields,  anel  plenty  of  salt  and  pepper, 
besides  most  sorts  of  fruits  proper  to  the 
climate.  Here  also  is  plenty  of  hogs, 
beeves,  and  sheep,  with  other  tame  ani- 
mals ;  and  likewise  fowl,  both  wild  and 
lame,  in  great  abundance.  Tn  the  woods 
are  large  tu-ers,  rhinoceroses,  and  other 
wild  beasts  :  and  in  the  rivers  arc  croco- 
diles. The  air  is  as  temperate  and  heal- 
thy as  in  any  part  of  the  East  Indies. 
The  serene  season  is  from  May  till  No- 
vember, and  then  the  rains  begin,  which 
lay  the  low  grounds  under  water,  lei l1  the 
insects,  and  continue  till  Mav.  In  March 
they  begin  to  sow,  and  in.  July  the  sugar 


I  C  E 


I  D  A 


and  rice  begin  to  ripen  ;  but  September 
and  October  are  the  best  months  for  all 
sorts  of  fruits.  Java  has  a  river  which 
rises  in  the  mountains,  and,  dividing  it- 
self into  many  branches,  waters  the  cir- 
cumjacent country  ;  these  afterwards  re- 
unite and  pass  through  Batavia,  dividing 
it  into  parts.  This  island  is  mostlv  un- 
der the  dominion  of  the  Dutch  ;  and,  be- 
sides the  native  Javanese,  it  is  inhabited 
by  Chinese,  Malayans,  Amboyiiese,  To- 
passes,  Bugasses  Timoreans,  and  mam 
other  people  brought  from  distanl  coun- 
tries by  the  Dutch.  In  1740,  the  Dutch 
pretended  that  the  Chinese  were  going 
to  make  an  insurrection,  and  upon  tha; 
account  disarmed  them  ;  and  yet,  after 
that,  they  barbarously  mass  acred  them,  to 
the  number  of  20,000  men,  women,  and 
children,  and  seized  their  effects.  Bata- 
via is  the  capital. 

Java,  (the  less)  or  Bally  lies  on  the  E 
of  Java  the  great,  the  two  islands  being 
separated  by  a  narrow  channel. 

Jaioer,  a  strong  town  of  Silesia,  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
citadel,  and  a  large  square,  surrounded 
by  piazzas.  It  is  12  miles  S  of  Lignitz, 
and  88  E  of  Prague.  Lon.  16  36  E,  lat. 
50  58  N. 

Jay,  a  township  of  Essex  county,  New 
York,  containing  1164  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  waters  of  S.-- 
ble  river,  about  20  miles  W  of  lake 
Champlaine. 

Ibemille,  a  river  of  Louisiana,  by  which 
the  river  Mississippi  discharges  part  of 
its  waters  into  the  bay  of  Mexico,  in  times 
of  freslies. 

Iborg,  or  Iberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Westphalia,  and  in  the  bish- 
opric of  Osnaburg,  10  miles  S\v"  of  Osna- 
burg,  and  30  NE^of  Minister.  Lon.  8  20 
E,  lat.  52  14  X. 

Iceland,  a  large  island  to  the  W  of  Nor- 
way, 300  miles  in  length,  and  150  in 
breadth,  lying  between  64  and  66  N  lat. 
For  two  months  together  the  sun  never 
sets  ;  and  in  the  winter  it  never  rises  for 
the  same  space,  at  least  not  entirely. 
The  middle  of  this  island  is  mountain- 
ous, stony,  and  barren ;  but  in  some 
places  there  are  excellent  pastures,  and 
the  grass  has  a  fine  smell.  The  ice  which 
gets  loose  from  the  more  northern  coun- 
try in  May,  brings  with  it  a  large  quanti- 
ty of  wood  and  several  animals,  such  as 
foxes,  wolves,  and  bears.  Mount  Ilecla 
is  the  most  noted  mountain,  and  is  a  vol- 
cano, which  sometimes  throws  out  sul- 
phureous torrents.  The  inhabitants  be? 
lieve  that  some  of  the  souls  of  the  damn- 
ed go  to  this  mountain,  and  that  others 
are  confined  to  the  ice  near  this  island. 


Their  houses  are  at  a  distance  from  each 
other,  and  many  of  them  deep  in  the 
ground ;  but  they  are  all  miserable  huts, 
covered  with  skins.  Many  of  the  inha- 
bitants profess  Christianity;  but  those 
that  live  at  a  distance  are  pagans.  They 
..re  mostly  clothed  with  the  skins  of 
beasts.  The  Danes  trade  with  the  na- 
tives for  hides,  tallow,  train  oil,  whale- 
bone,' and  seahorses  teeth,  which  are  as 
good  as  ivory.  Iceland,  which  was  con- 
-ldered  by  the  ancients  as  the  Ultima 
Thule,  or  the  extremity  of  the  world, 
and  by  us  as  scarcely  habitable,  once  a- 
bounded  in  learning  and  science,  at  a 
time  when  great  part  of  Europe  was  in- 
volved in  darkness.  Their  language  was 
die  old  Gothic  or  Teutonic,  the  vernacu- 
lar tongue  of  the  Swedes,  Danes,  and 
Norwegians,  before  it  branched  into  the 
several  dialects  since  spoken  by  the  na- 
tives of  these  three  kingdoms. 

Ichwell,  a  village  in  Bedfordshire,  with 
a  fair  on  April  5. 

Ickletun,  a  village  in  Cambridgeshire, 
with  a  fair  on  August  2d. 

Ickworth,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  Here  are  the  ruins  of 
an  ancient  priory,  and  several  Roman 
coins  have  been  dug  up.  It  is  23  miles 
NW  of  Ipswich,  and  74  NNE  of  London. 
Lon.  1  0  E,  lat.  52  22  N. 

Icolmkill,  formerly  Zona,  a  famous  lit  tie 
island,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  near  the  SW 
point  of  the  isle  of  Mull.  It  is  only  three 
miles  long,  and  one  broad;  but  is  very 
fertile.  It  has  a  mean  village,  and  the 
ruins  of  an  august  monastery  and  cathe- 
dral, said  to  have  been  founded  by  St. 
Columba,  where  there  are  three  chapels, 
or  rather  cemeteries  in  which  several  an- 
cient kings  of  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Nor- 
way are  buried.  In  former  times,  this 
island  was  the  place,  where  the  archives 
of  Scotland,  and  many  valuable  and  an- 
cient MSS  were  kept.  Many  of  these,  it 
is  said,  were  carried  to  the  Scotch  col- 
lege at  Douay  in  France.  This  once  ce- 
lebrated seat  of  royalty  and  learning  is 
now  almost  destitute  of  an  instructor,  to 
teach  the  people  the  common  duties  of 
religion. 

Ida,  .Monnt,  a  lofty  and  pointed  moun- 
tain, in  the  middle  of  the  island  of  Can- 
dia,  famous  in  ancient  times.  .  It, is  now 
nothing  but  a  great  monstrous  ugly  bar- 
ren mountain,  quite  bare  on  the  top, 
without  the  least  shadow  of  a  landscape, 
grotto,  or  spring1.  All  the  cattle  that  are 
bred  on  it  are  a  few  paltry  horses,  some 
sheep,  and  half  starved  goats. 

Ida,  a  mountain  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in 
Xatolia  Proper,  famous,  in  ancient  fable, 
for  the  judgment  of  Paris,  and  for  being 


J  E  A 


JED 


the  resort  of  the  gods  during1  the  Trojan 
war. 

Idanha-la-  A'tteva,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Beira,  five  miles  S  W  of  ldanha-la-Vella. 

hla)iha-la-Vella,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Beira.  The  French  took  it  by  assault  in 
1704.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Ponsul, 
25  miles  NE  of  Caste l-Branco,  and  25  N 
W  of  Alcantara.  Lon.  6  14  W,  lat.  39 
39 

Idria,  a  to  wn  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Garniola,  and  coumy  of  Goritz,  with 
a  castle.  Here  are  rich  quicksilver  mines, 
discovered  in  1497.  It  is  seated  amid 
mountains,  in  a  deep  valley,  on  the  river 
Idria,  17  miles  NE  of  Goritz,  and  25  N 
of  Tries*.    Lon.  13  52  E,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Idstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Weter- 
avia,  which  is  he  residence  of  a  branch 
of  the  house  of  Nassau,  to  whom  it  be- 
longs. It  is  12  miles  NE  of  Mentz. 
Lon.  8  23  E,  lat.  50  2  N. 

Jean,  St.  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Moselle,  formerly  in  the 
province  of  Lorrain.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Sate,  12  miles  W  of  Deux-Ponls.  Lon. 
7  12  E,  lat.  49  16  N". 

Jetm-d'Jlngehi,  a  town  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Charente, 
lately  in  the  province  Saintonge,  and  for- 
merly had  a  fine  benedictine  abbey.  I' 
was  taken  from  the  Huguenots,  in  1621, 
by  Lewis  XIII.  who  demolished  the  for- 
tifications. It  is  famous  for  its  brandy, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Boutonnc,  15  miles 
NE  of  Sainles,  and  32  SE  of  Rochelic. 
Lon.  0  20  W,  lat.  45  59  N. 

Jean-de~Laune,St.  a  town  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  Cote  d'Or,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Burgundy.  It  is  sealed 
on  the  Saone,  15  miles  SE  of  Dijon,  and 
155  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  19  E.  lat.  47  8  N. 

Jean-de-Luz,  St  a  town  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Basques.  It  is 
the  las*  next  Spain,  with  a  harbour,  and 
owes  its  opulence  to  the  cod  and  whale 
fishery.  It  is  seated  on  a  small  river, 
near  the  bay  of  Biscay,  10  miles  NE  o<- 
Fontarabia,  and  12  S\V  of  Bayonne.  Lon. 
40  E,  lat.  43  23  N". 

Jean-de-^Imirienne,  a  town  of  Italy  in 
Savoy,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
in  a  valley,  on  the  river  Arc,  15  miles  S 
bv  W  of  Montier,  and  25  NE  of  Greno- 
ble.   Lon,  6  20  E,  lat.  45  17  N. 

Jean-Picd-de-Port)  St.  a  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  the  Lower  Py- 
renees, late  province  of  Lower  Navarre, 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Nive,  at  the  en- 
trance of  those  passages,  or  defiles,  in 
the  Pyrenees,  which  in  tins  country  are 


called  Ports,  and  defended  by  a  citadel 
upon  an  eminence.  It  is  20  miles  SE  of 
Bavonne,  and  3u  NE  of  Pampeluna.  Lon. 
1  33  E,  lat.  43  12  N. 

Jean-d'Ulhtda,  St.  aii  island  of  North 
America,  in  New  Spain,  lying  in  the 
North  Sea.    Lon.  101  15  W/lat.  19  0  N. 

Jed,  a  river  in  Roxburghshire,  which 
joins  the  Teviot,  a  little  beiow  Jedburgh, 
at  a  place  where  the  marquis  of  Lothian 
has  a  seat,  called  Mount  Teviot;  and 
"ear  this  on  the  W  side  of  the  river  are 
the  beautiful  ruins  of  an  abbev,  founded 
by  king  David ;  a  part  of  which  ancient 
pile  still  serves  for  a  parish  church.  On 
the  banks  of  this  river,  are  also  several 
lar^e  caverns,  which  were  the  hiding  pla- 
ces of  the  ancient  border  warriors. 

Jedburgh,  a  borough  in  Roxburghshire, 
situated  on  the  Jed,  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Teviot.  It  has  a  good  market 
for  corn  and  cattle,  and  is  the  seat  of  the 
courts  of  justice  for  the  county.  It  is 
36  miles  SE  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  25 
W,  lat.  55  35  N. 

Jeddo,  the  capital  town  or  city  of  the 
islands  of  Japan,  where  the  emperor  re- 
sides. It  is  open  on  all  sides,  having 
neither  walls  nor  ramparts  ;  and  the  hou- 
ses are  built  with  earth,  and  boarded  on 
the  outside  to  prevent  the  rain  from  de- 
stroying the  wails.  In  every  street  there 
is  an  iron  gate,  which  is  shut  up  in  the 
night,  and  a  kind  of  custom-house  or 
magazine,  to  put  merchandises  in.  It  is 
a  large  place,  being  nine  miles  in  length, 
and  six  in  breadth,  and  contains  1,000,000 
of  inhabitants.  A  fire  happened  in  1658, 
which,  in  the  space  of  48  hours,  burnt 
down  100,000  houses,  and  in  which  a 
vast  number  of  inhabitants  perished. — 
The  emperor's  palace  and  all  the  rest 
were  reduced  to  ashes  ;  but  they  are  all 
rebuilt  again.  The  royal  palace  is  in  the 
middle  of  the  town  ;  and  is  defended, 
with  walls,  ditches,  towers,  and  bastions, 
Where  the  emperor  resides,  there  arc 
three  towers  nine  stories  high,  each  co- 
vered with  plates  of  gold ;  and  the  hall 
of  audience  is  said  to  be  supported  by 
pillars  of  massy  gold.  Near  the  palace 
are  several  others,  where  the  relations  of 
he  emperor  live.  The  empress  has  a 
palace  of  her  own,  and  there  are  20  small 
meg  for  the  concubines.  Besides,  all  the 
vassal  kings  have  each  a  palace  in  the 
■  ity,  with  a  handsome  garden,  and  stables 
for  2000  horses.  The  houses  of  the  com- 
mon sort  are  nothing  but  a  ground  noor, 
and  the  rooms  are  parted  by  folding 
screens  ;  so  that,  they  can  make  the  rooms 
larger  or  smaller  at  pleasure.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  an  agreeable  plain,  at  the  bottom 


J  E  N 


J  E  R 


of  a  fine  bay,  and  the  river  which  crosses 
it,  is  divided  into  several  canals.  Lon. 
14C  0  E,  lat.  35'  32  JULg1 

Jefferson,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Geor- 
gia, containing  Gill  inhabitants  in  1810, 
nearly  one  halt'  slaves.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  E  byUolumbia  and  Lincoln;  on  the  N 
by  Wilkes  ;  on  the  W  by  Green  ;  and  on 
the  S  by  Warren  and  Hancock.  The  chief 
town  Louistown.  , 

Jefferson,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  con- 
taining 13,399  inhabitants  in  1810.  The 
chief  town  is  Louisville. 

Jefferson,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Virgi- 
nia, taken  off  Berkely  county;  it  is  watered 
both  by  the  Shenandoah  and  the  Potomac. 

Jefferson,  a  county  in  tiie  state  of  New 
York  ;  bounded  NW  by  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence ;  N  and  NE  by  Lawrence  county  ;  E 
by  Lewis ;  S  by  Oneida ;  and  W  by  lake  On- 
tario. In  1810  it  contained  15,144  inhabi- 
tants. Chief  towns  Brownsville  and  Ellis- 
bur-. 

Jeffersonton,  a  post  town  in  Culpeper 
county,  Virginia,  20  miles  N  of  Culpeper 
town,  and 61  SYV  of  Washington. 

JeffersontoTjn,  a  town  in  Jackson  coun- 
ty, Georgia,  with  a  post-office,  714  miles 
from  Washington. 

Jehud,  or  Jotid,  mountains  in  the  NW 
part  of  Hindoosian  Proper,  extending 
from  Attock,  eastward  to  Be mber.  They 
are  part  of  the  territory  of  the  moun- 
taineers, called  Gickers,  Gchkers,  or  K.»- 
karea.  After  Timur  had  passed  the  In- 
dus, in  1398,  the  chiefs  of  these  moun- 
tains came  to  make  their-  submission  to 
him,  as  Ambisares,  the  king  of  die  same 
country,  did  to  Alexander,  about  1730 
years  before.  ^j^f^-i* 

Jekyl,  a  small  island  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, on  the  coast  of  Georgia,  S  of  the  is- 
land of  St.  Simons. 

Jempterlandi  a  province  of  Sweden, 
bounded  on  the  Nby  Angermania,  on  the 
E  by  Medelpadia,  on  the  S  by  Helsingia, 
and  on  the  W  by  Norway.  It  is  full  ol 
mountains.  t 

Jena,  a  strong  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  Thuringia,  with  a  university.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Sala,  10  miles  SE  of  Wei- 
mar, and  25  SE  of  Erfort.  Lon.  12  4  E, 
lat.  51  2  N. 

Jenda,  a  great  lake  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Finland. 

Jenitz,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Anhult  I)  ssa  situated 
on  the  Muidau,  two  miles  NE  or  Dessau. 

JenJcinton,  a  village  in  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  10  miles  N  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, on  the  post  road  to  Bethlehem. 

Jeno,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  20 
miles  S  of  great  Waradin,  and  48  NE  of 
Segedin.    Lon.  21  5  E,  lat.  4G  40  N. 


i  Jericho,  an  ancient  and  famous  town  of 
Palestine,  built  by  the  Jebusites.  It  is 
I  now  called  Kefiibi  by  the  Arabs,  and  is 
;  nothing  but  a  few  wretched  huts,  where 
|  some  beggarly  Arabs  reside.  It  is  five 
miles  W  of  the  river  Jordan,  and  20  E 
j  by  X  of  .Jerusalem.  Lon.  35  5'J  E,  lat. 
|  31  .53  X. 

Jericho,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  si- 
tuated on  the  Elbe,  32  miles  NNE  of 
Magdeburg. 

Jm-icho,  a  post  town  in  Chenango  coun- 
ty, V.-v/Ybrk;  situated  on  the  E  branch 
ol  SusqUehannah  river,  45  miles  NE  of 
Un.on,  and  about  100  W  of  the  city  of 
Hudson. 

Jermah,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Fezzan. 
It  is  distinguished  by  the  numerous 
herds,  of  sheep  and  goats,  that  are  seen 
around  it ;  by  the  various  and  abundant 
produce  of  the  adjacent  fields;  and  by 
numerous  and  majestic  ruins.  Jermah  is 
60  miles  SE  of  Mourzook.  Lon.  17  17 
E,  lat.  27  5  N. 

Jcroshni',  a  town  of  the  Russian  empire, 
and  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  river  Volga.  Lon.  40  55  E,  lat. 
57  24  N. 

Jersey,  an  island  in  the  English  Chan- 
nel, 18  miles  from  the  coast  of  Norman- 
dy in  France,  and  84  S  of  Portland  in 
Dorsetshire.  It  is  subject  to  the  English ; 
but  is  still  governed  by  the  ancient  Nor- 
man laws.  It  is  30  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  difficult  of  access,  on  account 
of  the  rocks,  sands,  and  forts  erected 
for  its  defence.  It  contains  12  parishes ; 
.aid  the  chief  town  is  St.  Hilier,  in  the  S 
part  of  the  island.  It  is  well  watered 
with  rivulets,  wsdl  stocked  with  fruit 
trees,  and  lias  a  noted  manufacture  for 
woollen  stockings  and  caps.  The  soil  is 
fertile,  though  there  is  a  great  deficien- 
cy of  arable  land  for  corn  on  account  of 
the  vast  quantity  of  apple  trees  planted 
nere  for  cider,  24,000  hogsheads  having 
been  made  here  in  one  year. 

Jersey,  New,  one  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  bounded  on  the  E  by  Hudson's 
River  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  S 
by  Delaware  Bay,  on  the  W  by  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  on  theN  by  a  line  drawn  from 
the  mouth  of  Mahakkamak  River,  in  lat. 
41  24  to  a  point  in  Hudson's  River,  in  lat 
41.  It  is  261  miles  long,  and  52  broad  ; 
and  is  divided  into  13  counties.  Its  pro- 
duce is  much  t  lie  same  as  thatofthe  neigh- 
bouring states,    Trenton  is  the  capital. 

Jervonhiml,  a  small  canton  of  Russia  in 
Livonia,  t  le  castle  of  Wittenstein  is  the 
principal  place. 

Jerusalem,  an  ancient  and  famous  city 
of  Palestine,  capital  of  Judea,  after  Da- 
vid had  conquered  the  Jebusites.  It  was 


J  E  K 


JE  V 


taken  by  Nebuchadnezzar  in  the  reign 
of  Zerteicl;.lEj  and  the  Jews  were  led  cap- 
tives *«>  Babylon.  It  was  afterward  tak- 
en by  the  Romans,  and  rained,  together 
with  i  he  Temple,  70  years  after  the  birth 
of  Christ,  as  had  been  foretold  in  the 
scriptures.  The  emperor  Adrian  built  a 
new  city,  near  the  ruins  of  ancient  Jeru- 
salem,, It  w  as  taken  by  the  Persians  in 
614,  t.nd  by  the  Saracens  in  636.  In  1099 
it  was  retaken  by  the  Crusaders,  who 
founded  a  new  kingdom  which  lasted  88 
ye.-.rs,  under  nine  kings.  Saladin  king  of 
Egvpt  and  Svria,  got  possession  of  it  in 
1 187.  The  Turks  expelled  the  Saracens 
in  1217,  have  kept  possession  of  it  ever 
since,  and  call  it  jfeleods,  that  is,  The 
Holy  City.  It  is  now  inhabited  by  Turks, 
Arabs,  Jews,  and  Christians.  It  stands 
on  a  high  rock,  with  steep  ascents  on  e- 
very  side,  except  to  the  X.  It  is  almost 
surrounded  by  values  encompassed  with 
mountains,  so  that  it  seen.s  to  stand  in 
the  middle  of  an  amphitheatre.  It  is  a- 
bout  three  miles  in  circumference,  and 
inch  les  Mount  Cavalry,  which  was  for- 
merly without  the  walls.  What  renders 
it  considerable  is  the  great  resort  of  pil- 
grims; for  the  inhabitants  accommodate 
them  with  lodgings  and  provisions,  which 
is  their  chief  business.  A  bashaw,  with 
a  guard  of  janissaries,  always  reside  here, 
to  protect  them  from  the  Arabs.  The 
church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  which  the 
pilgrims  come  to  visit,  is  a  large  struc- 
ture, with  a  round  nave,  and  has  no  li.ubt 
but  what  comes  through  the  top,  like  the 
Pantheon  at  Rome.  In  the  middle  of  the 
nave,  and  direcUy  order  the  opening  of 
the  dome,  is  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  which 
is  placed  in  a  chapel,  whose  door  is  three 
feet  high  and  two  broad.  It  is  so  small, 
that  it  will  hold  but  three  persons  on 
their  knees  at  a  time.  At  the  entrance, 
on  the  right  bund,  is  the  place  where  the 
body  of  our  Saviour  was  laid.  The  table 
on  which  he  was  said  to  have  been  laid 
at  first  is  two  feet  and  a  half  high  from 
the  pavement,  which  is  now  covered  with 
white  marble,  because  its  visitors  were 
all  for  carrying  away  a  small  bit.  This 
chapel  is  cut  out  of  the  rock,  and  there 
are  three  holes  in  the  roof,  to  let  out  the 
smoke  of  the  lamps,  which  are  44  in 
number,  and  always  kept  lighted.  The 
>  hole  is  covered  with  white  marble  both 
within  and  without;  and  on  the  outside 
Vhere  ^H^ten  fine  columns  of  the  same. 
It  is  .covered  with  a  platform,  the  middle 
of  which  is  exactly  above  the  three  holes 
and  forms  a  small  dome,  6  feet  in  height, 
covered  with  lead,  and  supported  by  12 
columns  of  porphyry,  placed  by  pairs  on 
the  platform,  and  so  making  six  arches, 


[having  three  lamps  under  each.  Before 
the  gate  of  the  sepulchre  is  a  silver 
I  lamp,  so  large,  that  two  men  cannot  fa- 
•  ihotn  it.  Every  year,  on  Good  Friday, 
jail  the  parts  of  our  Saviour's  passion  are 
Uolemnizedand  acted  here.  They  have 
first  a  sermon,  and  then  every  one  takes 
a  lighted  taper  in  his  hand,  with  cruci- 
fixes, £<c.  to  begin  the  procession.  A- 
motfg  the  crucifixes  is  one  as  large  as 
life,  being  crowned  with  thorns,  and  bes- 
meared with  biood.  They  visit  first  the 
pillar  of  flagellation;  next  the  prison; 
afterwards  the  altar  of  the  division  of 
Christ's  garments  •  then  they  advance  to 
ilte  chapel  of  derision,  and  thence  to 
Mount  Calvary,  leaving  their  shoes  at  the 
bottom  of  the  stairs.  Here  are  two  al- 
tars ;  one  where  our  Lord  was  supposed 
to  be  nailed  to  the  cross  ;  and  another 
where  it  was  erected  ;  here  they  set  up 
the  crucified  image,  then  pull  out  the 
nails,  take  down  the  body,  and  wrap  it  in 
a  winding-sheet,  which  finishes  the  cere- 
mony. Jerusalem  is  112  miles  SW  of 
Damascus,  and  175  NE  of  Suez".  Lon.  35 
25  E,  hit.  31  55  X. 

Jerusalem,  a  post  town  in  Ontario  coun- 
ty, New  York,  o:i  the  W  side  of  Seneka 
hike,  and  38  miles  NE  of  Bath.  This  is 
the  seat  of  Jemima  Wilkinson,  the  foun- 
dress of  a  religious  sect,  and  some  of  her 
followers. 

Jerusalem,  a  post  town  of  Southampton 
county,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  N  side 
of  the  river  Nottoway,  63  miles  SW  of 
Norfolk. 

Jessehnere,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  the  dominions  of  the  great  Mogul. 
Lon.  72  40  E,  lat.  26  40  N. 

Jest,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Aneona,  with 
a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 
near  the  river  Jesi,  17  miles  SW  of  An- 
eona, and  112  NE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  16 
E,  lat.  43  30  N.  # 

Jeso,  a  group  of  islands  on  the  E  coast 
of  Asia,  lying  between  those  of  Japan  and 
the  Kuriles.  The  southernmost,  called 
Vlatmai,  lies  N  of  Xiphon.  It  is  govern- 
ed, by  a  tributary  prince,  dependent  on 
the  empire  of  Japan,  and  fortified  on  the 
side  toward  the  continent.  It  is  full  of 
woods  ;  a  id  the  inhabitants,  who  live  by 
fishing  and  hunting,  are  strong,  robust, 
savage,  and  slorenly,  when  compared  to 
the  Japanese.  The  two  islands  to  the  N 
E  of  Matmai,  Kanachir  and  Zellany,  and 
likewise  the  three  still  further  to  the  NE, 
called  the  three  Sisters,  are  perfectly  in- 
dependent. The  Japanese  give  the  name 
of  Jeso  to  the  whole  chain  of  islands  be- 
tween Japan  and  Kamschatka.  See  Ku- 
ril? s.  ^'jj^p*  '■ 

Jer  er,  a  town  of  Germanv,  in  the  circle 
Hr 


I  L  A 


I  L  L 


of  Westphalia,  and  capital  of  Jeverland, 
with  a  citadel.  It. is  IT  miles  NE  oi  Au 
rick,  and  30  NE  of  Embden.  Lon.  7  41 
E,  lat.  53  33  X. 

Jt'vcrhind,  a  territory  of  Germany,  in 
"Westphalia,  belonging  to  the  house  of 
Anhalt-Zerbst. 

If,  an  island  of  France,  the  most  east- 
ern of  the  three  before  the  harbour  of 
Marseilles.  It  is  well  fortified,  and  its 
port  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean.   '  1C1 

Ig-is,  a  town  of  the  country  of  the  Gri- 
sons,  in  (Jadoea  with  a  magnificent  castle, 
in  which  is  a  cabinet  of  curiosities,  and 
a  library.  It  is  23  miles  SW  of  Coire, 
and  23  S  of  Glarus.  Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  46 
33  N. 

Iglaw,  a  considerable  and  populous 
town  of  Moravia,  where  they  have  a  ma- 
nufacture of  good  cloth,  and  excellent 
beer.  It  is  sealed  on  the  Iglaw,  40  miles 
>*W  of  Brinn,  and  62  SE  of  Prague.  Lon. 
•15.42  E,  lat.  49  3  N. 

Iglesius,  a  town  in  the  S  part  of  the  is- 
land of  Sardinia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  37 
miles  WSW  of  Cagliari.  Lon.  8  39  E, 
lat.  39  18  N. 

Ihor     See  Johore. 

Jfionpour,  a  city  of  llindoostan  Proper, 
capital  of  a  circar  of  the  same  name,  in 
Benares.  It  is  seated  on  the  Goomty  ; 
and  not  far  from  the  confluence  of  that 
river  with  the  Ganges  ;  the  fort  of  Jion- 
pour  is  a  building  of  considerable  extent, 
on  a  high  bank  commanding  the  bridge 
over  the  Goomty.  It  is  now  chiefly  in 
ruins,  although,  formerly,  it  commanded 
the  country,  from  the  Ganges  to  Luck- 
now.  The  place  was,  at  onetime,  the 
seat  of  an  empire.  Chaja  Jahan,  vizier 
to  sub. an  Mahummud  Shah,  during  the 
minority  of  his  son,  Mamood  Shah,  as- 
sumed the  title  of  sultan  Shirki,  or  king 
of  the«East,  took  possession  of  Bahar, 
and  fixed  his  residence  at  Jionpour, 
where  lie  built  the  great  mussud,  or 
mausoleum,  which  is  still  remaining,  for 
himself  and  family.  The  stone  bridge  o- 
ver  the  Goomty  consists  of  16  pointed 
arches  ;  and  on  the  top  of  it  are  ma- 
ny little  shops  on  both  sides.  It  was 
built  in  1567,  upon  such  sound  princi- 
ples, as  to  have  withstood,  for  such  a 
length  of  time,  the  force  of  the  stream, 
which,  in  the  time  of  the  rains,  is  very 
great.  The  inundations  have  been  known 
to  rise  frequently  over  the  bridge,  inso- 
much that  in  1774,  a  brigade  of  the  Bri- 
tish army  passed  over  it  in  boats,  .lion- 
pour  is  49  miles  NW  of  Benares.  Lon. 
84  7  E,  lat.  25  45  N. 

Hay.    See  Isluy. 

Hah,  or  Jalak,  a  town  of  Nubia,  on  the 


Nile  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  ancient 
Meroe.    Lon.  36  30  E,  lat.  18  48  N. 

Hants,  a  town  in  the  country  of  the  Gri- 
soi:s,  capital  of  the  Grey  League.  It  is 
partly  surrounded  by  walls.  Here  the 
general  diet  of  the  three  leagues  assem- 
bles every  third  year.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Kb  ine,  17  miles  SW  of  Coire. 

Hchestev,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  of  Great 
antiquity,  as  appears  by  the  Roman  coins 
dug  up,  and  once  had  sixteen  churches, 
but  now  only  two.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  here  the  county 
gaol  is  kept.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ivel,  16 
miles  S  of  Wells,  and  123  W  by  S  of 
London.    Lon.  2  37  W,  lat.  50  56  N. 

Ildefonso,  St.  a.  village  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  five  miles  N  of  Uzcda,  on  the 
river  Cogolludo.  Here  is  a  magnificent 
palace,  built  by  Philip  V.  It  is  a  superb 
structure,  with  fine  water-works  and  gar- 
dens. 

Ildefonso  de  los  Zcipotacos,  St.  a  town 
of  New  Spain,  seated  on  a  mountain,  50 
miles  NE  of  Antequiera.  Lon.  27  30  W, 
lat.  17  5  N. 

Ildcrton,  a  village  in  Northumberland, 
four  miles  S  of  Wooler.  On  a  hill  near 
it,  is  a  semicircular  encampment,  defend- 
ed by  two  high  rampiers  of  earth,  and  a 
deep  fosse,  with  an  inner  circle  of  stones, 
which  appear  uncemented.  The  area  is 
about  100  yards  diameter,  and  contains 
many  remains  of  buildings. 

Illesugaguen,  a  strong  town  of  Africa 
in  the  kingdom  of  Morocco. 

Ilfracombe,  a  seaport  and  corporate 
town  in  Devonshire,  with  a  market  on  Sa- 
turday. It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  has 
a  spacious  basin,  formed  by  a  good  pier 
projecting  into  the  Bristol  Channel.  And 
employs  a  number  of  brigs  and  sloops, 
chiefly  in  carrying  ore  from  Cornwall, 
coal  from  Wales,  and  corn  from  Bristol. 
It  is  seated  almost  opposite  Swansea,  in 
Glamorganshire,  49  miles  NNW  of  Exe- 
ter, and  181  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  4 
5  W,  lat.  51  14  N. 

Ilheos,  a  seaport  of  Brasil,  in  South 
America,  capital  of  Rio-los-Ilhecs,  it  is 
seated  in  a  fertile  country,  and  is  150 
miles  SSW  of  St.  Salvador.  Lon.  41  25 
W,  lat.  15  5  S. 

Ilheos,  or  Rio  los  Ilheos,  a  province  of 
South  America,  subject  to  Portugal. 

Ilktcch,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Cracow,  remarkable  for  its  sil- 
ver mines,  mixed  with  lead.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  a  barren  country,  at  the  foot  of  se- 
veral mountains,  15  miles  NW  of  Cracow. 
Lon.  19  40  E,  lat.  50  20  N. 

a  river  of  Germany  which  rises 
near  Basle,  and  falls  into  the  Rhine. 


I  M  B 


I  M  E 


Ille,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and 
lately  in  the  province  of  Rousillon,  30 
miles  SE  of  Perpignan.  Lon.  3  5  E,  lat. 
42  35  N. 

IKer,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  rises 
in  Tirol,  runs  N  through  Suabia,  passing 
by  Kempten,  Memmingen,  and  Kirch- 
berg-,  and  falls  into  the  Danube,  at  Ulm. 

Illinois,  a  river  of  North  America,  which 
rises  in  the  Western  Territory,  near  the 
S  end  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  taking  a  S 
W  course,  falls  into  the  Mississippi  18 
miles  above  the  Missouri.  Between  the  Il- 
linois and  the  Ohio,  is  the  country  of  a  no- 
ted Indian  nation,  called  die  Illinois. 

Illinois,  a  territory  of  the  United  States, 
situated  on  the  western  side  of  the  river 
Mississippi,  comprising  a  large  body  of 
fertile  land,  and  some  very  flourishing 
settlements.  Agreeably  with  the  census 
of  1810,  the  territory  contains  12,282  in- 
habitants. The  chief  towns  Kaskaskias 
and  New  Madrid. 

Illock,  a  strong  town  of  Sclavonia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Danube,  15  miles  from  Peter- 
waraclin,  and  55  NW  of  Belgrade.  Lon. 
20  6  E,  lat.  45  36  N. 

Urn,  or  Stadt  Ilm,  a  town  of  Upper 
Saxony,  In  the  county  of  Schwartzburg- 
Rudolstadt,  14  miles  S  of  Erfurt. 

Ilmene,  a  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Novogorod,  which  has  a  com- 
munication with  the  lake  Ladoga,  by  the 
river  Volkhof.    Lon.  34  0  E,  lat.  58  0  N 

Ilminster,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  Is  seated  in  a 
dirty  bottom,  among  the  hills,  137  miles 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  54  W,  lat. 
50  55  N. 

Use,  a  river  of  Germany,  rising  in  the 
mountains  of  Bohemia,  and  running  S 
falls  into  the  Danube  atlllstaclt. 

Ilsley,  East,  a  town  in  Berkshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  seated  on 
a  pleasant  valley,  between  two  hills,  and 
excellent  downs  for  feeding  sheep,  jt  is 
53  miles  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  12  W, 
lat.  51  32  N. 

list,  a  town  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Friesland,  seated  on  the  Weynu  r,  12 
miles  S  of  Lewarden.  Lon.  5  24  E,  lat. 
53  1  N. 

Ilstadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bava- 
ria, seated  at  the  confluence* of  the  Da 
nube  and  Ills,  oppbsue  Passau.  Lon.  13 
37  E,  lat.  48  27  N. 

llsiVffl*.  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  West 
Gothland.  Lon.  11  51  E,  hit.  57  23  X. 

tlten,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Lunenburg. 

Illzhafpr,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Halte. 

Imbro,  a  woody  and  mountainous  is- 


land in  the  Grecian  archipelago.  It  a- 
bounds  with  game,  and  is  about  20  miles 
in  circumference.  - 

Ilmenstadt,  a  town  of  Suabia,  20  miles 
E  of  Lindau.  Lon.  10  20  E,  lat.  47  35  N. 

Imeritia,  a  country  of  Asia,  between 
the  Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian,  bounded 
on  the  S  by  Turkey,  on  the  W  by  Min- 
grelia,  on  the  N  by  Ossetia,  and  on  the 
E  by  Georgia,  of  which  it  is,  properly 
speaking,  a  part.  The  revenues  of  the 
sovereign,  who  is  styled  c  zar,  arise  from 
a  contribution  of  the  peasants  in  wine, 
grain  and  cattle,  and  from  the  tribute  of 
the  neighbouring  princes ;  and  among 
the  extraordinary  sources  of  revenue, 
confiscations  have  a  considerable  share. 
But  as  all  this  is  insufficient  for  the  sub- 
sistence of  the  prince,  he  usually  travels 
from  house  to  house,  living  on  his  vas- 
sals, and  never  changing  his  quarters  till 
he  has  consumed  every  thing  eatable. 
The  court  of  Imeritia,  is,  therefore,  not 
remarkable  for  splendour,  nor  the  prince's 
table  sumptuously  served.  His  usual  fare 
consists  of  gom,  (a  species  of  millet, 
ground,  and  boiled  into  a  paste)  a  piece 
of  roasted  meat,  and  some  pressed  ca- 
viare. These  he  eats  with  his  fingers  ; 
forks  and  spoons  being  unknown  in  Ime- 
ritia. At  table  he  is  frequently  employ- 
ed in  judging  causes,  which  he  decides 
at  his  discretion,  there  being  no  law  but 
his  own  will.  He  usually  wears  a  coarse 
dress  of  a  brown  colour,  with  a  musket 
on  his  shoulder ;  but  upon  solemn  occa- 
sions, he  puts  on  a  robe  of  rich  gold  bro- 
cade, and  hangs  round  his  neck  a  silver 
chain.  He  is  distinguished  from  his  sub- 
jects by  riding  upon  an  ass,  perhaps  the 
jnly  one  in  Imeritia,  and  by  wearing 
boots.  He  has  no  regula^,  troops,  but 
can  collect  an  undisciplined  army  of  6000 
men,  nor  has  he  any  artillery.  Ills  civil 
ordinances  are  issued  every  Friday,  which 
is  the  market  day,  when  one  of  his  ser- 
vants ascends;  a  tree,  and  with  a  loud 
voice  proclaims  the  edict',  which  is  com- 
municated to  the  people,  by  each  person, 
upon  his  return  to  the  place  of  his  abode. 
The  inhabitants,  estimated  at  20,000  fa- 
milies, are  not -collected  into  towns  or 
villages,  but  scattered  over  the  cov.-Mvy 
in  small  hamlets.  They  send  yearly  con- 
siderable quantities  of  wine  to  the  neigh- 
bouring parts  of  Georgia,  in  leathern 
bags,  carried  by  horses.  But  they  are 
•vithout  manufactures,  very  poor  and  mi- 
serable, and  cruelly  oppress^  by  their 
landlords,  The  Imeritiang.'are  of  the 
"Greek  religion.  Their  patriarch,  who  is 
generally  of  the  royal  f  mily,  can  seldom 
read  or  write  ;  and  the  inferior  clergy 
arc  not  better  instructed.  Their  Church- 


I  N  D 


I  N  D 


cs  are  wretched  buildings,  scarcely  to  bci 
distinguished  from  common  cottages,  but 
from  a  paper  cross  over  the  principal: 
door,  and  some  paintings  of  the  virgin 
and  the  saints.    Cutaiu  is  the  capital. 

Immenhausen,  a  town  of  Ilesse-Cassel, 
in  Germany. 

Im.ncnstcidt,  a  town  of  the  countyjof 
Konegsegg  in  Suabia.  It  is  situated  on  a 
small  river  14  miles  SE  of  Isny. 

Imola,  a  populous  town  of  Italy,  in  Bo- 
magna,  with  a  bishop's  see ;  seated  on 
-  tic  Sunterno,  45  miles  N  by  E  of  Flo- 
rence.   Lon.  11  45  E,  lat.  44  23  N.  , 

Imperial,  a  pleasant  town  of  South  A- 
m.erica,  in  Chilli,  stated  on  a  craggy  rock 
in  a  charming  country.  Lon.  72  35  W, 
lat.  38  40  S. 

Inchcohn,  an  isb.nd  in  the  frith  of  Forth, 
near  the  coast  of  Fife,  but  within  the 
county  of  Edinburgh.  Here  are  tne  line 
ruins  of  a  monastery,  founded  in  1123 
by  Alexander  I.  in  gratitude,  it  is  said, 
for  his  escape,  when  driven  on  tins  is- 
land in  a  tempest,  and  for  the  hospitable 
treatment  he  received  here,  for  three 
days,  from  a  hermit,  who  entertained 
him  with  the  miik  of  his  cow,  and  a  few 
shell-fish.  It  was  of  the  order  of  Au- 
gustines  and  dedicated  to  St.  Colomba. 

Inchkeith,  a  desolate  little  island  in 
Edinburghshire,  in  the  frith  of  Fc  ■  th,  ly- 
ing* midway  betwc.n  the  ports  of  Leith 
and  Kinghorn.    Here  is  a  ruinous  fori. 

Inchmarnock,  a  beautiful  little  island  Oi 
Scotland,  SW  of  the  isle  of  Bute.  It  is 
one  mile  long,  and  on  the  W  side  are  vas; 
strata  of  coral  and  shells.  It  derives  ks 
name  of  Inchmarnock  from  a  chapel  de- 
dicated to  St.  M'irnoc,  the  ruins  of  which 
are  still  to  be  seen. 

India,  an  extensive  region  in  Asia, 
which  lies  between  66  and  93  B  lon.  and 
7  and  35  N  lat.  Under  this  name,  the 
Europeans  have  erroneously  included  all 
the  countries  which  lie  S  of  Tartu  rv,  and 
extend  from  the  eastern  frontiers  of  Per- 
sia to  the  eastern  coas's  of  China.  Jim 
the  name  of  India  can  be  applied,  with 
propriety  to  that  country  only,  which  is 
distinguished  both  in  Asia  and  Europe, 
by  the  name  of  Ilindoostan.  The  coun- 
tries to  the  E  of  the  river  Burampobte? 
(namely,  Aracan,  Assam,  Ava,  Burmah, 
Cambodia,  Cochin-China,  Laos,  Malacca, 
Pegu,  Siam  and  Tonquin)  which  geo- 
graphers have  hitherto  distinguished  by 
the  name  of  the  Peninsula  of  India  be- 
yond the  Ganges,  are  no  more  to  be  con- 
sidered as  belonging  to  India,  than  the 
bordering  countries  of  Persia,  Tartar^! 
'and  Thibet.    See  Ilindoostan. 

Indaponv,  a  seaport  of  the  island  of  Su- 
matra.  Lon.  100  50  E,  lat.  41  46  X. 


Indian  Hivtr,  a  river  of  Delaware  state. 
It  lMse-b  from  several  springs  in  Sussex 
county,  which  uniting  about  ten  miles 
above  its  mouth  form  a  bold  stream  of 
two  miles  in  width.  It  empties  yito  the 
Atlantic  at  RehobOtn  bay. 

Indies,  East,  the  name  given  by  Euro- 
peans, to  a  great  number  of  islands  in 
the  Indian  Ocean,  extending  from  the 
peninsula  of  Ilindoostan  as  far  E  as  New 
Guinea,  and  from  the  bay  of  Bengal  and 
the  China  Sea  as  far  S  as  New  Holland. 
The  most  western  of  them  are  the  Mal- 
dives, and  the  most  eastern  the  Molluc- 
cas  ;  between  which  are  several  very 
large  ones,  as  Ceylon,  Sumatra,  Java, 
Borneo,  and  Celebes,  besides  many  others 
of  considerable  importance  as  to  riches, 
though  much  inferior  in  extent.  Their 
produce  and  other  particulars,  are  de- 
scribed under  their  several  heads. 

Indies,  West,  the  name  ghen  to  a  great 
number  of  islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
which  extend  across  the  entrance  of  the 
gulf  of  Mexico,  from  the  X\V  extremity 
of  the  Bahama  Islands,  off'  the  coast  of 
Florida,  in  lat.  27  45  N,  in  a  SE  direc- 
tion, to  the  island  of  Tobago,  120  miles 
fr<  m  the  coast  of  Terra  Fa-ma,  in  lat.  11 
50  N.  Cuba  is  the  most  western,  and 
Barbadoes  the  most  eastern  of  these  is- 
lands. When  Columbus  discovered  \hem 
hi  1492,  he  considered  them  as  part  of 
those  vast  regions  in  Asia,  comprehend- 
ed under  the  general  name  oi  India,  to 
teach  which,  by  a  W  course  across  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  had  been  the  grand  ob- 
ject of  his  voyage  ;  and  this  opinion  was 
so  general,  that  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 
king  and  queen  of  Castile,  in  their  rati- 
fication of  an  agreement,  granted  to  Co- 
lumbus, upon  his  return,  gave  them  the 
name  of  Indies.  Even  after  the  error 
which  gave  rise  to  this  opinion  was  de- 
tected, and  the  true  position  of  the  New 
World  was  ascertained,  the  name  has  re- 
mained, and  the  appellation  of  the  West 
Indies  is  given  by  all  the  people  of  Eu- 
rope to  these  islands,  and  that  of  Indiana- 
'o  the  inhabitants,  not  only  of  these  is- 
lands, but  of  the  continent  of  America. 
The\  arc  likewise  called  the  Caribbee 
Islands,  .from  the  aborigines  of  :he  coun- 
try, and  the  sea  in  which  they  lie  is  cal- 
led the  Caribbean  Sea.  By  the  French, 
they  are  called  the  Ant'dUs ;  and  nauti 
cal  men  distinguish  them,  frorwSe  dif- 
ferent courses  taken  by  shipsJWto  the 
Leeward  and  Windward  inlands,  which 
see.  Tne  name  of  Caribbee  should  pro- 
perly be  confined  to  the  smaller  islands 
iving  between  Porto  Itico  and  Tobage. 
These  were  inhabited  by  the  Oaribs,  a 
fierce  race  of  men,  nowise,  resembling 


* 


I  N  D 


I  N  D 


their  timid  neighbours  in  the  larger  is- 
lands. Columbus  was  a  witness  to  their 
ihtrepid  valour.  The  same  character  they 
have  maintained  invariably  in  all  subse- 
quent contests  with  the  Europeans.  The 
British  islands  are  Jamaica,  Barbadoes, 
St.  Christopher,  Antigua,  Anegada,  Ne- 
vis, Montserrat,  Barbuda,  Anguillu,  I)o- 
minicia,  St.  Vincent,  Granada,  the  Baha- 
ma Islands  ;  and  part  of  die  Virgin  islands 
with  Tobago,  Martinico,  and  St.  Lucia, 
conquered  from  the  French,  the  first  in 
1793,  and  the  other  two  in  1794.  Cuba, 
Porto  Rico,  Trinidad,  and  Margarita,  be- 
long to  the  Spaniards,  who  have  the  east- 
ern part  of  Hispaniola.  The  French  have 
Guadeloupe,  Marigalante,  Deseada,  and 
the  possession  of  Hispaniola  is  disputed 
between  the  French  and  Mulattoes.  The 
Dutch  have  St.  Eustatia,  Curacao,  Saba, 
and  St.  Martin  ;  the  Danes,  St.  Thomas, 
St.  Croix,  and  part  of  the  Virgin  Islands  ; 
and  the  Swedes,  St.  Bartholomew. 

Indians  of  A'orth  and  South  America, 
the  original  natives  of  these  two  vast 
continents ;  of  whom  it  is  observable, 
that  there  is  a  natural  distinction  be- 
tween the  inhabitants  of  the  temperate 
zones  and  those  of  the  torrid  ;  and  that 
accordingly,  they  may  be  divided  into 
two  great  classes.  The  one  comprehends 
all  the  North  Americans,  from  the  river 
St.  Lawrence  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  to- 
gether with  the  people  of  Chili,  and  a 
few  small  tribes  toward  the  extremity  of 
the  southern  continent.  To  the  other  be- 
long all  the  inhabitants  of  the  islands, 
and  those  settled  in  the  provinces,  which 
extend  from  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  al- 
most to  the  southern  confines  of  Brasil, 
along  the  E  side  of  the  Andes.  In  the 
former,  which  comprehends  all  the  re- 
gions of  the  temperate  zone  in  America, 

at  are  inhabited,  the  human  specie  s 
;>pears  manifestly  to  be  more  perfect, 

'    natives  are  more  robust,  active,  iri- 

lligent,  and  courageous  ;  and  have  de- 
led their  liberty  with  persevering  for- 
titude against  the  Europeans,  who  sub- 
dued the  other  rude  nations  of  America 
with  the  greatest  ease.  The  natives  of 
the  temperate  zone  are  the  only  people 
in  the  new  world  who  are  indebted  for 
their  f  reedom  to  their  own  valour.  The 
North  Americans,  though  long  encom- 
passed by  three  formidable  European 
,  retain  part  of  their  original  pos- 
lons.    The  people  of  Chili,  though 

ir!  invaded,  still  maintain  a  gallant 
contest  with  the  Spaniards,  and  have  set 
bounds  to  their  encroachments  :  whereas 
in  the  warmer  regions,  men  are  more  fee- 
ble in  their  frame,  less  vigorous,  in  the 
efforts  of  their  mind,  of  a  gentle  but  das- 


tardly spirit,  more  enslaved  by  pleasure, 
and  more  sunk  in  indolence.  According- 
ly, it  is  in  the  torrid  zone  that  the  Euro- 
peans have  most  effectually  established 
iheir  dominion  over  An. erica  ;  and,  if  se- 
veral tribes  there,  still  enjoy  indepen- 
dence, it  is  either  because  they  have 
never  been  attacked  by  an  enemy  already 
satiated  with  conquest,  and  possessed  of 
larger  territories  than  he  was  able  to  oc- 
cupy, or  because  they  have  been  saved 
from  oppression  by  their  remote  and  in- 
accessible situation.  This  distinction, 
however,  although  so  conspicuous,  is  nci 
universal.  Of  the  manners  of  the  North 
American  Indians,  a  general  idea  may  be 
formed,  by  an  account  of  those  who  in- 
habit the  couiuries  to  the  E  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. These  consist  of  28  different 
nations;  the  principal  of  which  are  th<: 
Cherokees,Chickasaws,Choctaws,  Creeks, 
Delawares,  the  six  Nations,  the  Shaw 
anese  Hurons,  Illinois,  ike.  Allowing 
about  700  to  a  nation  or  tribe,  they  will 
contain,  in  all,  20,000  souls,  and*  ma\ 
furnish  between  4  and  5000  warriors. 
These  Indians  take  a  great  deal  of  pains 
to  darken  their  complexion,  by  annoint- 
ing  themselves  with  grease,  and  lying  in 
the  sun.  They  also  paint  their  face, 
breast,  and  shoulders,  of  various  colours, 
but  generally  red ;  and  in  many  parts  ot 
their  bodies  they  prick  in  gun-powder  in 
very  pretty  figures.  Their  features  are 
well  formed,  especially  those  of  the  wo- 
men. They  are  of  a  middle  stature,  their 
limbs  clean  and  straight,  and  Scarcely! 
any  crooked  or  deformed  person  is  to  be 
found  among  then).  They  shave,  or  pluck 
die  hair  off  their  heads,  except  a  patch 
about  the  crown,  which  is  ornamented 
with  beautiful  feathers,  beads,  wampum, 
and  such  like  baubles.  Their  ears  are 
bored,  and  stretched  by  a  thong  down  to 
their  shoulders.  They  are  wound  round 
with  wire  to  expand  them,  and  adorned 
vvith  silver  pendants,  rings,  and  bells, 
which  they  likewise  wear  in  their  noses. 
Some  of  them  will  have  a  large  feather 
through  the  cartillage  of  the  nose  ;  and 
those  who  can  afford  it,  wear  a  collar  of 
wampum,  a  silver  breast  plate,  and  brace- 
lets on  the  arms  and  wrists.  A  bit  of 
cloth  about  the  middle,  a  shirt  of  the 
English  make,  on  which  they  bestow  innu- 
merable stitches  to  adorn  it,  a  sort  of 
cloth  boots  and  mockasons,  which  are 
shoes  of  a  make  peculiar  to  the  Indians, 
ornamented  with  porcupine  quills,  with 
a  blanket  thrown  over  all,  complete  their 
dress  at  home  ;  but  when  they  go  to  war,  / 
they  leave  their  trinkets  behind.  There 
is  little  difference  between  the  elress  of 
the  men  and  women,  excepting  that  a 


I  N  D 


I  N  D 


ishort  petticoat,  and  the  hair,  Which  is 
exceedingly  black  and  long,  and  clubbed 
behind,  distinguish  some  of  the  latter. 
Except  the  head  and  eyebrows,  they 
pluck  the  hair,  with  great  diligence  from 
all  the  parts  of  the  body,  especially  the 
looser  part  of  the  sex.  Their  warlike 
arms  are  guns,  bows  and  arrows,  darts, 
scalping  knives,  and  tomahawks  ;  this  is 
one  of  their  most  useTful  pieces  of  field- 
furniture,  serving  all  the  offices  of  the 
hatchet,  pipe,  and  sword.  They  are  ex- 
ceedingly expert  in  throwing  ii,  and  will 
kill  at  a  considerable  distance.  The  world 
lias  no  better  marksmen  with  any  wea- 
pon. They  will  kill  birds  flying,  fishes 
swimming,  and  wild  beasts  running.  They 
are  not  so  ignorant  as  some  suppose 
them,  but  are  a  very  intelligent  people, 
quick  of  apprehension,  sudden  in  execu- 
tion, subtle  in  business,  exquisite  in  in- 
vention, and  industrious  in  action.  They 
,are  of  a  very  gentle  and  amiable  disposi- 
tion to  those  they  think  their  friends, 
but  as  implacable  in  their  enmity ;  their 
revenge  being  completed  only  by  the  en- 
tire destruction  of  their  enemies.  They 
are  very  hardy,  bearing  heat,  cold,  hun- 
ger, and  thirst,  in  a  surprising  manner; 
and  yet  no  people  are  more  addicted  to 
excess  in  eating  and  drinking,  when  it  is 
in  their  power.  The  follies,  nay  mischief 
they  commit,  when  inebriated,  are  en- 
tirely laid  to  the  liquor  ;  and  no  one  will 
revenge  any  injury,  (murder  excepted) 
received  from  one  who  is  no  more  him- 
self. Among  the  Indians  all  men  are 
equal,  personal  qualities  being  most  es- 
teemed. No  distinction  of  birth,  or  rank, 
renders  any  man  capable  of  doing  preju- 
dice to  the  rights  of  private  persons ;  and 
there  is  no  pre-eminencjg  from  merit, 
which  begets  pride,  and  which  makes 
others  too  sensible  of  their  own  inferi- 
ority. Their  public  conferences  show 
them  to  be  men  of  genius  ;  and  they  have, 
in  a  high  degree,  the  talent  of  natural 
eloquence.  They  live  dispersed  in  vil- 
lages, either  in  the  woods,  or  on  the 
banks  of  rivers,  where  they  have  little 
plantations  of  Indian  corn,  and  roots,  not 
enough  to  supply  their  families  half  the 
year  ;  and  they  subsist,  the  remainder  of 
it,  by  hunting,  fishing,  and  fowling,  and 
the  fruits  of  the  earth,  which  grow  spon- 
taneously in  great  plenty.  Their  huts 
are  generally  built  of  small  logs,  and  co- 
vered with  bark,  each  having  a  chimney, 
and  a  door,  on  which  they  place  a  pad- 
lock. One  of  their  towns  called  Old  Che- 
licothe,  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  paralle- 
logram and  some  of  their  houses  are 
shingled.  A  long  council-house  extends 
the  whole  length  of  the  town,  where  the 


king  and  chiefs  of  the  nation  frequently 
meet,  and  consult  on  all  matters  of  im- 
portance, whether  of  a  civil  or  military 
nature.  Some  huts  are  built  by  setting 
up  a  frame  on  forks,  and  placing  bark 
against  it ;  others  of  reeds  and  surround- 
ed with  clay.  The  fire  is  in  the  middle 
of  the  wigwam,  and  the  smoke  passes 
through  a  little  hole.  They,  join  reeds 
together,  by  cords  run  through  them, 
which  serve  them  for  tables  and  beds. 
They  mostly  lie  upon  skins  of  wild  be;  sts, 
and  sit  on  the  ground.  They  have  biwss 
kettles  and  pots  to  boil  their  food. 
Gourds  or  calabashes,  cut  asunder,  serve 
them  for  pails,  cups,  and  dishes.  The 
accounis  of  travellers  concerning  their 
religion,  are  various;  and  although  it 
cannot  be  absolutely  affirmed  that  they 
have  none,  yet  it  must  be  confessed  very 
difficult  to  define  what  it  is.  All  agree 
that  they  acknowledge  one  Supreme  God, 
but  do  not  adore  him.  They  have  not 
seen  him,  they  do  not  know  him,  believ- 
ing him  to  be  too  far  exalted  above  them, 
and  too  happy  in  himself  to  be  concern- 
ed about  the  trifling  affairs  of  poor  mor- 
tals. They  seem  also  to  believe  in  a  fu- 
ture state,  and  that  after  death  they  shall 
be  removed  to  their  friends,  who  have 
gone  before  them,  to  an  elysium,  or  pa- 
radise. The  WyandoUSj  near  Detroit, 
and  some  others,  have  the  Roman  catho- 
lic religion  introduced  among  them  by 
missionaries.  These  have  a  church,  a 
minister,  and  a  regular  burying  ground. 
Many  of  them  appear  zealous,  and  say 
prayers  in  their  families.  These,  by  their 
acquaintance  with  white  people,  are  a 
little  civilized,  which  must  of  necessity 
precede  Christianity.  The  Shawamse, 
Cherokees,  Chickasaws,  and  some  others, 
are  little  concerned  about  religion.  Others 


jco  limit  their  former  superstitious  wor- 
ship of  the  objects  of  their  love  and  fear, 
and  especially  those  beings  whom  they 
most  dread  ;  though,  at  the  same  time, 
it  is  allowed  they  pray  to  the  sun,  and 
other  inferior  benevolent  deities,  for  suc- 
cess in  their  undertakings,  for  plenty  of 
food,  and  o'  her  necessaries  of  life.  They 
have  their  festivals  and  other  rejoicing 
days, „pn, which  they  sing  and  dance  in  a 
ring,  taking  hands,  having  so  pointed 
and  disguised  themselves,  that  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  know  any  of  them  ;  and  after  en- 
joying this  diveision  for  a  while,  they 
retire  to  the  place  where  they  have  pre- 
p-red a  feasi  of  fish,  flesh,  fowl  and  fruit; 
to  which  all  are  invited,  and  entertained 
with  their  country  songs.  They  believe 
that  there  is  great  virtue  in  feasts  for 
the  sick.  For  this  purpose,  a  young  buck 
must  be  killed  and  boiled,  the  friends 


I  N  D 


I  N  D 


and  near  neighbours  of  the  patient  invit- 
ed, and  having  first  thrown  tobacco  on 
the  fire,  and  covered  it  up  close,  they  all 
sit  down  in  a  ring",  and  raise  a  lament- 
able cry.  They  then  uncover  the  fire  and 
kindle  it ;  and  the  head  of  the  buck  is 
first  sent  about,  every  one  taking  a  bit, 
and  giving  a  loud  croak,  in  imitation  of 
crows.  They  afterward  proceed  to  eat 
IHe  buck,  making  a  most  harmonious, 
melancholy  song ;  in  which  strain  their 
music  is  particularly  excellent.  As  they 
approach  their  towns,  when  some  of  their 
people  are  lost  in  war,  they  make  great 
lamentations  for  their  dead,  and  bear 
them  long  after  in  remembrance.  Some 
nations  abhor  adultery,  do  not  approve 
of  a  plurality  of  wives  and  are  not  guilty 
of  theft ;  but  there  are  other  tribes  that 
are  not  so  scrupulous.  Among  the  Chick- 
asaws,  a  husband  may  cut  oft  the  nose 
of  his  wife,  if  guilty  of  adultery,  but  men 
are  allowed  greater  liberty.  This  nation 
despises  a  thief.  Among  the  Cherokees 
they  cut  off  the  nose  and  ears  of  an  adul- 
teress ;  afterward  her  husband  gives  her 
a  discharge  ;  and  from  this  time  she  is 
not  permitted  to  refuse  any  one* who  pre- 
sents himself.  Fornication  is  unnoticed  : 
for  they  allow  persons  in  a  single  state 
unbounded  freedom.  Their  form  of  mar- 
riage is  short ;  the  man,  before  witnes- 
ses, gives  the  bride  a  deer's  foot,  and 
she,  in  return,  presents  him  with  an  car 
of  corn,  as  emblems  of  their  several  du- 
ties. The  women  are  very  slaves  to  the 
men  ;  which  is  a  common  case  in  rude, 
unpolished  nations,  throughout  the  world. 
They  are  charged  with  being  revengeful, 
but  this  revenge  is  only  doing  themselves 
justice  on  those  who  injure  them  and  is 
seldom  executed  but  in  cases  of  murder 
or  adultery.  Their  king  has  no  power  to 
put  any  one  to  death  by  his  own  authori- 
ty; but  the  murde  rer  is  generally  deli- 
vered up  to  the  friends  of  the  deceased, 
to  do  as  they  please.  When  one  kills 
another,  his  friend  kills  him,  and  so  they 
continue  until  much  blood  is  shed  ;  and 
at  last  the  quarrel  is  ended  by  mutual 
presents.  Their  kings  are  hereditary, 
but  their  authority  is  extremely  limited. 
No  people  are  a  more  striking  evidence 
of  the  miseries  of  mankind  in  the  want 
of  government  than  they.  Every  chief, 
when  offended,  breaks  off  with  a  party 3 
settles  at  some  distance,  and  then  com- 
mences ^hostilities  against  his  own  peo- 
ple. They  are  generally  at  war  with  eaclT 
other.  When  they  take  captives  in  war, 
they  are  exceedingly  cruel,  treating  the 
unhappy  prisoners  in  such  a  manner,  that 
death  would  be  preferable  to  life.  They 
load  them  with  burdens,  and  when  they 


arrive  at  their  towns  they  must  run  the 
gauntlet.  In  this,  the  savages  exercise 
so  much  cruelty,  that  one  would  think 
ft  impossible  they  should  survive  their 
sufferings.  Many  are  killed  ;  but  if  one 
outlives  this  trial,  he  is  adopted  into  a 
family  as  a  son,  and  treated  with  pater- 
nal kindness.  And  if  he  avoids  their  sus- 
picions of  going  away,  he  is  allowed  the 
same  privileges  as  their  own  people.  But 
sometimes  their  prisoners  are  destined 
to  be  tortured  to  death,  in  order  to  sa- 
tiate the  revenge  of  their  conquerors. 
White  their  lot  is  in  suspense,  the  pri- 
soners, appear  altogether  unconcerned 
about  what  may  befal"  them ;  they  talk, 
they  eat,  they  sleep,  as  if  there  were  no 
danger  impending :  and  when  the  fatal 
sentence  is  intimated  to  them  they  re- 
ceive it  with  an  unaltered  countenance, 
raise  their  death-song,  and  prepare  to 
suffer  like  men.  The  victors  assemble 
as  to  a  sol cr.. n  festival,  resolved  to  put 
the  fortitude  of  the  captives  to  the  ut- 
most proof.  A  scene  ensues,  the  bare 
description  of  which  is  enough  to  chill 
the  heart  with  horror,  wherever  men 
have  been  accustomed,  by  mild  institu- 
tions, to  respect  their  species,  and  to 
melt  into  tenderness  at  the  sight  of  hu- 
man suffering's.  The  prisoners,, are  tied 
naked  to  a  stake,  but  so  as  to  beat  li- 
berty to  move  round  it.  All  present,  men, 
women,  and  children,  rush  upon  them 
like  furies  ;  some  burn  their  limbs  with, 
redhot  irons,  some  mangle  their  bodies 
with  knives,  others  tear  their  flesh  from 
their  bones,  pluck  out  their  nails  by  the 
roots,  and  rend  and  twist  their  sinews ; 
and  such  is  their  cruel  ingenuity  in  tor- 
turing, that,  by  avoiding  to  touch  the 
vital  parts,  they  often  prolong  this  scene 
of  anguish  for  several  days.  In  spite  of 
all  their  sufferings,  the  victims  continue 
to  chant  their  death-song  with  a  firm 
voice,  they  boast  of  their  own  exploits, 
they  insult  their  tormcnters  for  their  want 
of  skill  to  avenge  the  death  of  their 
friends  and  relations,  they  warn  them  of 
the  vengeance  that  awaits  them  on  ac- 
count of  what  they  are  now  doing,  and 
excite  their  ferocity  by  the  most  provok- 
ing reproaches  and  threats.  To  display 
undaunted  fortitude  in  such  dreadful  si- 
tuations, is  the  noblest  triumph  of  a  war- 
rior :  to  avoid  the  trial  by  a  voluntary 
eleath,  or  to  shrink  under  it,  is  deemed 
cowardly  and  infamous.  If  any  one  be- 
trays symptoms  of  timidity,  his  tormen- 
tors despatch  him  at  once  with  contempt, 
as  unworthy  of  being"  treated  like  a  man. 
Animated  by  these  ideas,  they  endure 
without  a  groan,  what  it  seems  almost 
impossible  that  human  nature  should  sus- 


I  N  D 


I  N  D 


tain.  Weary  at  length,  of  contending! 
with  men,  whose  constancy  they  cannot 
vanquish,  some  chief,  in  a  rage,  puis  a 
period  to  t hell* sufferings,  by  despatching' 
ihem  with  his  dagger'  or  bis  club.  The 
people  of  South  America  gratify  their 
revenge  in  a  manner  somewhat  different, 
but  with  the  same  unrelenting  rancour. 
Their  prisoners,  after  meeting-  at  their 
first  entrance,  with  the  same  rough  re- 
ception  as  among  the  North  Americans, 
are  not  only  exempt  from  injury,  but 
treated  with  the  greatest  kindness.  The} 
are  feasted  and  caressed,  and  some  beau- 
tiful young  women  are  appointed  to  at- 
tend and  solace  them.  Hut,  by  a  refine- 
ment of  cruelty,  while  they  seem  studi- 
ous to  attach  their  captives  to  life,  their 
doom  is  irrevocably  fixed.  On  an  ap- 
pointed day,  the  victorious  tribe  assem- 
bles, the  prisoner  is  brought  forth  with 
great  solemnity,  he  meets  his  fate  with 
undaunted  firmness,  and  i :  despatched 
by  a  single  blow.  The  moment  he  falls, 
the  women  seize  the  body,  and  dress  it 
for  the  feast.  They  besmear  their  chil- 
dren with  the  blood,  in  order  to  kindle 
in  their  bosoms  a  hatred  of  their  enc 
mics,  and  all  join  in  feeding  upon  the 
flesh  with  amazing  greediness  and  exul- 
tation. Wherever  this  practice  prevails, 
captives  "never  escape  death;  but  the} 
are  not  tortured  with  the  same  cruelly 
a^,  among  tribes  which  are  less  accustom- 
ed to  such  horrid  feasts.  The  Indians  of 
South  America,  immediately  under  the 
Spanish  government,  although  the  most 
depressed  order  of  men  in  the  country 
which  belonged  to  their  ancestors,  are 
now  far  from  being  treated  with  that  ri- 
gour and  cruelty  which  was  laid  to  the 
charge  of  the  first  conquerors  of  that 
continent.  They  are  no  longer  consider- 
ed as  slaves  ;'  on  the  contrary,  they  are 
reputed  as  freemen,  and  entitled  to  the 
privileges  of  subjects.  A  certain  tribute 
is,  indeed,  imposed  upon  them,  and  cer- 
tain services  required  ;  but  these  ;  re  all 
under  due  regulations  of  policy  and  hn 
inanity.  The  Indians  who  live  in  the 
principal  towns  are  entirely  subject  to 
•he  Spanish  laws  and  magistrates  ;  but, 
in  their  own  villages,  they  are  governed 
by  caziques,  some  of  whom  are  the  dc 
scendanis  of  their  ancient  lords;  others 
are  named  by  th^  Spanish  viceroys.  These 
regulate  the  petty  affairs  of  the  people 
under  them,  according  to  maxims  of  jus- 
tice, transmitted  to  them  bv  tradition. 
To  the  Indians,  this  jurisdiction,  lodged 
in  such  friendly  hands,  affords  some  con- 
solation ;  and  so  little  formidable  is  this 
dignity  to  their  new  masters,  that  they 
often  allow  it  to  descend  b}r  hereditary  I 


'  right.  For  their  further  relief,  the  Span- 
ish court  has  appointed  an  officer  in 
every  district,  with  the  title  of  Protec- 
tor of  the  Indians,  wh  .se  duty  is  to  as- 
sert the  rights  of  the  Indians  ;  to  appear 
as  their  defender  in  the  courts  of  jus- 
tice ;  and  to  set  bounds  to  the  exactions 
of  his  countrymen.  A  portion  of  the  an- 
nual tribute  is  destined  for  the  salaries 
of  the  caziques  and  protectors:  anotwr 
part  is  appropriated  to  the  payment  of 
their  tribute  in  years  of  famine,  or  when 
a  particular  district  is  afflicted  by  any 
extraordinary  local  calamity.  Provision 
too  is  made,  by  various  laws,  that  hos- 
pitals shoufa  be.  founded  in  every  new 
settlement,  for  the  reception  of  Indians. 
Such  hospitals  have  accordingly  been 
erected,  both  for  the  indigent  and  in- 
firm, in  Lima,  Cusco,  and  Mexico,  where 
;he  Indians  are  treated  with  tenderness 
and  hum -e.lty.  See  Esquimaux  ,■  Indies, 
[Fes';  PutiigonUi ;  and  Vincent,  Si. 

Indiana,  a  territory  of  the  United 
States,  containing  24,520  inhabitants  b> 
the  enumeration  of  1810.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W  by  the  river  Mississippi ;  on 
the  S  by  the  river  Ohio  which  divides  it 
from  Kentucky  ;  on  the  E  by  the  state  of 
Ohio  ;  and  on  the  N  by  the  northern  li- 
mits of  the  United  States.  It  is  watered 
by  several  considerable  rivers,  as  the 
Wabash,  Kaskaskias,  Illinois,  Sec.  The 
soil  is  mostly  fertile,  but  it  is  not  quite 
so  well  wooded  as  many  other  parts  of 
the  western  country,  containing  a  con- 
siderable number  of  extensive  prairies  or 
natural  meadows.  A  great  part  of  this 
territory  has  not  yet  been  purchased  of 
the  natives.  It  is  divided  into  6  coun- 
ties, and  the  chief  town  is  Vincennes. 

Indiana,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Penn- 
sylvania.    It   lies  principally  between 
Cambria  on  the  E  and  Armstrong  on  the 
W,  containing  7  townships  and  6,214  in 
habitants  in  1810. 

Indrapore,  a  Dutch  Settlement  on  the 
W  coast  of  Sumatra,  in  the  E  Indies,  16( 
miles  KW  of  TJencoolen. 

Indre,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing tiie  late  province  of  Berry.  It  has  its 
name  from  a  river,  which  rises  in  this 
department,  and  passing  into  that  of  In- 
dre and  Loire,  falls  into  the  Loire,  be- 
tween Chiuon  and  Saumur.  Chateauroux 
is  the  capital. 

ludrr  and  Loire,  a  department  of  France, 
which  include  the  late  province  of  Tou 
raine.    Tours  is  the  capital. 

Indorc.  or  Endore,  a  modern  city  of 
Hindoostan  Proper,  capital  of  a  territory 
in  the  province  of  Malwa,  subject'to  one 
o^the  Poonah  Mahratta  chiefs";  30  miles 
S  of  Ougein.    Lorn  76  5  E,  lat.  24  31  N. 


I  N  G 


I  N  N 


Indus,  a  great  river  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, culled  by  the  natives  Sinde  or  Sin- 
deh  ;  formed  of  about,  ten  principal 
streams,  whicli  descend  from  the  Per- 
sian and  Tartarian  mountains.  From  the 
city  of  Attock  to  Moultan,  or  to  the  con- 
flux of  the  Chunaub,  it  is  commonly  nam- 
ed thr  river  of  Attock.  Below  the  city 
of  Moultan,  proceeding-  in  a  S\V  direc- 
tion, through  the  province  of  that  name, 
and  that  of  Sindy,  it  enters  the  Arabian 
Sea,  by  several  mouths,  NW  of  the  gulf 
of  Cutch. 

tngatatoiie,  a  town  in  Essex  23  miles 
XE  of  London. 

bigiesheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  remarkable  for 
having  been  the  residence  of  the  empe- 
rors, seated  on  the  river  Sulva,  on  an 
eminence  from  whence  there  is  a  charm- 
ing prospect,  five  miles  SW  of  Mentz. 
Lon.  8  15  E,  lat.  49  48  X. 

In  girt  on,  a  town  in  the  \V  riding  of 
Yorkshire. 

IngJing,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Moselle,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain. 

Itigolstadt,  a  handsome  town  of  Ger- 
many and  tie  strongest  in  Bavaria,  with 
a  famous  university,  and  a  fine  church. 
The  houses  are  built  of  stone,  and  the 
streets  are  large.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Austrian s  in  1742 ;  and  was  bombarded 
by  the  French  ;  but  relieved  by  the  Aus- 
trians,  Sep.  11,  1796.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Danube,  five  miles  NNEof  Neuburg,  and 
45  X  bv  W  of  Munich.  Lon.  11  10  E,  lat. 
48  46  X. 

Ingria,  a  province  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, which  now  forms  the  government 
of  St.  Petersburg.  It  is  130  miles  long 
and  50  broad  :  bounded  on  the  X  by  the 
river  Neva  and  the  gulf  of  Finland,  on 
the  E  and  S  by  the  government  of  Xovo- 
gorod,  and  on  the  W  by  that  of  Livonia. 
The  czar  Peter  the  Great  wrested  it } 
from  the  Swedes,  and  it  was  confirmed 
to  him  by  the  treaty  of  Nystadt  in  1721. 
The  Ischortzi  have  for  a  long  time  fol- 
lowed agriculture,  as  well  as  the  other 
Finns.  Their  ccconomy  is  an  ill-chose; 
tncaii  betwixt  that  of  the  Russians,  and 
that  of  the  Finns.  They  assemble  in 
small  villages,  of  five  or  ten  farms  each  ; 
and  live  miserably  in  small  dirty  huts. 
Their  household  furniture  indicates  the 
greatest  penury ;  and  their  manner  of 
living  jpl  squalid  and  disgusung.  XTot- 
withstamling  '.hat  the  land  each  family 
occupies  is  of  tolerable  extent,  their 
agriculture  and  their  cattle  arc  equally- 
poor.  Their  Inclination  to  idleness  and 
drinking  leac?s  them  often  to  sell  their 
stock,  and  the  very  corn  they  have  saved' 


for  sowing  the  fields  ;  the  money  which 
!hat  produces  they  squander  away  in  a 
very  short  time,  and  are  thus  reduced  to 
the  most  deplorable  indigence.  In  this 
state  they  behold  their  cattle  die  of  hun- 
ger and  cold  with  the  most  perfect  in- 
difference. Some  of  them,  however,  imi- 
tate the  Russian  villagers,  who  are  bet- 
ter managers,  more  at  their  ease,  and  in 
better  circumstances.  With  their  pov- 
erty and  disorderly  life,  the  Ingrians  are 
a  stupid,  suspicious,  thievish  race,  and 
dangerous  from  their  phlegmatic  and  pil- 
fering temperament.  These  who  live 
along'  the  road  to  Riga  greatly  resemble 
lhe  people  we  call  gypsies ;  are  vaga- 
bonds like  them,  and  calculate  nativities, 
and  tell  fortunes.  Such  as  come  to  Pe- 
tersburg for  those  fraudulent  purposes 
would  scarcely  be  known  from  the  gyp- 
sies about  London.  It  is  but  a  few  years 
ago,  that  a  whole  village  of  these 
wretches  were  banished  to  a  desert  island 
in  the  gulf  of  Finland,  for  murders  and 
other  crimes  committed  on  the  highway. 
The  boys  from  several  villages  together 
frequently  elope  at  once ;  and  there  \£ 
every  reason  in  the  world  to  believe  that 
this  is  for  very  bad  purposes.  The  dress 
of  the  men  is  exactly  like  that  of  the: 
Finn  boors  ;  but  the  habit  of  the  women 
betrays  a  vanity,  which,  considering  the 
poverty  of  this  people,  and  the  tyranny 
wnich  their  husbands  and  fathers  exer- 
cise over  them,  may  pass  for  luxury, 
When  a  man  is  inclined  to  marry,  he 
buys  himself  a  girl,  and  celebrates  hi9 
nuptials.  All  tiic  way  to  the  church  they 
are  accompanied  by  two  women  in  veils, 
who  sing  as  they  go  compositions,  if  one 
may  call  them  so,  totally  destitute  of 
common  sense.  No  sooner  is  the  mar- 
riage ceremony  performed,  than  the  hus- 
band begins  to  treat  his  wife  with  the  ut- 
most severity,  and  thenceforward  keeps 
her  tinder  strict  discipline;  though  not 
always  with  the  greatest  attention  to 
justice.  She  is  often  beaten  for  the  faults 
of  the  children,  and  sometimes  for  those 
'd  the  domestics.  The  dead  arc  buried 
by  the  priests  of  the  profession  to  which 
they  belong  ;  but  these  superstitious  peo- 
ple return  to  the  grave  under  covert  of 
the  night,  and  having  taken  up  the  sod, 
deposit  eatables  for  their  departed  friend, 
which  they  renew  during  a  fortnight  or 
three  weeks. 

Jn^nshi.    See  Kisti. 

Iiituunbana,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  lying 
under  the  equator.  Tor.qua  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Inn,  a  river  of  Germany  which  has  its 
source  in  the  country  of  the  Grisons,  at 
the  foot  of  the  mountain  Septimerberg^ 
S  s 


I  N  V 


I  N  V 


It  runs  NE  through  Tirol,  by  Tnspruc, 
and  continuing-  its  course  NE  through 
Bavaria  passes  by  Kufstein,  Vasseborg, 
Braunaw,  anil  other  towns,  and  faffs 
into  the  Danube,  between  Passau  and 
Instadt. 

Innaconda,  a  fortress  of  the  Deccan  of 
Hindoostan,  in  the  Guntoor  Circar,  situ- 
ated on  a  hill, 46  miles  NWof  Ongole,  and 
subject  to  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan. 

Innerkeithing .    See  Inverkeithing. 

Innic/ter,  a  town  of  (iermany,  in  the 
Tirol,  situated  on  the  Drave.  Lon.  12 
17  E,  lat.  46  48  N. 

Innisclochran,  or  the  Stony  Island,  an 
island  in  he  river  Shannon,  where  there 
was  a  monastery. 

Innisfail,  one  of  the  ancient  names  of 
Ireland. 

Innisf alien,  an  island  in  the  lake  of  Kil- 
larney,  in  the  county  of  Kerry,  and  pro- 
vince of  Munster. 
mInnishannon,  a  town  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  and  province  of  Munster,  situated 
on  the  river  Bandon,  134  miles  from 
Dublin,  and  six  miles  from  Kinsale. 

Imushirkan,  an  island  between  Cape 
Clear  island  and  Baltimore  bay,  in  the 
county  of  Cork. 

Inniskiling,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Fermanagh,  with  a  strong  fort, 
it  being  a  pass  of  the  greatest  importance 
from  the  N  to  the  S  of  Ireland.  It  is 
seaed  in  the  middle  of  Lough  Earne, 
where  that  great  lake  is  contracted,  for 
about  six  miles,  to  the  breadth  of  an  or- 
dinary river.  It  is  20  miles  E  of  Bally- 
shannon.    Lon.  6  50  W,  Lat.  54  25  N. 

Innthal,  a  district  of  Germany,  in  the 
Tirol,  watered  by  the  river  Inn.  Inspruc 
is  the  capital. 

Inoxvsladisloxv,  a  strong  and  considera- 
ble town  of  Poland,  and  capital  of  Cuja- 
via,  with  a  fort- and  a  palace  where  the 
bishop  of  Cujavia  resides.  It  is  37  miles 
NE  of  Gnesua,  and  70  W  of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  18  50  E,  lat.  52  58  N. 

Inspruc,  a  populous  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  Tirol,  capital  of  the  district  of 
Innthal,  with  a  strong  castle,  formerly 
the  residence  of  the  archdukes  of  Aus- 
tria. It  is  seated  in  a  pleasant  valley,  on 
the  river  Inn,  27  miles  NW  of  Brixen, 
and  60  S  of  Munich.  Lon.  11  27  E,  lat. 
27  10  N. 

Instadt.    See  Passau. 

Insterburg,  a  city  of  Lithuania,  in  Prus- 
sia, where  the  inhabitants,  who  are  in  num- 
ber about  three  thousand,  trade  princi- 
pally in  beer  and  grain.  Lon.  21  40  E, 
lat.  54  40  N. 

Interlachen,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  32 
miles  SE  of  Bern. 

Inverary,  a  royal  borough  in  Argyle- 


shire,  seated  on  the  NW  side  of  Loch 
Eyne.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  this 
place  is  a  considerable  iron  work.  It  is 
75  miles  NW  of  Edinburgh  and  45  of 
Glas  ow.    Lon.  5  0  W,  lat.  56  16  N. 

Inverbervie.    See  Bervie. 

Inveresk,  a  village  in  Edinburghshire, 
situated  on  the  E  side  of  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Esk,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth.  In  1783, 
the  subterraneous  remains  of  a  Roman  hy- 
poc.uist,urhot  bath,  were  discovered  here. 

Inverkeithing ,  a  royal  borough  in  Fife- 
shire,  situated  on  the  Frith  of  Forth.  It 
lias  a  beautiful  bay  with  a  good  harbour, 
and  considerable  trade  in  coal  and  other 
articles  ;  and  is  18  miles  NW  of  Edin- 
burg.  L.  n.  3  25  W,  lat.  57  0  N. 

Inverlochy,  an  ancient  castle  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Fort  William,  in  Inver- 
nesshire. 

Inverness,  a  royal  borough  of  Scotland, 
•apital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  si- 
tuated on  the  S  bank  of  the  river  Ness, 
and  overlooking  the  frith  of  Murray.  I 
has  a  safe  and  convenient  harbour,  and  a 
good  deal  of  shipping.  Several  larg 
buildings  have  been  erected  on  the  N  sid 
of  the  town,  in  which  a  considerable  ma 
nufacture  of  ropes  and  canvass  is  carried 
on.  On  an  eminence  above  the  town  are 
he  ruins  of  an  old  castle,  demolished  by 
die  rebels  in  1746  ;  and  over  the  Ness  is 
a  bridge  of  seven  arches.  The  salmon 
fishery  in  this  river  is  very  considerable. 
Near  this  town,  on  the  wide  heath,  called 
Collodon  Muir,  the  duke  of  Cumberland 
gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the  rebels 
in  1746.  To  the  VV  of  this  town  is  the 
remarkable  vitrified  fort  called  Craig  Pha- 
dr.ck  ;  the  stones,  composing  its  walls, 
appear  to  have  been  partly  melted  by  fire. 
Inverness  isJ50  miles  NE  of  Fort  William, 
and  106  N  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  4  10  W, 
lat.  57  34  N. 

Inverness-shire,  includes  the  subdivi- 
sions of  Badenoch,  Lochaber,  Inverness- 
shire,  Skie,  and  Harris,  with  a  small  part 
of  Ross-shire  and  Murray-shire.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Ross-shire;  on 
the  E  by  Nairnshire,  Murrayshire,  and 
Aberdeenshire  ;  on  the  S  by  Perthshire 
and  Argyllshire  ;  and  on  the  W  by  the 
western  Sea.  It  is,  exclusive  of  the  isles, 
about  80  miles  long  from  E  to  W,  and  50 
broad  from  N  to  S.  It  abounds  with  iron 
ore,  and  produces  plenty  of  oak  and  fir  ; 
it  abounds  with  pastures,  but  little  com, 
and  is  reckoned  one  of  the  most  barren 
counties  in  Scotland.  Its  only  manufac- 
ture is  coarse  linen.  The  great  milita- 
ry road  is  carried  through  the  southwest 
part  of  this  county.  It  has  several  moun- 
tains, and  one  near  Fort  William  exceeds 
anv  other  in  Scotland  or  Wales.    It  has 


JOH 


JON 


a.  surprising"  cataract  near  Lochness.  Its 
principal  rivers  are  the  Ness  and  Spey, 
but  it  abounds  with  lochs,  which  produce 
an  infinite  number  of  fish.  The  western 
islands  adjoining",  which  belong  to  this 
county  are,  the  S  part  of  Lewis  called 
Harris,  Skie,  Barra,  North  and  South 
Uist,  Benbecula,  St.  Kilda,  Rona,  Rasa, 
Rum,  and  several  smaller  ones.  The  ehiei 
towns  re  Inverness,  Inverlochy  or  Fort 
William,  Fort  Augustus,  Beaulieu,  and 
Bernera.  In  Skie  the  chief  town  is  Por- 
try,  where  vast  numbers  of  cattle  are 
sold  annually.  The  common  people  in 
the  high  parts  of  the  country,  and  on  the 
western  shore  speak  Gaelic,  but  the  peo- 
ple of  fashion  in  Inverness,  and  its  neigh  - 
bourhood,  use  the  English  language,  and 
pronounce  it  with  propriety. 

Inverury,  a  small  borough  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, situated  on  the  beautiful  and  fer- 
tile banks  of  the  Don,  jus  above  its  con- 
fluence with  the  river  called  Urie  Water. 
It  is  15  miles  NW  of  Aberdeen. 
Joanna.  See  Hinzuam. 
Johannesburg,  a  town  of  Poland  in  S-ua- 
davia,  a  canton  of  Ducal  Prussia,  with  a 
citadel,  seated  on  the  river  Pych,  near 
the  lake  Spirding,  95  miles  SE  of  Ko- 
ningsberg.    Lon.'22  39  E,  lat.  53  16  N. 

John-o* -Groat's  House,  the  remains  of  a 
noted  house,  reckoned  the  most  norther- 
ly dwelling  in  Scotland,  and  situated  on 
Dungsbay  Head,  which  forms  the  NE 
point  of  Great  Britain. 

John's,  St.  the  name  of  two  parishes  in 
South  Carolina,  in  the  vicinity  of  Charles- 
ton, containing  together  about  1400  free 
persons,  and  13,000  slaves. 

Johrts,  St.  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
in  the  East  Indies,  E  of  Mindanao.  Lon. 
126  32  E,  lat.  9  30  N. 

John's  St.  an  island  of  North  America, 
in  the  bay  of  St.  Lawrence,  having  New 
Brunswick  on  the  W,  and  Cape  Breton  on 
the  E.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1758. 

John's,  St.  a  river  of  North  America,  m 
New  Brunswick,  which  enters  the  bay  of 
Fundy,  at  the  city  of  St.  John's. 

John's,  St.  a  city  of  North  America,  in 
New  Brunswick,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  St.  John's.  Lon.  65  15  W,  lat. 
45  12  N. 

Joint's,  St.  a  town  on  the  E  side  of  the 
island  of  Newfoundland.  It  lias  a  good 
harbour,  defended  by  several  forts,  in  one 
of  which  the  governor  of  the  island  re- 
sides. Lon.  52  21  W,  lat.  47  32  N. 

John's,  St.  the  capital  of  Antigua.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  regular  towns  in  the 
West  Indies,  and  has  the  most  commodi- 
ous harbour  in  the  Leeward  Islands. 
Lon.  62  4  W,  lat.  17  4  N. 


Johnquera,  a  very  ancient  town  of  Spain, 
in  Catalonia,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Py- 
renees, 20  miles  S  of  Perpignan. 

Johore,  a  town  of  Malacca,  in  Asia- 
Lon.  93  55  E,  Ut.  1  15  N. 

Joigny,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Yonne,  and  lately  in  the 
province,  of  Burgundy.  lis  red  wines, 
though  not  of  the  first  quality,  have  a  great 
demand.  It  is  handsomely  seated  on  the 
Yonne,  17  miles  SSE  of  Sens.  Lon.  3  36 
E,  lat.  48  0  N. 

Joim-ille,  an  ancient  and  considerable 
town  of  France,  now  in  the  depar  ment 
of  Upper  Marne,  and  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Champagne,  with  a  large  magni- 
ficent castle.  I  is  seated  on  the  Marne, 
24  miles  SVVof  Bar-le-duc,  and  125  SE 
of  Paris.    Lon.  5  20  E,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Jonesborough,  a  town  in  Washington 
county,  Tennessee,  where  there  is  a  post 
office,  107  miles  NE  of  Knoxville,  and  16 
miles  b  of  Blountsvdle,  on  the  river  Hol- 
stein. 

Jonestoivn,  a  post  town  in  Dauphin  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  7  miles  N  of  Leba  i  m, 
and  about  30  NE  of  Harrisburg-,  with  a- 
boiu  300  inhabitants. 

Johnson,  a  county  of  Newbern  district, 
North  Carolina,  containing  6,867  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  between  Ra- 
leigh and  Wayne  counties,  and  is  plenti- 
fully watered  by  the  Neus  and  Black  ri- 
vers. The  chief  towns  Smithfield  and 
Woodbury. 

Johnsonburg,  a  town  in  Morris  county, 
New  Jersey,  with  a  post  office,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  29  miles  NE  of  Easton,  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Johnston,  the  principal  town  of  Montgo- 
mery county,  New  York,  31  miles  NW  of 
Schenectady,  and  6  miles  from  the  N  bank 
of  Mohock  river.  This  was  formerly  the 
seat  of  Sir  William  Johnston,  whose 
bravery  rescued  the  country  from  devas- 
tation, by  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
French  and  their  savage  allies,  in  1755 ; 
on  his  demise  it  became  the  property  of 
his  son  Sir  John  Johnston  ;  and  was  con- 
fiscated by  the  state  of  New  York  in  the 
i  evolutionary  war,  for  his  adherence  to 
die  royal  p.irty. 

Ionn.    See  Jcolmkill. 

Jonhioping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Smoland,  and  seat  of 
the  parliament,  or  superior  court  of  jus- 
tice for  Gothland.  It  is  seated  on  the  S 
side  of  lake  Wetter,  with  a  strong  citadel 
50  miles  NW  of  Calmar.  Lon.  14  46  E, 
lat.  57  12  N. 

Jonquieres,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Yar,  and  lately  in  the 
province  of  Provence,  12  miles  SW  of 


I  PS 


I  R  E 


Aix,  and  10  XW  of  Marsill.  Lon.  5  10  E, 

Jut.  43  20  N. 

Joppa,  a  town  of  Hartford  county,  Ma- 
ryland, 17  miles  NE  of  Baltimore,  and  16 
SW  of  Havre-de-grace. 

Jordan,  a  river  of  Turkey  in  Asia  in 
Palestine,  which  rises  in  Mount  Li  ban  us, 
and  running-  from  N  to  S,  forms  two 
lakes,  the  one  formerly  called  the  sea  of 
Galilee,  or  the  lake  of  Tiberias,  and  the 
other  the  Dead  Sea. 

Josapath,  a  valley  of  Palestine,  in  Asia, 
between  Jerusalem  and  ihe  .Mount  of  0- 
lives.  Some  people  believe  that  this  is 
the  place  where  all  mankind  are  to  meet 
at  the  day  of  judgment. 

Josselin,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Morbihan  and  lately  in  the 
province  of  Bretagne,  25  miles  NE  of 
Vannes.    Lon.  2  23  W,  lat.  48  0  N. 

Jouare,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Marne  and  late- 
ly in  the  province  of  the  Isle  of  France, 
with  a  late  magnificent  Benedictine  ab- 
bey, 10  miles  SE  of  Meaux,  and  35  E  of 
Paris. 

Joud.    See  Jehud. 

Jotu;  Valley  and  Lake  of.  See  Jura 
Mount. 

Joyeus,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Ardeche  and  lately  in  the 
province  of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  the 
Baune. 

Ipsala,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Larissa,  20  miles  SW  of 
of  Trajanopoli,  and  118  VV  of  Constanti- 
nople. ?  Lon.  26  10  E,  lat.  40  57  N. 

Ipsera,  a  small  island  in  the  Archipela- 
go, in  the  form  of  a  heart,  15  miles  NYV 
of  the  island  of  Scio.  To  the  W  is  ano- 
ther small  island,  called  Anti-Ipsera- 

Ipswich,  ,1  borough  and  seaport  in  Suf- 
folk, wiih  a  market  on  Wednesday,  Fri- 
day, and  Saturday.  It  is  a  place  of  great 
antiquity,  and  was  once  surrounded  by  a 
wall,  traces  of  which  are  yet  to  be  seen. 
It  contains  12  parish  churches,  a  guild- 
.  hall,  two  hospitals,  a  free-school,  and  a 
pustom-house,  with  a  good  quay.  It  is 
populous  and  well  inhabited,  though 
in  egularly  built ;  but  it  has  declin- 
ed from  its  former  cousequence.  The 
manufactures  of  the  town  are  chiefly 
woollen  and  linen  cloth.  It  has  still  a 
considerable  foreign  trade.  The  tide 
rises  pretty  high,  and  brings  great  ships 
\vjt  bin  a  small  distance  of  the  town.  They 
export  a  great  deal  of  corri  to  London, 
and  sometimes  to  Holland.  Formerly, 
they  had  a  great  trade  in  ship  building  : 
but  that  having  declined,  they  now  send 
grpat  quantities  of  timber  to  the  king's 


yard  at  Chatham.  It  has  several  great 
fairs  for  cattle,  cheese,  and  butter ;  and 
is  admirably  situated  for  the  trade  to 
Greenland,  because  the  same  wind  that 
carries  them  out  of  ihe  river  will  carry 
hem  to  Greenland.  It  is  worth  remark, 
ing,  that  it  is  one  of  the  best  places  in 
England  for  persons  in  narrow  circum- 
stances, house-rent  being  easy,  prov  isions 
cheap  and  plentiful,  the  passage  by  land 
or  water  to  London,  &e.  convenient,  and 
the  company  of  the  place  good.  It  gives 
title  of  viscount,  as  well  as  Thetford,  to 
the  duke  of  Grafion  ;  and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  is  no  ed  for  being 
the  birthplace  of  cardinal  Wolsey  s  and 
is  seated  on  the  Orwell,  26  miles  SE  of 
Bury  St.  Edmund's,  and  69  NE  of  London. 
Lon*.  1  16  E,  lat.  52  8  N. 

Ipswich,  a  sea  port  and  post  town  in 
Essex  county,  Massachusetts;  situated 
on  the  river  Ipswich,  12  miles  S  of  New- 
burvport,  and  10  NW  of  Beverley,  in  the 
lat.'of  42  43  N.  and  lon.  of  71  W. 

Irac,  in  Asia,  divided  into  Irac  Arabia, 
and  Irac  Agemi.  Irac  Arabia,  or  Baby- 
lonian Irac,  is  watered  by  the  Euphrates 
and  Tigris ;  and  is  almost  all  under  the 
dominion  of  the  Turks.  Bagdad  is  the 
capital. 

Irac  Agemi,  or  Persian  Irac,  a  province 
of  Persia  ;  bounded  on  the  W  by  Irac  A- 
rabia  and  Kusistan,  on  the  X  bv  Ader- 
beistan  and  Ghilan,  on  the  E  by  Couhes- 
t  n,  and  on  the  S  bv  Farsistan.  Ispahan 
is  the  capital. 

Ireby,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seated  in  a 
valley,  at  the  source  of  the  river  Elian, 
and  many  Roman  antiquities  have  been 
dug  up  here.  It  is  10  miles  XE  of  Cock- 
ermouth,  and  299  XXW  of  London.  Lon. 
3  18  W,  lat  54  50  N. 

Iredel,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Xorth 
Carolina,  containing  10,972  inhabitants 
in  1810.  It  is  a  mountainous  country,  si- 
tuated near  the  western  line  of  the  state, 
and  watered  by  the  head  stream?  of  Ca- 
tawba river.    The  chief  town  Statesville. 

Irekin,  Jerkin,  or  Yarkan,  a  rich  and 
populous  town  of  Tartarv,  the  capital  o& 
.JJocharia,  with  a  castle.  It  is  the  staple 
vown  of  all  the  tr.«de  carried  on  between 
India  and  the  X  part  of  Asia.  The  Kal- 
mucks are  masters  of  it;  and  never  dis- 
turb any  one  on  account  of  their  religion. 
It  is  eight  miles  N  of  Cashgur.  L; -n.  73 
25  E,  lat.  41  40  X. 

Ireland,  one  of  the  British  islands,  ly- 
ing to  the  W  of  that  of  Great  Britain.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  E  by  St.  George's  Chan- 
nel and  the  Irish  Sea,  which  separates  it 
from  England  and  Wales :  on  the  XE  by 


X 


I  R  E 


I  R  O 


a  channel  about  15  miles  broad,  which 
separates  it  from  Scotland  ;  and  on  all 
other  sides  by  the  ocean,  being  about 
300  miles  in  length,  and  60  in  breadth. 
It  is  divided  into  f  ur  large  provinces  ; 
namely,  Ulster  to  the  N,  Leinster  to  the 
E,  Sjtunster  to  the  S,  and  Connaught  to 
the  W,  a  d  these  again  are  subdivided 
into  counties.  The  climate  of  Ireland 
differs  little  from  that  of  England,  ex- 
cept that  it  is  more  moist ;  the  an*  in  ge- 
neral is  mild  and  temperate  ;  the  sum- 
mers cooler,  and  the  winters  warmer, 
than  those  of  England.  The  country  in 
general,  is  level  and  well  watered  with 
lakes  and  rivers  :  and  the  soil  though 
rocky,  is  in  most  parts  very  good  and  ex- 
tremely fertile  in  those  places  where  it 
has  been  properly  cultivated.  It  pro- 
duces corn,  pastures,  hemp,  and  fLx  in 
great  plenty;  and  there  are  so  many  cat- 
tle, that  their  beef  and  butter  is  trans- 
ported into  divers  countries  ;  and  not  on- 
ly the  English,  but  other  ships  frequently 
come  to  be  victualled  here.  The  other 
commodities  of  Ireland  are,  wool,  hides, 
tallow,  wood,  salt,  honey,  and  wax. 
Their  principal  manufacture  is  fine  linen 
which  they  have  brought  to  great  perfec- 
tion, and  their  trade  in  it  has  greatly  in- 
creased. Mines  have  lately  been  discov- 
ered in  Ireland  ;  several  of  them  contain 
silver  and  lead.  There  are  also  coppe-r 
mines,  iron  ore,  excellent  marble,  por- 
phyry, coals,  and  slates.  The  many  se- 
cure and  commodious  harbours  in  this 
country,  render  its  situation  very  favour- 
able for  foreign  trade.  The  inhabitants 
of  this  kingdom  have  been  rated  at 
3,000,000 ;  but  this  it  is  probable  is  con- 
siderably under  the  real  number,  which 
cannot  be  less  than  4,000,000,  perhaps 
something  more.  The  lower  classes  in 
this  country  are  rude,  ignorant,  and  un- 
cultivated, and  the  greater  part  of  them 
Roman  catholics.  The  established  reli- 
gion is  the  same  as  that  of  England,  and 
their  laws  are  not  essentially  different. 
This  kingdom  was  formerly  subordinate 
to  that  of  Great  Britain,  whose  parlia- 
ment might  make  laws  to  bind  the  people 
of  Ireland,  and  an  appeal  might  be  mad. 
from  their  courts  of  justice  to  the  House 
of  Peers  of-  Great  Britain  ;  but  in  1782 
the  principles  of  the  American  revolution, 
making  way  into  Ireland,  they  first  de- 
manded a  repeal  of  the  laws  restricting 
their  commerce,  that  being  granted,  they 
next  required  a  renunciation  on  the  part 
of  Great  Britain,  of  all  right  to  interfere 
in  the  judgments  of  their  courts,  or  to 
make  laws  to  bind  Ireland  in  time  to 
'  ome.  The  perilous  situation  of  Great 
Britain  at  that  period  left  her  no  choice, 


|  all  the  demands  of  Ireland  were  therefore 
agreed  to  in  a  bill  passed  by  the  British 
legislature  soon  after.  These  conces- 
sions, great  and  important  as-they  were, 
did  not  proye  satisfactory  ;  the  total  re- 
'  peal  of  all  the  disqualifications  under 
which  the  Roman  catholics  laboured  was 
I  demanded,  and  various  schemes  of  par- 
liamentary reform,  were  devised;  the  a- 
g-itation  of  these  topics  served  greatly  to 
enflame  the  minds  of  the  p  oplc,  the 
breaking  forth  of  the  French  revolution, 
and  the  introduction  of  its  pernicious 
principles  into  Ireland,  completed  their 
discontent.  A  traitorous  society  was 
soon  after  formed,  under  the  name  of  U- 
nitcd  Irishmen,  which  soon  spread  itself 
o>- er  the  country;  their  pretended  pur- 
pose was  to  obtain  parliamentary  reform, 
Out  their  real  views  were  to  separate  Ire- 
land from  Great  Britain,  and  erect  it  in- 
to an  independent  republic,  similar  to 
and  under  the  protection  of  France.  The 
vigorous  and  active  measures  of  govern- 
ment forced  them  into  an  open  rebellion 
before  their  schemes  were  fully  ripe  :  the 
consequence  was,  that  after  great  num- 
bers of  the  insurgents  were  killed  in  va- 
rious battles,  the  conspiracy  was  defeated 
and  tranquillity  began  gradually  to  be 
restored  to  the  country.  The  consolida- 
tion of  the  empire  by  the  union  of  both 
countries  seemed  now  to  be  the  only  thing 
wanting  to  impart  prosperity  and  mutual 
security  both  to  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land. This  measure  was  accordingly  pro- 
posed in  the  parliaments  of  both  coun- 
tries, and  after  a  good  deal  of  opposi- 
tion in  Ireland  especially,  was  at  last  fi- 
nally agreed  to,  and  took  place  on  the 
1st  of  January,  1801,  when  the  Imperial 
Parliament  assembled.  Ireland  contains 
thirty-two  counties,  four  archbishoprics, 
and  eighteen  bishoprics.  Its  principal 
rivers  are,  the  Shannon,  Boyne,  Liffey, 
Sure,  Blackwater,  and  Lee.  Dublin  is 
the  capital. 

Ireland,  A'ew.  See  Britain.  JVew. 
Irhittzk,  the  largest  and  least  popu- 
lous government  of  Russia,  comprising 
all  the  E  part  of  Siberia,  from  the  North  • 
ern  Ocean  to  the  frontiers  of  Chinese 
Tartary,  and  from  the  boundaries  of  the 
government  of  Tobolsk  to  the  Eastern 
Ocean.  This  large  territory  was  gradu- 
ally conquered  and  appropriated  by  the 
Russians  in  their  desultory  excursions 
from  Tobolsk.  It  is  divided  into  the  four 
provinces  of  Irkutzk,  Nertshiusk,  Ya- 
kutsk, and  Okatsk. 

Iron-acton,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
at  the  conflux  of  the  Staure  and  Laden, 
which  form  the  river  Frome,  10  miles 
NE  of  Bristol.    Much  iron  has  formerly 


ISC 


I  S  L 


been  dug  up,  and  many  iron  works,  and 
great  heaps  of  cinders  are  to  be  seen 
here. 

Irromango,  a  considerable  island,  and 
one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in  the  South 
Sea.   Lon.  169  20  E,  lat.  18  48  S. 

Irronam,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  in  the 
South  Sea,  near  Tanna.  Lon.  170  26  E, 
lat.  19  .31  S. 

Irongate  Mountains,  in  Transylvania, 
are  part  of  the  boundary  between  Chris- 
tendom and  Turkey. 

Iroquois,  a  peopie  of  North  America, 
inhabiting  near  the  Lake  Ontario,  com- 
monly called  the  Five  Indian  nations. 

Irtysh,  a  large  river  of  Asia,  in  Sibe- 
ria, which  rises  in  the  country  of  the 
Kalmucs,  and  running  from  the  S  to  NE, 
falls  into  the  Oby,  near  Tobolsk.  The  N 
W  shore  is  low  pasture  ground;  on  the 
other  side,  are  a  prodigious  number  of 
black  bears,  wolves,  red  and  gray  foxes, 
and  gray  squirrels.  This  river  abounds 
with  fish,  particularly  sturgeon  and  de- 
licate salmon. 

Irvine,  or  Irivin,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in 
Ayrshire,  which  descending  from  the 
mountains  on  the  E,  passes  by  Derval, 
Ncwmills,  Galston,  and  Riccarton,  and 
falls  into  the  frith  of  Clyde,  clos.-  by  the 
town  of  Irvine. 

limine,  or  Irwin,  a  royal  borough  and 
seaport  in  Ayrshire,  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  on  the  frith 
of  Clyde,  15  miles  E  of  the  isle  of  Ar- 
ran,  and  60  W  by  S  of  Edinburgh.  Its 
chief  trade  is  the  exporting  of  coal  to 
Ireland.    Lon.  2  41  W,  lat.  55  38  N. 

Ir-iudl,  a  river  in  Lancashire,  which 
rises  above  Bolton,  flows  thence  to  Man- 
chester, and  falls  into  the  Mersey,  below 
Flixton. 

Isabella,  Fort,  a  fort  of  Austrian  Flan- 
Aers,  seated  on  the  W  side  of  the  Scheldt, 
opposite  Antwerp.  Lon.  3  10  E,  lat.  51 
50  X.  There  is  anoth.  r  fort  of  the  same 
name,  two  miles  SW  of  Sluys,  in  Dutch 
Flanders. 

Isabella,  St.  an  island  of  the  South  Sea, 
discovered  by  the  Spaniards  in  1568. 

Isadagas,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Barbary, 
in  I  he  kingdom  of  Morocco,  and  province 
of  Kscura,  seated  in  a  country  abounding 
in  cattle. 

IsrJiia.  an  island  of  Naples,  15  miles  in 
circuit,  lying  ihree  miles  off  the  coast  of 
Terra  di  Lavora.  It  is  full  of  agreeable 
vallies,  which  produce  excellent  fruits  ; 
mountains,  on  which  grow  vines  of  an 
exquisite  kind,  rivers,  and  fine  gardens. 

tschia,  a  city  of  Naples,  capital  of  an 
island  of  the  same  name,  with  a  bishop's  i 
see,  and  a  strong  fort.   Botli  the  city  and 
fortress  stand  unon  a  rock,  which  is 


joined  to  the  island  by  a  bridge  Tht 
rock  is  about  seven  furlongs  in  circum- 
terence.  The  city  is  like  a  pyramid  of 
houses  piled  one'  upon  another,  which 
makes  a  very  singular  appearance.  At 
the  end  of  the  bridge,  next  the  city,  are 
iron  gates  which  open  into  a  subterra- 
nean passage,  through  which  ihey  enter 
the  city.  Tliey  are  always  guarded  by 
soldi  rs,  who  are  natives  of  the  island. 
Lon.  14  2  E,  lat.  40  41  N. 

Iselstein,  a  town  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, m  that  of  Utrecht,  seated  on  the  Is- 
sei,  four  miles  SW  ot  Utrecht. 

Iseiwrts,  or  Eisenarts,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Siiria,  famous  for  its  iron-mines, 
30  miles  NW  of  Gratz.  Lon.  15  4  E, 
lat.  47  25  N. 

Isenach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  from  whence  a  Sax- 
on prince  takes  the  title  of  duke.  Lon. 
9  17  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Isenbnrg,  a  large  town  of  Germany,  ca* 
pital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  in 
the  electorate  of  Treves,  with  a  castle  ; 
seated  on  a  river,  8  miles  N  by  E  of  Cob- 
lentz.    Lon.  7  34  E,  lat  .  50  32  X. 

Isenghein,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands, with  the  title  of  a  principality, 
seated  on  the  river  Mandera.  Lon.  3  18 
E,  lat.  50  44  X. 

Iser,  a  rjver  of  Germany,  which  rises 
on  the  confines  of  Tirol  and  Bavaria,  and 
passing  by  Munich  and  Landschut,  falls 
into  the  Danube,  between  Straubing  and 
Passau. 

here,  a  department  of  France,  inclu- 
ding part  of  the  late  province  of  Dau- 
phiny.  It  is  so  named  from  a  river  which 
rises  on  the  confines  of  Savoy,  and  falls 
into  the  Rhone,  above  Valence.  Greno- 
ble is  the  capital. 

Isertohn,  or  Lohn,  a  town  of  Germany 
in  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  32  miles  from 
Cologn,  where  they  manufacture  ribands, 
&c. 

Isernia,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Molise, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  the  Appenines,  12  miles  W  of 
Molise,  and  46  X  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  24 
E,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Isigni,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Calvados,  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  noted  for  its.  salt  works, 
cider,  and  its  butter.  It  is  15  miles  Vv 
by  N  of  Bayeux.  Lon.  0  59  W,  lat.  49  20  N. 
Isig.    See  Thames. 

Islands,  Bay  of,  a  bay  of  New  Zealand, 
at  the  N  extremity  of  the  most  northern 
of  the  two  islands  that  go  under  that 
name.  In  1772,  M.  Dufresne  Marion, 
i  with  two  French  sloops  put  into  this  bay, 
and,  with  28  of  his  crew,  were  murdered 
by  the  natives. 


ISL 

Islay,  or  Ila,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  [ 
of  the  Hebrides,  to  the  SW  of  Jura.  Its 
greatest  length  is  25  miles  ;  its  breadth  | 
18.  The  principal  village  is  Bowniore, 
which  has  a  convenient  harbour.  The 
face  of  the  country  is  hilly.  Several 
mines  arc  wrought  to  great  advantage, 
particularly  iron  and  lead  ore.  Here  like- 
wise are  copper,  emery,  native  quicksil- 
ver, and  blaek  lead  ;  with  immense  stores 
of  limestone,  marl,  coral,  and  shell-sand, 
for  manure.  Much  corn  and  flax  is  lais- 
(sd  here,  and  a  great  number  of  cattle 
exported.  In  this,  and  some  of  the  neigh- 
bouring islands,  multitudes  of  adders  in- 
fest the  heath.  On  the  NW  side  of  the 
island  is  the  cave  of  Sanegmore,  which 
is  a  grotto,  divided  into  a  number  of  far- 
winding  passages,  sometimes  opening 
into  fine  expanses  ;  again  closing,  for  a 
long  space,  into  galleries,  and  forming  a 
curious  subterraneous  labyrinth.  There 
are  also  many  other  caverns,  the  haunts 
of  numerous  wild  pigeons,  that  lodge  and 
bieed  in  them.  The  goats  that  feed  a- 
mong  the  rocks  are  so  wild,  that  they  arc 
obliged  to  be  shot  like  deer.  Some  \es- 
tiges  of  antiquity  are  on  this  island  ;  par- 
ticularly, the  remains  of  a  circular  dry- 
stone  building,  on  the  hill  of  Lossat,  near 
the  sound  of  Islay. 

Isfk-Jldam,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Seine  and  Oise,  lately 
in  the  province  of  the  Isle  of  France, 
w  ith  a  castle  seated  on  the  Oise,  20  miles 
X  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  13  E,  kit.  49 
7N. 

Isle  of  Beeves,  an  island  of  X  America, 
in  the  bay  of  Campeachy,  17  miles  long 
and  eight  broad.  It  is  fertile,  and  abounds 
in  cattle  and  fruits. 

Isle-Dieit,  a  small  island  of  France,  14 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Poitou.  It  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  1795,  but  soon 
after  evacuated.  Lon.  2 15  W,  lat.  46  45  X. 

Isle -de-France.    See  France,  Isle  of. 

Isle-Jourdain,  a  town  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  Gers  and  lately  in 
the  province  of  Armagnac.  It  is  seated 
in  an  island  of  the  river  Save,  eight 
miles  X  of  Lombez.  Lon.  1  2  E,  kit.  43 
40  X. 

Isle-jRovsse,  a  town  of  Corsica,  on  the 
se;; coast,  36  miles  SW  of  Bastia. 

Isle  and  Vilaine,  a  department  of  France, 
containing  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Bretagne.    Rennes  is  the  capital. 

Jsleben.    See  Eisleben. 

Isleivorth,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  seat- 
ed on  the  Thames,  nine  mites  W  of  Lon- 
don. Xear  it  is  Sion  House,  the  mag- 
nificent seat  of  the  duke  of  Northumber- 
land. 

hit  of  Wight,  a  county  in  the  state  of 


IS  N 

Virginia,  containing  9186  inhabitants  in 
1810,  of  whom  4000  were  slaves.  It  is 
situated  between  Norfolk  county  on  the 
E,  and  Southampton  on  the  W,  Xanse- 
mond  on  the  S,  and  Surry  on  the  X.  •*>"* 

Islingt&n,  a  village  in  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  on  the  XT  side  of  London,  to 
which  it  is  almost  contiguous,  appears  to 
be  of  Saxon  origin  ;  and  in  the  conquer- 
or's time,  was  written  Isledon,  or  Isen- 
don.  Its  houses  are  above  2000,  includ- 
ing the  Upper  and  Lower  llolloways, 
three  sides  of  Xewington  Green,  and 
part  of  Kingsland,  on  the  road  to  Ware. 
The  White-Conduit  House,  in  this  place, 
so  called  from  a  white  stone  conduit  that  1 
stands  before  the  entrance,  has  handsome 
gardens,  with  good  walks,  and  two  large 
rooms  one  above  the  other  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  company  at  tea,  &c.  In  the 
SW  part  of  this  village  is  that  noble  re- 
servoir, improperly  called  Xew  River 
Head  ;  though  they  are  only  two  basons, 
which  receive  that  river  from  Hertford- 
shire, and  from  whence  the  water  is 
thrown  by  an  engine  into  the  company's 
pipes  for  the  supply  of  London. — Xear 
this  place  is  a  house  of  entertainment 
called  Saddler's  Wells,  where,  during 
the  summer  season,  people  are  amused 
with  balance-masters,  w  Iking  on  the 
wire,  rope  dancing,  tumbling,  and  panto- 
mime entertainments. 

Islip,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire,  four  miles 
X  of  Oxford.  Islip  was  given  by  Edward! 
the  Confessor  to  Westminster  Abbey,  to 
which,  it  still  belongs.  By  the  late  in- 
land navigation  it  has  a  communication 
with  the  river  Thames,  Humber,  and  a 
great  many  others,  and  its  navigation  ex- 
tends about  500  miles  through  different 
counties. 

Islip,  a  post  town  on  Long  Island  in 
Suffolk  county,  Xew  York,  with  1000  in- 
habitants. 

Ismail,  a.  strong  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Bessarabia.  It  was  taken  by 
storm  by  the  Russians  in  1790  ;  and  it  is 
said,  that  the  long  siege,  and  the  capture, 
did  not  cost  them  less  than  20,000  men. 
The  garrison  whose  bravery  merited, 
and  from  a  generous  foe  would  have  re- 
ceived the  highest  honours,  were  massa- 
cred in  cold  blood  by  the  merciless  Rus- 
sians, to  the  amount  of  30,000  men;  and 
the  place  was  abandoned  to  the  fury  of 
the  brutal  soldiery.  Ismail  is  seated  on 
the  X  side  of  the  Danube,  140  miles  S 
by  W  of  Bender.  Lon.  29  30  E,  lat.  45 
11  X. 

Ismid,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  capi- 
tal of  Bythinia,  situated  on  the  sea  of 
Mai-morn.    Lon.  29  47  E.  lat.  40  37  X. 

Isny,  an  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  seat- 


I  s  s 


IT  A 


ed  on  the  Isny,  14  miles  NR  of  Lindau, 
and  62  SW  of  AugsbuBg".  Lon.  10  3  E, 
lut.  47  42  N. 

IsniCy  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia  in  Na- 
tolia,  with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It 
is  the  ancient  Nice,  famous  for  the  first 
general  council  here  in  325.  Nothing- re- 
main^ of  its  ancient  splendour,  but  an 
aqueduct  The  Jews  inhabit  the  greater 
part  of  it ;  and  it  is  sealed  in  a  country 
fertile  in  corn  and  excellent  wine,  75 
miles  SE  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  30  9 
E,  lat.  40  13  N. 

Isola,  a  seaport  town  of  Italy  in  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  18  miles  SE  of  St.  Scverino.  Lon. 
17  26  E,  hit.  39  2  N. 

It-Gnu,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Catalonia, 
seated  near  a  mountain  at  the  foot  of  a 
rivulet. 

Ispahan,  a  celebrated  city,  capital  of 
Persia,  in  the  province  of  Irac-Agemi, 
and  thought  by  some  to  be  the  finest  city 
in  the  East,  it  stands  in  the  middle  of 
a  plain,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  moun- 
tains at  eight  miles  distance,  and  on  a 
small  river,  called  Sanderut,  which  sup- 
plies almost  all  the  houses  with  water. 
It  is  20  miles  in  circumference,  with  well 
built  houses  and  fiat  roofs,  on  which  they 
walk,  eat,  and  lie,  in  summer,  for  the 
sake  of  the  cool  air.  Here  are  a  great 
number  of  magnificent  palaces  ;  and  thai 
of  the  king  is  two  miles  and  a  half  in 
circumference.  There  are  160  mosques, 
1800  large  caravansaries,  above  260  pub- 
lic baths,  a  prodigious  number  of  coffee- 
houses, and  very  fine  streets,  in  which 
are  canals,  planted  on  each  side  with 
trees.  The  streets  are  not  paved  ;  but 
always  clean  on  account  of  the  dryness 
of  the  air,  for  it  seldom  rains  or  snows 
here.  The  inhabitants  were  computed 
at  above  1,000,000 ;  but  this  kingdom 
having  been  long  distracted  by  civil  wars, 
the  principal  towns  are  greatly  depopu- 
lated. Ispahan  has  three  large  suburbs, 
c.tlled  Juisa,  Hasenbath,  and  Kebrabath. 
Though  at  a  distance  from  the  sea,  it 
carries  on  a  great  trade,  people  of  seve- 
ral nations  resorting  there  for  the  sake 
of  traffic.  It  is  265  miles  NE  of  Bussa- 
rah,  and  1400  SE  of  Constantinople.  Lon. 
52  55  E,  lat.  32  25  N. 

Isse!,  or  Vssel,  a  river  of  the  United 
Provinces,  which  branches  off  from  the 
Rhine,  below  Hucssen;  and  running  by 
Doesburg,  Zutphen,  Deventer,  and  Cam- 
pen,  falls  into  the  Zuider-Zee. 

Issel,  or  Ys.iel,  Little,  a  river  of  the  Uni- 
ted Provinces,  wnich  waters  Yssel stein, 
Montfort,  and  Gout}a;  and  falls  into  the 
Merwe,  above  Rotterdam. 

had,  or  Ysvcl,  Old*  a  river  which  r:  ses 


in  the  duchy  of  Clcves,  and  enters  the  Is- 
sel at  Doesburg. 

Isseguibo,  a  flourishing  settlement  of 
the  Dutch  in  Guiana,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  and  contiguous  to  that  of 
Dcmarary.  It  was  taken  by  the  English 
in  1796. 

Issdire,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  Puy  de  Dome,  and 
lately  in  the  province  of  Auvergne.  At 
Vernet,  near  diis  town,  are  found  ame- 
thysts, of  colour  as  beautiful  as  those  of 
the  East,  but  not  so  hard.  Issoire  is 
seated  on  the  Couz,  near  the  Allier,  13 
miles  S  of  Clermont.  Lon.  3  15  E,  lat. 
45  34  N. 

Issoiidmi,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Indre,  and  lately  in  the 
province  of  Berry,  with  a  castle.  Its 
trade  is  in  wood,  cattle,  cloth,  hats,  and 
stockings,  and  is  seated  partly  on  an  emi- 
nence and  parti)  on  a  plain,'  17  miles  S 
W  of  Bourges,  and  135  S  of  Paris.  Lon. 
2  6  E,  lat.  46  57  N. 

Is  sw'-Tille,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Cote  d'Or  and  lately 
in  the  province  of  Burgundy,  seated  on 
the  lgnon,  near  the  Tille,  12  miles  N  of 
Dijon. 

htria,  a  kind  of  peninsula  of  Italy,  ly- 
ing on  the  NE  part  of  the  gulf  of  Venice. 
It  is  bounded  by  Carniola  on  the  NE,  and 
on  all  other  sides  by  the  sea.  The  air  is 
unwholesome,  especially  near  the  coast; 
but  the  soil  produces  plenty  of  wine,  oil, 
and  pasture ;  there  are  also  quarries  of 
fine  marble.  One  part  of  it  belongs  to 
the  Venetians  and  the  rest  to  the  house 
of  Austria.    Capo  d'lstria  is  the  capital. 

Italy,  one  of  the  finest  countries  of  Eu- 
rope, lying  between  7  and  19  E  Ion.  and 
38  and  47  N  lat.  On  the  N  and  NE  it  is 
bounded  by  Swisserland  and  Germany, 
on  the  E  by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  S 
by  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the  W  by 
that  sea  and  Prance  Its  figure  bearing 
some  resemblance  to  that  of  a  boot.  Its 
length  from  Aousta,  in  Savoy,  to  the  ut- 
most verge  of  Calabria,  is  600  miles;  but 
its  breadth  is  very  unequal,  in  some  pla- 
ces near  400  miles,  in  others  not  above 
25.  It  is  the  most  celebrated  country  in 
Europe,  having  been  formerly  the  seat  of 
the  Roman  empire,  and  afterward,  of 
that  astonishing-,  universal  usurpation, 
the  spiritual  dominion  of  the  pope.  Ita- 
ly is  divided  into  a  great  number  of 
states,  which  differ  much  in  extent  and 
importance.  Between  the  confines  of 
Fiance  and  Swisserland,  on  the  W  and  N 
are  the  continental  dominions  of  the  king 
of  Sardinia,  namely,  Piedmont,  Savoy, 
Montferrat,  part  of  the  Milanese,  and 
Oneglia,    To  the  NE  are  the  territories 


IT  A 


JUA 


Qf  Venice,  which  are  enumerated  under 
that  article.  S  of  these,  are  the  domi- 
nions of  the  emperor  of  Germany,  name- 
ly, part  of  the  Milanese,  and  the  Man- 
tuan;  and  S  of  these,  are  Modena,  Mi- 
randola,  and  Reggio,  belonging  to  the 
duke  of  Modena.  West  of  these  are  the 
duchies,  of  Parma,  Placentia,  and  Guas- 
talla,  whose  sovereign  is  of  the  house  of 
Bourbon.  To  the  S  of  Parma,  lies  the 
republic  of  Genoa ;  and  SE  of  this,  that 
of  Lucca.  Hence  extends  along  the  coast 
of  the  Mediterranean,  the  grand  duch} 
of  Tuscany.  The  ecclesiastical  State,  or 
territory  of  the  pope,  lies  NE  and  E  of 
Tuscany,  between  the  gulf  of  Venice  and 
the  Mediterranean;  and  all  S  of  this,  is 
the  kingdom  of  Naples,  with  its  depen- 
dant islands,  of  which  Sicily  is  the  prin- 
cipal. The  air  of  Italy  is  very  different, 
according  to  the  different  situations  of 
the  several  countries  contained  in  it.  In 
those  on  the  N  of  the  Appenines  it  is 
more  temperate,  but  on  the  S  it  is  gene- 
rally very  warm.  The  air  of  the  Campa- 
nia of  Rome,  and  of  the  Ferrarese,  is 
said  to  be  unhealthful ;  which  is  owing  to 
the  lands  not  being  duly  cultivated,  nor 
the  marshes  drained.  That  of  the  other 
parts  is  generally  pure,  dry,  and  healthy. 
In  summer,  the  heat  is  very  great  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  and  would  be  almost 
intolerable,  if  it  was  not  somewhat  alle- 
viated by  the  sea-breezes.  The  soil  of 
Italy  in  general  is  very  fertile,  being  wa- 
tered by  a  great  number  of  rivers.  It 
produces  a  great  variety  of  wines,  and 
the  best  oil  in  Europe,  excellent  silk  in 
abundance,  corn  of  all  sorts,  but  not  in 
such  plenty  as  in  some  other  countries  ; 
oranges,  lemons,  citrons,  pomegranates, 
almonds,  raisins,  sugar,  mulberry-trees 
without  number,  figs,  peaches,  nectarines, 
apricots,  pears,  apples,  filberts,  chesnuts, 
&c.  This  country  also  yields  good  pas- 
ture ;  and  abounds  with  cattle,  sheep, 
goats,  buffaloes,  wild  boars,  mules  and 
horses.  The  forests  are  well  stored  with 
game,  and  the  mountains  yield  not  only 
lies  of  iron,  lead,  all  um,  sulphur,  mar- 
ble of  ail  sorts,  alabaster,  jasper,  por- 
phyry, &c.  but  also  gold  and  silver,  with 
a  great  variety  of  aromatic  herbs.  The 
Italians  are  generally  well  proportioned, 
'  hough  their  complexions  arc  not  of  the 
bes&  With  respect  to  their  genius  and 
vaste  in  architecture,  painting,  carving 
and  music,  they  are  thought  to  excci 
greatly,  and  to  leave  the  other  nations  of 
Europe  far  behind  them  ;  but  their  mu- 
sic seems  too  soft  and  effeminate  to  de- 
serve all  the  praise  bestowed  on  it ;  and 
their  houses  are  far  inferior  to  those  of 
England  in  respect  of  convenience,  No 


;  country  hath  produced  better  politician.^, 
historians,  poets,  painters,  and  sculptors, 
we  mean  since  the  revival  of  the  ar:s  ».nd 
sciences,  exclusive  of  those  of  ancient 
times.  The  Italians  are  very  affable,  cour- 
teous, ingenuous,  sober,  and  ready-wit- 
ted ;  but  extremely  jealous,  vindictive, 
lascivious,  ceremonious,  and  supersti- 
tious. Boiled  snails,  served  up  with  oil 
and  pepper,  or  fried  in  oil,  and  the  hin- 
der parts  of  frogs,  are  reckoned  dainty 
dishes.  Kites,  jackdaws,  hawks,  and  mag- 
pies, are  also  eaten,  not  only  by  the  com- 
mon people  but  by  the  better  sort.  Wine 
is  drank  here  both  in  summer  and  win- 
ter, cooled  by  ice  or  snow.  The  women, 
affect  yellow  hair,  as  the  Roman  ladies 
and  courtesans  formerly  did.  They  also 
use  paint  and  washes,  both  for  their 
hands  and  faces.  The  day  here  is  reck- 
oned from  sun-set,  as  the  Athenians  did 
of  old.    See  Lombard*. 

Itchen,  a  nver  in  Hants,  which  rising; 
in  the  centre  of  the  county,  passes  by 
Winchester,  and  enters  the  bay  of  South- 
ampton, at  the  town  of  that  name. 

Iizehou,  an  ancient  and  handsome  town 
of  Germany  in  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  seated  on  the  Stoer^ 
15  miles  NE  of  Gluckstadt,  and  30  NW 
of  Hamburg.    Lon.  9  30  E,  lat.  53  58  N. 

Juan  de  la  Froniera,  St.  a  town  of 
Chili,  in  South  America,  in  the  province 
of  Chiquito,  near  the  lake  Guanacho. 
The  territory  of  this  town  is  inhabited  by 
20,000  native  Americans,  who  are  tribu- 
tary to  Spain.  It  contains  mines  of  gold, 
and  a  kind  of  almonds  that  are  very  deli- 
cate. It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  An- 
des, 98  miles  NE  of  St.  Jago.  Lon.  65 
55  W,  lat.  33  25  S. 

JnuTi  de  Puerto  Rico,  St.  an  island  of 
the  West  Indies,  50  miles  E  of  Hispa- 
niola,  :  nd  usually  called  Porto  Rico.  It 
is  100  miles  long  and  50  broad,  and  be- 
longs to  the  Spaniards.  It  is  full  of  very 
high  mountains,  and  extremely  fertile 
vallies,  interspersed  with  woods  and  well 
watered  by  springs  and  rivulets.  It  pro- 
duces sugar,  rum,  ginger,  corn,  and 
fruits,  partly  proper  to  the  climate,  and 
partly  introduced  from  Spain  ;  and  there 
:ire  so  many  cattle,  that  they  often  are 
killed  for  the  sake  of  the  skins  alone. 
Here  are  a  great  number  of  uncommon 
trees,  and  there  is  a  little  gold  in  the  N 
part  of  the  island.  It  is  commonly  said, 
that  the  air  is  healthy,  and  yet,  in  the 
reign  of  queen  Elizabeth,  the  earl  of 
Cumberland,  when  he  had  taken  this  is- 
land, lost  most  of  his  men  by  sickness, 
and,  on  that  account,  was  forced  to  aban- 
don it.  It  is  subject  to  storms  and  hur- 
ricanes, like  the  rest  of  these  island^ 
T  T 


JUD 


JUL 


The  capital  is  of  the  same  name.  Lon. 
67  4  W,  lat.  18  17  X. 

Juan  de  Puerto  Rico,  St.  the  capital  of 
an  island  of  the  same  name,  with  a  good 
harbour,  defended  by  several  forts.  It  is  a 
bishop's  see,  and  seated  on  the  N  coasi 
of  ihe  island.    Lon.  69  1  W,  lat.  18  29  N.  i 

Juan  Fernandez,  an  island  in  the  S  Pa 
cine  Ocean,  lying  in  83  W  lon.  and  33  S 
lat.  300  mile's  W  of  Chili.  It  is  unm- 
habited,  but  is  found  extremely  conveni- 
ent to  touch  at  and  water.  There  are 
instances  of  two  men  living  alone  at  dif- 
ferent .times  on  this  island  for  several 
years  ;  ihij  one  a  Musquito  Indian,  the 
other  Alexander  Selkirk,  a  Scotchman, 
who  having  been  left  on  shore,  in  this 
solitary  place,  by  his  captain,  lived  here 
five  years,  till  he  was  discovercd'by  cap- 
tain liogers,  in  1709.  From  this  remark- 
able history,  Daniel  de  Foe  is  said  to 
have  derived  the  hints  which  gave  rise 
to  his  celebrated  production,  The  Ad- 
ventures of  Robinson  Crusoe.  This  is- 
land is  not  quite  15  miles  long  and  about 
six  broad  ;  its  only  safe  harbour  is  on  the 
N  side.  It  is  said  to  have  plenty  of  ex- 
cellent water,  and  to  abound  with  a  great 
variety  of  esculent  vegetables  highly  an- 
tiscorbutic ;  besides  which,  commodore 
Anson  sowed  a  variety  of  garden-seeds, 
and  planted  the  stones  of  plumbs,  apri- 
cots, and  peaches,  which  he  was,  man; 
years  afterwards,  informed,  had  thriven 
greatly;  and  now,  doubtless  furnish  a 
very  valuable  addition  to  the  natural  pro- 
ductions of  this  spot. 

Juan  de  Ulfnia,  St.  an  island  of  New- 
Spain,  ly  ing  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  near 
Vera  Cruz.  It  was  discovered  in  1518, 
by  Grijalva.  Lon.  97  25  W,  lat.  19  12  N. 

Jvanagorod.    See  Narva.  ' 

Jubo,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  Africa  of 
the  same  name,  subject  to  the  Portu- 
guese.   Lon.  43  20  E,  lat.  0  50  N. 

Jucatan,  or  Yucatan,  a  large  peninsula 
of  New  Spain,  opposite  the  island  of  Cu- 
ba. It  projects  from  the  continent  100 
leagues^  but  does  not  exceed  25  in 
breadth. r  It  contains  a  great  quantity  of 
timber,  proper  for  the  building  of  ships, 
as  also  sugar,  cassia,  and  Indian  corn. 
The  original  inhabitants  are  few,  having 
been  ill-treated  by  the  Spaniards.  It  is 
a  flat  level  countH,  and  unhealthy.  The 
inhabitants  are  abundantly  supplied  with 
water  frtim  pits,  wherever  they  dig  them. 
In  all  Jticatan,  there  .is  not  a  riv.er  or 
stream.  Merida  is  the  capital ;  but  some 
say  Campeachy.    See  Honduras. 

Judda,  a  seaport  of  Arabia  Felix,  with 
a  fort,  seated  on  the  Bed  Sea,  34  mile* 
SW  of  Mecca,  to  which  it  is  the  port. 
Lon.  30  22  E,  lat.  21  29  N. 


Judcnhurg,  a  considerable  town  of  Ger- 
many, the  capital  of  Upper  Stiria,  with 
a  handsome  castle.  The  public  build- 
ings, with  the  square,  are  magnificent. 
II  was  taken  by  the  French  in  April  1797, 
and  here  an  armistice  was  settled  be- 
ween  the  archduke  Charles  and  Bona- 
parte. It  is  seated  on  the  Muehr,  45 
miles  W  bv  N  of  Gratz,  and  100  SW  of 
Vienna.    Lon.  14  26  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Judoigne,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
near  which  the  duke  of  Marlborough, 
gained  that  signal  victory,  in  1706,  cal- 
led the  battle  of  RamilKes.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river -Geete,  13  miles  SE  of  Lou- 
vain,  and  16  N  of  Namur.  Lon.  5  2  E, 
lat.  50  45  M*// 

Ives,  St.  a  seaport  and  borough  in 
Cornwall,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay  of 
the  same  name,  which  being  unsafe,  is 
frequented  by  fishermen  only  for  the  tak- 
ing of  pilchards.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
arid  is  eight  miles  NE  of  Penzance,  and 
277  VV  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  5  30  W, 
lat.  50  18"  N. 

Ives,  St.  a  town  in  Huntingdonshire, 
with  a  considerable  market  on  Monday 
for  cattle.  Here  was  a  griory,  which  is 
low  in  ruins.  In  the  ninth  century  it 
had  a  mint,  and  was  noted  for  its  medi- 
cinal waters.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Ouse.  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge,  six 
miles  NE  of  Huntingdon,  and  59  N  by  W 
of  London.    Lon.  0  20  W  lat.  52  20  N. 

Jugou,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  Coast,  and  late 
province  of  Bretagne,  seated  on  the 
small  river  Arqueon,  12  miles  from  the 
Enirlish  Channel. 

Jugora,  a  considerable  province  of  Mus- 
covy, depending  on  the  government  of 
Archangel. 

Ivica,  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean, 
56  miles  StV  of  Majorca.  It  is  about  60 
miles  in  circumference,  is  mountainous, 
but  fertile  in  corny  wine,  and  fruits  ;  and 
is  remarkable  for  the  great  quantity  of 
salt  made  here.  The  capital,  of  the  same 
•iame,  has  a  good  harbour.  Lon.  1  25  E, 
lat.  38  52  W.  .  MfcM 

Ivingho,  a  village  in  Buckinghamshire, 
has  a  market  on  Friday,  six  miles  SW  of 
Dunstable,  and  32  NW  of  London.  Lon. 
0  32  W,  lat  .  51  54  N. 

Julian,  Port,  St.  a  harbour  of  Pata, 
£o'nia,  where  ships  that  are  bound  for 
he  Pacific  Ocean  usuallv  touch  for  re- 
freshments.   Lon.  68  44  W,  lat.  49  10  S. 

Julien,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Vienne  and  late 
province  of  Limosin,  13  miles  W  of  Li- 
moges.   Lon.  1  4  E,  lat.  45  50  N. 


JUN 


I  V  R 


Julien  du  Sqult,  St.  a  town  of  France!  Junksilon,  a  seaport  of  Asia,  the  prin* 
n  the  department  of  Yonne  and  late  pro-lcip.il  town  of  an  island  on  the  SW  coast 


t  ince  of  Burgundy,  seated  between  two 
mountains  covered  with  vines,  near 
river  Yonne,  five  miles  from  Joignv 


of  Siam,  it  is  situated  on  the  N  part  of 
the  I  the  island,  and  has  a  harbour  capable  of 
(receiving'  ships  of  a  moderate  size;  the 


Juliers,  a  duchy  of  Westphalia,,  64| island  is  fertile,  63  miles  long-  and  from 


miles  in  length,  and  36  in  breadth ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Gueldertand,  on 
the  E  by  the  archbishopric  of  Cologne, 
on  the  S  by  Luxemburg1  and  Treves,  and 
on  the  W  by  Limburg.  It  is  subject  to 
the  elector  palatine,  and  is  remarkable 
for  the  quantity  of  wood  it  produces, 
which  is  much  used  in  dyeing. 

Juliers,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong 
citadel.  It  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
French  in  1794.  It  is  seated  on  the  Roe'r, 
15  miles  E  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  18  W 
of  Cologne.    Lon.  6  40  E,  lat.  50  56  N: 

Julpha,  once  the  capital  of  Armenia,  in 
Asia,  now  in  ruins,  the  inhabitants  hav- 
ing been  transplanted  to  a  suburb  of  Is- 
pahan, called  New  Julpha,  where  they 
have  several  churches.  Before  the  civil 
wars,  which  in  this  century  have  deso- 
lated Persia,  the  colony  of  New  Julpha 
was  very  flourishing. 

JameUa,  a  town  of  Spain  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Murcia,  22  miies  SW  of  Murcia. 

Jumiege,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  with  a  Jate  celebrat- 
ed Benedictine  abbey.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Seine,  12  miles  SW  of  Rouen,  and 
77  NW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  55  E,  lat.  49 
24  N. 

Jummoo,  or  Jumbo,  a  town  of  Ilindoo- 
stan  Proper  in  the  country  of  Lahore.  It 
is  situated  on  the  side  of  a  hill  by  the 
river  Rawee.  This  city  though  in  a  de- 
cayed state,  is  a  mart  of  the  first  note  in 
that  part  of  the  countrv;  it  is  90  miles 
N  of  Lahore.  Lon.  23  16  E,  lat.  32  45  N. 

Jumnah,  a  large  river  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  which  rises  to  the  NW  of  Delhi, 
waters  that  capital  as  well  as  the  city  of 
Agra,  and  joins  the  Ganges,  100  miles 
below  Benares. 

Juniata,  a  river  in  Pennsylvania-,  the 
principal  branches  of  which  rise  in  Bed- 
ford county.  After  they  have  joined  near 
Huntingdon  in  Huntingdon  county,  the 
united  stream  runs  for  the  most  part  in 
an  eastern  direction  till  it  meets  the  Sus- 
quehannah  10  miles  above  Ilarrisburg. 
This  rivex  is  the  principal  channel 
through  which  the  produce  of  the  ad- 
jacent country  is  conveyed  to  a  market; 
either  at  Ilarrisburg,  Middlctown  or  Co- 
lumbia. 

Juniata,  a  township  of  Cumberland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1233 
inhabitants  in  1810. 


10  to  20  broad.  Lon.  98  30  E,  lat.  8  40  N. 

Jura,  one  of  the  Western  Isles  of  Scot- 
land, NE  of  Islav,  supposed  to  be  34 
miles  long  and  10  broad.  It  is  compos- 
ed principally  of  vast  mountains  quite 
naked,  and  without  a  possibility  of  cul- 
tivation; three  of  them  called  the  paps 
of  Jura  are  most  remarkable  ;  they  are  of 
a  conic  form  and  stupendous  height.  The 
rest  of  the  island  is  flat,  and  generally 
covered  with  heath. 

Jura,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing part  of  the  late  province  of' Tranche 
Gomte.  It  contains  mines  of  iron  of  a 
superior  quality,  mines  of  copper  and 
lead,  and  many  quarries  of  black  marble, 
jasper,  and  alabaster.  It  takes  its  name 
from  Mount  Jura. 

Jura,  Mount,  a  chain  of  mountains, 
which  begins  in  the  canton  of  Zuric,  in 
Swisserland,  extends  along  the  Rhine 
into  the  canton  of  Soleure  and  the  prin- 
cipality of  Neuchatel,  branches  out  to- 
ward the  Pays  de  Vaud,  separates  that 
countrv  from  France,  and  continues  be- 
yond the  frontiers  of  the  Genevbis  as  far 
as  the  Rhone.  In  various  parts  of  the 
Pays  de  Vaud,  this  chain  forms  many 
elevated  vallies  ;  of  these  the  most  de- 
lightful is  the  valley  of  the  lake  of  Joux, 
upon  the  top  of  that  part  called  Mount 
Joux,  it  is  beautifully  chequered  with 
wood,  arable,  and  pasture;  and  is  wa- 
tered by  two  picturesque  lake."  ;  the 
largest-  of  which  is  called  the  lake  of 
Joux,  and  the  other,  lake  Brenet.  This 
little  vale  is  very  populous,  containing 
3000  inhabitants  ;  some  employed  in  mak- 
ing watches,  but  the  greater  part  in  po- 
lishing crystals,  granites,  and  marensites, 
These  parts  are  much  infested  with  bears 
and  wolves.  The  descent  from  this  de- 
lightful vale,  through  a  variety  of  hill, 
valley,  wood,  and  lawn,  affords  a  very 
extensive  prospect  of  great  part  of  the 
Pays  de  Yaud,  the  lake  of  Geneva,  with 
its  mountains,  and  the  lake  of  Neuchatel. 

Ivrea,  an  ancient  town  of  Piedmont, 
capital  of  Canavez,  with  a  strong  fort,  a 
bishop's  see,  and.  an  ancient  castle.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Doria,  between  two  hills, 
20  miles  N  of  Turin,  and  32  E  by  N  of 
Susa.    Lon.  7  48  E,  lat.  45  22  N.  * 

Ivru,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy. It  had  a  benedictine  abbey,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Eure,  10  miles  N  by  W 
of  Dreux.    Lon.  1  28  E,  lat.  48  54  N. 


KAL 


KAL 


Jutland,  a  peninsula,  the  principal  part 
of  Denmark,  180  miles  in  length,  and  50 
in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  SE  by  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  and  on  the  other  sides 
In  the  German  Ocean  and  the  Baltic. 
The  air  is  very  cold,  but  wholesome. 
The  soil  is  fertile  in  corn  and  pastures, 
and  feeds  a  reat  number  of  horses  and 
beeves,  which  are  sent  to  Germany,  Hol- 
land, &c.  It  was  anciently  called  Cim- 
brica  Chersonesus,  and  is  supposed  to  be 
the  country  whence  the  Saxons  came, 
that  conquered  England.  It  is  divided 
into  two  parts,  called  N  and  S  Jutland; 
the  latter  being  the  duchy  of  Sleswick, 
and  lies  between  N  Jutland  and  Holstein. 

Ivy  Bridge,  a  village  in  Devonshire, 
11  miles  NE  of  Plymouth,  remarkable 
for  its  rural  and  picturesque  scenery; 
the  river  Anne  runs  through  the  village. 

Ixvjorth,  a  village  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  is  seven  miles  NE 
of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  79  NNE  of 
London.    Lon.  0  51  E,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Jvepour,  a  city  of  Hindoos" an  Proper, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name, 
and  subject  to  one  of  the  Rajpoot  prin- 
ces. Jt  was  built  by  rajah  Jessing.  It  is 
about  a  league  from  Ambeer  the  ancient 
capital,  now  a  place  of  great  wealth  and 
consequence,  being  the  staple  for  goods 
that  are  brought  from  every  quarter  of 
India.  It  is  136  miles  W  by  S  of  Agra. 
Lon.  76  9  E,  lat.  26  56  N. 

Izquintenango,  a  town  of  New  Spain, 
in  the  province  of  Chiapa.  The  country 
about  it  produces  cotton  and  a  great 
number  of  pine-apples.  Lon.  93  45  W, 
lat.  16  0  N. 


K 


CjT  Words  that  sometimes  begin  with  K, 
and  are  not  found  under  that  letter,  may 
be  sought  for  under  the  letter  C. 

XAFFU.YGEA*,  a  town  and  monas- 
tery of  Germany,  in  Hesse,  near  Cassel. 
Lon.  9  30  E,  lat!  51  15  X. 

Kiilma.    See  ffua. 

Kuirvan,  a  city  of  Africa,  in  Tunis, 
capital  of  a  government  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  the  second  city  in  the  king- 
dom for  trade  and  population,  is  cele- 
brated for  the  most  magnificent  and  sa- 
cred mosque  in  Barbarv;  and  is  20  miles 
W  of  Susa.    Lon.  1 0  25  E,  lat.  35  40  N. 

Xdiaar.  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Chilan, 
with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  silk. 
Lor..  58  45  E,  lat.  36  23  N. 

jKulimburg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 


isle  of  Zealand,  the  capital  of  a  consider- 
able bailiwick.    Lon.  11  11  E,  lat.  55 

47  N. 

Kalir,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Wirtemburg,  with  a  castle.  Lon.  9  45 
E,  lat.  48  38  N. 

Kulisch,  a  palatinate  of  Poland,  bound- 
ed on  the  W  by  that  of  Posnia,  on  the  E 
by  Siradia,  on  the  N  by  Western  Prussia, 
and  on  the  S  by  8ilesia.  It  was  forcibly 
seized  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  in  1793. 

Kalisch,  a  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a 
palatinate  of  the  same  name,  where  the 
Jesuits  had  a  magnificent  college.  It  is 
sealed  on  the  river  Prosna,  in  a  morass, 
which  renders  it  difficult  of  access,  110 
miles  W  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  18  5  \V,  lat 
52  ON. 

Kalkas,  a  tribe  of  the  Mogul  Tartars, 
in  Chinese  Tarlary.  They  inhabit  the 
country  N  of  the  Mogul  Tartars,  proper- 
ly  so  called,  which  stretches  as  far  as 
the  kingdom  of  the  Eleuthes  ;  and  is  near 
300  leagues  in  extent  from  E  to  W.  They 
live  in  tents,  on  the  banks  of  their  nu- 
merous rivers.  They  adore  a  lama  of  the 
second  order,  who  is  held  in  such  vene- 
ration, that  bonzes  from  China,  Hindoo- 
stan,  Pegu,  &c.  come  to  pay  their  devo- 
cions  at  his  residence  in  Iben  Pira. 

Kalmucs,  a  nation  of  Tartary  in  Rus- 
sia: the  deserts  which  they  inhabit,  with 
their  herds,  lie  between  the  Don,  and 
the  Volga,  afid  on  the  river  Ural  from 
Irgis  to  the  Caspian  sea.  They  consist 
of  a  strong  loam,  are  quite  arid,  desti- 
tute of  wood,  abound  in  salt,  contain 
many  fresh-water  lakes  and  brooks,  and 
numbers  of  lakes  that  are  perfectly  salt. 
They  produce  wholesome  plants  and 
good  herbage,  for  which  reason  the  cat- 
tle are  in  general  vigorous,  and  speedily 
become  fat.  The  Kalmucs  are  of  a  mid- 
dling stature,  seldom  large :  for  the 
most  part,  raw-boned  and  stout.  Their 
visage  is  so  flat,  that  the  skull  of  a  Kal- 
muc  may  easily  be  known  from  that  of 
any  other  man.  The  eyes  too  arc  smal- 
ler, and  the  corners  of  them  flatter,  than 
among  the  Europeans.  They  have  thick 
lips,  a  small  nose,  a  short  chin ;  and 
their  beard  i6  scanty,  and  appears  late 
Their  teeth  are  even  and  white.  Their 
complexion  is  a  reddish  brown;  genera] 
ly  indeed  from  the  wind  and  sun,  and 
their  neglect  of  cleanliness,  it  is  of  a  ye] 
lowish  brown.  Their  ears  are  very  targe 
and  prominent;  their  hair  is  black.  Their 
knees  always  stand  outwards,  like  a  bow; 
this  proceeds  from  their  customary  man- 
ner of  sitting  on  their  ankles,  and  their 
being  almost  constantly  on  horseback. 
Their  senses  of  feeling  and  taste  arc 
dull :  but  those  of  smell,  sight,  and  hear- 


K  AM 


K  A  M 


ing,  are  waMferfully  quick.  The  women 
are  of  the^pe  shape  and  make  with  the 
men,  only  the  skin  of  their  face  is  very 
clear,  and  of  a  wholesome  white  and  red. 
Their  standing1  character  is  rough,  but 
less  dissolute  and  base  than  they  are 
commonly  supposed  to  be.  Their  pre- 
vailing- temperament  is  a  mixture  of  the 
sanguine  and  the  choleric  ;  the  melan- 
choly is  seldom  uppermost.  They  have 
a  good  understanding,  and  a  quick  com- 
prehension ;  eager  after  novelties;  of  a 
tractable  and  teachable  disposition ; 
sprightly,  hospitable,  ready  to  do  kind 
offices,  active,  and  voluptuous ;  very 
much  attached  to  their  masters,  though 
of  other  nations,  and  not  dispirited  or 
dejected  by  their  fickleness  and  ill-na- 
ture, but  contented  with  their  lot.  Their 
women  are  lively,  frank,  agreeable  and 
very  industrious.  The  clothing  of  the 
men  is  entirely  Oriental,  and  their  heads 
are  exactly  Chinese.  They  wind  linen 
about  their  feet,  and  draw  their  buskins 
over  it,  which  are  of  black  or  yellow,  or 
some  other  coloured  leather.  Their 
breeches  are  large  and  ample :  their  un- 
der garment  is  of  light  stuff  with  narrow 
sleeves,  and  a  girdle,  to  which  is  sus- 
pended the  sabre,  a  knife,  and  the  im- 
plements for  smoking  tobacco.  The  up- 
per garment  is  of  cloth,  with  wide  sleeves. 
They  let  the  beard  grow but  shave  the 
head  to  one  lock,  which  they  plait  into 
three  strings.  The  covering  for  the  head 
is  a  flat  yellow  bonnet,  with  a  small  round 
brim,  set  off  with  a  tassel. 

Kalmimzy  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria.  It  is  12  miks  from 
Katisbon,  and  situated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Vilz  and  Nad. 

Kalnick,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Bracklaw.  Lon.  29  18 
E,  lat.  48  57  N. 

Kaluga,  now  a  government  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  but  it  was  formerly  a  pro- 
vince in  the  government  of  Moscow.  Its 
principal  town,  of  the  same  name,  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Occa. 

Kamakiira,  a  famous  island  of  Japan, 
about  three  miles  in  circumference,  ly- 
ing on  the  S  coast  of  Niphon.  It  is  here 
they  confine  their  great  men,  when  they 
have  committed  any  fault ;  and  the  coast 
is  so  steep,  that  they  are  forced  to  be 
lifted  up  by  cranes. 

A'amatschinzes,  is  the  name  of  a  people 
in  Tartary.  In  the  year  1629  they  were 
made  tributary  to  Russia,  and  then  led  a 
rambling  life.  At  present  their  habita- 
tions are  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Kansk 
and  Abakansk,  two  ostrogs,  situated  one 
on  the  Yenisei,  and  the  other  on  the 
Kan.    Even  at  the  time  that  they  sub- 


mined  to  Russia,  they  were  only  a  scan 
ty  people,  or  rather  the  remains  of  some 
ancient  nation. 

Kambalay  Mount,  a  ridge  of  mountains 
in  Thibet,  between  Lake  Palte  and  the 
Burrampooter.  From  the  top  of  this 
ridge  may  be  seen,  to  the  N,  a  range  of 
still  higher  mountains,  covered  with 
snow.  The  foot  of  mount  Kambala  is  31 
miles  S  of  Lassa. 

Kumhiieck,  a  very  strong  town  of  Po- 
land, capital  of  Podolia,  with  two  castles 
and  a  bishop's  see.  When  the  Russians 
seized  part  of  the  Polish  territories  in 
1793,  this  fortress  held  out  a  long-  time, 
but  at  last  surrendered  to  their  arms. 
The  castle  is  seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  85 
miles  W  of  Braekiaw,  and  100  SE  of 
Lemburg.    Lon.  26  30  E,  hit.  48  58  N. 

Kamtschatka,  is  a  peninsula,  formed  by 
a  chain  of  stony  and  barren  mountains, 
which  run  toward  the  SSW  from  that 
part  of  the  continent  inhabited  by  the 
KoraLks.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Eastern 
Ocean,  the  gulf  of  Penschinskoi,  and  by 
the  sea  of  Oghotzk;  in  all  probability 
the  Kourili,  a  range  of  isles  which  in 
many  directions  extend  as  far  as  Japan, 
are  a  part  of  Kamtschatka.  It  is  situa- 
ted between  about  51  and  62  degrees  N 
Jlat.  The  soil  is  stony,  full  of  cold  springs, 
destitute  of  the  smallest  piece  of  fertile 
ground,  and  so  cold  even  in  the  summer, 
that  the  earth  is  totally  unfit  for  culture, 
and  of  itself  does  not  produce  a  sufficien- 
cy for  the  cattle.  The  Kamtschadales 
are  for  the  most  part  of  a  low  stature, 
with  broad  shoulders,  large  heads,  long 
flat  faces,  flat  noses,  small  eyes,  thin  lips, 
and  short  legs.  The  women  have  black 
eyes  and  eye-brows  ;  their  skin  is  rather 
delicate,  of  a  lively  red  complexion,  a 
pretty  hand,  and  small  foot,  and  they  are 
in  general  very  well  made.  The  Kam- 
schadales  have  a  lively  imagination,  a 
strong  memory,  and  such  a  genius  for 
imitation  that  they  can  copy  with  ease 
whatever  they  see.  Poverty  gives  them 
no  concern  ;  and  nothing  but  the  calls  of 
hunger  can  drive  them  to  the  chace  ,  and 
then  they  seldom  go  so  far  but  they  can 
return  to  pass  the  night  hi  the  arms  of 
their  women.  They  care  not  how  their 
meat  is  prepared,  so  it  does  but  fill  their 
stomach  ;  nor  of  what  quality  their  li- 
quor is,  so  it  does  but  intoxicate  them 
Pleasure  and  inaction  are  their  only  ob- 
jects ;  they  therefore  steal  nothing  but 
women  and  dogs,  which  formerly  were 
the  continual  causes  of  national  war. 
They  are  cowardly  and  base  to  an  exces- 
sive degree,  gratifying  their  revenge  on- 
ly by  the  darkest  and  most  secret  means. 
Every  family  has  its  summer  and  winter 


KAN 


K  AS 


house.  The  KosoutcU^pr  winter  house 
is  in  form  of  a  square  ;  a  hole  five  feet 
deep  is  dug,  which  is  surrounded  with 
palisades,  and  covered  with  rafters  laid 
across,  branches  of  trees,  hay  and  earth 
— To  get  into  the  house  they  descend 
through  a  hole  at  the  top,  this  hole  serves 
as  a  door,  a  window,  and"  a  chimney,  fir 
the  smoke  has  no  other  passage^  and  the 
light  and  air  no  other  entrance.  The  IV- 
hins  or  summer-houses  are  built  like  pi- 
geon houses  of  balks,  about  two  fathoms 
froth  the  ground ;  some  are  built  in  a 
circular,  others  in  an  angular,  form.  They 
are  very  small,  and  built  close  to  one 
another,  so  that  boards  are  laid  across  as 
bridges  of  communication.  The  Kamt- 
scadales  as  well  as  the  Tungusians  and 
other  Siberians,  eat  all  kinds  of  quadru- 
peds, birds  and  fish,  excepting  lizards, 
&jc.  Dogs  and  mice  they  eat  only  in  times 
of  scarcity.  Thebodies  of  whales,  sea  dogs 
and  other  sea  animals,  which  they  find 
on  the  shore,  are  exceedingly  agreeable 
to  them.  They  use  wild  roots  and  fruit, 
and  dry  fish,  roots,  and  different  kinds  of 
flesh,  for  winter  provision.  The  way  of 
preparing  their  victuals  is  as  extraordi- 
nary as  disgusting. 

Kanclegheri,  or  Chandepere,  a  town  oL 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Car- 
naiic,  the  site  of  the  capital  of  the  an- 
cient kingdom  of  Narsinga.  In  *599,  it 
was  the  residence  of  a  Hindoo  king,  whose 
dominion  extended  over  Tanjore  and  Ma- 
dura; and  in  1640,  a  descendant  of  this 
prince  reigned  there  ;  and  permitted  the 
English  to  settle  there.  It  is  70  miles 
distant  from  Madrass.  Lon.  79  24  E,  lat. 
13  46  N. 

JCanem,  a  city  of  Africa,  in  the  empire 
of  Bornou,  capital  of  a  fertile  province 
of  the  same  name.  The  inhabitants  raise 
great  quantities  of  horses  for  the  ser- 
vice of  the  king.  It  is  150  miles  NW  of 
Bornou. 

Kanha-aia,  Great,  a  river  of  Virginia. 
It  rises  iii  North  Carolina,  and  being  en- 
larged by  a  number  of  tributary  streams, 
runs  nearly  due  N  through  Grayson, 
Wythe,  and  Moutgomery  counties  till  it 
is  joined  by  the  Grefen  Briar:  thence  it 
flows  nearly  NW  till  it  fulls  into  the  Ohio 
at  Point  Pleasant.  Its  whole  course  is 
abOut  400  miles,  and  its  width  at  the 
Ohio  about  500  yards. 

Kanha-aia  court-house,  the  principal  seat 
of  justice  in  Kanhawa,  one  of  ihe  frontier 
counties  of  Virginia  ;  situated  on  the  S 
bank  of  Elk  river,  at  its  junction  with 
the  Kanhawa.  Here  is  a  post  office  406 
miles  from  Washington. 

Kuvio-w,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Kiow,  seated  near  the 


Dnieper,  62  miles  S  by  E  ^Kiow,  and 
10  mih-s  NTE  of  Hrackiaw.^P 

Kumsca,  an  impregnable  town  of  Low- 
er Hungary,  capital  of  the  county  of  Sa- 
lawar.  It  was  taken  by  the  Austrians  in 
1690,  and  is  seated  on  the  Drave,  100 
miles  S  bv  E  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  40  E, 
iat.  46  43  N. 

Kan-t.-heon  fou,  a  very  rich  and  popu- 
lous city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Kiang-si,  it  has  an  excellent  port,  and  is 
celebrated  for  its  rivers.  Its  district 
contains  12  cities  of  the  third  class;  and 
it  is  250  miles  N  by  E  of  Canton. 

Kao-tcheou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Quang-tong.  The  inhabitants 
of  this  city  cut  slabs  and  tables  out  of  a 
kind  of  marble  that  is  found  in  its  vi- 
cinity, which  represents,  naturally,  ri- 
vers, mountains,  landscapes  and  trees* 
Kao-tcheou-fou  has  one  city  of  the  se- 
cond class,  and  five  of  the  third,  under 
its  jurisdiction. 

Kdposwar,  a  fort  of  Lower  Hungary,  on 
the* river  Kapos,  which  washes  its  walls 
It  is  55  miles  W  of  Tolna.  Lon.  18  13 
E,  lat.  46  31  N. 

Karakusxiaus,  a  people  of  Tartary,  sub- 
ject to  Russia,  who  make  a  part  of  those 
small  remnants  of  the  different  people 
comprehended  under  .the  name  of  the 
nations  of  Krasnoyarsk,  related  to  the 
Samoyedes.  They  are  so  extremely  poor, 
that,  excepting  a  small  number  of  rein- 
deer, they  are  in  possession  of  no  one 
thing  in  the  world  of  any  value.  In  win- 
ter they  live  entirely  by  the  chace,  in  the 
summer  wild  roots  and  fish  are  all  their 
food.  For  procuring  these  they  common- 
ly quit  their  station  every  three  days  du- 
ring summer,  to  look  out  for  the  lakes 
most  abundant  in  fish,  and  whose  banks 
are  the  most  productive  of  roots. 

Kareck%  an  island  in  the  Persian  Gulf, 
lying  nearly  in  the  middle  of  it,  about 
seven  leagues  from  each  side,  and  30 
from  Bassorah  River,  where  all  the  ships 
bound  for  that  port  must  call  for  pilots, 
ft  is  five  miles  long*,  and  two  broad.  Here 
baron  Kniphausen,  about  the  middle  of 
'his  century,  formed  a  flourishing  Dutch 
settlement  ;  but  on  his  quitting  their  scr- 
\  ice,  it  became  subject  to  its  former  mas- 
ter, the  sheick  of  Bundaric. 

Karhcrulie,  a  city  of  Germany-,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  in  the  margravate  of 
Baden  Darlach,"  with  a  magnificent  pa- 
lace. The  city  is  built  on  a  regular  plan, 
and  the  houses  are  all  as  uniform  as  the 
streets.   It  is  12  miles  N  by  E  of  Baden. 

Kama,  a  large  country  of  the  Russian 
empire,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  river 
Volga.  It  was  formerly  an  independent 
kingdom,  belonging  to  the  Kalmuc  Tar- 


KEE 


KEN 


tars,  to  whom  the  great  dukes  of.  Mos- 
cow, with  qdier  petty  principalities  of 
Russia,  were  tributary.  But  in  1552,  Ivan 
Vassilievitch  11.  conquered  Kasun,  which 
now  forms  the  three  Russian  governments 
of  Kasan,  Simbirsk,  and  Fenza. 

Kasan,  the  capital  of  the  Russian  go- 
vernment of  the  ^pime  name,  seated  on 
the  rivulet  Cassanka,  where  it  falls  into 
the  Volga,  414  miles  E  by  N  of  Moscow. 
Lon.  49  8  E,  lat.  55  43  N.  . 

Kaskuskia,  a  post  town  m  Randolph 
county,  Indiana  Territory ;  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  he  River  Kiskaskia,  near 
its  junction  with  the  Mississippi,  at  the 
distance  of  eight  miles  from  the  latter 
river,  and  about  180  SW  of  Vincennes  in 
the  same  territory.  It  is  the  principal 
seat  of  justice,  and  contains  about  500 
inhabitants. 

Kauffbeuren,  a  free  imperial  town  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Suabia,  in  the 
territory  of  Kempten.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Wardech,  18  miles  NE  of  Kempten, 
and  30  S  by  W  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  lj 
43  E,  lat.  47  58  N. 

Kaye 's  Island,  an  island  -in  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  capt.  Cook 
in  1778.  Its  NE  point  is  a  naked  rock, 
considerably  elevated  above  the  land 
within  it.  Some  parts  of  the  shore  are 
interrupted  by  small  valleys,  filled  with 
pine-trees  These  also  abound  in  other 
parts  of  the  island,  which  is  covered,  >n 
a  manner,  with  a  broad  girdle  of  wood; 
but  the  trees  are  far  from  being  of  an  ex- 
traordinary growth,  so  that  they  would 
be  of  no  great  use  for  shipping,  unless  as 
materials  for  small  things.  Lon.  131  48 
W,  lat.  59  51  X. 

Kayersberg,  a  town  of  Trance,  now  it 
the  department  of  Upper  Rhine,  and  late 
province  of  Alsace,  9  miles  NW  of  Col- 
in ar,  and  25  NW  of  Basil.  Lon.  7  23  E, 
lat.  48  10  N. 

Kaywslaiitern,  a  to\tn  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine.  In  the  pre- 
sent war  it  was  taken  by  the  French,  is 
seated  on  the  Lauter,  22  miles  SW  of 
Worms,  and  38  S  by  W  of  Mentz.  JLon. 
7  51  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Kayserstuhl,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  county  of  Baden,  with  a  bridge  over 
the  Rhine,  and  a  castle.  It  belongs  to 
the  bishop  of  Constance,  and  is  eight 
miles  SE  of  Zurzach.  Lon.  8  24  E,  lat. 
47  8  N. 

Kaysewerd,  or  Keisewert,  a  town  of 
Germany  in  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  in 
thetluchy  of  Berg,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
eight  miles  N  of  Dusseldorp,  and  22  NW 
of  Cologne.  Lon.  6  45  E,  lat.  51  14  N. 

Keen,  a  post  town  in  Cheshire  county, 
New  Hampshire,  14  miles  SE  of  Walpole, 


and  95  W  of  Portsmouth  ;  containing 
1645  inhabitants  at  last  census  in  1800- 

Kehl,  a  strong  and  important  fortress  of 
Germany,  in  Stiabia,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
over  which  is  a  bridge  at  Strasburg.  It 
was  built  after  the  design  of  Yauban,  to 
defend  that  city.  It.  was  strongly  forti- 
fied by  the  French,  who  took  possession  ' 
of  it  in  1684.  Some  of  the  ancient  for- 
tifications are  in  ruins,  but  it  is  still  an 
important  pass,  between  France  and  Ger- 
many. It  was  taken  by  the  Frehch  in 
June  -1796  ;  retaken  by  the  Austrian?  on 
September  18th  following;  but  the  bridge 
not  being  destroyed,  the  French  regained 
possession  of  it  the  same  day.  Lon.  7  53 
E,  lat.  48  34  N, 

Kelso,  a  populous  town  in  Roxburgh- 
shire, with  a  good  market  fin-  corn,  and  a 
bridge  of  six  arches  over  the  Tw  eed,  near 
its  confluence  with  the  Teviot.  Magni- 
ficent ruins  of  the  abbey,  founded  by  Da- 
vid 1.  in  1128,  still  remain.  Much  wheat 
is  raised  in  this  neighbourhood,  and  the 
fleeces. of  the  sheep  are  remarkably  fine. 
Kelso  is  20  miles  SW  of  Berwick,  and 
3318  N'NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  18  W,  lat. 
55  36  N. 

Kelvin,  a  small  river  of  Lanarkshire,  in 
Scotland,  over  which  the  great  canal  is 
conveyed  by  an  acpieduct  bridge. 

Kempen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  dec- 
orate of  Cologne,  seated  on  the  Niers, 
30  miles  NW  of  Cologne:  Lon.  6  30  E, 
lat.  51  18  N. 

Ke-mpten,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Sua- 
bia, in  the  territory  of  the  abbot  of  Kemp- 
en,  who  is  a  prince  of  the  empire.  The 
inhabitants  are  protestants.  It  is  seated 
on  the  lller,  45  miles  S  bv  W  of  Augs- 
burg.   Lon.  10  21  E,  lat.  47  49  N. 

Ken,  a  river  in  Westmoreland,  which 
ias  a  cataract  near  its  mouth,  that  ob- 
structs the  navigation  ;  so  that  Milthorp, 
utuuted  below  this  cataract,  is  the  only 
,K>rt  of  Westmoreland. 

Ken,  a  river  in  Kirkcudbrightshire,  that 
lows  o  New  Galloway,  below  which  it 
expands  into  a  lake,  four  miles  long  and 
one  broad  The  stream  that  issues  from 
this  lake,  falls  into  the  river  Dee,  and 
heir  united  waters  meet  the  Irish  Sea,  at 
Kirkcudbright. 

Kendal,  a  corporate  town  in- Westmore- 
land, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ken,  over  which  are  two 
stone  bridges,  and  one  of  wood,  which 
Lads  to  the  casile  now  in  ruins.  The  in- 
habitants have  driven  a  trade  with  the 
•  ■otton  and  woollen  mauufactorv,  through- 
out England,  ever  since  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward III.  It  is  of  note  also  for  the  manu- 
factory of  cottons,  druggets,  serges,  hats, 
worsted  and  yarn  stockings,  8;c.    It  has 


KEN 


KEN 


a  large  beautiful  church,  which  stands 
on  Lhe  other  side  of  the  brook  called 
Blindbeck,  out  of  the  liberty  of  the  town, 
a  large  neat  and  handsome  building-  180 
feet  long-  and  99  broad,  with  five  aisles, 
each  parted  by  a  row  of  eight  pillars,  and 
a  strong  square  steeple.  In  1755,  a  new 
chapel  was  erected  in  the  middle  of  the 
town,  besides  which  there  are  12  chapels 
of  ease  belonging  to  it.  The  dissenters 
and  quakers  have  meetinghouses.  Here 
is  a  free  grammar-school  well  endowed; 
and  also  a  charity  school  for  10  boys  and 
16  girls,  who  are  clothed  as  well  as 
'  taught.  It  has  fairs  on  May  6th,  and 
November  8th  ;  and  between  them  a  great 
beast  market  every  fortnight.  The  river 
here,  which  runs  half  through  the  town 
in  a  stony  channel,  abounds  with  trout 
and  salmon.  Lon.  25  2  W,  lat.  54  15  N. 

Kennebeck,  a  river  which  rises  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  district  of  Maine, 
in  New  England,  and  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  between  the  bays  of  Casco 
and  Penobscot. 

Kennebeck,  a  county  in  the  district  of 
Maine,  containing  32,564  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  situated  between  Hancock 
county  on  the  E,  and  Cumberland,  on  the 
W,  Lincoln  on  the  S,  and  Lower  Canada 
on  the  N.  It  is  watered  by  the  river 
Kennebeck  and  its  tributary  streams.  The 
chief  town  is  Hallowell. 

Kennebunky  a  post  and  seaport  town  in 
York  county,  Maine,  32  miles  S  by  W  of 
Portland,  and  about  the  same  distance  N 
E  of  Portsmouth,  in  New  Hampshire. 

Kennet,  a  river  which  rises  among  the 
chalky  hills  in  Wilts,  and  flows  to  New- 
bury* in  Berks,  where  it  becomes  navi- 
gable ;  it  is  then  augmented  by  the  Lam- 
born,  and  runs  to  Reading,  below  which 
it  mingles  with  the  Thames. 

Kennet- Square,  a  village  in  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  about  30  miles  SW 
of  Philadelphia.    It  has  a  post  office. 

Kenoque,  a  fort  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
six  miles  from  Dixmude. 

Kensington,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  two 
miles  W  of  London.  Here  is  Kensington 
palace,  formerly  a  seat  of  the  lord  chan- 
cellor Finch,  afterward  earl  of  North- 
ampton, Lut  purchased  of  that  nobleman 
by  William  III.  The  extensive  gardens, 
of  late  years,  have  become  a  very  fash- 
ionable walk. 

Kent,  one  of  the  counties  of  England, 
situated  at  the  SE  corner  of  the  island, 
and  from  thence  enjoying  many  advan- 
tages. As  to  the  climate  of  this  coun- 
try it  varies  according  to  the  situation  of 
places.  There  is  no  region  more  happily 
or  more  beautifully  diversified  in  regard 
to  soil,  so  that  every  kind  thereof  is, 


somewhere  or  other,  to  be  met  with  in 
its  bounds  ;  and  in  no  shire  are  any  of 
these  soils  more  fertile  than  they  are  in 
this.  The  Wcold  yields  variety  of  fine 
timber,  particularly  of  chesnut;  the  mid- 
dle part  has  very  rich  arable  land,  an- 
nually bearing  every  species  of  grain  in 
immense  plenty,  and^iese  excellent  in 
their  several  sorts.  There  are  also  many 
beautiful  orchards,  which  produce  a  va- 
riety of  fine  fruits,  and  more  especially 
apples  and  cherries,  which  were  introdu- 
ced here  from  Flanders.  The  many  rich 
commodities  produced  in  this  county,  is 
ihc  reason  why  most  of  our  writers  have 
represented  it  as  in  a  manner  void  of  ma- 
nufactures which,  however,  as  appears 
upon  a  strict  and  impartial  examination, 
is  very  far  from  being  the  case.  Of  iron 
works  there  were  anciently  many  ;  and 
there  are  still  some,  where  kettles,  bombs, 
bullets,  cannon,  and  such  like,  are  made. 
The  principal  rivers,  besides  the  Thames, 
are  the  Medway,  Darent,  Stour,  Cray,  and 
itother.    Maidstone  is  the  county  town. 

Kent,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Rhode 
Island,  containing  9834  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  extends  from  Narraganset  bay 
to  Connecticut,  and  is  divided  into  four 
townships;  the  chief  towns  are  Warwick 
and  Greenwich. 

Kent,  a  county  of  Delaware  state,  con- 
taining 20,495  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Newcastle,  and  on 
the  S  by  Sussex  ;  on  the  E  by  Delaware 
bay,  and  on  the  W  by  Maryland.  It  is 
divided  into  five  hundreds,  and  the  chief 
town  is  Dover,  which  is  also  the  capital 
of  the  state. 

Kent,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Mary- 
land, containing  11,450  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  eastern  shore 
of  Chesapeak  bay  ;  being  bounded  b\ 
said  bay  on  the  W,  and  the  state  of  De- 
laware on  the  E,  by  Queen  Ann's  county 
on  the  S,  and  Cecil  on  the  N.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  Chester  and  Sassafras, 
and  the  chief  town  Chester. 

Kent,  a  large  island  in  Chesapeak  ba\ ', 
belonging  to  the  state  of  Maryland.  It 
contains  nearly  30,000  acres  of  land,  and 
forms  a  part  of  Queen  Ann's  county. 

Kentaiffe,  Mount,  a  ridge  of  mountains 
in  the  S  part  of  Thibet,  bordering  on 
Hindoostan  Proper.  On  the  W  side  of 
this  ridge  are  the  two  heads  of  he  GJan* 
ges,  and  from  its  E  side  issues  he  Bur 
rampooter. 

Kentsingueii,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
Brisgaw,  seated  on  the  river  Elz.  Lon- 
7  57  E,  lat.  48  18  N. 

Kenuicky,  first  discovered  in  1754,  for- 
merly a  part  of  Virginia,  settled  in  1773, 
and  ceded  to.  Congress  in  1792.   It  is  si 


K  E  N 

(Mated  between  36  30  ami  39  30  N  iat. 
and  8  and  15  W  Ion.  being  250  miles  in 
length,  and  200  in  breadth.  It  is  bound- 
ed X  and  NW  by  the  river  Ohio  ;  W  by 
tlie  river -Mississippi ;  S  by^Tennessee  ; 
E  by  Sandy  river,  and  a  l;ne  drawn  due 
S  from  ils  source  till  it  strikes  the  nor- 
thern boundary  of  Tennessee.  This  whole 
country,  as  far  as  has  yet  been  discover- 
ed, lies  upon  a  bed  of  lime-stone,  which 
in  general  is  about  six  feet  below  the 
surface,  except  in  the  valleys  where  the 
soil  is  much  thinner.  A  tract  of  about 
20  miles  wide  along-  the  banks  of  the 
Ohio  is  hilly,  broken  land,  interspers- 
ed with  many  fertile  spots.  The  rest 
of  the  country  is  agreeably  uneven,  gently 
ascending  and  descending  at  no  great 
distances.  This  country  in  general  is 
well  timbered  ;  and  such  is  the  variety 
and  beauty  of  the  flowering  shrubs  and 
plants  which  grow  spontaneously  in  it, 
that  in  the  proper  season  the  wilderness 
appears  in  blossom.  The  accounts  of  the 
fertility  of  the  soil  in  this  country  have 
in  some  instances  exceeded  belief,  and 
probably  have  been  exaggerated.  That 
some  parts  of  Kentucky,  particularly  the 
high  grounds,  are  remarkably  good,  all 
accounts  agree.  The  lands  of  the  first 
rate  are  too  rich  for  wheat,  and  will  pro- 
duce 50  and  60,  and  in  some  instances  it 
is  affirmed  100  bushels  of  good  corn  an 
acre.  In  common  the  land  will  produce 
30  bushels  of  wheat  or  rye  an  acre.  Bar- 
ley, oats,  cotton,  flax,  hemp,  and  vege- 
tables of  all  kinds  common  in  this  cli- 
mate, yield  abundantly.  The  old  Vir- 
ginia planters  say,  that  if  the  climate 
does  not  prove  too  moist,  few  soils 
known  will  yield  more  and  better  tobac- 
co.— The  climate  is  healthy  and  delight- 
ful, some  few  places  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  ponds  and  low  grounds  except- 
ed. The  inhabitants  do  not  experience 
the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  Snow 
seldom  falls  deep  or  lies  long.  The  win- 
ter, which  begins  about  Christmas,  is 
never  longer  tlran  three  months,  and.  is 
commonly  but  two,  and  is  so  rnild  that 
cattle  can  subsist  without  fodder.  The 
chief  rivers  are  Cumberland,  Great  Bar- 
ren, Green,  Kentucky,  Licking,  and  San- 
dy. The  land  is  generally  level  ;  the  few 
mountains  that  are  worthy  of  notice  lie 
in  the  SE  corner  of  the  state.  It  is  di- 
vided into  54  counties,  and  in  1810  the 
enumeration  of  inhabitants  amounted  to 
406,511,  including  80,561  slaves.  The 
form  of  Government  is  Republican,  and 
consists  of  a  Governor  elected  even 
fourth  year,  and  a  Legislature  divided 
info  two  branches,  viz.  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives.    They  are  all 


KES 

chosen  by  the  people,  and  every  white 
maid  who  i;as  resided  two  years  in  the 
stale,  and  is  of  legal  age,  has  a  right  to 
vote.  The  capital  is  Frankfort,  situ  ited 
on  the  E  side  of  the  river  Kentucky, 
lat.  38  N,  and  ion.  85  W. 

Kentucky,  a  river  of  North  America, 
which  rises  from  a  mountainous  part  of 
the  country  of  the  same  name.  Its  N 
branch,  which  iivcrlocks  with  Cumber- 
land river,  falls  into  the  Ohio  in  lat  38 
27  N.  l's  banks  may  be  called  precipices, 
for  almost  every  where  they  consist  of 
three  or  four  hundred  feet  of  a  solid  per- 
pendicular lime*stone  ro^k. 

Kercolavg,  an  island  in  the  Indian  O- 
cean,  between  80  arid  100  miles  in  cir- 
cumference.   Lon.  1?6  31  E,  lat.  4  28  N, 

Kerguelen's  Land,  an  island  in  the 
Southern  Ocean,  visited  by  captain  Cook, 
in  1779.    Lon.  69  37  E,  hit.  49  3  S. 

JCermav,  a  province  of  Persia,  lying  on 
the  gulf  of  Persia.  The  inhabitants  drive 
a  great  trade  in  their  wool. 

Kerman,  a  town  of  Persia,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  called  also 
Caramania.  It  is  120  miles  NNW  of 
Gombroon.    Lon.  55  15  E,  lat.  29  20  N. 

Kerpetii  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle ol  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of  Jtt- 
liers,  14  miles  SE  of  Jailers.  Lon.  6  56 
li,  lat.  50  0  m 

Kerry,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Monster,  57  miles  long  and  45 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  the  counties 
of  Limerick  and  Cork,  on  the  W  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  N  by  the  Shan- 
non, which  separates  it  from  Thomond, 
and  on  the  S  by  Desmond  and  the  ocean. 
It  is  a  mountainous  country,  but  in  many 
places  are  good  corn-fields.  It  contains 
84  parishes,  and  sends  eight  members  to 
parliament.    Ardfert  is  the  capital. 

Kershaw,  a  county  of  South  Carolina 
containing  9,867  inhabitants  in  1810, 
about  one  half  slaves.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween Wateree  and  Lychis  River  ;  and  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Lancaster,  and  on 
the  S  by  Clermont. 

Kerlsch,  a  fortress  of  great  import- 
ance, as  this  and  that  of  Yenikale  com- 
mand the  passage  which  forms  the  com- 
munication between  the  sea  of  A  soph 
:md  the  Black  Sea.  It  is  situated  on  the 
E  coast  of  the  Crimea,  near  the  N  en- 
trance of  the  straits  ofCaffa. 

Kssroan,  a  chain  of  mountains,  on  the 
coast  of  Syria,  which  makes  a  part  of 
Mount  Libantis. 

Kessel,  a  town  of  Prussian  Guelderland, 
with  a  handsome  castle,  seated  on  ti  c 
Maese,  between  Ruremond  and  Venlo. 
Lon.  5  49  E,  lat.  15  16  N. 

Kesseldorft  a  village  of  Germany,  in 

U  u 


K  I  A 

the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  three  miles 
below  Dresden,  remarkable  for  a  victory 
gained  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  over  the 
Saxons,  in  1745. 

Keateven,  one  of  the  three  grand  divi 
sions  of  Lincolnshire.  It  contains  the  W 
part  of  the  county,  from  the  middle  to 
the  S  extremity. 

Keswick,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday  ;  it  is  seated  in  a 
vale  surrounded  by  hills,  near  the  rapid 
river  Greeta ;  near  this  vale  the  finest 
black  lead  in  the  world  is  dug-  up.  It  is 
25  miles  NW  of  Kendal,  and  287  NX \V 
of  London.    Lon.  3  16  \Y,  lat.  58  35  N. 

Kiswick,  Vale  of,  a  district  in  the  S 
part  of  Cumberland.  Here  is  the  lake  of 
Derwent-water.  To  the  N  of  this  is  the 
lofty  mountain  Skiddaw,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  in  England  ;  and  to  the  S 
is  the  dreary  region  of  Borrowdale.  See 
Jtorro-itxlale,  Dev-ivent-nvater,  and  Skiddaiv. 

Kettering,  a  town  in  Northampton- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Friday-  It  is 
pleasantly  seated  on  an  ascent,  12  miles 
NE  of  Northampton,  and  75  NW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  59  E,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Kevo,  a  village  in  Surry,  seven  miles 
W  by  S  of  London.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Thames,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge  of 
seven  arches  to  Brentford.  Here  is  a 
royal  palace,  fine  gardens,  and  his  ma- 
jesty's exotic  garden.  Many  new  plants 
from  the  South  Sea  and  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  being  transplanted  to  it.  The  lat- 
ter has  been  brought  to  great  perfection. 
Kew  gardens  are  open  to  the  public,  every 
Monday,  from  Midsummer  to  the  end  ot 
Autumn. 

Ke^holm,  a  town  of  the  Russian  govern- 
ment of  Wiburgh.  Tt  is  well  fortified, 
and  has  a  strong  castle.  The  houses  are 
built  of  wood.  Near  it  is  a  considerable 
salmon  fishery.  It  is  seated  on  two  is- 
lands of  the  lake  Ladoga,  GO  miles  NF 
of  Wiburg,  and  67  N  of  Petersbtirgh. 
Lorn  30  25  E,  lat.  61  3  N.  ^ 

R'eynsham,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursuay.  It  bus  some 
trade  in  malt,  and  is  seated  on  the  Avon, 
over  which  ihere  is  a  bridge.  It  is  five 
miles  SE  of  Bristol,  and  119  W  of  Lon-' 
don.    Lon.  2  34  W,  lat.  51  24  N. 

Kharkof,  a  government  of  the  Russian 
empire,  formerly  comprised  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Ukrania-Slovodskaia.  Its  ca- 
pital of  the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the 
Uda,  which  falls  into  the  Donetz. 

Kia-king-fuv,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Tche-kiang,  remarkable  for 
nothing  but  its  streets,  ornamented  by 
beautiful  piazzas,  that  shelter  passen- 
gers from  the  sun  and  rain.  Seven  cities 
of  the  third  class  are  dependant  upon  it. 


Kiang-min,  a  province  of  China,  bound- 
ed on  the  W  by  Honan  and  Houquang, 
on  the  S  by  Tche-kiang  and  Kian-si,  on 
the  E  by  thegulf  of  Nanking,  and  on  the 
N  by  Chan-ton g.  It  is  of  vast  extent  and 
contains  14  cities  of  the  first  rank,  and 
93  of  the  second  and  third.  These  cities 
are  very  populous,  and  all  of  them  are 
gt<  at  tr.ding  places,  it  is  full  of  lakes, 
rivers,  and  c:>nals;  and  their  silks,  ja- 
panned goods,  ink,  and  paper,  bring 
higher  pric*  s  than  that  of  the  other  pro- 
vinces, Nan-king  is  the  capital. 

Kiang-Si,  a  province  of  China,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Kiang-nan,  on  the  W  by 
Hou-quang,  on  the  S  by  Quang-tong,  and 
on  the  E  by  Fo-kien  and  Tche-kiang.  The 
mountains  of  this  province  contain  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  lead,  &c.  the  rice  it  pro- 
duces is  very  delicate,  and  its  porcelain 
is  the  finest  of  the  empire.  It  contains 
13  cities  of  the  first,  antl  78  of  the  se- 
cond and  third.  Nan-tchang-fou  is  the 
capital. 

Kiburg,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  and  in 
the  canton  of  Zuric,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Theoff,  14  miles  NE 
of  the  town  of  Zuric.    Lon.  8  46  E,  lat. 

47  28  N. 

Kidderminster,  a  corporate  town  in 
Worcestershire,  with  a  market  on  Thurs- 
day. It  is  seated  under  a  hill,  on  the  ri- 
ver Stour,  and  is  the  principal  manufac- 
turing place  in  the  county,  and  it  was 
particularly  noted  for  a  woollen  manufac- 
ture called  Kidderminster  stuff's.  Its  for- 
mer trade  of  stuffs  is  much  declined,  on 
account  of  the  general  use  of  cotton 
goods ;  but  its  carpet  manufacture  has 
greatly  increased.  It  is  the  first  market 
in  England  for  pile  or  plush  carpets,  1000 
looms  being  employed  in  that  branch  of 
traffic,  which,  for  fceauty  of  colour  and 
patterns,  exceed  any  other.  These  are 
frequently  called  Wilton,  from  having 
been  first  made  at  that  town.  The  worst- 
ed shag  trade  has  also  been  introduced 
here,  and  employs  many  looms.  It  is  14 
miles  SE  of  Bridgenorth,  and  125  NW  of 
London.    Lon.  2  18  W,  lat  52  28  N. 

Kidivelly,  a  town  in  Carmarthenshire  in 
S  Wales,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It 
is  seated  on  a  creek  of  the  Bristol  Chan- 
nel, hear  the  mouth  of  the  Towy.  From 
this  town,  a  canal  has  been  cut  to  some 
collieries,  whence  coal  is  brought  down 
and  exported.  It  is  eight  miles  S  of  Car- 
marthen, and  224  W  bv  N  of  London. 
Lon.  4  20  W,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Kiel,  a  strong  and  considerable  town 
of  Germany,  in  the  circle  »f  Lower  Sax- 
ony, capital  of  Holstein,  with  a  castle, 
and  a  university.  It  stands  on  a  penin- 
sula, in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  and  has  a 


K  I  L 


K  I  L 


commodious  harbour  for  ships  of  the 
largest  size.  A  canal  was  begun  in  1777, 
by  which  the  navigation  of  the  Northern 
Sea  is  to  be  united  with  the  Baltic  ;  and 
is  to  be  formed  across  Holstein,  by  the 
canal  of  Kiel,  and  the  river  Eyder,  which 
passes  by  Rendsburg,  and  falls  into  the 
German  Ocean  at  Tonningen  ;  by  which 
the  trade  of  Kiel  already  one  of  the  most 
commercial  places  in  Holstein  will  be 
further  augmented.  Kiel  i^  37  miles  N 
W  of  Lubec,  and  46  X  by  E  of  Ham- 
burg. Lon.  10  0  E,  lat.  54  20  N.  See 
Holstein. 

Kiema,  a  promontory  of  Swisserland, 
on  the  W  shore  of  the  lake  of  Zng,  of 
which  it  is  remarkable,  that  the  ground 
belongs  to  the  canton  of  Lucern,  the 
timber  to  that  of  Zug,  and  the  leaves  to 
that  of  Schweitz. 

Kitn-ning-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Fo-kien.  At  the  time  of  the 
conquest  of  China  by  the  Tartars,  it  sus- 
tained two  sieges,  and  after  some  time 
it  was  taken,  and  all  the  inhabitants 
were  put  to  the  sword.  Having  been 
since  re-jstablishad  by  the  same  Tartars 
that  destroyed  it,  it  is  ranked  among  ci- 
ties of  the  first  class,  and  has  eight  cities 
of  the  third  class  under  its  jurisdiction. 
It  is  260  miles  SE  of  Nan-king. 

Kierno\o,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  seated 
on  the  Viilia,  where  the  duke  resides. 
Lon.  35  21  E,  lat.  54  50  X. 

Kilbarchan,  a  village  in  Renfrewshire  ; 
it  is  a  manufacturing  place,  and  has  ex- 
tensive bleaching  grounds.  It  is  five 
miles  S\V  of  Renfrew. 

Kilbeggmi,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
West  Meath.  It  is  seated  on  the  fiosna, 
and  is  44  miles  VV  of  Dublin. 

Kilburn,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  in  the 
vicinity  of  London ;  famous  for  a  fine- 
well  of  mineral  water. 

Kilda,  St.  a  small  island  of  Scotland, 
one  of  the  Hebrides,  18  leagues  to  the  W 
of  North  Uist.  A  great  number  of  the 
poor  people  in  this  island  live  chiefly  by 
fishing  and  catching  wild  fowls.  In  the 
latter  employment,  they  are  incredibly 
adventurous  ;  being  often  let  downliy  a 
tope  from  the  summit  of  high  precipi- 
tous rocks  where  they  clamber  among 
the  rugged  cliffs,  in  search  of  the  eggs 
.and  nests  of  various  birds.  But  the  more 
safe  and  common  method  of  catching 
-these  fowls  is,  by  spreading  a  large  net 
over  the  fare  of  the  rock  where  they 
lodge,  in  which  great  numbers  are  at 
once  entangled,  and  lowered  down  into 
a  boat.  St.  K'dda  is  the  most  westerly 
island  of  Great  Britain. 

Kildare,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 


province  of  Leinster,  37  miles  long  and 
20  broad;  bounded  on  the  E  by  Dublin 
and  Wicklow,  on  the  W  by  King's  Coun- 
ty, and  Queen's  County,  on  the  N  by  E 
Meath,  and  on  the  S  by  Catlicrlough.  It 
is  a  fertile  country,  contains  100  parishes, 
and  sends  10  members  to  parliament. 

Kildare,  a  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of 
i  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see.  It  is  27  miles  SW  of  Dublin. 
Lon.  6  37  W,  lat.  53  9  N. 

Kildrunvny,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in 
Aberdeenshire,  seated  on  the  Don.  Lon, 
2  35  \V,  lat.  57  20  N. 

Kilgarren,  a  town  in  Pembrokeshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Tyvy,  is  a  long  town  con- 
sisting  of  one  street,  and  had  formerly  a 
castle,  now  in  ruins  ;  and  near  it  is  a  re- 
markable salmon-leap,  where  the  fish  are 
caught  in  great  abundance.  Above  this 
place,  are  large  works  for  fabricating  tin 
plates.  It  is  30  miles  N  of  Pembroke, 
and  227  VVNW  of  London.  Lon.  4  40  W, 
lat.  52  4  N. 

Kilham^  a  town  in  the  E  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Moulds,  and  is  36  miles 
NE  of  York,  and  200  N  of  London.  Lon. 
0  16  \V,  lat.  54  5  N. 

Kilia,  a  fortified  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  the  province  of  Bessarabia; 
seated  in  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Danube.  It  is  86  miles  SW  of  Bialogo- 
rod,  and  290  NE  of  Constantinople.  Lon. 
28  46  E,  lat.  45  22  N. 

Kiikenivj,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Leinster,  40  miles  long  and 
20  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  Cather- 
lough  and  Wexford,  on  the  W  by  Tippe- 
rary,  on  the  N  by  Queen's  County,  and 
on  the  S  by  Waterford.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  healthful,  pleasant  and  populous 
counties  in  Ireland,  contains  96  parishes, 
and  sends  16  members  to  parliament. 

Kilkenny,  a  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of 
a,  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  populous  and  commercial  towns 
of  Ireland  ;  and  consists  of  the  Irish  and 
English  Town,  the  last  of  which  is  the 
principal.  It  once  had  a  bishop  and  the 
cathedral  is  yet.  standing.  It  is  26  miles 
N  of  Waterford,  and  54  SW  of  Dublin. 
Lon.  6  55  W,  lat.  52  36  N. 

JCillala,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Mayo,  and  province  of  Con- 
nanght,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  21 
miles  N  of  Castlebar.  Lon.  9  11  W,  lat. 
54  15  E. 

E'Jiuhjc  a  city  of  Iceland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Clare,  and  province  of  Minister 
with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Shan- 
non, over  which  is  a  bridge  of  19  arches. 


K  I  L 


K  I  L 


Here  is  a  considerable  salmon  and  eel 

fishery.  It  is  10  miles  NNE  of  Limerick. 
Lom.  8  27W,  lat.  52  5U  N. 

Killarney,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Kerry  and  province  of  Mun- 
ster,  on  the  side  of  a  lake  of  the  same 
name.  Within  h  df  a  mile  of  this  place 
are  the  ruins  of  the  cathedral  of  Agha- 
doe,  an  ancieni  bishopric  united  to  Ard- 
fert.    It  is  143  miles  SW  of  Dublin. 

Killarney,  a  beautiful  lake  of  Ireland 
in  the  couuy  of  Kerry,  otherwise  called 
Lough  Lean,  from  its  being"  surrounded 
by  high  mountains.  It  is  divided  into 
three  pans,  called  the  Lower,  Middle 
and  Upper  Lake.  The  northern,  or  lower 
lake,  is  six  miles  in  length,  and , from 
three  to  four  in  breadth.  On  the  side  of 
one  of  the  mountains,  is  O'Sulli  van's  Cas- 
cade, which  fulls  into  the  lake  with  a 
tour  that  strikes  the  timid  with  awe. 
Th«  view  of  this  sheet  of  water  is  un- 
commonly fine,  appearing  as  if  it  were 
descending' from  an  arch  of  wood,  wh  ich 
overhangs  it  above  70  feet  in  height  from 
the  point  of  view.  The  islands  are  not 
so  numerous  in  this  as  in  the  upper  lake  ; 
but  there  is  one  of  uncommon  beauty,  | 
called  Innisfallen,  nearly  opposite  O'Sul- 
livan's  Cascade-  It  contains  18  Irish 
acres;  and  the  coast  is  formed  into  a  va- 
riety of  bays  and  promontories,  skirted 
and  crowned  with  arbutus,  holly,  and 
other  shrubs  and  trees.  The  promon- 
tory of  Mucrus,  which  divides  the  upper 
from  the  lower  lake,  is  a  perfect  land  of 
enchantment ;  and  a  road  is  carried 
through  i.he  centre  of  this  promontory, 
which  unfolds  all  the  interior  beauties  of 
the  place.  Among  the  distant  mountains, 
Turk  appears  an  object  of  magnificence  : 
and  Mangel-ton's  more  lofty,  though  less 
interesting  summit,  soars  above  the  whole. 
The  passage  to  the  upper  lake  is  round 
the  extremity  of  Mucrus,  which  con- 
fines it  on  one  side,  and  the  approaching 
mountains  on  the  other.  Here  is  a  cele- 
brated rock,  called  the  Eagle's  Nest, 
which  produces  wonderful  echoes  j  the 
report  of  a  single  cannon  is  answered  by 
a  succession  of  peals  resembling  the 
loudest  thunder,  which  seems  to  travel 
the  surrounding  scenery,  and  die  awav 
among  the  distant  mountains.  The  upper 
lake  is  four  miles  in  length,  and  frotn 
two  to  three  in  breadth.  It  is  almost 
surrounded  by  mountains,  from  which 
descend  a  number  of  beautiful  cascades. 
The  islands  in  this  lake  are  numerous, 
and  afford  an  amazing  variety  of  pictur- 
esque views.  The  centre  lake  which 
communicates  with  the  upper,  is  small 
in  comparison  with  the  other  two,  and 


cannot  boast  of  equal  variety  ;  but  the 
shores  are,  in  many  places,  indented  with 
beautiful  bays,  surrounded  by  dark  groves 
of  trees.  The  E  boundary  is  formed  by 
the  base  of  Mangerton,  down  the  steep 
side  of  which  descends  a  cascade,  visible 
for  150  yards.  This  fall  of  water  is  sup- 
plied by  a  circular  lake  near  the  summit 
of  the  mountain,  called  the  Devil's  Punch 
Howl;  which  on  account  of  its  immense 
depth,  and  the  continual  overflow  of 
water,  is  considered  as  one  of  the  great- 
est curiosities  in  Killarney.  One  of  the 
best  prospects  which  this  admired  lake 
affords,  is  from  a  rising  ground  near  the 
ruined  cathedral  of  Aghadoe,  In  the  se- 
veral mountains  adjacent  to  the  lakes  are 
still  to  be  seen  vestiges  of  mines  of  iron, 
lead  and  copper. 

Killevgn,  a  town  of  Ireland,  and  pro- 
vince of  Ulster  in  the  county  of  Monag- 
han,  eight  miles  SW  of  Monaghan.  Lon. 
7  26  W,  lat.  54  10  N. 

Kill-0'anhie,  a  noted  pass  in  Perth- 
shire, near  the  junction  of  the  Tumel 
with  the  Garry.  It  is  the  grand  entrance 
into  the  Highlands  in  those  parts,  and 
I  is  formed  by  the  lofty  mountains  impend- 
ing over  the  Garry,  which  rushes  through 
in  a  deep,  darksome,  and  rocky  chan- 
nel, overhung  with  trees.  In  the  last, 
century,  this  was  a  pass  of  much  d)ih- 
culty  and  danger  :  a  path  hanging  over  a 
tremendous  precipice  threatened  dest  ruc- 
tion to  the  least  false  step  of  the  travel- 
ler. At  present,  a  fine  road  gives  an  easy 
access  to  the  remote  Highlands  ;  and  the 
two  sides  are  joined  by  a  fine  arch.  Near 
the  N  end  of  this  pass,  in  its  open  and 
unimproved  state,  king  William's  army 
under  general  Mackey,  was  defeated,  in 
16S9,  by  the  Highlanders,  commanded 
by  viscount  Dundee,  who  was  killed  in 
the  moment  of  victory.  Here  also  a 
body  of  Hessians  in  1746  made  a  full 
pause,  refusing  to  march  further,  for  it 
appeared  to  them  as  the  ne  plus  ultra  of 
habitable  country. 

Killileagh,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Down,  seated  on  an  arm  of 
Straitgford  Lough,  where  ships  may  be 
sheltered  from  all  winds.  It  suffered 
much  in  the  war  of  1641  ;  but  it  is  now  a 
thriving-  place,  with  a  linen  and  thread 
manufacture.  Here  is  a  castfe;  formerly 
the  seat  of  the  family  of  Hamilton,  now 
earls  of  Clanbrassil.  The  Celebrated  Sir 
Hints  Sloane  was  born  in  this  town,  which 
is  80  miles  N  by  E  of  Dublin. 

KiUinduie,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Tipperary  and  province  of  Con- 
naught,  14  miles  N  of  Cionmel.  Lon.  7 
26  W,  lat.  52  27  N. 


m 


K  I  M 


K  I  N 


KilHngk,  a  township  of  Windham  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  containing  2,512  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  between 
Qumaboag  river  and  Khode  Island,  in  the 
N'E  corner  of  the  state. 

Ki/ling-cvorth,  a  post  town  in  Middlesex 
county,  Connecticut;  situated  on  Long 
Island  Sound,  20  miles  SW  of  New  Lon- 
don, and  about  25  NE  of  New  Haven.] 
It  contains  2244  inhabitants. 

ffillony,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Siigo,  six  miles  S  of  Sligo.  Lorn  8  i 
25  W,  lat.  54  11  N. 

KiUough,  or  Port  St.  .'■Inn,  a  seaport  of 
Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Down,  and  pro- 
vince of  Ulster,  situated  on  the  N  of 
St.  John's  Point,  in  the  Irish  Sea,  and  has 
a  good  quay  where  ships  lie  very  safe 
Here  is  a  manufacture  of  salt.  It  is  76 
miles  N  by  E  of  Dublin. 

Killijbegs,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Donegal,  with  a  spacious  har- 
bour on  the  N  side  of  Donegal  Bay.  It  is 
12  miles  NW  of  Ballyshannon.  Lon.  8  6 
W,  lat.  54  40  N. 

Kihnac-Thomas,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Watcrford  and  province  of 
Monster,  12  miles  SE  of  Watcrford.  Lon. 
7  10  W,  lat.  52  14  X. 

Kiimainham,  a  town  of  Ireland,  situated 
about  half  a  mile  from  Dublin.  It  lias  a 
session-house  and  a  gaol ;  and  here  the 
quarter  sessions  are  heUjl  for  the  county 
of  Dublin,  and  the  knights  for  the  shire 
elected.  It  was  sometime*  the  seat  of 
government,  before  the  castle  at  Dublin 
was  appropriated  to  the  purpose. 

Kihnullock,  a  boypugh  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Limerick.  Lon.  8  34  W,  lat.  51 
24  X. 

'Kilmarnock,  a  populous  town  in  Ayr- 
shire, with  a  manufacture  of  gloves,  car- 
pets, stockings,  nightcaps,  bonnets,  and 
other  woollen  goods.  It  is  15  miles  SW 
of  Glasgow. 

Kihnore,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun 
ty  of  Cavan  and  province  of  Ulster,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  three  miles  SW  of  Cavan. 
Lon.  7  11  W,  lat.  54  2  N. 

Kilteam,  a  town  of  Rosshirc,  in  Scot- 
land, remarkable  for  being  the  burial 
place  of  Donald  Monro,  who  gave  Bucha- 
nan the  account  of  the  islands  and  High- 
lands of  Scotland,  which  he  has  inserted 
in  his  historyv. 

Kihvorth,  a  thriving  town  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Cork  and  province  of  Mini- 
ster, at  the  foot  of  Kil worth  mountains. 
Below  the  town  runs  the  river  Funcheon, 
on  which  stands  the  castle  of  Clough- 
leagh,  which  has  stood  seven  sieges. 
Kilwortb  is  108  miles  SW  of  Dublin. 

Kimbolton,  a  town  in  Huntingdonshire, 
with  a  market  oh  Friday,  ;ioted  for  tin 


castle  of  Kimbolton.  It  is  eight  miles  N 
W  of  St.  Neot's  and  64  N  bv  W  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.O  18  W,  lat.  52  15  X. 

Kimi,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  in  East  Both- 
nia, seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
w  here  it  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  10 
miles.  SE  of  Tornea. 

Kuni  Lapmurb,  a  province  of  Swedish 
Lapiand,  situated  on  the  frontiers  of  Rus- 
sian Lapland. 

Kimski,  a  town  of  Tartary  in  Russia, 
where  there  is  a  great  number  of  mar- 
tens and  sables. 

Kin,  a  town  of  Persia,  320  miles  E  of 
Ispahan. 

Kinbvrn,  a  fortress  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dnie- 
per, opposite  Oczakow.  In  the  last  war 
with  Russia,  the  Turks  made  several  at- 
tacks upon  it  by  land  and  sea,  but  were 
finally  repulsed. 

Kincardine-o-niel,  a  village  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, seated  on  the  river  Dee,  23  miles 
W  of  Aberdeen. 

Kincardineshire,  or  .Mearns,  a  county  of 
Scotland,  bounded  on  the  N  and  NW  by 
Aberdeenshire,  on  the  E  by  the  German  6- 
ceu;,  and  on  the  S  by  Angusshire.  Its 
length  along  the  coast  is  30  miles  ;  its 
greatest  breadth  20.  The  only  borough 
in  it  is  Inverbervie. 

Kinderhook,  a  town  in  Columbia  coun- 
ty, New  York,  that  has  a  post  office,  and 
is  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Hudson  river, 
19  miles  N  of  the  city  of  Hudson,  and  21 
S  of  Albany. 

hineton,  a  town  in  Warwickshire,  ft 
is  10  miles  SSE  of  Warwick,  and  88  N 
W  of  London.  Lon.  1  24  W,  lat.  52  11  N. 

King  George's  Sovnd,  the  name  given 
by  captain  Cook,  in  1778,  to  the  harbour 
j  which  he  discovered  on  the  W  coast  of 
',  North  America,  at  the  mouth  of  a  gre:  I 
|  river,  in  lon.  126  48  W,  and  lat  49  33  N. 
But  the  natives  call  it  JVootka  ;  the  name 
now  generally  adopted  by  the  English. 
Upon  the  sea-coast,  the  land  is  tolerably 
high  and  level ;  but,  within  the  island,  it 
rises  into  steep  hills,  which  have  an  uni- 
form appearance.  The  trees,  of  which 
the  woods  are  composed,  are  the  Canadi- 
an pine,  white  cypress,  and  two  or  three 
other  sorts  of  pine.  In  general,  the  trees 
grow  here  with  great  vigour,  and  are  of  a 
large  size.  About  the  rocks  and  borders 
of  the  woods  were  seen  some  strawberry 
plants,  and  raspberry,  currant,  gooseber- 
ry bushes,  all  in  a  flourishing  state.  The 
stature  of  the  natives  is,  in  general  below 
the  common  standard  ;  but  their  persons 
are  not  proportionably  slender,  being  vi- 
sually pretty  plump,  though  uf)t  muscu- 
lar.   In  1780,  a  small  association  of  Bri 


K  I  N 


K  I  N 


tish  merchants,  resident  in  the  East  In- 
dies, formed  the  project  of  opening  a 
trade  to  this  place,  for  supplying  China 
with  furs,  and  took  measures,  in  1788,  to 
secure  themselves  a  permanent  settle- 
ment ;  but  the  Spaniards  being- jealous  of 
the  intrusion  of  the  English  into  tha; 
part  of  the  world,  sent  a  frigate  from 
Mexico  to  put  an  end  to  this  commerce. 
The  frigate  captured  two  English  vest\ 
and  took  possession  of  the  settlement  that 
had  been  formed  upon  tiie  co;ist.  The 
British  ministry  immediately  ordered  u 
powerful  armament  to  give  weight  to 
their  demand  of  reparation  ;  but  the  af 
fair  was  amicably  terminated  by  a  conven- 
tion, in  1790. 

King,  and  Queen,  a  a  populous  county 
in  the  state  of  Virginia,  containing  10,988 
inhabitants  in  1810,  more  than  a  moiety 
slaves.  It  is  situated  between  Hankatank 
and  York  rivers.  It  is  one  of  the  Eastern- 
most counties  of  the  stale. 

King  George,  a  county  of  Virginia,  con- 
taining 6,454  inhabitants  in  1810,  more 
than  one  half  slaves.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween Potomac  and  Rappahannock  ri- 
vers ;  and  is  bounded  in  the  NW  by 
Stafford,  and  on  the  SE  by  Westmoreland 
and  Richmond  counties. 

Kinghorn,  a  seaport  in  Fifeshire,  on  the 
Frith,  of  Forth,  nine  miles  N  of  Leith,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  Frith.  Lon.  3  0 
W,  lat.  56  5  N. 

Kingsbridge,  a  town  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
at  the  head  of  a  small  inlet  of  the  English 
channel,  34  miles  S  bv  W  of  Exete  r,  ami 
218  WSW  of  London."  Lon.  3  48  W,  lat. 
50  20  N. 

Kingsbury,  a  village  in  Herts,  to  the  N 
of  St.  Alban's.  Here  the  Saxon  kings 
had  a  palace. 

i&igmiry,  a  township  of  Washington 
county,  New  York,  containing  2272  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Hudson  river,  between  fortGeorg 
and  Argyle  township,  and  90  mdes  X  oi 
Albany. 

Kings  clear,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  was  the  resi- 
dence  of  some  of  our  Saxon  kings,  and  is 
nine  miles  NW"  of  Basingstoke,  and  56 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.'  1  9  W,  lat.  51 
20*. 

King''.';  Count]!,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  Leirister,  which  is  38 
miles  long  and  30  broad  ;  hounded  on  the 
X  by  West  Mea  h,  on  the  E  by  Kildare, 
on  the  S  by  Queen's  county  and  Tippera- 
ry,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Shannon,  which 
divides  it  from  Roscommon,  Calway,  and 
another  p-.irt  of  Tipperary.  It  contains 
56  parishes,  and  sends  sixjfrembers  to 


l  parliament.  It  is  not  so  rich  a9  some  of 
'the  other  counties,  nor  is  it  so  well  inha- 
jbited.     The  capital  is  Philipstown. 

King's  Langly,  a  village,  in  Herts,  five 
miles  W  of  St.  Alban's.  It  received  its 
name  from  a  palace  which  Henry  HI.  built 
here,  the  ruins  of  which  are  to  be  seen. 
Ri<  hard  II.  was  buried  in  its  monasterV* 
but  removed,  by  Henry  V.  to  Westmin- 
ster. % 

Kingstein,  a  strong  fortress  of  Norway. 
See  Fredericstadt. 

Kingston,  a  post  town  in  Rockingh.'-m 
count;,,  New  Hampshire,  19  miles  S\V  of 
Portsmouth/^  with  800  inhabitants. 

Kingston,  a  post  town  in  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  a 
small  bay  near  C  .pe  Cod,  at  the  distance 
of  37  miles  SE  oi  Boston,  with  1137  in- 
habitants 

Kingston,  a  post  town  in  Ulster  county, 
New  York,  lying  on  the  W  side  of  Hud- 
son river,  32  miles  S  of  the  city  of  Hudson  ; 
which  was  burnt  by  the  British  forces 
in  1777,  being  at  th^t  \ime  one  of  gen. 
Geo.  Washington's  principal  magazines. 

Kingston,  a  town  of  Jamaica,  on  the  N 
side  of  the  bay  of  Port  Royal,  about  a 
nile  in  length  and  half  a  mile  in  breadth, 
it  was  built  after  the  great  earthquake  in 
1692,  it  is  a  place  of  good  trade,  and  is 
nuch  resorted  to  by  merchants  and  sea- 
men, because  most  of  the  ships  come  to 
toad  and  unload  their  cargoes  here.  Lon. 
76  52  W,  lat.  17  56  N. 

Kingston  upon  Hall    See  Hull. 

Kingston  upon   Thame*,  a  corporate 

wn  in  Surry,  with  a,  marke  t  on  Satur- 
day. A  great  national  council  was  held 
!iere  in  the  year  838,  at  which  Egbert 
the  first  king  of  all  England,  and  his  son 
Vthelwolf,  were  present;  and  several  of 
"he  Saxon  monarchs  were  crowned  here. 
It  is  a  populous  trading  town,  and  sent 
members  to  parliament,  in  the  reigns  of 
the  second  and  third  Edward.  Queen 
Elizabeth  founded  here  a  free  school ;  and 
die  Lent  assizes  are  constantly  held  at 
rhis  place.  The  wooden  bridge,  over  the 
Thames,  is  the  most  ancient  on  that  ri- 
ver, e*cept  London  bridge  :  ,and  the  cor- 
poration have  a  revenue  for  its  support. 
It  it  11  miles  SW  of  London.  Lon.  0  12 
W,  lat.  51  27  N. 

King-te-ching,  aitpwn  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-st  and  district  of  Jaa- 
Icheou-fou.  It  is  famous  for  its  beaun- 
ful  porcelain;  and  500  furnaces  are  said 
lo  be  employed  in  the  making  of  it,  and 
it  is  computed  to  contain  a  million  oT  in- 
habitants, and  extends  a  league  and  a 
half  along  the  banks  of  a  river,  which  here 
forms  a  kind  of  harbour,  about  a  league 
in  circumference. 


•J. 


KI  N 


K  I  R 


King-nan-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-si,  sealed  on  the  banks 
of  a  river  in  a  very  fertile  canton,  abound- 
ing' with  gold  and  silver. 

King  William,  a  county  of  Virginia,  con- 
taining 9,285  inhabitants  in  1810,  of*  whom 
5,788  were  slaves.  It  is  situated  between 
Maitapony  and  Pamunkey  rivers,  and  ex- 
tends eastward  to  where  those  rivers  u- 
nitc,  and  form  York  river.  Here  is  a 
court  house. and  post  office,  128  miles  S 
of  Washington. 

King  William,  Court  House,  the  princi- 
pal scat  of  justice  in  King  William  coun- 
ty, Virginia;  situated  35  miles  NE  of 
Richmond,  about  half  way  between  Mat- 
tapony  and  Pamunkey  rivers.  Here  is  a 
post  office. 

'  King  Wood,  a  township  of  Hunterdon 
county,  Sew  Jersey,  containing  2,605  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Delaware,  between  Amweil  and 
Flcmington. 

Kinross,  a  borough  in  Kinross-shire, 
seated  on  a  plain,  near  Loch-Leven, 
skreened  on  the  N  by  the  Ochil  Hills.  Its 
manufactures  are  linen,  and  some  cutler} 
ware  ;  and  it  is  20  miles  N  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  3  22  W,  lat.  56  15  N. 

Kinross-shire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  be- 
tween the  shirts  of  Perth  and  Fife,  and 
30  miles  in  circuit,  and  'its  length  and 
breadth  nearly  equal.  It  sends  one  mem- 
ber to  parliament,  alternately  with  the 
county  of  Clackmannan. 

Kinsuie,  a  seaport  and  borough  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Coi  k,  arid  province 
of  Minister.  It  is  a  very  populous  trad* 
ing  place,  and  has  an  excellent  harbour. 
14  miles  S  of  Cork.  Lon.  8  26  W,  lat. 
51  41  N. 

Kiusale,  a  post  town  in  Westmoreland 
county,  Virginia;  situated  on  the  S\V 
side  of  the  river  Potomac,  near  Chesa- 
peak  bay. 

Kintail,  a  peninsula  in  Ross-shire,  situat- 
ed between  Loch  Garron  and  Loch  Duich. 

Kin-tcheou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Hau-quang.  Its  district  con- 
tains two  cities  of  the  second;  and  11  ol 
the  third  class. 

Kint  citing,  the  capital  of  the  islands  of 
Lieou-kieou,  in  the  China  Sea.  Its  four 
gates  correspond  to  the  four  Cardinal 
points  and  the  western  one  forms  the 
grand  entry.  The  king's  palace  is  reck- 
oned to  be  four  leagues  in  circumference. 
Kint-ching  is  seated  in  Cheonli,  the  S 
part  of  the  island.  Lon.  146  30  E,  lat. 
26  2  N. 

Kintore,  a  borough  in  Aberdeenshire, 
10  miles  W  by  N  of  Aberdeen.  Lon.  2  5 
W,  lat.  57  8  N. 


Kiof,  a  town  of  Poland,  and  capital  of 
the  Ukraine,  in  a  palatinate  of  the  same 
m  u:c,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  and  a 
castle.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  Russian 
government  of  Kiof,  and  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade.  It  is  divided  into  the 
Old  and  New  Town,  and  seated  on  the  W 
side  of  the  Dnieper,  180  miles  NE  of  Ka- 
minicck,  and  335  E  by  S  of  Warsaw.  Lon. 
31  51  E,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Kiof,  or  Kio~v,  a  government  of  the 
Russian  empire,  being  part  of  the  Uk- 
raine, or  little  Russia.  It  lies  on  the  E 
side  of  the  Dnieper,  although  Kiof,  the 
c.-tpital  is  on  the  W  side.  This  country- 
was  conquered  by  the  Tartars,  and  came 
again  into  the  possesion  of  the  great 
dukes,  but  was  over-run  and  possessed  by 
the  Cossacks,  under  the  protection  of  Po- 
land. In  1664,  the  natives,  discontented 
with  John  Cassimer,  king  of  Poland,  sub- 
mitted to  Russia,  and  have  ever  since  re- 
mained subject  to  that  empire.  This 
government  contains  eleven  districts ; 
;snd  its  principal  rivers  are  the  Dnieper, 
Desna,  Oster,  Udai,  Sula,  Psol,  and 
Trubesh. 

Kiof,  or  Kioiv,  a  palatinate  of  Poland 
in  that  part  of  the  Ukraine  which  lies  on 
the  W  side  of  the  Dnieper.  It  contains 
only  two  districts,  and  several  small  towns 
scarcely  worthy  of  notice  ;  its  capital, 
Kiof,  being  subject  to  Russia. 

Kio-feou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chang-long  and  district  of  Yen - 
•cheou-fou.  It.  is  celebrated  as  the  birth- 
place of  Confucius,  several  monuments 
are  still  to  be  seen  here,  erected  in  ho- 
nour of  this  eminent  man. 

Kioge,  or  Koge,  a  seaport  of  Denmark, 
in  the  isle  of  Zealand,  with  a  good  har- 
bour. 10  miles  S  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  12 
40  E,  lat.  59  31  N. 

Ki oping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Werme- 
land,  seated  on  a  small  stream,  that  falls 
at  a  little  distance  into  the  lake  Maeler. 
Lon.  16  40  E,  lat.  59  38  N. 

Kioumzeik,  a  well  built  town  of  Pegue, 
situated  on  the  river  Irrawaddey.  It 
seems  to  be  in  a  state  of  improvement, 
and  has  a  manufacture  of  cotton  cloth, 
which  is  the  source  of  its  prosperity. 

Kirbij-Lonsdule,  a  town  of  Westmore- 
land, with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is 
„i  large  town  with  a  manufactory  of  wool- 
ten  cioth,  seated  on  the  Lon,  over  which 
is  a  stone  bridge,  10  miles  SE  of  Kendal, 
and  253  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  57  W, 
lat.  54  3  N.  • 

Kivby-Moorside,  a  town  in  the  N  riding 
of  Yorshire,  with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day. It  is  seated  on  the  edge  of  the 
moors,  near  the  river  Dow,  25  miles  N 


K  O  N 


KOR 


magnificence.  It  is  420  miles  NW  of 
Canton. 

Kokenhausen,  a  strong-  town  of  Litl ma- 
nia, subject  to  Russia.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Dwina,  and  is  42  miles  E  of  Ri- 
ga.   Lon.  26  3  E,  lat.  56  40  N. 

Kola,  a  town  of  the  Russian  govern- 
ment of  Archangel,  capital  of  Russian 
Lapland,  with  a  good  harbour  on  the  ri- 
ver Kola,  near  a  bay  of  the  same  name 
on  the  Frozen  Ocean.  Lon.  32  26  E,  lat. 
68  34  N. 

Kollomenska,  a  town  of  Russia,  which  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  an  eminence  near 
Moscow.    Lon.  38  16  E,  lat.  55  40  N. 

Kolyvan't  a  government  of  the  Russian 
empire,  comprehending'  a  part  of  West- 
ern Siberia,  and  formerly  included  in  the 
government  of  Tobolsk.  Its  capital,  of 
the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the  Qby. 
This  country  has  very  productive  silver 
mines,  which  have  been  called  the  Po- 
tosi  of  Russia.  They  lie  between  the  Obv 
and  Irtysh,  near  the  mountains  which 
form  the  frontiers  of  Siberia,  and  sepa- 
rate that  country  from  Chinese  Tartary. 

Kongal,  a  town  of  Norway,  belonging 
to  Sweden,  seated  on  the  river  Gotelba. 
Lon.  11  5  E,  lat.  58  30  N. 

Kongsberg,  a  town  of  Southern  Nor- 
way, celebrated  for  its  silver  mines.  It 
lies  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Lowe,  and 
contains  including  the  miners,  6000  in- 
habitants. Kongsberg  is  45  miles  SW  of 
Christiania.    Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  59  40  N. 

Kong stinger,  a  fortress  of  Norway,  on 
the  frontiers  of  Sweden.  It  is  seated  near 
the  river  Glomme,  at  the  foot  of  a  steep 
rock,  on  which  stands  an  impregnable 
citadel ;  at  least,  Charles  XII,  who  recon- 
noitred it,  thought  it  prudent  to  decline 
the  attempt. 

Kong-tclwng-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Chen-si.  it  is  surrounded 
by  inaccessible  mountains,  where  a  tomb 
.is  seen  which  the  Chinese  pretend  to  W 
that  of  Fohi.  Its  district  contains  three 
cities  of  the  second,  and  seven  of  the 
third  class.  It  is  700  miles  SW  of  Pekin. 

Koningsberg,  a  town  of  F'-anconia,  be- 
longing to  the  house  of  Saxc-Wcimar, 
three  miles  NE  of  Schweinfurt.  Lon.  10 
44  E,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Koningsberg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  the  marquisate  of  Brandenburg,  47 
mikes  S  of  Stettin.  Lon.  14  40  E,  lat.  52 
50  N.  .* '  . 

Koningsberg,  the  capital  of  Prussia, 
with  an  university  and  a  magnificent  pa- 
lace, in  which  is  a  hall  274  feet  long,  and 
59  broad,  without  pillars  to  support  it., 
and  a  handsome  library.  The  town-house, 
the  exchange,  and  the  cathedral,  are  fine 
structures.   The  tower  of  the  castle  is 


very  high,  and  has  284  steps  to  the  top, 
whence  there  is  an  extensive  prospect. 
Here  are  18  churches,  of  which  14  be- 
long to  the  Lutherans,  three  to  the  Cal- 
vanists,  and  one  to  the  Papists.  The 
town  is  five  miles  in  circumference,  and, 
including  the  garrison  of  7000  men,  con- 
tains 60,000  inhabitants.  It  stands  on  the 
Pregel,  which  here  falls  into  the  Frische 
Haf,  an  inlet  of  the  Baltic.  No  ships 
drawing  more  than  seven  feet  water  can 
pass  the  bar,  and  come  up  to  the  town  ; 
so  that  the  large  vessels  anchor  atPillau, 
a  small  town  on  the  Baltic,  which  is  the 
port  of  Koningsberg  ;  and  the  merchan- 
dise is  sent  in  smaller  vessels  to  this 
place*  The  trade  of  Koningsberg  is  very 
eonsiderable.  It  is  62  miles  NE  of  El- 
bing,  and  125  N  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  20  55 
E,  lat.  54  42  N. 

Kouingsgratz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Elbe,  with  a  bishop's  see,  35 
miles  SW  of  Gla<z,  and  115  N  by  W  of 
Vienna.    Lon.  16  8  E,  lat.  50  6  N. 

Koningslwfen,  a  strong  town  of  Fran- 
conia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  25  miles  NN 
W  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  10  46  E,  l«.t.  50  24  N. 

Koning  stein,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  territory 
of  Misnia,  with  an  impregnable  fort.  It 
is  a  place  of  confinement  for  state  priso- 
ners, and  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  10  miles 
SE  of  Pyrna,  and  10  SW  of  Dresden 
Lon.  13  43  E,  lat.  51  2  N. 

Koningstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  which  19 
stronglv  fortified.  It  surrendered  to  the 
French,  July  22,  1796.  Lon.  8  25  W,  lat. 
50  5  N. 

Koyiingstuter,  a  town  of  Germany,  seat- 
ed in  the  territory  of  Brunswick-Wolfen- 
buttle.    Lon.  11  7  E,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Konitz,  a  town  of  Poland  in  Western 
Prussia,  10  miles  NW  of  Culm,  and  50 
S  W  of  Dantzic.  Lon.  18  16  E,  lat.  53  36  N. 

Kopys,  a  fortified  town  of  Lithuania, 
seated  on  the  Dnieper,  18  miles  N  of  Mo- 
hilet.    Lon.  31  2  E,  lat.  54  32  N. 

Koriacs,  a  people  of  Tartary  subject  to 
Russia,  who  inhabit  the  northern  coast  of 
the  gulf  Penschinskoi,  and  the  most  nor- 
thern part  of  Kamtschatka  to  the  river 
V.nadir.  Their  country  extends  westward 
Horn  the  river  Olomon  (which  runs  into 
the  Kolyma)  as  far  as  the  Indian  ocean. 
Their  neighbours  are  the  Kamtschadales, 
he  Tongusians,  the  Lamouts,  and  the 
Tschouktsches  ;  the  country  which  they 
perambulate  in  their  nomadic  courses  is 
rude,  marshy,  full  of  small  rocks,  and  in 
many  places  r.bsolutely  destitute  of  fo- 
rests. The  Koriacs  are  of  a  short  sta- 
ure,  have  small  heads,  little  eyes,  a  round 
and  meagre  face,  flat  noses,  their  halt* 


KOR 


K  O  R 


and  beards  black,  in  general  very  little 
beard,  and  their  eyebrows  long-.  They  are 
of  a  slow  and  dull  comprehension,  have  a 
high  opinion  of  their  country  and  consti- 
tution, are  courageous,  suspicious  and 
revengeful ;  but,  for  the  most  part,  labo- 
rious, sincere,  susceptible  of  friendship, 
and  faithful  to  their  superiors.  The  Ko- 
riacs  are  divided  according  to  their  man- 
ner of  living,  iivo  the  settled  and  wan- 
dering, which  are  pretty  equal  in  point 
of  numbers.  They  speak  a  different  dia- 
lect, and  for  the  most  part  do  not  treat 
one  another  as  two  bodies  belonging  to 
the  same  community,  but  as  open  and 
avowed  enemies.  The  manners  of  the 
settled  Koriacs  are  by  far  more  gentle 
than  those  of  the  Nomades.  They  occu- 
py the  southern  part  of  their  country 
near  the  gulf  Penschinskoi,  and  have 
some  settlements  even  in  the  very  penin- 
sula of  Kamtschatka.  The  wandering 
Koriacs  travel  over  the  northern  part  of 
this  country  in  the  environs  of  the  river 
Anadir,  near  the  Tschouktsches,  and 
they  often  come  as  far  as  Kamtschatka. 
Their  disposition  is  so  wild  and  untrac- 
eable, that  it  would  be  very  difficult  to 
bring  them  into  any  manner  of  subordi- 
nation. The  very  suspicion  of  such  a 
design  would  be  very  dangerous.  The 
chief  employments  of  the  wandering  Ko- 
riacs are  the  care  of  their  rein-deer  and 
the  chase.  Fishing  docs  not  answer,  as 
they  are  not  expert  at  it.  The  .poorest 
of  them  possess  about  fifty  rein-deer, 
some  have  a  hundred,  the  richest  from 
one  to  two  thousand.  With  these  herds 
of  rein  deer  they  travel  over  their  de- 
serts and  mountains,  without  any  appre- 
hensions of  meeting  with  rivers  or  fo- 
rests, so  they  do  but  find  moss  on  the 
ground,  that  being  all  that  is  necessan 
for  the  subsistence  of  the  rein-deer. — 
They  do  not  milk  the  female  rein-deer, 
of  course  they  have  no  such  thing  as 
cheese.  Even  the  wealthiest  of  the  Ko- 
riacs never  kill  one  of  these  quadrupeds 
unnecessarily,  unless  it  lias  some  delect; 
their  kitchen  is  supplied  with  those 
which  have  died  by  some  disease,  or  to 
which  some  accident  has  happened  ;  to 
this  it  is  owing  that  their  herds  become 
so  large,  and  for  the  same  reason  a  great 
stock  is  necessary  for  their  subsistence. 
The  poor  go  into  the  service  of  the  rich, 
and  join  their  little  herds  to  those  of  their 
masters.  Every  sort  of  game  is  agreea- 
ble to  them.  The  women  gather  roots 
and  wildfruit.  Whatever/provisions  the) 
find  are  consumed  immediately,  for  they 
have  not  a  thought  of  laying  up  against 
an  exigency.  The  wandering  Koriacs 
are  much  more  wild,  hardy,  and  danger- 


ous than  the  settled.  They  very  often 
make  parties  to  seek  adventures,  and 
plunder  some  of  their  neighbours,  or  less 
turbulent  countrymen.  Before  they  en- 
ter on  an  enterprise,  they  always  drink 
of  the  decoction  ot  the  intoxicating 
mushroom,  to  inspire  themselves  with 
more  intrepidity  and  courage.  Their 
arms  are  the  bow  and  arrow,  the  lance, 
and  the  club.  There  are  some  who  go  to 
the  chace  and  on  their  expeditions  with 
no  other  arms  than  a  stick.  All  their 
military  art  consists  in  falling  on  their 
enemy  unawares.  Theft,  rapine,  and  mur- 
der, if  committed  among  themselves,  are 
criminal  :  if  on  another  race,  or  upon 
strangers,  they  are  heroic  actions.  Their 
greatest  happiness  consists  in  passing 
from  one  station  to  another,  and  seeing 
their  numerous  herds  of  rein-deer.  When 
a  herd  has  increased  too  much  they  di- 
vide it.  There  are  a  few  Koriacs  who  have 
herds  so  large  that  they  are  not  able  to 
count  them  ;  and  yet  if  only  one  strays, 
it  is  immediately  perceived.  The  Ko- 
riacs are  all  polygamists  ;  some  have  four 
wives.  They  do  not  purchase  them  ;  but, 
like  the  Kamtschadalcs,  they  first  endea- 
vour to  gain  their  affections,  and  then  to 
catrh  them.  The  rich  marry  among  them- 
selves, without  paying  any  regard  to  conv 
sanguinity  ;  the  poor  are  obliged  to  get 
wives  from  among  the  poor.  The  wives 
of  the  settled  Koriacs  live  in  the  same 
hut  with  them  ;  those  of  the  wandering 
are  distributed  among  their  different 
flocks,  so  that  each  has  a  flock  under  her 
care.  These  latter  are  exceedingly  jea- 
lous, and  torment  their  unhappy  wives 
in  a  most  cruel  manner.  Even  an  ill- 
founded  suspicion  sometimes  drives  the 
husband  to  sacrifice  his  innocent  wife  to 
his  furious  jealousy  ;  and  the  suspected 
gallant  falls  likewise  a  victim  to  h  is  rage, 
The  settled  Koriacs  err  as  much  on  the 
other  extreme  ;  for  their  compliance  to- 
wards their  wives  is  unbounded.  They 
arc  happy  to  see  them  charm  strangers  ; 
and  the  caresses  the  wife  receives  is  so 
much  pleasure  bestowed  on  the  husband. 
They  offer  their  wives  and  daughters  to 
strangers  as  companions  for  the  night. 
An  acceptance  of  such  offers  is  esteemed 
the  greatest  mark  pf  friendship,  and  a 
refusal,  of  contempt,  which  highly  dis- 
pleases them.  Yet  this  politeness  is  at- 
tended with  some  inconvenience  to  the 
stranger  thus  entertained:  for,  first  of 
all,  his  polite  bed-fellow  makes  water  in 
his  presence,  and  offers  him  a  bowl  of  it 
to  wash  his  mouth  with.  The  wander- 
ing Koriacs  burn  the  bodies  of  the  dead. 
This  custom  is  not  uncommon  among- the 
settled  Koriacs.    They  build  up  a  pile,- 


K  R  E 


KUB 


and  carry  the  corpse  thither  on  a  sledge 
divwn  by  reign-deer,  dressed  in  the  best 
chillies,  and  burn  with  it  all  the  arms 
and  uteiisiis  of  the  deceased.  They  kill 
the  rein-deer  that  hits  drawn  it  thither, 
eat  the  flesh,  and  fling  what  remains  into 
the  fire.  In  order  to  cclebraie  the  me- 
mory of  the  deceased,  they  make  another 
feast  of  rein-deer. 

Kor saw,  Of  A'oaoa,  a  town  of  Denmark, 
in  ihe  isle  of  Zealand,  witli^a  fort,  45 
miles  W  bv  S  of  Copenhagen/  Lon.  11 
10  E,  lat  55  29  N. 

Kovt-aright,  a  post  town  in  Delaware 
county.  New  York  ;  73  miles  W  of  Cats- 
kii;  and  447  from  Washington. 

Kusal,  or  Kosta,  a  fortified  own  of  Si- 
lesia, near  the  river  Oder,  17  miles  N  of 
RattsbW    Lon.  17  54  E,  lat.  50  26  X. 

Korswn,  or  Korsun,  a  town  of  Rossi.;  in 
the  Ukraine,  seated  on  the  river  Ross. 
Lon.  3120  E,  lat.  49  3  N. 

Kostroma,  a  government  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  formerly  included  in  thai of 
Moscow.  It  is  divided  into  the  provin- 
ces of  Kostroma  and  Unsha.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  forme/  is  Kostroma,  seated  at 
•the  rnouth  of  the  Volga  ;  the  capital  of 
the  second  is  Makaricf,  situated  on  ihe 
Unsha. 

Koad-te-fou-  a  city  of  China  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ho-nan,s  ated  between  two  large 
rivers.  The  inhabitants  treat  strangers 
with  uncommon  hospitality, 

Koiono,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  seated  on 
the  Wilna  and  Xiemen,  40  miles  W  of 
Wilna,    Lon  24  12  E,  lat.  54  56  N. 

Kraaneiibcrg,  a  town  of  the  duchy  Of 
Cleves,  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill, 
between  Nimeguen  and  Cleves.  It  is  ce- 
lebrated for  an  image  of  the  Virgin,  pre- 
tended to  be  miraculous. 

Krainburg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  seated 
on  the  Inn,  35  miles  E  of  Munich. 

Krainburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Carniola,  seated  on  the  Save, 
18  miles  NW  of  Laubach. 

Krainoivitz,  a  town  of  Upper  Sili  sia, 
between  Ratiboi'  and  Troopaw.  Lon.  17 
49  E,  lat  50  7  N. 

Kraimlaio.  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
province  of  Red  Russia  and  palatinate  of 
Chelm,  110  miles  SE  of  Warsaw.  Lon. 
23  0  E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Krapitz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  du- 
chy of  Oppelim.  Lon.  IB  1U  E,  lat.  50  39  N . 

Krekith,  a  corporate  town  in  Carnar- 
vonshire, with  a  market  on  Wedne>::\,v. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Irish  Sea.  near  Trael  h i- 
Amawer  Ray,  where  a  castle  formerly 
Btood,  now  in  ruins.  It  is  13  miles  S  by 
E  of  Carnarvon,  and  237  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  4  18  W,  lat.  52  57  N. 

Krcvipsn,  a  strong-  town  of  Denmark, 


in  Holstein,  with  a  castle.  It  is  five  miles 
N  of  Gluckstadt,  and  30  NW  of  Ham- 
burg. -  Lon,  9  15  E,  lat.  53  58  X. 

Kremcs,  a  town -of  Austria,  seated  on 
the  Danube,  35  miles  W  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
15  40  E,  lat.  48  18  X. 

Krcuzcnach,  a  town  of(the  Lower  Rhine, 
with  a  castle,  on  an  eminence.  I  is  seal- 
ed on  the  Nahc,  20  miles  SW  of  Mentz. 

Krumlavj,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Mo- 
ravia,-50  miles  SWofOimutz.    Lon.  16 

49  E,  lat.  48  46  X. 

Kmtzoiv,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  30  miles 
SAY  of  Mozcillaw.  Lon.  32  4  E,  lat. 
54  8  X. 

Krxjhio,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Kior,  seated  on  the 
Dnieper,  140  miles  5E  of  Kiof.    Lon.  33 

50  E,  iat.  48  50  X. 

Kvbesha,  is  a  large  strong  town  situat- 
ed on  a  hill  between  high  mountains. 
Its  inhabitants  call  themselves  Franki 
(Franks,  a  name  common  in  the  east  to 
all  Europeans),  and  relate  that  their  an- 
cestors were  brought  hither  by  some  ac- 
cident, the  particulars  of  which  are  now 
forgotten.  The  common  conjecture  is, 
that  they  were  mariners  cast  away  upon 
the  coast ;  but  those  who  pretend  to  be 
better  versed  in  their  history  tell  the 
story  this  way  :  The  Greeks  and  Genoese, 
say  they,  carried  on,  during  several  cen- 
turies, a  considerable  trade,  not  only  on 
the  Black  sea,  but  likewise  on  the  Cas- 
pian, and  were  certainlyacquainted  with 
the  mines  contained  in  these  mountains, 
from-  which  they  drew  by  their  trade 
with  the  inhabitants  great  quantities  of 
silver,  copper,  and  other  metals.  In  or- 
der to  work  these  upon  the  spot,  they 
sent,  hither  a  number  of  workmen  to  es- 
tablish manufactories,  and  instruct  the 
inhabitants;  The  subsequent  invasions 
of  the  Arabs,  Turks,  and  Monguls,  clu- 
ing which  the  mines  were  filled  up,  and 
'he  manufactures  abandoned,  prevented 
the  s'rangers  from  effecting  their  return, 
so  that  they  continued  here  and  erected 
themselves  into  a  republic.  What  ren- 
ders this  account  the  more  probable  is, 
that  they  are  still  excellent  artists,  and 
make  very  good  fire-arms,  as  well  rifled 
as  plain  ;"  sabres,  coats  of  mail,  and  se- 
veral articles  in  gold  and  silver  for  ex- 
portation. They  have  likewise,  for  their 
own  defence,  small  copper  cannons,  of 
three  pounds  calibre,  cast  by  themselves 
They  coin  Turkish  and  Persian  silver  mo- 
ney, and  even  rubles,  which,  readily  pass 
current,  because  they  are  of  the  full 
weight  and  value.  In  their  valleyS  the> 
have  pasture  and  arable  lands,  as  well  as 
gardens  ;  but  they  purchase  the  greater 
part  of  their  corn,  trusting  chiefly  for* 


KUR 

"support  to  the  sale  of  their  manufactures, 
■which  are  much  admired  in  Persia,  Tur- 
key, and  the  Crimea.  They  are  general- 
ly in  good  circumstances,  are  a  quiet  in- 
offensive people,  but  high  spirited  and 
independent.  Their  town  is  considered 
as  a  neutral  spot,  where  Jie  neighbour- 
ing' princes  can  deposit  their  treasures 
with  safety.  They  elect  yearly  twelve 
magistrates,  to  whom  they  pay  the  most 
unlimited  obedience;  and  as  all  the  in- 
habitants are  on  a  footing  of  perfect 
equality,  each  individual  is  sure  to  nave 
in  his  turn  a  share  in  the  government. 
In  the  year  1725,  their  magistrates,  as 
well  as  the  Usmeri,  acknowledged  the 
sovereignty  of  Russia,  but  without  pay- 
ing any  tribute.  Lon.  67  59  E,  lat.  42 
■..   30  N. 

Kiuhich,  a  strong  fort  of  Poland  in  the 
Ukraine,  seated  on  the  river  Dneiper.  Lon. 
35  45  E,  lat.  47  58  N. 

Kit/stein,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  Tirol,  with  a  casUe,  on  a  rock.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Inn,  46  miles  S  by  E  of  Mu- 
nich. Lon.  12  5  E,  lat.  47  26  N. 
KtuiacJiir.  See  Jeso. 
Knr,  a  river  of  Persia,  which  rises  in 
mount  Caucasus,  and  passing  by  Tefflis, 
falls  into  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Kurab,  a  town  of  Asia  in  Persia,  two 
miles  from  the  Caspian  Sea.  Lon.  50  15 
E,  lat.  37  36  N. 

Kurgan,  a  river  of  Asia,  which  rises 
in  the  province  of  Corasan,  and  falls  in- 
to the  Caspian  Sea. 

Kuriles,  a  chain  of  islands,  extending 
from  lat.  45  to  51  N,  running  from  the 
southern  promontory  of  Kamtschatka  to 
Japan,  in  a  SW  direction.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  the  neighbourhood  of  Lopatka, 
who  were  themselves  called  Kuriles.  gave 
these  islands  the  same  name,  as  soon  as 
they  became  acquainted  with  them.  Span- 
bug  says  they  are  22  in  number,  exclu- 
sive of  the  very  small  ones.  The  north- 
ernmost island,  which  is  called  Shoom- 
ska,  is  about  three  leagues  distant  from 
the  promontory  Lopatka,  its  inhabitants 
consisting  of  a  mixture  of  natives  and 
Kamtschadales.  The  next,  which  is  nam- 
ed Paramousic,  is  considerably  larger 
than  Shoomska,  and  is  inhabited  by  the 
real  natives.  The  Russians  paid  their 
first  visit  to  these  two  islands  in  1713, 
and  added  them  to  the  dominions  of  the 
empress.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  of 
those  islands  that  are  under  the  domi- 
nion of  Russia,  are  now  converted  to 
Christianity.  Perhaps  the  time  is  not  far 
distant,  when  an  advantageous  commerce 
will  be  carried  on  between  Kamtschatka 
and  this  extensive  chain  of  islands,  which 


L  A  £ 

may  afterwards  produce  a  communicatioji 
with  Japan  itself. 

Kursk,  a  government  of  the  Russian 
empire,  formerly  part  of  that  of  Bielgo- 
rod.  Its  capital,  of  the  same  name,  is 
seated  on  the  Tukor,  which  falls  into  tlie 
Seine  or  Sem.  'rSpCr 

Kvsma  Damianaki,  a  town  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  in  Turtary,  32  miles  NE  of 
Vasigolorod  from  the  river  Wolga.  Lon, 
51  30  E,  lat.  56  2  N. 

Kusistan,  a  province  of  Persia,  bound- 
ed on  the  IS  and  E  by  Irac-Agemi,  on 
the  S  by  Farsislan,  and  on  the  W  by  Irac-  • 
Arabia.    Suster  is  the  capital. 

Kuttenburcr,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seated 
near  a  mountain,  remarkable  for  its  sil- 
ver mines,  35  miles  SE  of  Prague.  Lon. 

15  37  E,  lat.  49  56  N. 
Kuttore,  a  country  of  Asia,  which  con- 
tains a  great  number  of  towns  and  vil- 
lages, and  is  exceedingly  populous.  Its 
principal  towns  are  Tonkul  and  Jourkul ; 
those  being  the  residence  of  its  rulers. 
It  abounds  in  fruits,  such  as  grapes,  ap- 
ples, plumbs,  &c.  It  likewise  yields 
rice,  wheat  and  other  sorts  of  grain.  The 
natives  are  exceedingly  fond  of  wine  and 
hog's  flesh;  although  their  country  is 
well  stocked  with  cows  and  goats.  They 
have  a  distinct  language,  and  their  arms 
consist  of  the  bow  and  arrow,  the  sabre 
and  the  sling. 

Kuynder,  a  fortress  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, 23  miles  S  of  Lewarden.  Lon. 
5  24  E,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Kylburg,  a  to'wn  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves,  seated  on  the  Kyll, 

16  miles  NW  of  Treves.    Lon.  6  37  E. 
lat.  50  1  X. 

Myneioiiy  a  town  in  Herefordshire,  with 
a  good  trade  in  narrow  cloth,  and  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday'.  It  is  15  miles  NW 
of  Hereford,  and  149  WNW  of  London. 
Lon.  2  50  W,  lat.  52  12  N. 

Kyneton,  a  village  in  Somersetshire,  N 
E  of  Somcrton.  It  is  naturally  paved,  for 
half  a  mile,  with  one  smooth  rock,  which 
looks  like  ice. 


L 


LAJiy  Lauby  or  Lahab,  a  town  of  Aus- 
tria, seated  on  the  Tcva,  27  miles  NW 
of  Vienna.    Lon.  16  9  E,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Labadia,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
Polesino  di  Uovigo,  subject  to  the  Ve- 
netians. It  is  seated  on  the  Adige,  20 
miles  NW  of  Ferrara.  Lon.  11  54  R,  lat. 
45  39  N. 


LAC 


LAG 


Labia,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Servia.  62  miles  SW  of  Nissa. 

Labiau,  a  town  of  Western  Prussia,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Deime,  near  the  Cu- 
rischhaff,  with  a  strong  castle,  30  miles 
NE  of  Koningsberg.  Lon.  21  40  E,  lat. 
54  57  N. 

Labourd,  a  late  territory  of  France, 
part  of  that  of  Basques.  It  abounds  in 
limits,  and  the  inhabitants  are  said  to  be 
the  first  that  went  to  fish  for  whales.  It 
is  now  included  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Pyrenees. 

Labrador \  a  country  on  the  E  side  of 
Hudson's  Bay,  in  North  America.  The 
climate,  in  only  lat.  57  N,  is  excessively 
cold  during-  winter.  Wine  freezes  in  a 
solid  mass  ;  brandy  coagulates  ;  and  the 
very  breath  falls  on  the  blankets  of  a 
bed,  in  the  form  of  a  hoar-frost.  The 
ice  begins  to  disappear  in  May ;  and 
about  the  middle  of  June,  commences 
hot  weather,  which,  at  times  is  so  vio- 
lent, as  to  scorch  the  faces  of  the  hun- 
ters. Mock  suns  and  halos  are  not  un- 
frequent;  they  are  very  bright,  and  rich- 
ly tinged  with  all  the  colours  of  the  rain- 
bow. The  sun  rises  and  sets  with  a  large 
cone  of  yellowish  light;  and  the  night  is 
enlivened  by  the  aurora  borealis,  which 
spreads  many  different  lights  and  colours 
over  the  whole  sky.  The  animals  are 
moosedeers,  stags,  reindeers,  bears,  ti- 
gers, buffaloes,  wolves,  foxes,  beavers, 
otters,  lynxes,  martens,  squirrels,  er- 
mines, wild  cats,  and  hares.  The  fea- 
thered kinds  are  geese,  bustards,  ducks, 
partridges,  and  all  kinds  of  wild  fowls. 
The  fish  are  whales,  morses,  seals,  c  )d- 
fish,  and  a  white  fish  preferable  to  her- 
rings ;  and  in  their  rivers  and  fresh  wa- 
lers  are  p.kc,  perch,  carp,  and  trout.  In 
summer,  there  is  here,  as  in  other  places, 
a  variety  in  the  colour  of  rhe  several  ani- 
mals :  when  that  season  is  over,  which 
Mo  ds  only  for  thvee  months,  they  all  as- 
sume the  livery  of  winter,  &hd  every  sort 
of  beasts,  and  mosi  of  their  fowls,  are  o." 
ihe  colour  of  the  snow  ;  every  thing  ani- 
mate and  inanimate  is  white.  Put  one 
of  the  most  striking  things,  that  draws 
the  most  inattentive  to  an  admiration  of 
the  wisdom  and  goodness  of  Providence, 
is  t!i at  the  dogs  and  cats  from  Great  Bri- 
tain, that  have  been  carried  to  Hudson's 
Bay,  on  the  approach  of  winter,  have 
changed  their  appearance,  and  acquired 
a  much  longer,  softer,  and  thicker  coat 
of  hair  than  they  originally  hvA.  See 
JVet'o  Britain,  Esquimaux,  and  Hudson''^ 
fiajt. 

L  ick,  or  JiiscJiofa-L'tck,  a  town  of  Ger- 
nfiany  m  Carruola.    Here  is  not  only  a 


great  deal  of  iron,  steel,  quicksilver, 
and  corn,  but  a  large  quantity  of  linen  is 
made  here,  and  sent  to  Fiume  andTriest. 
It  is  26  miles  W  bv  N  of  Laubach,  and 
35  N  of  Triest.  Lon.  14  7  E,  lat.  46  31  N, 

Lark,  a  township  of  Mifflin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  between  Tusco- 
rora  creek  and  the  Shade  Mountain.  In 
1810  it  contained  1165  inhabitants. 

Ladetiburgh,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  p.launate  of  the  Rhine,  seated  on 
the  Neckar,  eight  miles  NW  of  Hiedel- 
berg.    Lon.  8  42  E,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Ladoga,  a  lake  in  Russia,  between  the 
gulf  of  Finland  and  the  lake  of  Onega.  It 
is  150  miles  long,  and  90  broad ;  and  is 
esteemed  to  be  the  largest  lake  in  Eu- 
rope. Among  the  fish  with  which  it 
abounds,  are  seals.  This  induced  Peter 
the  Great  to  cut  a  canal  67  miles  in 
length,  from  the  SW  extremity  of  this 
lake  to  the  river  Neva,  by  which  it  has  a 
communication  with  the  gulf  of  Finland. 

Ladoga,  JVew,  a  town  in  the  Russian 
government  of  St.  Petersburgh,  seated 
on  the  Voikhpf,  between  the  lake  and 
canal  of  Ladoga.  It  is  70  miles  E  of  St. 
Petersburgh.  Lon.  30  32  E,  lat.  60  0  N. 
Old  Ladoga,  an  inconsiderable  place,  is 
higher  up  the  Volkhof. 

Ludogna,  or  Lacedogna,  a  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Capitanata,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
60  miles  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  46  E,  lat 
41  1  N. 

Lidrone  Inlands,  islands  of  the  N  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  They  are  11  in  number,  ex- 
clusive of  the  small  islets  and  rocks,  and 
lie  in  about  140  E  lon.  and  between  11 
and  28  N  lat.  They  were  discovered  by 
Magellan,  in  1521.  He  touched  first  at 
the  island  of  Guam,  where  the  natives 
stole  some  of  his  goods,  which  caused 
him  to  name  these  islands  the  Ladrones, 
or  Islands  of  Thieves.  Beside  the  other 
fruits  natural  to  the  soil  and  climate,  here 
is  the  bread-fruit  tree  in  abundance.  The 
names  of  the  principal  islands  are  Say* 
pan,  Tinian,  Guam,  and  Rota. 

Lagiw,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Marne,  and  late 
province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  with  a 
late  famous  Benedictine  Abbey.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Marne,  15  miles  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  45  E,  lat.  48  50  N.     v.  $ 

Lagoon,  one  of  the  new  discovered  is- 
lands in  the  S  Sea,  inhabited  by  a  race  of 
Indians,  of  a  copper  colour.  This  island 
was  discovered  by  Captain  Cook.  Lon. 
139  28  n  ,  lat.  18  47  S. 

Luges,  a  seaport  of  Portugal,  in  Al- 
garva,  with  a  cr;stie.  Here  the  English 
fleets  bound  to  tin-  Straits  usually  take 
in  fresh  water.    Near  this  town  is  Cape 


LAI 


LAM 


-Lagcs,  off  which,  in  1759,  admiral  Bos- 
cawen  defeated  a  French  fleet.  It  is  120 
miles  SE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  33  W,  lat. 
37  2  N. 

Laguna,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Tene- 
riffe,  one  of  the  Canaries,  where  the  go- 
vernor has  a  palace,  but  generally  re- 
sides at  Santa  Cruz.  The  lake  from 
which  it  has  been  supposed  to  derive  its 
name,  is  now  a  very  inconsiderable  piece 
of  water.    Lon.  16  13  \V,  lat.  28  30  N. 

Lagunei  of  Venice,  the  marshes  or 
lakes  in  Italy,  on  which  Venice  is  seat- 
ed. They  communicate  with  the  sea,  and 
are  the  security  of  the  city.  There  are 
about  60  islands  in  these  Lagunes,  which 
together  make  a  bishop's  see.  Euarano 
is  the  most  considerable,  next  to  those 
on  which  V  enice  stands. 

LaJin,  a  river  of  Germany  which  rises 
in  Hesse  Cassei,  and  falls  into  the  Rhine 
above  Coblentz. 

Ldhom,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Halland,  seated  near  the  Bal- 
tic, with  the  castle,  50  miles  X  of  Co- 
penhagen.   Lon.  12  40  E,  lat .  56  31  N, 

Lahore,  a  province  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, bounded  on  tiie  W  by  Cahdahar,  on 
the  N  by  Cashmere,  on  the  E  by  Siri  <- 
agur  and  Delhi,  and  on  the  S  by  Moul- 
tan.  It  is  ofVen  called  Panjah,  or  the 
country  of  Five  Rivers.  It  is  ver\  exten- 
sive and  remarkably  fertile;  affording  in 
addition  to  all  the  nece  ssaries  of  life, 
wine,  sugar,  and  cotton  wood.  In 
tract  between  the  Indus  and  theChelum, 
are  salt  mines,  wonderfully  productive, 
and  affording  fragments  'of  rock  salt, 
hard  enough  to  be  formed  into  vessels, 
&c    See  Panjah. 

Lahore,  a  city,  the  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  in  Hindoostan' 
Proper.  It  is  a  place  of  high  antiquity, 
and  was  one  of  the  most  considerable  ci- 
ties in  the  Mogul  dominions,  containing  a 
great  number  of  mosques,  caravanser;cs, 
and  pagods,  and  the  residence  of  the 
Mahometan  conquerors  of  Hindoostan, 
before  they  had  established  themselves 
in  the  central  parts  of  the  country.  La- 
hore is  now  the  capital  of  the  Seiks 
whose  name  was  hardly  known  till  the 
rapid  decline  of  the  Mogul  empire,  in 
the  present  ce-.'  ury.  Here  they  have 
manufactures  of  cotton  cloths  and  stuffs 
of  all  kinds,  and  of  very  curious  carpets. 
And  here  there  is  a  magnificent  walk  of 
shadv  trees,  upwards  of  300  miles  long. 
It  :s'210  miles  S  of  Cashmere,  and  290 
NYV  of  Delhi.  Lon.  73  45  E,  lat.  31  15  N. 

Lciv.Jy  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  near  a  river  of  the  same  name. 
Lon.  16  11  E,  lat.  40  4  N. 

Lar-tcheou-foity  a  city  of  China,  in  the 


province  of  Chang-tong,  with  a  conveai 
ent  harbour  on  the  Yellow  Sea,  contain- 
ing two  cities  of  the  first,  and  five  of 
t'ne  third  class. 

Laland,  a  srmdl  island  of  Denmark,  in 
the  Baltic,  lying;  S  of  Zealand,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  channel.  11 
is  fertile  in  corn,  with  which  it  supplied 
Copenhagen.    Naxkow  is  the  capital. 

Lambale,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the"  North  Coast,  and  late 
proViiice  of  Bretagne.  It  is  the  chief 
town  of  the  late  duchy  of  Penthievre, 
and  gave  the  title  of  princess  to  the  un- 
fortunate lady  of  that  name.  Lam  bale, 
has  a  good  trade  in  cattle,  linens  and 
parchment,  and  is  37  miles  NW  of  Ren- 
nes.    Lon.  2  21  W,  lat.  48  27  N. 

Lambese,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone  and 
late  province  of  Provence,  nine  milas  N 
of  Aix.    Lon.  5  31  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Lambeth,  a  village  in  Surry,  on  the 
Thames  opposite  Westminster,  where 
the  archbishops  of  Canterbury  have  an 
ancient  palace.  By  the  vast  increase  of 
buildings,  Lambeth  is  now  joined  to  the 
metropolis,  in  a  direction  to  each  of  the 
three  bridges.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of 
artificial  stone,  which  answer  every  pur- 
pose of  stone  carving,  and  extends,  not 
only  to  statues  from  the  finest  models, 
but  to  every  kind  of  architectural  orna- 
ments. Here  likewise  are  extensive  works 
for  vinegar  and  home-made  wine,  a  pa- 
tent shot  manufacture,  and  numerous 
imber  yr.rds,  supplied  with  almost  in- 
credible stores  of  foreign  timber. 

Lamborn,  a  town  in  Berks,  with  a  mar? 
ket  on  Friday,  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
sr>me  name,  which  falls  into  the  Kennet, 
below  Newbury.  It  is  seven  miles  N  by 
W  o?  Hnnovrford,  and  68  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  26  W,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Lamego,  a  town  of  Portugal  in  Beira, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  strong  cita- 
del, containing  two  churches,  an  hospi- 
tal, and  four  convents.  It  is  50  miles  S 
E  •  f  Pragtra*  and  150  N  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
7  30  W,  lat.  41  12  N. 

L  immermuir,  a  mountainous  ridge  in 
Scotland,  which  divides  the  county  of 
Berwick  from  that  of  Haddington  for 
above  20  miles.  These  mountains  are, 
in  general,  very  bleak  and  barren,  af- 
fording but  scanty  pasture  for  the  sheep 
that  feeel  on  them.  Scoutra  Hill  is  the 
most  elevated  of  this  ridge. 

Lamo,  a  kingdom  and  island  of  Africa, 
on  the  coast  of  Melinda,  between  the  is- 
land of  Pate  and  Cape  Formosa.  Its  ca- 
pital of  the  same  name  is  well  fortified 
The  king  and  government,  being  Maho- 
metans, are  frequently  at  war  with  the 


J.  A  X 


LAN 


vest  of  the  inhabitants,  who  are  Pagans. 
Lamo  is  tributary  to  the  Portuguese. 

Lamoille,  a  river  of  Vermont  state, 
which  lists  in  Caledonia  county,  and 
runs  in  various  me&nch  rs  nearly  a  W 
course  through  tlie  con;  **y,  till  it  falls 
into  Lake  Champ laine  near  Milton,  and 
opposite  the  S  point  of  South  Hero. 

Lanipcdom,  a  desert  island  on  the 
coast  of  Tunis,  12  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. It  is  50  miles  fiom  Tunis,  and 
112  from  Malta  ;  and  has  a  good  harbour, 
where  ships  water.  Lon.  HUE,  lat.  36 
10  N. 

Lumpeiefj  a  township  of  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing-  2501 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on 
.Mill  creek,  5  mites  E  of  the  borough  of 
Lancaster. 

Lumpsaco,  an  ancient  town  of .  Katolia, 
with  a  Creek  archbishop's  see.  It  is  now 
an  inconsiderable  place,  seated  on  the  sea 
of  Marmora,  six  miles  from  the  Darda- 
nelles.   Lon.  27  20  E,  hit.  40  12  N. 

Lamspringe,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
situated  at  the  source  of  a  river  called 
Laine. 

Lancashire,  a  large  maritime  province 
of  England,  washed  by  the  trial)  sea 
on  the  W,  bordering'  on  the  N  with 
part  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland; 
bounded  on  the  E  by  the  W  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  and  on  the  W  by  Cheshire,  ex- 
tending 73  miles  in  length,  and  41  in 
breadth,  comprehending  about  500,000 
inhabitants.  The  eastern  parts  of  the 
province  are  rocky,  and  in  the  northern 
districts  we  sec  many  single  mountains 
remarkably  high,  such  as  Ingleborough 
nil!,Cloughbo-hill,  I'cndle-hill,  and  Long- 
ridge-hill.  Nor  is  there  any  want  of 
wood  in  this  country;  either  for  umbo 
or  fuel ;  witness  Y\"ic  rsdale  forest  and 
Rowland  forest  to  the  northward  and  Si- 
mon's wood  in  the  southern  par.t  of  Lan- 
cashire. The  air  of  Lancashire  is  pure, 
healthy,  and  agreeable,  except  among  the 
fens  and  on  the  sea-shore,  where  the  at 
mospherc  is  loaded  with  putrid  exhala- 
tions, producing  malignant  and  intermit- 
ting fevers,  scurvy,  rheumatism,  dropsy, 
and  consumption.  The  soil  is  various  i"> 
different  parts  of  the  country,  poor  and 
rocky  on  the  hills,  fat.  and  fertile  in  the 
valleys  and  champaign  country.  The  le- 
vel country  produces  plenty  of  wheat  and 
barley,  and  the  skirts  of  the  hills  yield 
good  harvests  of  excellent  oats :  "very 
good  hemp  is  raised  in  divers  pans  of  th. 
province  ;  and  the  pasture  which  grows 
in  the  valley  is  so  peculiarly  rich,  that  tlv 
Cattle  which  feed  upon  it  are  much  lar- 
ger and  fatter  than  in  any  other  part  of 
England.    There  is  not  any,  part  of  the 


world  better  supplied  than  Lancashir 
Willi  provisions  of  all  kinds  at  a  very  re 
sonable  rate  ;  such  as  beef,  veal,  mutton, 
iamb,  pork,  poultry,  and  game  of  all  sorts, 
caught  upon  the  moors,  heaths,  and  com- 
mons, in  the  hilly  part  of  the  shire.  Be- 
sides the  sea-fowl  common  to  the  shires  of 
England,  such  as  ducks,  easteriings,  teal 
and  plover,  man}'  uncommon  birds  are 
observed  on  the  coast  of  Lancashire*  Itsr. 
principal  manufactures  are  linen,  silk, 
and  cotton  goods;  fustians,  counterpanes, 
shalloons,  bays,  serges,  tapes,  small  ware, 
hats,  sailcloth,  sacking,  pins,  iron  goods, 
cast  plate-glass,  &c.  Of  the  commerce  of 
this  county,  it  may  suffice  to  observe,  that 
Liverpool  is  the  second  port  in  the  king- 
dom. The  principal  rivers  arc  the  Mer- 
sey, Irweil,  Kibble,  Lon,  Levern,  YVvre, 
i!  odder,  Roche,  Duddon,  Winster,  Ken, 
and  Calder  ;  and  it  has  two  considerable 
lakes,  WiiK.nder-mere,  and  Conistonmere. . 
Lancaster  is  the  county  town.^ 

Lancaster,  the  county  town  of  Lanca- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
governed  by  a  mayor:  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament ;  and  is  seated  on  the 
Lon,  which  here  forms  a  port  for  vessels 
of  moderate  burden,  and  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge  of  five  arches.  It  has  but 
one  church,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the 
summit  of  which  is  the  castle,  serving 
both  as  the  shire-house,  and  the  county- 
gaol.  On  the  top  of  this  ca'stle  is  a  square 
tower,  called  John  of  Gaunt's  Chair, 
whence  there  is  a  fine  prospect  of  the 
mountains  of  Cumberland,  and  the  view 
toward  the  sea,  extending  to  the  Isle  of 
Man.  Five  miles  from  this  place  is  Du- 
nald-Mill-Hole,  a  cave  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  into  which  a  large  brook  runs, 
after  it  has  driven  a  mill  near  its  entrance- 
Some  of  its  vaults  are  so  high,  that  they 
resemble  the  roof  of  a  church,  and  iivo- 

her  parts  so  low,  that  they  can  be  passed 
■inly  by  creeping  on  the  hands  and  feet 
Lancaster  carries  on  a  considerable  trade, 
•specially  to  the  West  indies;  and  is 
noted -for  the  makiiu;  of  mahogam  cabi- 
net ware.  It  is  68  milts  S  of  Carlisle, 
and  235  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  56  W„ 
iat.54  4N. 

L<mcaster,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania, 
41  miles  long,  and  35  broad.  In  1810  it 
contained  53,927  inhabitants :  divided 
from  Chester  county,  and  erected  into  a 
separate  county,  May  10,  1729.  It  \s 
''  Minded  on  the  E  by  Chester  county  ;  on 

he  KB  by  Berks;  N  and  XW  by  Dau- 
ohin ;  and  SW  by  the  Susquehannah 
which  separates  it  from  York  county. 
It  is  divided  into  24  townships.  The 
!ands  are  generalh  rich,  and  are  sett  led 
principally  by  Germans  or  their  descend- 


LAN 


L  A 


ants.  It  contains  some  valuable  mines  of< 
iron  ore,  and  several  iron  furnaces  and 
forges,  at  w  hich  the  metal  is  manufac- 
tured into  bar-iron,  stoves,  and.  other 
castings. 

Lancaster,  the  capital  of  Lancaster 
eounty,  Pennsylvania.  Tins  town  was  e- 
rected  into  a  borough  and  incorporated 
in  1742.  In  1810  the  inhabitants  amount- 
ed to  5405,  who  are  principally  Germans, 
or  their  immediate  descendants.  The. 
streets  are  laid  out  in  regular  squares, 
and  the  buildings  are  mostly  of  bricks, 
some  of  them  handsomely  constructed. 
The  principal  public  edifices,  are  a  large 
court-house,  market-house,  and  gaol,  with 
6 or  7  places  of  religious  worship.  It  is  at 
present  the  seat  of  the  Suite  government, 
and  has  a  bank,  a  college  called  Franklin 
college,  and  a  post  oitice.  It  is  situated 
in  the  lat.  of  40  N  and  Ion.  of  76  10  W.  at 
the  distance  of  62  miles  Wfrom  Philadel- 
phia, and  IIP:  from  Columbia,  on  the  ri- 
ver Susquehannah. 

La?icaster,  a  county  of  Virginia  ;  con- 
taining 5,592  inhabitants  in  1810,  more 
than  one  half  slaves.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween Northumberland  and  Middlesex 
counties,  being  separated  from  the  latter 
by  the  river  Rappahannock.  The  chief 
town,  Lancaster. 

Lancaster,  a  county  of  Camden  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  containing  6,318  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  fdtuated  between 
'die  Wateree,  and  the  west  branch  of 
Lynch's  river,  and  joins  the  state  of  North 
Carolina. 

J.ancaster,  a  post  town  in  Grafton  coun 
ty,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  E  side  of  Con- 
necticut river,  54  miles  XE  of  Haverhill, 
with  440  inhabitants. 

Lancaster,  a  post  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  35  miles  NW  of 
Boston,  and  17  XE  of  Worcester,  with 
1 694  inhabitants. 

jMiicerota,  one  of  the  Canary  Isles.  It 
is  very  high,  and  may  be  discovered  at 
a  great  distance.  The  goats  and  sheep 
are  pretty  plenty,  and  the  v  allies  produce 
a  little  wheat  and  corn,  ft  is  about  15 
miles  long  and  10  broad.  Lon.  13  26  \V, 
lat.  29  14  N 

Lanciano,  a  town  of  Naples,   in  Ab- 
uzzo  Citeriore,    with  an  archbishop's 
t3£.    It  is  seated  on  the  Feltrino,  87 
miles  XE  of  Xaples.     Lon.  14  50  E,  lat. 
42  18  X. 

Landajf,  a  small  place  in  Glamorgan- 
shire, but  honoured  with  the  appellation 
of  a  city,  on  account  of  its  being  an  epis- 
copal see.  It  is  seated  on  an  ascent,  on 
the  river  Taafe,  near  Cardiff;  but  the  ca- 
thedral, a  large  stately  building,  stands 
on  low  ground.   It  is  30  miles  NW  of 


Bristol,  and  166  W  of  London.  Lon.  3  10 
W.lac.  51  24  N. 

Landaff,  a  township  of  Graf  on  county, 
New  Hampshire,  containing  650  inhabi- 
ahts  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  £ 
sale  of  Connecticut  rirer,  between  Bath 
.tnd  Haverhill. 

Landaw,  a  strong  town  of  German}7,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine.  It  was  for- 
merly imperial,  but  was  ceded  to  the 
French  in  1648.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Queich,  nine  miles  S  of  Newstadt,  and 
2~0  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  8  12  E,  lat.  49  12  N. 

Landen,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
famous  for  a  battle  gained  by  the  French, 
over  the  allies,  July  29,  1693,  and  for  a 
battle  fought  between  the  Austrians  and 
French,  March  18, 1793,  by  which  the  lat- 
ter were  compelled  to  evacuate  the  Austri- 
an Netherlands.  Landen  is  seated  on  the 
Becke,  17  miles  XW  of  Huy,  and  18  NE 
ofNamur.  Lon.  5  5  E,  lat.  52  41  N.  See 
j\*eerxvinden. 

La?ulernau,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Finisterre  and  late  province  of 
Bre.ti.gne,  seated  on  the  Elhoro,  16  miles 
NE  of  Brest.    Lon.  4  20  W,  lat .48  28  N. 

Landes,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding1 the  late  territory  of  Marsan.  It 
is  a  barren  sandy  country,  covered  with 
fern,  pines,  and  the  holm-tree,  of  the 
bark  of  which  corks  are  made.  Mont-de 
Marsan  is  the  capital  of  this  department, 
and  Dox  the  episcopal  see. 

Lanesborough,  a  post  town  of  Berkshire, 
Massachusetts,  containing  1303  inhabi- 
tants in  1«10.  It  is  situated  in  the  NW 
part  of  the  state,  joining  to  the  state  of 
New  York. 

Languard  Fort,  seems  to  belong  to  Suf- 
folk, but  is  in  the  limits  of  Essex,  and 
lias  a  lovely  prospect  of  the  coasts  of 
both  cour.iies.  It  wa%  erected  and  is 
maintained  for  the  defence  of  the  port  of 
Harwich  over  against  it ;  for  it  commands 
die  entry  of  it  from  the  sea  up  the  Man- 
ning-tree water,  and  will  reach  any  ship 
tli at  goes  in  or  out.  It  is  placed  on  a 
point  of  land  so  surrounded  with  the  sea 
it  high  water,  that  it  looks  like  a  little 
island  at  least  one  mile  from  the  shore. 
The  making  its  foundation  solid  enough 
for  so  good  a  fortification  cost  many  years 
labour,  and  a  prodigious  expense.  Here 
is  a  small  garrison,  with  a  governor,  and 
a  platform  of  guns.  This  fort  is  refitted 
and  greatly  enlarged  for  the  conveniency 
of  the  officers  of  ordnance,  engineers, 
and  matros  ;es  ;  and  a  barrack  built  for 
the  soldiers. 

Landrecy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  province 
of  Hainault.  It  was  besieged  in  vain  by 
prince  Eugene  in  1712.    It  w&s  taken  by 


LAN 

the  allies,  in  April  1794;  but  retaken  in 
July  following.  It  is  very  well  fortified, 
and  seated  on  the  S:imbrc,  28  miles  SW 
of  Maubeuge,  and  100  N  by  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  47  E,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Landsberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  seated  on  the 
Warta.  Lon.  15  10  E,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Landsberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Bavaria  near  the  river  Lech. 

Landscroon,  a  fort  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Rhine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace,  seated  on  an  eminence 
three  miles  N  of  Basil.  Lon.  7  32  E,  lat. 
47  36  N. 

Landscroon,  or  Landscrona,  a  seaport 
of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of  Gothland, 
and  territory  of  Schonen,  seated  on  the 
Baltic,  within  the  Sound,  22  miles  X  of 
Copenhagen.    Lon.  12  52  E,  lat.  55  52  N. 

Land's  End,  the  most  westerly  point 
of  Great  Britain,  and  a  vast  aggregate 
of  moorstone.    Lon.  5  40  W,  lat.  50  6  N. 

Landsclmt,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
duchy  uf  Schweidnitz,  it  is  seated  on  the 
•Zelder,  which  falls  into  ihe  Bauber,  and 
Is  12  miles  W  of  Schweidnitz. 

Landschut,  a  town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
with  a  strong  castle,  on  an  adjacent  hill. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Iser,  35  miits  NE  of 
Munich.    Lon.  12  10  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Landsclmt,  a  town  of  Moravia,  seated 
on  the  Morava,  on  the  confines  of  Hunga- 
ry and  Austria. 

Landsperg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  the  marche  of  Braudenburgh,  seated 
on  the  Warta,  32  miles  NE  of  Francfort 
on  the  Oder.   Lon.  15  10  E,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Landsperg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
eircle  of  Bavaria,  near  the  river  Leech, 
23  miles  S  of  Augsburg. 

Lanerk,  a  bojfqugh  in  Lanerkshire, 
seated  on  the  Crvoe,  20  miles  SE  of  Glas- 
gow.   Lon.  3  49  W,  lat.  55  40  TKF. 

Lanerkshire,  or  Clydesdale,-  which  lat- 
ter name  it  has  from  that  river  which 
runs  entirely  through  it  from  South-east 
to  North-west,  and  near  Lanerk  town 
forms  a  cataract  of  40  feet  high.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  part  of  Dumbarton- 
shire, Stirlingshire,  Linlithgowshire,  and 
Edinburghshire  ;  on  the  E  by  Peebleshire 
and  part  of  Dumfriesshire,  on  the  S  In 
Dumfriesshire,  and  on  the  W  by  Ayrshire 
and  Renfrewshire.  It  is  near  24  miles 
where  broadest,  and  about  16  in  the  nar- 
rowest part,  and  40  long ;  and  divided 
into  the  Upper  and  Nether-ward;  the  one 
called  the  shire  of  Lanerk,  and  the  other 
the  barony  of  Glasgow  ;  the  one  hilly, 
heathy,  and  fit  for  pasture  ;  and  the  other 
level,  and  proper  for  corn.  The  princi- 
pal rivers,  all  of  which  rise  on  the  same 
hill,  are  the  Clyde,  which  runs  into  the 


LAN 

Frith  of  its  own  name,  and  the  Annan, 
both  of  which  run  into  the  Irish  Sea  : 
also  the  Tweed,  which  falls  into  the  Ger- 
man Ocean  ;  besides  which  the  Frith  of 
Clyde  is  joined  to  die  Frith  of  Forth  by 
a  canal  for  the  benefit  of  navigation  and 
trade.  It  abounds  with  coal  and  lime- 
stone ;  has  some  lead  mines,  and  abun- 
dance of  Lapis  Lazuli  is  dug  up  here. 
The  chief  towns  are  Hamilton,  Lanerk, 
Itutherglen  and  Glasgow,  the  latter  of 
which  is  the  most  flourishing  town  in 
Scotland,  both  in  manufactures  and  trade 
to-foreign  parts, 

Lanesboro',  a  post  town  of  Berkshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  five  miles  N  of 
Pittsfield,  and  28  S  of  Bennington  in 
Vermont,  with  1443  inhabitants. 

Lanesburg,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Longford  and  province  of  Lein- 
ster,  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Shan- 
non, 62  miles  from  Dublin.  Lon.  8  6  "NY, 
lat.  53  40  N. 

Langdon,  a  township  of  Cheshire  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  containing  632  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  was  named  in  honour  of 
John  Langdon,  late  governor  of  the  state. 

Langeac,  a  small  town  of  I  *  ance,  in  the 
department  of  Cantal,  and  late  province 
of  Auvergne,  seated  near  the  Allier,  a- 
mong  mountains,  36  miles  S  of  Clermont 
Lon.  3  35  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

La?igeais,  an  ancient  towni  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire, 
and  late  province  of  Touraine,  seated  on 
the  Loire,  12  miles  W  of  Tours.  -  Lon.  0 
31  E,  lat.  47  26  N. 

Langeland,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in 
the  strait  called  the  Great  Belt.  It  is  33 
miles  long,  but  scarcely  five  in  breadth. 
It  produces  plenty  of  corn,  and  the  prin- 
cipal town  is  Rutcoping.  Lon.  11  0  E, 
lat.  55  4  N. 

Lanjan  or  Lanching,  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Laos,  in  the  further  India, 
371  miles  X  of  Siam.  Lon.  101  51  E,  lat. 
21  10  N. 

Langon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Girdnde,  and  late  province  of 
Gttieime.  It  is  noted  for  excellent  wine, 
and  seated  on  the  Garonne,  15  miles  N 
of  Bazas.    Lon.  0  10  W,  lat.  44  33  N. 

Lang port,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
on  a  hill,  by  the  river  Parrel,  which  is 
navigable  for  barges  to  Bridgewater.  It 
is  ten  miles  SE  of  Bridgewater,  and  128 
W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  0  W,  lat. 
51  0  N. 

Langres,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Upper  Marne,  and 
late  province  of  Champagne,  with  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain  near 
the  sources  of  the  Marne,  aijd  its  cutleny 


LAO 


LAP 


si  ares  are  in  high  esteem.  Tins  town  is 
thought  to  stand  the  highest  of  any  in 

France ;  and  the  prospect  from  the  tow 
ers  of  the  principal  church  is  beautiful 
beyond  conception. "  It  is  35  miles  NE  of 
Dijon,  and  100  S  by  E  of  liheims.  Lon. 
5  24  E,  lat.  47  52  N. 

Lang-stone,  a  place  in  Hampshire  fa- 
mous for  its  harbour  which  is  capacious 
enough  to  contain  the  whole  navy  of  Eng- 
land, but  on  account  of  a  bar  there  is  no 
entrance  for  large  ships  at  low  water. 

Languedoc,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Querci,  Eouergue, 
Auvergne,  and  Lyonois ;  on  the  E  by 
Dauphiny  and  Provence ;  oji  the  W  by 
Gascony ;  and  on  the  S  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  Rousillon.  The  clergy  and 
inhabitants  were  more  rich,  numerous 
and  more  bigotted  than  in  any  other  place 
in  France.  It  now  forms  the  departments 
of  Aude,  Gard,  Upper  Garonne,  and  He- 
rault. 

Lanion,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North  Coast  and  late  province 
of  Bretagne.  Its  trade  consists  in  wine 
and  hemp,  and  it  has  some  mineral  wa- 
ters. The  inhabitants  of  Lanion,  Guin- 
gamp,  and  the  environs,  speak  the  Welsh 
language,  which  was  probably  brought 
here  by  the  Britons,  who  took  refuge  in 
these  parts,  in  the  fifth  century.  Lanion 
is  15  miles  \V  of  Treguier. 

Lahnoy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  and  late  province 
of  French  Flanders,  5  miles  SE  of  Lisle. 

Lansinburg,  a  post  town  in  Rensellaer 
county,  New  York ;  situated  ort  the  E 
side  of  Hudson  river,  near  its  junction 
with  the  Mohock  river,  about  four  miles 
above  Troy,  and  nine  above  Albany. 

Lanzo,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  on  the  ri- 
ver Sture,  12  miles  NW  of  Turin.  Lon. 
7  28  E,  lat.  45  9  N. 

Jjcioiiy  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  and  late  province  of  Sois- 
sonnois,  with  a  castle,  and  lately  a  bish- 
op's see.  Its  principal  trade  consists  in 
corn  and  wine ;  it  is  advantageously  seat- 
ed on  a  mountain,  77  miles  NE  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3,  43  E,  lat.  49  34  N. 

Laos:,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  China,  on  the  E  by  Tonquin 
and  Cochin  China,  on  the  S  by  Cambo- 
dia, and  on  the  W  by  Burmah.  This 
country  is  full  of  forests,  and  abounds  in 
rice,  fruits,  and  fish.  The  inhabitants 
are  w  ell  made,  robust,  of  an  olive  com- 
plexion, and  mild  ;  but  very  supersti- 
tious, and  much  addicted  to  women. 
Their  principal  occupation  is  tilling  the 
ground  and  fishing.  The  king  is  abso- 
lute, and  has  no  other  law  than  his  own 
will:  he  shows  himself  but  twice  a  year, 


and  lias  a  large  revenue  from  elephantfs 
teeth  found  in  his  dominions.  Their  re- 
ligion is  much  the  same  as  in  China. 
Lancione  is  the  capital. 

Lapland,  the  most  northerly  country  of 
Europe,  extending  from  the  N  cape  in  71 
30  N  lat.  to  the  White  Sea  under  the 
arctic  circle,  is  inhabited  by  the  same 
people,  though  the  country  is  subject  to 
different  powers.    Norwegian  Lapland, 
under  the  dominion  of  Denmark,  lies  be- 
tween  the  northern  sea,  the  river  Pais, 
and  the  lake  Enarak.    Swedish  Lapland 
comprehends  all  the  country  from  the 
Baltic  to  the  mountains  that  separate 
Norway  from  Sweden.    Lapland  may  be 
termed  a  huge  congeries  of  frightful 
rocks  and  stupendous  mountains  ,  inter- 
spersed, however,  with  many  pleasant 
valleys,  watered  by  an  infinite  number  of 
rivulets  that  run  into  the  rivers  and  lakes, 
which  discharge  themselves  into  the  gulf 
of  Bothnia.    The  names  of  the  principal 
lakes  in  Lapland  are  the  Great  Uma,  the 
Great  Windel,  the  Oreavan,  the  Stor-avan, 
the  Great  Lula  ;  the  lakes  of  Kartom, 
Kali,  Torno,  Enara,  and  Kimi.    Some  of 
these  extend  60  leagues  in  length,  and 
contain  a  great  number  of  islands  :  Stor- 
avan  is  said  to  contain  365 ;  and  Enora 
contains  an  archipelago  of  islands  so 
large,  that  no  Laplander  has  lived  long 
enough  io  visit  each  particular  island. 
The  natives  believe  this  country  to  be 
the  terrestrial  paradise  ;  and  indeed  no- 
thing could  be  more  enchanting  than 
such  vast  prospects  of  mountains,  hills, 
forests,  lakes  rivers,  8tc  if  the  country 
was  in  a  moderate  climate  ;  though  even 
here,  in  summer  the  roses  are  seen  blow- 
ing wild  on  the  banks  of  lakes  and  ri- 
vers, with  all  the  beautiful  glow  of  co- 
lour  which  appears  in  those  cultivated  in 
our  gardens.    But  all  the  intervals  be- 
tween the  mountains  are  not  engrossed 
by  these  agreeable  prospects;  great  part 
of  the  fiat  country  is  covered  with  brown 
dusky  forests  of  fir  and  pine  trees  ;  and 
these  are  often  skirted  by  wide  extend- 
ed morasses,  the  stagnating  waters  of 
which  in  summer  produce  myriads  of  mis- 
chievous insects,  that  are  more  intolera- 
ble than  even  the  cold  of  winter.  The 
cold  in  this  country  is  very  intense  during 
the  winter,  freezing  even  brandy  and  t  he 
w  atery  part  of  spirit  of  wine,  if  the  lat- 
ter is  not  highly  rectified  :  all  the  lakes 
and  rivers  are  frozen  to  a  prodigious 
thickness;  and  the  whole  face  of  the 
country  is  always  covered  with  snow. 
The  heat  of  summer  is  almost  as  intole- 
rable as  the  cold  of  winter.   At  the  nor- 
thern extremity  of  the  country  the  sun 
never  sets  for  three  months  in  summer, 


LAP 


LAS 


and  in  winter  here  is  an  uninterrupted 
night  of  the  same  duration  ;  but  this  is 
qualified  in  su<  h  a  manner  by  a  constant 
revolution  of  dawn  and  twilight*  by  a  se- 
rene sky, moon-light, and  aurora borealis, 
reflected  from  die  white  surface  of  the 
<rarth  covered  with  snow,  that  the  inha- 
bitants are  enabled  to  hunt,  fish,  and  pro- 
ceed with  their  ordinary  occupations.  The 
country  abounds  with  excellent  springs; 
and  is  remarkable  for  some  stiiprisinp 
cataracts,  in  which  the  water  rumbles 
over  frightful  precipices,  and  dashes  a- 
mong  rocks  with  amazing  impetuosity 
and  noise.  Its  soil  is  generally  so  chilli  d 
and  barren  that  it  produces  little  or  no 
grain  or  fruit-trees  of  any  kind.  This 
sterility,  however,  is  not  so  much  owing 
to  the  soil,  which  is  in  many  places  of  a 
rich  mould,  as  to  want  of  industry.  The 
Laplanders  are  very  low  in  stature,  and 
are  likewise  remarkable  for  having  large 
heads.  They  are  also  ill  shaped,  and 
their  features  harsh.  They  are,  howe- 
ver, strong,  hardy,  and  robust,  insomuch 
that  they  will  bear  incredible  fatigue  ; 
and  it  is  remarked  that  the  stoutest  Nor- 
wegian is  not  able  to  bend  the  bow  of  a 
Laplander.  The  women  are  much  less 
homeh  than  the  men,  and  many  of  them 
are  noted  for  a  delicate  and  florid  com- 
plexion. These  people  are  simple,  ho- 
liest, hospitable,  and  timorous  :  their  ti- 
midity, however,  respects  war  alone  ;  for 
to  many  other  species  of  danger  they  ex- 
pose themselves  with  surprising  intre- 
pidity, whether  in  ascending-  or  descend- 
ing mountains  and  precipices  with  their 
snow  shoes  and  in  sledges,  or  in  ventur- 
ing amidst  whirlpools  and  cataracts  in  lit- 
tle slender  boats  made  of  thin  fir-boards, 
fastened  together  with  thongs  of  leather, 
sinews  of  wild-beasts,  or  tough  and  flexi- 
ble twigs  of  willow  and  osier.  These 
boats  are  of  different  sizes,  from  two  to 
six  yards  in  length,  managed  with  oars, 
and  caulked  with  moss  so  tight  as  to 
keep  out  the  water.  The  Laplanders  are 
partly  settled,  and  in  part  wild  and  ro- 
ving :  the  latter  live  in  tents  made  with 
coarse  cloth  :  the  former  are  fixed  in 
small  villages  near  the  iakes,  and  chiefly 
follow  fishing.  The  commerce  of  the 
Laplanders  is  more  considerable  than  one 
would  expect  in  a  desert  country  inhabi- 
ted by  a  savage,  ignorant  people.  They 
export  great  quantities  of  fish  to  the  nor- 
thern parts  of  Bothnia  and  White  Rus- 
sia. They  likewise  trade  wiih  the  neigh- 
bouring countries  of  Norway,  Sweden. 
Muscovy,  and  Finland,  by  selling  rein- 1 
deer,  fine  furs,  baskets  and  toys  of  their 
own  manufacture,  dried  pikes,  and  cheese 
jnade  of  the  rein-decr'u  milk.   In  return 


for  these  commodities  they  receive  rix- 
dollars,  woollen  cloths,  linens,  copper, 
tin,  flour,  oil,  hides,  needles,  knives,  spi- 
rituous liquors,  tobacco,  and  other  ne- 
cessaries. 

Lar,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province 
of  Laristan,  with  a  castle.  It  carries  on 
a  great  trade  in  silk,  oranges,  lemons, 
and  tamarinds.  Lon.  52  45  E,  lat.  27  30  N. 

Laracha,  an  ancient  and  strong  town 
in  the  kingdom  of  Fe2,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  good  harbour.  It  was  once  in  posses- 
sion of  the  Spaniards,  but  the  Moors 
took  it  from  them.  Lon.  5  59  AV,  lat.  35 
40  N.  jjffjWB 

Laredo,  a  seaport  of  Spain  on  the  bay 
of  Biscay,  with  a  large  safe  harbour.  It 
is  30  miles  W  of  Bilboa.  Lon.  3  53  W, 
lat.  43  23  N. 

Largentiere,  a  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Ardcche,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Dauphiny. 

Largo,  a  town  of  Scotland,  county  of 
Fife,  six  miles  S  of  Cupar,  situated  in  a 
large  bay  of  the  same  name. 

Largs,  a  village  on  the  W  coast  of 
Scotland,  memorable  for  the  defeat  of  the 
Norwegians  in  their  last  invasion  of  this 
country  with  a  fleet  of  160  sail  and  an 
army  of  20,000  men  under  the  command 
of  Haquinkingof  Norway. 

Lariuo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Mo- 
lise,  with  a  bishop's  see,  60  miles  NE  of 
Naples.    Lon.  15  0  E,  lat.  41  48  N. 

Larissa,  an  ancient  rich  and  famous 
town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  J  anna,  with  a  Creek  archbish- 
op's see,  a  palace,  and  some  handsome 
mosques.  It  was  famous  as  the  resi- 
dence of  Achilles,  and  retains  its  ancient 
name-  It  carries  on  a  large  trade,  and 
is  pleasantly  seated  on  the  river  Peneus, 
50  miles  S  of  Salonichi,  and}  20  N  bv  W 
of  Athens.    Lon.  22  47  E,  lat.  39  48  N. 

Laristaiir  a  province  of  Persia,  which 
lies  N  of  die  gulf  of  Persia.  It  former- 
ly belonged  to  the  Cnebres.  Lar  is  the 
capital. 

Larrybundar,  a  seaport  of  Ilindoostan 
Proper,  at  the  mouth  of  a  branch  of  the 
Indus  called  Larrybundar,  with  a  harbour 
capable  of  receiving  ships  of  200  toDS 
burden.  Lon.  67  37  E,  lat.  24  44  N. 
Larta.    See  Jtrta. 

Luivigen  or  Laimoigcn,  a  seaport  tow  n 
of  Norway,  capital  of  a  district  of  1 1 j * 
same  name.  Its  iron  works  are  among 
the  most  valuable  in  Norway. 

Lassa^oY  Lahassa,  a  city,  the  capital 
I  of  Great  Thibet.  It  is  no-  large,  but  the 
houses  are  of  stone,  spacious  and  lofty. 
Seven  miles  on  the  E  side  of  the  city,  is 
the  mountain  o£  Putala,  on  the  summit 


L  A  V 


LAV 


of  which  is  the  palace  of  the  grand  lama, 
the  high-priest  and  sovereign  of  Thibet. 
Lassa  is  850  miles  N  by  E  of  Calcutta. 
Lon.  91  40  E,  lat.  30  34  X. 

Latakia,  formerly  Luodicea,  an  ancient 
and  considerable  town  of  Syria,  with  a 
harbour,  a  bishop's  see,  and  beautiful  re- 
mains of  antiquity.  It  is  become  the 
most  flourishing  place  on  the  coast,  and 
carries  on  a  considerable  trade,  it  is  75 
miles  SW  of  Aleppo,  and  245  N  of  Jeru- 
salem.   Lon.  34  30  E,  lat.  35  40  N. 

Latton,  a  village  in  Essex,  between  Ep- 
ping  and  Harlow.  It  had  once  a  prion 
of  Augustine  monks,  whose  church  is 
now  used  for  a  barn. 

Laval,  a  considerable  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  Maine,  and  late- 
province  of  the  same  name,  with  two 
castles.  The  inhabitants  are  <  omputed 
at  24,000.  Linen  of  all  kinds  and  quali- 
ties is  manufactured  here,  and  the  neigh- 
bouring quarries  produce  green  marble, 
or  black,  veined  with  white.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Maine,  15  miles  S  of  the  town  oi 
that  name,  and  40  W  of  Mans.  Lon.  0 
42  W,  lat  48  7  N. 

Lavamund,  or  Lavant  JWinde,  a  town 
of  Carinthia,  in  Austria,  with  a  castle 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Drave,  and  Lavamund,  40 
miles  E  of  Clagerifurt.  Lon.  15  18  E,  lat. 
46  44  K; 

Lavaur,  a  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Tarn,  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc.  Before  the  revolution  it  was 
a  bishop's  see ;  and  it  is  seated  on  the 
Agout,  20  miles  XTE  of  Toulouse.  Lon. 
1  52  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Laubach,  a  strong  town  capital  of  Car* 
niola,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  castle. 
It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
in  which  are  the  largest  crawfish  in  Eu- 
rope, 32  miles  S  of  Clagenfurt,  and  155 
S  bv  W  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14  25  E,  lat. 
46  24  N. 

Lauchingen,  a-town  of  Suabia,  situated 
on  the  confines  of  the  Black  forest. 

Lauda,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bi- 
shopric of  Wurtzburg,  18  miles  SW  of 
Wurtzburg.    Lou.  9  45  E,  lat.  49  28  N. 

Lauder,  a  borough  in  Berwickshire, 
with  a  castle,  22  miles  S  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  3  5  W,  lat.  55  36  N. 

Lauderdale,  a  small  district  in  the 
county  of  Merse,  through  which  a  river 
of  the  same  name  runs. 

Lur ■  llo,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Basilicata,  with  a  bishop's  see,  30  miles 
E  bv  X  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  55  E,  lat. 
41  5  X. 

Lavelt,  or  Lafdt,  a  village  in  the  bi- 
shopric of  Liege,  near  Maastricht,  re- 


markable for  a  battle  gained  here  by  the 
French  in  1747. 

Lavenhain,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  Its  church  is  a  very 
handsome  Gothic  structure  ;  and  it  has 
considerable  manufactures  in  serges,  shal- 
loons, says,  stuffs,  and  fine  vain.  It  is 
seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Bret,  12  miles 
S  by  E  of  St.  Edmund's  Bury,  and  61  NE 
of  London.    Lon.  0  51  E,  lat.  52  39  N. 

Laujf'en,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  seated  on  the 
Xeckar,  10  miles  S  of  Hailbron.  Lon.  9 
25  E,  lat.  49  3  N. 

Lanfftn,  a  smalltown  of  Swisserland, 
in  the  canton  of  Basle,  seated  near  the 
river  Birs. 

Lavjfeqi,  a  village  of  Swisserland,  in, 
the  canton  of  Zuric,  three  milts  S  by  W 
of  Schaffhausen.  Here  is  a  celebrated 
cataract  of  the  Rhirte  ;  tlie  river  precipi- 
tates itself  in  accumulated  masses  lor  50 
or  60  feet  perpendicular,  raging  and 
foaming  with  wonderful  violence. 

LuujlenSvrg,  a  strong  town  of  Ger- 
many in  the  circle  of  Suabia,  and  one  of 
the  four  Forest-Towns,  with  a  ruined 
astle.  It  belongs  to  the  house  of  Aus» 
tria,  and  is  sea'ed  on  a  rock  on  the 
Rhine,  which  divides  it  in  two  parts. 
Here  is  a  small  cataract,  noted  for  the 
beautv  of  the  scenery.  It  is  17  miles  E 
of  Basil.    Lon.  8  2  E,  lat.  47  35  X. 

Lang'::on,  a  village  of  Yorkshire,  on  a 
high  hill,  noted  for  its  church,  whose 
tower  and  spire  are  not  excelled  by  any 
Gothic  piece  of  the  kind.  It  is  seen  in 
some  places,  at  the  distance  of  60  miles. 

Lavigna,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Genoa.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

Latyngton,  a  town  in  Wilts,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  20  miles  XW  of 
Salisbury,  and  88  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  2  3  W,  lat.  13  51  N. 

Launceston,  a  town  in  Cornwall,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  which  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  was  formerly 
defended  by  a  castle,  which  is  now  in 
ruins;  and  a  little  without  the  town, 
stands  the  old  priory.  It  is  seated  on  a 
bill  near  the  river  Tamai\  28  miles  X  of 
Plymouth,  and  214  W  bv  S  of  London. 
Lon.  4  35  W,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Launu,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the 
road  from  Leipsick,  to  Prague,  near  the 
river  Eger,  27  miles  XW  of  Prague.  Lon, 
14  20  E,  lat.  50  21  X. 

Lavjra,  Terra  di,  a  province  of  Na- 
ples in  Italy,  6)  miles  in  length,  and  35 
in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  W  by  Cam- 
pagna  di  Koma,  on  the  X  by  Abruzzo 
Ulteriore  and  Citeriore,  on  the  E  by  the 


LAW 


LEA 


Mohsc  and  Principata  Ultcriore,  and  on 
the  S  by  Principato  Citeriore.  It  abounds 
in  excellent  wines,  and  all  sorts  of  fruits 
arc  found  in  great  plenty.  The  soil  is 
excellent  for  tillage  from  whence  it  takes 
its  name,  and  there  are  mineral  springs 
and  mines  of  sulphur.  Naples  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Laurel  Hill,  a  short  but  precipitous 
mountain  of  Pennsylvania,  that  separates 
Somerset  county  from  Fayette  and  West- 
moreland. Its  general  direction  is  from 
SW  to  NE. 

Laurens,  a  county  of  the  district  Nine- 
ty-six,  South  Carolina ;  situated  on  the 
SW  side  of  the  Enoree  river.  I*t  contains 
about  12,000  inhabitants. 

Lausanne,  an  ancient  town  of  Swisser- 
land,  capital  of  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  with 
a  famous  college  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
contains  7000  inhabitants.  It  is  built  on 
such  a  sleep  ascent,  that,  in  some  places 
the  horses  cannot,  without  great  diffi- 
culty, draw  up  a  carriage;  and  foot  pas- 
sengers ascend  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
town  by  steps.  Its  lofty  situation  affords 
the  most  sublime  views  in  nature,  com- 
manding the  lake  of  Geneva,  the  Pays 
de  Vaud,  and  the  rugged  coast  of  Chab- 
lais,  The  church,  formerly  the  cathedral 
is  a  magnificent  Gothic  building,  stand- 
ing on  the  most  elevated  part  of  the 
town,  the  town-house  and  other  public 
buildings,  are  magnificent.  It  is  seated 
between  three  hills,  30  miles  NE  of  Ge- 
neva, and  50  SW  of  Bern.  Lon.  6  50  E, 
lat.  46  31  N. 

Lauterburg,  &  town  of  Poland  in  Wes- 
tern Prussia,  in  the  palatinate  of  Culm, 
50  miles  NE  of  Thorn.  Lon.  20  39  E,  lat. 
53  6  N. 

Lauterburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  but  subject  to 
the  French.  It  is  10  miles  SE  ofWeis- 
semiburg,    Lon  8  26  E,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Luuirec,  a  town  of  France,  late  in  the 
province  of  Languedoc.  It  is  seated  on 
a  mountain  and  has  an  ancient  castle. 

Lautrec,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  Pa- 
latinate, seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
rivers  Sautcr  and  Glaun. 

Lawenhurg,  a  duchy  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  subject  to 
the  elector  of  Hanover.  It  is  35  miles  in 
length,  and  20  in  breadth. 

Lawenlntrg,  a  considerable  town  of 
Lower  Saxony,  capital  of  a  duchv  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  castle  on  an  eminence. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  40  miles  SE  of 
Hamburg.    Lon.  10  50  E,  lat.  53  26  N. 

Lmvenbnrg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pome- 
rania,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name:    Lon.  17  39  E,  lat.  54  S3  N. 


La-wiugen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  formerly 
imperial,  but  now  subject  to  the  duke  of 
Ncuburg.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube, 
32  miles  NW  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10  25 
E,  lat.  48  38  N. 

Lawrence,  St.  the  largest  river  in  North 
America,  proceeding  from  Lake  Ontario, 
trom  which  it  runs  700  miles  to  the  At- 
lantic. It  is  navigable  fur  large  ships  of 
war,  as  far  as  Quebec,  which  is  above 
400  miles  ;  but  beyond  Montreal,  it  is  so 
full  of  shoals  and  rocks,  that  it  will  not 
admit  large  vessels  without  danger,  un- 
less the  channel  be  very  well  known.  It 
is  here  called  the  Iroquois. 

Lawrence  Kirk,  a  village  in  Kincar- 
dineshire, in  Scotland.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fine  corn  country,  has  some  manufactures 
and  an  extensive  bleachfield  in  its  vici- 
nity ;  it  is  12  miles  X  W  of  Montrose. 

Laxenburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Austria,  with  a  palacej  where 
the  princes  of  the  house  of  Austria  go  for 
pleasure.  It  is  seated  on  a  small  river 
10  miles  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  28  E,  lat 
48  3  N. 

Ijttytonstone.  See  Low  Layton. 
Lea,  a  river  which  rises  near  Luton, 
in  Bedfordshire,  flows  to  Hertford  and 
Ware,  and  dividing  Essex  from  Hert- 
fordshire and  Middlesex,  falls  into  the 
Thames  below  Blackwall.  By  this  river 
large  quantities  of  corn  and  malt  are 
brought  out  of  Hertfordshire  to  London 
Leacock,  a  township  of  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  containing  2  401  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  between 
Pequea  and  Conestogoe  creeks,  9  miles 
E  of  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  and  56  W 
of  Philadelphia. 

Lead/nils,  a  village  in  Lanerkshirc,  si- 
uiated  among  the  mountains  of  Clydes- 
dale, and  said  to  be  the  highest  human 
habitation  in  Great  Britain.  Here  reside 
many  hundreds  of  miners,  with  their  fa- 
milies. These  miners,  though,  in  a  great 
measure  excluded  from  society  by  their 
situation,  pay  great  attention  to  the  cul- 
tivation of  the  mind,  and  have  provided 
a.  circulating  library  for  the  instruction 
and  amusement  of  the  little  community 
belonging  to  the  village. 

Leao-tong,  or  Chen-i/ang,  one  of  the 
ihree  departments  of  East  Chinese  Tar- 
tarv,  or  country  of  the  Mantcbcw  Tar- 
tars, who  hence  entered  and  conquered 
China.  The  inhabitants  of  this  province 
are  the  moat  warlike  people  in  China. 
Chen-yang,  or  Mougdcn,  is  the  capital. 

L:atherheati,  a  town  in  Surry,  which 
has  a  bridge  of  many  arches  over  the  ri- 
ver Mole. 

Leathes -water,  called  also  TT'-thburn, 


LEE 


LEE 


or  Thirlmere-ioater,  a  fine  lake  of  Cum- 
berland, which  lies  S  by  E  of  Keswick. 
The  singula,?  beauty  of  this  lake  is  ils 
being-  almost  intersected  in  the  middle 
by  two  peninsulas,  that  are  joined  by  a 
bridge.  Its  outlet  joins  the  rapid  river 
Greeta,  at  New  Bridge,  and  thus  has  a 
communication  with  the  lake  of  Derwent- 
water. 

Leawava,  a  seaport  on  the  E  coast  of 
the  island  of  Ceylon,  which  yields  a 
great  deal  of  salt.  Lon.  83  15  E,  lat. 
6  40  N. 

Lebanon,  a  post  town  in  York  county, 
Maine  ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Salmon- 
fali  river,  about  20  miles  NW  of  Ports- 
mouth in  New  Hampshire.  In  1810  it 
contained  1938  inhabitants. 

Lebanon,  a  post  town  in  Grafton  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  18  miles  SE  of  Dart- 
mouth college,  with  1808  inhabitants. 

Lebanon,  a  post  town  in  Windham 
county,  Connecticut,  on  the  W  side  of 
Shetucket  river,  nine  miles  N  of  Nor- 
wich, and  near  the  same  distance  S  of 
Windham.  In  1810  it  contained  2580  in- 
habitants. 

Lebanon,  a  large  inland  trading  town, 
in  Dauphin  county,  Pennsylvania  ;  situ- 
ated on  the  S  side  of  Swatara  creek,  at 
the  distance  of  28  miles  W  of  Reading, 
and  25  ENE  of  Ilarrisburg.  This  town 
is  incorporated,  and  contains  1434  inha- 
bitants ;  the  streets  are  regular,  and  the 
houses  well  built,  principally  with  bricks 
and  stone.    Here  is  a  post-office. 

Lebeda,  an  ancient  seaport  of  the  king- 
dom of  Tripoli,  with  a  good  harbour,  and 
%n  old  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, 85  miles  E  of  Tripoli.  Lor,. 
14  50  E,  lat.  32  50  N. 

Lebrixa,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain  in 
Andalusia,  seated  in  a  territory  abound- 
ing in  corn,  wine,  and  olive-trees,  which 
produce  the  best  oil  in  Spain.  It  is  12 
miles  NE  of  St.  Lucar.  Lon.  5  44  W,  lat. 
37  8  N. 

Lebns,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  marquisate 
of  Brandenburg,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
secularized  in  favour  of  the  house  oi 
lirandenburg.  It  is  seated  on  the  Oder, 
10  miles  N  of  Francfort,  and  45  E  of 
Berlin.    Lon.  14  39  E,  lat.  52  31  N. 

Lee,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Virginia, 
containing  4694  inhabitants  in  1810.  T 
is  situated  in  the  SW  corner  of  the  state, 
between  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  It  is 
a  mountainous  country  and  but  thinly  in- 
habited. 

Lee,  a  township  of  Berkshire,  Massa- 
chusetts, containing  1305  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  situated  about  4  miles  E  of 
Stockbridge  and  140  W  of  Boston. 


Leec.e,  a  populous  and  most  beautiful 
town  of  Naples,  in  Otranto,  of  which  it 
is  the  chief  place,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
10  miles  W  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and 
195  ESE  of  Naples.  Lon.  18  20  E,  lat. 
40  36  N. 

Lecco,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  Milane-se, 
seated  on  the  E  side  of  the  lake  Como, 
26  miles  N  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  21  E,  lat, 
45  53  N. 

Lech,  a  river  of  Germany,,  which  rises, 
in  Tirol,  divides  Suabia  from  Bavaria* 
and  falls  into  the  Danube,  below  Donfl- 
wert.  „• 

Lechhide,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Tues  ay,  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Lech  with  the  Thames, 
28  miles  E  by  S  of  Gloucester,  and  77 
W  bv  N  of  London.    Lon.  1  35  W,  lat. 

51  40  N, 

Leclinich,  a  town  of  Germany.  It  is  si- 
tuated in  jthc  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine, 
and  in  the  electorate  of  Cologne,  10  miles 
SW  of  Cologne.  Lon.  7  8  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Leek,  a  river  of  the  United  Provinces, 
which  branches  off  the  Rhine  at  Wyck- 
by-Deursiede,  and  enters  the  Merve,  10 
miles  E  of  Rotterdam. 

Lectoure,-  an  ancient  and  strong  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Gers  and 
late  province  of  Armagnac.  It  had  a  cas  - 
tle and  a  bishop's  see,  and  is  situated  on 
a  mountain,  at  the  foot  of  which  runs  the 
river  Gers,  12  miles  E  of  Condom.  Lon. 
0  42  E,  lat.  43  56  N. 

Lrdburu,  a  town  in  Herefordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  inhabited  by- 
many  clothiers  who  carry  on  a  great 
trade.  It  is  13  miles  E  of  Hereford,  and 
116  WNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  17  W,  lat. 

52  3  N. 

Ledesnm,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
Leon,  seated  on  the  Tome,  20  miles  SW 
of  Salamanca.    Lon.  5  31  W,  lat.  41  0  N. 

Lee,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises  on 
the  confines  of  Kerry,  and  flows  E  to 
Cork,  below  which  city  it  forms  a  fine 
harbour,  and  enters  St.  George's  Channel, 

Lse,  a  village  in  Kent,  in  the  church- 
yard of  which  Dr.  Halley,  the  great  astro- 
nomer, is  interred.  It  is  six  miles  SE  of 
London. 

Lee  da,  a  corporate  town  in  the  W  rid- 
ing of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Tues- 
day and  Saturday.  It  is  situated  in  a  vale, 
which  trade  has  rendered  one  of  the  most 
populous  spots  in  England;  and  is  the 
principal  of  the  clothing  towns  in  York- 
shire. It  is  particularly  the  mart  for  the 
coloured  and  white  broad  clothsrof  which 
vast  quantities  are  sold  in  its  cloth-halls. 
Leeds  has  a  manufacture  of  camlets, 
which  has  declined,  and  a  flourishing 
one  of  carpets  resembling  those  of  Wilts 


LEG 


L  E  I 


and  Scotland.  Here  are  also  some  mills 
fur  the  cutting-  of  tobacco,  ami  a.  great 
pottery.  Within  ihree  miies  of  the  town 
are  numerous  collieries.  Leeds  has  a 
magnificent  stone  bridge  over  the  Aire, 
Which  is  navigable  for  boats,  that  carry 
much  coal  from  hence  to  Voile  and  Hull 
It  is  22  miles  WSW  of  York,  and  192  N 
by  \V  of  London.  Lon.  1  29  W,  lat.  53 
48  N. 

Leedston,  a  post  town  in  Westmore- 
land county,  Virginia",  17  miles  NW  of 
Westmoreland  court-house,  and  105  S  of 
Washington. 

Leefooga,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands, 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  visited  by 
captain  Cook,  in  1776.  This  island  is 
seven  miles  in  length,  and  its  breadth 
in  some  places,  not  above  three. 

%siht  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  seated 
in  some  barren  moor  lands.  It  is  154 
miies  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  1  55  \V, 
lat.  53  16  N. 

L?er,  or  Lehr,  a  town  of  Westphalia, 
seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  11 
miles  SE  of  Embden,  and  24  WNW  of 
Osnaburg. 

Leerdam,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Holland,  seated  on  the  Ling- 
he,  17  miles  NE  of  Dort.  Lon.  5  13  E, 
lat.  51  56  N. 

Leerot,  a  fortress  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  seated  at  tiie  con- 
fluence of  the  Lee  with  the  Embs,  10 
miles  E  by  S  of  Embden. 

Leers,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  and  bishopric  of  Liege. 
It  is  four  miles  N  of  Liege. 

Leesburg,  a  town  of  Loudon  county, 
Virginia  ;  lying  four  miles  S  W  of  the  Po- 
tomac river,  and  43  NW  of  Washing- 
ton. It  is  the  principal  town  of  the  coun- 
ty ;  has  a  post-office,  and  about  400  in- 
habitants. 

Leesto-vn,  a  flourishing  town  of  the 
state  of  Kentucky,  in  the  county  of  Fay- 
ette, seated  on  the  E  bank  of  the  river 
Kentucky.  As  the  banks  of  the  river  are 
remarkably  high,  there  are  few  crossing 
places  ;  and  the  best  being  at  Lecstown 
is  a  circumstance  which  contributes  to 
its  increase.  It  is  a  few  miles  W  of  Lc  x- 
ing  on.    See  Kentucky  river. 

Leeward  Islands,  that  part  of  the  Ca- 
ribbec  Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  com- 
mencing at  Dominica,  and  extending  to 
Porto  Rico. 

Leave,  a  fortified  town  of  Austrian 
Brabant,  seated  in  a  morass,  on  the 
Geete,  12  miles  E  of  Lovain.  Lon.  5  7 
E,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Leghorn,  a  strong  and  considerable  city 
of  Italy,  in  Tuscany.  It  has  one  of  the 
most  famous  harbours  in  the  Mediter- 


ranean; and,  being  a  free  port  its  com 
merce  is  prodigious.  The  Jews  have  a 
handsome  synagogue  and  schools,  the 
Greeks  and  Armenians  have  churches  of 
their  own,  and  no  religion  is  disturbed. 
T,he  inhabitants  are  computed  at  40,000. 
The  streets  are  wide  and  straight,  and 
almost  all  the  houses  of  the  same  height. 
There  are  so  many  canals,  that  some 
have  given  it  the  title  of  New  Venice. 
Near  the  harbour  is  a  large  building,  cal- 
led LiBagni,  in  which  the}  shut  up  every 
night  the  Turkish  and  the  galley  slaves. 
At  a  little  distance  is  a  most  commodious 
light  house,  on  a  small  island,  on  the 
top  of  which  there  are  32  lamps  lighted 
every  night.  In  1741,  this  city  suffered 
greatly  by  an  earthquake.  On  June  27, 
1796,  it  was  entered  by  a  French  army  ; 
but  the  British  subjects  here,  with  their 
merchandise,  and  all  their  vessels  m  the 
harbour,  previously  departed.  It  is  10 
miles  S  of  Pisa,  45  S  W  of  Florence,  and 
145  KW  of  Rome.  Lon.  10  17  E,  lat.  43 
34  N. 

Legnago,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Veronese.  It  surrendered  to  the 
French,  September  13,  1796.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Adige,  25  miles  SSE  of  Verona. 

Lehigh,  a  river  of  Pennsylvania,  whose 
principal  spring's  are,  in  Wayne  county, 
it  runs  nearly  in  a  SE  direction  through 
Northampton  county,  till  it  reaches  Al- 
len town.  Here  it  makes  a  sudden  turn 
to  the  N  of  E,  and  after  passing  the  Mo- 
ravian town  of  Bethlehem,  falls  into  the 
Delaware  at  Easton. 

Leibnitz,  a  town  of  German}-,  seated  on 
the  Sulm. 

Leicester,  a  borough  and  the  county 
town  of  Leicestershire,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday.  It  is  a  place  of  great  antiqui- 
iy,  but  much  declined  in  magnitude  and 
importance.  It  lias  five  churches,  send  - 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayor.  The  combing  and 
spinning  of  wool  into  worsted,  and  ma- 
nufacturing- it  into  stockings  and  other 
articles,  is  the  chief  business  of  this 
town  and  neighbourhood.  Leicester  is 
seated  on  the  Soar,  one  of  the  bridges 
over  which  called  Row  Bridge,  was  long 
visited  by  the  lovers  of  antiquity,  on  ac- 
count of  its  having  been  the  accidental 
monument  over  the  grave  of  Richard  III. 
but  this  bridge  fell  in  1791.  Leicester 
is  24  miles  S  bv  E  of  Derbv,  and  99  NN 
W  of  London.  '  Lon.  1  3  W,  lat.  52  38  N. 

Leicester,  a  post  town  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  7  miles  SW  of 
Worcester,  and  54  in  the  same  direction 
from  Boston.  It  contained  1181  inhabi- 
tants in  1S10. 

Leicestershire,  an  inland  county  of  Ettg- 


L  E  I 


LEI 


if.nd,  in  form  almost  circular.  It  has 
Nottinghamshire  and  Derbyshire  to  tin- 
N  ,-  Rutlandshire  and  Lincolnshire  on  die 
E;  Warwickshire  on  the  W,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  Roman  military 
way  called  Watling-street ;  and  by  North- 
amptonshire (m  the  S  ;  and  is  about  170 
miles'"in  circumference.  As  it  lies  at  a 
j>reat  distance  from  the  sea,  and  is  free 
irom  hogs  and  marshes,  the  air  is  sweet 
and  wholesome.  It  is  a  champaign  coun- 
try in  general,  and  abundantly  fertile  in 
corn  and  grass,  being"  watered  by  seve- 
ral rivers,  as  the  Soure,  or  Sare,  which 
passes  through  the  middle  of  it,  and 
-  abounds  in  excellent  salmon  and  other 
fish ;  the  Wreke,  Trent,  Eye,  Sense,  Au- 
ker,  and  Avon.  These  rivers  being  most- 
ly navigable,  greatly  facilitate  the  trade 
of  the  county.  In  some  parts  there  is  a 
great  scarcity  of  fuel,  both  wood  and 
coal :  but  in  the  more  hilly  parts  there  is 
plenty  of  both,  together  with  great  flocks 
of  sheep.  Besides  wheat,  barley,  oats, 
and  peas,  it  produces  the  best  beans  in 
England.  They  grow  so  tall  and  luxuri- 
ant in  some  places,  particularly  about 
Barton  in  the  Beans,  that  they  look  to- 
wards the  harvest-time,  like  a  forest  j 
and  the  inhabitants  eat  them  not  only 
when  they  are  green,  as  in  other  places, 
but  all  the  year  round  ;  for  which  reason . 
their  neighbours  nickname  them  bean- 
bellies.  They  have  plenty  of  very  good' 
wool,  of  which  they  not  only  make  great 
quantities  of  stockings,  but  send  a  great 
quantity  unmanufactured  into  other  parts 
of  England.  They  make  great  profit  of 
their  corn  and  pulse  ;  and  likewise  breed 
great  numbers  of  coach  and  dray  horses, 
most  of  the  gentlemen  being  graziers  ; 
and  it  is  not  uncommon  to  rent  grass 
farms  from  500/.  to  2000/.  a  year.  It  is  I 
in  the  midland  circuit,  and  diocese  of 
Lincoln,  and  sends  four  members  to  par- 
liament, two  for  Leicester,  and  two  for 
the  county. 

Leigh,  a  seaport  in  Essex,  on  a  creek 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  noted  for 
oysters.  Tt  has  a  good  road  for  shipping, 
and  is  18  miles  SSE  oC Chelmsford,  and 
40  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  42  E,  lat.  51  31  N. 

Leigh,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  seven 
miles  NNE  of  Warrington,  and  191  NW 
of  London. 

Leigliton-Buzzard,  a  town  in  Bedford- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is 
seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Ouse,  18  miles 
S  of  Bedford,  and  41  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  0  35  W,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Leiningen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  seven  miles  SW 
of  Worms.    Lon.  8  22  E,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Lcina,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  flow- 


ing through  Brunswick-Lunenburgh,  fall* 
inio  the  Aller. 

/, ci//ster,  the  eastern  province  of  Ire- 
land, bounded  by  Ulster  on  the  N  ;  S{. 
Georges's,  or  the  Irish  Channel,  on  the 
E  and  S  ;  and  by  the  provinces  of  Con- 
naught  and  Munsxr  on  the  VV.  The  ca- 
pita) city  of  this  province  and  of  the  king- 
dom is  Dublin.  It  contains  12  counties, 
viz.  Carlow,  Dublin,  Kildare,  Kilkenny, 
King's-county,  Longford,  Louth,  Meath, 

icon's -county,  Westmeath,  Wexford, 
and  Wick  low.  It  is  the  most  level  and 
btrst  cultivated  province  in  the  kingdom  s 
containing  2,642,958  Irish  plantation 
acres,  $58  parishes,  99  baronies,  and  53 
boroughs  ;  it  is  about  124  miles  long  and 
74  broad,  and  extends  from  51  45  to  55 
45  N  latitude.  This  province  gives  title 
of  Duke  to  the  ancient  and  noble  family 
of  Fitzgerald.  In  the  early  ages,  this 
district  was  almost  one  continued  forest, 
and  was  principally  the  seat  of  the  Kin- 
selaghs. 

Leipsic,  a  large  strong  and  populous 
town  of  Misnia  in  Germany,  with  a  cas- 
tle, and  a  famous  university.  Ii  is  neat, 
and  regularly  built,  and  the  streets  are 
lighted  in  the  night ;  it  carries  on  a  great 
trade,  and  has  a  right  to  stop  and  sell  the, 
merchandises  designed  to  pass  through 
it,  and  the  country  for  75  miles  round 
has  the  same  privilege.  The  town-house 
makes  an  indifferent  appearance,  but  the 
exchang-e  is  a  fine  structure.  The  town 
was  taken  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  but 
iven  up  by  the  peace  in  1763.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  a  plain  between  the  river  Saale  and 
.Muid,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Playsse, 
the  Elsier,  and  the  Barde. 

L  'ith,  a  seaport  in  Edinburghshire,  on 
the  Fri  h  of  Forth,  two  miles  N  of  Edin-. 
burgh,  of  which  it  is  the  port.  It  is  large 
and  populous,  and  being  situated  on  both 
sides-  of  the  harbour,  is  divided  into 
North  and  South  Leith.  The  harbour  is 
secured  by  a  noble  stone  pier,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  ldtle  rivets  called  the  Water 
of  Leith  ;  and  is  accommodated  with  an 
elegant  drawbridge  and  a  good  quay. 
The  commerce  of  Leith  is  very  consider- 
able ;  and  the  vessels  employed  in  the 
London  trade  are,  in  general,  of  a  largo 
size  ;  but  the.  largest  ships  are  those  em- 
ployed in  the  Greenland  whale  fishery. 
To  Germany,  Holland,  and  the  Baltic, 
are  exported  lead,  glass  ware,  linen, 
woollen  studs,  and  a  variety  of  other 
goods  j  as  also  t  o  the  other  countries  of 
Europe,  the  W  Indies,  and  America. 
Ships  of  great  size  are  built  at  this  port; 
and  here  are  several  extensive  ropewalks. 
There  are  also  flourishing  manufactures 
of  bottle-glass,  window-glass,  a/id  cry- 


LEM 


LEO 


atu.]  ;  a  great  carpet  manufacture,  a  soap- 
work,  and  some  iron  forges.  There  are 
three  churches  in  Lcith,  and  an  ancient 
hospital  for  disabled  seamen.    Lon.  3  7 

w,  lat.  56  a  n.: 

Leitrim,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  ConnaUgat,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  -Donegal  Bay,  on  the  NE  by  Fer- 
manah,  on  the  E  by  Cavan  ;  by  Longford 
on  the  SE,  Roscommon  on  the  SW,  and 
Sligo  on  the  W.  It  is  42  miles  long,  and 
17  broad;  is  a  fertile  country,  and, 
though  mountainous,  produces  great 
herds  of  black  cattle,  but  contains  few- 
places  of  note.  It  contains  21  parishes, 
and  sends  six  members  to  parliament. 

Leitrim,  the  county  town  of  Leitrim, 
in  Ireland;  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
river  Shannon,  80  miles  from  Dublin  and 
appears  to  have  heen  formerly  a  place  of 
some  note.    Lon.  8  30  W,  lat.  53  57  N. 

Leixlip,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Kildare  seated  on  the  Liffey.  It 
has  a  noble  castle,  with  large  gardens, 
on  one  side  of  which  is  a  fine  waterfall, 
called  the  salmon  leap.  Near  it  are  the 
vuins,  of  the  church  and  castle  of  Confy. 
Leixlip  is  eight  miles  W  of  Dublin. 

Lembnrg,  or  Leopold,  a  large  commer- 
cial city  of  Poland,  capital  of  the  palati- 
nate of  Red  Russia,  and  now  of  the  Aus- 
trian kingdoms  of  Galacia  and  Lodome- 
ria.  It  is  well  fortified,  and  defended 
by  two  citadels,  one  of  which  is  on  an 
eminence  without  the  city.  The  square, 
churches  and  public  buildings,  are  mag- 
nificent It  has  a  Roman  catholic  arch- 
bishop, and  an  Armenian  and  Russian  bi- 
shop. It  is  seated  on  the  Peltu,  90  miles 
N  W  of  Kaminieok,  and  150  E  of  Cracow. 
Lon.  24  26  E,  lat.  49  51  N. 

Lembro,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
on  the  coast  of  Romania,  22  miles  in  cir- 
rurnferencc,  with  a  town  of  the  same 
name  and  a  harbour.  Lon.  26  0  E,  lat. 
■10  25  N. 

Lcmgorj,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Lippc,  17  miles  N  of  Pader- 
born.    Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Ijemingto7i,  a  post  town  in  York  coun- 
ty, Maine,  about  six  miles  S  of  Saco  ri- 
ver, and  30  NW  of  Portland,  the  capital 
of  the  district. 

Le7nnos,  one  of  the  principal  islands  of 
the  Archipelago,  now  called  Stalimene. 
It  lies  at  the  entrance  of  the  Dardanelles, 
and  has  a  town  of  the  same  name,  which 
is  capital  of  the  island.  It  is  about  25 
miles  in  length,  and  15  in  breadth,  and 
belongs  to  the  Turks.  The  soil  is  pretty 
fertile,  especially  in  corn  and  wine,  and 
is  famous  for  an  earth  called  Terra  Sigi- 
'Lata,  formerly  in  greater  esteem  amonp 
physicians  than  at  present.   It  contains 


about  75  villages,  whose  inhabitants  arc- 
almost  all  Greeks,  and  are  very  indus- 
trious. Lemnos  or  Stalimene  is  but  a 
small  town,  standing  on  the  declivity  of 
a  hill,  on  the  top  of  which  there  is  a  cas- 
tle, near  the  sea.  It  is  the  see  of  a  Greek 
archbishop,'  and  is  20  miles  SE  of  mount 
Athos,  whose  shadow  covers  it  a  little 
before  sunset,  and  55  NW  of  Metelin. 
Lon.  25  28  E,  lat.  40  3  N. 

Ijena,  a  large  river  of  Siberia,  which 
flowing  in  a  northerly  direction,  receives 
16  other  rivers,  and  falls  into  the  Frozen 
Ocean,  by  several  mouths. 

Leucicia,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  ca- 
pital of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  fort,  on  a  rock.  The  nobility  of 
the  province  hold  their  diet  here.  It 
stands  in  a  morass,  on  the  river  Blura, 
37  miles  SE  of  Gncsna,  and  110  N  by  W 
of  Cracow.    Lon.  18  20  E,  lat.  52  10  N. 

LenJiam,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday,  seated  on  an  eminence, 
10  miles  E  of  Maidstone,  and  47  ESE  of 
London.    Lon.  0  45  E,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Lenriep,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  and  in  the  duchv  of 
Berg.    Lon.  6  56  E,  lat.  51  11  N. 

Lennox,  a  post  town  of  Berkshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  half  way  between 
Pittsfield,  and  Stockbridge,  and  about 
20  miles  E  of  Hudson  river. 

Lenoive,  a  county  of  North  Carolina 
containing  5,572  inhabitants  in  1810, 
nearly  one  half  slaves.  It  is  bounded  on 
t  lie  S  by  Duplin  ;  on  the  E  by  Jones  ;  on 
the  N  by  Glascow  ;  and  on  the  W  by 
Wayne.    The  chief  town  Kingston. 

Lenox-Castle,  a  town  in  Rockingham 
county,  North  Carolina,  46  miles*  E  of 
GermaOtown,  and  30  SW  of  Danville,  on 
the  river  Dan.    Here  is  a  post-office. 

J,ens,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Artois,  whose  fortifications  are 
demolished.  It  is  eight  miles  NE  of  Ar- 
ras, and  95  of  Paris. 

Lentini,  or  Leontini,  an  ancient  town 
of  Sicily,  in  the  valley  of  Noto.  It  was 
greatly  damaged  by  an  earthquake  in 
1693,  and  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  17  miles  SW  of  Catania,  and  20  N 
W  of  Syracuse.  Lon.  14  15  E,  lat.  50 
28  N. 

I,entzen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony.  It  is  74  miles 
from  Berlin. 

Ijenzburg  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  canton  of  Bern,  seated  on  a  small  ri- 
ver, eight  miles  W  of  Baden. 

Lenzo,  a  small  river  of  Italy  which 
rises  in  the  Appenines,  and  falls  into 
the  Po. 

Leo°-ane)  a  town  and  fort  of  the  West 


LEO 


LER 


Indies,  with  a  good  harbour  on  the  W 
side  of  St.  Domingo.  It  was  taken  b) 
the  English  and  the  French  royalists  in 
January  1794,  but  retaken  by  the  republi- 
cans in  October  following  ;  and  it  was 
unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  English 
in  March  1796.  Lon.  72  37  W,  lat  18 
38  m 

Leominster,  a  borough  in  Herefordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  famous 
for  its  fine  wool,  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  seated  on  the  Lug, 
25  miles  W  by  N  of  Worcester,  and  137 
WNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  35  AV,  lat.  52 
20  N. 

Leominster,  %a  post  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  25  miles  NW  of 
Concord,  and  43  from  Boston,  nearly  in 
the  same  direction. 

Leo,  St.  a  small  but  strong  town  of  Ita- 
ly, in  the  duchy  of  Urbino,  with  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Mcrrechia,  eight  miles  SW  of 
San  Marino,  and  15  NW  of  Urbino.  Lon. 
12  25  E,  lat.  43  55  N. 

Leon,  a  fertile  province  of  Spain,  for- 
merly a  kingdom,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
the  Asturias,  on  the  W  by  Galicia  and 
Portugal,  on  the  S  by  Estramadnra,  and 
on  the  E  by  Old  Castile.  It  is  125  miles 
in  length,  and  100  in  breadth,  and  is  di- 
vided into  almost  two  equal  parts,  by  the 
river  Douero. 

r  Leon,  an  ancient  and  large  city  of 
Spain,  capital  of  the  province  of  that 
name,  built  by  the  Romans  in  the  time 
of  Galba.  It  is  an  episcopal  see,  and  has 
the  finest  cathedral  in  all  Spain.  It  was 
formerly  richer  and  more  populous  than 
at  present ;  and  boasts  the  honour  of  be- 
ing the  capital  of  the-  first  Christian  king- 
dom in  Spain.  It  is  seated  between  two 
sources  of  the  river  Esra.  50  miles  SE 
of  Oviedo,  and  165  N  by  W  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  5  13  W,  lat.  42  45  N. 

Leon,  a  small  island  belonging  to  Spain. 
It  is  separated  from  the  continent  by  a 
strait  about  10  miles  long.  The  town  of 
Cadiz  is  built  at  its  NW  extremity. 

Jjeon,  Ne~a>,  a  kingdom  of  North  Ame- 
rica, which  is  very  populous  and  there 
are  silver  mines  in  it. 

Ljeon  tie  Nicaragua,  a  town  of  New 
Spain,  in  Nicaragua;  the  residenc  e  of  the 
governor,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  buccaneers  in  1685,  in  sight 
of  a  Spanish  army,  who  were  six  to  one. 
ft  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
which  is  a  volcano,  at  the  NW  extremity 
of  the  lake  Nicaragua,  30  miles  from  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  and  104  NW  of  Niagura. 
Lon.  88  10  W,  lat.  12  25  N. 

Leonard  le  jYoblet,  St.  an  ancient  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Upper 


Vienne,  and  late  territory  of  Limosui, 
with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  pa- 
per, and  another  of  cloth  for  clothing  the 
army.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vienne,  12 
miles  NE  of  Limoges,  and  195  S  of  Pa- 
ris.    Lon.  1  32  E,  lat.  45  54  N. 

Leonardstown,  a  post  town  in  St.  Ma- 
ry's county,  Maryland  ;  situated  on  the 
N  side  of  Potomac  river,  33  miles  SE 
of  Port  Tobacco,  and  68  S  by  E  of  Wash- 
ington. 

Jjeonhart,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Austria  and  duchy  of  Carinthia, 
42  miles  E  of  Clagenfurt.  Lon.  15  23  Ea 
lat.  46  57  N. 

Leontini.    See  Lentini. 

Leopold.    See  Lemburg. 

Ljeopolstadt,  a  small  but  very  strong 
town  of  Upper  Hungary,  built  by  the 
emperor  Leopold  in  1665,  seated  on  the 
Waag,  36  miles  NWof  Neuhausel,  and  62 
E  of'  Vienna.  Lon.  18  6  E,  lat.  48  35  N. 

L,epanto,  a  strong  and  very  considera- 
ble town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  and  in 
Livadia,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  and  a 
strong  fort.  It  is  built  on  the  top  of  a 
mountain,  in  form  of  a  sugar-loaf,  and  is 
divided  into  four  towns,  surrounded  by 
as  many  walls,  and  commanded  by  a  cas- 
tle, on  the  top  of  the  mountain.  The 
harbour  is  very  small,  and  may  be  shut 
up  with  a  chain ;  the  entrance  being  but 
50  feet  wide.  It  was  taken  by  the  Vene- 
tians from  the  Turks,  in  1687,  but  was 
afterwards  evacuated,  and  the  castle  of 
Bomeli  demolished  by  the  Venetians,  in 
1699,  in  consequence  of  the  treaty  of 
Caiiowitz.  It  was  near  this  town  that 
don  John  of  Austria,  obtained  the  famous 
victory  over  the  Turkish  fleet  in  1571- 
The  produce  of  the  adjacent  country  is 
wine,  oil,  corn,  rice,  Turkey-leather,  and 
tobacco.  The  wine  would  be  exceeding 
good  if  they  did  not  pitch  their  vessels 
on  the  inside,  which  renders  the  taste 
very  disagreeable  to  the  Turks  who  arc 
not  used  to  it.  The  Turks  have  six  or 
seven  mosques  here,  and  the  Greeks  two 
churches.  It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Lepanto,  112  miles  NW  of  Athens,  and 
350  SW  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  22  13 
E,  lat.  38  34  N. 

Ijepers,  Isle  of,  one  of  the  New  He- 
brides, in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon. 
168  0  E,  lat.  15  23  S. 

Leria,  or  Leiria,  a  strong  town  of  Por- 
tugal, in  Estramadura,  with  a  castle,  and 
a  bishop's  see.  It  contains  about  3000 
inhabitants,  and  was  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  the  kings  of  Portugal ;  and  is 
30  miles  S  of  Cohnbra,  and  60  N  of  Lis- 
bon.   Lon.  8  46  W,  lat.  39  37  N. 

Lerici,  a  seaport  of  Italy,  on  the  E 
coast  of  the  gulf  of  Specia,  in  the  ter-. 


LES 


LEV 


ritory  of  Genoa.    Lon.  9  55  E,  lat.  44 
5*N. 

Lerida,  an  ancient  and  strong  town  ol 
Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
an  university,  and  a  castle.  It  is  seated 
on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Segra,  16  miles  S 
W  of  Balaguer,  and  200  NVV  of  .Madrid. 
Lon.  6  4-5  E,  lat  41  44  N. 

Lerim,  the  name  of  two  islands  in  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  coast  of  Frahce, 
five  miles  from  Antibes.  That  nearest 
tl  e  coast,  died  St.  Margaret,  was  guard- 
ed b«.-  invalids,  state-prisoners  having  for- 
merly been  sent  here.  Ii  was  taken  by 
the  English  in  1746,  but  retaken  in  1747. 
The  other  is  called  St.  Honorat,  ?.nd  had 
lately  a  Benedictine  abbey. 

Lerma,  a  town  in  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
seated  on  the  Arlariza,  with  the  title  of 
a  duchy.    Lon.  3  25  W,  lat.  42  16  N. 

Lemicciy  a  town  of  Cyprus,  formerly  a 
large  city  as  .  ppears  from  its  ruins,  si- 
tuated on  the  S  coast  of  the  island,  where 
there  is  a  good  road,  and  a  small  fort  for 
its  detente. 

Lero,  or  Leros,  anciently  Leira,  an  is- 
land of  the  Archipelago,  on  the  coast  of 
Natoha.    Lon.  27  0  E,  lat.  37  0  N. 

Leinvich,  the  chief  town  of  the  Shet- 
land Islands,  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Mainland,  the  principal  island.  It  is  the 
rendezvous  of  the  fishing  busses  from 
Britain,  Holland,  Denmark,  and  other 
parts.    Lon.  1  30  W,  lat.  60  20  N. 

Lescar,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Pyrenees  and  late 
province  of  G^scony,  lately  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill;  three  miles 
of  Pau,  and  42  SE  of  Bayonne.  Lon. 
0  7  W,  lat.  43  17  N. 

Lesguis,  one  of  the  seven  Caucassian 
nations,  between  the  Black  Sea  and  the 
Gaspian.  Their  country  is  indifferently 
called  the  Georgians,  Lesguistan,  or  Da- 
ghestan.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S  and  E 
by  Persia  and  the  Caspian  ,  on  the  SW 
and  W  by  Georgia,  the  Ossi,  and  Kisii  ; 
and  on  the  N  by  the  Kisti  and  Tartar 
tribes.  It  is  divided  into  a  variety  of  dis- 
tricts, generally  independent,  and  go- 
verned by  chiefs  elecLe  •  by  the  people. 
The  Lesguis  are  supposed  to  be  descen- 
ded from  the  tribes  of  mountaineers, 
known  to  ancient  geographers  under"  the 
rame  of  Lesgx  or  Ligyes.  They  subsist 
by  raising  cattle,  and  by  predatory 
expeditions  into  the  countries  of  their 
more  wealthy  neighbours.  During  the 
troubles  in  Persia,  toward  the  beginning 
of  this  century,  they  repeatedly  sacked 
the.  towns  of  Shamachie  andArdebil, 
and  ravaged  the  neighbouring-  districts. 
*  Jn  their  persons  and  dress,  and  general 
habits  of  life,  as  far  as  these  are  known 


to  us,  they  greatly  resemble  the  Circas., 

sians. 

Leskeard,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  had  formerly 
a  castle,  now  in  ruins,  and  is  one  of  the  s 
coinage  towns  for  tin.  It.  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  has  a  considera- 
ble manufacture  of  yarn,  which  is  chiefly 
disposed  of  at  Exeter.  It  is  31  miles  E 
NE  of  Truro,  and -221  W  bv  S  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  4  36  W ,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Lespare,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gironde,  and  late  province 
of  Guienne.  In  the  environs  of  which 
are  found  transparent  pebbles,  resem- 
bling the  false  diamonds  ^f  Alencon,  and 
known  by  the  name  of  cauloiuc  de  medoc, 
medoc  stones.  It  is  30  miles  NNW  of 
Bourdeaux. 

Lessines,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
dierlands  in  Hainault,  seated  on  the  Den- 
der,  famous  for  its  linen  manufacture.  It 
is  six  miles  NE  of  Ath,  and  28  SW  of 
Brussels.    Lon.  3  46  \\,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Lestoff  or  Leostoff\  a  town  of  Suffolk, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  This  town 
consists  of  500  houses,  and  the  coast  is 
very  dangerous  to  strangers.  It  is  seven 
miles  S  of  Yarmouth,  and  115  NE  of 
London.    Lon.  1  45  E,  lat.  52  37  N. 

Lest-withiel,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  with 
a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated  in  a 
vale  on  the  Fowey  not  far  from  its  fall 
into  Fowey  Haven.  Formerly  ships  came 
as  far  as  the  town  ;  but  the  channel  is 
now  stopped  up.  Here  is  a  woollen  ma- 
nufacture ;  and  it  is  one  of  the  tin  coinage 
towns.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  Lest 
withiel  is  19  miles  WNW  of  Plvmouth.. 
and  230  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  48 
W,  lat.  50  27*  N. 

Lettere,  a  commercial  town  of  Italy  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples,  in  principato  Ci- 
teriore,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
at  the  back  of  a  mountain,  12  miles  N\\ 
of  Salerno,  and  20  SE  of  Naples. 

Lctterkcnny,  a  township  of  Franklin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1549  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  near  the 
centre  of  the  county  about  five  miles  N 
W  of  Chambersburg,  and  three  miles  S 
of  Strasburg. 

Levant.  This  word  properly  signifies 
die  East;  but  is  generally  used,  when 
speaking  of  trade,  for  Turkey  m  JlsiU . 
comprehending  Natolia^  Syria,  Palestine, 
Egypt,  the  island  of  Candia,  and  the  ad- 
jacent parts.  The  Levant  Sea  means  the 
E  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Levantine  Valley,  a  valley  of  Swissev- 
land,  on  the  confines  of  Italy,  lying  be- 
tween mount  St.  Gothard  and  the  lake 
!  Maggiore.    The  lower  part  is  populous, 


LEU 


L  E  W 


rich  in  pasturage,  and  produces  much 
hemp  and  flax.  It  is  a  bailiwic,  subject 
to  the  canton  of  Uri ;  and  Ossogna,  the 
residence  of  the  bailiff*,  consists  only  oi 
a  few  houses. 

Leucate,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aude,  and  late  province  ot 
Languedoc,  seated  near  a"  lake  of  the 
same  name,  18  miles  S  of  Narbonne. 
ton.  3  9  E,  lat.  43  0  X. 

Leuchstenberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  ra- 
the upper  palatinate  of  Bavaria,  seated 
on  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Esreirnpt, 
50  miles  XW  of  Ratisbon.  Lon.  12  26  E, 
lat.  49  40  N. 

Leue,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  Nether- 
lands, in  Brabant,  seated  on  the,  river 
Gheet,  10  mdes  E  of  Louvain.  Lon.  0  5 
E,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Leven,  Loch,  a  beautiful  lake  in  Kin- 
rosshire,  12  miles  in  circumference,  and 
somewhat  of  a  circular  foim.  It  has  se- 
veral small  islands,  on  one  of  which  is  a 
ruinous  castle.  Here  the  unfortunate 
Mary  queen  of  Scots  was  confined  by  the 
confederate  lords,  after  the  murder  of 
her  husband  lord  Darnley,  and  her  mar- 
riage with  Bothwell.  This  lake  produces 
trout  of  peculiar  excellence  ;  of  which 
great  quantities  at  certain  seasons,  are 
sent  to  the  Edinburgh  markets.  In  au- 
tumn, a  singular  species  called  the  gully 
trout,  is  here  salted  ?nd  dried  for  win- 
ter provisions. 

Leven,  driver  in  Dumbartonshire,  which 
issues  from  Loch  Lomond;  and,  after  a 
meandering-  course  through  a  delightful 
vale,  enters  the  estuary  of  the  Clyde  be- 
low Dumbarton.  This  river  is  the  sub- 
ject of  a  beautiful  ode  by  Dr.  Smollet, 
and  on  the  W  side  of  it  is  a  pillar  erect- 
ed to  his  memory. 

Leitg-7ie,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Saone,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Franche  Comte,  lying  to  the  E 
of  VesouT.  Here  is  a  cavern  35  paces 
deep,  and  60  wide,  which  serves  as  a  ba- 
rometer to  all  the  country  people.  A  fog, 
at  the  entrance  of  this  glacier,  is  an  in- 
fallible sign  of  rain  the  next  day.  From 
the  roof,  which  is  50  feet  high,  descend  ( 
columns  of  ice,  of  a  prodigious  size. 
The  brook  which  runs  through  a  part  of 
this  grotto,  is  frozen  in  summer,  but  flows 
in  winter. 

Leitk,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
Upper  Vallais,  seated  on  an  eminence, 
near  the  Rhone.  It  is  one  f  the  inde- 
pendent commonwealths  of  the  Upper 
Vallais,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  natural 
strength,  and  its  springs,  whose  water  is 
so  hot,  that  it  will  boil  an  egg,  and  is 
much  frequented  in  the  summer,  on  ac- 
count of  these  springs,  which  nearly  re- 


semble  those  of  Bath;  but  the  accom- 
modations are  inconvenient.  Lon.  7  39 
E,  la,.  46  12  N. 

Levvoucc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  In'dre,  and  late  province  of 
Kerry,  with  a  castle,  35  miles  SW  of 
Bourses.    Lon.  1  40  E,  lat  47  0  N. 

J.euse,  a  town  of  Austrian  Ilainault. 
seated  on  the  Dender,  14  miles  NW  of 
Mons.    Lon.  3  45  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Leutkirk,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Ger- 
many in  Suabia,  seated  on' a  rivulet  that 
falls  into  the  Iller,  42  miles  NE  of  Lin- 
dau.    Lon.  10  12  E„  lat.  47  53  N. 

Leietmeritz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capita) 
of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  with  a  bish- 
op's see;  seated  on  the  Elbe,  30  miles  N 
W  of  Prague,  and  40  SE  of  Dresden. 
Lon.  14  30'E,  lat.  50  31  N. 

LeutrtiuM,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bo- 
hemia, in  the  circle  of  Chrudim,  22  miles 
E  of  Chrudim,  and  72  from  Prague. 

Leutsch,  a  lown  of  Germany  in  tlv 
duchy  of  Carniola. 

Leioarden,  a  populous  and  strong  to*r> 
of  the  United  Provinces,  capital  of  Fries - 
land.  The  buildings,  as  well  public  as 
private,  are  magnificent.  It  has  several 
canals  in  the  streets,  which  are  a  great 
assistance  to  its  trade ;  which  is  very 
considerable,  especially  as  they  are  con- 
tinued not  only  to  the  sea,  but  to  the 
most  considerable  towns  in  the  province. 
It  is  27  miles  W  of  Groningen,  and  65  N 
by  E  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  5  32  E,  lat. 
53  11  N. 

f.ewenstein,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the" 
circle  of  Franconia,  capital  of  a  county 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  fortress,  10 
miles  E  of  Hailbron.    Lon.  9  38  E,  lat. 

49  18  N. 

Leiventz,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in 
the  county  of  Gran,  and  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  where  the  Turks  were  defeat- 
ed in  1644.  It  is  ten  miles  N  of  Gran. 
Lon.  18  31  E,  lat.  48  21  N. 

Lewex,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  contains  six  pa- 
rish churches,  and  is  seated  on  the  Ouse, 
which  is  navigable  here  for  barges.  The 
assizes  are  sometimes  held  here  ;  and  it 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  Lewes 
is  situated  at  the  edge  of  South  Downs, 
on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  on  which  are 
the  remains  of  an  ancient  castle,  aivd 
contains  1500  houses  and  about  6200  in- 
habitants^ It  is  30  miles  E  of  Chiches- 
ter, and  49  S  of  London.  Lon.  0  5  E,  lat. 

50  55  N. 

Lewis,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  He- 
brides or  western  islands  of  Scotland,  ex- 
tending  about  60  miles  in  length  from  N 
to  S,  and  from  13  to  14  in  breadth,  con- 
sisting of  a  great  number  of  isles  ami 


LEX 


LEV 


rocks,  and  parted  by  the  sea  into  two  di- 
visions, called  Lewis  and  Harries,  the 
former  lying  to  the  westward  of  the  other. 
The  air  is  temperately  cold,  moist  and 
healthy,  grea^  part  of  the  lo*v  ground  is 
flooded  with  lakes  :  the  rest  is  arable  in 
many  places,  and  has  been  counted  fruit- 
ful in  oats,  barley,  rye,  flax,  and  hemp. 
The  inhabitants  of  Lewis  are  well  pro- 
portioned, tall,  fair,  sanguine,  strong  and 
healthy..  They  are  in  general  sober,  cir- 
cumspect, and  hospitable;  dexterous  ia 
shooting,  swimming,  and  leaping- ;  bold 
and  skilful  mariners  ;  and  so  temperate, 
that  they  will  tug  at  the  oar  all  day, 
without  any  other  provision  than  bread 
and  water,  with  a  s:\ush  of  tobacco. 

Lewis,  n  town  of  the  Netherlands  in 
Brabant.  It  is  seated  on  a  morass  10  miles 
from  Louvain.  Lou.  4  10  E,  lat.  50  50  N. 

fjtrivisto-ivn,a.  post  town  in  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, Maine,  lying  on  the  E  side  of  Andras- 
coggin  river,  about  13  miles  above  its 
junction  with  the  K  muebeck. 

Lewi  stow  n,  a  pos  town,  the  capital  of 
Sussex  county,  Delaware;  situated  or. 
Lewis  creek,  about  three  miles  from  the 
light  house  at  Cape  Heniopen.  It  is  in- 
habited principally  by  pilots,  and  sup- 
ports a  small  c  casting  trade.  It  lies  in 
the  lat.  of.  38  25  N,  and  Ion.  of  75  10  W 
about  113  S  of  Philadelphia. 

Lewisiown,  a  post  town,  and  capital  o- 
Mifflin  county,  Pennsylvania ;  situated  on 
the  N  side  of  Juniata  river,  55  miles  NW 
of  Harrisburg,  and  162  of  Philadelphia; 
containing  about  600  inhabitants. 

Lewhburg,  a  town  of  North  Americ;. 
and  capital  of  the  island  of  Cape  Breton. 
It  was  ceded  to  the  English  by  the  peaet 
of  1763.  The  fortifications  are  now  de- 
molished.   Lon.  61  30  VV,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Lewisham,  a  village  in  Kent,  on  the  ri- 
Ifer  Ravensbourn,  five  miles  SE  of  Lon- 
don, with  an  elegani  church. 

Lexington,  a  town  of  North  Amend 
capital  of  the  state  of  Kentucky,  and 
county  of  Fayette.  Near  this  town  are 
to  be  seen  curious  sepulchres,  full  of  hu- 
man skeletons,  which  are  thus  fabricated. 
First  on  the  ground  are  laid  large  broa^ 
stones  ;  on  these  are  placed  the  bodies 
separated  from  each  other  by  broad 
stones,  covered  with  others,  which  ser 
ved  as  a  basis  for  the  next  arrange  men 
of  bodies.  In  this  order  they  are  bui'r 
without  mortar,  growing  still  narrower 
to  the  height  of  a  man.  This  method  o\ 
burying  appears  to  be  totally  different 
from  that  now  practised  by  the  Indians. 
In  the  neighbourhood  of  Lexington  are 
also  to  be  seen  the  remains  of  two  an 
cient  fortifications,  with  ditches  and  bas- 
"tknvs ,  one  contai'.iinjr  about  six  acres  of 


land,  and  the  other  nearly  three.  Pieces 
of  earthen  vessels  have  also  been  plough- 
ed up  near  Lexington  ;  a  manufacture 
with  which  the  Indians  were  never  ac- 
quainted. These,-  with  the  fortifications, 
and  the  sepulchres,  have  been  urged  as 
an  argument,  that  this  country  was  for- 
merly inhabited  by  a  people  different 
from  the  present  Indians,  and  further  ad- 
*  a. iced  than  they  in  the  arts  of  life  ;  and 
VIr.  Filsou,  in  his  account  of  this  coun- 
try, has  advanced  arguments  fo  prove, 
that  these  people  were,  in  all  probabili- 
y,  an  ancient  colony  from  Wales.  The 
streets  of  this  town  are  regular  and  spa- 
cious, and  the  houses  chiefly  of  brick, 
two  and  three  stories  high.  The  main 
street  is  well  paved,  having  a  foot  way 
12  feet  wide  on  each  side.  There  is  a 
regular  market  held  twice  a  week,  which 
is  furnished  with  a  great  variety  of  pro- 
visions on  very  moderate  terms.  The 
most  remarkable  public  buildings  are  an 
Episcopal  church,  court  house  jail,  a 
masonic  .hall,  and  a  bank.  There  is  a 
public  library-,  an  university,  and  several 
subordinate  schools.  Manufactures  and 
i lie  mechanic  arts  meet  with  great  en- 
couragement, and  some  of  them  are  on  an 
extensive  scale.  There  is  a  coffee-house, 
o  which  is  annexed  a  reading  room,  fur- 
nished with  files  of  most  of  the  Journals, 
edited  in  the  United  States.  As  a  proof 
of  the  growing  wealth  and  luxury  of  the 
place,  a  modern  traveller  asserts  that 
there  are  39,  two  wheeled  carriages  of 
pleasure,  and  25  four  wheeled  ones,  be- 
longing to  the  inhabitants.  Lexington 
stands  at  the  hesd  of  the  river  Elkhorn, 
470  miles  W  of  Washington,  and  26  SE 
of  Frankfort.  Lon.  85  10  W,  lat.  38  20  N. 

Lexington,  a  town  of  North  America 
in  Massachusetts.  Here  hostilities  were 
first  commenced  between  Britain  and 
\merica,  April  1775.  It  is  10  miles  N  W 
of  Boston. 

Let/den,  a  city  of  the  United  Provinces 
•n  Holland,  four  miles  and  a  half  in  cir- 
cumference. In  this  city  are  said  to  he 
eight  gates,  24  canals,  50  islands,  180 
streets,  and  145  bridges,  the  greatest 
jurt  built  of  free  stone.  The  principal 
church  is  a  superb  structure,  \vhose  high 
roof  is  supported  by  three  rows  of  co- 
lumns ;  and  the  rest  of  the  public  build- 
ings are  very  handsome.  There  are  se- 
veral large  hospitals,  and  an  university, 
which  has  generally  2000  students,  tho' 
litre  are  but  two  colleges  ;  for  the  sello- 
ut's board  in  the  town,  and  have  no  dress 
o  distinguish  them.  It  is  seated  near  the 
ancient  bed  of  the  Rhine,  four  miles  E  of 
The  German  Ocean,  and  20  SW  of  Am- 
sterdam.   Lon.  4  33  E,  lat.  51  10  N. 


L  I  B 


L  I  C 


Ley  den,  a  township  of  Hampshire  conn- ; 
ty,  Massachusetts,  containing- 1000  inha-! 
bitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  Wj 
side  df  Connecticut  river,  and  joins  the 
state  of  Vermont. 

Leyna,  a  river  in  Germany,  which  ri- 
sing- in  the  confines  of  Hesse,  runs  N  and 
falls  into  the  Allert  at  Batmar. 

Jjet/te,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands, 
in  the  East  Indies,  about  40  leag-ues  m 
length,  and  95  in' circumference.  Its  soil, 
on  the  E  side,  is  very  fertile  ;  but  there 
are  very  high  mountains  that  cut  it  al- 
most-through the  middle  from  E  to  W, 
and  occasion  so  great  an  alteration  in  die 
air,  that  when  the  inhabitants  of  one  part 
of  the  island  reap,  the  others  sow,  and 
they  have  two  plentiful  harvests  in  the 
year,  to  which  the  rivers  descending 
from  the  above  mentioned  mountains  not 
a  little  contribute.  The  island  contains 
9000  inhabitants,  who  pay  tribute  to  the 
Spaniards,  in  rice,  wax,  and  quilts.  Lon. 
118  0  E,  hit.  11  ON. 

Lezina,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  scaled  on  a 
Tiav  of  the  gulf  of  Veniqe,  75  miles  NE 
of'Naples.    Lon.  15  14  E,  lat.  41  44  N. 

Libanua,  mountains  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
which  lie  between  Syria  and  Palestine, 
extending  from  W  to  E  from  the  Medi- 
terranean sea  as  far  as  Arabia.  The  sum- 
mits of  these  mountains  are  so  high  tha> 
they  are  always  covered  with  snow ;  but 
below  are  very  fruitful  vallies.  The\ 
were  formerly  famous  for  the  great  num- 
ber of  cedar -trees  ;  but  now  scarcely  any 
remain.  Geographers  distinguish  then, 
into  Libanus  and  Anti-Libanus  :  the  lat- 
ter lies  on  the  S  side  of  the  valley,  ris- 
ing near  the  ruins  of  Sidon,  and  termi- 
nates at  others  in  Arabia,  in  lat.  34 
The}'  are  separated  from  each  other  ai 
an  equal  distance  throughout,  and  form 
a  country  called  by  the  ancients  Ccelo- 
syria. 

Libau,  a  seaport  of  Courland,  on  the 
Baltic  with  a  harbour.  It  is  35  miles  X 
of  Mcmel.    Lon.  21  40  E,  lat.  56  31  N. 

Liberty,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Geor- 
gia, containing  6228  inhabitants  in  1810 
of  whom  4808  were  slaves,  the  name  of 
the  county  notwithstanding.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  Newport  river  and  lies  between 
Bryan  and  MTir.osh  counties,  with  a  nar- 
row front  on  the  sea. 

Liberty,  a  post  town  in  Bedford  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  15  miles  NW  of  New  Lon- 
don, and  35  SE  of  Fincastle. 

Liberty  tottm,  a  small  town  in  Frederick 
county,  Maryland,  13  miles  NE  of  Frc- 
dericktov  n,  'and  32  NW  of  Washington. 
Here  is  a  post  office. 

Libourne,  a  small  well  built  town  of 


France,  in  the  department  of  Gironde 
and  late  province  of  Guienne.  It  is  one 
of  the  staples  of  commerce  of  Bourdeaux., 
and  is  seated  on  the  Dordogne  20  miles 
NE  of  Bourdcaux,  and  205  S  by  W  of 
Paris.    Lon.  0  12  W,  lat.  44  58  N. 

Ujph,  or  Licha,  a  town  of  Germany^ 
in  the  land  grav  ate  of  Hesse,  and  county 
of  Solms,  18  miles  N  of  Francfort.  Lon, 
8  24  E,  lat.  50  15  N. 

Lichfield,  a  city  in  Staffordshire.  It 
was,  in  the  time  of  the  Saxons,  an  arch- 
bishopric, but  is  now  a  county  of  itself, 
and  unites  with  Coventry  in  forming  one 
episcopal  see.  It  has  three  parish 
churches,  besides  the  cathedral,  a  free- 
school,  and  two  hospitals.  It  is  seated 
in  a  line  champaign  country,  14  miles  S 
E  of  Stafford,  and  119  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  44  W,  lat.  52  54  N. 

Litchstall,  a  handsome  town  of  Ger-_ 
many,  in  the  bishopric  of  Basle. 

LichtaUen,  or  IJestcd,  a  town  of  Swis- 
serland  in  the  county  of  Basil.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Ergetz,  eight  miles  SE  of  Ba-: 
sil.    Lon.  7  39  E,  lat.  47  29  N. 

Lichtenav,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  nine  miies  from 
Paderborn.    Lon.  8  23  E,  lat.  51  52  N. 

Ijchtcuau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hes 
je  Cas'sel.    It  is  24  miles  from  Naum- 
burg.    Lon.  9  28  E,  lat.  51  1  N. 

Licktemm,  a  fortress  of  Franconia, 
seated  on  the  Revel.    It  is  subject  to  the. 

ity  of  Xuremburg,  and  is  17  miles  from, 
that  city.    Lon.  11  12  E,  lat.  49  10  N. 

Lichtenberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
circle  of  Franconia,  the  vicinity  of 
which  abounds  with  quarries  of  marble 
and  mines  of  iron  and  other  metals.  Lon. 
11  41  E,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Lichtenberg,  a  castle  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Rhine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace,  seated  on  a  rock,  near 
the  Vosges  mountains,  and  looked  upon 
as  impregnable.  It  is  12  miles  NNW  of 
Haguenau.    Lon.  7  45  E,  lat.  48  55  N. 

Lichtenbvrg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in. 
he  circle  of  Franconia,  in  the  margra- 
vate  of  Cullcmbach,  20  miles  NE  of  Cul- 
lembach.    Lon.  12  2  E,  lat.  50  25  N. 

lAchtenfels,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  and  bishopric  of 
Bamberg,  seated  on  the  Maine,  15  miles 
XE  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  11  10  E,  lat.  50 
20  N. 

Liehtensteig,  a  handsome  town  of  Swis- 
serland,  the  capital  of  the  county  of 
Tockenburg.  It  is  seated  on  the  Thur, 
31  miles  E  of  Zuric.  Lon.  9  8  E,  lat.  47 
15  N. 

Licattnstei'n,  a  castle  of  Germany,  in 
the  archduchy  of  Austria,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Vienna. 


Licking,  a  navigable  river  of  Ken- 
tucky, whicn  rises  in  Montgomery  coufi- 
,v,  aid  niter  running  nearly  in  a  NW 
line  through  the  country,  fulls  into  the 
Ohio  just  below  Newport,  524  miles  be- 
low I'ittiburjf. 

J  A  cola,  a  lake  in  (he  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, fbrfe^rly' famous  for  plenty  of  excel- 
lent fish  :  but,  in  1538,  an  explosion  of 
;i  volcano,  changed  one  part  of  it  into  a 
mountain  of  ashes,  and  the  other  into  a 
morass.  It  was  anciently  known  by  the 
name  of  the  Lucrine  Lake. 

Lida,  a  town  of  Lithuania  Proper,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Wi I na^  situated  on  the 
Detta,  56  miles  S  of  Wilna.  Lon.  25  34 
E,  lat.  53  50  X. 

J  Add,  a  town  of  Kent,  with  a  market 
on  Thursday,  one  of  the:  Cinque  Ports. 
It  is  26  miles  from  Canterbury,  and  74 
from  London.  *  Lon.  0  53  E,  lat.  50  58  N. 

Liddel,  a  river  in  Roxburghshire, 
abounding  in  fish.  It  is  the  only  one  in 
that  county  that  flows  southward,  and 
falls  into  Solway  Frith,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Esk. 

Liddisdale,  a  district  in  Roxburgh- 
shire, comprehending  the  whole  south- 
ern angle  of  that  county.  It  admits  of 
little  cultivation,  and  is  chiefly  employed 
in  pasture. 

Lidford,  a  village  of  Devonshire,  on 
the  river  Lid,  seven  miles  N  of  Tavis- 
tock. It  was  once  a  famous  town,  with 
a  castle  ;  and  though  now  a  contemptible 
village,  its  parish  may  compare  for  lands 
and  liberties  with  any  in  the  kingdom, 
the  whole  forest  of  Dartmoor  being'  in 
the  verge  of  it.  The  bridge  is  thrown 
over  a  part  of  the  river  that  is  pent  be- 
tween two  high  rocks ;  and  near  it  is  a 
tine  cataract. 

JAefkinstock,  a  fortress  of  Dutch  Fl  an- 
tlers, eight  miles  from  Antwerp.  Lon.  4 
10  E,  lat.  51  30  X. 

Liege,  a  bishopric  ,of  Westphalia, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Brabant  and  Guel 
dcrland,  on  the  E  by  the  duchies  of  Lim- 
burg  and  .Tuliers,  on  the  S  by  Luxe m bur 
•and  the  Ardennes,  and  on  the  W  by  !>r<- 
bant  and  the  county  of  Namur.  It  is 
w-  fruitful  in  corn  and  fruits,  and  contain^ 
mines'  of  iron,  lead,  and  coal,  besides 
quarries  of  marble.  The  bishop  is  ele<  t 
ed  by  the  chapter  composed  of  60  canons  ; 
and  he  is  one  of  the  most  considerable 
ecclesiastical  princes  of  Germany,  and 
has  an  annual  revenue  of  300,000  ducats. 

Liege,  an  ancient,  populous,  and  large 
city  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  t)fWes1 
phalia,  capital  of  a  bishopric  of  the  same 
name  with  a  castle.  Here  the  river  Maese 
is  divided  into  three  branches,  which 
after  having  passed  through  the  city  un- 


ci. ■•  several  bridges,  unite  again.  Liege 
i  .  four  miles  in  circumference,  and  has 
150  streets,  and  16  gates;  it  has  :  iso 

en  large  suburbs,  in  which  are  a  great 
number  of  religious  houses  and  churches  ; 
which  last,  with  those  in  the  city,  make 
ten  in  all.  It.  is  commonly  said  of  this 
city,  that  it  is  the  Hell  of  Women,  be- 
cause they  are  obliged  to  live  a  laborious 
iife,  the  purgatory  of  men,  because  they 
are  almost  all  governed  by  their  wives, 
and  the  paradise  of  Monks,  because  of 
their  rich  benefices.  At  this  place  is 
made  a  great  quantity  of  fire-arms,  which 
are  exported  to  different  countries.  It 
was  bombarded  in  1691,  and  delivered 
up  to  the  French  in  1701.  The  allies  re- 
took it  in' 1702,  and  the  French  besieged 
it  again  in  1705,  but  were  obliged  to  raise 
the  siege,  on  the  approach  of  the  duke 
of  Marlborough.  In  1734  a  fire  happen- 
ed here,  which  consumed  the  bishop's 
palace,  with  all  the  furniture  and  writ- 
ings. In  1789,  the  inhabitants  having 
complained  of  the  oppression  which  they 
experienced  under  the  government  of 
their  bishop,  at  Jbst  insisted  upon  a  char 
ter  of  privileges''.  As  the  bishop  and 
chapter  did  not  comply  with  their  de- 
mands, they  bad  recourse  to  arms;  and 
the  bishop  apprehensive  for  his  safety, 
left  the  city  and  appealed  to  the  imperial 
chamber  of  Wetzlar.  That  chamber  is- 
sued decrees  in  his  favour  :  the  king  of 
Prussia  in  1790,  seemed  to  act  as  a  me- 
diator for  the  citizens:  the  sentences 
however  issued  by  the  imperial  chamber 
against  the  insurgents,  were  followed  by 
requisitorial  letters,  addressed  to  the 
government  of  the  Austrian  Netherlands, 
desiring  that  his  imperial  majesty's 
troops  would  assist  those  of  the  electo- 
ral princes,  in  enforcing  their  decrees  ; 
in  consequence  of  which,  the  Austrians 
entered  Liege-  in  1791,  restored  the  old 
magistracy  that  h::d  ;>  -n  expelled  to 
*heir  functions,  and  reinstated  "the  bi- 
shop  ai  d  chapter.  In  1709,  the  French 
took  the  city,  and  effected  another  re- 

olution  :  but  being  driven  thence,  in 
1793,  the  citizens  were  once  more  ob- 
liged to  submit.    Liege  is  15  miles  SW 

»f  Maestricht,  and  62  SW  of  Cologne. 
Lon.  5  40  E,  lat.  50  37  N. 

Lien-tcheou-foii,  a  city  and  seaport  of 
China,  in  the  province  of  Quang-tong. 
Its  territory  s  border  on  the  kingdom  of 
Ton-king,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
inaccessible  mountains. .  It  has  one  city 

>f„the  second,  and  two  of  the  third  class 
under  its  jurisdiction,  and  is  525  miles 
of  Canton. 
Lieou-Kieov,  the  general  name  of  a 
group  of  islands,  36  in  number,  lying 


L  IG 


L  I  M 


between  Corea,  Formosa,  and  Japan. 
These  islands  form  a  powerful  and  ex- 
tensive empire,  the  inhabitants  of  which 
are  clyilized,  and  ought  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  other  savage  nations  dis 
persed  throughout  the  islands  of  Asia. 
The  largest  and  principal  is  called  Lieou- 
kieou,  the  rest  have  each  a  particulai 
name.  The  largest  island  extends  12L1 
miles  from  N  to  S,  and  33  from  E  to* W. 
Their  king  is  tributary  to  China. 

Lien-,  a  town  of  Brabant,  in  the  late 
Austrian  Low  Countries,  at  the  junction 
of  the  great  and  little  Nethe,  nine  milos 
NNE  of  Mechlin,  and  12  SE  of  Antwerp. 
Lon.  4  16  E,  lat.  51  9  N. 

Liesina,  an  isLnd  of  Dalmatia,  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  about  58  miles  long,  and 
12  broad,  and  abounds  in  cor.;,  olives, 
saffron,  and  wine.  It  belongs  to  the  Ve- 
netians. 

Litsiva,  a  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  capital 
of  an  island  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  fort  on  an  inaccessi- 
ble mountain,  with  a  harbour  capable  of 
containing  vessels  of  all  sorts.  Lon.  16 
23  E,  lat.  43  30  N. 

Liense,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne  and  late  province  of 
Picardy,  famous  for  an  image  of  the  Vir- 
gin Mary,  to  which  a  great  number  of 
pilgrims  used  to  resorl.  It  is  six  miles 
E  of  Laon.    Lon.  3  51  E,  lat.  49  35  N. 

Liestal,  or  IJechstal.    See  J dcht alien. 

Liffeyy  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  rising 
in  the  county  of  Wicklow,  runs  W, 
thejlce  into  Kildare,  then  turning  NE 
passes  through" the  county  of  Dublin,  and 
by  the  city  of  that  name,  a  little  below 
v.  hich  it  falls  into  the  Irish  Sea. 

JAfford,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Donegal,  24  miles  NE  of  Donegal. 
Lon.  5  45  W/  lat.  54  47  N. 

Ligne,  a  town  of  Austrian  llainault, 
on  the  river  Dender,  12  miles  NW  of 
Mons.    Lon.  3  45  E,  la,.  50  35  N. 

Lig7iier<>s,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cher,  and  late  province  of 
Berry,  surrounded  with  walls,  towers, 
.id  ditches,  22  miles  SSW  of  Bourgcs. 
Ton.  2  24  E,  lat.  46  47  X. 

Lignitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Sile- 
•  i,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same 
pame,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  ri- 
/ulet  Cet,  30  miles  S  of  Glogaw.  Lon. 
16  36  K,  lat.  51  10  N. 

Lifny,  a  handsome  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Meuse  and  late  duchy 
of  Bar,  with  a  pastle,  a  collegiate  church, 
and  a  handsome  park.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Orney,  eight  miles  SE  of  Bar-le-Duc 
and  125  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  26  E,  lat.  48 
39  N. 

Ligon,  a  seaport  in  the  peninsula  of 


Malacca,  capital  of  a  small  territory  of 
the  san-ie  name,  with  a  magazine  belong- 
ing to  the  Dutch  East  India  Company.  It 
is  scaled  on  the  E  coast.  Lon.  100  5  E, 
lat.  7  40  N. 

lagueil,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
;  arfriient  of  Indre  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Touraine,  seated  on  a  brook, 

ii  a  very  fertile  country,  23  miles  SSE  of 
Tours.    Lon.  0  52  E,  lat.  47  3  N. 

Jailers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and  late 
province  of  Artois,  whose  fortifications 
are  demolished.  It  is  seated  on  the  Na- 
vez,  17  miles  NW  of  Arras.  Lon.  2  35 
E,  lat.  50  30  N. 

L/'llo,  a  fort  of  Dutch  Brabant,  on  the 
E  side  of  the  Scheldt,  seven  miles  N  of 
Antwerp.  It  was  taken  in  1793,  by  the 
French,  who  soon  after  evacuated  it,  re- 
taking it,  however,  in  1794.  Lon.  4  18 
E,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Lima,  a  city,  capital  of  Peru,  with  an 
archbishop's  see,  and  an  university.  It 
gives  its  name  to  the  principal  audience 
of  Peru,  and  is  surrounded  by  brick 
w  alls,  with  ramparts  and  bastions.  The 
streets  are  handsome  and  as  straight  as 
a  line  ;  the  houses  are  generally  only  one 
s  ory  high,  on  account  of  the  earth- 
quakes, with  long  galleries  in  the  front. 
One  part  of  the  roofs  is  covered  with 
coarse  linen  cloth,  and  the  others  only 
with  reedsy  which  is  not  inconvenient, 
because  it  never  rains  here  ;  but  the  rich 

»'iabitants  cover  theirs  with  fine  mats, 
or  beautiful  cotton  cloths.  There  are 
trees  planted  all  round  their  houses,  to 
keep  off  the  heat  of  the  sun.  What  the 
houses  want  in  height  they  have  in  length 
and  depth  ;  for  some  of  them  are  200 
feet  long,  and  proportionally  broad,  so 
that  they  have  10  or  12  large  apartments 
on  the  ground  floor.  The  river  which 
crosses  Lima  forms  canals  in  the  streets, 
which  run  to  most  of  the  houses,  and 
serve  to  water  their  gardens,  &c.  The 
churches  and  convents  are  all  extremely 
rich  ;  and  many  images  of  the  saints  are 
of  massy  gold,  adorned  with  jewels.  The 
city  is  four  miles  in  length  and  two  in 
breadth,  and  is  divided  into  eight  pa- 
rishes, containing  only  28000  inhabi- 
tants, 9000  of  whom  are  Spaniards.  It 
is  the  seat,  of  the  viceroy,  and  contains 
several  courts,  as  that  of  the  viceroy,  of 
the  archbishop,  of  the  inquisition,  of  the 
crusaoo^  and  of  the  wills.  Earthquakes 
are  very  frequent,  and  some  have  done 
the  city  much  damage,  particularly  that 
tn  1/46,  by  which  it  was  almost  destroy- 
ed, and  if  it  \v..s  not  for  this  it  would  be 
•;t  perfect  paradise.  The  inhabitants  are 
so  rich,  that  when  the  viceroy,  sent  from 
XL'' 3  A 


l  i  ivr 


L  I  M 


Spain,  in  1682,  made  his  public  entrance 
into  this  city,  they  paved  the  streets  he 
was  to  pass  through  with  ingots  of  sil- 
ver. They  are  also  very  debauched,  but, 
it  the  same  time,  extremely  superstiti- 
4  ous  ;  and  they  have  a  strong  belief  in  the 
power  of  charms  :  about  a  fourth  of  the 
inhabitants  are  monks  or  nuns.  Lima  is 
800  miles  S  of  Quito.  Lon.  76  44  W,  lat. 
12  1  S. 

Lima,  an  audience  of  Peru,  lying  on 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
the  audience  of  Quito,  on  the  E  by  the 
Andes,  on  the  S  by  the  audience  of  Los 
Charcos,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

Limalc,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
seated  on  the  river  Dvle,  13  miles  SE  of 
lii  ussels.    Lon.  4  30  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Limavady,  a  town  of  Ireland.  See 
JVewfsw/i  Limavady. 

Limbourg,  or  Limpurg,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  seaie<- 
on  tlie  Lahn,  10  miles  E  of  Nassau,  and 
20  N  of  Mentz.  Lon.  7  51  E,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Limbwg,  a  fertile  province  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, bounded  on  the  N  by  the  du- 
chy of  Juliers,  on  the  E  by  that  duchy 
and  the  territory  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and 
on  the  S  and  W  by  the  bishopric  of 
Liege,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Maese.  It  is  42  miles  long,  and  30  broad, 
and  contains  some  of  the  best  iron  mines 
in  the  Netherlands,  and  the  soil  is  good 
for  corn,  &c.  It  belongs  in  part  to  the 
Dutch  and  Austrians. 

Limburg,  the  capital  of  Austrian  Lim 
burg.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  woollen 
cloths,  and  it  is  famous  for  excellent 
cheese.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  al- 
most inaccessible,  near  the  river  Verse, 
15  miles  SB  of  Liege.  Lon.  6  5  E,  lat. 
50  38  N.  - 

Limey  a  town  in  Dorsetshire.  See  Lyme 
Regis. 

Lima,  or  Jmnen,  a  village  in  Kent,  three 
miles  W  of  lii  the.  It  was  formerly  a 
port,  till  choked  up  by  the  sands,  and  is 
now  a  poor  town.  Here  was  formerly  & 
castle,  now  converted  into  a  farm-house. 

Limerick,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  tin 
province  ofMunster,  48  miles  long-  and 
23  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Shannon, 
on  the  W  by  Kerry  ;  on  the  S  by  Cork, 
and  on  the  E  by  Tipperary.  It  contains 
130  parishes,  and  sent  e'uiht  members  lo 
parliament  before  the  Irish  union.  It  is 
a  fer'-ile  country,  and  well  inhabited, 
though  the  VV  p.  rts  are  mountainous. 

Limerick,  or  Lough  Meath,  a  city  of 
Ireland,  ,in  the  county  of  Limerick,  and 
tne  metropolis  of  the  province  of  Mun- 
ster.  Within  a  century,  it  was  reckoned 
.  %tbe  second  city  in  the  kingdom  ;  at  pre- 


sent it  has  lost  its  rank;  not  because  it 
flourishes  less,  but  because  Cork  flour- 
ishes more.  It  is  still  a  commercial  and 
populous  place  ;  and  consists  of  the  Irish 
and  English  Town  ;  the  latter  situated  on 
King's  island,  formed  by  the  Shannon. 
Limerick  is  three  miles  in  circumference, 
and  has  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Sa- 
turday. The  linen,  woollen,  and  paper 
manufactures  are  carried  on  here  to  a 
great  extent ;  and  the  export  of  provi- 
sions isyvciy  considerable.  Here  are  many 
hospitals,  and  some  handsome  public 
structures,  besides  the  cathedral  and 
other  churches.  Ardfert  and  Aghadoe, 
in  the  county  of  Kerry,  are  united  to  the 
bishopric  of  Limerick.  It  was  besieged 
by  King  William  in  1690 ;  and  in  1691, 
the  garrison  surrendered  on  a  very  ho- 
nourable capitulation.  It  is  40  miles  S 
of  Gahvav,  and  94  SW  of  Dublin.  Lon. 
8  34  W,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Limerick,  a  post  town  in  York  county, 
Maine,  about  12  miles  W  of  the  river 
Saco,  and  has  about  800  inhabitants. 

LJmench,  a  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1282 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
NE  side  of  Schuylkill,  5  miles  E  of  Potts- 
grove,  and  25  W  of  Philadelphia. 

LJmington,  a  township  of  York  county, 
Maine,  containing  1774  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
saco  river,  4  miles  W  of  Standish,  and 
22  W  of  Portland. 

l.immnt,  a  river  of  Swisserland,  which 
is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Mat  and 

he  Linth  ;  the  former  issuing  from  the 
N'W  extremity  of  the  lake  of  Wallen- 
stadt,  and  the  latter  flowing  from  the  S. 
The  Limmat,  continuing  its  course  NW, 
flows  through  the  lake  of  Zuric,  and  falls 
into  the  Aar,  below  Baden. 

Jbimoges,  an  ancient  and  considerable 
town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Vienne  and  late  territory 
of  Limosin,  with  a  bishop's  see.    It  is  a 

rading  place,  and  its  horses  are  in  great 

steem.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vienne,  50 
;mles  NE  of  Periguex,  and  110  E  of  Bour- 
deaux.    Lon.  1  20  E,  lat.  45  50  N. 

Limosin,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Marche  and  the  E 
by  Auver^ne,  on  the  S  by  Querci,-and 
>>n  the  W  by  Perigord  and  Anguomois. 
It  is  covered  with  forests  of  chesnut- 

rees,  and  contains  mines  of  lead,  cop- 
per, tin,  and  iron ;  but  the  principal 
trade  consists  in  cattle  and  horses.  It 
now  forms  the  department  of  Upper  Vi- 
enne,^- 

LJmonx,  a  populous  and  commercial 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Aude  and  late  province  of  Languedoc-  It 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


has  a  manufacture  of  cloth ;  and  its  en- 
virons produce  excellent  white  wine.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Aude,  37  miles  W  by  S 
of  Narbonne,  and  50  SE  of  Toulouse. 
Lon.  2  16  E,  lat.  43  4  N. 

Limpurg.     See  Limbourg. 

Linche,  or  Linke,  a  strong  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  North 
and  late  province  of  French  Flanders, 
seated  on  a  river,  15  miles  S\V  oi  Dun- 
kirk.   Lon.  2  20  E,  lat  51  0  N. 

Lincoln,  the  capital  of  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  side  of  a  steep  hill,  on  the  Wit- 
ham,  which  here  divides  into  three 
streams.  It  had  formerly  50  churches 
now  reduced  to  13,  besides  the  cathe- 
dral. It  is  a  bishop's  see  whose  diocese 
is  the  largest  in  England.  The  cathedral 
is  one  of  the  most  superb  structures  of 
that  kind  in  England,  and  its  great  bell, 
requires  12  men  to  ring  it.  It  is  a  coun- 
ty of  itself,  g  verned  by  a  mayor,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament. .  The 
chief  trade  is  in  coal  brought  by  the 
Trent  and  Fossdike ;  and  oats  and  wool, 
which  are  seiu  by  the  Witham,  and  there 
is  also  a  small  manufacture  of  camlets. 
It  is  32  miles  NE  of  Nottingham,  and  133 
N  of  London.  Lon.  0  25  W,  lat.  53  15  N. 

Lincoln,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  con- 
taining 8676  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
situated  near  the  centre  of  the  state,  and 
contains  the  springs  of  several  consider- 
able rivers  that  flow  into  the  Ohio. 

Lincoln,  a  county  of  North  Carolina, 
containing  16,359  inhabitants  in  1810.  It 
is  a  mountainous  country,  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  Catawba  river,  and  joins 
the  state  of  Tennessee.  The  chief  town 
is  Lincolnton. 

Lincoln,  a  county  in  district  of  Maine, 
containing  42,992  inhabitants  in  1810.  I 
is  bounded  on  the  E  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  and  Hancock  county,  on  the  N  by 
Kennebec,  on  the  W  by  York;  and  on 
the  S  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  divid- 
ed into  36  townships.  The  chief  town  is 
Wiscasset. 

Lincolnshire,  a  county  of  England, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Huinber  which 
divides  it  from  Yorkshire  ;  on  the  E  h\ 
the  German  Ocean;  on  the  SE  by  the 
Wash  and  part  of  Xorfolk  ;  on  the  S  by 
Cambridge  and  Northamptonshire;  on 
the  SW  by  Rutlandshire  ;  and  on  the  W 
by  the  counties  of  Leicester  and  Notting- 
ham. It  is  77  miles  from  N  to  S,  and 
45  in  breadth,  where  widest.  It  is  di- 
vided into  three  parts  ;  namely,  Holland 
on  the  SE,  Kesteven  on  the"  SW,  and 
Lindsey  on  the  N.  The  soil  of  the  N  and 
W  parts  is  very  fertile,  and  abounds  in 
corn  and  pastures.    The  E  and  S  parts 


I  are  not  so  proper  for  corn,  but  then  they 
,  supply  them  with  fish  and  fowl  in  great 
plenty,  particularly  ducks  and  geese. 
Lincoln  is  the  principal  town.  It  is  in 
many  places,  very  rich,  the  inland  part 
producing  corn  in  great  plenty,  and  the 
fens  cole-seed,  and  very  rich  pastures  ; 
whence  their  breed  of  cattle  is  larger 
than  that  of  any  odier  county  in  England, 
except  Somersetshire. 

Lincolnton,  the  principal  town  of  Lin- 
coln county,  North  Carolina.  It  has  a 
post  office,  and  is  situated  45  miles  SE 
of  Morgan  town,  and  about  the  same  dis- 
tance SW  of  Salisbury  in  Rowan  county. 

Lincolnton,  the  capital  of  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, Georgia ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Savannah  river,  29  miles  NW  of  Augus- 
ta, in  Richmond  county. 

Lindenfels,  or  Lihdenfeld,  a  town  of 
Germany,  in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine, 
17  miles  N  of  Heidelberg.  Lon.  8  47  E, 
lat.  49  42  N. 

Lindisfdrne.  See  Holy  Island. 
Lindkoping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capi- 
tal of  West  Gothland,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake  Wenncr, 
12  miles  NW  of  Skar,  and  83  SW  of 
Stockholm.    Lon.  13  5  E,  lat.  58  25  N 

Linduv,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  Suabia.  Here  is  a 
celebrated  abbey  of  canonesses,  whose 
abbess  is  a  princess  of  the  empire,  and  a 
Roman  Catholic,  though  the  inhabitants 
of  the  town  are  Protestants.  It  is  a  trad- 
ing place,  seated  on  an  island  of  the  lake 
of  Constance,  12  miles  SE  of  Buchorn, 
and  75  S  by  W  of  Augsburg.  It  surren- 
dered to  the  French  in  1796.  Lon.  9  50 
E,  lat.  47  38  N. 

Lindsey,  the  largest  of  the  three  prin- 
cipal divisions  of  Lincolnshire,  includ- 
ing all  the  county  that  lies  N  of  Lincoln, 
and  the  Fossdike,  which  Henry  I.  cut  be. 
tween  the  Witham  and  the  Trent.  It  is 
the  most  elevated  part  of  the  country; 
end  the  air  is  generally  esteemed  heal- 
thy, especially  on  the  W  side.  To  the 
NE  is  a  large  tract  of  heathy  land,  cal- 
led the  Wolds,  the  S  part  of  which  is 
well  inhabited,  but  the  N  is  thin  of  peo- 
ple :  great  flocks  of  sheep  are  bred 
throughout  this  tract.    See  Axholm. 

Liiiifcv,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name.  It  belongs  to 
the  king  of  PrUssia,  and  is  seated  on  the 
river  Ernbs,  30  miles  W  of  Osnaburg, 
and  37  N  of  Munster.  Lon.  7  30  E,  lat. 
52  32  N. 

lAn-lciang-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-si,  seated  on  the  river 
Yu-ho.  It  has  four  cities  of  the  third 
class  in  its  district:  but  it  is  so  much 


L  I  N 


L  I  P 


deserted  that  the  Chinese  say  one  hog 

would  maintain  the  city  two  days.  One 
of  its  villages  being  the  general  mart  for 
all  the  drugs  sold  in  the  empire,  makes 
it  of  some  note.  It  is  410  miles  N  by  E  of 
Canton. 

Lin-tein-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Chan-long,  seated  on  the 
Great  Canal.  H  is  much  frequented  by 
vessels,  and  may  be  called  a  geiui  al  ma- 
gazine for  every  kind  of  merchandise. 
Amo:.g  the  edifices  admired  heie,  is  an 
octagonal  tower,  divided  into  eight  sto- 
ries, the  walls  of  which  are  covered  on 
the  outside  with  poicelain,  loaded  with 
various  figures  neatly  executed  ;  a  stair- 
case, constructed  in  the  M  all,  conducts 
to  all  the  stories,  from  which  there  are 
passages  that  lead  into  magnificent  galle- 
ries ornamented  with  gilt  balustrades. 

Linlithgow,  a  borough,  the  county-town 
of  Lmiithgowshire.  It  sands  on  a  rising 
ground,  overlooking  a  lake  at  its  E  end. 
Here  the  kings  of  Scotland  had  one  of 
their  noblest  palaces,  now  in  ruins  ;  but 
here  is  still  shown  the  room  in  which 
Mary  queen  of  Scots  was  bom.  Linlith- 
gow is  16  miles  W  of  Edinburgh.  Lon. 
3  34  W,  lat.  56  0  N. 

Lmiithgowshire,  or  West  Lothian,  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Frith  of  Forth ; 
on  the  E  and  SE  by  Mid  Lothian  ;  on 
the  SW  by  Lanerkshire  ;  and  on  the 
W  by  Stirlingshire  ;  extending  about  14 
miles  in  length,  and  13  in  breadth.  In 
general  it  is  pleasant,  abounding  with 
corn  and  pastures,  and  producing  coals, 
limestone,  iron  and  sait ;  with  plenty  of 
fish  from  the  rivers  and  Frith.  It  has  a 
manufacture  of  linen,  and  the  water  of  a 
lake  near  Linlithgow  is  remarkable  for 
bleaching.  In  this  county  Adrian  or  Sc- 
verus's  wall  began,  which  extended  a- 
cross  this  part  of  Scotland. 

Linosa,  an  island  of  the  Mediterrane- 
an, on  the  coast  of  Africa,  12  miles  from 
Lampedosa,  and  12  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence.   Lon.  12  31  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Lin-tcheou  foxi,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-nan."  It  has  nothing  to 
distinguish  it  but  the  excellence  of  the 
fruit  with  which  it  abounds.  It  includes 
in  its  jurisdiction,  two  cities  of  the  se- 
cond, and  six  of  the  third  class. 

Lintz,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
Upper  Austria,  with  two  castles,  the  one 
upon  a  hill,  and  the  other  below  it.  Here 
is  a  hall,  in  which  the  states  assemble,  a 
bridge  over  the  Danube,  and  several  ma- 
nufactures, and  a  great  deal  of  gun-ppw- 
der  is  made  here.  It  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Danube  and  Traen,  42  miles 
L  of  Passau,  and  100  W  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
J4  3  E,  lat.  48  16  X. 


Lintz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  the  lower  Rhine  and  electorate  of 
Cologne,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  15  miles 
NW  of  Coblentz,  and  18  S  of  Cologne. 
Lon.  7  10  E,  lat.  50  37  N. 

Linton,  a  town  in  Cambridgeshire,  with 
amaiket  on  Thursday,  12  "miles  SE  of 
Cambridge,  and  46  N  bv  E  of  London 
Lon.  0  22  E,  lat.  52  8  N. 

Lipari,  the  largest,  most  fertile,  and 
populous  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  about  15 
miles  in  circumference.  It  W»s  celebrat- 
ed among  the  ancients;  and,  by  the  de- 
scription of  x\ristotle,  it  appears  to  have 
been  considered  by  the  sailors  in  his  time, 
what  Strombolo  is  in  ours,  as  a  light- 
house) as  its  fires  were  never  extinguish- 
ed. It  abounds  with  the  currant  grape  ; 
cotton  also  grows  here  ;  and  great  quan- 
tities of  pumice  are  gathered. 

Lipari,  an  ancient-town,  capital  of  the 
island  of  Lipari,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
was  ruined  in  1544,  by  Bai  barossa,  who 
carried  the  inhabitants  into  slavery,  and 
demolished  the  place  ;  but  it  was  rebuilt 
by  the  emperor  Charles  Y.  -  The  princi- 
pal trade  of  the  inhabitants  is  in  the  ex- 
portation of  the  preducts  of  the  island; 
but  the  chief  necessaries  of  life  are  im- 
ported from  Sicily.  This  town  has  a  gar- 
rison, and  stands  on  the  S  side  of  the  is- 
land.   Lon. ^5  30  E,  lat.  38  35  N. 

Lipari  Islands,  a  group  of  Islands  ly- 
ing in  the  Mediterranean,  to  the  N  of  Si- 
cily, 12  in  number;  and  nearly  as  fol- 
lows, in  the  order  of  their  size;  namely, 
Lipari,  Strombolo,  Volcano,  Salmi,  Fe- 
ucudi,  Alicudi,  Panari,  Volcaiuilo,  Va- 
cheiuse,  Lisca,  Dattolo,  and  Tila  Navi. 
They  are  subject  to  the  king  o&Naples, 
and  bring  in  a  good  revenue. 

Lippa,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  ban- 
nat  of  Temeswar,  with  a  castle.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Turks  in  1552,  by  the  Aus- 
t  rians  in  1688,  and  by  the  Turks  again  in 
1695,  who  abandoned  it  in  J698,  after 
having  demolished  the  fortifications.  It 
is  sealed  on  a  mountain,  22  milts  NE  of 
Temeswar  and  75  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  22 
'45  E/ft£.r45  51  *^fl 

Lippe,  a  river  of  Westphalia,  which 
washes  Paderborn,  Lipstadt  and  Ham, 
and  falls  into  the  Rhine,  above  Wesel. 

L'pstailt,  a  considerable  tow  n  of  West- 
phalia, capital  of  the  county  of  Lippe.  It 
was  once  free  and  imperial  ;  afterward 
subject  to  its  own  counts,  and  now  to  the 
king  of  Prussia.  It  carries  on  a  good 
trade  in  preparing  timber  for  building 
vessels  on  the  Rhine,  with  which  it  lias 
a  communication  by  the  river  Lippe.  It 
is  seated  in  a  morass,  17  miles  WSW  of 
Paderborn,  and  30  SE  of  Minister.  Lon. 
8  30  E,  lat.  51  42  N. 


L  I  S 


L  I  T 


Liquet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  straits  of  Calais,  and  late 
p.-ovince  of  Artois,  12  miles  W  of  St. 
Omer.    Lon.  2  0  E,  lat.  50  43  N. 

Liqueo,  or  Likeo  Islands.  See  Lieou- 
Kieou. 

Lis,  a  river  of  the  Netherlands,  which 
has  its  source  in  Artois,  and  running'  K 
E  into  Flanders^p^sses  by  A  aire,  St.  Ve- 
nant,'  Armentieres,  Menin,  Courtr;.y,  and 
jDeynse,  and  then  falls  into  the  Scheldt, 
at  Ghent. 

Lisbon,  a  considerable  city,  the  capital 
of  Portugal,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  an 
university,  a  tribunal  of  the  inquisition, 
and  a  strong-  castle.  It  was  almost  to- 
tallv  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  Novem- 
ber 1,  1755.  TJie  harbour  will  contain 
10,000  sail  of  ships,  which  ride  in  the 
greatest  safely;  and  the  city  being-  view- 
ed from  the  southern  shore  of  the  river, 
affords  a  beautiful  prospect,  as  the  build- 
ing* gradually  rise  above  each  other.  It 
contained  before  the  earthquake  at  most 
150,000  inhabitants,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Tajo,  10  miles  from  its  mouih,  178  W  by 
N  of  Seville,  and  255  Svby  W  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  9  5  W,  lat.  38  42  N. 

Lisburn,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Antrim,  and  province  of  Ul- 
ster, 'it  has  a  large  manufacture  of  linen 
cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the  Lag-g-an,  eight 
miles  SW  of  Belfast.  Lon.  6  0  W,  lat. 
54  41  N. 

Lisca,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  three 
miles  from  Lipari.  It  is  a  small  desert 
spot. 

Lisier,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Arriege,  and  late  province 
of  Couserans.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  with 
a  chapel,  which  was  much  resorted  to  by 
pilgrims.  It  is  seated  on  the  Satat,  50 
miles  SE  of  Auch,  and  390  SW  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  15  E,  lat.  42  56  N. 

Lisienx,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Calvados,  and  late 
province  of  Normandy.  The  churches, 
and  the  late  episcopal  palace  and  con- 
vents are  all  very  handsome  structures. 
It  has  a  good  trade,  particularly  in  linen 
cloth,  and  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Touque  and  Orbec,  12  miles  from  the 
sea,  and  40  SW  of  Rouen.    Lon.  0  20  E, 

Mir^flwAM^^^  ****** 

Lisle,  a  large,  handsome,  and  strong 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
North*  and  late  province  of  French  Flat*- 
ders>  of  which  it  was  the  capital.  It  is 
esteemed  one  of  the  richest  and  most 
commercial  towns  in  France  ;  and  the  in- 
habitants are  computed  to  bo  65,000.  It 
is  called  Lisle,  (that  is  L'Isle,  the  island) 
because  it  was  formerly  surrounded  by ' 
n  ar  1   9,  which  ha*'e  been  drained  by" the 


industry  of  the  inhabitants.  The  streets, 
particularly  those  of  the  New  Town,  are 
adorned  with  noble  buildings.  The  Great 
Square,  and  the  Little  Square,  are  both 
distinguished  in  this  respect,  and  among 
the  public  structures  most  worthy  of  no- 
tice, are  the  exchange,  a  magazine  of 
\\ust  extent,  and  a  general  hospital  ver\* 
lately  built.    In  another  hospital,  called 
LUospital  Comtesse,  the  poor  were  ser- 
ved (at  least  before  the  late  revolution) 
upon  plate.    They  have  manufactures  of 
all  sorts  ;  but  their  principal  trade  is  in 
;  camlets.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Ueule, 
j  14  miles  W  of  Tom-nay,  32  SW  of  Ghent, 
|37  NW  of  Mons,  and  130  N  of  Paris, 
j  Lon.  3  9  E,  lat'.  50  38  N. 
I     Lisle,  a  post  town  in  Tioga  county, 
New  York;  situated  on  the  Tioughneoga 
river,, near  its  junction  with  the  Chcnen- 
j  ;;o,  and  about  14  milts  NE  of  Union.  It 
!  contains  about  100  families.  jPL 
j     Lib-more*  one  of  the  Western  islands 
;  of  Scotland*,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  Loch 
I  Lin  he,  a  capacious  lake  in  Argyleshire. 
j  It  is  a  fertile  island,  seven  miles  long  and 
one  and  a  half  broad  ;  and  was  the  resi- 
dence of  the  bishops  of  -Argyle. 

Lisonzo,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  rises 
in  Carinthia,  runs  through  part  of  the  re- 
public of  Venice,  and  falls  into  the  gulf 
of  V  enice,  at  the  harbour  of  the  same 
name. 

Lissa,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  belonging  to 
the  Venetians,  who  have  here  a  fishery  of 
pilchards  and  anchovies.  It  produces  ex- 
cellent wine,  and  is  70  miles  W  of  Ra- 
gusa.    Lon.  17  0  E,  lat.  43  52  N. 

IAssa,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Posnia,  of  which  it  is  the  capi- 
tal ;  50  miles  W  of  Kalisch.  Lon.  16  50 
E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Lissa,  a  village  of  Silesia,  16  miles 
from  Breslaw.  It  is  seated  on  the  Weis- 
tritz,  and  remarkable  for  a  great  victory 
gained  by  the  Prussians  over  the  Aus- 
trians  in  1757. 

Lithuania,  a  large  country  of  Europe, 
which  now  makes  part  of  Poland,  with 
the  title  of  a  grand  duchy.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S  by  Volhinia,  and  part  of  Red 
Russia  ;  on  the  W  by  Upper  Poland,  Po- 
lacia,  Ducal  Prussia,  and  Samogitia;  on 
the  N  by  Livonia  and  Muscovia,  which 
also  bounds  it  on  the  E.  It  is  about  300 
miles  in  length,  and  250  in  breadth,  and 
is  watered  by  several  large  rivers,  the 
principal  of  which  are  the  Dnieper,  the 
Dwina,  the  Neman,  the  Pripecz,  and  the 
Bogg.  It  is  a  flat  country,  like  Poland  ; 
and  the  lands  are  very  proper  for  tillage. 
The  soil  is  not  only  fertile  in  corn,  but 
it  produces  honey,  wood,  pitch,  and  vast 


L  I  T 


L  I  V 


quantities  of  wool.  They  have  also  ex- 
cellent little  horses,  which  they  never 
shoe,  because  their  hoofs  are  very 
hard.  In  the  forests,  large  pieces  of 
yellow  amber  are  frequently  dug  up. 
The  country  swarms  with  Jews,  who, 
though  numerous  in  every  other  part  of 
♦Poland,  seem  to  have  fixed  their  head 
quarters  in  this  duchy  ;  and  this,  per- 
haps, is  the  only  country  in  Europe, 
where  Jews  cultivate  the  ground.  The 
peasants  are  in  a  state  of  the  most  abject 
vassalage.  In  1772  the  empress  Catha- 
rine compelled  the  Poles  to  cede  to  her 
all  that  part  of  Lithuania,  bordering  up- 
on Russia,  and  including  at  least  one- 
third  of  the  country.  This  she  erected 
into  the  two  governments  of  Polosk  and 
Mohilef.  In  1793,  in  conjunction  with 
the  king  of  Prussia,  she  effected  another 
partition  of  Poland,  in  consequence  of 
which  she  extended  her  dominions  over 
almost  the  whole  of  Lithuania. 

Litchfield,  a  county  in  the  NW  corner 
of  Connecticut,  between  Massachusetts 
and  Ne  w  York.  It  is  a  mountainous  but 
well  peopled  district,  containing  22  town- 
ships and  41,375  inhabitants  in  1310.  The 
chief  town  is  Litchfield. 

Litchfield,  a  township  of  Herkimer 
county,  New  York,  containing  2533  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  about  85  miles  N 
W  of  Albany,  and  contiguous  to  Her- 
kimer. 

Litchfield,  the  capital  of  Litchfield 
county,  Connecticut,  24  miles  W  of  Hart- 
ford, and  44  NW  of  New  Haven.  It  is  a 
post  town,  and  is  situated  in  lat.  41  46 
N,  and  Ion.  73  37  W. 

Little  Britain,  a  township  of  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1700  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Octorara  creek,  in  the  SE  cor- 
ner of  the  county. 

Little  Compton,  a  township  of  Newpor 
county,  Rhode  Island,  containingv  1553 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  a  maritime 
district,  and  famous  for  its  dairies. 

JMtle  Creek,  a  hundred  of  Kent  coun- 
ty, state  of  Delaware,  containing  2039 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  on  the  N  side 
of  Jones'  river,  about  six  miles  from 
Dover. 

Littleton,  a  post  tow  n  in  Grafton  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  45  miles  NE  of 
Haverhill,  and  about  40  NW  of  Conway. 

Litth'tvn,  a  town  in  Middlesex  county, 
Massachusetts,  28  miles  NW  of  Boston, 
containing  904  inhabitants  at  the  last 
census. 

L'tiz,  a  town  of  the  state  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Here  is  a  flourishing  settlement 
of  the  Moravians,  begun  in  1757.    It  is 


eight  miles  from  Lancaster,  and  70  W  of 
Philadelphia. 

Livadia,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, bounded  on  the  N  by  J  anna,  on  the 
E  by  the  Archipelago,  on  the  S  bv  the 
Morea,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Mediterra- 
nean.  It  includes  ancient  Greece  pro- 
perly so  called,  and  its  capital  is  Setines, 
the  once  celebrated  Athens. 

Livadia,  an  ancient  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  a  province  of  the  same  name, 
k  carries  on  a  trade  in  wool,  corn,  and 
rice,  wherewith  it  furnishes  all  Greece, 
and  is  58  miles  NW  of  Athens.  Lon.  23 
26  E,  lat.  38  40  N. 

Livadosta,  a  town  of  Livadia.  It  is 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Lepanto,  in  the  Isth- 
mus of  Corinth,  to  the  N  of  the  city  of 
that  name,  with  a  bishop's  see. 

Livella,  a  river  of  Italy,  in  the  territory 
of  Venice,  which  falls'  into  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  between  the  mouth  of  the  Piava, 
and  the  town  of  Caorlo. 

Liverdun,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthe,  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Moselle,  eight  miles  NE  of 
Toul.    Lon.  6  5  E,  lat.  48  45  N. 

Liverpool,  a  considerable  borough  and 
seaport  in  Lancashire,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday.  Its  situation  is  low  but  ex- 
tremely healthy,  pleasant,  and  commodi- 
ous, at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Mersey, 
which  is  here  from  twelve  to  fifteen  hun- 
dred yards  wide  ;  is  a  populous  town, 
the  most  flourishing  sea  port  in  these 
parts,  anel  pretends  to  rival,  if  not  excel 
Bristol.  The  inhabitants  are  universal 
merchants,  and  trade  to  all  foreign  parts 
but  Turkey  and  the  East  Indies.  It  shares 
the  trade  to  Ireland  and  Wales  with  Bris- 
tol. Ships  of  any  burden  may  come  up 
with  their  full  lading,  and  ride  before  the 
tow  n,  which  is  quite  open  and  unfortifi- 
ed. In  1644,  it  was  besieged  by  prince 
Rupert,  and  after  a  stout  resistance  la- 
ken.  The  exchange,  in  which  is  the  town 
hall,  council-room,  and  assembly  room,  is 
a  handsome  Corinthian  edifice,  with  a 
dome  built  in  1749,  and  since  considera- 
bly enlarged.  All  the  new  buildings  are 
handsome,  and  the  streets  spacious. — 
Some  merchants  have  houses  here,  which 
in  Italy  would  pass  for  palaces.  The 
custom  house  is  a  neat  and  commodious 
brick  building,  too  small  for  its  trade. 
There  are  eight  public  docks*-' which 
form  an  area  of  about  twenty-  four-  acres, 
and  can  contain  above  1000  ships,  witli 
the  greatest  safety.  They  are  bounded 
by  quiiys  above  a  mile  anel  a  half  in 
length,  and  able  to  contain  20,000  tons  of 
shipping.  These  docks  have  been  erect- 
ed at  a  very  great  expense.  One  of  them 


L  I  V 


L  I-  A 


cost  no  less  than  21,000/.  There  is  a  li- 
brm y,  and  a  theatre  royal  was  opened  in 
1772,  which  cost  above  6000/.  The  whole 
number  of  barks  employed  here  in  1563, 
was  only  12,  with  75  men  ;  and  there 
were  then  only  130  habitations,  whereas 
in  1786,  there  were  upwards  of  8000  ha- 
bitations, and  they  had  2800  vessels 
cleared  outwards,  and  above  3000  in- 
wards ;  so  amazingly  great  has  been  the 
increase.  The  duiies  paid  at  the  cus- 
tom house  in  1784  were  640,510/.  There 
were  4,000,000  bushels  of  salt  export- 
ed, besides  what  went  coastwise  ;  also 
15,000  tons  of  coal,  were  exported;  and 
15,500  tons  sent  coastwise.  The  ex- 
port of  salt  and  salt  rock  is  from  90,000 
to  100,000  tons  annually.  There  is  a  m  - 
vigation  from  hence  farther  up  the  Mer- 
sey, and  that  for  ships  of  burden  too,  as 
high  almost  as  Warrington,  and  also  up 
the  S  Channel,  as  they  call  the  river 
Weever  ;  but  it  is  chiefly  for  rock  salt 
and  Cheshire  cheese,  of  which  great 
quantities  are  shipped  oft' here  for  the  W 
and  S  parts  of  England.  Among  the 
charitable  foundations,  are  alms-houses 
fur  the  widows  of  mariners  killed  or  lost 
at  sea,  or  decayed  seamen,  and  a  new  asy- 
lum for  lunatics.  Liverpool  is  18  miles 
W  of  Warring-ion,  and  203  NW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  54  W,  lat.  53  23  N.  ^ 

Livonia,  a  province  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, which,  with  that  of  Esthonia,  has 
been  reciprocally  claimed  and  possessed 
by  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Poland,  and  for 
more  than  two  centuries,  has  be«  n  a  per- 
petual scene  of  the  most  bloody  wars. 
It  was  finally  wrested  from  the  Swedes 
by  Peter  the"  Great,  and  confirmed  to  the 
Russians  by  the  peace  of  Nystadt,  in 
1721.  It  now  forms  the  government  of 
Riga,  or  Livonia,  of  which  Riga  is  the 
capital.  It  is  bounded  on  the  X  by  the 
government  of  Esthonia,  on  the  E  by  that 
of  Pskof,  on  the  S  by  that  of  Polotsk  and 
part  of  Poland,  and  on  the  W  by  the  gull 
of  Livonia.  It  is  250  miles  from  N  to  S, 
and  150  from  E  to  W.  The  land  is  so 
fertile  in  corn,  that  it  is  called  the  gra- 
nary of  the  North,  and  would  produce  a 
great  deal  more,  if  it  was  not  so  full  of 
lakes.  The  fish  that  abound  here  are 
salmons,  carps,  pikes,  flat  fish,  and  many 
others.  In  the  forests  there  are  wolves, 
bears,  elks,  rein-deer,  stags,  and  hares. 
The  domestic  animals  are  very  numer- 
ous :  but  the  sheep  bear  very  bad  wool. 
Here  are  a  great  number  of  forests,  which 
consist  of  birch  trees,  pines,  and  oaks  ; 
and  all  the  houses  of  the  inhabitants  are 
built  with  wood.  The  merchandises 
which  they  send  abroad  are  flax,  hemp, 
honey,  wax,  leather,  skins,  and  potashes. 


Livingston,  a  county  in  the  slate  of 
Kentucky,  containing  3674  .nhabitar.ts  in 
1810.  It  is  bounded  by  die  river  Mis- 
sissippi on  the  W,  by  the  Ohio  on  the 
N,  by  Henderson  county  on  die  E,  and 
the  state  of  Tennessee  on  the  S.  Chief 
town,  Smithland. 

L&ainirston,  a  township  of  Columbia 
countv,  New  York,  containing  1651  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  40  miles 
S  of  Albany,  on  the  river  Hudson. 

Lizard,  the  most  southern  promontory 
of  England,  whence  ships  usually  take 
their  departure,  when  bound  to  the  west- 
ward.   Lon.  5  10  W,  lat.  49  57  N. 

Llanarth,  a  town  in  Cardiganshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  17  miles  E 
by  N  of  Cardigan,  and  212  W  by  N  of 
London.    Lon.  4  20  W,  lat.  52  13  X. 

Llanbedcr,  a  town  in  Cardiganshire, 
with  a  market"  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Tyvy,  over  which  is  a  bridge, 
into  Carmarthenshire,  24  miles  E  of  Car- 
digan, and  197  W  bv  N  of  London.  Lon. 
4  8  W,  lat.  52  9  N.  * 

Llandikvaivr,  a  town  in  Carmarthen- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday  and  Sa- 
turdav,  on  the  river  Tow  v,  over  which  is 
a  bridge.    Lon.  3  58  W,  lit.  51  55  X. 

Llanelly,  a  town  in  Carmarthenshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  trades 
much  in  coal,  and  is  seated  on  a  creek  of 
the  Bristol  channel.  Lon.  4  10  W,  lat. 
51  43  N, 

LA.ngadoc,  a  town  in  Carmarthenshire, 
witli  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  185 
miles  W  bv  X"  of  London.  Lon.  3  48  W, 
lat.  51  54  N. 

Llangollen^  a  town  in  Denbighshire, 
with  a  beautiful  bridge,  184  miles  from 
London. 

IMmcfMiner,  a  village  in  Carmarthen- 
shire. Sir  Richard  Steele  had  a  private 
scat  here,  and  here  he  died  in  1729. 

JAmiroost,  a  town  in  Denbighshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  the 
( 'on wav,  1 5  miles  S W  o'f  Denbigh,  and  222 
NW  of  London.   Lon.  3  58  W,  lat.  53  6  N. 

Himtrissent,  a  town  in  Glamorganshire, 
in  S  Wales  with  a  market  on  Friday.  It 
is  seated  in  a  hilly  country,  and  is  10 
miles  NW  of  Landaff,  and  166  W  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  3  22  W,  lat.  51  28  X. 

IjlamuiUing,  a  town  in  Montgomery- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is 
seated  in  a  fl.it,  among  the  hills,  near  the 
river  Cane,  15  miles  N  by  W  of  Mont- 
gomery, and  179  NW  of  London.  Lon.  3 
8  W,  lat.  52  40  N. 

Lluntfdlos,  a  town  in  Montgomeryshire, 
with  a  great  market  on  Saturday,  for 
woollen  yarn.  It  is  18  miles  SW  of  Mont- 
gomery, and  157  WNYV  of  Lontlon.  Lon. 
3  28  YV\  Lat.  52  19  N. 


LOB 


L  O  C 


IAanymddovery,  a  town  in  Carmarthen- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday,  li  is  seated  near  the  Towy, 
had  once,  a  castle,  now  in  ruins,  and  it 
is  26  miles  V. N  E  of  Carmarthen,  and  181 
W  bv  N  of  London.  Lon.  3  42  W,  lat. 
51  56  X. 

Maugham,  a  town  of  Carmarthenshire, 
in  S  \\  ales,  with  a  market  on  Friday.  It 
is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Towy,  near 
the  ruins  of  two  cas'des.  It  is  pre;ty 
well  built  and  is  seven  miles  SW  of  Car- 
marthen, and  233  V/  bv  N  of  London. 
Lon.  4  28  W,  lat.  51  48  X. 

Loyils,  a  post  town  in  Essex  county, 
Virginia,  94  miles  from  Washington. 

Lo,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Channel,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  with  a  good  citadel. 
• — it  has  considerable  manufactures  of 
cloths,  stuffs,  iron,  and  gold  lace.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Vire,  12  mioses  E  of  Cou- 
tances,  and  125  W  by  N  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  53  W,  lat.  49  6  X. 

Loanda,  a  small  island  of  Africa,  on 
the  coast  of  Angola.  It  is  12  miles  in 
length,  and  three  quarters  of  a  mile  in 
breadth.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  which  is  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Angola,  in  South  Guinea,  with  a  very 
good  harbour,  a  fort,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  large  and  handsome,  considering 
the  country,  and  may  contain  about  3000 
houses,' built  of  stone,  and  covered  with 
tdes.  Besides  these,  there  are  a  vast 
number  of  negroe's  huts  made  of  straw 
and  earth.  It  belongs  to  the  Portuguese. 
Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  8  45  S. 

Loango,  a  considerable  kingdom  of  Afri- 
ca, in  Congo,  250  miles  in  length,  and  188 
in  breadth  ;  bounded  oh  the  X  by  Benin, 
on  the  E  by  parts  unknown,  on  the  S  by 
Congo  Proper,  and  on  the  W  by  the- At- 
lantic  Ocean.  The  land  is  so  fruitful, 
that  they  have  three  crops  of  millet  in  a 
year ;  and  there  are  a  great  number  of 
trees,  from  whence  they  draw  their  palm- 
wine.  The  women  cultivate  the  ground, 
sow,  and  get  in  the  harvest.  The  inha- 
bitants are  black,  well  made,  mild,  and 
tr.  ctable,  and  their  principal  trade  con- 
sists in  elephants  teeth,  copper,  tin,  lead, 
and  slaves. 

Loango,  a  town  of  Congo,  capital  of  a 
kingdom  of  the  same  name,  with  a  har- 
bour, at  the  mouth  of  the  Quilla.  Lon. 
11  45  E,  kt.  4  15  S. 

Loans,  or  Lavaro,  a  town  of  Genoa, 
near  the  sea  coast.  Lon.  7  58  E,  lat. 
44  9  N. 

Lobmu,  a  town  of  Polish  Prussia,  with 
a  castle,  where  the  bishop  of  Culm  re- 
sides. It  is  25  miles  E  of  Culm.  Lon. 
19  0  E,  lat.  53  25  X. 


Loboa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province 
of  Estramadura,  seated  on  the  Guadiana, 
22  miles  E  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  6  22  \\ . 
lat.  38  32  X. 

Locarno,  a  town  of  Swisscrland,  capi- 
tal of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  which 
is  one  of  the  four  transalpine  bailiwics. 
It  contuins  15J0  inhabitants.  Part  of  the 
town  is  built  on  piazzas,  in  the  form  of 
a  crescent,  with  two  wings ;  and,  in  the 
front,  is  a  row  of  trees,  and  the  public 
walk.  Locarno  was  once  situated  on  the 
lake,  and  had  a  port  capable  of  receiv- 
ing large  barks  ;  at  present  it  stands  at 
the  distance  of  a  quarter  of  a  mile, 
which  is  owing  to  the  accumulation  of 
sand  brought  down  by  the  torrent  Mag- 
gia.  It  is  46  miles  X  of  Novara,  and 
55  X  by  W  of  Milan.  Lon.  8  31  E,  lat. 
46  10  X. 

Locarno,  Lake  of.    See  Maggiore. 

L>ochaber,  a  bleak,  barren,  mountain- 
ous, and  rugged  district,  in  the  SW  part 
of  Invernesshire. 

Lochem,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland, 
in  the  county  of  Zutphen.  It  was  t.dten 
by  the  French  in  1672,  who  abandoned 
it  in  1774,  after  having  demolished  the 
fortifications.  It  is  seated  on  the  Borrel, 
10  miles  E  of  Zutphen.  Lon.  6  13  E,  lat. 
52  12  X. 

Lochev  Moss,  a  morass  in  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland,  10  miles  in  length,  and 
three  in  breadth.  Here  vast  oak  trees, 
and  also  canoes  and  anchors  have  been 
frequently  dug  up. 

Laches,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Touraine.  It  has  a  strong 
casile,  the  prospect  from  which  is  very 
extensive.  Loches  is  seated  on  the  river 
Indre,  near  a  forest,  15  miles  S  of  Am- 
boise,  and  20  W  of  Tours.  Lon.  51  E, 
lat.  47  10  X. 

Lochmaben,  a  royal  borough  in  Dum- 
friesshire, situated  on  the  W  side  of  the 
Annan,  almost  surrounded  with  freshwa- 
ter lakes  abounding  with  fish.  Lon.  3  19 
W,  lat.  55  19  NT  , 

Lochrida,  or  Ocrida,  a  town  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  in  Albania,  seated  on  a 
hill  near  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  is  a  pretty 
large  place  and  well  fortified  ;  and  is  62 
miles  SE  of  Durazzo.  Lon.  20  40  E,  lat. 
41  40  N. 

Lochia,  a  seaport  town  of  Sweden,  in 
East  Bothnia,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Both- 
nia, 90  miles  S  of  Tornca.  Lon.  24  16  E. 
la-..  64  20  N. 

Loch-winnoch,  a  town  of  Renfrewshire, 
Scotland,  seated  on  a  lake  of  the  same: 
name,  called  also  Castle  Semple  LocIk 
near  three  miles  in  length.  On  an  island 


LOG 


LOM 


in  this  lake,  is  an  old  fortress,  called  the 
Peel;  a  name  frequently  given  to  old  for- 
tresses in  Scotland.  From  this  lake  is- 
sues the  river  Black  Cart. 

Lochy  Loch,  a  lake  in  the  SW  part  of 
Inverness  hire,  10  miles  in  length,  and 
from  one  to  two  in  breadth.  From  the 
N\V  the  waters  of  Loch  Arkek  descend 
into  this  lake.  Out  of  it  runs  the  river 
Lochy,  which  falls  into  Loch  Eil,  at  fort 
William. 

Loddon,  a  town  of  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday,  eight  miles  SE  of  Norfolk, 
and  113  >.E  of  London.  Lon.  1  18  E,  lat. 
52  36  N. 

-  Lodesan,  a  district  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Milan.  It  lies  along  the  river 
Adda,  and  is  very  fertile  and  populous, 
and  its  cheeses  are  in  high  esteem.  Lodi 
is  the  capital. 

Lodeve,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Herault,  and  late  province  of 
Langucdoc,  was  lately  a  bishop's  see.  -Its 
manufactures  of  cloth  render  it  very  rich, 
but  it  is  seated  in  a  dry  barren  country, 
on  the  river  Logue,  at  the  foot  of  the  Ce- 
vennes,  27  miles  NW  of  Montptllier. 
Lon  3  30  E,  lat.  42  47  N. 

Lodi,  a  strong  town  of  Italy  in  the 
duchy  of  Milan,  and  capital  of  the  Lode- 
•san.  It  is  seated  in  a  pleasant  country 
on  the  Adda,  15  miles  NW  of  Placentia, 
and  20  SE  of  Milan.  In  1796*  the  French 
under  Bonaparte  in  attempting  to  force 
the  passage  of  a  bridge  at  th's  place 
which  was  vigorously  defended  by  the 
Austrians,  after  being  three  times  re- 
pulsed, at  last  carried  it  with  the  loss 
of  6000  men  ;  1500  were  said  to  have  been 
killed  by  the  first  discharge  of  the  Aus- 
trian artillery.  Lon.  9  26  E,  lat.  45  15  N. 

Jjodomeria.    See  Galicia. 

Lodvone,'x  town  of  Italy  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Trent,  seated  on  the  small  lake 
Idro,  at  the  place  where  it  receives  the 
Hver  Chiese,  31  miles  SW  of  Trent.  Lon. 
10  46  E,  lat.  46  0  N. 

Loftits  Bevght.s,  a  military  post,  in  A- 
dams  county,  Mississippi  territory  ;  situ- 
ated on  the  E  bank  of  the  river  Missis- 
sippi, 30  miles  below  the  town  of  Natch- 
f-s,  w  here  there  is  -a  post-office,  and  a 
foundation  of  the  grandest  fortificat  ion  in 
1he  United  States. 

Ixgxirii  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky, containing  12,123  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S  by  Ten- 
nessee ;  on  the  E  by  Cumberland  and 
Warren;  on  the  N  by  Creen  river;  and 
on  the  W  by  Christian  county. 

Log-Ou'og-orod,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Low- 
er Vollunia,  seated  on  the  W  bank  of  the 
Dnieper.    Lon.  31  7  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Logronno,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 


Old  Castile,  in  a  cc  untry  abounding  with 
excellent  fruits  ana  good  wines,  and  all 
the  necessaries  of  lite.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Ebi-o,  115  miles  N  by  E  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  42  29  N. 

Loin  and  Cher,  a  department  of  France, 
including  the  late  province  of  Blasois.  It 
takes  hs  name  from  the  rivers  Loir  and 
Cher  ;  the  first  of  which  falls  into  the 
Sarte,  above  Angers  ;  and  the  last  emp- 
ties itself  into  the  Loire,  five  miles  above 
the  confluence  of  the  latter  with  the  In- 
dre.    Blois  is  the  capital. 

Lpive,  the  principal  river  of  France, 
which  rises  in  the  mountains  of  the  Ce- 
vennes,  in  Languedoc.  It  begins  to  be 
navigable  at  Roanne ;  is  joined  to  the 
Seine  by  the  canals  of  Briare  and  Orleans, 
and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Biscay,  below 
Paimbceuf. 

Loire,  Lorjcr,  a  department  of  France, 
containing  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Bretagne.  It  has  its  name  from  the  river 
Loire,  which  forms  i;s  S  bpundary,  and 
then  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  Nantes 
is  the  capital. 

Loire,  Upper,  a  department  of  France, 
late  the  province  of  Velay.  It  takes  its 
name  from  the  river  Loire,  which  rises 
near  its  south  boundary.  .  uy  is  the 
capital, 

Loiret,  a  department  of  France,  late 
the  province  of  Orleanois.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  small  river  that  falls  into 
the  Loire.    Orleans  is  the  capital. 

Jjombardy,  a  name  given  to  part  of  Ita- 
ly, and  which  comprehends  almost  all  the 
ancient  Cis alpine-Gaul.  It  lies  towards 
the  North,  and  is  divided  into  the  Upper 
and  Lower  ;  Upper  Lombardy  is  the  wes- 
tern part,  and  comprehends  Piedmont, 
with  its  dependencies,  and  the  duchies- 
■A  Montfcrrat  and  Milan..  Lower  Lom- 
bardy, which  is  the  eastern  part,  com- 
prehends Parma,  Modena,  Mantua,  Fe- 
rara,  the  Bolognese,  the  territories  of  the 
church,  the  Paduah,  Yicentin,  the  Vero- 
nese, the  Bressan,  the  Cremasc,  and  the 
fJergamese.  In  the  present  war,  nearly  s 
the  whole  of  these  provinces  were  over- 
run by  the  French  republicans,  who  not 
only  levied  exorbitant  contributions  on 
the  inhabitants,  but  also  demanded  many 
of  their  iinesi  pictures  and  statues,  which 
they  transported  to  Paris. 

Lombez,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
par:ment  of  Gers,  and  late  province  of 
(i.iscony,  lately  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  th.e  Save,  27  miles  SW  of  Tou- 
louse.   Lon.  1  0  E.  lat.  43  29  N. 

L'jmond,  Bai,  a  greaf  mountain,  in  the 
North  of  Stcriingshire,  about  3200  feet 
above  the  level  of  Ike  lake,  at  its  bot- 
tom.   It  stretches  along  the  E  side  of 
3B 


L  O  N 


LON 


Loch  Lomond  several  miles  ;  and  its  broad  i 
base  extends  so  far  into  the  country,  that  I 
the  ascent  of  this  mountain,  though  steep,  c 
is  computed  to  be  six  miles.  Ptarmigans,  ( 
and  other  heath  fowls,  frequent  its  upper  ( 
regions  ;  its  lower  are  the  haunis  of  the  I 
roebuck  ;  and  herds  of  cattle  feed  in  the  i 
irriguous  vallies  at  its  base.  From  this  i 
lofty  mountain  are  seen  Loch  Lomond,  j 
the  Clyde,  the  Forth,  Edinburgh,  the  i 
eastern  coast  as  far  as  the  Cheviot  Fells,  : 
the  isles  of  Bute  and  A  trail,  the  rock  of  ; 
Ailsa,  Ireland,  the  mountain  of  Plynlim-  ( 
mon  in  Wales,  the  Skiddavv  in  Cumber-  i 
land,  and  the  hills  far  beyond  it. 

Lomond,  Loch,  a  beautiful  lake  in  Dum- 
bartonshire, Loch-lomond,  the  last,  the  ] 
most  beautiful  of  the  Caledonian  lakes. 
The  first  view  of  it  from  Tarbat  presents 
an  extensive  serpentine  winding  amidst 
lofty  hills  ;  on  the  N,  barren,  black,  and 
rocky,  which  darken  with  their  shade 
that  contracted  part  of  the  water.  On 
the  W  side,  the  mountains  are  clothed 
near  the  boUoms  with  woods  of  oak 
quite  to  the  water-edge  ;  their  summits 
lofty,  naked  and  craggy.  On  the  east 
side,  the  mountains  are  equally  high  ; 
but  the  tops  form  a  more  even  ridge  pa- 
rallel to  the  lake,  except  w  here  Ben-lo- 
rnond,  like  Saul  amidst  his  companions, 
overtops  the  rest.  The  upper  parts  were 
black  and  barren  ;  .the  lower  had  grea« 
marks  of  fertility,  or  at  least  of  industry, 
for  the  yellow  corn  was  finely  contrasted 
with  the  verdure  of  the  groves  intermix- 
ed with  it.  The  length  of  this  charm- 
ing lake  is  24  Scotch  miles  ;  its  greatest 
breadth  eight ;  its  greatest  depth,  which 
is  between  the  point  of  Firkin  and  Ben- 
loniond,  is  120  fathoms.  In  1755,  when 
Lisbon  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake, 
this  lake  was  exceedingly  agitated. 

Lon,  or  Lune,  a  beautiful  and  romantic 
river  which  rises  in  Westmoreland,  and 
flowing  by  Kirby  Lonsdale  in  that  coun- 
ty, falls  into  the  Irish  Sea,  below  Lancas- 
ter.   Its  banks  are  beautiful. 

London,  the  metropolis  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, one  of  the  largest  and  most  opulent 
cities  in  the  world,  mentioned  by  Tacitus 
as  a  considerable  commercial  place  in  the 
reign  of  Xero.  In  its  most  extensive 
view,  as  the  metropolis,  it  consists  of  the 
city,  properly  so  called,  the  city  of  West- 
minster, and  the  borough  of  Southwark, 
besides  the  suburbs  in  Middlesex  and 
Surry,  within  what  are  called  the  Bills  of 
Mortality.  London  and  Westminster  are 
in  Middlesex,  on  the  N  side  of  the  river 
Thames  ;  and  Southwark  is  on  the  oppo- 
site bank,  in  Surry.  The  city  is  divided 
into  26  wards,  each  governed  by  an  al- 
derman ;  and  from  the  aldermen  'the  lord 


mayor  is  annually  chosen.  There  arc 
likewise  236  common-council-men,  a  re- 
corder, a  common-serjeant,  two  sheriffs, 

(who  are  also  sheriffs  of  Middlesex)  a 
chamberlain,  a  town  clerk,  a  city -remem- 
brancer, a  water-bailiff,  and  many  infe- 
rior-officers. Westminster,  once  a  mile 
from  London,  but  now  united  to  it,  is 
governed  by  a  high  steward,  who  is  ge- 
nerally a  nobleman,  chosen  by  the  dean 
and  chapter  ;  and  he  has  an  under  stew- 
ard who  officiates  for  him  The  suburbs 
are  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  magis- 
trates ;  and  those  of  Middlesex,  besides 
the  county-hall  in  Clerkenwell  Green, 
have  an  office  in  Bow-street,  long  distin- 
guished for  public  spirit  and  activity, 
and  seven  oilier  public  offices.  In  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI.  Southwark  was 
formed  into  a  twenty-sixth  ward,  by  the 
name  of  Bridge  Ward  Without.  On  the 
death  of  the  alderman  of  this  ward,  he 
is  succeeded  by  the  next  in  seniority. 
The  city  has  likewise  a  high  bailiff  and 
steward  here.  Among  the  churches  in 
the  metropolis,  the  cathedral  of  St.  Paul 
is  the  most  conspicuous,  and  inferior  to 
none  in  Europe  except  St.  Peter's  at 
Rome.  Westminster  Abbey,  the  colle- 
g-iate  church  of  St.  Peter,  is  a  noble  spe- 
cimen of  Gothic  architecture.  Here  most 
of  the  English  sovereigns  have  been 
crowned,  and  many  of  them  interred.  It 
contains  also  a  great  number  of  monu- 
ments of  kings,  statesmen,  heroes,  poets, 
tnd  persons,  distinguished  by  genius, 
learning,  and  science.  The  royal  palace 
of  St.  James  is  an  ancient  building,  on 
the  N  side  of  a  small  park,  mean  in  ex- 
ternal appearance  ;  but  the  apartments 
are  said  to  be  the  best  calculated  for  re- 
gal parade  of  any  in  Europe.  The  royal 
town  residence  is  a  house  at  the  W  side 
of  St.  James's  park,  built  by  the  duke  of 
Buckingham,  and  purchased  by  the  king 
In  1761,  when  it  received  the  appellation 
of  the  Queen's  Palace,  but  is  still  fre- 
quently called  Buckingham  House.  Carl- 
ton House,  the  residence  of  the  prince 
of  Wales,  to  the  E  of  St.  James's  palace, 
is  a  stately  building,  on  which  vast  sums 
have  been  expended,  but  it  is  not  yet 
completed.  The  Banqueting  House,  at 
Whitehall,  begun  in  1619,  is  only  a  small 
•  part  of  the  vast  plan  of  a  palace,  intend- 
,  ed  to  be  worthy  of  the  residence  of  the 
British  monarchs,  but  left  incomplete. 
?  Besides  the  royal  palaces,  there  are  ma- 

-  ny  fine  houses  of  the  princes  of  the 
■  blood,  and  of  the  nobility  and  gentry. 

-  Among  the  public  buildings,  which  can 
merely  be  enumerated  1  ire,  are  West- 

-  minster  Hall,  containing  the  supreme 
L  courts  of  justice,  and  adjoining  to  which 


L  ©  N 


L  O  N 


are  the  houses  of  lords  and  commons. 
The  former  was  anciently  a  chapel  dedi- 
cated to  St.  Stephen,  and  there  is  a  gal- 
lery where  strangers  are  permitted  to  sit 
and  hear  the  debates,  but  since  the  Irish 
Union  it  has  been  enlarged  for  the  re- 
ception and  accommodation  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  three  kingdoms,  as  has 
also  the  house  of  Lords,  which  is  an  ob- 
long room  not  quite  so  large  as  the  house 
of  Commons,  and  is  hung  with  line  old 
tapestry  representing  the  defeat  of  the 
Spanish  Armada  in  1588.  The  heads  of 
the  naval  heroes  who  commanded  on  the 
glorious  day  form  a  matchless  border 
round  the  work,  animating  posterity  to 
emulate  their  glorious  example.  There 
are  also  likewise  the  Guildhall  ;  the  Ses- 
sions House  in  the  Old  Bailey ;  the  Tower, 
an  ancient  fortress,  once  a  royal  palace 
now  containing  some  public  offices,  a 
magazine  and  arsenal,  the  regalia  of  the 
kingdom,  the  mint,  and  a  menagerie  ; 
the  Horse  Guards,  the  Treasury,  and  the 
Admiralty,  at  Whitehall ;  the  noble  col- 
lection of  public  offices  which  form  that 
magnificent  structure  called  Somerset 
Place ;  the  Royal  Exchange,  in  Cornhill ; 
the  Bank  of  England,  in  Threadneedle- 
street;  the  Custom-house,  in  Thames- 
street;  die  Excise  Office,  in  Broad-street; 
the  East  India  House,  in  Leadenhall- 
street ;  the  South  Sea  House,  in  Throg- 
morton  street ;  the  Mansion  House  for 
the  lord  mayor;  the  Monument  in  com- 
memoration of  the  great  fire  in  1666;  and 
the  ancient  bridge,  called  London-bridge. 
It  is  in  agitation  to  pull  this  down,  and 
rebuild  it  on  a  most  extensive  plan,  ma- 
king one  arch  the  span  of  which  shall  be 
sp  high  as  to  admit  vessels  of  large  bur- 
den under  it ;  the  two  magnificent  mo- 
dern bridges  of  Black-friars  and  West- 
minster. The  British  Museum  in  Great 
Russel-street,  Bloomsbury  ;  and  the  Le- 
verian  Museum,  in  Great  Surry-street, 
are,  perhaps,  the  noblest  of  their  kind  in 
Europe.  The  Inns  of  Court  for  the  study 
of  the  law;  the  colleges,  learned  socie- 
ties, and  public  seminaries  ;  the  halls  of 
the  different  trading  companies  ;  the  no- 
ble hospitals  and  other  charitable  insti- 
tutions ;  the  prisons,  public  places  of  di- 
version ;  with  its  fine  squares  and  streets, 
which  are  numerous,  and  built  with  great 
regularity,  are  all  too  numerous  to  be 
particularly  mentioned.  London,  then, 
in  its  large  sense,  including  Westminster, 
South v.-ark,  and  part  of  Middlesex,  forms 
one  great  metropolis,  of  vast  extent  and 
of  prodigious  wealth.  When  considered 
with  all  its  ad  vantages,  it  is  now  what 
ancient  Rome  once  was  ;  the  seat  of  li- 


berty, the  encourager  of  arts,  and  the 
admiration  of  the  whole  world.  Lis  the 
centre  of  trade;  has  an  intimate  connec- 
tion with  all  die  counties  of  the  king- 
dom ;  and  is  the  grand  mart  of  the  nation, 
to  which  all  parts  send  their  commodi- 
ties, from  whence  they  are  again  sent 
back  into  every  town  in  the  nation,  and 
to  every  part  of  the  world.  From  hence 
innumerable  carriages  by  land  and  water 
are  constantly  employed:  and  from  hence 
arises  that  circulation  in  the  national  bo- 
dy which  renders  every  part  healthful, 
vigorous,  and  in  a  prosperous  condition  ; 
a  circulation  that  is  equally  beneficial  to 
the  head  and  the  most  distant  members. 
Merchants  are  here  as  rich  as  noblemen  : 
witness  their  incredible  loans  to  govern- 
ment :  and  there  is  no  place  in  the  world 
where  the  shops  of  tradesmen  make  such 
a  noble  and  elegant  appearance,  or  are 
better  stocked.  The  Thames,  on  the 
banks  of  which  London  is  situated,  is  a 
river  which,  though  not  the  largest,  is 
the  richest  and  most  commodious  for 
commerce  of  any  in  the  world.  It  is  con- 
tinually filled  with  fleets,  sailing  to  or 
from  the  most  distant  climates  :  and  its 
banks,  from  London  bridge  to  Black-wall, 
form  almost  one  continued  great  maga- 
zine of  naval  stores  ;  containing  three 
large  wet-docks,  32  dry-docks,  and  33 
yards  for  the  building  of  ships  for  the 
use  of  the  merchants  ;  besides  the  places 
allotted  for  the  building  of  boats  and 
lighters,  and  the  king's  yards  lower  down 
the  river  for  the  building  of  men-of-war 
As  the  city  is  about  60  miles  distant  from 
the  sea,  it  enjoys,  by  means  of  this  beau- 
tiful river,  all  the  benefits  of  navigation, 
without  the  danger  of  being  surprised 
by  foreign  fleets,  or  being  annoye  d  by 
the  moist  vapours  of  the  sea.  It  rises 
regularly,  from  the  water-side,  and,  ex- 
tending itself  on  both  sides  along  its 
banks,  reaches  a  prodigious  length  from 
E  to  W,  in  a  kind  of  amphitheatre  to- 
wards the  N,  and  is  continued  for  near 
20  miles  on  all  sides,  in  a  succession  of 
magnificent  villas  and  populous  villages, 
the  country-seats  of  gentlemen  and  trades- 
men ;  whither,  the  latter  retire  for  the 
benefit  of  fresh  air,  and  to  relax  their 
minds  from  the  hurry  of  business.  The 
regard  paid  by  the  legislature  to  the  pro- 
perty of  the  subject,  has  hitherto  pre- 
vented any  bounds  being  fixed  for  its  ex- 
tension. The  irregular  form  of  London 
makes  it  difficult  to  ascertain  its  extent. 
However,  its  length  from  E  to  W  is  ge- 
nerally allowed  to  be  above  seven  miles 
from  Hyde -park  corner  to  Poplar  ;  and 
its  breadth  in  some  places  three,  in 


LON 


LON 


others  two,  and  in  others  again  not  much 
above  half  a  mile.  Hence  the  circum- 
ference of  the  whole  is  almost  18  miles  ; 
or,  according  to  a  later  measurement, 
the  extent  of  continued  buddings  is  35 
miles,  two  furlongs'  and  39  roods.  But 
it  is  much  easier,  to  form  an  idea  of  the 
large  extent  of  a  city  so  irregularly  built 
by  the  number  of  the  people,  \\  ho  are 
computed  to  be  above  a  million ;  and 
from  the  number  of  edifices  devoted  to 
the  service  of  religion.  Of  these,  there 
are  305  in  the  compass  of  this  vast  pile 
of  buildings,  without  reckoning  the  21 
out-parishes  usually  included  in  the  bills 
of  mortality,  and  a  great  number  of  me- 
thodist  tabernacles.  There  are  also  in 
and  near  the  city  100  alms-houses,  about 
20  hospitals  and  infirmaries,  three  col- 
leges, 10  public  prisons,  15  flesh-mar- 
kets ;  one  market  for  live  cattle ;  two 
other  markets  more  particularly  for 
herbs;  and  23  other  markets  for  corn, 
coals,  hay,  &c.  15  inns  of  court,  27  pub- 
lic squares,  besides  those  within  single 
buildings,  as  the  Temple,  &.c.  three 
bridges,  55  halls  for  companies,  eight 
public  schools,  called  free-schools ;  and 
131  charity  schools,  which  provide  edu- 
cation for  5034  poor  children  ;  207  inns, 
447  taverns,  551  coffee  houses,  5975  ale- 
houses ;  1200  hackney-coaches  ;  400  ditto 
chairs ;  7000  streets,  lanes,  courts  and 
alleys,  and  150,000  dwelling-houses,  con- 
taining, as  has  been  already  observed, 
above  1,000,000  inhabitants  ;  who,  ac- 
cording to  a  moderate  estimate,  are  sup- 
posed to  consume  weekly  provision?, 
clothing,  &c.  to  the  amount  of  500,000/. 
London  is  the  scat  of  many  conside  rable 
manufactures  ;  some  almost  peculiar  to 
itself,  others  in  which  it  participates 
with  the  manufacturing  towns  in  gene- 
ral. The  most  important  of  its  peculiar 
manufactures  is  the  silk-weaving,  estab- 
lished in  Spitalfields  by  refugees  from 
France.  A  variety  of  works  in  gold,  sil- 
ver, and  jewellery;  the  engraving  of 
prints  ;  the  making  of  optical  and  ma- 
thematical instruments,  are  likewise  priir1- 
cipally  or  solely  executed  here,  and  some 
of  them  in  greater  perfection  than  in  any 
other  country.  To  its  port  are  likewise 
confined  some  branches  of  foreign  com- 
merce, as  the  vast  East  India  trade,  and 
those  to  Turkey  and  Hudson's  Bay.  The 
common  firing  is  pit-coal,  commonly  cal- 
led .sea-coal,  of  which  there  are  consum- 
ed upwards  of  766,880  chaldrons  every 
year.  The  annual  consumption  of  oil  in 
London  and  Westminster  for  lamps 
amounts  to  400,000/.  In  1787,  the  quan- 
tity of  porter  brewed  in  London  for  home- 


consumption  and  foreign  exportation,  a- 
mountedto  1,176,856  barrels.  Thus  Lon- 
don has  risen  to  its  present  rank  of  the 
first  city  in  Europe,  both  with  respect  to 
opulence  and  to  number  of  inhabitants. 
London  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  sends  four 
members  to  parliament.  To  enumerate 
all  the  events  by  which  this  great  capi- 
tal Has. been  distinguished,  would  great- 
ly exceed  our  limits  ;  we  shall  onlv  men- 
tion therefore,  the  great  plague,  in  1665, 
which  cut  off  90,000  people,  and  the 
dreadful  conflagration,  in  1666,  by  which 
it  received  damage  to  the  amount  of 
10,689,000/.  London  is  165  miles  NW  of 
Paris,  180  W  by  S  of  Amsterdam,  and 
264  SE  of  Dublin.    Lat.  51  31  N. 

London,  New,  a  seaport  in  the  state 
of  Connecticut,  and  county  of  New  Lon- 
don. Its  harbour  is  the  best  in  Connec- 
ticut, and  as  good  as  any  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  defended  by  two  forts,  and 
seated,  on  the  Thames,  near  its  entrance 
into  the  Sound,  80  miles  NE  of  New 
York.    Lon.  72  45  W,  lat.  41  15  N. 

London,  New,  a  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Virginia,  on  James  river. 

I<ondonderry,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  Ulster,  32  miles  long 
and  30  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  W  by 
Donegal,  on  the  N  by  the  ocean,  on  the 
S  and  SAV  by  Tyrone,  and  on  the  E  by 
Antrim.  It  contains  31  parishes,  and 
sends  eight  members  to  parliament.  It 
is  a  fruitful  champaign  country  ;  and  the 
greater  part  of  it  was  given  by  James  I. 
to  an  incorporated  company  of  London 
merchants.  The  linen  manufacture  flour- 
ishes through  every  part  of  it. 

Londonderry,  a  handsome  town  of  Ire* 
land,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  still  surrounded  by  walls, 
and  i.->  remarkable  for  a  long  siege  it  sus- 
tained against  James  II.  in  1689,  till  a 
naval  force  from  England,  with  some 
troops  under  general  Kirke,  broke  the 
boom  across  the  harbour,  and  brought  a 
seasonable  relief ;  by  which  the  enemy- 
were  so  dispirited,  as  to  raise  the  siege. 
It  is  a  modern  place,  built  by  a  company 
of  London  adventurers  in  the  reign  of 
James  I.  The  principal  commerce  of 
Londonderry  is  with  America  and  the 
West  Indies.  It  contains  10,000  inhabi- 
tants, and  is  seated  on  the  river  Foyle, 
over  which  a  wooden  bridge,  1068  feet 
in  length,  and  of  singular  and  excellent 
construction,  was  erected  in  1791.  Lon- 
donderry is  four  miles  S  of  Lough  Fovle, 
and  194  NW  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7  5  W,  lat. 
55  4  N. 

Londonderry,  a  post  town  in  Rocking- 
ham county,  New  Hampshire,  35  miles 


L  O  N 


LOR 


SW  of  Portsmouth,  and  37  NW  of  New- 
bury  port,  Massachusetts.  It  is  peopled 
mostly  by  emigrants  from  Ireland,  as 
the  name  implies,  and  contained  2766 
inhabitants,  at  the  last  enumeration. 

Londonderry,  a  township  of  Dauphin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  2411 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween Conewago  and  Swetara  creeks, 
about  15  miles  E  of  Harrisburg. 

Londonderry,   a  township  of  Chester 
county,   Pennsylvania,  containing  1164 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Octorara  creek,  between  Ox- 
u$  ford  and  Nottingham. 

London  Grove,  a  township  of  Ches.te.r- 
3&county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  983  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  between 
New  Garden  and  Oxford,  about  40  miles 
SW  of  Philadelphia. 

■Longford,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Leinster,  25  miles  long  and 
16  broad ;  bounded  on  the  E  and  S  by 
"West  Meath,  on  the  NW  by  Lcitrim,  on 
the  NE  by  Cavan,  and  on  the  W  by  the 
Shannon  which  parts  it  from  Roscom- 
mon. It  is  a  rich  and  pleasant  country, 
contains  24  parishes,  and  sends  ten  mem- 
bers to  parliament. 

Longford,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  70 
miles  WNW  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7^40  W, 
lat.  53  48  N. 

Long  Island,  an  island  of  the  state  of 
New  York,  separated  from  Connecticut 
by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  divided  into 
three  counties.  It  extends  from  the  city 
of  New  York  E  140  miles,  but  is  not 
more  than  ten  broad  on  a  medium.  Hence 
are  exported  to  the  West  Indies,  &c. 
whale-oil,  pitch,  pine  -boards,  horses, 
cattle,  flax-seed,  beef,  &c.  The  pro- 
duce of  the  middle  and  western  parts  of 
the  island,  particularly  corn,  is  carried 
to  New  York.  This  island,  in  1810,  con- 
tained upwards  of  48,752  inhabitants. 

Long  Island  Sound,  a  kind  of  inland 
sea,  in  North  America,  25  miles  broad 
and  140  long,  extending  the  whole  length 
of  Long  Island,  and  dividing  it  from  Con- 
necticut. It  communicates  with  the  At- 
lantic at  both  ends  of  the  Island. 

Longinico,  a  town  of  the  More  a,  an- 
ciently called  Olympia,  famous  for  be- 
ing the  place  where  the  Olympic  games 
were  celebrated,  and  for  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Olympius,  about  a  mile  distant. 
It  is  now  a  small  place,  seated  on  the  Al 
pheus,  10  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  50 
S  of  Lepanto.    Lon.  22  0  E,  lat.  37  30  N. 

Longtoiivn,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the 
borders  of  Scotland,  12  miles  N  of  Car- 


lisle, and  307  NNW  of  London.  Lon  2 
50  W,  lav.  55  8  N. 

Longueville,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  seated  on  a  small  ri- 
ver, 23  miles  N  of  Rouen. 

Long-wy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle  and  late  duchy  of 
Lorrain,  with  a  castle.  It  is  divided  into 
the  Old  and  New  Town,  the  latter  of 
which  is  fortified.  It  was  taken  by  the 
king  of  Prussia  in  1792,  but  retaken  two 
months  after.  It  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, 15  miles  SW  of  Luxemburg,  and 
167  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  58  E,  lat.  40 
30  N. 

Lonsdale.    See  Kirhy  Lonsdale. 

Lons-le-Saulnier,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Jura,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Franche  Comte,  with  a  late  ab- 
bey of  noble  Bernardines.  It  derives  its 
name  from  the  sail  springs  with  which  it 
abounds,  and  is  seated  on  the  Solvan,  30 
miles  SSW  of  Doie.  Lon.  5  30  E,  lat. 
46  37  N. 

Loo,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland, 
where  the  prince  of  Orange  had  a  fine 
palace,  eight  miles  WT  of  Deventer.  Lon. 
5  44  E,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Looe,-  East  and  West,  two  mean  bo- 
roughs in  Cornwall,  separated  by  a  creek, 
over  which  is  a  narrow  stone  bridge. 
They  send  together  as  many  members  to 
parliament  as  London.  Tbe  market  held 
at  East  Looe,  is  on  Saturday.  They  are 
16  miles  W  of  Plymouth,  and  232  W  bv 
S  of  London.    Lon.  4  36  W,  lat.  50  23  N. 

Loonenburg,  a  town  in  Green  county, 
New  York,  near  Catskill  on  the  Hudson 
river.  It  has  a  post  office  378  miles  from 
Washing-ton. 

Loodon,  a  town  in  Rockingham  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  on  the  E  side  of 
Merrimack  river,  between  Canterbury 
and  Epsom,  with  1279  inhabitants. 

Lookout,  Cape,  a  cape  of  North  Caro- 
lina, S  of  cape  Hatteras,  and  opposite 
Core  Sound. 

Loots,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name  in  the  bisho- 
pric of  Liege,  16  miles  W  of  Maestricht. 
Lon.  5  19  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Lopatka,  Cape,  the  S  extremity  of  the 
Peninsula  of  Kamtschatka.    See  Kuriles. 

Loru,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia,  on 
the  river  Guadalcjuiver,  28  miles  NE  of 
Seville.    Lon.  5  4  W,  lat.  37  46  N. 

Lora,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
county  of  Hohenstein,  30  miles  N  of 
Saxc-Gotha.    Lon.  10  55  E,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Lore  a*  own  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  15 
■niies  N  of  Malaga.  Lon.  4  35  W,  lat. 
36  50  N. 


LOR 


LOT 


Lorbus,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tu- 
nis, with  a  castle,  and  fine  remains  of 
antiquity.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain,  fertile 
in  corn,"  150  miles  SW  of  Tunis.  Lon.  9 
0  E,  lat.  35  35  X. 

Lorca,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Murcia,  seated  on  an  eminence,  neaf  the 
river  Guadalant'm,  30  miles  WofCartha- 
gena.    Lon.  1  37  W,  lat.  37  44  N. 

Lorca,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Wirtemburg.  It  had  formerly  a  very 
rich  abbey,  whose  revenues  now  belong 
to  the  university  of  Tubing-en.  It  is  a 
poor  place  though  seated  in  a  fertile 
country  on  the  Returns,  20  miles  NW  of 
Eslingen. 

L  ,rd  Howe's  Group,  an  extensive  group 
of  Islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
discovered,  in  1791,  by  captain  Hunter, 
who  from  the  mast  head  distinctly  des- 
cried 32  of  them,  some  of  considerable 
extent.  Lon.  from  159  14  to  159  37  E, 
lat.  5  30  S. 

Lord  Howe's  Island,  an  island  of  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  lieu- 
tenant King.  Many  excellent  turtle  have 
been  caught  her.-,  and  it  abounds  with  a 
variety  of  birds.  The  island  is  140  leagues 
E  of  New  South  Wales,  three  mdes  and 
a  half  lonir,  and  verv  narrow.  Lon.  159 
0  E,  lat.  51  36  S. 

Lore  do.  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Venice  and  in  the  Polesino,  seat- 
ed or.  the  \dige,  20  miles  E  of  Kovigo. 
Lon.  12  50  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Loretto,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
mavquisate  of  Ancona,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  contains  the  Casa  Santa,  or  House 
of  Nazareth,  in  which  it  is  pretended 
Jesus  Christ  was  brought  up  ;  and  that 
it  was  earried  by  angels  into  Dalmatia, 
and  thence  to  the  place  where  it  now 
stands.  Four  walls  of  white  Parian  mar- 
ble have  been  erected  to  surround  the 
holy  chamber,  which  itself  is  built  of 
bricks  of  unequal  size  ;  it  is  40  feet  long, 
20  broad,  and  20  high,  without  any  roof 
or  covering ;  in  it  is  an  image  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin,  placed  in  a  niche,  with 
the  heavenly  infant  on  her  right  arm,  and 
a  triple  crown  on  her  head;  the  whole 
statue  is  covered  with  diamonds,  and 
pearls,  and  round  is  a  sort  of  rainbow  of 
precious  stones  of  divers  colours  ;  all  the 
altars,  utensils,  and  ornaments  in  the 
place  are  immensely  rich.  The  sacrista, 
or  treasury,  is  filled  with  jewels,  gold 
vessels,  and  ornaments  more  precious 
than  gold  itself,  the  votive  presents  of 
emperors,  kings,  princes,  queens,  popes^ 
and  other  persons  of  both  sexes  for  these 
many  hundred  years  past.  Works  in  sil- 
ver are  not  thought  worthy  to  be  admit- 


ted here.  The  whole  is  reckoned  to  be 
worth  nine  millions  of  rix-dollars.  And 
we  ought  not  to  omit  the  wine  cellar  be, 
longing  to  the  holy  house,  which  is  very 
nchly  stored.  The  town  itself,  exclusive 
of  the  chapel,  is  neither  considerable 
nor  agreeable ;  nor  does  it  contain  above 
300  inhabitants  who  are  almost  all  shoe- 
makers, tailors,  or  sellers  of  chaplets.  It 
is  seated  on  a  moumafn,  three  miles  from 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  12  SE  of  Ancona^ 
md  112  NE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  38  E,  lat. 
43  27  N. 

Lorgues,  a  very  populous  town  of 
France  in  the  department  of  Var  and  late 
province  of  Provence,  seated  on  the  Ar- 
gens,  five  miles  W  bv  S  of  Draguignan, 
and  430  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon-  6  27  E, 
lat.  43  30  N. 

Lorn,  the  N  district  of  Argyleshire  in 
Scotland,  between  Loch  Etive  and  Lock 
Awe. 

Lorrain,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Luxemburgh  a.  id 
the  archbishopric  of  Treves,  on  the  E  by 
Alsace  and  Deux-Ponts,  on  the  S  by 
Franche  Comtc,  and  on  the  W  by  Cham- 
pagne and  Bar.  It  is  100  miles  in  length, 
and  75  in  breadth,  and  abounds  in  all 
sorts  of  corn,  wine,  hemp,  flax,  and"  rape- 
s^ed,  and  in  general  in  all  the  necessa- 
ries of  life.  There  are  fine  meadows  and 
large  forests,  with  mines  of  iron,  silver, 
and  copper,  and  salt-pits.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  arc  the  Maese  or  Meuse,  the 
Moselle,  the  Seilles,  the  Meurthe,  and 
the  Sare.  This  province  now  forms  the 
three  departments  of  Meurthe,  Moselle 
and  the  Vosges. 

Lorrich,  a  small  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  district  of  Rheingau,  seated  on  the  E 
side  of  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  NW  of 
Bin  gen. 

Lorris,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret  and  late  province  of'Or- 
leanois.  It  is  15  miles  W  by  S  of  Mon- 
targis. 

Lot,  a  river  of  France,  which  rises  in 
the  department  of  Lozere,  and  watering 
Mendeand  Cahors,  falls  into  the  Garonne, 
at  Aiguillon.  It  begins  to  be  navigable 
at  Cahors. 

Lot,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing the  late  province  of  Querci.  It  takes 
its  name  from  the  river  Lot.  Cahors  is 
the  capital. 

Lot  and  Garonne,  a  department  of 
France,  including  part  of  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Guienne,  and  so  called  from  two 
rivers.    Ag'en  is  the  capital 

Lothian,  East.    See  Haddingtonshire. 

Lothian,  Jfid.    See  Edinburghshire. 

Lothian,  West.    See  Linlithgowshire 


»      L  O  U 

Louans,  a  small  town  <  f  France,  in  the 
department  of  Saone  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  situated  in  a  kind 
of  Island  between  the  rivers  Seilles,  Sal- 
le, and  Solnan,  18  miles  SE  of  Ch.dons. 

Loudon,  a  county  in  the  state  of  V  ir- 
ginia, containing  21,338  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  S  side  of  the 
Potomac,  bclween  Fairfax  and  Frederic 
counties.  The  chief  towns  Leesburg  and 
Middleburg.  This  county  has  but  a  small 
proportion  of  slaves,  being  originally  set- 
tled by  emigrants  from  Pennsylvania  and 
New  Jersey. 

Louden,  a  township  of  Rockingham 
county,  New  Hampshire,  containing  1472 
i  'inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated 'on 
the  E  side  of  'Merrimack  river  45  miles 
NW  of  Portsmouth. 

Loudim,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vienne  and  late  province  of 
Poitou.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  12 
miles  NW  of  Poitiers,  and  155  SW  of 
Paris.    Lon.  0  17  E,  lat.  47  2  N. 

Loughborough,  a  town  in  Leicester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday,  plea- 
santly seated  among  fertile  meadows  near 
the  forest  of  Charwood,  on  the  river 
Soar,  18  miles  N  of  Leicester,  and  109 
NXW  of  London.  Lon.  1  10  W,  lat.  52 
48  N. 

Louisa,  a  town  of  Swedish  Finland, 
with  a  fortress,  on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of 
Finland.  The  houses  are  all  of  wood, 
two  stories  high,  and  painted  red* 

Louisa,  a  county  of  Virginia  state,  con- 
taining 11,900  inhabitants  in  1810;  more 
than  one  half  slaves.  The  greater  part 
of  the  county  lies  between  North  Anna 
and  South  Anna  rivers,  about  i0  miles 
NNW  of  Richmond. 

Louisburgh,  a  town  of  North  America, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Cape  Breton.  It 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1758,  and 
ceded  to  them  in  1763:  since  which  the 
fortifications  have  been  destroyed.  It 
has  an  excellent  harbour,  near  four 
leagues  in  circumference.  Lon.  59  48  W, 
lat.  45  54  N. 

Jjouis/nirg,  a  post  town  in  Franklin 
county,  North  Carolina,  on  the  E  bank  of 
Tar  river,  23  miles  NE  of  Raleigh  the 
capital  of  the  state. 

Louisville,  a  post  town  in  Jefferson 
county,  Kentucky  ;  seated  on  the  E  bank 
of  the  river  Ohio,  54  miles  W  of  Frank- 
fort, and  640  miles  below  Pittsburg.  It 
is  a  port  of  entry  and  the  capital  of  the 
county.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated 
at  1357.  It  lies  in  lat.  38  3  N.  and  lon. 
86  30  W. 

Louisville,  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
the  state  of  Georgia;  situated  on  the  N 
•  E  of  the  Great  Ogechee  river  in  Jefferson, 


LOU 

county,  100  mile*  NW  of  Savannahs  in 
he  hit.  of  32  50  N,  and  lon.  of  83  38  W. 

Louisiana,  a  large  country  of  North  A- 
merica,  bounded  on  the  E  by  the  Missis- 
•  ppi,  on  the  S  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  on 
the  W  by  New  M  xico,  and  running  in- 
definitely N.  It  is  agreeably  situated 
between  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold ; 
its  climate  varying  as  it  extends  toward 
the  N.  The  timber  is  as  fine  as  any  in 
die  world;  and  the  quantities  of  oak, 
ash,  mulberry,  walnut,  cherry,  cypress, 
and  cedar,  are  astonishing  The  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  Mississippi,  besides,  fur- 
nishes the  richest  fruits  in  great  variety. 
The  soil  is  particularly  adapted  for  hemp, 
flax,  cotton  and  tobacco  ;  and  indigo  is 
a  staple  commodity,  which  commonly 
yields  the  planter  three  or  four  cuttings 
a  year.  It  is  intersected  by  a  number  of 
fine  rivers,  among  which  are  the  Mis- 
souri, Natchitoches,  and  the  Adayes,  or 
Mexicano.  It  is  divided  into,  Upper  and 
Lower  Louisiana.  The  Upper  compre- 
hends those  settlements  which  extend 
along  the  Mississippi  from  70  miles  be- 
low the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  to  the  Mis- 
souri, and  along  the  latter  river  about 
40  miles.  Lower  Louisiana  extends  from 
the  upper  S  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
Bay  of  Mobiile,  though  the  Spanish  go- 
vernment contends  that  it  extends  no 
farther  eastward  than  the  river  lbeville 
which  unites  the  Mississippi  with  Lake 
Pon  tc  liar  train.  The  lower  part  is  much 
the  richest  and  most  populous.  Toge- 
ther they  contain  about  100,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  chief  city  is  New  Orleans. 
T'iiis  country  was  discovered  by  Ferdi- 
nand de  Soto,  in  1541 ;  traversed  by  M. 
de  la  Salle,  in  1682  ;  and  settled  by  Lewis 
XI V.  in  the  beginning  of  this  century.  In 
1763,  it  was  ceded  to  Spain;  in  1800 
econveyed  to  France;  and  in  1803  pur- 
chased by  the  United  States. 

Loni-tcheou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Quang-tong,  separated  by  a 
narrow  strait  from  the  isle  of  Hai-nan, 
where  pearls  are  said  to  have  been  for- 
merly fished  up.  It  is  345  miles  SW  of 
Canton. 

Lonitx,  a  town  of  Great  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Rava,  55  miles  E  of  Gnesna. 
Lon.  19  0  E,  lat.  52  26  N. 

Lou-iigan-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Chan-si,  agreeably  situated 
near  the  source  of  the  river  Tso-tsangho. 
It  is  375  miles  SWof  Pekin. 

Loung  Jjoch,  a  great  arm  of  the  sea,  in 
Argyleshire,  which  communicates  on  the 
S,  with  the  Frith  of  Clyde'. 

Luiidre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Upper  Pyrenees  and  late 
province  of  Bigorrc,  with  an  ancient  and 


LOW 


L  U  B 


strong  castle,  seated  on*  a  rock  on  the 
Gave  de  Fan,  almost  15  miles  S  of  Tar- 
bcs.    Lon.  0  5  \V,  lat.  43  8  X. 

Jsjtilh,  a  county  of  Ireland;  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Leinstc^  29  miles  long  and  13 
broad;  bounded  on  the  X  by 'Armagh 
K  arid  CarUnford  Bay,  on  tbe  E  by  the  Irish 
Sea,  on  the  W  by  Monaghan  and  E  by 
Meath,  from  which  it  is  parted,  by  the 
Boync.  It  is  a  small  but  fruitful  coun- 
ty, and  proper  to  feed  cattle,  contains 
50  parishes,  and  sends  ten  members  to 
parliament.    Drogheda  is  the  capital. 

Louth,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  a  county 
of  the  same  name,  19  miles  N  by  W  of 
Drogheda. 

Louth,  a  corporate  town  of  Lincoln- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  It  is  a  large  well  built  "town, 
the  market' well  frequented,  and  here  is 
a  noble  Gothic  church,  with  a  lofty  spire, 
and  a  freeschool  founded  by  Edward  VI. 
It  has  a  new  navigation,  by  means  of  its 
brook,  the  Lud,  to  the  German  Ocean, 
at  Tetney  Creek.  It  is  28  miles  XE  of 
Lincoln,  and  148  X  of  London.  Lon.  0 
10  E,  lat.  53  25  N. 

Louvcdn,  a  large  and  pleasant  city  of 
Austrian  Brabant,  with  an  old  castle,  and 
a  celebrated  university.  Its  walls  are 
nearly  seven  miles  in  circumference,  but 
within  them  are  many  gardens  and  vine- 
yards. The  public  buildings  are  mag- 
nificent, and  the  university  consists  of  a 
great  number  of  colleges,  they  formerly 
made  here  large  quantities  of  cloth,  but 
this  trade  is  greatly  decayed,  and  it  is 
now  chiefly  remarkable  for  good  beer, 
with  which  it  serves  the  rieighbourin; 
towns.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1794.  It  is  seated  on  the  Dyle,  14  miles 
E  bv  X  of  Brussels,  and  40  XE  of  Moris. 
Lon*.  4  31  E,  Lit.  50  53  X. 

Louvestein,  a  fortress  of  the  United 
Provinces  in  Holland,  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  rivers  Waal  and  jVfaese. 
■on  the  W  end  of  an  Island  called  Bom- 
mel  Waert.  It  is  16  miles  E  of  Dort. 
Lon.  5  13  E,  lat.  50  40  X. 

Limners,  a  handsome  town  of  France 
in  the  department  of  Eure  and  late  pro 
vince  ofXormandy,  with  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  cloth,  and  seated  on  the 
Eure,  in  a  fertile  plain,  10  miles  X  of 
Evreux,  and  55  XW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  15 
E,  lat.  49  0  X. 

Louvo,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Siam, 
With  a  royal  palace.  It  is  very  populous, 
and  seated  on  a  fertile  plain,  50  miles  X 
of  the  city  of  Siam.  Lon.  100  50  E,  lat, 
1.5  8  X. 

Lo-.vdore,  a  fine  cataract  in'  Cumber- 
land, on  the  E  side  of  the  lake  of  Der- 
went  water,  in  the  rale  of  Keswick, 


formed  by  the  rushing  of  the  waters  of 
Watanlajth  through  a  chasm  made  by 
two  vast  rocks ;  but  fails  entirely  in  a 
dry  season. • 

Lower  JWarlbro* ',  &  post  town  in  Cal- 
vert county,  Maryland  ;  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Patuxent  river,  30  miles  SSW 
of  Annapolis,  and  24  XW  of  St.  Leo- 
nards. 

Lo-ivp.s-'ivaier,  a  lake  in  Cumberland, 
one  mile  Jong  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
broad.  Tt  is  of  no  great  depth  and  with- 
out char  ;  but  it  abounds  with  pike  and 
perch.  In  opposition  to  all  the  other 
lakes,  it  has  its  course  from  X  to  S,  and, 
Tinder  the  lofty  Melbreak,  falls  into  Gro- 
in ack-water. 

IjOioicz,  a  populous  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Rava,  with  a  strong  for- 
tress, seated  on  the  Bzura,  21  miles  S 
of  Plocksko,  and  30  X  of  Hava.  Lon.  19 
29  E,  lat.  52  24  X. 

Loiv-Lmjton,  a  village  in  Essex,  which, 
with  that  of  Laytonstone,  forms  one  pa- 
rish, on  the  skirts  of  Epping  Forest. 
Here  a  great  many  Roman  antiquities 
have  been  dug  up.  It  is  six  miles  XE  of 
London. 

Lo-wville,  a  post  town  in  Oneida  coun- 
:\ ,  Xew  York,  about  35  miles  E  of  lake 

Ontario.,  ,~tirl 

Lo.ra,  a  considerable  town  of  Spain, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Granada,  seated  in  a 
fertile  countrv,  on  the  river  Xenil,  18 
miles  W  of  Granada.  Lon.  3  52  W,  lat. 
37  15  X. 

Loxa,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  province 
of  Quito,  200  miles  EXE  of  Paita.  Lon. 
77  10  W,  lat.  4  50  S. 

Loyir,  a  town  of  Pomcrania,  in  the 
county  of  Gutzkow,  sealed  on  the  Pene, 
ten  miles  above  the  city  of  Gutzkow. 

Lozere,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding the  late  province  of  Gevaudan. 
!t  is  a  mountainous,  barren  country,  and 
receives  its  name  from  one  of  its  princi- 
pal mountains.    Mende  is  the  capital. 

Lubaiiy  a  town  of  the  Russian  govern- 
ment of  Livonia,  70  miles  E  of  Riga. 
Lon.  26  36  E,  lat.  56  55  X. 

Lubansken-Sea,  or  the  Lake  of  %uhan, 
a  lake  in  Livonia,  toward  the  confines  of 
Courland  and  Lithuania.  The  river  Ro- 
sitta  falls  into  this  lake. 

Lubben,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Lusatia,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
lame,  with  a  handsome  castle.  It  be- 
longs to  the  duke  of  Mersenburg,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Spree,  60  miles  SE  of  Ber- 
lin.   Lon.  14  25  E,  lat.  52  0  X. 

Lubec,  a  seaport  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Holstein, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  a  free,  impe- 
rial, Hanseatic  town,  and  the  streets  are 


LUC 


LUC 


handsome*  large,  and  neat.  The  houses 
are  all  built  with  free  stone,  and  have 
large  apartments,  with  spacious  cellars. 
The  doors  of  the  houses  are  so  high  and 
so  wide,  that  a  cart  loaded  with  hay  may 
p:iss  through  them.  The  town  house  is 
a.  superb  structure,  and  has  several  tow- 
ers. On  the  ground  floor  is  the  hall  of 
Midience,  which  is  well  furnished,  and 
where  the  senate  assembles  regularly 
three  times  a  week.  Above  is  another 
large  hall,  where  the  deputies  of  the 
Hanseatic  League  formerly  held  their  as- 
semblies. Here  is  also  a  fine  exchange, 
Which  was  built  in  1683.  The  senate  is 
composed  of  20  persons,  four  of  which 
are  burgo-masters,  the  others  consist  of 
the  nobility,  jnen  of  letters,  and  mer- 
chants. Add  to  these  a  syndic,  a  pro- 
thonotary,  and  four  secretaries.  The  in- 
habitants are  all  Lutherans;  and  there 
are  21  preachers,  who.se  chief  has  the 
title  of  Superintendent.  There  are  five 
large  churches  and  palaces,  one  of  which 
is  the  cathedral,  whose  body  is  of  an  ex- 
traordinary length,  containing  several 
curiosities  :  such  as,  an  handsome  statue 
of  the  Virgil}  Mary,  a  curious  clock,  and 
a  prodigious  large  organ.  There  are  14 
hospitals,  one  for  lunatics,  a  pest  house, 
and  tour  others  for  sick  persons.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Trave,  ten  miles  SW 
of  the  Baltic  Sea,  and  17  NE  of  Ham- 
burg.   Lon.  10  51  E,  lat.  53  57  X.  - 

Lubec,  .Bishopric  of,  a  small  bishopric, 
in  the  duchy  of  Holstein.  It  belongs  to 
the  duke  of  Holstein. 

jAibec,  an  island  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 
Lon.  112  22  E,  lat.  5  50  S. 

Luben,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Silesia,  capital  of  a  circle  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  principality  of  Lig- 
nitz,  22  miles  NYV  of  13  re  slaw.  Lon.  16 
28  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Lublin,  a  city  of  Poland,  capital  of  a 
palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with  a  ci- 
tadel, a  bishop's  see,  an  academy,  and  a 
Jewish  synagogue.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Weiprz,  75  miles  SE  of  Warsaw.  Lon. 
22  45  E,  lat.  51  14  N. 

Luboiv,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Cracow,  50  miles  SE  of  Cracow. 
Lon.  20  36  E,  lat.  49  36  N. 

Luc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Var  and  late  province  of  Pro- 
vence, 25  miles  NE  of  Toulon.  Lon.  6 
25  E,  lat.  43  28  N. 

Luc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isere  and  late  province  of  Dan  - 
phiny,  seated  on  the  river  Drome,  32 
mile,s  S  of  Grenoble.  Lon.  5  48  E,  lat. 
44  40  N. 

Lucar-de-Barameda,  St.  a  seaport  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  bishop's  see. 


j  It  has  a  very  large,  fine  harbour,  u*eU 
,  defended  ;  and  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
Ithfl  Cuiidalquivcr,  44  miles  S  by  W  of 
Seville,  and  270  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  54 
W,  lat.  36  58  N.  ■  > 

1/ucar-de-Guadiana,  St.  a  strong  town 
of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  small  har: 
hour  on  the  river  Guadiana,  39  miles  N 
E  of  Faro.    Lon.  8  16  W,  lat.  37  18  N. 

Lvcar-La  Mayor,  St.  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia,  seated  on  the  Guadiana,  10 
miles  NW  of  Seville.  Lon.  5  33  W,  lat. 
37  36  N. 

Lucca,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  re- 
public of  the  same  name.  It  is  about 
three  miles  in  circumference,  and  sur-» 
rounded  with  a  wall  and  other  modern 
fortifications.  It  is  an  archbishop's  see, 
and  the  churches  are  very  handsome. 
The  inhabitants  have  a  considerable  ma- 
nufacture of  silk,  and  gold  and  silver 
stuffs,  in  which  they  drive  a  great  trade,. 
They  oblige  all  travellers  to  leave  their 
arms  at  the  city  gate,  and  will  not  suffer 
any  one  to  wear  a  sword  within  it.  It  is 
seated  in  the  middle  of  a  fruitful  plain, 
surrounded  with  pleasant  hills,  near  the 
river  Serchio,  over  which  there  are  two 
bridges.  It  is  10  miles  NE  of  Pisa,  37 
W  of  Florence,  and  155  N  by  W  of  Rome. 
Lon.  10  35  E,  lat.  43  50  N. 

Lucca,  the  republic  of,  a  small  terri- 
tory of  Italy,  lying  on  the  Tuscan  Sea; 
about  20  miles  in  length,  and  10  in 
hreadth.  The  soil  does  not  produce  much 
corn  ;  but  there  is  plenty  of  wine,  oil, 
silk,  wool,  and  chesnuts  ;  their  oil  In 
particular  is  in  high  esteem,  and  the  . 
common  people  usually  eat  chesnuts  in- 
stead of  bread.  It  is  a  sovereign  state, 
under  the  protection  of  the  emperor,  and 
the  government  aristocratic.  The  usual 
revenues  amount  to  about  30,000/.  per 
annum,  and  they  can  raise  and  pay  10,000 
men  upon  occasion. 

Luce,  a  great  bay  in  Wigtonshire,  ly- 
ing to  the  E  of  the  mull  of  Galloway. 

Lucera,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in 
^he  kingdom  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  30  miles  SW  of 
Manfredoniaj  and  65  NE  of  Naples.  Lon, 
15  34  E,  lat.  41  28  N. 

Lucern,  one  of  the  cantons  of  Swisser- 
iand,  and  the  most  considerable,  except 
Zuric  and  Berne.  It  is  30  miles  in  length, 
and  20  in  breadth  :  bounded  on  the  E  by 
die  cantons  of  Underwulden,  Schweitz, 
and  Zug,  and  on  all  the  other  sides,  by 
the  canton  of  Bern.  The  inhabitants  of 
ibis  canton  are  reckoned  about  100,000, 
and  are  Roman  catholics.  The  govern- 
ment was  formerly  aristocratical,  con- 
sisting of  a  senate  of  36,  and  a  council  of 
64,  in  which,  some  plebeian  burghers 

''if  V_» 


LUC 


LUC 


were  admitted  every  election ;  but  the 
Helvetic  confederacy,  as  well  as  the  con- 
stitution of  the  several  cantons  is  now 
dissolved,  the  French  having-  cruelly  and 
unjustly  enslaved  this  brave  and  virtuous 
people. 

Lucern,  the  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Lucern,  in  Swisserland.  It  is  divided  in- 
to two  by  a  branch  of  tbe  Rcuss,  which 
falls  into  the  lake,  on  the  NW  end  of 
which  the  town  is  seated,  and  commands 
an  extensive  prospect.  It  scarcely  con- 
tains 3000  inhabitants,  has  no  manufac-  j 
tures  of  consequence,  and  little  com- 
merce. The  pope  has  always  a  nuncio 
resident  here.  In  the  cathedral  is  an  or- 
gan of  a  fine  tone,  and  of  an  extraordi- 
nary size  ;  the  centre  pipe  is  40  feet  in 
length,  near  three  in  breadth,  and  weighs 
1100  pounds.  The  bridges  which  skirt 
the  town,  round  the  edge  of  the  lake,  are 
the  fashionable  walk  of  the  place,  and 
remarkable  for  their  length.  They  are 
decorated  with  coarse  painting's,  repre- 
senting the  histories  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, the  battles  of  the  Swiss,  and  the 
dance  of  death.  Lucern  is  30  miles  SW 
of  Zuric,  and  35  E  of  Bern.  Lon.  8  6  E, 
lat.  47  5  N. 

Lucern,  Lake  of.    See  Wahhtxtter  Sea. 

Lucerna,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
15  miles  SW  of  Turin.    Lon.  7  38  E,  lat. 

44  52  N. 

Lmchen,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Valencia,  30  miles  S  of  the  city 
of  that  name.    Lon.  0  10  E,  lat.  38  53  N. 

Lucia,  Si.  one  of  the  Windward  Canb- 
bee  Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  22  miles 
in  length  and  21  in  breadth.  It  consists 
of  plains  well  watered  with  rivulets,  and 
hills  furnished  with  timber,  and  has  se- 
veral good  bays,  and  commodious  har- 
bours. It  was  taken  by  the  English  in 
May,  1796.  There  are  two  high  moun- 
tains, by  which  this  island  may  be  known 
at  a  considerable  distance.  It  is  21  miles 
S  of  Martinico.  Lon.  60  45  W,  lat.  13 
25  N. 

Lucia,  Stt.  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  Is- 
lands, about  450  miles  W  of  the  conti- 
nent of  Africa.    Lon.  24  32  W,  lat.  16 

45  N\ 

Lucignano,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  du- 
chy of  Tuscan v,  10  miles  S  of  Sienna. 
Lon  11  11  E,  lat.  43  0  N. 

Lucknow,  an  ancient  city  of  Hindoo- 
stan  Proper,  capital  of  Oude.  It  is  an 
extensive  place,  but  meanly  built :  tin 
houses  are  chiefly  mud  walls  covered 
with  thatch :  and  many  consist  entirely 
of  mats  and  bamboos,  and  are  thatched 
<vith  leaves  of  the  cocoa-nut,  palm-tree, 
and  sometimes  with  straw.  Very  few  of 
the  houses  of  the  natives  are  built  with 


brick  :  the  streets  are  crooked,  narrow, 
and  worse  than  most  in  India.  In  the 
dry  season,  the  dust  and  heat  are  intoler- 
able ;  in  the  rainy  season,  the  mire  is  so 
deep  as  to  be  scarcely  passable ;  and 
there  is  a  great  number  of  elephants  be- 
longing to  the  Nabob  and  the  great  men 
of  his  court,  which  are  continually  pas- 
sing the  streets,  either  to  the  palace,  or 
to  the  river,  to  the  great  danger  and  an- 
noyance of  the  foot  passenger,  as  well  as 
the  inferior  class  of  shopkeepers.  The 
comforts,  conveniency,  or  property  of 
this  class  of  people,  are  indeed  little  at- 
tended to,  either  by  the  great  men  or 
their  servants;  the  elephant  itself  being 
frequently  known  to  be  infinitely  more 
attentive  to  them  as  he  passes,  and  to 
children  in  particular.  The  palace  of  the 
Nabob  is  seated  on  a  high  bank  near  the 
Goomty,  and  commands  an  extensive 
view  both  of  that  river  and  the  country 
on  the  eastern  side.  Lucknow  is  650 
miles  NW  of  Calcutta.  Lat.  26  35  N,  lon. 
81  25  E. 

Juucko,  a  considerable  town  of  Poland, 
capital  of  Volhinia,  with  a  citadel,  and 
a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  tfoe  Ster,  75 
miles  NE  of  Lemburg,  and  175  SE  of 
Warsaw.    Lon.  25  30  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Luco,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Citeriore,  seated  on  the  lake  Celano. 

Lucon,  or  Luzon,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Vendee  and  late  pro- 
vince ofPoitou,  and  lately  an  episcopal 
see,  seated  in  an  unwholesome  morass, 
17  miles  N  of  Rochelle,  and  50  S  of 
Nantes.    Lon.  1  5  W,  lat.  46  27  N. 

Luconia,  or  Manilla,  the  chief  of  the 
Philippine  Islands,  in  the  N  PacificOcean, 
400  miles  in  length  and  100  in  breadth. 
It  is  not  so  hot  as  may  be  expected,  be- 
cause it  is  well  watered  by  large  lakes 
and  rivers,  and  the  periodical  rains  which 
inundate  all  the  plains.  There  are  seve- 
ral volcanoes  in  the  mountains,  which 
occasion  earthquakes  ;  and  a  variety  of 
hot  baths.  The  produce  of  this  island  is 
wax,  cotton,  wild  cinnamon,  sulphur,  co- 
coanuts,  rice,  gold,  horses,  buffaloes,  and 
game.  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  formed  a 
scheme  of  planting  a  colony  in  the  Phi- 
lippine Islands,  which  had  been  neglect- 
d  since  the  discovery  of  them  by  Ma- 
gellan, in  1521.  Manilla,  in  this  island, 
was  the  station  chosen  for  the  capital  of 
the  new  establishments.  Hence  an  ac- 
ive  commercial  intercourse  began  with 
i  he  Chinese,  a  considerable  number  of 
vhom  settled  in  the  Philippine  Islands, 
inder  the  Spanish  protection.  These 
supplied  the  colony  so  amply  with  all  the 
valuable  productions  and  manufactures 
of  Asia,  as  enabled  it  to  open  a  trade 


LUL 

with  America,  by  a  direct  course  of  navi- 
gation, the  longest  from  land  to  land  on 
our  globe.  This  trade,  at  first,  was  car- 
ried on  with  Callao,  on  the  coast  of  Pe- 
ru ;  but  it  was  afterwards  removed  to 
Acapulco  on  the  coast  of  New  Spain. 
From  this  port  annually  sail  one  or  two 
ships,  which  are  permitted  to  carry  out 
silver  to  the  amount  of  500,000  crowns, 
in  return  for  which  they  bring  back  from 
"Manilla,  spices,  drugs,  China  and  Japan 
wares,  calicoes,  chintz,  muslins,  silks, 
&c.  The  inhabitants  are  a  mixture  of 
several  nations,  besides  Spaniards  ;  and 
they  all  produce  a  mixed  breed,  distinct 
from  any  of  the  rest.  The  blacks  have 
Jong  hair,  and  good  features  ;  and  there 
is  one  tribe,  who  prick  their  skins,  and 
draw  figures  on  them,  as  they  do  in  most 
•other  countries  where  they  go  naked.  See 
Manilla. 

Ludersburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of 
Lawenburg,  seated  on  the  Elbe,  five  miles 
above  the  town  of  Lawenburg. 

Ludgershall,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire, 
15  miles  N  of  Salisbury,  and  72  N  by  W 
of  London.  It  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  but  has  no  market.  Lon.  1 
45  W,  lat.  51  17  N. 

Ludlo-w,  a  borough  in  Shropshire,  with 
a  marke.  on  Monday.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Tame,  29  miles  S  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
138  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  42  W,  lat. 
52  23  N. 

Ludlow,  a  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  730 
inhabitants  in  L810. 

Lugano,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capital 
of  a  bailiwic  of  the  same  name,  which  is 
the  principal  of  the  four  transalpine  baili- 
wics.  It  is  pretty  populous,  contnining 
8000  inhabitants.  It  is  17  miles  NW  of 
Como.    Lon.  8  48  E,  lat.  45  54  X. 

.Lugano,  a  lake  of  Swisserland,  on  the 
Italian  side  of  the  Alps,  25  miles  in 
length,  and  from  two  to  four  in  breadth. 
It  lies  above  190  feet  higher  than  the 
lakes  Como  and  Locarno. 

Lugo,  an  ancient  city  of  Spain,  in  Ga- 
licia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  There  are 
springs  in  this  city  boiling  hot.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Minho,  32  miles  SE  of 
Mondonnedo,  and  60  SW  of  Oviedo.  Lon. 
8  52  VV,  lat.  42  46  N. 

Luke,  St.  a  parish  of  South  Carolina, 
situated  in  Beaufort  district,  which  con- 
tained 724  free  persons,  and  5887  slaves, 
in  1800. 

Lulu,  a  town  of  Swedish  Lapland ; 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Lula, 
on  the  W  side  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  42 


L  UN 

miles  SW  of  Tornea.  Lon.  21  0  E,  lat, 
64  30  N. 

Lula  Lapmark,  a  province  of  Swedish 
Lapland,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Tornea, 
on  the  E  by  the  Bothnic  gulf,  on  the  S 
by  Pithia,  and  on  the  W  by  Norway. 

Lumella,  a  village  in  Italy,  which  gives 
name  to  the  Lumellin,  a  small  district 
lying  on  the  river  Po,  belonging  to  the 
duke  of  Savoy.   Lon.  8  42  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Lumberton,  a  post  town  in  Robeson 
county,  North  Carolina,  on  the  E  side  of 
Drowning  creek,  25  miles  S  of  Fayette- 
ville  in  Cumberland  county. 

Lumberton,  a  village  in  Burlington 
county,  New  Jersey,  one  mile  SE  of 
Mountholly. 

Lund,  a  considerable  town  in  Gothland 
and  capital  of  Sconen,  with  an  archbi- 
shopric, and  an  university.  It  is  an  in- 
considerable place  containing  little  more 
than  800  houses,  and  carries  on  but  little 
trade.  Charles  XI.  founded  an  university 
here  which  is  its  chief  support.  The 
cathedral  is  an  ancient  irregular  build- 
ing. It  is  20  miles  SE  of  Landscrona, 
and  225  SW  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  13  2G 
E,  lat.  55  33  N. 

Lunden,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  seated  near  the  Ejr- 
der,  36  miles  NNW  of  Gluckstadt.  Loh. 
9  20  E,  lat.  54  26  N. 

Lundy,  an  island  in  the  mouth  of  the 
Bristol  Channel,  near  the  middle,  between 
Devonshire  and  Pembrokeshire.  Lon.  4 
13  W,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Lune.    See  Lon. 

Lund,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart 
inent  of  Gard,  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  near  the  river  Ridourle,  over 
which  there  i9  a  bridge.  It  produces 
excellent  muscadine  wine,  and  is  16  miles 
E  of  Montpellier.  Lon.  4  19  E,  lat.  43 
38  N. 

Ininen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  20  miles  from  Mini- 
ster,   Lon.  7  49  E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Lunenburg,  a  duchy  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  subject  to  the 
elector  of  Hanover.  Including  Zell,  it  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Elbe,  which 
separates  it  from  Holstein  and  Lawen- 
burg, on  the  E  by  the  marquisate  of  Bran- 
denburg, on  the  S  by  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, and  on  the  W  by  the  duchies  of 
Bremen  and  Westphalia,  being  about  100 
miles  in  length  and  7o  in  breadth. 

Lunenburg,  a  fortified  town  of  Lower 
Saxonv,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same 
name.  The  chief  public  edifices  are  three 
parish  churches,  the  ducal  palace,  three 
hospitals,  the  town  house,  the  salt  maga- 
zine, the  anatomical  theatre,  the  acadc- 


LUS 

Hiy,  and  the  conventual  church  of  St. 
Michael,) in  which  are  interred  the  an- 
cient dukes  ;  it  also  contains  a  famous 
table,  eight  feet  long1,  and  four  wide, 
plated  over  with  chased  gold,  and  the 
rim  embellished  With  precious  stones  of 
an  immense  value,  which  was  tuken  from 
the  Saracens  by  the  emperor  Otho ;  but, 
in  1698,  a  gang  of  robbers  stripped  it  of 
200  rubies  and  emeralds,  a  large  dia- 
mond, and  most  of  the  gold.  The  salt- 
iprings  near  this  place,  produce  great 
quantities  of  salt,  which  bring  irua  good 
revenue  to  the  sovereign,  and  chiefly  em- 
ploy the  inhabitants.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ilmenati,  31  miles  SE  of  Hamburg,  and 
60  N  of  Brunswick.  Lon.  10  31  E,  lat. 
55  16  N. 

Lunenburg  Court  House,  the  principal 
seat  of  justice  in  Lunenburg  county,  Vir- 
ginia, where  there  is  a  post  office.  It  lies 
on  the  NE  side  of  Meherrin  river,  about 
50  miles  SW  of  Richmond.  The  county 
contained  12,265  inhabitants  in  1810,  in- 
cluding 7,155  slaves. 

Lunenburg,  a  township  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  1371 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Nashua  river,  about  35  miles 
NW  of  Boston. 

Lunera,  a  mountain  of  Italy,  between 
Naples  and  Puzzoli.  It  contains  a  great 
deal  of  sulphur  and  allum :  and  the 
springs  that  rise  from  it  are  excellent ibr 
curing  wounds. 

Luneville,  a  handsome  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Meurthe,  and  late 
duchy  of  Lorrain,  with  a  castle,  where 
the  dukes  formerly  kept  their  court,  as 
did  afterwards  king  Stanislaus.  It  is 
seated  in  a  plain,  on  the  rivers  Vezouze 
and  Meurthe,  12  miles  SE  of  Nanci,  and 
62  W  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  6  35  E,  lat 
48  36  N. 

Lupo  Glavo,  a  town  of  Austrian  Istria, 
seated  near  the  mountains  of  Vena,  15 
miles  W  of  St.  Veit. 

Lure,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Saone,  and  late  province 
of  Franche  Comte\  It  is  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver l'Ongnon,  39  miles  NE  of  Besancon. 
Lon.  6  33  E,  lat.  47  38  N. 

Lurgun,  a  township  of  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  containing  874  inhabi- 
tants in  i810.  It  is  situated  on  the  N 
side  of  Conedogwinnet  creek,  and  joins 
Cumberland  county. 
.  Luri,  an  ancient  town  of  Corsica,  be- 
tween Cape  Corse  and  the  towns  of  Bas- 
tia  and  St.  Fiorenzo. 

Lusatia,  a  marquisate  of  Germany,, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Brandenburg,  on 
the  E  by  Silesia,  on  the  S  by  Bohemia, 


LUT 

and  on  the  W  by  Misnia.  It  is  divided 
into  the  Upper  and  Lower,  and  is  sub- 
ject to  the  elector  of  Saxony. 

Lungnan,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vienne,  and  late  province  of 
Poitou,  seated  on  tlse  Yonne,  15  miles 
SSW  of  Poitiers,  and  200  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  10  E,  lat.  46  25  N. 

Luso,  a  river  in  Italy,  which  rises  in 
the  duchy  of  Urbino,  crosses  part  of  Ro- 
magna,  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
10  miles  W  of  Rimini. 

Lutange,  a  lown  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle,  11  miles  from 
Menta.    Lon.  6  19  E,  lat.  49  11  N. 

Lutenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Austria  and  duchy  of  Stiria, 
seated  on  the  Muehr,  34  miles  SE  of 
Gratz.    Lon.  16  10  E,  lat.  46  46  N. 

Lutkenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  seated  near  the  Baltic, 
13  miles  from  Ploen. 

Lnton,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday,  seated  among  hills:, 
18  miles  S  of  Bedford,  and  31  N  by  W 
of  London.    Lon.  0  25  W,  lat.  52  27  N. 

Lutschinen,  a  river  of  the  canton  of 
Bern,  in  Swisserland,  formed  by  the  junc- 
tion of  two  streams ;  the  one  called  the 
Weiss  Lutschinen,  flowing  through  the 
valley  of  Lauterbrunen  ;  and  the  other 
called  the  Schwartz  Lutschinen,  which 
comes  from  the  valley  of  Grindeiwalde. 
In  a  rainy  season,  the  river  forms  a  tor- 
rent, which  rushes  impetuously  through 
the  great  masses  of  rock  that  obstruct 
its  course,  and,  with  inconceivable  vio* 
lence,  forces  from  their  beds  the  most 
enormous  fragments.  The  road  to  Zwey 
Lutschinen  and  Lauterbrunen  is  over  this 
roaring  torrent,  by  a  kind  of  bridge, 
which  is  fixed  against  the  sides  of  rocks, 
that  are  almost  in  a  leaning  position.  A 
huge  vertical  stone,  raised  in  the  middle 
of  the  river,  supports  some  thick  planks, 
so  badly  joined,  as  to  be  neither  steady 
nor  solid,  and  these  form  the  wretched 
bridge,  over  which  the  inhabitants  daily 
pass,  with  a  firm  step  and  undaunted 
eye  ;  a  passage,  which  the  traveller,  un- 
accustomed to  such  strange  communica- 
tions, would  tremble  to  attempt.  Hence 
the  Lutschinen  flows  till  it  falls  into  the 
la&ejif  Brlentz.  '•^jttj|& 

Littler,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  "of 
Brunswick,  remarkable  lor  the  battle 
gained  here  over  the  Imperialists,  by  the 
Danes,  in  1626.  It  is  eight  miles  NAV 
of  Goslar,  and  13  SE  of  flildcsheim.  Lon. 
10  25  E,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Jjtiiierxvorth,  a  town  in  Leicestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.    It  is  seat* 


LUX 


L  Y  M 


eel  on  the  river  Swift,  in  a  fertile  soil, 
and  is  adorned  with  a  large  handsome 
church,  with  a  fine  lofty  steeple.  Here 
Wicklilfe,  the  first  reformer,  was  rector, 
who  died  in  1385  ;  but  was  dug1  up  and 
burnt  for  a  heretic  40  years  after.  Lut- 
terworth is  14  miles  S  of  Leicester,  and 
88  NXW  of  London.  Lon.  1  10  W,  lat. 
52  26  N. 

Lutzen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mrsriia,  famous 
for  a  battle,  in  1632,  in  which  Gustaviis 
Adolphus,  king  of  Sweden,  was  killed  in 
the  moment  of  victory.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Elster,  12  miles  NW  of  Leipsic.  Lon. 
12  7  E,  lat.  51  24  N. 

Lutzemtein,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late 
province  of  Alsace.  It  has  a  strong'  cas- 
tle, and  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  30  miles 
NW  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  17  E,  lat.  48 
55  N. 

Luxemburg,  a  duchy  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  the 
archbishopric  of  Treves;  on  the  S  by 
-  Lorrain  ;  on  the  W  b\  Champagne,  and 
Liege,  and  on  the  N  by  Limburgh  and 
Liege.  It  lies  in  the  forest  of  Ardenne, 
which  is  one  of  the  most  famous  in  Eu- 
rope. In  some  places  it  is  covered  with 
mountains  and  woods,  but  is  in  general 
fertile  in  corn  and  wine  ;  and  here  arc  a 
great  number  of  iron  mines.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are,  the  Moselle,  the  Sour, 
the  Ourte,  and  the  Semoy.  It  belongs 
partly  to  the  house  of  Austria,  and  part- 
ly to  the  French ;  and  Thionvillc  is  the 
capital  of  the  French  part. 

Luxemburg,  a  city  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands, capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same 
name.  It  was  more  than  once  taken  and 
retaken  in  the  wars  of  the  16lh  century. 
In  1684,  it  was  taken  by  the  French,  who 
augmented  the  fortifications  so  much, 
that  it  is  one  of  the  strongest  places  in 
Europe.  It  was  ceded  to  the  house  of 
Austria  in  1715.  In  the  present  war  it 
surrendered  by  capitulation  to  the  French 
Tune  1,  1795.  It  is  divided  by  the  Al- 
sitz  into  the  upper  and  lower  towns  ;  the 
former  almost  quite  surrounded  by  rocks, 
but  the  lower  seated  in  a  plain.  It  is  25 
miles  SW  of  Treves,  and  100  W  of  Mentz. 
Lon.  6  17  E,lat.  49  37  N. 

Luxeuil,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Saone,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Franche  Comte,  remarkable  tor 
its  mineral  waters.  From  the  number  of 
urns,  medals,  and  inseriptious,  found 
here,  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  con- 
siderable place  in  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
mans. It  was  destroyed  by  Attila,  in 
450.  Near  the  town  was  a  late  celebra- 
ted abbey,  founded  by  St.  Columban,  an 


Irishman.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Vosges,  15  miles  W  of  Vesoul.  Lon.  6 
24  E,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Luzerne,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  80 
miles  long"  and  61  broad.  In  1810  it  con- 
tained 18,109  inhabitants.  Wilkesbo- 
rough  is  the  capital. 

Luzzara,  a  strong  town  of  Italy j  on  the 
confines  of  the  duchies  of  Mantua  and 
Gaustalla,  near  the  confluence  of,  the 
Crostola  with  the  Po.  Mere  a  battle  was 
fought  between  the  French  and  Spa- 
niards, in  1702,  when  each  side  claimed 
the  victorv.  k  is  10  miles  S  of  Mantua. 
Lon.  10  50  E,  lat.  45  0  N, 

Luzzi,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  near  the  river  Crate,  three 
miles  S  of  Bisigmano. 

Lycham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  whose  mar- 
ket is  disused.  It  is  24  miles  W  by  N  of 
Norwich,  and  9.2  NNE  of  London. 

Lycoming,  an  extensive  *county  in  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania;  containing  11006_ 
inhabitants  in  i810.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
E  by  Luzerne;  on  the  N  by  Ontario,  Tio- 
ga, and  Potter  ;  on  the  W  by  Clearfield  ; 
and  on  the  S  by  Centre  and  Northumber- 
land. The  chief  town  is  Williamsport. 

Lydd,  a  populous  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  is  a  member  of 
the  cinque  port  of  Romney,  and  seated 
in  Romney  Marsh,  26  miles  S  of  Can- 
terburv,  and  71  SE  of  London.  Lon.  1  4 
E,  lat.  50  58  N. 

Lydsing,  a  village  in  Kent,  near  Grave- 
send.  In  this  village  600  young  Nor- 
mans, who  came  over  with  Alfred  and 
Edward,  the  sons  of  Ethel  red,  after  the 
death  of  Canute,  to  take  possession  of 
their  father's  throne,  were  massacred  by 
Godwin  earl  of  Kent. 

Lyesse,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  dc*. 
partment  of  the  North,  and  late  province 
o*f  Hainault,  15  miles  E  of  Landrecv.  Lon. 
4  10  E,  lat.  50  6  N. 

Lyme,  a  post,  town  in  New  London 
county,  Connecticut;  situated  on  1  lie  E 
bank  of  Connecticut  river,  end  on  Long 
Island  Sound,  18  miles  SW  of  New  Lon- 
don, in  the  lat.  of  41  25  N,  and  lon.  72 
40  E. 

Lyme,  a  township  of  Craft  on  county. 
New  Hampshire,  containing  1670  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  between  Ha- 
nover and  Orford,  about  eight  miles  N  of 
Dartmouth  college. 

Lyme  Regis,  a  borough  and  s-aport  of 
Dorsetshire,  with  a  market  on  Friday.  It 
is  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  craggy 
li ill,  on  the  river  Lyme,  which  runs 
through  it,  at  lhe  head  of  a  little  inlet ; 
and  from  which  it  takes  its  name,  and  its 
harbour  is  formed  by  a  noble  pier,  called 


L  Y  N 


L  Y  O 


the  Cobb.  Lyme  is  governed  by  a  may- 
or, and  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. It  is  28  miles  E  by  S  of  Exeter, 
and  143  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  0  W, 
lat.  53  40  N. 

Lymington,  a  borough  and  seaport  in 
Hants,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
seated  about  a  mile  from  tiie  channel  cal 
led  the  Needles,  and  the  harbour  will  ad- 
mit vessels  of  considerable  burden.  It 
is  seated  on  a  high  hill,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  governed 
by  a  mayor.  It  is  12  miles  SSWof  South- 
ampton, and  90  SW  of  London.  Lon.  1 
42  W,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Lynchburg,  a  post  town  in  Bedford 
county,  Virginia  ;  situated  on  the  S  side 
of  James  river,  118  miles  .  W  of  Rich- 
mond, and  128  W  by  N  of  Petersburg, 

Lyndeborough,  a  township  of  Hillsbo- 
rough county,  New  Hampshire,  contain- 
ing ^1074  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Lyndhurst,  a  village  in  Hants,  in  the 
New  Forest.  Here  is  a  seat,  which  be- 
longs to  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  as  lord 
warden  of  the  New  Forest.  It  is  seven 
miles  N  of  Lymington. 

Lynn,  a  town  in  Essex  county,  Massa- 
chusetts, famous  for  the  manufactory  of 
women's  shoes,  and  contains  2837  inha- 
bitants. It  has  a  post  office,  and  is  si- 
tuated 10  miles  NE  of  Boston,  and  five 
SW  of  Salem,  m  the  lat.  of  42  28  N,  and 
Ion.  of  70  52  W. 

Lynn;  a  township  of  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1497  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  joins  Berks  county, 
and  is  situated  between  Penns  and  Weis- 
senberg  townships. 

Lynn  Regis,  or  King's  Lynn*  a  borough 
and  seaport  in  Norfolk,  with  a  market 
on  Tuesday  and  Saturday.  The  situa- 
tion of  this  town  near  the  fall  of  the  Onsc 
into  the  sea,  after  having  received  seve- 
ral other  rivers,  of  which  some  are  navi- 
gable, gives  it  an  opportunity  of  extend- 
ing its  trade  into  eight  different  conn 
ties,  by  which  many  considerable  cities 
and  towns,  viz.  Peterborough,  Ely,  Stam- 
ford Bedford,  St.  Ive's,  Huntingdon,  St. 
Neot's,  Northampton,  Cambridge,  St.  Ed- 
mundsbury,  and  the  N  part  of  Bucks,  as 
well  as  the  inland  parts  of  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,  are  supplied  with  heavy  goods, 
net  only  of  home  produce,  as  coals  and 
salt  from  Newcastle,  but  also  of  mer- 
chandise imported  from  abroad,  espe- 
cially wine,  of  which  two  articles,  viz. 
eoals  and  wine,  this  is  the  greatest  port 
for  importation  of  any  place  on  all  tin 
eastern  coast  of  England ;  and  those 
wherein  the  Lynn  merchants  deal  moi, 
largely  than  any  town  in  England,  ex- 
cept L-Midon,  Bristol  and  New  Castle.  In 


return  for  this,  Lynn  receives  back  all 
the  corn  which  the  counties  just  men- 
tioned produce,  for  exportation ;  and 
therefore  sends  more  of  it  abroad  than 
any  port  except  Hull.  It  is  42  miles  W 
NW  of  Norwich,  and  106  N  bv  E  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  24  E,  lat.  52  48  N. 

Lyonois,  a  lute  province  of  France, 
which,  with  that  of  Forez,  forms  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire. 

Lyons,  the  second  city  of  France  for 
beauty,  commerce,  and  opulence.  It  is 
the  capital  of  the  department  of  Rhone 
snd  Loire,  and  is  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Rhone  and  Saone.  It  was  founded 
about  the  year  42  B.C.  by  the  Romans, 
who  made  it  the  centre  of  "the  commerce 
of  the  Gauls.  About  the  year  145,  it  was 
toially  destroyed  by  fire,  "but  was  rebuilt 
by  the  munificence  of  Nero.  Many  anti- 
quities are  still  observed,  that  evince  its 
Roman  origin.  Lyons  is  the  see  of  an 
archbishop,  arid  before  its  recent  calfimi- 
ties  contained  150,000  inhabitants,  up" 
ward  of  30,000  of  whom  were  employed 
in  various  manufactures,  particularly  of 
rich  stuffs,  of  the  most  exquisite  Work- 
manship, in  silk,  gold,  silver,  &c.  The 
quays  were  adorned  with  magnificent 
structures.  The  Hotel-de-ville  vied  with 
that  of  Amsterdam  ;  and  the  theatre  was 
not  surpassed  by  any  in  France.  The 
other  principal  public  buildings  were  the 
Hotel  de  Dieu,  the  Hospital  of  Charity, 
the  Exchange,  the  Cuslom-House,  the 
Palace  of  Justice,  the  Arsenal,  a  public 
library,  and  two  colleges.  The  bridge, 
which  unites  the  city  with  the  suburb  de 
iaGuillotiere,  is  1560  feet  long ;  and  there 
are  three  other  principal  suburbs,  six 
gates,  and  several  fine  churches.  Such 
was  Ly.ns  before  the  fatal  year  1793, 
when  the  mischiefs  of  the  revolution 
were  poured  upon  this  devoted  city  in 
all  their  horrors.  In  June  1793,  it  revolt - 
c  d  ag-ainst  the  national  convention,  and 
being  obliged  to  surrender  in  October 
following,  became  a  prey  to  the  merciless 
victors,  who  Siv  >atcd  their  rage  by  bar- 
barities for  which  '  gu^ge  has  no  name. 
It  is  reckoned  that  n  *  'ess  than  70,000  in 
•his  city  alone  were  cj.<  ;r  massacred  or 
forced  into  exile.  It  was  also  decreed  by 
iie  convention  that  the  walls  and  public 
buildings  of  Lyons  should  be  destroyed, 
and  the  name  of  the  city  changed  to  that 
of  Ville  Jffrancliie.  In  1794  however,  on 
the  destruction  of  the  faction  of  the  Ja- 
cobins, the  convention  decreed  that  the 
••ity  should  resume  its  ancient  name,  and 
that  measures  should  be  taken  to  restore 
itfc  manufactures  and  commerce.  This 
citv  is  15  miles  N  of  Vienne,  and  220  S 
E  of  Paris.    Loa.  4  55  E,  lat.  45  46  N. 


MAC 


M 


MAATEA,  one  of  the  Society  isles  in 
the  South  Sea.    See  Society  Isles. 

Mabva,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Al- 
giers, seated  on  the  gulf  of  Bona,  W  of 
the  town  of  Bona. 

Macao,  a  town  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Canton,  in  an  island  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  bay  of  Canton.  It  is  de- 
fended by  three  forts.  The  Portuguese 
have  been  in  possession  of  the  harbour 
since  1640.  They  pay  a  tribute  of  100,000 
ducats  for  the  liberty  of  choosing  then- 
own  magistrates,  exercising  their  reli- 
gion, and  living  according  to  their  own 
laws  ;  and  here,  accordingly,  is  a  Portu- 
guese governor,  as  well  as  a  Chinese 
mandarin,  to  take  care  of  the  town  and 
the  neighbouring  country.  Lon.  113  46 
E,  lat.  22  12  N. 

Macarsca,  a  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  with 
a  pretty  good  harbour  and  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  25  miles  S 
E  of  Spahv.ro. '  Lon.  18  7E,  lat  43  49  N. 

JMgcassar,  a  kingdom  of  Celebes, 
whence  that  island  is  called  Macassi  r. 
See  Celebes. 

Macassar,  a  large  town  of  the  island  of 
Celebes,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name.  The  houses  ane  all  of  wood, 
supported  by  thick  posts,  and  the  roofs 
covered  with  very  large  leaves ;  the} 
have  ladders  to  ascend  into  them,  which 
they  draw  up  as  soon  as  they  have  enter • 
ed.  It  Is  seated  near  the  mouth  ot  a  lar  e 
river,  which  runs  through  the  kingdi  m 
from  N  to  S.    Lon.  117  28  E,  lat.  5  0  S. 

Jlipcclesjield,  a  corporate  town  in  Che- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday.  I'  .  - 
seated  at  the  edge  of  a  forest  of  the  same 
name,  near  the  river  Bolin,  and  govern 
ed  by  a  mayor.  It  has  manufactures  ct 
mohair,  twist,  hatbands,  buttons,  and 
thread  ;  and  mills  for  the  winding  of  silk 
It  is  36  miles  E  of  Chester,  and  171  NW 
of  London.    Lon.  2  17  W,  lat.  53  15  N. 

Macedonia,  a  province  of  Turkey  i' 
Europe  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Servi: 
and  Bulgaria,  on  the  E  by  Romania  an< 
the  Archipelago,  on  the  S  by  Livadia, 
and  on  the  W  by  that  country  "and  Alb;, 
nia.    Salonichi  is  the  capital. 

Macerata,  a  handsome  populous  town 
of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of  Ancon-', 
with  a  b;  shop's  see  and  a  university.  1 
is  seated  near  the  mountain  Chiento,  12 
miles  SW  of  Loretto.  Lon.  13  27  E,  lat. 
43  20  N. 

Machecou,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 


MAC 

department  of  Lower  Loire  and  late  pi\o»- 
vhice  of  Bretagne,  seated  on  the  Tenu, 
20  miles  SW  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  11  W, 
lat.  47  2  N. 

.  \Iacherry,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  pro- 
per, situated  in  the  province  of  Mewat, 
about  72  miles  distant  from  Delhi. 

Madiian,  one  of  the  Molucca  Islands, 
2j  miles  in  circumference,  and  the  most 
Li-tile  of  them  all.  It  produces  the  best 
cloves,  and  the  Dutch  have  here  three 
inaccessible  forts.  Lon.  126  55  E,  lat. 
Q  2  S. 

J  lac  hies,  a  maritime  post  town,  in  the 
District  of  Maine,  containing  1570  in- 
habitants in  1810,  It  is  situated  in  the 
county  of  Washington.,  on  the  W  side  of 
Machias  river.  Lat.  44  44  N,  and  lon , 
67  34  W.  It  is  famous  for  its  extensive 
t  rade  in  lumber. 

Macldcaco,  a  promontory  of  Spain,  in 
the  bay  of  Biscay.  Lon.  3  0  W,  lat.  43 
37  N. 

Machynleth,  a  town  in  Montgomery- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday,  seated 
on  the  Douay,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge  leading  into  Merionethshire.  It 
is  57  miles  W  of  Montgomery,  and  198- 
NW  of  London.  Lon.  3  45  W,  lat.  52 
24  N. 

Mackeran,  a  province  of  Persia,  bound- 
ed on  the  X  by  Segestan,  and  Sablestan, 
on  the  E  by  Hindoostan  Proper,  on  the  S 
by  die  Arabian  Sea,  and  on  the  W  by 
Kerman.  It  is  tributary  to  the  king  of 
Candahar,  and  the  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  is  100  miles  NW  of  Tatta.  Lon. 
66  0  IV  lat.  26  0  N.  • 

MTntosh,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
(Georgia,  containing  3739  inhabitants  in 
1810,  of  whom  2957  were  slaves.    It  is 

i  ated  in  the  marshy  country  between 
ie  A  lat  amah  a  and  Newport  rivers,  and 
lias  Liberty  county  in  the  N  and  Glynn 
ounty  on  the  S. 

Ml  coco,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  in  Ethi  - 
opia to  the  E  of  Congo,  and  S  of  the 
equator.  The  Portuguese  carry  on  a 
trade  with  (he  inhabitants  for  slaves, 
elephants'  teeth  and  copper. 

Macov,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
he  department  of  Saone,  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Burgundy,  lately  a  bi- 
shop's see.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  good 
wine  -j  and  is  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a 
.hill,  near  the  Saqne,  35  miles  N  of  Lyons, 
.aid  188  SE  of  Paris. 

Macrea,  a  river  of  Africa,  which  runs 
across  the  kingdom  of  Tripoli,  and  falls 
into  the  Mediterranean,  a  little  to  the  E 
of  Le  be  da. 

Mocri,  an  ancient  town  of  Samos,  m 
the  Archipelago. 


M  A  D 

Micro,  or  Macronisse,  an  island  of  the 
\.  N  pclago,  m  ar  the  coast  of  Livadia, 
20  mih-s  E  of  Athens. 

Mucuna,  one  of  ;he  Navigators  Islands, 
in  the  S  Pacific  ocean.  Here  M.  de  la 
Pcyrouse,  commander  of  the  French 
ships,  the  BoussOule  unci  Astrolabe,  onl 
;i  voyage  of  discovery,  met  with  a  dread- 
ful accident,  M.  del.an.iile,  the  captain  i 
of  the  Astrolabe,  with  eight  officers  and 
sailors,  being-  massacred  by  the  na- 
tives.   Lbn.' 169  0  W,  lat.  14  19  S. 

Maciing!/,  'n.  township  of  Northampt  on 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  2420 
inhabitants  in  iS10.  It  joins  'Berks  coun- 
ty, between  Upper  Milford  and  Weisen- 
bcrg  townships.  The  chief  town  Millers 
Town. 

Maczua,  a  small  island  on  the  Red  Sea, 
near  the  coast  of  Abex. 

Madagascar,  a  large  island  of  Africa, 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese,  in  1492. 
It  lies  40  leagues  E  of  the  continent  of 
Africa,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  strait  of  Mosambique.  It  extends 
900  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  is  from  200 
to  300  broad.  The  natives  are  common- 
ly tall,  well  made,  of  an  olive  complex- 
ion, and  some  of  them  pretty  black. 
They  are  a  civil  and  good  natured  peo- 
ple but  easily  provoked,  'and  apt  to  shew 
their  resentment  on  the  least  provoca- 
tion. Their  hair  is  not  woolly,  like  that 
of  the  negroes  of  Guinea;  but  it  is  al- 
ways black,  and  for  the  most  part  curls 
naturally  :  their  nose  is  small  though  not 
flat,  and  they  have  not  thick  lips.  They 
have  no  cities  or  towns,  but  a  great  num- 
ber of  villages  a  small  distance  from  each 
other.  Their  houses  are  pitiful  huts, 
without  windows  or  chimnies,  and  the 
roofs  covered  with  reeds  or  leaves.  Both 
men  and  women  are  fond  of  bracelets 
and  necklaces,  and  they  anoint  their  bo- 
dies with  stinking  grease  or  oil  There 
are  a  great  many  petty  kings,  whose 
:  iches  consist  in  cattle  and  slaves,  and 
they  are  always  at  war  with  each  other. 
It  is  hard  to  say  what  their  religion  is, 
for  they  have  neither  churches  nor 
priests.  They  have  no  rules  relating  to 
marriage,  for  the  men  and  women  coha- 
bit together  for  some  time,  and  then 
leave  each  other  as  freely  again.  Here 
are  a  great  number  of  locusts,  crocodiles, 
camelions.  and  other  animals  common  to 
Africa.  The  abundance  and  variety  of 
pi  ovisions  of  every  kind,  which  a  fine 
climate  and  fertile  soil  can  produce  are 
on  no  part  of  the  globe  superior  to  those 
of  Madagascar.'  The  French  have  at- 
empted  to  settle  herev  but  have  alwavs 
been  repelled.  There  are  only  some  parts 


M  A  D 


on  the  coast  vet  known.    Lat.  from  12  to 

26  S.  ; 

Madeira,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  120  miles  in  circumference,  and 
240  N  by  E  of  Teneriffe.  In  1419,  when 
the  Portuguese,  under  the  patronage  of 
prince  Henry,  had  made  their  second 
voyage  to  their  recently-discovered  is- 
land of  Porto  Santo,  they  observed  to- 
wards the  S,  a  fixed  spot  in  the  horizon, 
like  a  stuall  black  cloud.  By  degrees, 
they  were  led  to  conjecture  that  it  might 
be  land,  and  steering  toward  it,  they  ar- 
rived at  a  considerable  island,  uninhabit- 
ed, and  covered  with  wood,  which  on 
that  account,  they  called  Madeira.  Prince 
Henry,  the  next  year,  settled  a  colony 
here,  and  not  only  furnished  it  with  the 
seeds  and  plants,  and  domestic  animals 
common  in  Europe,  but  he  procured  slips 
of  the  vine  from  Cyprus,  the  rich  wines 
of  which  were  then  in  great  request,  and 
plants  of  the  sugar-cane  from  Sicily,  into 
which  it  had  been  lately  introduced 
These  throve  so  prosperously,  that  the 
sugar  and  wine  of  Madeira  quickly  be- 
came articles  of  somfc  consequence  in  the 
commerce  of  Portugal ;  but  its  wine,  in 
particular,  is  in  the  highest  estimation, 
especially  such  as  has  been  a  voyage  to 
the  East  or  West  Indies,  for  it  matures 
best  in  the  hottest  climate.  The  scorch- 
ing heat  of  summer,  and  the  icy  chill 
of  winter,  are  here  equally  unknown ; 
of  spring  and  autumn  reign  continu- 
ally, and  produce  flowers,  and  fruits 
throughout  the  yem.  Many  brooks  and 
small  rivulets  descend  from  the  moun- 
tains in  deep  chasms  or  glens,  which  se- 
parate the  various  parts  of  the  island.  The 
beds  of  the  brooks  are  in  some  places 
covered  with  stones  of  all  sizes,  carried 
down  from  the  higher  parts  by  the  vio- 
lence of  winter  rains  or  floods  of  melted 
snow.  The  water  is  conducted  by  weeis 
and  channels  in  the  vineyards,  where 
each  proprietor  has  the  use  of  it  for  a 
certain  time  ;  some  being  alio  wed  to  keep 
a  constant  supply  of  it,  some  to  use  it 
thrice,  others  twice,  and  others  only 
once  a  week.  As  the  heat  of  the  climate 
renders  this  supply  of  water  to  the  vine- 
yards absolutely  necessary,  it  is  not  with- 
out great  expense  that  a  new  vineyard 
can  be  planted  :  for  the  maintenance  of 
which,  the  owners  must  purchase  water 
at  a  high  price,  from  those  who  are  .con- 
stantly supplied,  and  are  thus  enabled  to 
spare  some  of  it.  The  cedar  tree  is  found 
in  great  abundance,  and  extremely  beau- 
tiful ;  most  of  the  ceilings  and  furniture 
at  Madeira  are  made  of  that  wood,  which 
yields  a  very  fragrant  smell.   The  dra- 


M  A  D 


M  A  D 


gen  tree  is  a  native  of  this  island.  Flowers 
mirsed-'in  the  English  greenhouses  grow 
wild  here  in  the  fields;  the  hedges  are 
mostly  formed  of  the  myrtle,  rose,  jassa- 
mine,  and  honeysuckle  ;  while  the  lark- 
spur, fleur-de-lis,  lupin,  he.  spring  up 
spontaneously  in  the  meadows.  There 
are  very  few  reptiles  to  be  seen  in  the  is- 
land;  the  lizard  is  the  most  common. 
Canary  birds  and  goldfinches  are  found 
in  the  mountains  ;  of  the  former  numbers 
arc  sent  every  year  to  England.  This 
island  is  well  watered  and  populous. 
Funchal  is  the  capital. 

Madia,  or  Maggia,  a  towu,  river,  val- 
ley, and  bailiwick  of  Swisserland,  in  Up- 
per Vallais.  The  valley  is  long  and  nar- 
row, between  high  mountains,  watered 
throughout  its  whole  length  by  the  ri- 
ver ;  and  it  is  the  fourth  transalpine  bai- 
Jiwic.  The  town  is  10  miles  NVV  of  Lo- 
carno. 

Madison,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia containing  8381  inhabitants  in  1810,. 
nearly  one  half  slaves.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween Culpepper  and  Orange  counties, 
on  the  E  side  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 

Madison,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  con- 
taining 15,540  inhabitants  in  1810'.  The 
chief  town  Richmond.  It  is  mostly  a 
mountainous  country,  but  is  irrigated 
by  numerous  streams,  which  render  the 
land  very  productive. 

Madras,  or  Fort  St.  George,  the  prin- 
cipal settlement  of  the  English  East  In- 
dia Company  on  the  E  side  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of  Co- 
romandel.  It  is  a  fortress  of  great 
strength,  including  within  it  a  regular 
well-built  city.  It  is  close  on  the  mar- 
gin of  the  bay  of  Bengal,  from  which  it 
has  a  rich  and  beautiful  appearance  ;  the 
houses  being  covered  with  a  stucco  cal- 
led chunam,  which  is  nearly  as  compact 
as  the  finest  marble,  and  bears  as  high  a 
polish.  They  consist  of  long  colonnades, 
with  open  portico*;,  and  flat  roof;  and 
the  city  contains  many  handsome  and 
spacious  streets.  But  the  inner  apart- 
ments of  the  houses  are  not  highly  deco- 
rated, presenting  to  the  eye  only  white 
walls  ;  which,  however,  from  the  mar- 
ble-like appearance  of  the  stucco,  give  a 
freshness  grateful  in  so  hot  a  country 
Ceilings  are  very  uncommon  in  the 
rooms;  it  being  impossible  to  find  any 
which  will  resist  the  ravages  of  the  white 
ant.  These  animals  are  chiefly  formi- 
dable from  the  immensity  of  their  num- 
bers, which  are  such  as  to  destroy,  in 
one  nights  time,  a  ceiling  of  any  dimen- 
sions, and  it  is  the  wood  work  which 
serves  for  the  basis  of  the  ceilings,  such 


as  the  laths,  beams,  &c.  that  these  in-  al 


sects  attack.    "  The  approach  to  Ma» 
dras,  from  the  sea  (says  Mr.  Hodges)  of- 
fers to  the  eye  an  appearance  similar  to 
what  we  may  conceive  of  a  Grecian  city 
in  ihe  age  of  Alexander.  The  clear,  blue, 
cloudless  sky,  the  polished,  white  build- 
ing;   \he  bright  sandy  beach,  and  the 
dark  green  sea,  present  a.  combination 
totally  new  to  the  eye  of  an  Englishman, 
just  arrived  from  London,  who,  accus- 
tomed to  tiie  sight  of  rolling  masses  of 
clouds  floating  in  a  damp  atmosphere, 
cannot  but  contemplate  the  difference 
with  delight :  and  the  eye  being  thus 
gratified,  the  mind  soon  assumes  a  gay 
and  tranquil   habit,   analogous  to  the 
pleasing  objects  with  which  it  is  sur- 
rounded.   .Some  time  before  the  ship  ar- 
rives at  her  anchoring  ground,  she  is 
hailed  by  the  boats  of  the  country  filled 
with  people  of  business,  who  come  in 
crowds  on  board.    This  is  the  moment 
in  which  an  European  feels  the  great  dis- 
tinction between  Asia  and  his  own  coun- 
try.   The  rustling  of  fine  linen,  and  the 
general  hum  of  unusual  conversation,  pre- 
sents to  his  mind  for  a  moment  the  idea 
of  an  assembly  of  females.    When  he  as- 
cends upon  the  deck,  he  is  struck  with 
the  long  muslin  dresses,  and  black  faces 
adorned  with  very  large  gold  car-rings 
and  white  turbans.    The  first  salutation 
he  receives  from  these  strangers  is  by 
bending  their  bodies  very  low,  touching 
the  deck  with  the  back  of  the  hand,  and 
the  forehead  three  times.    The  natives 
first  seen  in  India  by  the  European  voy* 
ager  are  Hindoos,  the  original  inhabi- 
tants of  the  peninsula.    In  this  part  of 
India  they  are  delicately  framed ;  their 
hands,  in  particular,  are  more  like  those 
of  tender  females  ;  and  cfo  not  appear  to 
he  what  is  considered  a  proper  propor- 
tion to  the  rest  of  the  person,  which  is 
usualh  above  the  middle  size.  Corres 
pondent  to  this  delicacy  of  appearance, 
are  their  manners  ;  mild,  tranquil,  and 
sedulously  attentive  ;  in  this  last  respect 
they  are  indeed  remarkable,  as  they  ne- 
ver interrupt  any  person  who  is  speak- 
ing, but  wait  patiently  till  he  has  con- 
cluded ;  and  then  answer  with  the  most 
perfect  respect  and  composure.  From 
the  ship  a  stranger  is  conveyed  on  shore 
in  a  boat  of  the  country,  called  a  Mas- 
soolch  boat  ;  a  work  of  curious  construc- 
tion, and  well  calculated  to  elude  the 
violent  shocks  of  the  surf,  that  breaks 
here  with  great  violence  :  they  are  form-  * 
ed  without  a  keel,  flat  bottomed,  with 
the  sides  raised  high,  are  sewed  toge- 
ther with  the  fibres  of  the  cocoa-nut 


tree,  and  caulked  with  the  same  materi- 
they  are  remarkably  light,  and  are 


M  A  D 


MAD 


managed  with  great  dexterity  by  the  na- 
tives; they  are  usually  attended  by  two 
Kattamaran*  (rafts)  paddled  by  one  man 
each,  the  intention  of  which  is,  that, 
should  the  boat  be  overset  by  the  vio- 
lence of  the  surf,  the  persons  in  it  may 
be  preserved.  The  boat  is  driven,  as 
the  sailors  say,  high  and  dry;  and  1  lie 
passengers  are  landed  on  a  fine,  sandy 
beach  ;  and  immediately  enter  the  fort 
of  Madras.  The  appearance  of  the  na- 
tives is  exceedingly  varied;  some  are 
wholly  naked,  and  others  so  clothed, 
that  nothing  but  the  face  and  neck  is  to 
be  discovered ;  besides  this,  the  Euro- 
pean is  struck  with  many  other  objects, 
such  as  women  carried  on  men's  shoul- 
ders, on  palankeens,  and  men  riding  on 
horseback  clothed  in  linen  dresses  like 
women  ;  which,  with  the  very  different 
face  of  the  country  from  all  he  had  ever 
seen,  or  conceived  of,  excite  the  strong- 
est emotions  of  surprise  !"  There  is  a  se- 
cond city,  called  the  Black  Town,  sepa- 
►  rated  from  Madras  by  the  breadth  of  a 

i  proper  esplanade  only ;  and,  although 

near  four  miles  in  circuit,  fortified  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  a  surprise 
from  the  enemy's  horse ;  an  evil,  to 
which  every  town  in  the  Carnatic  is  sub- 
ject, from  the  dryness  and  evenness  of 
the  country.  Madras  was  settled  by  the 
English  about  the  year  1640.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  French  in  1746,  but  restored 
in  1748.  The  present  fort,  which  was 
erected  since  the  destruction  of  Fort  St. 
David,  in  1758,  is,  perhaps,  one  of  the 
best  fortresses  in  the  possession  of  the 
British  nation.  Madras,  in  common  with 
all  the  European  settlements  on  this 
coast,  has  no  port  for  shipping  ;  the  coast 
forming  nearly  a  straight  line  ;  and  it  is 
incommoded  also  with  a  high  and  dan- 
gerous surf.  It  is  100  miles  N  by  E  of 
Fondicherry,  758  SE  of  Bombav,  and 
1030  SW  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  80  25  E,  lat. 
13  5  N. 

Madre-de-Popa,  a  town  and  convent  of 
South  America,  in  Terra  Firma,  seated 
on  the  Rio-Grande,  20  miles  E  of  Car- 
thagena.  It  is  almost  as  much  resorted 
to  by  pilgrims  of  America,  as  Loretto  is 
in  Europe  ;  and  they  pretend  that  the 
image  of  the  Virgin  has  done  a  great 
many  miracles  in  favour  of  the  seafaring 
people.    Lon.  76  0  W,  lat.  10  40  N. 

Madrid,  the  capital  of  Spain,  in  New- 
Castile.  The  houses  are  all  built  with 
•brick,  and  the  streets  are  long,  broad, 
and  straight,  and  adorned,  at  proper  dis- 
tances, with  handsome  fountains.  There 
are  above  100  towers  or  steeples,  in  dif- 
ferent places,  which  contribute  greatly 
'  o  the  embellishment  of  the  city.    It  is 


seated  in  a  large  plain,  surrounded  by 
high  mountains,  but  has  no  wall,  ram- 
part, or  ditch.  The  royal  palace  is  bail1 
on  an  eminence,  at  the  extremity  of  the 
city  ;  and  ;<s  it  is  but  two  stories  high,  it 
doc  s  not  make  any  extraordinary  appear- 
ance. A  fire  happened  in  1734,  which  ' 
almost  reduced  it  to  ashes.  The  fiaest 
square  in  Madrid  is  the  Flaca  Mayor,  or 
Market  place,  which  is  surrounded  with 
300  houses,  five  stories  high,  all  of  an 
equal  height ;  every  story  being  adorned 
with  a  handsome  balcony,  and  the  fronts 
supported  by  columns,  which  form  very 
fine  arcades.  The  finest  houses  have  no 
glass  windows,  there  being  only  lattices 
in  place  of  them.  Casa-del-Campo,  is  a 
royal  house  of  pleasure,  a  little  more 
than  half  a  mile  from  Madrid,  with  very 
fine  gardens,  pleasant  walks,  and  a  great 
many  uncommon  animals.  Buen  Ketiro 
is  another  royal  palace  near  the  city,  and 
is  a  proper  place  to  retire  to  in  the  heat 
of  summer,  there  being  a  great  number 
of  fish-ponds,  grottos,  tents,  groves,  and 
hermitages.  Madrid  is  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver Manzanares,  which,  though  small,, 
is  adorned  with  two  magnificent  bridges. 
It  is  265  miles  NE  of  Lisbon,  790  S  by  W 
of  London,  and  625  SSAV  of  Faris.  Lon, 
3  20  W,  lat.  40  25  N. 

Madrid,  A'ezv,  a  city  in  a  new  Spanish 
settlement,  in  Louisiana,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi. The  people  here  enjoy  a  free  to- 
leration in  religion.  It  is  situated  on  the 
VV  side  of  the  Mississippi,  70  miles  be- 
low the  mouth  of  the  river  Ohio,  in  the 
lat.  of  36  30  N,  and  lon.  of  83  W.  It  was 
laid  out  about  23  years  since  by  Colonel 
G.  Morgan,  of  the  United  States,  who 
obtained  a  grant  from  the  King  of  Spain* 
for  that  purpose  ;  the  country  being  at 
that  time  a  part  of  the  Spanish  domi- 
nions. 

Madrigal,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  seated  in  a  plain,  fertile  in  ex- 
cellent wine,  10  miles  from  Medina-del 
Campo.    Lon.  4  19  W,  lat.  41  25  N. 

Madrigal,  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  the  province  of  Fopayan.  Lon.  75  45 
W,  lat.  0  50  N. 

Madrisio,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
state  of  Venice,  32  miles  from  Venice. 

Madrog  am,  a  large  town  of  Africa,  ca- 
pital of  Monomotapa,  with  a  spacious 
royal  palace.  The  upper  part  of  the 
houses  is  in  the  shape  of  a  bell.  Lon.  31 
40  E,  lat.  18  0  S. 

Madura,  a  large  town,  and  capital  of 
an  island  of  the  same  name,  in  the  Indian 
Sea.    Lon.  12  49  E,  lat.  9  50  N. 

Madura,  a  town  of  the  Carnatic,  ca- 
pital of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  coast  of  Coromandel,  130  miles  N  byt 


MAE 


IYI  A  G 


Lj  of  Cape  Comorin,  and  300  SSW  of  Ma- 
dras. *  Lon.  78  12  E,  Int.  9  55  N. 

Maeler,  a  lake  of  Sweden,  situated  be- 
tween the  provinces  of  Westmania  and 
Sudermania,  containing-  several  fine  isl- 
ands. It  is  usually  frozen  during-  a  few 
weeks  in  winter,  and  an  easy  communica- 
tion is  opened  by  means  of  sledg-es,  be- 
tween the  interior  parts  of  Sweden  and 
the  city  of  Stockholm. 

Maelstrom,  a  very  extraordinary  and 
dangerous  whirlpool,  on  the  coast  of  Nor- 
way, in  68  N  lat.  in  the  province  of  Nord- 
iand  and  district  of  Lofoden,  near  the  isl- 
land  of  Moskoe,  whence  it  is  also  named 
Moskoestrom.  The  mountain  of  Helseg- 
gen,  in  Lofoden,  lies  a  league  from  the 
island  of  Moskoe,  and  between  these  two, 
runs  this  large  and  dreadful  stream,  the 
depth  of  which  is  from  36  to  40  fathoms. 
When  it  is  flood,  the  stream  runs  up  the 
country  between  Lofoden  and  Moskoe 
with  a'  boisterous  rapidity  :  but  the  roar 
of  its  impetuous  ebb  to  the  sea  is  scarce 
'  equalled  by  the  loudest  and  most  dread- 
ful cataracts  ;  and  the  vortices  or  pits  are 
of  such  an  extent  and  depth,  that  if  a 
ship  comes  within  its  attraction.it  is  ine- 
vitably absorbed  and  carried  down  to  the 
bottom,  and  there  beat  to  pieces  against 
the  rocks  ;  and  when  the  water  relaxes, 
the  fragments  thereof  are  thrown  up  a- 
gain.  But  these  intervals  of  tranquillity 
are  only  at  the  turn  of  the  ebb  and  flood, 
and  calm  weather  ;  and  last  but  a  quarter 
of  an  hour,  its  violence  gradually  return- 
ing. When  the  stream  is  most  boisterous 
and  its  fury  heightened  by  a  storm,  it  is 
dangerous  to  come  within  six  miles  ot 
it;  boats  and  ships  having  been  carried 
away,  by  not  guarding  against  it  before 
they  were  within  its  reach.  It  likewise 
happens  frequently,  that  whales  come 
too  near  the  stream,  and  are  overpower- 
ed by  its  violence  :  and  then  it  is  impos- 
sible to  describe  the  noise  they  make  in 
their  fruitless  struggles  to  disengage 
themselves.  A  bear  once  attempting  to 
swim  from  Lofoden  to  Moskoe,  with  a 
design  of  preying  upon  the  sheep  in  thai 
island,  the  stream  caught  him  and  bore 
him  down,  while  he  roared  so  terribly, 
as  to  be  heard  on  shore.  Large  stocks  of 
fir  and  pine  trees,  after  being  absorbed 
by  the  current,  rise  again,  broken  and 
torn  to  such  a  degree  as  if  bristles  grev. 
on  them.  This  plainly  shews  the  bottom 
to  consist  of  craggy  rocks,  among  which 
they  are  whirled  to  and  fro. 

Maese,  or  Meuse,  a  river  which  takes 
its  rise  in  France,  near  the  village  of 
Meuse,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Marne,  and  watering  Verdun,  Stenay,  S.  - 
dan,  Doncherry,  Mezieres,  and  Charle- 


ville ;  enters  the  Netherlands  at  Givei, 
flows  to  Charlemont,  Dinaut,  Namur, 
Huy,  Liege,  Maestrict,  Ruremonde,  Ven- 
lo,  Grave,  Battenburg,  Ravestein,  and 
Voorn,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  Wahal. 
At  Dort  it  divides  into  four  principal 
branches.  These  form  the  islands  of 
Ysselmonde,  Voorn,  and  Overflackee,  and 
enter  the  German  ocean,  below  the  Briel, 
Helvoetsluvs,  and  Goree. 

Maes'antlslnys,  a  town  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Holland,  7  miles  SW  of 
Delft.    Lon.  4  18  K,  lat.  51  57  N. 

Maestricht,  an  ancient  and  strong  town 
of  the  Netherlands,  about  four  miles  in 
circumference.  The  inhabitants  are  not- 
ed for  making  excellent  fire  -arms.  Both 
papists  and  protestants  are  allowed  the 
free  exercise  of  their  religion,  and  the 
magistrates  are  composed  of  both.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Maese,  opposite  Wyck, 
with  which  it  communicates  by  a  bridge. 
This  city  revolted  from  Spain  in  1570.  It 
was  retaken  by  the  prince  of  Parma  in 
1579.  In  1632,  Frederic  Henry  prince  of 
Orange  reduced  it,  after  a  memorable 
siesre,  and  it  was  confirmed  to  the  Dutch 
in  '1648.  Lewis  XIV.  took  it  in  1673  ; 
William  prince  of  Orange  invested  it  in 
vain,  in  1676;  but,  in  1678,  it  was  restor- 
ed.to  the  Dutch.  In  1748,  it  was  besieg- 
ed by  the  French,  who  were  permitted 
to  take  possession  of  it  on  condition  of 
its  being  restored  at  the  peace  then  ne- 
gotiating. In  1794,  it  was  again  taken 
by  the  French.  Maestricht  is  15  miles  N 
of  Liege,  and  55  E  of  Brussels.  Lon.  5 
41  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Maesyck,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  on  the  river  Maese, 
8  miles  S  W  of  Ruremonde. 

Migadoxa,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom 
of  the  same  name,  in  Africa,  on  the  coast 
of  Ajan  ;  seated  near  the  mouth  of  a  ri- 
ver of  the  same  name,  defended  by  a  ci- 
tadel, and  has  a  good  harbour.  The  in- 
habitants are  Mahometans.  Lon.  44  0  E, 
lat.  2  30  N. 

Magdalen's  Cave,  a  cave  of  Germany, 
■n  Carinthia,  10  miles  E  of  Gorits.  It  is 
divided  into  several  apartments,  with  a 
vast  number  of  pillars  formed  by  nature, 
which  give  it  a  beautiful  appearance, 
they  being  as  white  as  snow,  and  almost 
transparent.  The  bottom  is  of  the  same 
substance. 

M.igrttburg,  a  duebv  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  bounded  on 
the  X  by  the  old  rnarche  of  Brandenburg, 
on  the  E  by  the  middle  marche,  on  the  S 
by  Anhalt'and  HaU»crstadt,  and  on  the 
W  by  Rrv.nsvkk.  The  parts  which  are 
not  fnarshy  and  overgrown  with  wood, 
are  very  fertile.    It  is  60  miles  in  length 


MAG 


M  A  II 


and  30  in  breadth,  and  belongs  to  the 
king  of  Prussia. 

Magdeburg,  a  large  and  ancient  city  of 
Germany,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  handsome  palace,  a  fine  ar- 
senal, and  a  magnificent  cathedral,  which 
contains  the  superb  mausoleum  of  Otho 
the  Great.  This  city  is  happily  situated 
for  trade  having  an  easy  communication 
with  Hamburg  by  the  Elbe,  therefore  they 
carry  on  manufactures  of  cotton,  linen, 
&.c.  to  a  great  extent,  but  their  princ  ipal 
merchandise  is  silk  and  woollen.  It  is 
the  strongest  place  belonging  to  his  Prus- 
sian majesy,  where  his  principal  maga- 
zines a  id  foundries  are  established.  It  was 
taken  by  storm,  in  1631,  by  the  imperial 
general  Tilly,  who  burnt  the  town,  and 
massacred  the  inhabitants,  of  whom  only 
80  escaped  out  of  40,000 ;  and  many 
young  women  plungved  into  the  Elbe,  to 
escape  violation.  It  is  40  miles  W  of 
Brandenburg,  and  125  SE  of  Hamburg. 
Lon.  11  45  E,  lat.  52  11  N. 

Magdelena,  a  river  of  North  America, 
in  Louisiana.  It  has  its  source  in  the 
mountains  which  separate  Louisiana  from 
New  Mexico,  and  falls  into  the  Pacific  O- 
cean  below  Madre  de  Popa  to  the  S  W  of 
the  bay  of  St.  Lewis. 

Magellan,  a  famous  strait  of  South  A- 
moiica,  discovered  in  1520,  by  Magellan, 
a  Portuguese  in  the  service  of  Spain,  since 
which  time  it  has  been  sailed  through  by 
several  navigators  ;  but  the  passage  being 
dangerous  and  troublesome,  they  now  saii 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean  round  Cape  Horn. 
The  Spaniards  call  the  country  to  the  N 
of  this  strait  Tierra  Magcllanica,  and  rec- 
kon it  a  part  of  Ci.ili. 

Maggia.    See  Madia. 

Muggiore,  or  Locarno,  a  lake  of  Italy, 
partly  in  the  duchy  of  Milan,  and  partly 
in  the  country  of  the  Grisons,  being  about 
35  miles  in  length,  and  6  in  breadth. 

Magliano,  a  small  but  populous  town 
of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  the  pope,  and 
district  of  Sabina,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
near  the  river  Tiber,  30  miles  SW  of  Spo- 
letto,  and  30  N  of  Home.  Lon.  12  35  E, 
lat.  42  25  N. 

Magnavacca,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Ferrarese,  with  a  fort,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  lake  of  Comachio,  in  the  J 
gulf  of  Venice,  13  miles  N  of  liavenna. 
Lon.  12  4  E,  lat.  44  52  N. 

Magnesia.    See  Manachia. 

Magnify  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  Isle  of  France,  32  miles  N  W 
of  Paris.    Lon.  1  54  E,  lat.  49  10  N.  J 

Magra,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  risesin 
the  Appenninps,  in  the  valley  of  Magra, 


washes  Pont-Hemoli  and  Sarzana,  beiow 
which  it  falls  into  the  Mediterranean. 

Magra,  a  valley  in  the  duchy  of  Tus- 
cany,  27  miles  in  length,  and  15  in 

breadth. 

Maguelone,  a  lake  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Herault  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  near  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
which  is  seated  on  the  coast  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, into  which  the  lake  enters  by 
a  canal,  the  beginning  of  the  famous  ca- 
nal of  Languedoc. 

Mahadia.    See  Klmadia. 

Ma  hale  u,  a  town  of  Egypt,  capital  of 
Garbia.  It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade 
in  linen,  cottons,  and  sal-ammoniac  ;  and 
the  inhabitants  have  ovens  to  hatch  chick- 
ens. Lon.  30  31  E,  lat.  31  30  N. 

Mahantango,  a  township  of  Northum-- 
berland  county,  Pennsylvania,  containing 
1605  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated 
on  the  E  side  of  Susquehannah. 

Mahont/y  Upper,  and  Lower,  two  town- 
ships of  Northumberland  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, containing  together  2,466  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Susquehannah,  between  Sun  bury 
and  Mahantango. 

Mahanuildy,  or  Mahanady,  a  river  of 
Hindoostan,  which  takes  its  rise  in  the  N 
W  part  of  Berar.  It  falls  by  several 
mouths  into  the  bay  of  Bengal,  at  Cat- 
tack  ;  these  mouths  form  an  assemblage 
of  low  woody  islands.  At  the  mouth  of 
the  principal  channel,  near  False  Point, 
is  a  fortified  island,  named  Cajung  or 
Codjung. 

Mahrattas,  two  large  and  powerful 
states  of  India,  which  derive  their  name 
from  Mahrat,  an  ancient  province  of  the 
Deccan.  They  are  called  the  Poonah,  or 
Western  Mahrattas  :  and  the  Berar,  or 
Eastern.  Collectively  they  occupy  all 
the  S  part  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  with 
a  large  proportion  of  the  Deccan.  Mal- 
wa,  Orissa,  Candeish,  and  Visiaponr;  the 
principal  parts  of  Berar,  Guzerat,  and  A- 
gimere  ;  and  a  small  part  of  Dowlatabad, 
Agra,  and  Allahabad,  are  comprised 
within  their  empire,  which  extends  from 
sea  to  sea,  across  the  widest  part  of  the 
peninsula;  and  from  the  confines  of  Agra 
northward  to  the  river  Kis'hna  south- 
ward :  forming  a  tract  of  1000  miles  long 
and  700  broad.  The  western  state,  the 
capital  of  which  is  Poonah,  is  divided  a- 
mong  a  number  of  chiefs  or  princes, 
whose  obedience  to  the  paiswah,  or  heat), 
like  that  of  the  German  princes  to  the 
emperor,  is  merely  nominal  at  any  time; 
nid,  in  some  cases,  an  opposition  of  im 
tc rests  begets  wars,  not  only  between  th( 
members  of  the  empire  themselves,  but 


MAI 


M  A  I 


Also  between  the  members  and  the  head. 
Nagpour  is  the  capital  of  the  Eastern 
Mahrattas.  Their  armies  are  principally 
composed  of  light  horse. 

Maidnliearf,  a  corporate  town  in  Berk- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  li 
carries  on  a  pretty  consider;!  ble  trade  in 
malt,  meal,  and  timber  ;  and  is  governed 
by  a  mayor.  It  is  seated  on  the  Thames, 
over  which  is  a  bridge,  12  miles  E  by  N 
of  Heading,  and  26  W  by  IS'  of  London. 
Lon.  0  40W,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Maidenhead,  a  township  of  Hunterdon 
county,  New  Jersey,  containing  1086  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
post  road,  about  6  miles  KE  of  Trenton. 

Maidstone,  a  borough,  and  the  county 
town  of  Kent,  with  a  market  on  Thursday, 
It  is  seated  on  the  Medway,  a  branch  of 
which  runs  through  the  town  over  which 
there  is  a  bridge,  and  enjoys  a  brisk  trade 
in  exporting  the  commodities  of  the  coun- 
ty, particularly  its  hops,  of  which  there 
are  numerous  plantations  around  it.  litre 
are  likewise  paper  mills,  and  a  manufac- 
ture of  linen  thread.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  is  20  miles  W  of 
Canterbury,  and  35  ESE  of  London.  Lon. 
0  38  E,  lat.31  16  N. 

Millezais,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vendee  and  late  province  of 
Poitou,  seated  in  a  morass  on  an  island 
formed  by  the  Seure  and  Antize,  22  miles 
NE  of  Rochelle,  and  210  SW  of  Paris: 
Lon.  0  40  W,  lat.  46  27  N. 

Maine,  a  province  of  North  America,  in 
the  state  of  Massachusetts,  300  miles 
long  and  104  broad  ;  lying  between  68 
and  72  W  lon.  and  43  and  46  N  lat.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  and  NW  by  Canada  : 
on  the  E  by  the  river  St.  Croix,  and  Nova 
Scotia ;  on  the  SE  by  the  Atlantic ;  and 
on  the  W  by  New  Hampshire.  It  is  di- 
vided into  eight  counties.  The  heat  in 
summer  is  scorching  and  the  cold  in  win- 
ter intense;  all  the  lakes  and  rivers  are 
for  the  most  part  passable  on  ice,  from 
Christmas  till  the  middle  of  March.  Ac- 
cording to  the  last  enumeration  (in  1810) 
the  inhabitants  amounted  to  228,705.  It 
1.  a  mountainous  but  well  watered  coun- 
try, having  several  considerable  rivers 
running  through  it;  such  as  the  Penobs- 
cot, Kcnnebeek,  and  Saco.  The  north- 
cm  parts  abound  likewise  with  small 
lakes.    The  capital  is  Portland. 

Maina,  a  country  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  the  Morea,  between  two  chains  of 
mountains  which  advance  into  the  sea* 
The  inhabitants  could  never  be  subdued 
by  the  Turks,  on  account  of  their  valour 
and  their  mountains.  Their  greatest 
traffic  consists  in  slaves,  which  they  take 
ijndifferpni.lv  from  tie  Turks  and  the 


Christians.  They  have  a  harbour  and  a 
town  of  the  same  name,  and  their  lan- 
guage is  bad  Creek. 

Maine,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  rises 
in  the  circle  of  Franconia,  runs  by  Bam 
berg,  Wurtzburg^  AschahVenburg,  Hanau, 
and  Francfort,  and  fails  into  the  Rhine;, 
at  Merttz. 

Maine,  or  M'ayenne,  a  department  of 
France,  which  includes  the  late  province 
I  of  the  same  name.  It  takes  its  name 
;  from  the  river  Maine,  which,  soon  after 
]  its  junction  with  the  Sarte,  falls  into  the 
[Loire.    Laval  is  the  capital. 

Maine  and  Loire,   u   department  of 
|  France,  which  includes  the  late  province 
i  of  Anjou.    it  has  its  name  from  two  ri- 
j  vers  of  the  san  e  name.    Angers  is  the 
capital. 

Maneville,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure,  and  late  province  of 
Normandy.    Lon.  1  26  E,  lat.  49  2  N. 

Mainland)  the  principal  of  the  Shet- 
land isles,  60  miles  long,  from  N  to  S,  but 
its  breadth  seldom  exceeds  six.  The  face 
of  the  country  exhibits  a  prospect  of  black 
craggy  mountains,  and  marshy  plains, 
interspersed  with  some  verdant  spots, 
which  appear  smooth  and  fertile.  Neith- 
er tree  nor  shrub  is  to  be  seen,  except, 
the  juniper  and  the  heath.  The  moun- 
tains abound  with  various  kinds  of  game. 
Lofty  cliffs,  impending  over  the  ocean, 
are  the  haunts  of  eagles,  falcons,  and  ra- 
vens. The  deep  caverns  underneath 
shelter  seals  and  otters,  and  to  the  wind* 
ing  bays  resort  swans,  geese,  scarfs,  and 
other  aquatic  birds.  The  seas  abound 
with  cod,  turbot,  and  haddock;  and  at 
certain  seasons,  with  shoaijj  of  herrings  of 
incredible  extent.  They  are  visited  at 
ibe  same  time,  by  wlu-des,  and  other  vo- 
racious fishes.  Lobsters,  oysters,  mus 
j  cles,  &c.  are  also  plentiful.  The  bills 
are  covered  with  sheep  of  a  small  breed, 
the  wool  of  which  is  uncommon  soft  and 
fine.  The  inhabitants  are  a  stout,  well 
made,  comely  people  ;  the  lower  sort  of 
a  swarthy  complexion.  The  gentry  arc 
allowed,  by  all  who  have  conversed  with 
them,  to  be  most  of  them  polite,  shrewd, 
sensible,  lively,  active  and  intelligent 
persons  :  they  manufacture  a  strong 
coarse  cloth  for  their  own  use,  as  also 
linen.  They  make  likewise  of  their  own 
wool  very  fine  stockings.  '  They  export, 
besides  the  different  kinds  of  fish  alrea- 
dy mentioned,  some  herrings,  a  conside- 
rable quantity  of  butter  and  train-oil,  m 
ter  and  seal  skins,  and  no  inconsiderable 
quantity  of  the  line  stockings  just  men- 
tioned. Their  chit f  trade  is  \f>  Leith, 
London,  Hamburgh,  Spain,  and  to  (h 
Straits. 


M  A  K 


MAL 


Mainland,  or  Pomona,  tlie  principal  of 
the  Orkney  islands,  24  miles  long,  and  9 
broad.  The  general  appearance  of  the 
country  is  not  very  different  from  the 
mainland  of  Shetland.  The  soil,  howev- 
er, is  more  fertile,  and  in  some  parts  bet- 
ter cultivated.  Kirkwall  is  the  capital 
See  Orcades. 

Maintenon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Eure  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Beauce,  seated  on  the  Eure 
between  two  mountains  with  a  c  <stle,  a 
late  collegiate  church,  and  a  late  priory. 
It  is  five  miles  N  bvE  of  Chartres.  Lon. 
1  36  E,  lat.  48  31  N. 

Manungen,  a  town  of  Franconia,  capi- 
tal of  a  small  district  belonging  to  the 
house  of  Suxe-Gotha.  It  is  eight  miles 
N  of  Henneberg.  Lon.  10  39  E,  lat.  50 
46  N.  j^Jl 

Majorca,  an  island  formerly  subject  to 
the  king  of  Spain,  but  in  1799  it  was  ta- 
ken by  the  British;  it  is  situated  in  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  between  Yvica  and 
Minorca.  It  is  60  miles  in  length  and  45 
in  breadth  ;  is  a  mountainous  country,  but 
produces  good  corn,  olive-trees,  and  de- 
licate wine.  It  has  no  rivers,  though 
there  are  a  great  many  fine  fountains  and 
wells.  The  inhabitants  are  robust,  live- 
ly, and  very  good  sailors. 

Majorca,  a  large,  rich,  and  strong  city, 
capital  of  an  island  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  The  public  squares, 
the  cathedral,  and  the  royal  palace,  are 
magnificent.  It  contains  6000  houses, 
built  after  the  antique  manner;  an  uni- 
versity, more  ancient  than  celebrated.  It 
has  22  churches,  besides  the  cathedral, 
and  the  harbour  is  extremely  good.  It 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1706,  and 
retaken  in  1715.  It  is  seated  on  the  S\V 
side  of  the  island.  Lon.  2  15  E,  lat.  39 
SO  N. 

Maire,  Le,  a  strait  of  South  America, 
between  Staten  Island  and  T>erra  del 
Fuego,  in  lat.  55  S.  Through  this  strait 
ships  sometimes  sail  in  their  passage  to 
Cape  Horn. 

Maissy,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados,  and  late  province  of 
Normandy.    Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  49  24  N! 

Maixant,  St.  an  ancient  town  of  France,, 
in  the  department  of  the  two  Sevres  and 
l&tc  province  of  Poitou.  It  is  a  bishop's 
see,  and  carries  on  a  trade  in  corn,  stock- 
ings, and  woollen  stuffs  ;  and  is  seated  on 
the  Sevre,  26  miles  S\V  of  Poitiers.  Lou. 
0  7  W,  lat.  46  24  N. 

Makcfield,  Uppers,  and  Lower,  two  con- 
tiguous townships  of  Pi  ucks  county,  Penn-| 
Bylvania,  containing  2,360  inhabitants  in  j 
3  810.    They  are  situated  on  the  S\V  side 


of  the  river  Delaware,  between  Fallsing- 
ton  and  Solebury. 

Malabar,  the  W  coast  of  the  peninsula  of 
iliiidoostan,  lying  between  9  and  14  N 
iat.  It  is  divided  among  several  petty 
princes  and  states  ;  but  as  these  are  men- 
tioned in  their  proper  places,  they  need 
not  be  enumerated  here;  especially  as 
the  customs  and  manners  of  the  inhabi- 
tants are  very  different,  as  well  as  the 
productions.  However  it  may  be  observ- 
ed, in  general,  that  the  inhabitants  are 
all  blacks,  or  at  least,  of  a  dark  olive 
complexion,  with  long  black  hair,  and  to- 
lerable features.  In  some  places  they 
are  distinguished  into  tribes,  all  of  which 
are  brought  up  to  the  same  employments 
as  their  parents.  These  are  the  Gentoos, 
of  whom  see  an  account  under  the  article 
Hindoostan, 

Malacca,  a  peninsula  in  Asia,  contain- 
ing a  kingdom  of  the  same  name  ;  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Siam,  on  the  E  by  the  o- 
cean,  and  on  the  SW  by  the  straits  of 
Malacca,  which  separate  it  from  Suma- 
tra. It  is  600  miles  in  length,  and  200 
in  breadth.  It  produces  few  commodi- 
ties for  trade,  except  tin  and  elephant's 
teeth  ;  but  there  are  a  great  many  excel- 
lent fruits  and  roots.  The  pine-apples 
are  the  best  in  the  world  ;  and  the  cocoa- 
nuts  have  shells  that  will  hold  an  En- 
glish quart.  There  is  but  little  corn,  and 
sheep  and  bullocks  are  scarce ;  but  hogs 
and  poultry  are  pretty  plentiful.  The 
religion  of  the  natives  is  a  mixture  of  Ma- 
home-  anism  ;  and  they  are  addicted  to 
juggling. 

Malacca,  a  seaport,  and  the  capital  of 
a  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  in  the  pe- 
ninsula of  Malacca.  The  Dutch  had  a 
factory  here,  which  they  took  from  the 
Portuguese  in  1640  ;  and  it  was  taken 
from  them  by  the  English,  in  August 
1795.  Malacca  is  seated  on  the  straits 
of  i'.s  own  name.  480  miles  SE  of  Acheen. 
Lon.  101  50  E,  lat.  2  30  N. 

Malaga,  an  uicient  and  strong  town  of 
Spain,  in  Granada,  with  two  castles,  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  good  harbour.  Its 
commerce  is  principally  in  fruits  ar.d 
wine.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mediterranean, 
at  the  foot  of  a  craggy  mountain,  15  miles 
S  of  Cordova  and  235  of  Madrid.  Lon. 

4  10  W,  lat.  36  35  N. 
Malamocco,  a  small  island  and  seaport 

town  in  the  Lagunes  of  Venice,  5  miles 

5  of  that  city. 
Malathia,  an  ancient  town  of  Turkey 

in  Asia,  capital  of  Lesser  Armenia,  seat- 
[ed  on  the  Avzu,  with  an  archbishop's  see. 
j  Lon.  43  25  E,  lat.  39  8  N. 
!    Malchin,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Lower 


MAL 


M  A  L 


Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg-,  i 
seated  on  the  river  Peene,  where  it  falls 
into  the  lake  Carnrow,  10  miles  N  of  Wah- 
ren.    Eon.  13  12  E,  lat.  53  0  N. 

Maiden,  a  borough  in  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  has  two  parish 
churches  ;  a  third  church,  which  it  had 
formerly,  having-  been  long  converted  in- 
to a  freeschool.  It  is  sea.ed  on  an  emi- 
nence, near  the  confluence  of  the  Chel- 
mer  with  the  Blackwater.  Vessels  of  a 
moderate  burden  come  up  to  the  bridge 
over  the  Chelmer,  but  large  ships  are  o- 
bliged  to  unload  at  a  distance  below,  in 
Blackwater  Bay.  Maiden  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade,  chiefly  in  corn,  coal, 
iron,  wine,  brandy,  and  rum.  It  is  is  10 
miles  E  of  Chelmsford,  and  37  NE  of 
London.    Lon.  0  41  E,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Maiden,  a  village  in  Surry,  two  miles 
SE  of  Kingston,  with  some  gunpowder 
mills,  on  a  stream  that  flows  from  Ewel 
to  King's  ton. 

Maiden,  a  township  of  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  1384  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween Medford  and  Lynn,  5  miles  NE  of 
Boston. 

Maldives,  a  cluster  of  small  islands 
533  miles  S\V  of  Ceylon  in  the  E  Indies. 
The  northernmost  called  Head  of  the 
Isles,  or  Kelly,  is  in  lon.  73  4  E,  lat.  7  5 
N  ;  and  Maldiva,  in  which  the  king  re- 
sides, is  in  lon.  75  35  E,  lat.  4  15  N.  Of 
the  se  there  are  no  less  than  1000  in  num- 
ber ;  all  low,  sandy,  and  barren,  having 
only  a  few  cocoa-nuts.  The  inhabitants 
are  partly  mahometans  and  partly  pa- 
gans ;  and  their  chief  trade  is  in  couries, 
a  small  shell-fish,  whose  shells  serve  in- 
stead of  money. 

Malesherbes,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Loiret.  Lon.  26  E,  lat. 
48  20  N. 

Jftrfestroit,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Movbihan  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne,  seated  on  the  Oust, 
37  miles  E  of  Port  l'Orient.  Lon.  2  23 
TV,  lat.  47  45  N. 

Malio,  Cape  of,  or  St  Avgelo,  a  cape 
of  the  Morea  at  the  S  entrance  of  the 
Gulph  of  Napoli,  15  miles  E  of  Malvasia. 

Malicollo,  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
New  Hebrides,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  ly- 
ing in  16  15  S  lat.  and  167  45  E  lon.  It 
extends  20  leagues  from  N  to  S  Its  in- 
land mountains  are  very  high,  and  clad 
with  forests.  Its  vegetable  productions 
are  luxuriant,  and  in  great  variety  \.  co- 
coa nuts,  bread  fruit,  bananas,  sugar- 
canes,  yarns,  eddoes,  turmeric,  and  or- 
anges. Hogs  and  common  poultry  are 
their  domestic  animals.  The  inhabitants 


appear  to  be  of  a  race  totally  distinct 
from  those  of  the  Friendly  and  Society 
Islands.  Their  form,  language,  and  man- 
ners, are  widely  different.  They  seem  to 
correspond  in  many  particulars  with  the 
natives  of  New  Guinea,  particularly  in 
their  black  colour  and  woolly  hair.  They 
go  almost  quite  naked,  are  of  a  slender 
make,  have  lively,  but  very  irregular 
ugly  features,  and  tie  a  rope  fast  round 
their  belly.  They  use  bows  and  arrows 
as  their  principal  weapons,  and  the  ar- 
rows are  said  to  be  sometimes  poisoned. 
Their  keeping  their  bodies  entirely  free 
from  punctures  is  one  particular,  that 
remarkably  distinguishes  them  from  the 
other  tribes  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Mailing,  West,  a  town  in  Kent,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  six  miles  W  of 
Maidstone,  and  30  E  by  S  of  London, 
Lon.  0  33  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Malloiv,  a  small  town  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Cork,  and  province  of  Mini- 
ster, seated  on  the  Blackwater,  17  miles 
N  of  Cork.    Lon.  8  32  TV,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Malmcdi/,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Liege,  with  an  abbey. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Freneh  in  1794,  seat- 
ed on  the  Recht,  nine  miles  S  of  Lim- 
burg,  and  40  N  of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  6 
2E,  lat.  50  18  N. 

Malmistra,  an  ancient  town  of  Asia  in 
Natolia,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  seat- 
ed at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  which  divides  it  into  the  Old  and 
New  Town.  It  is  30  miles  SE  of  Teras- 
so.  Lon.  36  15  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Malmoc,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Gothland,  seated  on  the 
Sound,  with  a  large  harbour  and  a  strong 
citadel.  It  is  15  miles  SE  of  Copenhagen. 
Lon.  13  7  E,  lat.  53  38  N. 

Mahmsbnry,  an  ancient  borough  in  Wilt- 
shire with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
pleasantly  seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  river 
Avon  which  almost  surrounds  it,  over 
which  it  has  six  bridges.  In  its  church, 
is  to  be  seen  the  sepulchral  monument  of 
king  Arthur,  who  was  buried  under  the 
high  altar.  It  drives  a  trade  in  the  wool- 
len manufacture,  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  It  is  26  miles  E  by  N  of 
Bristol,  and  95  TV  of  London.  Lon.  2  0 
W,  lat.  51  34  N. 

Malo,  St.  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Morbihan,  and  lately  an 
episcopal  see  of  the  province  of  Bre- 
tagne. It  has  a  spacious  harbour,  but 
difficult  of  access,  on  account  of  the  rocks 
that  surround  it ;  it  is  a  trading  place, 
of  great  importance,  defended  by  a  strong 
castle.  It  was  bombarded  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1693,  but  without  success.  In 
1758,  they  landed  in  Cancalle  Bay,  won" 


31  A  h 

10  the  harbour  by  land,  and  burnt  about 
one  hundred  ships.  St.  Malo  is  seated 
on  an  island,  united  to  the  mainland  by 
a  causeway.  It  is  chiefly  inhabited  by 
seafaring-  men  who  in  the  time  of  war  fit 
out  a  great  many  privateers  to  cruise 
upon  the  English'coast,  17  miles  XW  of 
l)ol,  and  205  \V  of  FaVis.  Lon.  1  57  \V, 
lat.  48  39  N"'. 

Malpriip,  a  small  island  of  Italy,  on  the 
•oast  of  Tuscany,  10  miles  W  of  Leg- 
horn.   Lon,  10  4  E,  lat.  4.3  34  N. 

Malpartido,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estra- 
madura,  14  miles  S  of  Placentia.  Lon. 
5  30  W,  lat.  39  36  N. 

Malpas,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
high  eminence,  near  the  river  Dee,  15 
miles  SE  of  Chester,  and  166  XW  of 
London.    Lon.  2  45  W,  lat.  53  2  N, 

Malplaquet,  a  village  of  Austrian  Hai- 
nault.  It  is  famous  for  a  victory  gained 
over  the  French,  by  the  duke  of  Marlbo- 
rough, in  1709,  and  sometimes  called  the 
Battle  of  Blaregnies,  from  an  adjacent 
village,  and  is  seven  miles  from  Mons. 

Malta,  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean, 
between  Africa  and  Sicily,  20  miles  long 
and  12  broad.  It  was  formerly  reckoned 
a  part  of  Africa,  but  now  belongs  to  Eu- 
rope. It  was  anciently  little  else  than  a 
barren  rock:  but  such  quantities  of  soil 
have  been  brought  from  Sicily,  that  it  is 
now  become  a  fertile  island,  though  it 
does  not  grow  corn  sufficient  to  support 
'he  inhabitants.  Here  are  cultivated  large 
quantities  of  lemon  trees,  cotton  trees, 
and  vines,  which  produce  excellent  wine. 
The  heat  is  so  excessive,  that  the  water 
breeds  great  numbers  of  gnats,  which 
arc  the  plague- of  the  country.  The  num- 
ber of  the  inhabitants  is  said  to  be  90,000. 
The  common  people  spe.ik  Arabic,  but 
xhe  better  sort  Italian.  After  the  taking 
of  llhodes,  the  emperor  Charles  V.  gave 
this  island  to  the  grand  master  of  the 
order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  It  was 
attacked  in  1566  by  the  Turks,  who  were 
obliged  to  abandon  the  enterprise,  with 
:he'loss  of  30,000  men.  In  1798  the 
grand  master  treacherously  delivered  up 
Malta  to  the  French  under  the  command 
of  Buonaparte,  but  :.t.  was  taken  by  the 
English  after  a  blockade  of  near  two 
years,  and  is  still  possessed  by  them. 
The.  knights  of  Malta,  formerly  consist- 
ed of  eight  nations  ;  but  now  they  are 
but  seven,  the  English  having  forsaken 
them.  They  are  obliged  to  suppress  all 
pirates,  and  arc  at  perpetual  war  with 
the  Turks  and  other  Mahometans.  They 
are  all  under  a  vow  of  celibacy  and  chas- 
tity ;  and  yet  they  make  no  scruple  of 
taking  Grecian  women  for  mistresses. 


M  A  L 


Hall;      60  miles  S  of  Sicily. 

the  capital. 

Malta,  Mclita,  or  Citta  Vcccfiia,  an 

cient  city  of  the  island  of  Malta.  Th 
city  of  Yaletta  has  certainly  the  happier 
situation  that  can  be  imagined.  It  stanY 
upon  a  peninsula  between  two  of  the  fin 
est  ports  in  the  world,  which  are  defem 
cd  by  almost  impregnable  fortification,. 
That  on  the  south  side  of  the  city  is  the 
largest.    It  runs  about  two  miles  into  the 
heart  of  the  island  ;  and  is  so  very  deep, 
and  surrounded  by  such  high  grounds 
and  fortificat  ions,  that  thev  assured  us 
the  largest  ships  of  war  might  ride  here 
in  the  most  stormy  weather,  almost  with- 
out a  cable.    This  beautiful  bason  is  di- 
vided into  five  distinct  harbours,  ail 
equally  safe,  and  each  capable  of  contain- 
ing an  immense  number  of  shipping.  The 
mouth  of  the  harbour  is  scarcely  a  quar- 
ter of  a  mile  broad,  and  is  commanded^ 
on  each  side  by  batteries  that  would  tear- 
the  strongest  ship  to  pieces  before  she 
could  enter.    Besides  this,  it  is  fronted 
by  a  quadruple  battery,  one  above  the 
other,  the  largest  of  "which  is  a  fleiir 
tVeau,  or  on  a  level  with  the  water 
These  are  mounted  with  about  80  of 
their  heaviest  artillery:  so  that  this  har- 
bour I  think,  may  really  be  considered  as 
impregnable  :  and  indeed  the  Turks  have 
ever  found  it  so,  and  I  believe  ever  will 
The  harbour  on  the  N  side  of  the  city, 
although  they  only  use  it.  for  fishing,  and 
as  a  place  of  quarantine,  would,  in  any 
other  part  of  the  world,  be  considered 
as  inestimable.    It  is  likewise  defended 
by  every  strong  works  ;  and  in  the  centre 
of  the  bason  is  an  island  on  which  they 
have  built  a  castle  and  a  lazaret.  The 
fortifications  of  Malta  are  indeed  a  most 
stupendous  work.    All  the  boasted  cata- 
combs of  Borne  and  Naples  are  a  trif;..- 
to  the  immense  excavations  that  have 
been  made  in  this  little  island.  The 
ditches,  of  a  vast  size,  are  all  cut  out 
of  the  solid  rock.    These  extend  for  a 
great  many  miles,  and  raise  our  aston- 
ishment to  think  that  so  small  a  state 
has  ever  been  able  to  make  them.    It  is 
seated  on  a  hill  in  the  centre  of  the  is- 
land and  was  formerly  twice  as  large  as 
at  present.    It  is  the  residence  of  the  bi- 
shop, and  the  cathedral  is  a  very  fine 
structure.    Near'  this  city  are  the  cata- 
combs, which  are  said  to  extend  15  miles 
under  ground  ;  and  a  small  church  dedi- 
cated to  St.  Paul,  adjoining  to  which  is  a 
sta of'  the  saint,  with  a  viper  in  his 
hand,  said  to  be  placed  on  the  spot  where 
he  shook  the  viper  off,  without  having 
been  hurt ;  and  close  to  it  is  the  grotto 
in  which  he  was  imprisoned. 


4 


M  A  N 


MAN 


JJalton,  a  borough  in  the  X  rifling-  of 
\  orkshirc,  with  a  market  or.  Saturday, 
it  is  seated  on  the  Dcrwent,  over  which 
is  a  stone  bridge,  and  is  composed  of 
two  towns,  the  New  and  the  Old,  con- 
1  .lining  three  churches.  It  is  apopulous 
place,  sends  two  members  to  parliament. 
hid  is  20  miles  NE  of  York,  and  216  N 
by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  40  W,  lat.  54  9  N. 

JLilvaria.  a  small  island  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  on  the  E  coast  of  the  Morea,  re? 
markable  for  its  excellent  wines,  that  arc- 
railed  Malmsey,  being  brought  hence. 
The  capital  is  Napoli-di-Malvasia. 

Malvern,  Great,  a  village  in  Worces- 
tershire, eight  miles  W  by  S  of  Worces- 
ter. It  had  once  an  abbey,  and  here  are 
two  noted  chalybeate  springs,  recom- 
mended as  excellent  in  scrofulous  com- 
plaints. <  ^glk^jHk' 

Malvern  Little,  a  village  in  Worcester- 
shire, seated  in  a  cavity  of  Malvern  Hills, 
three  miles  from  Great  Malvern.  Henry 
YH.  adorned  the  church  with  a  great 
number  of  painted  glass  windows,  part 
of  which  remain,  though  in  a  mutilated 
state. 

Malvern  Chase,  an  extensive  chase  in 
Worcestershire,  containing  7356  acres  in 
that  county,  619  in  Herefordshire,  and 
103  in  Gloucestershire. 

Malvern  Hills,  lofty  mountains  in  the 
SW  of  Worcestershire,  dividing  this  part 
of  the  county  from  Herefordshire.  They 
rise  one  above  another  for  about  seven 
miles,  and  run  from  N  to  S  ;  the  highest 
point  is  1313  feet  above  the  surface  of 
the  Severn,  and  they  appear  to  be  of 
limestone  and  quartz.  On  the  summit  of 
one  of  these  hills,  on  the  Herefordshire 
side  is  the  c,amp  of  Owen.  Glendowr  ;  a 
famous  Welsh  chief.  Hl 

Maluiig  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Dalccarlia.  Lon.  15  20  E,  lat. 
60  30  N. 

Mulwa,  a  province  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, bounded  n  the  W  by  Guzerat,  on 
the  X  by  Agimere,  on  the  E  by  Allaha- 
bad and  Orissa,  and  on  the  S  by  Can-* 
deish.  It  is  one  of  ihe  most  extensive, 
elevated,  and  highly  diversified  tracts  ii 
Hindoostan^  and  is  divided  union  $  the 
chiefs  of  the  I'oonah  Mahrattas.  Ougeii 
and  Indore  are  the  principal  towns. 

Mamars,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Sarte,  and  late  province 
of  Maine,  seated  on  the  Dive. 

Man,  an  island  in  the  Irish  Sea,  Si. 
miles  in  length,  and  •  ight  in  breadth.  I 
contains  17  parishes;  and  the  chief  town- 
are  Ruthen,  Douglas,  and  Peel.  The  ah 
is  healthy,  the  inhabitants  live  to  a  very 
old  age,  and  are  a  mixture  of  English 
Scotch,  and  Irish ;  the  soil  produces  more 


corn  than  is  sufficient  to  maintain  their; 
They  have  a  bishop,  called  the  bishop  of 
Sodor  and  Man  ;  but  he  has  no  seat  in 
the  British  parliament.  The  commodi- 
ties of  this  island  are  wool,  hides,  and 
tallow.  The  duke  of  Athol  was  formerly 
lord  of  this  island,  the  sovereignty  of 
which  be  sold,  in  1765,  to  the  crown,  re- 
serving, however,  the  manoral  rights,  &<?. 
!t  is  12  miles  S  of  Scotland,  30  N  of  An- 
glesey in  Wales,  35  W  of  Cumberland, 
and  40  E  of  Ireland. 

Mnnachia,  an  aucient  and  considerable 
!o\\  n  of  Natalia  Proper,  anciently  called 
Magnesia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  cas- 
tle. It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the 
Ottoman  Empire,  and  is  seated  in  a  fer- 
tile country,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
on  the  river  Sarabat,  22  miles  N  of  Smyr- 
na.   Lon.  27  25  E,  lat.  38  45  N. 

Mcnur,  an  island  of  the  East  Indies, 
on  the  E  coast  of  the  island  of  Ceylon. 
The  English  took  it  from  the  Dutch  in 
1795.    Lon.  80  45  E,  lat.  9  0  N. 

Manctanlin,  an  island  of  North  Ameri- 
ca. 100  miies  long  and  eight  broad,  on  the 
\T  side  of  Lake  Huron.  Its  name  signi- 
fies a  Place  of  Spirits  :  and  it  is  held  sa- 
cred by  the  Indians. 

Manbed,  a  small  town  of  Persia,  160 
miles  from  Ispahan. 

Manbone,  a  city  of  Africa,  and  capital 
of  the  kingdom  of  Siam,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  channel  of  Mosambique. 
Lon.  32  19  E,  lat.  20  55  N. 

Mavcester,  a  village  in  Warwickshire, 
near  Aiherstone  and  the  river  Anker.  It 
was  a  Roman  station  on  the  Watling-street, 
and  here  several  coins  have  been  dug  up. 

Manclia,  a  territory  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  between  the  river  Guadiana  and 
Andalusia.  It  is  a  mountain'  us  country  ; 
snd  it  was  here  iliat  Cervantes  made  Don 
Quixote,  perform  his  chief  exploits. 

Munche,  or  Channel,  a  department  of 
France,  including  part  of  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy.  It  is  almost  sur- 
rounded by  the  English  Channel, and  Cou- 
;ances  is  the  capital. 

Manchester,  a  large  and  populous  town 
of  Lancashire,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day,   it  is  seated  between  the  rivers  Irk 
and  Irwetl,  and  is  a  place  of  great  anti- 
quity.   It  has  been  long  noted  for  vari- 
ous branches  of  the  linen,  silk,  and  cot- 
on  manufactures,  and  is  now  principally 
•onspicuous  as  the  centre  of  the  cotton 
rade,  which  has  been  much  improved 
■y  the  invention  of  dying  and  printing. 
The  labours  of  a  very  populous  neigh- 
bourhood  are  collected  at  Manchester, 
whence  they  are  sent  to  London,  Liver- 
pool, Hull,  ike.    These  consist  of  a  great 
variety  of  cot' on  and  mixed  goods, 'of 


MAR 

find  Tcitcicar.  They  retain  the  customs 
tfiej  brought  from  China. 

Jlfantet,  u  considerable  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Seine  and  Oise,  and 
late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France.  It  is 
famous  for  its  wines,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Seme,  and  over  it  is  a  bridge,  the  great 
arch  of  which,  although  elliptic,  is  120 
feet  wide.  It  is  31  mites  N\V  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  51  E,  lat.  49  1  N. 

Jlantva,  or  Jhintuan,  a  duchy  of  Italy, 
lying  along-  the  river  Po,  winch  divides  it 
into  two  parts.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N 
by  the  Veronese,  on  the  S  by  the  duchies 
of  Iieggio,  Modena,  and  Mirandola  ;  on 
the  E  by  the  Ferrarese  ;  and  on  the  W 
by  the  Cremonese.  It  is  50  miles  long 
and  27  broad',  and  fruitful  in  corn,  pas- 
tures, flax,  fruits,  and  excellent  wine. 
Charles  IV.  duke  of  Mantua,  a  prince  of 
the  empire,  having-  taken  part  with  the 
French,  in  the  dispute  relating  to  the 
succession  of  Spain,  was  put  under  the 
ban  of  the  empire,  and  died  in  1708. 
Having*  no  heirs,  the  emperor  kept  the 
Mantuan,  and  the  duke  of  Savoy  had 
Montferrat,  which  were  conferred  to 
them  by  subsequent  treaties.  After  the 
death  of  the  emperor  in  1740.  his  eldest 
daughter  the  empress  queen,  kept  pos- 
session of  the  Mantuan,  and  the  governor 
of  the  Milanese  had  the  administration 
of  affairs.  The  Mantuan  comprehends 
the  duchies  of  Mantua  and  Sabioneta; 
the  principalities  of  Castiglione  Solfo- 
rina,  and  Bosolo  ;  likewise  the  county 
of  Novellara.  The  principal  rivers  of 
this  country  are  the  Po,  the  Oglio,  and 
the  Minchio. 

Mantua,  the  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the 
same  name,  in  Italy,  with  an  archbishop's 
see,  and  an  university,  seated  on  an  is- 
land in  the  middle  of  a  lake.  The  streets 
are  broad  and  straight,  and  it  has  eight 
gates,  21  parishes,  40  convents  and  nun- 
neries, a  quarter  for  the  Jews  to  live  in, 
and  above  16,000  inhn.bitar.ts.  It  was 
greatly  noted  for  its  silks,  and  silk  ma- 
nufactures, which  are  now  much  decay- 
ed. The  air  in  the  summer  is  very  un- 
wholesome ;  and  the  lake  is  formed  by 
the  inundations  of  the  Mmcio.  Virgil  was 
born  at  a  village  near  this  city.  Mantua 
was  besieged  by  the  French,  for  above 
six  months,  in  1796,  and  surrendered  to 
them,  the  2d  February,  179/.  On  the  re- 
commencement of  th'e  next  campaign,  it 
surrendered  to  the  Austrian  and  Russian 
armies  after  a  short  siege  on  the  30th 
.lulv,  1799.  It  is  35  miles  NE  of  Parma, 
22  S\V  of  Verona,  and  220  N  by  W  of 
Borne.    Lon.  10  50  E,  lat.  45  10  N. 

,U'a.i  acaybo,  a  lake,  or  arm  of  the  sea, 


MAR 

in  Terra  Firma,  lying  in  about  70  Wlon. 
and  10  N  lat.  It  opens  into  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  is  defended  by  strong  forts, 
and  has  several  Spanish  towns  seated  on 

•  he  coast. 

Miracaybo,  a  considerable  town  of 
South  America,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Venezuela.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade 
in  skins  and  chocolate,  which  is  the  best 
in  America  ;  and  it  has  very  fine  tobac- 
co. It  is  seated  near  a  lake  of  the  same 
name.    Lon.  70  45  E,  lat.  10  0  N. 

Maragal,  a  town  of  Persia,  42  miles 
from  Tauris.    Lon.  47  52  E,  la*.  37  36  X. 

Jlfaragnaii,  a  province  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Brasil,  which  comprehends  a  fer- 
tile populous  island,  112  miles  in  circum- 
ference. The  French  settled  here  in 
1612,  and  built  a  town  ;  but  they  were 
soon  expelled  by  the  Portuguese,  who 
have  possessed  it  ever  since.  It  has  a 
castle,  a  harbour,  and  a  bishop's  see.  Lon. 
54  55  W,  lat.  1  20  S. 

JWarano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Venetian 
Friuli,  with  a  strong  citadel.  It  is  sea'.ed 
m  a  marsh,  which  renders  it  difficult  of 
access,  and  at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  27  miles  S  bv  E  of  Udina.  Lon 
13  5  E,  lat.  45  52  N. " 

JkCarann,  a  rich  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Charente,  and  late 
province  of  Angoumois,  seated  among 
salt  marshes  near  the  river  Sevre.  It 
carries  on  a  great  trade  in  corn  and  is  12 
miles  NE  of 'Rochelle.  Lon.  0  55  W,  lat. 
46  20  N. 

Marasch,  a  populous  town  of  NatoKa, 
encompassed  by  the  mountains  of  Taurus 
and  Anti-taurus,  and  the  r  ver  Euphrates 
Lon.  38  25  F,  lat.  38  15  N. 

Marathon,  a  village  of  Livadia,  former- 
ly a  city,  10  miles  from  Athens.  It  is  fa- 
mous for  the  victory  obtained  by  Miltia- 
des,  with  10,000  Athenians,  over  500,000 
Persians,  who  lost  above  100,000  men. 

J  Mara-a-ina,  a  river  of  Guiana,  which 
separates  Surinam  from  the  French  colo- 
ny of  Cayenne.  A  curious  pebble,  known 
by  the  name  of  the  Marawina  diamond, 
is  found  here,  which  when  poli:  bed,  is 
often  set  in  rings,  fcc.  It  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  in  lon.' 53  48  W,  lat.  5  58  N, 

Marbach,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtem- 

j  burg,  seated  on  the  Neckar.  It  was  burnt 

I  by  the  French  in  1693.  It  is  12  miles  S 
of  Hailbron,  and  13  N  of  Stutgard.  Lon. 
9  25  E,  lat.  48  59  N. 

Jlfarbella,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Andalu- 
sia, seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bio  Verde, 
24  miles  SW  of  Malaga.  Lon.  5  55  W\ 
lat.  36  29  N. 

|     J  'iarbleheach  a  considerable  seaport  and 


M  A  R 


M  A  R 


post  town  in  Essex  county,  Massachu- 
setts, 4  miles  Sii  of  Salem,  and  19  NE 
of  Boston,  in  the  lat.  of  42  35  N/  anci 
Ion.  69  50.  The  town  contains  5900  in- 
habitants, and  the  harbour  is  defended 
by  a  battery. 

Wturbleto-an,  a  township  of  Ulster  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing-  3360  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  S 
side  of  Esopus  creek,  about  70  miles  S 
SW  of  Albany. 

Marca,  a  small  island  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  five  miles  from  Uagtisa,  on  which 
it  depends.  It  had  formerly  a  bishop's 
see  ;  but  the  town  is  now  in  ruins. 

Marcellin,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Isere,  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny.  It  is  five  miles  from  St.  An- 
toine,  and  253  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 
32  E,  lat.  45  14  X. 

Jlarcdlino,  a  small  river  of  Sicily,  in 
the  V  al-di-Noto,  which  falls  into  the  sea, 
two  miles  from  Augusta. 

Marcelhts,  a  post  town  of  Onondago 
county,  New  York  ;  4  miles  NE  of  a  small 
lake  cailed  Skalkeutales,  and  about  12  S 
of  Seneca  river. 

Marche,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Berry,  on  the  E  by 
Auvergne,  on  the  W  by  Angoumois,  and 
on  the  S  by  Limosin.  It  is  55  miles  in 
length  and  25  m  breadth,  and  is  pretty 
fertile  in  corn  and  wine.  It  now  forms 
the  depart ment  of  Creuse. 

Marche,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Yosges,and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  20  miles  S  of  Ncufchateau, 
and  40  S  by  \V  of  Tool.  Eon.  5  50  E, 
lat.  48  6  N. 

Marche,  or  Marche-en-Famine,  a  town 
of  Luxemburg,  seated  on  the  Marsette, 
45  miles  NNW  of  Luxemburg. 

Marchena,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  with  the  title  of  a  duchy  and 
a  suburb  as  large  as  the  town  ;  seated  in 
the  middle  of  a  plain,  particularly  fertile 
in  olives,  though  dry  for  want  of  water. 
It  is  18  miles  W  of  Seville.  Lon.  5  44 
W,  lat.  37  34  N. 

Jlarchieimes,  a  town  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands,  in  the  county  of  Namur, 
seated  on  both  sides  of  the  Sambre,  four 
miles  W  of  Charlerov,  and  22  SW  of  Na- 
mur.   Lon.  4  22  E,  lat.  50  20  N. 

Marchiennes,  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  French  Flanders,  with  a  late  ab- 
bey, seated  in  a  morass,  on  the  river 
Scarpe,  between  Douay  and  St.  Amand. 

Matchpuvsf.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Stiria,  with  a  strong  castle, 
seated  on  the  Drave,  18  mile;;  W  of  Pet- 
taw,  and  25  SSW "of  Grata:.  Lon.  15  19 
E,  lat.  ^^^flH^PPpPft:- 


Marcigliano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
ra di  Lavora,  seven  miles  of  Naples, 
between  Nola  and  Acerra.  Lon.  14  30  E, 
lat.  40  51  N. 

Murck,  a  territory  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle*  of  Westphalia,  bounded  on  the  N 
by  the  bishopric  of  Munster,  on  the  E  by 
the  duchy  of  Westphalia,  and  on  the  S 
and  W  by  that  of  f>erg\  It  is  pretty  fer- 
tile, and  belongs  to  the  king  of  Prussia. 
Ham  is  the  capital. 

Marckeck,  a  town  of  Germany  m  the 
archduchy  of  Austria,  24  miles  distant 
from  Vienna.  Lon.  16  58  E,  lat.  48  17  N. 

Murckclshcim,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  and  late 
province  of  Alsace.  Lon.  7  2/  E,  lat.  48 
10  N. 

Marco,  St.  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
seated  on  the  river  Senito,  22  miles'  N  of 
Cosenza.    Lon.  16  20  E,  lat.  39  41  N. 

Marcou,  St.  two  islands  in  the  English 
Channel,  7  miles  from  the  coast  of  France. 
They  are  subject  to  the  English,  and  in 
1798,  they  were  attacked  by  the  French, 
who  were  repulsed.  Lon.  1  1?  \V,  lat. 
49  31  N. 

Marcus  Hook,  an  ancient  v  illage  i  of 
Delaware  county,  Pennsylvania,  it  is  si- 
tuated on  the  NW  side  of  the  river  Dela- 
ware, five  miles  below  Chester,  and  20 
below  Philadelphia. 

Manlike,  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
i Apartment  of  the  North  ;  a  celebrated 
canal,  on  which  it  is  seated,  takes  its 
name  from  it ;  it  is  four  miles  W  by  S  of 
Dunkirk. 

Marcb,  a  small  town  of  Arabia,  in  the 
province  of  Yemen.  Lon.  27  30  E,  lat. 
15  44  N. 

Marce,  Loch,  a  fresh-water  lake  of 
Rosshire.  It  is  18  miles  long',  and,  if 
some  parts,  four  broad.  It  contains  many 
small  islands,  and  abounds  with  salmon., 
char,  and  trout. 

Marengo,  a  village  in  Italy,  near  Milan, 
remarkable  for  a  bloody  and  desperate 
action  between  the  French  and  Austri- 
ans  under  Generals  Mclas  and  Buona- 
parte, in  July,  1800,  which  lasted  all  day, 
wherein  the  former  were  victorious, 
though  the  loss  was  pretty  equal  on  both 
sides.  This  battle  was  decisive  of  the 
campaign  and  for  the  present  of  the  fate 
of  Italy.         'i^.  •••  > 

Marennes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Chavente,  and  late 
I  province  of  Saintongc,  remarkable  for 
the  green  finned  oysters  found  near  the 
coast,  and  the  salt  it  sends  to  other  pla- 
ces.*' It  is  seated  near  the  Atlantic,  32 
miles  N  W  of  Saints,  and  272  SW  of  Pa 
tfe.    Lon.  0  49  VV,  lat.  46  1*5  Jf. .  W'.W 


MAR 


MAR 


Maretimo,  an  island  of  Italy,  on  the  W 
coast  of  Sicily.  It  is  10  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, has  a  castle,  with  a  few  farm 
houses,  and  produces  much  honey.  Lon. 
12  35  E,  lat.  38  5  N. 

Margaretta,  an  island  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, in  Andalusia  near  Terra  Firma,  dis- 
covered by  Columbus  in  1498.  It  is  40 
miles  in  length,  and  15  in  breadth.  It 
was  taken  in  1626  by  the  Dritch,  who  de- 
molished  the  castle.  Lon.  63  12  E,  lat. 
10  46  N. 

Margate,  a  seaport  in  Kent,  in  the  isie 
of  Thanet.  It  has  much  increased  of  late 
years,  by  the  great  resort  to  it  for  sea- 
bathing". Great  quantities  of  corn  are 
exported  hence,  and  vessels  are  frequent- 
ly passing*  to  and  from  the  coast  of  Flan- 
ders. There  are  also  regular  passage 
boats,  to  and  from  London,  some  of 
which  are  elegantly  fitted  up.  It  is  14 
miles  N  of  Deal,  and  72  E  by  S  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  28  E,  lat.  51  24  N. 

Margentheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Franconia,  subject  to  the 
grand  master  of  the  Teutonic  order,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Tauber,  16  miles  SW  of 
Wurtzburg.  Lon.  8  50  E,  lat.  49  30  N. 

fMargozza,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  Mi- 
lanese, situated  near  a  small  lake  from 
which  it  takes  its  name. 

Marian  Islands.    See  Ladrones. 

Maria,  St.  an  island  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  five  miles  from  Madagascar.  It 
is  27  miles  in  length  and  five  in  breadth  : 
well  watered,  and  surrounded  by  rocks. 
The  air  is  extremely  moist,  for  it  rains 
almost  every  day.  It  is  inhabited  by  about 
600  negroes,  but  seldom  visited  Dy  ships 
passing  h  4  way. 

Maria,  St.  the  most  southern  of  the 
Azores,  cr  Western  Islands,  in  the  At- 
lantic, producing  plenty  of  wheat,  and 
has  about  5000  inhabitants. 

Maria,  St.  a  considerable  town  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  small  castk . 
It  was  taken  by  the  English  and  Dutch 
in  1702 ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Guadaleta 
at  the  mouth  of  which  is  a  tower,  and  a 
battery,  18  miles  N  of  Cadiz.  Lon.  6  6 
W,  lat".  36  39  N. 

Maria,  St.  a  considerable  town  of  Ter- 
ra Firma  Proper,  in  the  audience  of  Pa- 
nama, built  by  the  Spaniards  after  they 
had  discovered  the  gold  mine  s  that  awe 
near  it,  and  soon  after  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish. It  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of  the 
gulf  of  St.  Michael,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
r.avi£able  river  of  the  same  name.  Lon. 
78  12  W,  lat.  7  43  N. 

Mariagalante,  one  of  the  Leeward  Ca- 
vibbee  Islands,  in  the  W  Indies,  subjeci 
1o  the  French,  extending  16  miles  from 
N.Tfr  S/o^a  four  from  E*to  W .    It  is  full 


of  hills,  and  along  the  E  shore  are  lofty 
perpendicular  rocks,  that  shelter  vast 
numbers  of  tropical  birds.  It  has  several 
large  caverns,  with  many  little  streams, 
and  ponds  of  fresh  water.  It  is  covered 
with  trees,  and  particularly  abounds  with 
tobacco  and  the  wild  cinnamon-tree.  It 
is  30  miles  N  of  Dominica,  and  40  E  of 
Guadeloupe.  Lon.  61  11  W,  lat.  15  52  N. 

Mar  cello,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in  Na- 
ples, in  the  province  of  Bari. 

Marie-aux-Mines,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Vosges,  and  late 
province?  of  Lorrain,  divided  in  two  by 
the  river  Leber.  It  is  famous  for  its  sil- 
ver mines,  and  is  25  miles  NW  of  New 
Brisach.    Lon.  7  24  E,  lat.  48  16  N. 

Murienbnrg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia,  remarkable  for 
its  rich  silver  mines.  It  is  seated  among 
he  mountains,  on  the  confines  of  Bohe- 
mia, 28  miles  SSW  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13 
35  E,  lat.  50  49  N". 

Marienburg,  an  ancient  and  strong 
town  of  Poland,  in  Western  Prussia,  ca- 
pital of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Naget, 
on  a  branch  of  the  Vistula,  30  miles  SW 
of  Elbing,  and  30  SE  of  Dantzic.  Lon. 
19  15  E,  lat.  54  9  N. 

Marienburg,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North,  and  late  French 
llainault,  formerly  a  strong  place,  but 
dismantled  by  the  French,  after  it  was 
ceded  to  them  by  the  treaty  of  the  Py- 
renees. It  is  ten  miles  S\.'  of  Char  le- 
mons   Lon.  4  28  E,  lat.  50  2  N. 

Marienstadt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
West  Gothland,  seated  on  the  lake  Wen- 
ner,  35  miles  SE  of  Carlstadt,  and  162 
SW  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  14  25  E,  lat. 
58  28  X. 

Marienwerder,  a  town  of  Western- 
Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Vistula,  20  miles  SSW  of 
Marienburg.    Lon.  19  5  E,  lat.  53  49  N. 

Marietta,  a  fortress  and  a  post  town  in 
the  state  of  Ohio;  situated  on  the  W 
bank  of  Muskingham  river,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Ohio,  and  about  ten 
miles  above  Vienna  in  Virginia.  It  con- 
tains about  150  houses  and  1463  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  the  seat  of  justice  for  Wash- 
ington county.  There  is  a  bank  estab- 
lished ire  with  a  capital  of  100,000 
dollars.  3Ii ip  building  is  carried  on  to 
.■  conside  ble  amount.  There  are  two 
yards  andfc several  other  establishments 
which  indicate  enterprise  and  activity  in 
the  inhabitants.  It  is  146  miles  SW  of 
Pittsburg'  by  land  and  172  by  water.  Lat. 
39  25  N,   on.  82  20  W. 

Morignano,  a  town  of  Ttaly,  in  the  du- 
chy of  Milkn,  remarkable  for  the  defeat 


MAR 

of  the  Swiss,  by  the  French,  in  1515. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Lambro,  10  miles  S 
of  Milan. 

Marino,  St.  a  strong"  town  of  Italy,  ca- 
pital of  a  small  republic,  surrounded  by 
the  duchy  of  Urbino,  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  pope,  with  three  castles.  It 
chuses  its  own  magistrates  and  officers, 
and  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  10  miles  S 
W  of  Rimini,  and  14  NW  of  Urbino. 
Lon.  12  33  E,  lat.  43  54  N. 

Marino,  St.  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Cam- 
pagna  di  Roma,  with  a  castle,  10  miles 
E  of  Rome.    Lon.  12  46  E,  lat.  51  34  N. 

Mark,  St.  a  seaport  on  the  W  side  of 
St.  Domingo.  The  houses  are  all  built 
of  freestone,  which  is  found  in  great 
plenty,  in  the  neighbouring  couniry.  It 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  January, 
1794,  and  is  45  miles  NNW  of  Port-au- 
Prince.    Lon.  72  40  W,  lat.  19  20  N. 

Marlborough,  a  county  of  South  Caro- 
lina, containing  4966  inhabitants  in  1810. 
It  is  situated  in  the  NE  corner  of  the 
state  ;  being  bounded  in  the  E  and  N  by 
North  Carolina,  and  the  Great  Pedee  ri- 
ver on  the  W,  which  divides  it  from 
Chesterfield  county. 

Marlborough,  East  and  West,  two  con- 
tiguous townships  of  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  1963  inhabitants 
in  1810.  The  medial  distance  from  Phi- 
ladelphia is  about  30  miles  W. 

Marlborough,  a  township  of  Ulster 
county,  New  York,  containing  1964  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Hudson  river,  90  miles  S  of 
Albany. 

Marlborough,  a  post  town  in  Cheshire 
county,  New  Hampshire,  11  miles  E  of 
Connecticut  river,  und  36  E  of  Benning- 
ton in  Vermont.  It  had  1200  inhabitants 
in  1810. 

Marlboro*,  a  town  in  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,, 28  miles  W  of  Bos- 
ton, containing  1735  inhabitants. 

Marlboro',  a  post  town  in  Windham 
county,  Vermont,  nine  miles  SW  of 
Brattleboro',  and  27  E  of  Bennington. 

Marlborough,  a  borough  in  Wilts,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  gives  title  to 
a  duke,  contains  two  churches,  and  about 
500  houses,  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It  is 
seated  on  a  chalky  soil,  on  the  Rennet, 
43  miles  E  of  Bristol,  and  74  W  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  26  W,  lat.  51  28  N. 

Marlborough,  Fort,  ax  English  facto- 
ry, on  the  W  coas!  of  the  island  of  Su- 
matra, three  miles  E  of  Btncoolen,  and 
300  NW  of  Batavia.  Lon.  102  9  E,  lat. 
3  49  N. 

Marlow,  a  borough  in  Buckingham- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.    It  is 


MAR 

seated  on  the  Thames,  over  which  is  a 
bridge  into  Berkshire.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  has  a  manufac- 
ture of  bonelace,  and  is  17  miles  S  of 
Ailesbttry,  and  31  W  of  London.  Lon.  0 
45  W,  lat.  51  35  N.  ' 

Marli,  a  village  of  France,  between 
Versailles  and  St.  Germain.  Here  was  a 
royal  palace  noted  for  its  fine  gardens 
and  water-works,  there  being  a  curious  , 
machine  on  the  Seine,  which  not  only- 
supplied  them  with  water,  but  also  those 
of  A'ersailles.  It  is  ten  miles  NW  of 
Paris. 

Marmande,  a  town  of  France,  hi  the 
department  of  Lot  and  Garonne  and  late 
province  of  Guienne.  It  carries  on  a  great, 
trade  in  corn,  wine,  and  Brandy,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Garonne,  40  miles  SE  of 
Bourdeaux,  and  320  S  by  W  of  Paris.  , 
Lon.  0  15  E,  lat.  44  20  N. 

Marmora,  a  sea  between  Europe  and 
Asia,  which  communicates  with  the  Arch.  - 
ipelago,  by  the  strait  of  Gallipoli  on  the 
SW,  "and  with  the  Black  Sea,  by  the 
strait  of  Constantinople  on  the  NE.  It 
has  two  castles,  one  on  the  Asian,  and 
one  on  the  European  side,  is  120  miles  in 
length,  and  50  in  breadth,  and  was  an- 
ciently called  the  Propontis. 

Marmora,  the  n..rae  of  four  islands  in 
the  sea  of  the  same  name.  The  largest 
is  about  30  miles  in  circumference,  and 
they  all  produce  corn,  wine,  and  fruits. 

Jtfarmora,  a  celebrated  cascade  of  Ita- 
ly, in  the  duchy  of  Spoletto,  three  miles 
from  Terni. 

Marne,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chorazin. 

Mamie,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of 
Champagne.  It  takes  its  name  from  a 
river  w  hich  rises  near  Langres,  and  flow- 
ing NW  joins  the  Seine,  a  little  above 
Paris.  Rheims  is  the  archiepiscopal  see, 
but  Chalons  is  the  Capital. 

Marne.  Upper,  a  department  of  France, 
including  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Champagne.    Cbaumont  is  the  capital. 

Marnhvll,  a  village  in  Dorsetshire,  on 
the  Stour.  The  church  is  an  ancient 
lofty  building ;  the  tower  of  which  fell 
down  in  1710,  in  time  of  divine  service, 
but  w  is  handsomely  rebuilt. 

Metro,  a  town  of  Italy,  on  the  coast  of 
Genoa,  in  a  valley  of  the  same  name,  8 
miles  NW  of  Oneglia,  and  48  WSW  of 
Genoa.    Lon.  7  41  E  lat.  44  55  N. 

Marogna,  a  town  oi  Romania,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  see,  seated  near  the 
Mediterranean,  150  miles  SW  of  Con- 
st: ntmople.    Lon.  25  41  E,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Marotier,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  iate  pro- 


MAR 


M  A  R 


vine-:  of  Alsace,  with  a  laic  Benedictine 
abbey,  13  miles  XW  of  Strasbourg.  Lon.  7 
3  E,  Lit.  43  03  X. 

JVlurpurg,  a  strong-  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  landgravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  with 
an  university,  a  castle,  a  palace,  a  hand- 
some square,  artd  a.'magniiicent  town- 
hous'e.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Lahn, 
15  flfeiks  3  of  Waldeck,  and  47  SW  of 
Oassfcl.    Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  50  35  . 

,  '.tavrjiiL'3::s;  a  group  of  islands  in  the  S 
Pacific  Ocean,  of  which  the  most  consi- 
derable are,  St.  Christina  and  St.  Pedro. 
Captain  Cook,  in  hi.-;  second  voyage,  lay 
some  time  at  the  first  of  these,  which,  is 
situated  in  Ion.  139  9  W,  and  lat  9  55  S. 
Mr.  Fiister  says  he  never  saw  a  single 
deformed  or  even  ill-proportioned  mar. 
among"  the  natives;  all  were  strong-,  tall, 
well  limbed,  and  active  in  the  highest  de- 
gree. Their  arms  are  clubs  and  spears, 
and  , their  government,  like  that  of  the 
Society  Islands,  monarchical.  But  they 
arc  not  quite  so  cleanly  as  the  inhabi- 
tant of  the  Society  Isles,  who,  in  that 
respect,  surpass,  perhaps,  any  other  peo- 
ple in  the  world.  The  drink  of  the  Mar- 
quesans  is  purely  water,  cocoa  nuts  be- 
ing rather  scarce.  They  are  much  given 
to  pilfering,  like  the  lower  sort  among 
the  Otaheitans.  Their  music,  musical 
instruments,  dances,  and  canoes,  very 
much  resemble  those  of  Otahcite.  In 
short  the  inhabitants  of  the  Marquesas, 
Society,  and  Friendly  Islands,  Easter 
Island',  and  New  Zealand,  seem  to  have 
all  the  same  origin,  their  language,  man- 
ners, customs,  &c.  bearing  a  great  affi- 
nity in  many  respects. 

Jllar-Fovesty  a  district  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, consisting  of  vast  woodland  moun- 
tains, which  occupy  the  westerly.'  angle 
of  the  county.  The  river  Dee  rises  among* 
these  mountains.  J 

JWcrsfl/,  a  town  of  Francet  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthe  and  late  province 
of  Lor  rain,  remarkable  for  its  saltworks,, 
and  seated  on  the  Selle,  in  a  marsh  m 
difficult  access  j  which,  with  the  fortifi- 
cations, renders  it  an  important  place  It 
is  17  miles  XE  of  Nanci.  Lon.  6  *1  E, 
lat.  43  49  N.  > 

Marsala,  a  populous  and  strong  to\W\ 
of  Sicily,  in  the  valley  of  Mazara.  It 
is  built  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Li^- 
inm,  53  miles  SW  of  Palermo.  Lon. 
12  2$E,  lat  38  4N.jfc 

J.larsaguiver,  or  jrarmlquivcr,  a  strong 
and  ancient  town  of  Africa,  on  the  eoast 
of  Barbary,  in  the  kingdom  of  Algiers 
with  one  of  the  best  harbours  in  Africa. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1732 ; 
and  is  seated  on  a  rock,  near  a  bay  of  the 


Mediterranean,  three  miles  from  Oram 
Lon.  0  10  W,  lat.  36  1  X. 

JVlji'rs -.'Hies,  a  strong  city  of  F ranee,  in 
the  department  of  the  Mouths  of  the 
Rhone  and  late  province  of  Provence.  It 
was  iateiy  an.  episcopal  see  ;  and  the  in- 
habitants, before  the  late  revolution  were 
computed  at  100,0'JO,  but  now  are  only 
80,090.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mediicrra- 
nean,  at  the  upper  end  of  a  gulf,  cover- 
ed and  defended  by  many  small  islands; 
and  it  .is  partly  on  the  declivity  erf .a  hill, 
and  partly  in  a  plain.  It  is  divided  into 
the  Old  and  the  New  Town.  In  this  pari 
is  the  principal  church,  built  by  the 
Goths,  on  the  ruins  of  the  temple  oi 
Diana.  The  New  Town  is  a  perfect  con- 
trast to  the  Old,  with  which  it  commu- 
nicates by  a  most  beautiful  street ;  and 
its  other  streets,  the  squares,  and  the 
public  buildings  are  beautiful.  The  va- 
riety of  dresses  and  languages  which  arc- 
seen  and  heard  here,  are  surprising,  and 
m  that  account  this  city  has  been  called 
Europe  in  Miniature.  The  port  is  a  ba- 
sin of  an  oval  form,  3480  feet  iofig,  by 
960  in  its  widest  part,  with  18  or  20  feet- 
depth  of  water  ;  and  is  defended  by  a  ci- 
.adel  and  a  fort.  In  1649,  the  plague 
raged  with  great  violence,  and  with  still 
greater  in  1720,  when  it  carried  off 
50,000  of  the  inhabitants.  In  1793,  Mar- 
seilles revolted  against  the  French  Na- 
tional Convention,  but  was  very  soon  re- 
duced. It  is  13  miles  NW  of  Toulon, 
and  362  S  bv  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  27  E, 
lat.  43  18  N" 

Jfarshfiehl,  a  post  town  "in  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts ;  situated  near 
Marshficld  point,  36  miles  SE  of  Boston- 
It  had  1364  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Marshjield,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  the 
Cotcswold  Hills,  11  miles  E  of  Bristol, 
and  102  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  1  W,  la\ 
51  30  N. 

Jtfarsico  A'uovo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Principal o  Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  at  die  foot  of  die  Appen- 
nincs,  near  the  river  Agri,  73  miles  SE 
of  Naples.    Lon.  15  49  E,  lat.  40  23  N. 

Jifar strand,  a  small  island  in  the  Cat- 
tcgate,  which  for  its  strength  is  called 
the  Gibraltar  of  Sweden,  is  a  rocky  is- 
lmd,  about  two  miles  in  circumference*; 
the  town, -which  lies  on  the  eastern  side, 
contains  about  160  houses,  and  about 
1,200  inhabitants.  The  harbour  is  ex- 
tremely secure  and  commodious,  but  of 
difficult  entrance,  and  in  tempestuous 
weather  dangerous,  without  a  pilot  of 
the  place.  It  is  capable  of  comaming* 
200  vessels,  and  of  sufficient  depth  for 


M  A  R 


M  A  R 


the  largest.  It  is  23  miles  NW  of  Gothe- 
borg.    Lon.  11  30  E,  hit.  57  59  X. 

Marta,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  and  in  the  duchy  ot 
Castro,  seated  on  a  lake  of  the  same 
name,  called  also  Bolsena,  35  miles  N  of 
liome.    Lon.  12  40  E,  lat.  42  26  N. 

Martaban,  a  province  of  Asia,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Pegu,  on  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 
The  soil  is  fertile  in  rice,  fruits,  and 
wines  of  all  kinds.  It  is  subject  to  the 
king-  of  Burmah,  who,  in  1754,  subdued 
the  kingdom  of  Pegu,  and  rendered  it  a 
dependant  province. 

Murtaban,  the  capital  of  a  province  of 
the  same  name  in  Pegu.  In  the  "Wars  be- 
tween Peg'u  and  Siam,  ships  were  sunk 
at  the  entrance  of  the  harbour  to  choke 
it  up,  before  which  it  was  a  trading 
place.  It  is  sealed  on  the  bay  of  Bengal, 
80  miles  S  of  the  city  of  Pegu.  Lon.  96 
56  E,  lat.  15  30  X. 

Mortagu,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Leon. 

Martel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot  and  lale  province  of 
Querci,  seated  mar  the  Dordogne,  18 
miles  E  of  Sarlat.  Lon.  1  44  E,  lat.  44 
51  N. 

Martha,  St.  a  province  of  Terra  Fir- 
ma,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  on  the  E  by  Venezuela  on  the  S  by 
New  Granada,  and  on  the  W  by  Cartha- 
gena.  It  is  300  miles  in  length,  and  200 
in  breadth ;  is  a  mountainous  country, 
and  the  land  very  high.  Here  the  fa- 
mous ridge  of  mountains  begin,  called 
the  Cordillera-dc-los-lndns,  or  the  An- 
des, which  run  the  whole  length  of  South 
America,  from  X  to  S.  It  abounds  with 
fruits  proper  to  the  climate,  and  there 
are  mines  of  gold  and  precious  stones, 
and  salt-works. 

Martha,  St.  the  capital  of  a  province 
of  the  same  name  in  Terra  Firma,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  and  a  harbour  surround- 
ed by  high  mountains.  It  was  once  flour- 
ishing and  populous,  when  the  Spanish 
galleons  were  sent  thither,  but  is  now 
Almost  come  to  nothing-.  The  air  about 
the  town  is  wholesome  and  the  houses 
are  built  of  canes,  and  covered  mostly 
with  palmeto  leaves.  It  is  seated  on  one 
of  the  mouths  of  the  Rio  Grande,  1000 
miles  W  by  S  of  Rio-de-la-Hacha.  Lon. 
73  56  W,  lat.  11  24  X. 

Martha's  Vineyard,  an  island  of  Xorth 
America,  near  the  coast  of  Massachu- 
setts, 80  miles  S  of  Boston.  The  inhabi- 
tants apply  themselves  chiefly  to  their, 
fisheries,  in  which  *hev  have  great  suc- 
cess.   Lon.  70  22  W,  lat.  41  16  N. 

Mart  hale  n,  a  considerable  town  of  Swis- 
serland,  in  that  part  of  the  county  of 


-  Kyburg,  subject  to  Zuric.    It  is  seated 
near  the  Rhine,  six  miles  S  of  Schaff- 

-  hausen. 

}      Martic,  a  township,  of  Lancaster  coun- 
:   ty,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1623  inha- 
f  bitants  in  1810.    It  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Susquehannah  and  the  S  side  of 

■  Pic|uea  creek. 
Martiguea,  a  9eaport  of  France,  in  the 

L  department  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone 

■  and  late  province  of  Provence.     It  is 
I  seated  near  a  lake,  12  miles  long  and 
i  five  broad,  which  is  navigable  through- 
out, but  less  considerable,  than  it  was 

f  formerly,  but  whence  they  get  very  fine 
.  lish  and  excellent  salt.  Marti gues  is  20 
.  miles  NW  of  Marseilles.  Lon.  5  2  E,  lat, 

■  43  19  X. 
Martin,  a  county  of  Halifax  district, 

,  Xorth  Carolina,  containing  5987  inhabi- 
i  tan  s  in  1810.  The  chief  town  Williams- 
town. 

Martirt,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Valen- 
cia, in  Spain,  which  separates  the  gulf 
of  Valencia  from  that  of  Alicant.    Lon.  0 
'  36  E,  lat.  38  54  X. 

!      Martin,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  isle 

■  of  Rhe,  with  a  harbour  and  strong  cita- 
del; 15  mi'les  W  of  Rochelle.    Lon.  1  17 

•  W,  lat.  46  10  X. 

Martin,  St.  one  of  the  Leeward  Carib- 
bean Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  lying 
to  the  XW  of  St.  Bartholomew,  and  to 
the  SW  of  Anguilla.  It  is  42  miles  in 
circumference,  has  neither  harbour  nor 
river,  but  several  salt-pits.  It  was  long 
jointly  possessed  by  the  French  and 
Dutch  ;  but  at  the  commencement  of  the 
present  war,  the  former  were  expelled 
by  the  latter.    Lon.  63  0  W,  lat.  8  14  N. 

Murtimco,  one  of  the  Windward  Ca- 
ribbee  Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  40 
miles  in  length,  and  100  in  circumfer- 
ence. It  was  taken  by  the  English  from 
the  French  in  1794.  There  are  many 
hUh  mountains  covered  with  trees,  as 
well  as  several  rivers  and  fertile  vallies, 
but  they  will  not  bear  either  wheat  or 
vines  ;  however,  the  former  is  not  much 
wanted,  for  the  natives  prefer  cassava 
to  wheat  bread.  It  produces  sugar,  cot- 
ton, ginger,  indigo,  chocolate,  aloes,  pi- 
mento, plant:  i  is,  and  other  tropical 
fruits;  and  is  extremely  populous,  some 
oi  the  ancient  inhabitants  still  remain.  It 
has  several  safe  and  commodious  har- 
bours, well  fortified.  Fort  St.  Pierre, 
the  principal  place,  is  in  lon.  61  20  W, 
lat.  14  14  X.. 

Mariinaburg,  a  post  town  in  Berkley 
county,  Virginia,  19  miles  SW  of  Ha- 
gerstdwn  in  Maryland,  and  about  18  XW 
of  Harper's  ferry  on  the  Potomac. 

MdrHnsvillei  the  capital  of  Guilford 

F 


M  A  R 

county,  North  Carolina,  36  miles  \V  of 
Hillsboro',  and  about  the  same  distance  I 
E  of  Bethania.  It  lias  a  post  office  and 
about  3U0  inhabitants. 

Martorano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  eiglu! 
miles  from  ihe  sea,  and  15  S  of  Cosenza. 
Lon.  16  20  E,  lat  39  6  N. 

Martwel,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, sealed  at  the  confluence  of  the  Noya 
and  Lobragal,  18  miles  NVV  of  Barce- 
lona.   Lon.  1  56  E,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Martos,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
with  a  fortress  seated  on  a  rock,  eight 
miles  S  of  Anduxar. 

Marvejols,  a  commercial  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Lozcte  and 
late  province  of  Gevaudan,  seated  in  a 
valley,  on  the  river  Colange,  lu  miles  N 
W  of  Muide,  and  3u0  S  of  Pans.  Lon. 
2  23  Ev  iat.  44  36  N. 

Marville,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse  and  late  duchy  of 
Bar,  seated  on  the  Osheim,  three  miles 
N  of  Jameu. 

Maryborough,  a  borough  of  Ireland, 
capital  of  Queen's  county,  17  miles,  S  of 
Phdipstown.    Lon.  7  0  W,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Maryland,  one  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  174  miles  long",  and  110  broad; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Pennsylvania^  on 
the  E  by  the  state  of  Delaware,  on  the  S 
E  and  S  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  on 
the  S  and  W  by  Virginia,  li  is  divided 
into  18  counties,  10  of  which  are  on  the 
western,  and  eight  on  the  eastern  shore 
of  the  Chesapeak.  Wheat  and  /tobacco 
are  the  staple  commodities  of  this  state, 
which,  in  most  respects,  resembles  Vir- 
ginia. This  state  contained  380,546  in- 
habitants in  1810,  including  111,502 
slaves.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Po- 
comoke,  Wicomico,  Nanticoke,  Chup- 
tank,  Chester  river,  Sassafras  and  Elk  : 
these  are  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  the 
state.  The  Potomac  which  separates 
Maryland  from  Virginia,  the  Patuxent, 
Patapsco,  Gunpowder,  and  Bush  river, 
are  on  the  wes term.  side.  All  of  them 
discharge  into  the  Chesapeake  bay.  There 
are  but  few  mountains,  and  these  are 
confined  to  the  N\V  corner  of  the  state. 
The  climate  in  general  tnay  be  called 
temperate  though  that  of  the  east,  rn 
shore  is  not  esteemed  healthful,  owing 
lo  the  flatness  of  the  country,  and  hu- 
midity of  the  «air.  The  soil  is  generally 
trong.  and  productive.  The  tobacco 
j.iant  has  been  cultivated  to  a  great  ex- 
tent, though  the  farmers  are  more  atten- 
tive than  formerly  to  the  production  of 
wheat,  rye,  Indian  corn,  &e.  The  soil 
and  climate  agree  well  with  most\qf  the 
common  fruit  trees,  such  as  apple,  ptuch, 


MAS 


W:  1 


pear,  plum,  cherry,  &c.    The  commerce 

of  the  state  is  very  considerable.  The 
exports  have  in  some  years  amounted  to 
10.0U0,UU0  dollars.  The  form  of  govern- 
ment is  republican,  and  the  constitution 
differs  but  little  from  that  of  the  other 
states.  I  he  legislative  power  is  vested 
in  a  Senate  and  House  of  Delegates  ;  and 
the  execution  of  the  laws  is  committed 
to  a  Governor  and  Council.  But  they  are 
all  chosen  by  the  people  at  large  for 
short  terms.  Annapolis,  situated  on  the 
south  side  of  the  river  Severn,  is  the  ca- 
pital of  the  state. 

Mary,  St.  a  county  of  Maryland,  con- 
taining 12,794  inhabitants  in  1810,  in- 
cluding 6000  slaves.  It  is  situated  in  the 
SE  corner  of  the  western  shore  between 
the  Patuxent  and  Potomac  rivers.  The 
chief  towns  are  Leonard  and  Newport. 

Mary's  Itiver,  St.  a  river  of  the  United 
States,  in  Georgia.  It  is  navigable  for 
vessels  of  considerable  burden  for  ninety 
miles;  and  its  banks  afford  immense 
quantities  of  fine  timber  suited  to  the 
West  India  markets.  It  forms  a  part  of 
the  southern  boundary  of  the  .  United 
States,  and  enters  Amelia  Sound,  in  lat 
30  44  N. 

Mary's  Strait,  St.  a  strait  in  North 
America,  which  forms  the  communica- 
tion between  Lake  Superior  and  Lake 
Huron.  It  is  about  40  miles  long ;  and 
at  the  Upper  end  is  a  rapid  fall,  which, 
when  conducted  by  cartful  pilots,  may 
be  descended  without  danger. 

Marza  Sirocco,  a  gulf  on  the  S  side  of 
the  isle  of  Malta.  The  Turks  landed 
here  in  1565,  when  they  went  to  besiege 
Valetta;  for  which  reason  the  grand 
master  ordered  three  forts  to  be  built, 
two  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf,  and  one 
on  the  point  of  land  that  advances  into 
the  middle  of  it. 

Marzilla,  a  handsome  town  of  Spain, 
in  the  province  of  Navarre,  seated  near 
the  river  Arragon,  30  miles  S  of  Pam- 
peluna. 

Masbate,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
almost  in  the  centre  of  the  rest.  'It  is  75 
utiles  in  circumference,  and  the  natives 
n  tributary  to  the  Spaniards.  Lon.  1J22 
25,  E,  lat.  11  36  N. 

Masbrough,  a  flourishing  v.Hlage,  dn 
York  .shut,  on  the  river  Don,  adjoining 
the  bridge  of  Uotherham.  All  sorts  of 
hammered  and  Cast  iron  goods  are  made 
here,  from  the  most  trifling  article  to  a 
large  cannon,  of  which  great  quantities 
are  exported. 

Miiscate,  a  town  of  Asia  on  the  coast 
of  Arabia  Felix,  with  a  castle  on  %  rock. 
It  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  small  bay, 
and  was  fortified,  in  1650,  by  the  Portu- 


MAS 


MAT 


gues ;  but  afterward  taken  by  the  Arabs, 
who  put  all  the  garrison  to  the  sword,  ex- 
cept 18,  who  turned  Mahometans.  The 
Weather  is  so  hot  from  May  to  Septem- 
ber, that  no  people  are  to  be  seen  in  the 
streets  from  ten  in  the  morning-  till  four 
in  the  afternoon.  The  bazars  or  market 
places  are  covered  with  the  leaves  of  date- 
trees,  laid  on  beams  whic  h  reach  from  the 
house  tops  on  one  side  to  those  on  the  other. 
The  products  of  the  country  are  horses, 
dates,  fine  brimstone,  coffee,  and  ruinoss, 
a  root  that  dies  red/  Lon.  57  26  E,  lat. 
24  0  N. 

Mas  D'Asil,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Arriege  and  late  county  of 
Foix,  with  a  late  rich  Benedic  tine  abbey. 
It  is  seated  on  the  rivulet  Rise,  8  miles  S 
W  of  Pamiers. 

Maskeh/ne\*  hies,  a  group  of  small  but 
beautiful  islands,  in  the  South  Pacific  O- 
cean,  lying  off  the  SE  point  of  Malicollo. 
one  of  the  New  Hebrides. 

Mason,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  contain- 
ing 12,459  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  si- 
tuated in  the  NE  corner  of  the  state,  hav- 
ing the  Ohio  on  the  N,  and  the  Great 
Sandy  river  on  the  E.  The  chief  town  is 
Washington. 

Massa,  an  ancient  and  pqj  aIous  town  of 
Italy  in  Tuscany,  capital  of  a  small  terri- 
tory of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  a 
plain,  three  miles  from  the  sea,  and  55 
W  by  N  of  Florence.  Lon.  10  0  E,  lat. 
44  0  N. 

Jfrissa,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra-di- 
Lavora,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  near 
the  sea,  20  miles  S  of  Naples.  Lon.  14 
18  E,  lat.  40  31  N. 

Massa,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Siennese. 
with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  mountain 
near  the  sea,  25  miles  S\V  of  Sienna.  Lon. 
10  48E,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Massa,  or  Mazzi,  a  town  of  the  Vero- 
nese, in  Paly,  situated  on  the  N  side  of 
the  Po,  40  miles  E  of  Mantua.  Lon.  11  5 o 
E,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Massachusetts,  one  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  150  miles  long  and  65  broad  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  New  Hampshire  and 
Vermont,  on  the  W  by  New  York,  on  the 
S  by  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  and  on  the  E  by  that  o- 
cean  and  Massachusetts  Bay.  "it  is  di- 
vided into  12  counties  ;  piodnces  plenty 
of  Indian  corn,  flax,  hemp,  copper,  and 
iron,  and  they  have  manufactories  of  lea- 
ther, linen,  and  woollen  cloth.  The  in- 
habitants are  estimated  at  472,040  in 
1810.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Merri- 
mack, Concord,  Charles,  Naponsit,  Taun- 
ton, Narraganset,  and  Connecticut.  There 
are  several  considerable  mountains  in  the 
western  division  of^  the  state,  though 


none  of  them  remarkable  for  height.  The 
climate  can  hardly  be  termed  temperate, 
as  their  winters  are  generally  long,  and 
severely  cold  :  hut  the  variations  in  the 
temperature  of  the  air  are  neither  so  fre- 
quent, nor  so  sudden,  as  in  the  middle 
states. — The  soil  is  various,  though  very 
little  of  it  is  rich  enough  to  produce 
wheat.  The  crops  are  generally  of  indian 
corn,  rye,  barley,  oats,  potatoes,  and. 
field  beans,  or  peas,  f  ruit  tress  are  cul- 
tivated with  considerable  success,  and 
apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums  and  cher- 
ries are  found  in  great  plenty.  The  com- 
merce is  considerable,  the  exports  in 
some  years  have  amounted  to  10,000,000 
of  dollars.  The  government  is  republi- 
can  ;  the  executive  authority  being  vest- 
ed in  a  governor  and  council,  and  the  le- 
gislative in  an  assembly  ;  all  of  whom 
are  elected  annually  by  the  people.  The 
military  force  of  the  state/is  very  res- 
pectable, consisting  of  a  well  disciplined 
militia.  Boston  is  the  capital  of  the  state, 
and  the  seat  of  the  state  government. 

Massachusetts  Bay,  a  bay  of  North  A- 
merica,  which  spreads  eastward  of  Bos- 
ton, and  is  comprehended  between  Cape 
Ann  on  the  N,  and  Cape  Cod,  on  the  S. 
It  is  so  named, as  well  as  the  whole  state 
of  Massachusetts,  from  a  iribe  of  Indians 
of  the  same  name,  that  formerly  lived 
round  this  bay. 

Jfassafra,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otran- 
to,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  at  the  foot 
of  the  Appennines,  16  miles  NW  of  Ta- 
rento.  Lon.  17  20  E,  lat.  40  50  N. 

Masserano,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
capital  of  a  small  principality  of  the 
same  name,  held  by  its  prince  as  a  fief  of 
the  church.  Tt  is  seated  on  a  mountain^ 
40  miles  NE  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  14  E,  lat. 
45  38  N. 

Mastico  or  Capo  Mastico,  a  cape  on  the 
S  side  of  Scio,  one  of  the  islands  of  the 
Archipelago. 

Masuah,  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  situated 
on  an  island  on  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea. 
The  houses,  in  general,  are  built  of  poles 
and  bent  grass,  as  in  the  towns  in  Ara- 
bia ;  and  a  few  are  of  stone,  some  of  them 
two  stories  high.     Lon.  39  36  E,  lat.  15 

Musul/patam,  a  populous  and  formerly 
a  commercial  scaportof  Hir.doostan,  seat- 
ed near  the  mouth  of  the  Kistna,  on  the 
coast  of  Coromandel,  but  its  trade  has 
now  declined.  It  is  200  milesN  of  Madras, 
Lon.  81  12  E,  lat.  16  8  N. 

Mtttaca,  or  Majitaca,  a  com  mod  i  ou  s  bay 
on  the  N  coast  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  35 
mile  E  of  Havanna.  Lon.  81  16  W,  lat, 
23  12  N.  v  W(IHP; 


M  A  T 


M  A  U 


Matagorda,  a  fortress  of  Spain,  seated) 
near  the  entrance  of  the  harbour  of  Cadiz. , 

Mutalona,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples  and 
»n  Terra  di  Lavori,  Smiles  NA\r  of  Capua, 
and  19  W  by  S  of  Benevento.  Lon.  14  14 
E,  lat  41  12  N. 

Mataman,  a  county  of  Africa,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Bertguela,  on  the  E  by  parts 
vinknown,  on  the  S  by  the  country  of  the 
Ilottento-s,  and  on  the  W  by  me  Atlantic 
Ocean  There  is  no  town  ir.  it,  and  the 
inhabitants  live  in  miserable  huts,  it  be- 
ing- a  desert  country,  little  visited  by  the 
Europeans. 

Matanov  Mactan,  one  of  the  Philippine 
islands.  The  inhabitants  have  thrown  off" 
the  yoke  of  Spain,  and  here  Magellan  was 
killed  in  1521. 

Matapan,  Cape,  the  most  southern  pro- 
montory of  the  Morea,  between  the  gulf 
of  Coron  and  that*  of  Colokythia  Lon.  22 
40  E,  lat.  36  25  N. 

Matarm,  a  large  town  of  Asia,  formerly 
the  capital  of  an  empire  of  that  name,  in 
the  island  of  Java.  It  is  strong  by  situa- 
ation,  and  seated  in  a  fertile  and  populous 
country,  surrounded  by  mountains.  Lon. 
Ill  55E,  lat.  7  15  S.  * 

Mataro,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Catalonia, 
remarkable  for  its  glass-works,  seated  on 
the  Mediterranean,  15  mi'es  NE  of  Bar 
celona.  Lon.  2  29  E,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Matcowitf,  a  strong  town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  in  the  county  of  Scepus,  seated 
on  a  mountain,  185  miles  NE  of  Presburgh. 

Matelica,  an  ancient  town  of  Laly,  in 
the  marquisate  of  Ancona,  15  miles  S  of 
Jesi. 

Matera,  a  considerable  town  of  Italy  in 
Naples,  and  in  the  Terra  d'Otranto,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Canapro,  35 
miles  NW  of  Tarento.  Lon.  16  54  E,  lat. 
40  59  N. 

Matlock,  a  village  in  Derbyshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Derwent,  with  a  bath  whos.: 
water  is  milk  warm,  which  is  pretty  much 
frequented,  four  miles  N  of  Wuksworth. 
It  is  an  extensive  straggling  place,  built 
in  a  romantic  style,  on  the  steep  side  ol 
a  mountain,  the  houses  rising  regularb 
one  above  another.  There  are  excellent 
accommodations  for  the  company  who 
resort  to  the  baths  :  and  the  poorer  ihha 
bitants  are  supported  by  the  sale  of  pe- 
trifactions, crystals,  and,wptwithstaiiding 
the  rockiness  of  the  soil  the  cliffs  of  the 
rocks  produce  a  great  number  of  trees, 
Whose  foliage  adds  greatly  to  the  beauty 
pf  fhe '.map? titf-i 

Mdtrnai,    See  Jeso. 

Matthco,  St.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arra- 
gon,  10  m  from  the  Mediterrffineani 
and  55  N  of  Valencia,  Lon.  0  36  W,  lat. 
40  12  JT. 


Matthew,  St.  an  island  of  Africa,  420 
miles  S  by  W  of  Cape  Palmas  on  the  coast 
of  Guinea.  It  was  planted  by  the  Portu- 
guese, but  is  now  deserted.  Lon.  6  10 
W,  lat.  1  24  S. 

Matthew,  St:  a  small  island  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  ^on.  123  51  E,  lat.  5  23  S. 

Matthews,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia, containing  4227  inhabitants  in  1810, 
including  2068  slaves.  It  is  situated  on 
the  S  side  of  Kankatank  river  which  se- 
parates it  from  Middlesex,  in  the  N, 
and  in  the  S,  it  has  King  and  Queen 
county. 

Matumay,  a  seaport  in  the  island  of  Je- 
so,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name, 
tributary  to  Japan.    Lon.  138  55  E,  lat 

42  0  N. 

Manbeuge,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  province 
of  Trench  Hainault.  In  September  1793, 
the  Austrians  formed  the  blockade  of 
this  place,  but  were  driven  from  their  po- 
sition, in  the  following  month.  It  is  for- 
tified according  to  Vauban,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Sambre,  12  miles  S  of  Mons, 
and  40  SW  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  5  E,  lat. 
50  15  N. 

Maiddah,  a  handsome  city  of  Hindoos. 
;an  Proper,  ?n  Bengal,  situated  on  a  river 
hat  communicates  with  the  Ganges.  It 
irose  out  of  the  ruins  of  Gour,  whieh  are 
in  its  neighbourhood  ;  and  is  a  place  of 
trade,  particularly  in  silk.  It  is  190  miles 
N  of  Calcutta,  Lon.  88  28  E,  lat.  25  10  N. 

Mavleon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Pyrenees  and  late 
province  of  Beam,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
situated  on  the  river  Care  on  the  frontiers 
of  Spain,  20  miles  SW  of  Pau,  and  40  S 
E  of  Dax.    Lon.  0  31  W,  lat.  43  10  N*. 

Mavleon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vendee  and  late  province  of 
Poitou,  with  a  late  famous  Augustine  ab- 
bey  :  it  is  seated  near  the  rivulet  Oint,  52 
miles  NE  of  Rochelle,  and  52  NW  of 
Poitiers.    Lon.  0  36  W,  lat.  46  54  N. 

Maura,  St.  an  island  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, near  the  coast  of  Albania,  15  miles 
NE  of  the  island  of  Cephalonia.  Lon.  20 
46  E,  lat.  39  2  N. 

Mavre,  St.  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Touraine,  17  miles  S  of 
Tours,  and  148  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  42 
E,  lat.  47  9  N. 

Mauriac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Cantal,  and  late  province 
of  Auvergne,  with  some  trade  and  famous 
for  excellent  horses.  It  is  seated  near 
the  Dordogne,  27  miles  SE  of  Tulles. 
Lon.  2  16  E,  lat.  45  15  N. 

Maurice,  St.  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  Vallais,    It  lies  between  two  high 


M  A'Y 


M  E  A 


mountains,  and  is  situated  on  the  Rhone, 
16  miles  NW  of  Martigny.  It  guards  the 
entrance  into  the  Lower  Vallais. 

Maurienne,  a  village  of Savoy,  50  miles 
in  length,  extending  to  Mount  Cenis, 
which  separates  it  from  Piedmont.  St. 
John  is  the  capital  town: 

Mauritius.    See  Isle  of  France. 

Manrua,  one  of  the*  Society  Islands,  Mn 
the  S  Pacific  Ocean,  14  miles  W  of  Bola- 
bola.    Lon.  152  32  W,  lat.  16  25  S. 

Maws,  St.  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  wjiich 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  but 
has  no  church,  chapel,  nor  market.  Hen- 
ry VIII.  built  a  castle  here,  opposite  Pen- 
dennis  castle,  on  the  E  side  of  Falmouth 
haven,  for  the  better  security  of  that  im- 
portant port.  It  sends  two  members  t<> 
parliament  and  is  3  miles  E  of  Falmouth, 
and  250  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  56  W, 
lat.  50  8  N. 

Maximin,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Var  and  late  province  of 
Provence.  Before  the  revolution,  here 
was  a  convent  for  Dominicans,  on  which 
they  pretended  to  preserve  the  body  of 
Mary  Magdalen,  which  brought  them 
great  riches  by  the  resort  of  superstiti- 
ous visitors.  It  is  seated  on  the  Argens, 
20  miles  N  of  Toulon.  Lon.  5  57  E,  lat. 
43  30  N. 

May,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  7  miles  SE 
of  Crail.  It  is  surrounded  by  rocks  which 
render  it  almost  inaccessible.  It  has  a 
lighthouse,  of  great  benefit  to  vessels  en- 
tering the  Frith. 

May,  Cape,  a  cape  of  North  America, 
on  the  N  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  Dela- 
ware.   Lon.  75  W,  lat.  39  0  X. 

Muyahonn,  a  very  ancient  city  of  Pegue, 
situated  on  the  Irrawaddy.  It  stretches 
two  miles  along  the  margin  of  the  river, 
and  is  distinguished  by  numerous  gilded 
temples,  and  spacious  convents,  and  a 
great  variety  of  tall  wide-spreading  trees 
gives  it  an  air  of  venerable  grandeur.  Its 
quays  are  frequented  by  great  numbers 
of  trading  boats  some  of  them  of  60  tons 
burden.  The  neighbourhood  is  fruitful 
in  rice,  of  which  large  quantities  are  ex- 
ported to  Ummerrampoora,  the  capital  of 
the  Birman  dominions. 

Mayence.    See  Mentz. 

Mayenne.    See  Maine. 

Mayfield,  a  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  New  York,  containing  2065  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  about  37 
miles  NW  of  Albany. 

Mayo,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Connaught,  62  miles  long  and  52 
broad  :  bounded  on  the  E  by  Roscommen, 
on  the  S  by  Gal  way,  on  the  W  and  N  by 
the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  NE  by  Sligo.  It 


is  a  fertile  country,  and  abounds  in  cattle, 
deer,  hawks,  and  honey.  It  contains  75 
parishes,  and  sends  f  ur  members  to  par- 
liament. The.  principal  town,  of  the  same 
name,  is  much  decayed.  Lon.  9  39  W, 
lat.  53  40  N. 

Mayo,  or  the  Isle  of  May,  one  of  the 
Cape  de  Verd  Islands,  in  the  Atlantic  O- 
cean,  300  miles  from  Cape  de  Yerd  in  A- 
frica,  about  17  miles  in  circumference. 
The  soil  in  general  is  very  barren,  and 
water  scarce  ;  hut  there  are  plenty  of 
beeves,  goats,  and  asses;  as  also,  some 
corn,  yams,  potatoes,  planiains,  figs,  and 
watermelons.  The  chhf  commodity  is 
salt,  with  which  many  English  ships  are 
freighted  in  the  summer  time  Pinosa 
is  the  principal  town,  and  has  two  church- 
es. The  inhabitants  are  negroes,  who 
speak  the  Portuguese  languiage,  and  ma- 
in of  them  go  naked.  Lon.  23  0  W,  lat. 
15  10  N.  ,  r 

Jfazag-an,  a  strong  town  of  Africa  in 
the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  seated  near 
the  Atlantic,  eight  miles  W  of  Azamor, 
and  120  N  of  Morocco,  Lon.  8  15  W,  lat. 
33  12  N. 

JIazara,  an  ancient  town  of  Sicily,  ca- 
pital of  a  fertile  valley  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  good  harbour  and  a  bishop's  see, 
25  miles  S'W  of  Trapani.  Lon.  12  30  E, 
lat.  37  53  E. 

Jfcacb,  a  city  of  the  island  of  Niphon, 
in  Japan,  of  which  it  was  formerly  the  ca- 
pital. It  is  the  great  magazine  of  all  the 
manufactures  in  Japan,  and  the  principal 
place  for  trade.  The  inhabitants  are  said 
to  be  600,000.  Lon.  134  25  E,  lat.  35  30  N. 

Meadia,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  ban- 
nat  oTTemeswar,  seated  on  the  N  side  of 
the  Danube,  15  miles  E  of  Belgrade.  It 
was  dismantled  by  the  Turks  in  1738. 
Lon.  12  0E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

JMeadsville,  the  principal  town  of  Craw- 
ford county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  French  creek,  25  miles  NW 
of  Fort  Franklin.    Here  is  a  post  office. 

Mean,  a  small  island,  one  of  the  Mo- 
luccas, in  the  Indian  Ocean,  with  a  good 
harbour     Lon.  127  5  E,  lat.  1  12  N. ' 

Mearns.   Sre  Kincardineshire. 

Meath,  or  East  .M  ath,  a  county  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  province  of  Leinster,  36  miles 
long,  and  35  broadj  bounded  on  tin;  N 
by  Cavan  and  Louth,  on  the  E  bv  the  Irish 
Sea  and  Dublin,  on  the  S  by  'hat  county 
and  Kildare,  and  on  the  W  by  West 
Meath.  It  contains  139  parishes,  and 
sends  14  members  to  parliament.  Trim 
is  the  capital. 

Meath,  West,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Leinster ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Cavan.  on  the  NE  and  E  by  East  Me- 
ath, on  the  S  by  King's  county,  on  the  W 


M  E  C 

Roserommon,  from  which  it  is  separat- 
ed by  the  Shannon,  and  on  the  N\V  by 
Longford.  It  is  one  of  the  most  popu- 
lous and  fertile  counties  in  Ireland,  con- 
tains 62  parishes,  and  sends  ten  members 
to  parliament.  Mullenger  is  the  county 
town, 

Jtfedux,  an  ancient  and  lately  an  episco- 
pal town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Marne,  and  late  province  of 
the  Isle  of  France,  wish  a  bishop's  see* 
seated  on  the  Marne  which  divides  it  in- 
to two  parts.  It  is  10  miles  NW  of  Co- 
lomiers,  and  25  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  58 
E,  lat.  48  58  N. 

jyiecan,  a  large  river  of  Thibet.  It  ris- 
scs  in  that  country  and  flowingSE  through 
Laos  and  Cambodia,  falls  by  two  mouths 
into  the  Eastern  Ocean,  and  forms  an  is- 
land below  the  city  of  Cambodia,  which 
here  gives  name  to  the  eastern  branch. 

JL'cca,  an  ancient  ana  very  famous  town 
of  Asia,  in  Arabia  the  Happy  :.  seated  on  a 
barren  spot,  in  a  valley,  surrounded  with 
little  hills,  about  a  day's  journey  from  the 
Red  Sea.  It  is  a  place  of  no  strength, 
having  neither  walls  nor  gates,  and  the 
buildings  are  very  nnean.  That  which 
supports  it  is  the  resort  of  a  great  many 
thousand  pilgrims  annually,  for  the  shops 
are  scarcely  open  all  the  year  besides. 
The  inhabitants  are  poor,  very  thin,  lean, 
and  swarthy.  The  hills  about  the  town 
are  very  numerous,  and  all  consists  of  a 
-blackish  rock,  and  some  of  them  are  half 
a  miie  in  circumference.  On  the  top  of 
one  of  them  is  a  cave,  where  they  pretend 
Mahomet  usually  retired  to  perform  his 
devotions,  and  hither  they  affirm  the 
greatest  part  of  the  alcoran  was  brought 
him  by  the  angel  Gabriel.  The  town  lias 
plenty  of  water,  and  yet  little,  garden 
stuff;  but  th  re  are  several  sorts  of  good 
fruits  to  be  had,  such  as  grapes,  mcions, 
water-melons,  and  cucumbers.  There 
are  also  plenty  of  sheep  brought  thither 
to  be  sold  to  the  pilgrims'  It  stands  in  a 
very  hot  climate,  and  the  inhabitants  u- 
sually  sleep  on  the  tops  of  their  houses, 
for  the  sake  of  coolness.  The  temple  of 
Mecca,  has  42  doors,  and  its  form  resem- 
bles the  Royal  Exchange  in  London,  but 
it  is  near  ten  times  as  large.  It  is  open  in 
the  middle,  and  the  ground  covered  with 
gravel,  except  in  two  or  three  places  that 
led  to  the  Beat-Allah  through  certain 
doors,  and  these  are  paved  with  short 
stones.  There  are  cloisters  all  round, 
and  in  the  sides  are  Little  rooms  or  cells 
for  those  that  live  a  monastic  life.  The 
Beat-Allah  stands  in  the  middle  of' the 
temple,  is  a  square  structure,  each  side 
about  20.  p:ices  long,  and  24  feet  high,g 
covered  all  over  freni  top  to  .bottom  with 


M  E  C 

a  thick  sort  of  silk,  and  the  middle  em- 
broidered with  letters  of  gold,  each  let- 
ter being  about  two  feet  in  length,  and  two 
inches  broad.  The  door  is  covered  with 
silver  plates,  and  there  is  a  curtain  be- 
fore it  thick  with  gold  embroidery.  This 
Beat  is  the  principal  object  of  the  pil- 
grims devotion,  and  is  open  but  two  days 
in  the5  space  of  six  weeks,  namely,  one 
day  for  the  men,  and  next  for  the  women. 
Within  there- is  only  two  wooden  pillars 
in  the  middle  to  support  the  roofjVith  a 
bar  of  iron  fastened  thereto,  on  which 
hang  three  or  four  silver  lamps.  The 
walls  on  the  insde  are  marble,  and  cov- 
ered with  silk,  unless  when  the  pilgrims 
enter.  About  12  paces  from  the  Beat 
is  the  sepulchre  of  Abraham,  as  they  pre- 
tend, and  they  affirm  that  he  erected  the 
Heat-Allah.  The  tomb  is  handsome  e- 
nough,  and  not  unlike  those  of  people  of 
fashion  in  England.  When  they  have 
performed  their  devotions  here,  they  re- 
pair to  a  gibe  I  or  hill,  which  however  is 
not  large  enough  to  contain  them  all  at 
once,  for  there  arc  no  less  than  70,000 
pilgrims  every  year.  When  certain  cere- 
monies are  over,  they  then  receive  the  ti- 
tle of  hadgies  or  saints,  and  the  next 
morning  they  move  to  a  place  where  they 
say  Abraham  went  to  offer  up  his  son  I- 
saac,  which  is  about  two  or  three  miles 
from  Mecca;  here  they  pitch  their  tents 
and  then  throw  seven  small  stones  against 
a  litt le  square  stone  building.  This,  as 
theyvaffiim,  is  performed  in  defiance  of 
the  devil.  Every  one  then  purchases  a 
•;heep,  which  is  brought  for  that  purpose, 
eating  some  of  it  themselves,  and  giving 
the  rest  to  the  poor  people  who  attend 
upon  the  occasion.  It  is  25  miles  from 
Jodda,  the  seaport  town  of  Mecca,  and 
220  SE  of  Medina.  Lon.  40  55  E,  lat. 
21  45  N. 

Mecklenlmrgh,  a  duchy  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony  ;  boundc  d  on 
the  N  by  the  Baltic,  on  the  E  by  Pome- 
raniaj  on  the  S  by  Brandenburg,  and  on 
the  W  by  Holstein  and  Lunenburg.  It 
extends  135  miles  in  length,  and  90  where 
broadest.  It  is  a  fruitful  country,  well 
watered  with  inland  lakes  and  river!*, 
and  abounds  in  corn,  pastures,  and  game. 
Its  situation  on  the  Baltic,  renders  it 
very  convenient  for  foreign  trade.  This 
country  was  formerly  subject  to  one 
prince,  but  in  1592,  on  the  death  of  t  he 
sovereign,  it  was  divided  between  his 
two  sons,  the  one  possessing  the  duchy 
of  Mecklenburg  Schwerin,  and  the  other 
the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg  Strelitz. 

Mecklenbevgy  a  populous  county  in  the 
state  of  Virginia,  containing  18  453  in- 
habitants in  1810,  of  whom  10,264  were 


M  E  D 


M  E  D 


slaves.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E  by  Green- 
ville ;  on  the  N  by  Lunenburg' ;  on  the 
W  by  Charlotte  and  Halifax  ;  and  on  the 

5  by  the  state  of  North  Carolina. 
Mecklenburg,  a  post  town,  and  the  ca- 

pi;al  of  Mecklenburg1  county,  Virginia  ; 
situated  on  the  N  side  of  Roanoke  river, 
about  65  miles  S  W  of  Petersburg*;  on  the 
Appmnatox. 

Mechlin,  a  city  of  the  Austrian  Nether- 
lands, capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name,  with  an  archbishop's  see.  It  con- 
sists of  several  small  islands  made  by  ar- 
tificial canals,  over  which  are  great  many 
bridges  ;  and  its  cathedral  is  a  superb 
structure,  with  a  yery  high  steeple.  Here 
is  a  great  foundry  for  ordnance  of  all 
kinds  ;  and  it  is  famous  for  fine  lace,  and 
a  t.ort  of  beer  ;  which  is  sent  into  the 
neighbouring  provinces.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Dender,  10  miles  NE  of  Brussels, 
and  15  SE  of  Antwerp.  Lon.  4  34  E,  lat. 
51  2  N. 

JMechoachan,  a  province  of  New  Spain, 
in  the  audience  of  Mexico ;  bounded  on 
tlie  NW  by  New  Biscay,  on  the  NE  by 
Pannco,  on  the  E  by  Mexico  Proper,  on 
the  8  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  on  the 
W  by  New  Galicia.  It  is  200  miles  in 
circumference,  and  is  v  ery  rich,  abound- 
ing in  all  the  necessaries  of  life.  It  has 
also  mines  of  silver  and  copper,  great 
plenty  of  ooCoa  nuts,  and  much  silk. 

Mechoachan,  or  Vulladolid,  a  considera- 
ble town  of  New  Spain,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Mechoacan,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  near  a  great  lake,  110 
miles  W  of  Mexico.  Lon.  102  28  W,  lat. 
20  5  N. 

Meekley,  a  province  of  Asia,  sub  ject  to 
the  king  of  Burmah.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N  Ly  Assam,  on  the  E  by  China,  on 
the  W  by  Bengal,  and  on  the  S  by  Ros- 
haan  and  Burmah. 

Mecran,  a  province  of  Persia,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Segestan  and  Candaha. ,  on 
the  E  by  Hindoostan,  on  the  S  by  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  and  on  the  W  by  Herman. 
The  country  is  almost  a  desert  and  very 
little  known. 

Mecrihos,  a  town  of  Portugal  in  Tra- 
ins Montes,  15  miles  NNE  of  Torre  dc 
Moncove,  and  24  SE  of  Mirandela.  Lon 

6  3  W,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Medebach,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  32 
miles  W  of  Cassiel.  Lon.  10  1  E,  lat. 
51  8  N. 

Medelin,  a  small  town  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tramadura,  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on 
the  river  Guadiana,  22  miles  E  of  Meri- 
da.    Lon.  5  38  W,  lat.  34  41  N. 

Medelpadia,  a  maritime  province  of 
Sweden  in  Norland,  and  on  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia.    It  is  mountainous  and  woodv 


with  fruitful  vallics  and  fine  pastures. 
Sundswail  is  the  capital. 

Medici,  now  the  province  of  Ghilan 
hi  Persia,  once  the  seat  of  a  powerful 
empire. 

MeidenibUek,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
duces, in  New  Holland,  seated  on  the 
Zuider-Zee,  with  a  good  harbour.  *  It  is 
nine  miles  N  of  HiSqt  i,  and  22  NE  of 
Amsterdam.    Lon.  5  0  E,  lat.  52  47  N. 

Medford,  a  post  town  in  Middlesex 
coumy,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Mystic  ri- 
ver, five  miles  NW  of  Boston,  with  1443 
inhabitants  in  1810. 

Medina,  a  town  of  Arabia  Deserta,  ce- 
lebrated for  being  the  burial  place  of 
Mahomet.  It  is  a  small,  poor  place,  but 
walicd  round,  and  has  a  large  mosque, 
but  nothing  like  the  temple  at  Mecca.  In 
one  corner  is  a  place  14  paces  square., 
with  great  windows,  and  brass  gates ; 
and  in  the  middle,  the  tomb  of  Mahpmet, 
inclosed  with  curtains,  and  lighted  by  a 
great  many  lamps.  The  tomb  is  not  "ex- 
posed to  any,  except  the  eunuchs  ap- 
pointed to  take  care  of  it,  and  to  light 
the  lamps  ;  but  the  story  of  its  being  sus- 
pended in  the  air  by  a  loadstone  is  known 
to  be  a  fiction.  Medina  is  called  the, city 
of  the  Prophet,  because  here  he  was  pro- 
tected by  the  inhabitants  when  he  fled 
from  Mecca  ;  and  here  he  was  first  in- 
vested with  regal  power.  The  time  of 
his  death  was  in  6  37;  but  the  Mahometan 
epoch  begins  in  622,  from  the  time  of  his 
flight.  It  is  seated  on  a  plain,  abound- 
ing in  palm-trees,  200  miles  NW  of  Mec- 
ca.   Lon.  39  33  E,  lat.  24  20  N. 

Medina-Celi,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same 
name  ;  seated  near  the  Xalbng,  ten  miles 
N'E  of  Si^nenza,  and  75  SW  of  Saragossa. 
Lon.  2  24  W,  lat.  41  12  N. 

Medina-dc-hm-Torres,  an  ancient  but 
small  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura,  with 
an  old  castle,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain near  Badajoz. 

Medina-del-Campo,  a  rich  and  commer- 
cial town  of  Spam,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Leon.  It  has  great  privileges,  and  is  seat- 
ed in  a  country  abounding  with  corn  and 
wine,  37  miles  SE  of  Z  a  mora,  and  75  N" 
W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4  24  \V,  lat.  41  20  N. 

Medma-del-liio-Seccu,  an  ancient  town 
of  Spain,  in  the  kingdom  of  Leon,  seated 
on  a  fertile  pi;  in,  35  miles  NW  of  Valla- 
dolia,  and  50  SE  of  Leon.  Lon.  4  33  E, 
lal .  42  6  N. 

Medina- Si donia,  an  ancient  town  of 
Spam,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  castle,  36 
miles  NNW"  of  Gibraltar,  and  20  NE  of 
Cadiz. ...Lon.  5  36  E,  lat.  36  40  N. 

Mfdlterrc.ucan,  a  sea  between  Asia, 


Africa,  and  Europe,  extending 


the 


MEG 

strains  of  Gibraltar  to  the  coasts  of  Sy- 
ria and  Palestine  above  2000  miles,  bat 
ot  Unequal  breadth.  It  communicates 
with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  tbe  stritiis  ot 
Gibraltar;  and  with  die  l.ilafekSea  by  the 
strait  of  Gallipott,  the  Sea  of  MarmoTa, 
and  the  strait  of  Constantinople.  There 
is  no  tide  in  this  sea,  and  a  constant  cur- 
rent sets  in  from  the  Atlantic  through  the 
straits  of  Gibraltar.  It  contains  many 
islands,  several  of  them  large,  as  Major- 
ca, Corsica,  Sardinia,  Sicily,  Candia,  and 
Cyprus.  The  eastern  part  of  it,  boi  tier- 
ing upon  Asia,  is  sometimes  called  the 
Levant  Sea.  Lon.  6  W  to  37  E,  lat.  31 
to  44  N. 

Mednikiy  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Samoffitia,  with  a  bishop's  see  ; 
seated  on  the  Warwitz,  40  miles  E  of 
Memel.    Lon.  22  49  E,  lat.  55  42  NT: 

Medua,  a  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Al- 
giers, seated  in  a  country  abounding  in 
corn,  fruits,  and  flocks  of  sheep.  It  is 
175  miles  SW  of  Algiers.  Lon.  0  13  E, 
lat.  34  45  N. 

Medivay,  a  river  which  rises  in  Ash- 
down  Forest,  in  Sussex  ;  entering  Kent, 
it  passes  by  Tunbrtdge,  and  Maidstone. 
It  is  navigable  to  Rochester ;  below 
which  it  divides  itself  into  two  branches, 
the  western  one  enters  the  Thames,  be- 
tween the  isles  of  Grain  and  Shepey,  ana 
is  defended  by  the  fort  at  Sheemess  ;  in 
this  branch  at  Chatham,  is  a  station  for 
the  royal  navy.  The  feastern  branch  cal- 
led the  East  Swale,  runs  to  Milton,  and 
Feversham,  below  which  it  falls  into  the 
German  Ocean. 

Medxuav,  a  post  town  in  Norfolk  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  about  25  miles  SW  of 
Boston,  and  about  the  same  distance  NE 
of  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

Medwi,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  E  Gothland,  called  the  Swedish 
Spa,  on  account  of  its  waters,  which  arc 
viriolic  and  sulphureous.  The  lotiging 
houses  form  one  street  of  uniform  wood- 
en buildings  painted  red.  The  walks  and 
rides  are  delightful,  particularly  on  the 
banks  of  the  Wetter.  It  is  three  miles 
from  Wadstena. 

Medziboz,  a  town  of  Poland  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Voihinia,  seated  on  the  river 
Bog,  20  miles  S  of  Constantinow. 

Megura,  an  ancient  towu  of  Greece, 
formerly  very  large,  but  now  inconsidera- 
ble. Here  are  some  fine  remains  of  anti- 
quity, and  it  is  20  miles  W  of  Athens. 
Lon.  23  30  E,  lat.  38  6  N. 

Megen,  a  town  of  Dutch  B  rub  ant,  seat- 
ed on  the  Maese,  15  miles  SW  of  Nime- 
guen.    Lon.  5  26  E,  lat.  51  49  N. 

Megesvar,  a  town  of  Transylva^jLa^  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  re- 


M  E  L 


markable  for  its  good  wines.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Kotel.  Lon.  25  20  E  lat.  46 
50  N. 

Megiers,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  sub- 
ject to  Austria,  28  miles  jN  of  Herman- 
stadt.    Lon.  24  41  E,  lat.  46  53  N. 

IMehrun,  the  principal  ot  the  channels 
into  which  the. river  Indus  divides  itself, 
near  Tatta,  in  Hindoosian  Proper. 

JtfeJjkht&ur-Yevre,  an  ancient  town  of 
France  in  the  department  of  Cher,  and 
late  province  of  Berry.  Here  are  the  ru- 
ins of  a  castle  built  by  Charles  Vll.  as  a 
place  of  retirement.  It  is  seated  in  a  fer- 
tile plain,  on  the  river  Yevre,  10  miles 
NW  of  Bourges,  and  105  S  of  Paris-  Lon. 
2  17  E,  lat.  47  19  N. 

Mehun-siir- Loire,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Loiret,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Orleanois,  seated  on  the  Loire, 
10  miles  SW  of  Orleans.  Lon.  1  48  E, 
lat.  47  50  N. 

Meillerie,  a  village  of  the  duchy  of 
Chablais.  It  is  seated  on  the  S  side  of 
the  lake  of  Geneva,  in  the  recess  of  a 
.small  bay,  at  the  foot  of  impending  moun- 
tains in  Savoy.  This  place  is  an  interest- 
ing scene  in  the  Eloisa  of  Rousseau. 

Menau,  an  island  in  the  bay  of  the  Bod- 
mer  Sea,  or  middle  lake,  of  Constance, 
one  mile  in  circumference.  It  belongs  to 
the  knights  of  the  Teutonic  order,  and 
produces  excellent  wine,  which  forms 
the  chief  revenue  of  the  commander.  It 
is  five  miles  N  of  Constance. 

Meissen,  or  Misnia,  a  margravate  of 
German)  ,  in  the  electorate  of  Saxony  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  duchy  of  Saxo- 
ny, on  the  E  by  Lusatia,  on  the  S  by  Bo- 
hemia, and  on  the  W  by  Thuringia.  It  is 
100  miles  in  length,  and  80  in  breadth  ; 
and  is  a  very  fine  country,  producing 
corn,  wine,  metals,  and  ail  things  thai 
contribute  to  the  pleasure  of  life.  The 
capital  is  Dresden. 

Meissen,  a  considerable  town  in  the 
electorate  of  Saxony  Proper,  and  in  the 
margravate  of  Meissen,  with  a  castle,  and 
a  famous  manufacture  of  porcelain.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Elbe,  ten  miles  NNW  of 
Dresden,  and  37  ESE  of  Leipsick.  Lon. 
13  33  E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Melazzo,  an  ancient  town  of  Natolia 
It  has  a  bishop's  see,  and  here  are  also 
some  curious  monuments  of  antiquity.  It 
is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Archipelago,  60 
miles  S  of  Smvrna.  Lon.  27  25  E,  lat. 
37  28  N. 

Melck,  a  small  fortified  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  Lower  Austria 
Here  is  a  celebrated  Benedictine  abbey, 
seated  on  a  hill,  47  miles  W  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  15  20  E,  lat.  48  11  N. 

Mslco7ab  Regis,  a  borough  in  Dorset- 


M  E  L 


MEM 


shire,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday  and  Fri- 
rlay.  It  is  seated  on  an  arm  of  the  sea, 
iuid  is  united  to  Weymouth  by  a  wooden 
bridge,  in  which  there  is  a  drawbridge 
ibr  the  admission  of  ships  into  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  harbour.  Melcomb  is 
seated  in  a  flat,  and  has  a  market  place, 
with  good  streets  and  yards  for  their 
merchandise.  The  two  towns  were  incor- 
porated tog-ether,  in  the  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth, are  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  send 
four  members  to  parliament.  Melcomb 
is  eight  miles  S  of  Dorchester,  and  129 
WS\V  of  London.  Lon.  2  40  VV,  lat.  50 
37  N.    See  Weymouth. 

Meldela,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna, 
belonging  to  its  own  prince.  It  is  eight 
miles' S\V  of  Ravenna.  Lon.  11  48  E,  lat. 
44  22  N. 

Meldert,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
10  miles  of  Lou  vain.  Lon.  4  41  E,  lat. 
50  45  N. 

Meld  or  p,  a  considerable  town  of  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Holstein.  seated 
Bear  the  Milde,  15  miles  S  of  Toningtn, 
and  45  W  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  9  6  E,  lat. 
54  10  X. 

Meifi,  %  considerable  town  of  Naples, 
in  Balsilicata,  with  an  ancient  Castle  seat- 
ed on  a  rock,  and  a  bishop's  see,  16  miles 
N.E  of  Conza,  and  72  of  Naples.  Lon.  15 
52  E,  lat.  41  2  N. 

Melida,  an  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  and  in  the  republic  of 
Ragusa.  It  is  25  miles  in  length,  and 
abounds  in  oranges,  citrons,  wine,  and 
fish.  It  has  a  Benedictine  abbey,  six  vil- 
lages, and  several  harbours.  ' 

Mettlia,  an  ancient  town  of  the  king- 
dom of  Fez.  It  was  taken  in  1496,  by 
the  Spaniards;  but  it  was  restored  to  the 
Moors.  It  is  seated  near  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 75  miles  W  bv  N  of  Tremescn. 
Lon.  2  57  W,  lat.  34  48  N. 

Melinda,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Zanguabar.  It  produces  plenty 
of  rice,  sugar,  cocoa  nuts,  and  other  tro- 
pical fruits.  The  capital  town  is  of  the 
same  name,  and  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Quilmanci,  in  an  agreeable 
plain.  It  is  a  large,  populous  place,  in 
which  the  Portuguese  have  17  churches. 
9  convents,  and  ware-houses  well  provi- 
ded with  European  goods.  It  is  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  with  fine  gardens, 
and  has  a  good  harbour,  defended  by  a 
fort.  The  inhabitants  consist  of  Chris- 
tians and  negroes,  which  last  have  their 
own  king  and  religion,  and  the  number  of 
both  is  said. to  amount  to  200,000.  Lon. 
39  38  E,  lat.  2  15  S.  • 
Meiita.  See  Malta. 
Melitello,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val- 
di-Noto,  eight  miles  W  of  Lcontjt;^j 


Melito,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Calabria 
tflteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  40  miles 
N  of  Reggio.  Lon.  16  30  E,  lat.  38  40  X. 

Melle,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Osm.burg,  10  miles  E  of  Os- 
naburg.    Lon.  8  35  E.  lat.  52  25  N. 

Mel'e,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart* 
mem  of  the  Two  Sevres,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Foitou,  13  miles  S  of  St.  Maixent. 

Metier.    See  Jkfekr. 

MpUingen,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  bailiwic  of  Baden,  which  before  their 
late  subjugation,  depended  on  the  can- 
tons of  Zuric  and  Bern.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  country,  on  the  river  Reuss,  five 
miles  S  by  W  of  Baden. 

Jlelnick,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Elbe  and  Muldaw, 
18  miles  N  of  Prague.  Lon.  14  50  E,  lat. 
50  22  N. 

Meloue,  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  seat- 
ed on  the  Nile,  from  whence  it  has  afmfe 
appearance.    Lon.  31  55  E,  lat.  27  30  N, 

Melrose,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Rox- 
burghshire, close  by  which  are  the  mag- 
nificent remains  of  Melrose  Abbey,found- 
ed  in  1136,  by  David  I.  Nothing  of  this 
bbey,  the  most  magnificent  in  the  king- 
dom now  remains,  excepting  a  part  of 
the  cloister  walls,  elegantly  carved;  but 
the  ruins  of  the  church  are  of  uncommon 
beauty  and  elegance.  Part  is  still  used 
for  divine  service,  the  rest  is  uncovered. 
Melrose  is  seated  near  the  Tweed,  28 
iniles  SE  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  43  W, 
lat.  55  38  N. 

Melrichstadt,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Wurtzburg.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Strat,  20  miles  N  of  Schwein- 
furt. 

Melton  Mowbray,  a  town  in  Leicester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  consi- 
derable for  cattle,  hogs,  and  sheep.  It  is 
seated  in  a  fertile  soil  on  the  river  Eye, 
over  which  are  two  stone  bridges,  15 
miles  S  by  E  of  Nottingham,  and  106  N 
bv  W  of  "London.  Lon.  0  50  W,  lat.  52 
48  N. 

Melun,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Seine  and  Marne,  and 
late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  seat- 
ed on  the  Seine,  25  miles  SE  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  35  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Membrillo,  a  town  o^pain,in  Estrama- 
dura,  1  i  miles  S  of  Alcantara.  Lon.  6  0 
W,  lat.  39  12  X. 

Membury,  a. town  in  Devonshire,  on  the 
SW  side  of  the  Chard,  has  the  ruins  of  a 
castle,  is  noted  for  the  best  Devonshire 
'  heese.  and  has  a  fair  on  August  10. 

Memel,  a  strong  town  of  Eastern  Prus- 
sia, with  a  castle.  It  has  the  finest  har- 
bour in  the  Baltic,  and  an  extensive  com- 
merce. It  is  seated  on  the  N  extremity 
3  G 


MEN 


M  E  N 


of  the  Curische  Haf,  an  inlet  of  theBal-j 
tic,  70  miles  in  length,  which  is  here  | 
joined  to  the  sea  by  a  narrow  strait.  On 
the  NE  side  of  the  entrance  into  the 
harbour  is  a  light-house,  erected  in  1796. 
It  is  76  miles  NNE  of  Koningsbcrg,  and 
140  NE  of  Daatzic.  Lon.  21  40  E,  lat. 
55  46  N. 

JMemmingen,  a  strong1  town  of  Suabia, 
near  which  the  emigrants  under  the 
prince  of"  Conde,  were  in  August  1795, 
defeated  by  the  French  republicans.  It 
is  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  24  miles  SE  of 
Ulm,  and  35  SW  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10 
lo  E,  lat.  48  5  N. 

JMemphremagogy  a  lake  of  North  Ame- 
rica; situated  partly  in  the  state  of  Ver- 
mont, and  partly  in  Canada.  It  commu- 
nicates witli  the  river  St.  Lawrence  by 
the  fiver  St.  Francis. 

vWeurm,  a  large  river  in  the  kingdom 
of  Siam,  which  runs  through  it  from  N 
to  S,  passes  by  the  city  of  Siam,  and  falls 
into  the  gulf  of  Siam,  below  Bancock. 
There  are  several  singular  fishes  in  it, 
besides  crocodiles,  which  are  common  in 
these  parts. 

Menancabo,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Su- 
matra. It  is  the  capital  of  a  small  king- 
dom of  the  same  name,  and  seated  on  the 
S  coast,  opposite  the  isle  of  Nassau,  250 
miles  from  the  strait  of  Sunda. 

Menat.  a  town  of  France,  in  Auvergne, 
and  in  the  late  diocese  of  Clermont. 

Jlfencle,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  ca- 
pital of  the  department  of  Lozere,  and 
late  province  of  Gervasidan,  with  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  very  populous  ;  has  manu- 
factures of  serges  and  other  woollen 
stuffs  ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Lot,  35  miles 
S\V  of  Puy,  and  210  S  by  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  35  E,  lat.  44  31  N. 

Mendip-IIillsy  a  mountainous  tract,  in 
the  NE  of  Somersetshire,  famous  for  its 
coal,  calamine,  and  lead;  the  latter  said 
to  be  of  a  harder  quality  than  that  of 
other  counties.  Copper,  manganese,  b 
and  red  ochre,  are  also  found  in  these 
lulls.  On  their  summits  are  large  swampj 
flats,  dangerous  to  cross. 

JWtmtllesham,  a  small  town  in  Suffolk 
with  a  market  on  Friday,  18  miles  E  of 
Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  82  NE  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  12  E^at.  52  24  N. 

.  JMendon,  a  post  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  37  miles  SW  of 
Boston,  and  12  N  of  Providence,  Rhode 
Island,  with  1819  inhabitants. 

Jlfendrah,  a  province  of  the  kingdom 
of  Fezzan,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
60  miles  S  of  Mourzook.  Although  much 
of  the  land  in  this  province  is  a  continu- 
ed level  of  hard  and  barren  soil,  the 
quantity  of  trona,  a  species  of  fossil  al- 


kali, that  floats  on  the  surface,  or  settles 
on  the  banks  of  its  numerous  smoaking 
lakes,  has  given  it  a  higher  importance 
than  that  of  the  most  fertile  districts. 

jMene/tould,  .V/.  an  ancient  and  conside- 
rable town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  and  late  province  of  Cham- 
pagne. St.  Menehould  is  20  miles  NE  of 
Chalons,  and  HO  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  59 
Ej  lat.  49  2N. 

~\lenie.    See  Munia. 

JMevm,  a  strongly  fortified  town  of 
Austrian  Flanders,  seated  on  the  Lis.  In 
1585,  it  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by 
fire.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  April, 
1794,  when  the  garrison  (in  order  to  save 
the  unhappy  emigrants)  bravely  forced 
their  way  through  the  enemy.  It  is  eight 
miles  SE  of  Ypres,  and  10*  N  of  Lisle. 
Lon.  3  9E,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Menton,  a  city  of  Italy,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Monaco,  with  a  castle,  and  a 
considerable  trade  in  fruit  and  oil.  It  is 
seated  near  the  sea,  five  miles  ENE  of 
Monaco,  and  eight  WSW  of  Yentimiglia. 
Lon.  7  35  E,  lat.  43  46  N. 

Jlcntz,  an  archbishopric  and  electorate 
of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  Lower 
Rhine,  and  lying  upon  that  river-  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Weteravia  and 
Hesse,  on  the  S  by  P'ranconia,  and  the  pa- 
latinate of  the  Rhine,  and  on  the  W  by 
the  electorate  of  Treves  ;  is  50  miles 
long,  and  20  broad ;  and  is  very  fertile. 
The  elector  is  also  sovereign  of  Eichs- 
leld,  Eisseld,  or  Eifeld  (a  country  sur- 
rounded by  Hesse,  Thuringia,  Grubenha- 
gen,  and  Calenberg)  and  of  the  city  and 
territory  of  Eifort,  in  Thuringia. 

Jifentz,  or  JWuyence,  a  considerable  ci- 
ty of  Germany,  capital  of  the  electorate 
of  Mentz,  with  an  university,  and  an 
rchbishop's  see.  The  archbishop  is  an 
lector  and  arch -chancellor  of  the  em- 
pire, keeper  of  the  archives  and  director 
S  the  general  and  particular  assemblies. 
The  northern  part  of  the  city  is  built  in 
an  irregular  manner,  but  there  are  three 
regular  streets  called  the  Blachen,  which 
run  parallel  to  each  other  from  the  Rhine, 
.uid  are  cut  regularly  by  cross  streets. 
Here  is  a  cathedral,  which  is  said  to  be 
the  largest  in  Germany,  in  which  there 
is  a  valuable  treasury.  Mentz  is  one  of 
the  towns  which  claim  the  invention  of 
printing.  Many  of  the  churches,  public 
buildings,  and  private  houses  were  de- 
stroyed, or  greatly  injured,  during  the 
siege  in  1795,  as  well  as  some  fine  villa- 
ges, vineyards,  and  country  houses. — 
Mentz  is  seated  on«the  Rhine,  just  below 
its  confluence  with  the  Maine;  nd  op- 
posite to  it,  on  the  E  side,  is  the  strong 
Lown  of  Cassel,  connected  with  it  by  a 


M  E  R 


ME  R 


bridge  of  boats.  It  is  15  miles  W  of 
Francfort,  and  75  E  of  Treves.  Lon.  8  10 
E,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Mephen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  which  depends  on  the 
bishop  of  Minister,  seated  on  the  Embs, 
15  miles  N  of  Lingen,  and  50  NW  of 
Minister.    Lon.  7  36  E,  lat.  52  45  N. 

Meqirinenza,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain, 
in  Arragon,  strongly  defended  by  a  good 
castle.  It  is  sea  ed  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Ebro  and  Segra,  in  a  fertile  country, 
39  miles  NW  of' Tortosa,  and  180  NE  of 
Madrid.    Lon.  0  29  E,  lat.  41  36  X. 

Mequinez,  a  city  of  Fez,  in  the  empire 
of  Morocco,  seated  in  a  delightful  plain, 
having  a  serene  and  clear  air;  for  which 
reason  the  emperor  resides  in  this  place 
in  preference  to  Fez.  In  the  middle  of 
the  city,  the  Jews  have  a  place  to  them- 
selves, the  gates  of  which  are  locked 
every  night;  and  there  is  an  alcaid  to 
protect  them  against  the  common  people, 
who  otherwise  would  plunder  their  sub- 
stance. It  is  death  for  them  to  curse,  or 
lift  up  a  hand  against  the  meanest  Moor; 
and  they  are  obliged  to  wear  black 
clothes  and  caps,  and  to  pull  off"  their 
shoes  whenever  they  pass  by  a  mosque. 
Close  by  Mequinez,  on  the  NW  side, 
stands  a  large  negro  town,  which  takes 
up  as  much  ground  as  the  city,  but  the 
houses  are  not  so  high,  nor  so  well  built. 
The  houses  are  very  good,  but  the  streets 
exceedingly  narrow,  and  hardly  any  of 
the  windows  to  be  seen.  The  light  comes 
in  the  back  of  the  houses,  where  there 
is  a  square  court,  in  the  middle  of  which 
is  a  fountain,  if  the  house  belong  to  a 
person  of  any  rank.  They  are  fiat  at  the 
top;  so  that  in  many  places  they  can 
walk  a  great  way  upon  them.  The  wo- 
men live  in  the  upper  apartments,  and 
often  visit  each  other  from  the  tops  of 
the  houses.  When  these  go  abroad,  they 
have  their  heads  covered  with  their  out- 
ward garment,  which  comes  down  close 
to  their  eyes;  and  underneath  they  tie 
a  piece  of  white  cloth,  to  hide  the  lower 
part  of  their  face.  They  are  quite  co- 
vered all  over,  except  their  legs,  which 
.are  generally  naked;  but  within  doors 
they  appear  in  their  hair,  and  have  only 
a  single  fillet  over  their  foreheads.  Their 
customs  and  manners  are  much  '.he  samr 
as  those  of  other  Mahometans.  Mequi- 
nez is  66  miles  W  of  Fez.  Lon.  6  6  W, 
lat  33  16  N. 

Mert  a  small  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loir  and  Cher,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Blaisois,  10  miles  NE  of  Blois. 

Jl  ran,  a  handsome  trading  town  of 
Germany,  in  the  Tirol,  capital  of  Ersch- 
land,  seated  on  the  Adige,  12  miles  W  of 


Salisbury,  and  100  W  by  S  of  Longon, 
Lon.  2  25  W,  lat.  51  6  N. 

JWercer,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Penn- 
sylvania, containing  8,277  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  bounded,  on  the  S  by  B -aver ; 
on  the  E  by  Venango;  on  the  N  by  Craw- 
ford ;  and  on  the  W  by  the  state  of  Ohio. 
The  chief  town,  Mercer. 

Jlfercer,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky, containing  12,630  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  SW  side  of 
Kentucky  river,  about  25  miles  S  of 
Frankfort,  the  capital  of  the  stale.  The 
chief  town  is  Danville. 

JMerdin,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Diarbeek, 
with  a  castle  which  passes  for  impregna- 
ble, and  an  archbishop's  see.  The  coun- 
try about  it  produces  a  great  deal  of  cot- 
ton. It  is  45  miles  SE  of  Diarbekar.  Lon. 
39  59  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

JMerecz,  a  town  of  Poland  in  Lithuania, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Berczino 
and  Merecz,  30  miles  N  of  Grodno.  Lon. 
24  10  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Meredith,  a  township  of  Strafford  coiyt- 
ty,  New  Hampshire,  containing  1940  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  about  72  miles 
NW  of  Portsmouth. 

Meridciy  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
Estramadura,  said  to  have  been  built  by 
the  Romans,  before  the  birth  of  Christ. 
Here  are  fine  remains  of  antiquity,  par- 
ticularly a  triumphal  arch.  It  is  seated 
in  an  extensive  and  fertile  plain,  45  miles 
S  by  E  of  Alcantara.  Lon.  6  4  W,  lat. 
38  42  N. 

Meridiiy  a  town  of  North  America,  in 
New  Spain,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Yucatan,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  inha- 
bited by  the  Spaniards  and  native  Ame- 
ricans; and  is  30  miles  S  of  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  120  NE  of  Campeachv.  Lon. 
89  58  W,  lat.  20  45  N. 

Merida,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
New  Granada,  seated  in  a  country  a- 
bounding  with  all  kinds  of  fruits,  130 
miles  NE  of  Pampeluna.  Lon.  71  0  \V, 
lat.  8  30  N. 

Merion,  Upper  and  Lo-wefy  Two  conti- 
guous townships  of  Montgomery"  county, 
Pennsylvania.  They  are  situated  on  tl«e 
SW  side  of  Schuylkill,  about  six  miles 
W  of  Philadelphia.  The  inhabitants  of 
both  were  estimated  at  3C91  in  the  year 
1810. 

JMerionetKkhire,  a  county  of  North 
Wales,  bounded  on  the  Nf  by  Carnarvon- 
shire and  Denbighshire,  on  the  E  by  the 
county  of  Montgomery,  on  the  S  by  Car- 
diganshire, and  om  the  W  by  the  Irish 
Sea.  It  is  36  miles  long  and  34  broad. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Dee  ard  Do- 
vy  ;  and  it  has  a  great  mountain,  the  Ca- 
der  Idris,  one  of  the  highest  in  Wales. 


M  E  R 


M  E  S 


The  air  of  this  county  is  sharp  but  it 
feeds  great  herds  of  cattle.  Merioneth- 
shire  contains  six  hundreds,  four  mar- 
ket-towns, c7  parishes,  and  sends  one 
member  to  parliament.  Harlech  is  the 
capital. 

Jtferitz,  Mevitch,  or  JHerrivh,  an  imr 
portant  fortress  and  city  of  the  Deccati 
of  llindoostan,  situated  near  the  N  bank 
of  the  river  Kisma,  7(J  miles  SW  of  Vi- 
siapour. 

Jlerk,  a  river  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
which  running  N  by  Breda,  afterward 
turns  W,  and  falls  intD  the  Maese,  oppo- 
site the  island  of  Overflackee,  in  Holland. 

Jlfero,  a  strong  town  of  Asia,  in  the 
peninsula  beyond  the  Ganges,  and  in 
the  kingdom  of  Pegu,  140  miles  SW  of 
the  town  of  Pegu.  Lon.  98  36  E,  lat: 
16  0  X. 

Mero,  a  district  in  the  state  of  Ten- 
nessee. It  is  divided  into  seven  counties, 
and  in  1810  it  contained  81,445  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  the  best  settled  and  richest 
part  of  the  state.  The  capital  is  Xashville. 

Jlferou,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Korasan, 
seated  in  a  fertile  country,  which  pro- 
duces salt,  112  miles  SW  of  Bockhara. 
Lon.  64  25  E,  lat.  37  40  N. 

Merrimack,  a  river  of  the  United 
States,  which  rises  in  Grafton  county, 
New  Hampshire,  and  after  running  in  a 
SE  direction  through  the  state,  enters 
Massachusetts,  near  Dunstable.  It  then 
makes  a  sudden  turn  to  the  XE  and  emp- 
ties into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  at  Xewbury- 
port.  Its  course  is  very  crooked,  and  the 
navigation  interrupted  by  frequent  falls 
and  cataracts. 

Merrimack,  a  township  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire,  containing  1592 
inhabitants  in  1810. 

Mersburg,  a  town  of  the  circle  of 
Saxony,  in  Misnia,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  has  a  Lutheran  bishopric,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Sala,  10  miles  S  of  Halle,  and 
56  NW  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  6  E,  lat. 
51  28  X. 

Mersey,'  a  river  which  rises  in  the  X 
extremity  of  the  Peak  in  Derbyshire, 
passes  by  Warrington,  and  receives  the 
Weaver  at  Frodsham,  where  it  forms  a 
broad  estuary,  below  Liverpool,  and  en- 
ters the  Irish  Sea.  This  river  not  only 
affords  salmon,  but  is  visited  by  annual 
shoals  of.  smelts,  here  called  sparlings, 
of  a  remarkable  size  and  flavour.  It  is 
Connected  by  the  Staffordshire  canal  with 
the  Trent  and  in  course  with  the  Irish 
Sea  and  the  German  Ocean. 

Mersey  Island,  an  island  in  Essex,  be- 
■fween  the  mouth  of  the  Coin  and  the  en- 
trance of  Blackwater  Bay.  It  has  two 
parishes  called  E  and  W  Mersey. 


Merspurg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  and  bishopric  of  Con- 
stance, seated  on  the  X  side  of  the  lake 
of  Cons  an ce.  It  is  the  bishop's  usual 
place  of  residence,  and  is  11  miles  from 
the  town  of  that  name.  Lon.  9  26  E,  lat. 
47  45  X. 

Mertola,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,* in 
Alentejo,  sealed  near  the  Gaudiana,  60 
miles  S  of  Evora,  and  100  SE  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  7  40  W,  lat.  37  30  X. 

Merton,  a  village  near  Oxford,  situa- 
ted near  two  military  ways.  There  were 
intrench  merits  in  the  neigbouring  woods, 
supposed  to  be  thrown  up  by  king  E- 
thelred  or  the  Danes,  whom  he  defeated 
in  871. 

Merton,  a  village  in  Surry,  seated  on 
the  Wandel,  seven  miles  SW  of  London. 
Xothing  remains  of  its  once  famous  ab- 
bey, but  the  E  window  of  a  chapel ;  and 
the  walls  that  surrounded  the  premises, 
which  are  built  of  flint,  are  nearly  em- 
tire,  and  include  about  60  acres.  Upon 
the  site  of  this  abbey  are  two  calico  ma- 
nufactures, and  a  copper  mill ;  and  about 
1000  persons  are  now  employed  on  a  spot 
once  the  abode  of  monastic  indolence. 
Merton  is  seven  miles  SW  of  London. 

Merve,  the  X  branch  of  the  river 
Maese,  on  which  the  city  of  Rotterdam, 
in  Holland  is  seated. 

Merville,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  and  late  province 
of  French  Flanders,  sSatcd  on  the  Lis, 
10  miles  SE  of  Cassel.  Lon.  2  43E,  lat. 
50  57  X. 

Mesched,  a  considerable  town  of  Per- 
sia, in  Korasan,  fortified  with  several 
towers,  and  famous  for  the  magnificent 
sepulchre  of  Iman  Risa,  of  the  family  of 
|  Ali,  to  which  the  Persians  pay  great  de- 
votion. It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  in 
which  are  found  fine  Turcois  stones,  180 
miles  Stt  of  the  Caspian  sea.  Lon.  57  45 
E,  lat.  37  0  X. 

Mesen,  a  small  seaport  of  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Archangel,  capital  of 
a  district  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Mesen,  on  thc.E  coast  of 
the  White  Sea,  160  miles  X  of  Archan- 
gel.   Lon.  44  25  E,  lat.  65  50  N.  ajffi! 

Meskirk,  a  handsome  town  of  Germa 
ny  in  the  Circle  of  Suabia,  in  the  coun- 
try of  Furstenburg,  15  miles  X  of  Ubei 
linden. 

Messa,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Morocco.  It  is  composed  of  three 
fortified  towns,  at  a  small  distance  from 
each  other,  and  a  temple,  built,  (as  the 
inhabitants  suppose)  with  tjie  bones  of 
the  whale  which  swallowed  Jonah.  It  is 
seated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Atlas.,  165 
|  miles  SW  of  Morocco. 


v5f »  * 


MET 


MEW 


Messerburg,  a  post  town  in  Franklin 
county^  Pennsylvania ;  situated  on  the  E 
bide  of  the  N  mountain,  17  miles  SW  of 
Chambersburg,  and  about  12  N  W  of  Ha- 
gerstown,  Maryland. 

JC'Connelstoivn,  a  post  town  in  Bedford 
county,  Pennsylvania;  situated  in  the 
Great  Cove,  30  miles  E  by  S  of  Bedford, 
the  counly  town. 

Messina,  an  ancient  city  of  Sicily,  in 
the  Val-di-Demona,  with  a  citadel,  seve- 
ral forts,  a  spacious  harbour,  and  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  It  is  five  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  has  four  large  suburbs.  The  j 
harbour,  whose  quay  is  above  a  mile  in  j 
length,  is  one  of  the  safest  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  in  the  form  of  a  half  moon, 
five  miles  in  circumference,  and  extreme- 
ly deep.  The  viceroy  of  Sicily,  resides 
here  six  months  in  the  year ;  and  it  is  a 
place  of  great  trade  in  silk,  oil,  fruit, 
corn,  and  excellent  wine,  especially  since 
it  has  been  declared  a  free  port.  Mes- 
sina, in  1783,  was  almost  totally  destroy- 
ed by  an  earthquake,  most  of  me  public 
places  and  streets  being  laid  in  ruins, 
but  the  buildings  have  since  been  con- 
siderably increased,  so  that  more  than 
one  half  of  the  city  lias  been  rebuilt,  and 
the  people  have  taken  possession  of  the 
new  houses.  It  is  seated  oh  the  sea  side, 
110  miles  E  of  Palermo,  and  180  SE  of 
Naples.    Lon.  15  50  E,  lat.  38  10  N. 

Mestre,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  dogado 
of  Venice,  16  miles  NE  of  Padua.  Lon. 
12  2  E,  lat.  45  26  N. 

Mesurata,  a  seaport  of  the  kingdom'of 
Tripoli,  in  Africa.  The  caravan  to  Fez- 
zan,  and  other  interior  parts  towards  the 
S  of  Africa,  departs  from  this  place.  It 
is  262  miles  N  of  Mouzrook.  Lon.  15  5 
E,  la;.  31  3  X. 

Meteliiiy  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
anciently  called  Lesbos,  to  the  N  of  Scio, 
and  almost  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf 
of  Guestro.  The  soil  is  very  good,  and 
the  mountains  are  cool,  being  covered 
with  wood  in  many  places.  It  produces 
good  wheat,  excellent  oil,  and  the  best 
figs  in  the  Archipelago  ;  nor  have  their, 
wines  lost  any  thing  of  their  ancient  re-' 
putation.  It  is  subject  to  the  Turks,  and 
Castro  is  the  capital. 

Metheiocm,  a  township  of  Essex  county, 
Massachusetts,  containing  1181  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Merrimack  river,  and  joins  the 
state  of  New  Hampshire,  about  20  miles 
NW  of  Boston. 

Methvjokl,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  15  miles  NW  of 
Thetford,  and  86  NNE  of  London.  Lon. 
0  40  E,  lat.  52  34  N. 

Mxstling,  a  strong  town  and  castle  of 


Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Austria,  and 
duchy  of  Carniola,  seated  on  the  Kulp, 
40  miles  SE  of  Lubach.  Lon.  15  10  E, 
lat.  46  2  N. 

Metro,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in, 
the  territory  of  the  Church,  runs  into  the 
duchy  of  Urbino,  and  falls  into  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  near  Fano. 

Metz,  an  ancient,  large,  and  strong 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Moselle,  and  late  province  of  Lorrain, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  whose  bishop  assu- 
med the  title  of  a  prince  of  the  empire. 
The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  finest  in  Eu- 
rope. The  Jews  live  in  a  part  of  the 
town  by  themselves,  where  they  have  a 
synagogue,  and  they  may  amount  to  a- 
bout  3U00.  The  sweet-meats  they  make 
here  are  in  high  estimation.  Metz  i.-i 
strongly  fortified,  and  has  one  of  the 
strongest  citadels  in  Europe.  The  in- 
habitants are  computed  at  40,000,  be- 
sides a  numerous  garrison,  who  have  a 
noble  barracks.  It  is  seated  at  the  con*, 
fluence  of  the  Moseile  and  Seille,  25 
miles  NW  of  Nanci,  37  S.iof  Luxem- 
burg, and  190  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  16  E, 
lat.  49  7  N. 

Meulan,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Seine  and  Oise,  and 
late  province  of  the  Isle- of  France,  built 
in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  on  the 
banks  of  the  river  Seine,  over  which  are 
two  bridges,  20  miles  NW  of  Paris.  Lon. 
1  57  E,  lat.  49  1  N. 

Meiers,  a  tow  n  of  German}',  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
15  miles  NW  of  Dusseidorf.  Lon.  6  41 
E,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Meiirthe,  a  department  in  France,  in- 
cluding- parted' tiie  late  province  of  Lor- 
rain. It  is  so  called  from  a  river  jlhat 
rises  in  the  department  of  the  Yosges, 
and  watering  Luneville  and  Nanci,  falls 
into  the  Moselle.  Nanci  is  the  episcopal 
see  of  this  department. 

Meuse,  a  department  in  France. 
eluding  the  late  duchy  of  Ba^jWlt  takes 
its  name  from  the  river  Meuse,  or  Maese. 
Bar-le-Duc  is  the  capital.    See  Mcese. 

Mewuri,  a  considerable  town  or  Japan, 
in  the  island  of  Niphon,  with  a  royal 
palace,  where  the  king  sometimes  re- 
sides. It  is  seated  on  a  hill  at  the  foot 
of  which  are  vast  fields  of  wheat  and 
rice,  with  fine  orchards,  full  of  exceiir: 
plums. 

Mtnoat,  a  hilly  and  woody  tract  of 
Hindoostan  Proper,  lying  on  the  SW  of 
Delhi,  and  on  the  W  of  Agra,  confining 
the  low  country,  along-  the  W  bank  of 
the  Jumna,  to  a  comparatively  narrow 
slip,  and  extending  westward  about  130 
miles  in  length.    From.  N  to  S  it  is  90 


M  E  X 


MEX 


miles.  Mewat  contains  some  strong-  for 
tresses  on  steep  or  inaccessible  hills 
and  was  almost  entirely  subject  to  tlie 
late  Madajee  Sindia,  a  Mahratta  chief. 

Mepat-AU,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac 
Arabia,  famous  tor  the  superb  and  rich 
mosque  of  Ali,  to  which  the  Persians  go 
in  pilgrimage  from  aii  parts.  Ho /ever 
it  is  not  so  considerable  as  it  was  for 
merlv.  It  is  100  miles  SVV  of  Bagdad, 
Lon.  42  57  E,  lat.  32  0  N. 

Mexat  Ocem,  a  considerable  town  of 
Asia,  in  Persia,  which  takes  its  name 
from  a  mosque  dedicsted  to  Ocem,  the 
son  of  Ali.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  coun- 
rry,  on  the  river  Euphrates,  about  4j 
miles  from  Bagdad.  Lon.  42  57  E,  lat, 
33  0  N. 

Mezicano,  or  Jidayes,  a  river  of  North 
America,  in  Louisiana,  which  empties 
itself  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico. 

Mexico,  a  town  of  North  America,  ca- 
pital of  New  Spain.  It  w.is  a  flourishing 
place  before  the  Spaniards  entered  the 
country,  seated  on  an  island,  in  a  sail- 
water  lake,  to  which  there  was  no  en- 
trance, but  by  three  causeways,  two 
miles  in  length  each.  It  contained  about 
80,000  houses,  with  several  large  tem- 
ples, full  of  rich  idols,  and  three  palaces, 
where  the  emperor  resided.  Mexico  was 
taken  by  Cortez,  in  1521.  As  the  Mex- 
icans defended  themselves  from  street 
to  street,  it  was  almost  ruined,  but  af- 
terward rebuilt  by  the  Spaniards.  It  is 
now  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Mex- 
ico Proper,  of  the  audience  of  Mexico 
and  of  all  New  Spain.  Tlie  streets  are 
so  straight,  and  so  exactly  disposed,  that 
.'-  i  point  of  regularity,  it  is  the  finest  city 

.  the  world;  and  the  great  causeways 
l  eading  to  it,  with  the  want  of  walls, 
£-ates,  and  artillery,  render  Mexico  ex- 
tremely remarkable.    The  git  it  square 

i  the  centre  of  the  city,  and  the  public 
bui Idings,  are  magnificent.  There  are 
.^cathedrals  and  churches,  and  22  con- 
vents, of  the  riches  of  which  an  idea 
may  be  formed  from  the  revenues  of  the 
grand  cathedral  amounting  to  80,000/.  a 
year,  of  which  the  archbishop  has  15,000/. 
There  is  also  a  tribunal  of  the  inquisi- 
tion, a  mint,  and  a  university.  The 
goldsmiths  here  are  immensely  rich,  and 
it  carries  on  a  great  trade  to  Europe  by 
St.  Juan  de  Ulhua,  and  to  Asia  by  Aca- 
pulco.  This  place  was  overflowed  by  an 
inundation,  in  1629,  in  which  4J,000 
persons  were  drowned.  This  obliged 
the  Spaniards  to  make  a  great  conduit 
through  a  mountain,  in  order  to  empty 
The  lake  ;  which  being  done,  part  of  the 
town  became  seated  on  dry  land.  Mex- 
ico is  supplied  with  fresh  water  by  an 


aqueduct  three  miles  long.  It  is  200 
mites  EXE  of  St  Juan  de  Ulhua,  and 
250  NE  of  Acapulco.    Lon.  100  34  W, 

lat  20  2  N. 

Mexico,  or  New  Spain,  an  extensive 
country  of  North  America,  bounded  on 
tlie  N  by  New  Mexico,  and  on  the  SE  by 
the  isthmus  of  Darien,  on  the  W  by  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  E  by  the  gulf  of 
Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea.    It  lies 
between  83  and  1 10  W  lon.  and  extends 
from  7  3o  to  30  40  N.  lat.  being  2000 
miles  long,  and  from  60  to  600  broad.  In 
general,  it  is  a  mountainous  country,  in- 
termixed with  many  rich  vallies  ;  but. 
the  highest  mountains  are  near  the  coast 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  many  of  which  are 
volcanoes.    The  eastern  shore  is  a  flat 
country,  full  of  bogs  and  morasses,  over- 
flowed in  the  rainy  season,  which  is  at 
the  same  time  as  our  summer.  Although 
Mexico  is  within  the  torrid  zone,  the 
climate  is  temperate  and  healthy.  No 
country  abounds  more  with  grain,  fruits, 
roots,  and  vegetables ;   many  of  them 
peculiar  to  the  country,  or,  at  least  to 
America.    It  is  celebrated  for  its  mines 
>f  gold  and  silver,  and  has  quarries  of 
jasper,  porphyry,  and  exquisite  marble. 
Cochineal  is    almost   peculiar   to  this 
ountry  ;  its  indigo  and  cocoa  are  supe- 
ior  to  any  in  America ;  and  its  logwood 
has  long  been  an  important  article  of 
commerce.     The  domestic  animals  of 
Europe,  particularly,  horned  cattle,  have, 
multiplied  here  almost  with  incredible 
•apidity.    New  Spain  is  divided  into  the 
three  audiences  of  Guadalajara,  Mexico, 
md  Guatimala.    The  whole  country  is 
roverned  by  a  viceroy,  the  extent  of 
vhose  jurisdiction,  however,  has  been 
wisely  circumscribed,  in  the  course  of 
this  century,  by  tlie  erection  of  the  four 
emote  provinces  of  Sonora,  Cinaloa,  Ca- 
lifornia, and  New  Navarre,  into  a  sepa- 
rate government. 

Mexico,  New,  a  large  country  of  North 
\mcrica,  bounded  on  the  W  by  the  gulf 
of  California,  on  the  S  by  New  Spain,  on 
he  E  by  Louisiana,  and  on  the  N  by  un- 
known countries,  so  that  its  extent  can- 
ro  oe  ascertained.  The  air  is  very  tem- 
y  ate,  and  the  soil  generally  fertile,  its 
wine's  are  rich  :uid  its  productions  vari- 
o  i  and  valuable.  This  country  lies 
d  bin  the  temperate  zone,  and  it  is 
cl  iv  inhabited  by  native  Americans, 
to  unsubdued  by  the  Spaniards. 
Sa       Fe  is  the  capital. 

Mexico,  Gulf  of,  that  part  of  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  on  the  coast  of  North  A- 
merica,  bounded  on  the  S  and  W  by 
Mexico,  and  on  the  N.  by  W  and  E  Flo- 
rida; the  entrance  lying;  to  the  E,  be- 


M  I  C 


M  I  D 


tveen  the  S  coast  of  E  Florida,  and  the 
NE  point  of  the  Yucatan. 

Meijenberg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
inthemarche  of  Pregnitz,  60  miles  KN 
W  of  Berlin. 

Meyenfeldt,  a  town  in  the  country  ot 
the  Prisons,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  in  a 
pleasant  country,  fertile  in  excellent  wine, 
15  miles  NE  of  Coire.  Lon.  9  36  E,  lat. 
47  2  N. 

Mezieres,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes  and  late  province 
of  Champagne,  with  a  citadel,  seated  on 
the  Meuse,  12  miles  NW  of  Sedan,  and 
127  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  48  E,  lat.  49 
46  N. 

Jltzin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot  and  Garonne,  and  laie  pro- 
vince of  Guienne  ;  seated  in  a  country 
that  abounds  in  wheal;  with  vines,  from 
which  they  principally  make  brandy  ;  and 
with  the  cork-tree,  which  they  sell  both 
in  its  natural  state,  and  in  corks.  It  is  9 
miles  NW  of  Condom. 

Mia  or  Mijah,  a  large  town  of  Japan, 
seated  on  the  S  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Ni- 
phon,  with  a  fortified  palace.  Lon.  135 
40  E,  lat.  35  50  N. 

.Miami's,  Great  and  Little  Miami,  two 
rivers  of  the  state  of  Ohio.  They  both 
fall  into  the  river  Ohio  ;  the  former  550 
miles,  and  the  latter  510  miles  below 
Pittsburg.  The  Great  Miami  is  200 
yards  wide  at  it's  mouth,  has  no  falls,  a 
swift  current,  and  is  navigable  by  boats 
125  miles.  The  Little  Miami  has  much 
line  land  on  its  banks,  and  a  gentle  cur- 
rent ;  but  it  is  loo  shallow  for  na\igation, 
except  in  high  water. 

J/uha,  a  cape  of  Dalmatia,  which  ad- 
vances into  the  gulf  of  Venice,  near  the 
tow  n  of  Zara. 

JWichad,  St.  the  most  fertile  and  popu- 
lous of  the  Azores  or  Western  Islands, 
containing  about  25,000  inhabitants,  and 
producing  wheat  and  flax.  Its  two  prin- 
cipal harbours  ate  Ponta  Delgada,  and 
Villa  Franca  :  the  former  is  the  capital  ot 
the  island.    Lon.  25  42  W,  lat.  37  47  N. 

.Michael,  St.  a  borough  in  Cornwall, 
which  has  neither  market  nor  fair,  but 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It  is 
eight  miles  SW  of  St.  Columb,  and  249 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  52  \V,  lat.  50 
23  N. 

Michael,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meuse,  and  late  duchy  of 
Bar.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  hospital, 
and  the  rich  library  of  a  late  Benedictine 
abbey.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meuse,  20 
miles  NE  of  Bar-le-Duc,  and  165  E  of  Pa- 
ris.   Lon.  5  38  E,  lat.  48  51  N. 

Michael,  St.  a  seaport  of  New  Spain,  in 
the  province  of  Guatimala,  seated  on  a 


Sinall  river,  180  miles  SE  of  New  Guate- 
mala.   Lon.  87  45  W,  lat.  12  25  N. 

JMichael,  St.  a  town  of  Peru  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Quito.  It  was  the  first  Spanish 
colony  in  Peru,  and  is  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Piura,  225  miles  S  by  W  of 
Quito.    Lon.  80  50  W,  lat.  5  0  S. 

Michael  de  Ibarra,  St.  a  town  of  Pe- 
ru, in  the  province  of  Quito,  60  miles  NE 
of  Quito. 

Michael,  Gulf  of,  St.  that  part  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  which  lies  to  the  E  of  Pa- 
nama. It  was  first  discovered  by  the 
Spaniards,  after  their  march  across  the 
isthmus  of  Darien. 

Micheloma,  a  country  of  Prussia,  which 
is  part  of  the  circle  of  Culm,  and  sepa- 
rated from  the  other  part  by  the  river 
Dribents.  It  takes  its  name  from  the 
castle  of  Michelow. 

Michigan,  a  large  lake  of  North  Ame- 
rica, whose  NE  extremity  communicates 
with  the  >i  W  end  of  Lake  Huron,  by  the 
strait  of  Michillimackinac.  It  is  situated 
wholly  within  the  limits  of  the  United 
States;  being' 214  miles  long  from  N  to 
S,  and  64  broad,  from  E  to  W.  It  com- 
municates with  lake  Huron  by  the  straits 
of  Michillimackinac. 

Michigan,  a  territory  of  the  United 
States,  divided  into  four  districts,  and 
containing  476?  inhabitants  in  1810.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  N  by  a  line  from  the 
South  point  of  lake  Michigan  to  lake  E- 
rie;  E  by  lake  Erie  ;  S  by  a  line  extend- 
ing east  and  west,  from  the  most  south- 
erly point  of  lake  Michigan.  The  chief 
towns  are  Detroit  and  Michillimackinac. 

Michitfimackinac,  a  strait  of  North  A- 
merica,  which  unites  the  lakes  Michigan 
and  Huron,  and  lies  in  85  W  lon.  and  46 
N  lat. 

Middlehurg,  a  large  and  strong  com- 
mercial city  of  the  United  Provinces,  ca- 
pital of  the  island  of  Walcheren,  and  of 
all  Zealand.  The  harbour  is  large  and 
commodious,  and  has  a  communication 
with  the  sea  by  a  canal.  Which  will  bear 
the  largest  vessels.  It  contains  about 
26,000  inhabitants.  It  is  20  miles  NE 
of  Bruges,  30  NW  of  Ghent,  and  72  SW 
of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  3  39  E,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Middlebiirg,  a  town  of  Dutch  Flanders, 
whic  h  belongs  to  the  prince  of  lssenghein. 
It  is  5  miles  SE  of  Sluvs.  Lon.  3  26  E, 
lat.  51  15  N. 

Middleborovgh,  a  town  in  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  situated  at  the 
head  of  Buzzard's  bay,  in  the  lat.  of  41 
48,  and  lon.  of  70  40  W,  at  the  distance 
of  16  miles  NE  of  New  Bedford,  and  40 
S  of  Boston. 

Middkbrook,  a  post  town  in  Augusta 
county,  Virginia,  8  miles  SW  of  Siaun- 


M  I  D 


M  I  F 


ton,  and  186 
Washing!  on. 
Middlebnrcr- 


the  same  coarse  fipond 


a  town  of  London  countv,  eluding*  2.476  sli 


Middlesex,  a  county  of  Virginia,  which 
contained '4,414„inhabitants  in  1810,  in- 


It  is  situated  in  a 


Virginia,  tirfre're  is  a  post  office,  44  miles  I  narrow  strip  of  Mind  formed  by  the  Rap. 
\Y  by  N  of  Washington,  and  32  SE  of!  pahannock  and  Knnkatank  rivers  ;  run* 


Winchester. 

MiddleLvi'g,  a  town  in  the  state  of  Yer- 
rfiont,  the  capital  of  Addison  county..  It 
is  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Otter  river,  5 
miles  above  Salisbury,  and  contained 
2133  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Middlcham,  a  town  in  the  X  riding"  of 
Yorkshire.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ure,  ten 
miles  S  of  Richmond,  and  2.55  NXW  of 
London,  and  has  a  market  on  Monday. 
Lort.  1  37  W,  lat.  54  17  1ST. 

Middle  Jladdum,  a  town  in  Middlesex 
county,  Connecticut;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  30  miles  N\V 
of  N*w  London. 

\MTddlesex,  a  county  of  England,  boun- 
ded on  the  N  hy  Hertfordshire,  on  the  E 
hy  Essex,  on  the  S  hy  Surry  and  Kent, 
and  on  the  W  by  Buckinghamshire.  It  is 
the' 'smallest  county  in  England,  except 


Rutlandshire, 
from  E  to  W, 


extending  only  22  miles 


and  17  from  N  to  S  ;  but  as 
it  contains  the  two  cities  of  London  and 
Westminster,  is  by  far  the  richest  and 
most  populous  county  of  England.  It  con- 
tains  126  parishes;  besides  London,  and 
four  market  towns,  and  sends  eight  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  The  air  is  very  plea- 
sant and  healthy,  to  which  a  fine  gravelly 
soil  docs  not  a  little  contribute.  The  soii 
produces  plenty  of  corn,  and  the  country 
abounds  with  Fertile  meadows  and  gar- 
deners' grounds.  In  a  word,  the  greater 
part  of  the  county  is  so  prodigiously  as- 
sisted by  the  rich  compost  from  London, 
that  the  whole  of  the  cultivated  part  may 
be  considered  as  a  garden.  Besides  the 
Thames,  the  Lea,  and  the  Coin,  which  are 
boundaries  to  the  S  and  SE,  and  the 
W,  -Middlesex  is  watered  by  several 
ifnall  streams  ;  one  of  which,  called  the 
Xew  River,  is  artificially  brought  from 
Amwell,  in  Herts,  for  the  purpose  of  sup- 
plying London  with  water. 

Middlesex,  a  maritime  county  in  the 
state  of  Massachusetts, "containing  52,789 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
NE  by  Essex  ;  on  the  E  by  the  ocean  and 
Boston  harbour  ;  on  the  S  and  W  by  Wor- 
cester. It  is  divided  into  44  townships, 
and  contains  several  agreeable,  flourish- 
ing towns,  asCharlestown,  Reading,  Cam- 
bridge, &c. 

Middlesex,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Nev 
•Jersey,  containing  20,381  inhabitants  in 
i810.  It  is  situated  between  Monmouth 
and  Somerset  counties,  and  is  watered  b 
the  Raritottt  and  Millstone  rivers.  Capi- 
tal, New  Brunswick. 


ning  between  them  to  the  sea.  The  chief 
town  is  Urbannai;* 

Middlesex,  a  county  of  North  America, 
in  the  state  of  Connecticut,  which,  with 
the  county  of  Tolland,  has  been  recently 
formed  from  that  of  Hartford.  Middle- 
town  and  Haddam  are  the  county  towns. 
It  contains  20,723  inhabitants. 

Middleton,  a  commercial  town  of  North 
America.,  in  the  state  of  Connecticut.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Connecticut,  15 
miies  S  of  Hartford.  It  is  one  of  the 
county  towns  of  Middlesex,  and  contains 
2014  inhabitants.  ) 

Middletoivn,  a  tow^t  of  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, in  the  state  of  New  Jersey.  Sandy 
Hook  is  included  in  this  township.  On 
the  point  of  the  Hook  stands  the  light- 
house, 100  feet  high,  built  by  the  city  of 
New  York.  Middletown  is  SO  miles  SW 
of  New  York,  and  50  E  by  N  of  Trenton. 

Middletoivn,  a  post  town  in  Dauphin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  W  side  of 
Swatara  creek,  and  on  the  post  road  from 
Lancaster  to  Harrisburg  ;  25  SE  from  the 
former,  and  92  W  from  Philadelphia. 

Middletoivn,  a  post  town  on  the  W  side 
of  Connecticut  river,  in  Middlesex  coun- 
tv,  Connecticut,  15  miles  SW  of  Hart- 
ford. 

Middletoivn,  a  post  town  in  Newcastle 
county,  Delaware,  18  miles  SW  of  New- 
castle, and  24  N  by  AY  of  Dover. 

Middletoivn,  a  post  town  in  Frederic 
county,'  Maryland,  nine  miles  NW  of  Fre- 
deric-town, the  capital  of  the  county. 

Middletoivn,  a  township  of  Delaware 
county,  New  York,  containing  2318  inha- 
bitants in  1810. 

Middlexvich,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Croke,  and  noted  for  its  salt  pits,  and 
making  fine  salt.  It  is  24  miles  E  of  Ches- 
ter, 167  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  30  W, 
lat.  53  13  N. 

Midhnrst,  a  town  of  Sussex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday.  It  is  seat  d  on  a  small 
river  which  almost  surrounds  it,  sends  2 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  U  ntiles 
N  bv  E  of  Chichester,  and  50  W  by  S  of 
London    Lon.  0  46  W,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Miechau,  or  Miezava,  a  handsome  town 
of  Poland,  in  Cujavia,  seated  on  the  Vis- 
tula river,  ten  milts  S  by  E  of  Thorn. 
Lon.  18  46  E,lat.  52  58  N. 

Mifflin,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Penn- 
\ivania,  containing  12,132  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  well  watered  by  the  Juniata 
and  its  tributary  branches  and  has  an  ex- 


M  I  L 


M  I  L 


tensive  E  front  on  the  river  Susquehan- 
nuh.    The  capital  is  Lewi.stown. 

.  \Ciff1hibnr*,  a  pi's  town  in  Northum- 
berland con  ivy,  Pennsylvania,  11  miles 
W  >i'  bewisburg,  on  the  W  branch  of  the 
SusqUehannah, and  20  from  Northumber- 
land. 

Mtffiint&ivn,  a  town  in  Mifflin  county, 
and  Hie  same  state  as  the  last  article  ;  si 
tuated  on  the  N  hank  of  Juniata  river,  45 
mites  N\V  of  Harrisburgj  and  12  from 
Lewistown  the  capital  of  the  county., 

Milan,  a  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name.  It  was  the  an- 
pient  capital  of  Lombardy,  and  although 
it  is  thought  rather  to  exceed  Naples  in 
size,  it  does  not  contain  above  half  the 
number  of  inhabitants.  It  is  seated  in  a 
delightful  plain,  between  the  rivers  Ad- 
da ami  Tesin  ;  is  ten  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  called  by  the  Italians,  Milan 
the  Great.  It  contains  many  fine  pa- 
laces, but  that  of  the  governor  is  the  most 
magnificent  ;  and  a  great  number  of 
churches,  con  vents,  hospitals,  and  schools. 
The  cathedral  is  in  the  centre  of  the  ci- 
ty, and  though  it  is  not'  so  large  as  St. 
Peter's,  at  Rome,  it  far  excels  it  in  the 
number  and  excellence  of  its  sculptures 
and  beauty  of  its  ornaments.  This  vast 
fabric,  which  the  -Milanese  call  the  eig-hth 
wonder  of  the  world,  is  entirely  built  of 
solid  white  marble,  and  the  roof  which  is 
vastly  high  is  supported  by  160  columns 
of  marble  so  large  that  three  men  cannot 
fathom  them.  From  the  roof  hangs  a 
case  of  crystal,  inclosing  a  nail,  winch, 
i  hey  say,  is  one  of  those  by  which  our  Sa 
viour  was  fixed  to  the  cross.  Milan  has 
considerable  commerce  in  grain  (especi- 
ally rice)  cattle,  and  cheese  ;  and  has  ma- 
nufactures of  silk  and  velvet  stuffs, 
stockings,  handkerchiefs,  ribands,  gold 
and  silver  lace,  and  embro'deries,  wool- 
len and  linen  cloths,  glass,  and  earthen- 
ware in  imitation  of  China,  it  was  tak<  n 
by  the  French  from  the  Austrians  in 
1800.  It  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop  ; 
and  is  70  miles  N  of  Genoa,  72  NIL  of 
Turin,  and  145  XW  of  Florence.  Lon.  9 
lb  fi,  lat.  45  23  X. 

Milan,  the  duchy  of ;  a  considerable 
country of  Italy,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
£  » iss  and  Grisons;  on  the  F.  by  the  re- 
lie  of  Venice,  and  by  ihe  duchies 
of  Parma  and  Mantua;  on  the  S  by  the 
duchy  of  Parma  and  the  -crritory  of  Ge- 
noa; and  on  the  W  by  Piedmont  and 
Montfcrrat;  being  150  miles  in  length, 
and  78,  in  breadth.  TSic  soil  is  every 
where  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  fruits,  rice, 
and  olives;  there  are  also  plenty  of  cat- 
tle. The  rivers  are,  the  Secchia,  the 
Tesin,  the  Adda,  and  the  Oglio.  There 


arc  likewise  several  lakes,  the  three  pr'm- 
i  eipal  of  which  are  those  of  Maggiore, 
Com'Oi  and  Lugano,  Tins  duchy  was  en- 
tirely subdued  by  ihe  French  in  1796,  but 
Was  reconquered  in  1799  by  the  Allies 
under  Suwarrow,  and  taken  possession  of 
by  Bonaparte  in  1800. 

Mtlazzo,  a  strong  seaport  of  Sicily,  in 
the  Val-di-Deniona,  It  is  divided  into 
the  upper  and  lower  town  ;  the  upper  is 
very  strong,  and  the  lower  has  a  fine 
square,  with  a  superb  fountain.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  rock,  on  the  W  side  of  a  bay  of 
the  same  name,  1"  miles  W  of  Messina. 
Lon.  15  34  E,  lat.  38  12  N. 

Miibom-port,  a  borough  in  Somerset- 
shire, which  has  no  markets.  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  a  brand)  of  the  Parret,  two  miles  E 
by  N  of  S  her  born,  and  115  W  bv  S  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  38  W,  lat.  50  53  N. 

MildenhaU,  a  large  populous  town  in 
Suffolk,  with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Larke,  a  branch  of  the 
Ouse,  13  miles  N  by  E  of  Newmarket, 
and  69  NNE  of  London.  Lon.  0  26  E,  lat. 
52  29  N. 

Milesbvvg,  a  post  town  in  Centre  coun- 
ty Pennsylvania*;  situated  on  Bald  Eagle 
creek,  60  miles  YV  of  Northumberland, 
and  UN  of  Centre  Furnace. 

Milt-to,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria. Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  5 
miles  from  the  city  of  Nicotera. 

Milfovd,  a  town  of  North  America,  in 
the  state  of  Delaware,  and  county  of  Sus- 
sex, of  which  it  is  the  little  emporium. 
It  is  seated  at  tiie  source  of  a  small  river, 
15  miles  from  the  bay  of  Delaware,  and 
150  S  of  Philadelphia. 

Milford,  a  township  of  Hillsborough 
count} ,  New  Hampshire,  containing  1,117 
inhabitants  in  1810. 

MUfavd,  a  township  of  Miffiin  count}-, 
Pennsjlvsnia,  containing  2,095  inhabi- . 
taiits  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  Junia- 
ta, opposite  to  Mifflin-town. 

Milford  Hi.ven,  a  deep  inlet  of  the  Irish 
S,-a,  on  <  he  coast  of  Pembrokeshire,  gene- 
rally a  lowed  to  be  the  safest  and  most 
rapacious  harbour  in  Great  Britain.  It 
branches  off  into  16  deep  and  safe  creeks, 
5  bays  and  13  roads,  in  which  it  is  said 
1000  ships  may  ride  in  perfect  security 
and  at  a  sufficient  distance  from  one  ano- 
her.  At  the  entrance,  on  the  W  point, 
."ailed  St.  Ann's,  is  an  old  lighthouse  and 
a  blockhouse.  Here  the  earl  of  Richmond, 
afierward  Henry  VII.  landed,  on  his  en- 
terprise against.  Richard  III.  A  pucket- 
boat  sails  from  hence  every  day,  except 
Tuesday,  for  Waterfopd,  in  Ireland. 
•Mtlford,  a  town  in  New  Haven  county, 
onnecticut ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of 

3  H  ■fi* 


M  I  L 


M  I  N 


Ilousalonic  river,  near  it's  mouth,  10mile9 
S  Wot' the  city  of  New  Haven.  It  contains 
2674  inhabitants. 

Milford,  a  post  town  in  Kent  county, 
Delaware,  19  miles  S  by  K  of  Dover,  th< 
capital  of  the  State,  and  about  30  miles  N 
W  of  Cape  Henlopen,  containing  about 
600  inhabitants. 

.Mi {for, h  a  post  town  in  Wayne  county, 
Pennsylvania ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Delaware  river,  and  about  55  miles  N  by 
E  of  Easton,  and  about  30  miles  W  of 
Goshen  in  the  state  of  New  York. 

Jfiliane,  a  town  of  the  state  of  Algiers, 
in  Tremesen,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated 
in  a  country  fertile  in  oranges,  citrons, 
and  other  fruits,  the  best  in  all  Barbary. 
Lon.  2  3  >  E,  1  t.  35  15  N. 

Milhaud,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aveiron,  and  late  province  of 
Rouergue,  seated  on  the  Tarn,  50  milts 
\  W  of  Montpellier,  and  142  S  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  11  E,  lat.  44  3  N. 

jyWlerstown,  a  post  town  in  Cumber- 
land county,  Pennsylvania  ;  situated  on 
the  N  side  of  the  Juniata  river,  15  miles 
above  it  confluence  with  the  Susquehan- 
nah,  and  30  NW  of  Harrisburg. 

Milos  an  island  of  the  Archipelago,  50 
miles  in  circumference,  with  one  of  the 
best  and  largest  harbours  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. It  produces  excellent  fruits 
and  delicate  wine  ;  abounds  in  very  good 
cattle,  especially  in  goats  ;  and  has  mines 
of  iron  and  sulphur.  In  the  spring,  the 
fields  are  ennamelled  with  anemonies  of 
all  sorts.  In  this  island  are  curious  sub- 
terranean galleries,  formed  of  ancient 
stone  quarries.  The  walls  on  each  side, 
which  are  six  feet  high,  are  covered  with 
alum,  formed  by  the  spontaneous  opera- 
tions of  nature.  It  is  the  fine  and  ge- 
nuine capillary  or  plume  alum.  This 
beautiful  substance  which  is  here  found 
in  a  state  of  crystallization,  rises  in 
threads  or  fibres  like  those  of  a  feather, 
whence  it  derives  its  name.  Here  are  two 
bishops;  one  of  the  Cre5<k  and  the  other 
of  the  Latin  church.  On  the  E  side  of 
the  island  is  a  dirty  town  of  the  same 
name,  containing  five  thousand  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  60  miles  N  of  Candia.  Lon. 
25  6  E,  lat.  36  41  N. 

■Millstone,  a  post  town  of  Somerset 
county,  New  Jersey ;  situated  on  the  ri- 
ver Millstone,  about  14  miles  N  of  Prince- 
ton, and  about  8  \\  of  New  Brunswick. 

Miltenberg,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in 
the  electorate  of  Mentz,  seated  on  the 
Maine,  20  miles  SE  of  Aschaffenburg. 
Lon.  9  19  E,  lat.  49  46  N. 

Milthorp,  a  village  in  Westmoreland, 
seated  on  a  river,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Ken,  five  miles  S  of  Kendal.    It  is  the  on- 


ly port  in  the  county,  the  navigation  of  tiki 
Ken  being  obstructed  by  a  cataract  near 
its  mouth.  From  this  place  the  fine 
Westmoreland  slates  are  exported  to  Li- 
verpool, London,  Hull,&c. 

JrKlton,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market 
on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the  E  branch 
of  the  Med  way,  and  noted  for  excellent 
oysters.  It  is  14  miles  NE  of  Maidstone, 
and  42  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  52  E,  lat. 
51  22  N. 

Milton,  a  town  in  Kent,  incorporated 
with  Gravesend,  from  which  it  is  one 
mile  distant.  Henry  VIII.  raised  a  block- 
house here,  for  the  defence  of  Gravesend. 

.Milton  Abbey,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  an  an- 
cient place,  and  famous  for  a  ruinous  ab- 
bey, built  by  king  Athel.stan,  and  for  a 
magnificent  Gothic  church.  It  is  14  miles 
NE  of  Dorchester,  and  112  W  by  S  of 
London.    Lon.  2  32  W,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Milton,  a  post  town  in  Norfolk  county, 
Massachusetts  ;  seven  miles  S  of  Boston, 
containing  1143  inhabitants,  at  the  las1 
census. 

Milton,  a  post  town  in  Albemarle  coun 
ty,  Virginia;  on  the  E  side  of  Rivanna 
river,  5  miles  E  of  Monlicello,  and  81  N 
W  of  Richmond. 

Milton,  a  post  town  on  the  E  bank  of 
the  W  branch  of  Susquehannah,  in  Nor- 
thumberland county,  Pennsylvania ;  at 
the  distance  of  11  milos  N  of  Northum- 
berland. 

Milton,  a  military  township  of  Cayuga 
county,  New  York,  containing  about  3000 
inhabitants.  It  is  situated  on  the  NE  side 
jf  Cayuga  lake,  between  Locke,  and  Au- 
rora . 

Minch,  a  great  sound,  or  channel,  on 
the  W  coast  of  Scotland.  It  is  bound- 
ed on  the  W  by  the  islands  of  Lewis  and 
Harris,  N  and  S  Uist,  and  Bara,  on  the 
W  :  and  on  Hie  E  by  the  isle  of  Skye. 

Mindanoa,  the  largest  of  the  Philippine 
islands,  next  to  Luconia.  It  is  180  miles 
long  and  120  broad,  and  is  governed  by  a 
sultan,  who  is  absolute.  It  is  a  mountain- 
ous country,  full  of  hills  and  valiies  ;  and 
the  mould  is  generally  deep  black,  and 
fruitful.  The  sides  of  the  hills  and  val- 
iies are  stony,  and  yet  there  are  tall 
trees,  of  kinds  not  known  in  Europe  ; 
some  of  the  mountains  yield  very  good 
gold,  and  the  valiies  are  well  watered 
with  rivulets.  The  libby  trees  produce 
the  sago,  which  the  poor  people  eat  in- 
stead of  bread,  three  or  four  months  in 
:he  year.  It  produces  all  sorts  of  fruit, 
proper  to  the  climate,  besides  plenty  of 
rice.  The  air  is  temperate ;  and  the 
winds  are  easterly  one  part  of  the  year, 
and  westerly  the  other;  while  the  for- 


M  I  N 


M  I  Q 


mer  blow,  It  is  fair  weather,  but  while 
1he  latter,  it  is  rainy,  stormy,  and  tem- 
pestuous. The  inhabitants  are  of  a  mean 
low  stature,  with  small  limbs  and  little 
heads.  The  chief  trades  are  goldsmiths, 
blacksmiths,  and  carpenters,  and  the} 
can  build  pretty  good  vessels  for  the  sea. 
Their  houses  are  built  on  posts,  from  14 
to  20  feet  high  ;  and  they  have  ladders  to 
go  up  out  of  the  streets  :  they  have  but 
one  floor,  which  is  divided  into  several 
rooms,  and  the  roofs  are  covered  with 
palmeto  leaves.  The  capital  is  a  large 
city  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the 
east  side  of  the  island.  Lon.  125  0  W, 
lat.  6  0  X. 

Mindelheim,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  with  a  castle.  It  is  the 
capital  of  a  small  territory  between  the 
rivers  Iller  and  Lech,  subject  to  the 
house  of  Bavaria.  It  is  30  miles  SE  of 
Ulm.    Lon.  10  42  E,  lat.  48  3  N. 

Jkftnden,  a  considerable  town  of  West- 
phalia, capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name,  seated  on  the  Weser,  which  ren- 
ders it  a  trading  place.  Near  this  town 
prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick  defeated 
the  French,  in  1759.  It  is  subject  to 
the  king  of  Prussia,  who  secularized  the 
bishopric,  27  miles  E  by  S  of  Osnaburg, 
and  37  W  of  Hanover. "  Lon.  9  5  E,  lat. 
52  22  N. 

Minden,  a  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  New  York,  containing  4788  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  about  65  miles  NW 
of  Albany, 

Mindorciy  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
50  miles  in  circumference,  separated  from 
Luconia  by  a  narrow  channel.  The  inha- 
bitants are  idolaters,  and  pay  tribute  to 
the  Spaniards,  to  whom  this  island  be- 
longs. 

Minehead,  a  borough  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  has  a 
good  harbour  for  ships  of  large  burden  : 
and  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  in 
wool,  coal,  and  herrings.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  31  miles 
N  of  Exeter,  and  161  W  bv  S  of  London. 
Lon.  3  34  W,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Jlflngrelia,  a  province  of  Asia,  which 
makes  part  of  Georgia;  bounded  on  the 
W  by  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  E  by  Imeri- 
tia,  on  the  S  by  apart  of  Georgia',  and  on 
the  N  by  Circassia.  It  is  governed  by  a 
prince,  who  is  tributary  to  the  sovereign 
pof  Imeritia.  The  face  of  this  country  is 
covered  with  trees,  and  it  has  very  little 
ground  fit  for  tillage  ;  its  products  and 
the  customs  and  manners  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, are  similar  to  those  of  Georgia. 

Miniato,  St.  an  episcopal  town  of  Tus- 
cany, seated  on  the  Arr.o',  20  miles  SW  of 
Florence.    Lon.  10  45  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 


JWinisinlc,  a  township  of  Orange  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  4005  inhabitants 
in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  NE  side 
of  the  river  Delaware,  and  joins  the  state 
of  New  Jersey. 

Mino,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  has  its 
source  in  Galicia,  near  Castro  del  Re), 
and  passing  by  Lugo,  Ortense,  and  Tey, 
it  then  divides  Galicia  from  Portugal,  and 
talis  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  at  Cami^ha. 

JUinorbiuo,  a  small  town  of  Naples  in  I- 
taly,  in  Terra  di  Bari,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
26  miles  N  of  Cirenza.  Lon.  16  19  E, 
lat.  41  8  N. 

Minorca,  an  island  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, lying  50  miles  to  the  NE  of  Ma- 
jorca. It  is  30  miles  in  length,  and 42 
in  breadth ;  and  is  a  mountainous  Coun- 
try, with  some  fruitful  -vallies,  where 
there  are  excellent  mules.  Cittadella  is 
the  capital :  but  greater  consequence  is 
attached  to  the  town  of  Mahon  on  account 
of  its  excellent  harbour,  which  is  defend- 
ed by  Fort  St.  Philip,  one  of  the  strong- 
est fortresses  in  Europe,  and  on  the  fate 
of  which  the  whole  island  depends.  Mi- 
norca was  taken  from  the  Spaniards  by 
the  English,  in  1799.  Lon.  3  48  E,  lat 
39  50  N. 

Minori,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on 
the  gulf  of  Salerno,  between  the  town  of 
that  name  and  Amalsi. 

Minsingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  with  a  handsome 
castle.    Lon.  9  35  E,  lat.  48  32  N. 

.MinskiyVi  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  o£ 
a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with  two 
citadels,  one  of  which  is  seated  in  a  mo- 
rass. The  country  is  pretty  fertile,  ami 
has  forests  containing  vast  numbers  of 
bees,  whose  honey  makes  part  of  its 
riches.  Minski  is  65  miles  N  of  Sluczk, 
and  100  SE  of  Wilna.  Lon.  26  48  E,  lat. 
54  11  X. 

Juohinsy  a  fortress  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Lower  Alps  and  late 
province  of  Provence,  seated  on  a  craggj 
rock,  in  the  vallev  of  Barcelonetta.  Lon. 
6  20  E,  lat.  45  35  X. 

Mtojss,  a  lake  of  Norway,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Hedemarke,  80  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  is  divided  by  a  large  penin- 
sula, and  is  from  12  to  18  miles  broad.  It 
contains  one  island  about  10  miles  in 
circumference,  fertile  in  corn,  pasture, 
and  wood,  and  sprinkled  with  several 
farm  houses. 

Jlfiquelon,  a  small  desert  island,  SW 
of  Cape  May  in  Newfoundland,  ceded  to 
the  French  by  the  peace  of  1763,  for  dry- 
ing and  curing  their  fish.  It  was  taken 
by  .he  English  in  1793.  Lon.  56  10  W, 
lat.  46  42  N. 


INI  I  S 


M  I  S 


Jtfiranda-de- Doner o,  a  fortified  town  of 
Portugal,  capital  of  the  province  of  Tra- 
los-Montcs,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  a  rock,  near  the  confluence  of 
the  Douero  ami  Fresna,  208  miles  N  by  E 
of  Lisbon.    Lon.  6  0  W,  lat.  41  40  N. 

JMiranda-de-lZbro,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Old  Castile,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated 
in  a  country  that  produces  excellent  wine, 
on  the  river  Ebro,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
some bridge  It  is  34  miles  S  of  Bilboa, 
and  160  N  of  Madrid  Lon.  3  10  W,  lat. 
42'49.N.^vJM| 

Jlflfiande,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gers,  and  late  province  of 
Gascon)',  seated  on  a  mountain  near  the 
rivemtSaise.  Its  principal  articles  of  com- 
merce, are  wool,  down,  and  geese  feathers. 
It  is  15  miles  S  W  of  Auch,  and  340  SW 
of  Paris.    Lon.  0  26  E,  lat.  43  30  N. 

Mirandola,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a  well 
fortified  place,  subject  to  the  house  of 
Austria,  and  20  miles  NE  of  Modena. 
Lon.  11  19  E,  lat.  44  52  N. 

J\tivebeau,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vienne.  Its  asses  have  long 
been  famous  for  their  beauty  and  strength. 
It  is  16  miles  N  of  Poitiers,  and  175  SW 
of  Paris. 

Jifivecourtf  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Vosges,  famous  for  its 
viol.ns  and  fine  laces.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Modon,  27  miles  S  of  Nanci,  and  30 
SE  of  Toul.    Lon.  6  4  B,  lat.  48  15  N. 

j\Iiremont3  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne.  Near  it  is  a  re- 
markable cavern,  called  Gluseau.  It  is 
seated  near  the  river  Vizere,  15  miles  F 
of  JBerg-erac. 

Jlfirepoix,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Upper  Pyrenees.  It  w  as 
lately  an  episcopal  town,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Gers,  15  miles  N  of  Foix. 

JWiseno,  a  cape  of  Italy,  in  the  Terra  di 
Lavori,  between  Puzzoli  and  Cuma.  On 
it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Miscnum. 

Miserden,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
six  miles  NW  of  Cirencester,  famous  for 
a  park,  in  a  valley  of  which  is  a  mount  of 
circular  form,  now  over  grown  with  trees. 
This  was  the  site  of  an  ancient  castle, 
built  in  the  reign  of  king 'John  ;  and  par. 
of  the  moat,  which  encompassed  the 
building,  is  still  to  be  seen. 

Misitrn,  a  very  ancient  and  celebrated 
town  of  Greece,  capital  of  the  Moroa,  with 
a  Greek  archbishop's  see,  and  a  castle. 
It  is  divided  into  four  parts,  the  castle, 
the  town,  and  two  lar.^e  suburbs.  The 
church  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world, 
and  the  Turks  have  turned  it  into  a 
mosque,  near  which  is  a  magnificent  hos- 
pital.   There  is  a  great  number  of  Chris- 


tians, and  so  many  Jews,  that  they  have 
three  synagogues.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Venetians  >n  1687;  but  tlie  Turks  retook 
it.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vasilipotamb,  100 
miles  SW  of  Athens,  and  90  N  bv  E  of 
Lepanto.    Lon.  22  30  E,  lat.  37  6  N. 

Missiscoui,  a  river  of  North  America, 
which,  rising  in  Canada,  enters  Vermont 
in  Franklin  county  ;  whence  it  flows  near- 
ly in  a  western  cwurse  to  Michiscou  or 
Missiscoui  bay,  a  branch  of  lake  Cham- 
plain; 

^Mississippi,  a  river  of  North  America, 
which  receives  the  waters  of  the  Ohio 
and  Illinois  from  the  E,  and  of  the  .Mis- 
souri, and  other  rivers  from  the  W.  It 
rises  from  the  White  Bear  lake  in  lat.  46 
30  :  its  length,  to  its  entrance  into  the 
gulf  of  Mexico,  is  supposed  to  be  up- 
wards of  3J00  miles.  It  is  the  E  boun- 
dary of  Louisiana.  In  tins  river,  in  lat. 
44  30  N,  are  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony, 
where  the  stream  more  than  250  yards 
wide,  falls  perpendicularly  about  30  feet. 
From  its  mouth  to  where  it  receives  the 
Ohio  is  1000  miles  by  Water,  but  only 
500  by  land.  From  the  mouth,  of  the  6- 
hio  to  that  of 'the  Missouri,  is  £30  miles 
by  water,  and  140  by  land;  from  thence 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  is  about  25 
miies;  and  from  the  Illinois  to  the  Falls 
of  St.  Anthony,  in  the  lat.  of  44  30,  870 
miles..  This  river  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Missouri  is  always  muchU,  anil  a- 
bounds  with  sand  bars.  It  cai  ;-ic  s  15  ti  et 
water  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  but  the 
current  is  too  strong  to  be  stemmed  b\ 
the  force  of  wind  alone,  acting  upon  sails. 
Like  the  Nile  it  is  subject  to  an  annual 
flood,  which  generally  begins  in  Apr  1, 
and  it  returns  to  its  natural  channel,  the 
•beginning  of  August.  Above  the  mouth 
of  the  Missouri,  the  water  is  clearer,  and 
the  current  more  gentle.  'I  lit  common 
current  is  from  3£  to  4  miles  per  hour, 
when  the  water  is  high,  it  is  considerably 
faster. 

^Mississippi  Territory,  an  extensive  tract 
[of  country  belonging  to  the  United  States  ; 
situated  on  the  E  side  of  the  river  Missis- 
sippi, and  extending-  from  31  to  35  of  N 
lat.  and  from  85  to  91  1 5  of  W  lon,  It  is 
divided  into  11  counties,  and  contains 
25,000,000  acres  of  land,  with  40.000  in- 
habitants, including  17,000  slaves.  U  9 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Georgia  ;  on  the  N 
by  Tennessee ;  on  the  W  by  the  riven?! 
Mississippi  which  separates  it  from  Loui- 
siana ;  and  on  the  S  by  West  Florida.  The 
capital  is  Natchez. 

JWsmuri,  a  river  of  North  America, 
whose  source  is  unknown.  It  joins  the 
Mississippi  in  hit.  39  N,  but  is  a  longer, 
broader  and  deeper  river,  and      in  ftcj, 


MOD 


M  O  G 


the  principal  stream.  It  has  been  ascend- 
ed by  the  French  traders  upwards  of 
1200  miles,  and  from  its  depth  and  breadth 
at  tlwit  distance,  appeared  to  be  navigable 
much  higher. 

Mite  hum,  a  village  in  Surry,  seated  on 
the  Wan  die,  on  which  are  some  snuff- 
mills,  and  two  calico-printing  manufac- 
tures.   It  is  8  miles  SW  of  London. 

Mittau,  a  strong'  town  of  Poland,  the 
capital  of  Courland,  remarkable  for  its 
large  ducal  palace.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Bolderau,  45  miles  E  of  Golding-en,  and 
270  NXE  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  23  50  E,  lat. 
56  40  N. 

Mobile,  a  town  in  the  Spanish  province 
of  West  Florida,  situated  on  a  bay  of  the 
same  name,  in  lat.  of  30  30  N.  and  lon.  of 
88  W.  It  is  about  70  miles  NW  of  Pen- 
sacola.  The  intermediate  country  is  a 
wilderness  with  few  inhabitants. 

Mocha  or  JMoka,  a  considerable  town 
of  Arabia  Felix,  surrounded  by  walls. 
The  women,  except  a  small  number  of  the 
common  sort,  never  appear  in  the  streets 
in  the  day  time,  but  visit  each  other  in  the 
evening.  When  they  meet  any  men  in 
the  way,  they  stand  close  up  against  the 
wall  to  let  them  pass.  Their  dress  is 
much  like  that  of  other  women  of  the 
East,  and  over  all  they  wear  a  large  veil 
of  painted  calico,  so  thin  that  they  can 
see  through  it,  without  being  seen.  They 
have  also  little  buskins  of  Morocco  lea- 
ther. It  carries  on  a  great  trade,  especi- 
ally in  coffee;  and  the  inhabitants  are 
computed  at  10,000,  Avithout  including  the 
poor  Armenians,  or  the  Jews,  who  inhabit 
the  suburbs.  Mocha  is  seated  in  a  sandy 
countrv,  near  the  straits  of  Babelmandel, 
240  mi'les  SS  W  of  Sanna,  and  560  SSE  of 
Mecca.    Lon.  44  35  E,  lat.  14  0  N. 

Modburry,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seated  in  a 
bottom,  between  two  hills,  36  miles  SSW 
of  Exeter,  and  208  WSW  of  London.  Lon. 
3  54  W,  lat.  50  23  N. 

Modena,  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  capi- 
tal of  the  Modencsc,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  the  usual  residence  of  the  duke,  and 
stands  in  a  pleasant  and  fruitful  country, 
is  large  and  populous,  but  the  streets  are4 
narrow  and  the  houses  unequal.  The 
cathedral,  several  of  the  churches,  and 
some  of  the  monasteries  are  handsome 
structures  ;  and  tl^e  ducal  palace  is  an  e- 
legant  structure,  richly  furnished,  and 
contains  fine  paintings  ;  among  others,  a 
famous  night-piece  of  Corregio.  The 
citadel  is  very  regular,  but  has  been  oft- 
en taken,  particularly  by  the  king  of  Sar- 
dinia, in  1742.  The  inhabitants  arc  said 
to  be  40,000 ;  and  they  make  here  the 
best  masks  for  masquerades  in  all  Italy. 


It  is  seated  between  the  rivers  Secchia 
:md  Panaro,  22  miles  W  bv  N  of  Bologna, 

34  S  bv  E  of  Mantua,  and  60  NNW  of 
Florence.    Lon.  11  0  E,  lat.  44  34  N. 

Modena,  or  Modenese,  a  duchy  of  Ita- 
ly, bounded  on  the  W  by  that  of  Parma, 
on  the  N  by  the  duchies  of  Mantua 
and  Mirandola,  on  the  E  by  the  Bolog 
nese  and  Fcrrarese,  and  on  the  S  by  Tus- 
cany and  the  republic  of  Lucca.  It  is  50 
miles  in  length,  and  40  in  breadth  ;  and 
the  soil  is  very  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  oil, 
an.t  fruits  of  different  kinds.  It  also  feeds 
a  great  number  of  cattle. 

Modica,  a  town  of  Sicily,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  25  miles  S  W  of  Syracuse. 
Lon.  15  9  E,  lat.  36  48  N. 

Modoiu  a  strong  town  of  the  Morea, 
with  a  safe  harbour  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  on  a  promontory,  projecting  in- 
to the  sea  of  Sapicnz?,  15  miles  E  of  Co- 
ron,  and  95  SW  of  ifapoli-di-Romania. 
Lon.  21  35  E,  lat.  36  56  N. 

Jilodih-,  a  town  of  Poland  in  Lithuania, 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Prypec  in  a  fertile 
countrv,  85  miles  SE  of  Sluczk.  Lon.  29 
10  E,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Moffat,  a  tow  n  in  Dumfriesshire,  near 
the  river  Annan,  noted  for  its  mineral 
springs,  which  were  formerly  of  great 
repute,  and  attracted  numbers  of  genteel 
company.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  coarse 
woollen  stuffs,  and  is  20  miles  N  by  E  of 
Dumfries. 

Moffat  /Jills,  the  highest  mountains  in 
the  S  of  Scotland.  They  occupy  the  N 
part  of  Annandale;  and  from  these  des- 
cend in  different  directions,  the  Tweed, 
Clyde,  and  Annan,  whose  sources  are  but 
a  little  distance  from  each  other. 

Moq-ador,  an  isiand  and  castle  of  Afri- 
ca, in  the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  near 
c:ipe  Ozem.  There  are  mines  of  gold  and 
silver  in  one  of  the  mountains.    Lon.  9 

35  W,  lat.  31  38  N. 

Moguls,  Country  djfc  the,  or  Western  Chi- 
nese Tartary,  is  bounded  on  the  X  by  Si- 
beria, on  the  E  by  Extern  Tartary,  on 
the  S  by  the  great  W  all  and  L'eaotong, 
and  on  the  W  by  Independent  Tartary. 
The  Mogul  Tartars  have  neither  towns, 
villages,  nor  houses  :  they  form  them- 
selves only  into  wandering  hordes,  and 
live  under  tents,  which  they  transport 
from  one  place  to  another,  according  us 
the  temperature  of  the  different  seasons 
or  the  wants  of  their  flocks  require: 
they  pass  the  summer  on  the  bunks  of 
their  rivers,  and  the  winter  at  the  foot 
of  some  mountain  or  hiil  which  shelters 
them  from  the  cutting  X  wind.  They 
are  naturally  clownish,  and  dirty  in  their 
dress,  as  well  as  in  their  tents,  •  where 


MOG 

they  live  amid  the  dung  of  their  flocks, 
which  when  dried,  they  use  for  fuel  in- 
stead of  wood.  Enemies  to  labour,  they 
choose  rather  to  be  satisfied  with  the 
food  with  which  their  flocks  supply  them, 
than  take  the  trouble  of  cultivating  the 
earth ;  it  even  appears  that  they  neglect 
agriculture  from  pride.  During  the  sum- 
mer, they  live  only  on  milk,  which  they 
get  from  their  flocks,  using  without  dis- 
tinction that  of  the  cow,  mare,  ewe,  goat, 
and  camel.  Their  ordinary  drink  is  warm 
water,  in  which  a  little  coarse  tea  lias 
been  infused  ;  with  this  they  mix  cream, 
milk,  or  bvitter,  according  to  their  cir- 
cumstances. They  have  also  a  method 
of  making  a  kind  of  spirituous  liquor  of 
sour  milk,  especially  of  that  of  the  mare. 
The  Moguls  are  free,  open  and  sincere. 
They  pride  themselves  chiefly  on  their 
dexterity  in  handling  the  bow  and  arrow, 
mounting  on  horseback,  and  hunting  wild 
beasts.  Polygamy  is  permitted  among 
them ;  but  they  generally  have  only  one 
wife.  They  are  unacquainted  with  the 
use  of  money,  and  trade  only  by  barter. 
They  use  sheepskins  for  cloathing,  wear- 
ing the  wool  inmost,  and  the  skin  on 
the  outside,  from  which  exhales  a  rank 
and  disagreeable  smell,  on  which  account 
they  are  called  by  the  Chinese,  Stinking 
Tartars.  The  religion  of  the  Mogul  Tar- 
tars is  confined  to  the  worship  of  Fo. 
They  have  the  most  superstitious  vene- 
ration for  their  lamas,  who  are  clownish, 
ignorant,  and  licentious  priests,  to  whom 
they  attribute  the  power  of  calling  down 
hail  or  rain.  All  the  Moguls  are  govern- 
ed by  khans,  or  particular  princes  inde- 
pendent of  each  other;  but  all  subject  to 
the  emperor  of  China,  whom  they  consi- 
der as  the  grand  khan  of  the  Tartars. 
The  limits  of  their  respective  territories, 
and  the  laws  by  which  they  are  at  present 
governed,  were  settled  by  the  emperor 
of  China.  These  tributary  khans  have 
not  the  power  of  condemning-  their  sub 
iec'.s  to  death,  nor  of  confiscation;  these 
two  cases  arc  reserved  for  the  supreme 
tribunal  established  at  Peking  for  the  af- 
fairs of  the  Moguls,  to  which  every  indi- 
vidual may  appeal  from  the  sentence  <  f 
his  prince,  who  is  obliged  to  appear  in 
person  wherever  he  is  cited.  The  best 
cultivated  canton  of  all  the  Mogul  terri- 
tories is  the  district  of  Cartelling,  near 
the  great  Wall,  where  the  emperor  goes 
every  year  to  enjoy  the  pleasure  of  hunt- 
in'-,  and  where  he  generally  passes  the 
summer:  for  that  purpose  he  has  caused 
several  beautiful  pleasure  houses  to  be 
built  there,  the  principal  of  which  is  Ge- 
ho.  All  the  Mogul  nations  under  the 
Chinese  government,  may  be  divided  into 


M  O  I 

four  principal  tribes,  which  are  the  Mo. 
guls  properly  so  called,  the  Kalkas,  the 
Ortons.and  the  Tartars  of  Kokonor. 

Mohatz,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  in 
the  county  of  Baranwar,  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  rivers  Danube  and  Co- 
rasse,  17  miles  NW  of  Esseck.  Lon.  19 
56  E,  lat.  45  46  N. 

JWohaivk  Jtiver,  a  river  of  North  Ame- 
rica, which  rises  in  the  state  of  New  York, 
and  empties  itself,  by  two  mouths,  into 
Hudson's  River.  About  two  miles  above 
its  junction  with  that  river  it  has  .a  cata- 
ract, where  the  stream,  100  yards  wide, 
falls  perpendicularly  above  70  feet. 

Jfrjhaivks,  u  once  powerful  tribe  of  In- 
dians, in  North  America,  living  on  the 
Mohawks  River.  Only  one  family  are  left 
of  them  in  the  state  of  New  York,  the 
rest  having.in  1776,  emigrated,  with  Sir 
John  Johnson,  into  Canada. 

MahiUa,  or  Mohilta,  one  of  theComora 
Islands,  between  the  N  end  of  Madagas- 
car and  the  continent  of  Africa.  The  in- 
land parts  are  mountainous  and  wood) , 
and  there  are  villages  scattered  here  and 
there,  whose  houses  are  made  of  reeds 
and  straw.  The  people  are  blacks,  with 
great  l  eads,  large  lips,  flat  noses,  sharp 
chins,  and  strong  limbs.  They  go  quite 
naked,  except  only  a  few  leaves.  Their 
skins  are  cut  and  pricked,  so  as  to  make 
several  figures  on  all  parts  of  their  bo- 
dies. Some  of  the  inhabitants  are  Ma- 
hometans, who  have  a  few  wretched 
mosques,  built  of  wood  and  straw  with- 
out, and  matted  neatly  within.  This  is- 
land abounds  in  animals,  such  as  buffa- 
loes, goats,  tortoises,  hens,  large  bats, 
and  camelions  ;  and  here  are  a  great  num- 
ber of  birds,  whose  names  are  not  known 
in  Europe.  It  produces  plenty  of  rice, 
peas,  honey,  cocoa-nuts,  plantains,  oran- 
ges, lemons,  citrons,  pine-apples,  cucum- 
bers, tamarinds,  and  sugar-canes.  There 
are  several  fine  streams,  and  the  grass 
and  trees  are  green  all  the  year,  so  that 
in  short  it  is  a  kind  of  paradise.  Lon.  45 
J  E,  lat  11  55  S. 

Mohilef,  a  government  of  the  Russian 
mpire,  part  of  Lithuania,  dismembered 
from  Poland  in  1772;  which  contains  11 
districts. 

Mohilef,  a  populous,  strong,  and  well 
built  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  Russian 
government  of  the  same  name.  L  has  a 
considerable  trade,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Dnieper,  35  miles  S  of  Ortza.  Lon.  31  2 
E,  lat.  54  15  N. 

JWoissac,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lot.  It  has  a  great 
trade  in  corn  and  flour,  and  is  seated  on 
'he  Tarn,  near  the  Garonne,  13  miles  NW 
of  Montauban.    Lon.  1  17  E,  lat.  44  6  N. 


M  O  L 


M  O  N 


JTola,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Bari,  where  they  pretend  to 
shew  the  ruins  of  Cicero's  house,  seat- 
ed  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  14  miles  E  of 
Bari. 

.Mold,  a  town  in  Flintshire,  where  the 
assizes  are  held.  It  is  five  miles  S  of 
Flint. 

Moldavia,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, 270  miles  long  and  210  broad; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Poland,  from  which 
it  is  also  divided  on  the  NE  by  the  Dnies- 
ter ;  on  the  E  by  New  Russia ;  on  the  S 
E  by  Bessarabia ;  on  the  S  by  Bulgaria, 
from  which  it  is  parted  by  the  Danube  ; 
on  the  S\V  by  Walachia  ;  and  on  the  W 
I  by  Transylvania  and  Hungary.  The  other 
principal  rivers  are  the  Pruth,  Moldau, 
and  Bardalach.  The  soil  is  rich,  and  it 
abounds  in  good  pastures,  which  feed  a 
great  number  of  horses,  oxen,  and  sheep  : 
it  also  produces  corn,  pulse,  honey,  wax, 
fruits,  with  plenty  of  game  and  fowls. 
The  sovereign,  who  is  styled  Hospodar, 
is  tributary  to  the  grand  seignior,  and  is 
obliged  to  raise  a  large  body  of  troops 
at  his  own  expense  in  time  of  war.  The 
inhabitants  are  Christians  of  the  Greek 
churcji,  and  J  assy  is  the  principal  town. 

Mole,  a  river  in  Surry,  which  runs  to 
Darking,  and  passing  beneath  Box  Hill, 
is  believed  to  disappear  in  its  vicinity, 
and  to  rise  again  near  Leatherhead.  Hence 
it  is  supposed  to  derive  its  name  :  but  the 
fact  is,  that  in  very  dry  seasons  tfic  waste 
water  is  absorbed  by  a  tract  of  soft 
ground,  two  miles  in  length,  called  the 
Swallows,  in  caverns  in  the  sides  of  the 
banks  ;  but  not  so  as  to  prevent  a  con- 
stant  stream  from  flowing  in  an  open 
channel  above  ground.  The  Mole  enters 
the  Thames  at  E  Moulsey. 

Mole,  St.  Nicholas.   See  Nicholas,  St. 

Mofen,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Lawen- 
burg,  belonging  to  the  city  of  Lubec.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Stekiness,  12  miles  E  of 
Lawenburg.    Lon.  10  50  E,  lat.  53  38  N. 

Molfetta,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Bari,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  the  title 
of  a  duchy.  It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Venire,  10  miies  NVV  of  Bari.  Lvn.  16 
52  E,  lat.  41  23  N. 

Molvrea,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot,  and  late  province  of 
Quera.    Lon.  1  30  E,  lat.  44  ION. 

Molina,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  seated  on  the  river  Gailo,  in  a 
territory  abounding  in  pastures,  35  miles 
SEof  Siguenza,  and  88  ENE  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  1  53  W,  lat.  40  50  N. 

Molise,  a  territory  of  Naples,  lying  be- 
tween Tfierra-di-Lavora,  Abruzzo  Citeri- 
ore,  Capitanata,  and  Principato  Ulteriore. 


It  is  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  whose 
sides  are  39  miles  in  length,  and  is  a 
mountainous  country,  but  fertile  in  corn, 
wine,  saffron,  and  Silk. 

Molise,  a  town  of  Naples,  capital  of  a 
territory  of  the  same  name,  but  not  po- 
pulous. It  is  30  miles  N  of  Naples.  Lon. 
14  43  E,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Molshcim,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  Brusch- 
It  is  10  miles  W  by  S  of  Strasburg,  and 
228  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  7  35  E,  lat.  48  32  N 

Moluccas,  or  Spice  Islands,  a  cluster  of 
Islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  lying  E  of 
Celebes.  The  principal  are  Te'rnat,  Am- 
boyna,  Tydore,  Machian,  Motyr,  and  Ba- 
chian,  the  largest  of  which  is  hardly  30 
miles  in  circumference.  They  produce 
neither  corn,  rice,  nor  cattle,  except 
goats;  but  they  have  oranges,  lemons, 
and  other  fruits  ;  and  are  most  remarka- 
ble for  spices,  especially  cloves.  They 
have  large  snakes,  which  are  not  venom- 
ous ;  but  very  dangerous  land  crocodiles. 
The  natives  are  idolatrous  ;  but  there  are 
many  Mahometans.  They  were  disco- 
vered in  loll,  by  the  Portuguese,  who 
formed  »onie  settlements  ;  but  the  Dutch 
drove  them  away.    See  Banda. 

Mohvitz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Grotska,  remarkable  for  a  battle 
which  the  Prussians  gained  over  the  Aus- 
trians  in  1741.    It  is~40  miles  S  of  Bres 
law.    Lon.  17  14  E,  lat.  50  23  N. 

Moiithaza,  a  town  of  Africa,  with  a 
citadel,  seated  in  an  island  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  eastern  coast  opposite  to 
Zanguebar,  75  miles  SSW  of  Melinda, 
and  subject  to  Portugal.  Lon.  48  0  E, 
lat.  44  O  N. 

MuTP.buza,  a  country  of  Africa,  subject 
to  the  Portuguese ;  hence  they  export 
slaves,  gold,  ivory,  rice,  flesh,  and  other 
provisions,  with  which  they  supply  the 
settlements  in  Brasil.  The"  king  of  Me- 
Unda,  being  a  Christian,  had  a  quarrel 
with  the  Portuguese  governor,  took  the 
castle  of  Mom  baza  by  assault,  turned 
Mahometan,  and  murdered  all  the  Chris- 
tians, in  1631  ;  but  in  1729,  the  Portu- 
gu  se  became  masters  of  this  territory 
again.  JjJjB 

Mona,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the 
Baltic,  seated  to  the  SVV  of  the  isle  of 
Z<  aland,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
narrow  channel.  Lon.  12  30  E,  lat.  "55 
20  N. 

Monaco,  a  small,  but  handsome  and 
strong  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  territo- 
ry of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  a  ci- 
tadel, and  a  good  harbour.  It  is  natu- 
ralh  very  strong,  being  seated  on  a  crag- 
gy rock  that  projects  into  the  sea.  It  ha? 


M  O  X 


3V1  O  N 


"us  own  prince,  under  the  protection  oi  l 
France,  liiut  is  8  miles  VYSYV  of  V*Tmf- 
migliu,  lincl  12  ENE*6l  Nice.    Lon.  7  36 
E,  hit.  43  48  X. 

Jmninghtin,  a  county  of  Ireland,  hi  the 
province/.:'  Ulster,  32  miles  in  length 
and  22  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  Uie  N  In 
Fvrone,  on  the  E  by  Armagh,  on  the  SE 
by  Louth,  and  on  the  VV  by  Fermanagh'. 
It  is  full  of  woods  and  bogs,  and  a  third 
part  of  it  taken  up  by  Lough  Earnc.  It 
contains  24  parishes,  and  sends  four  mem- 
bers to  parliament. 

.  \foiiagtian,  a  boroug-h  in  Ireland,  and 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  40 
miles  SW -of  Belfast,  and  60  XXW  of 
Dublin. 

Monaghan,  a  township  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  725  inhabitants 
in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  S  side 
of  Yellow  Breeches  creek,  and  joins 
Cumberland  county. 

Monaster,  an  ancent  town  of  Africa,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  pleasantly  seated 
near  the  sea,  70  miles  SE  of  Tunis.  Lon. 

11  6  E,  lat.  35  50  N. 

Mqntcallier,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont, subject  to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  and 
seated  on  the  Po,  five  miles  SE  of  Turin. 
Lon.  7  48  E,  lat.  45  2  X. 

Maiicahud^  a  small  but  strong  town  of 
Italv,  in  Montferrat,  seated  on  a  mountain, 

12  miles  SW  of  Casal.  Lon.  7  19  E,  lat. 
45  10  X. 

Moncnun,  or  Monzon,  a  very  strongly 
fortified  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre-Doo- 
ero-e-Minho,  with  a  castle.  The  Spa- 
niards have  often  attempted  to  take  it 
but.  in  vain.  It  is  8  miles  SE  of  Tuy,  and 
26  X  of  Rraga.  Lon.  8  28  AY,  lat.  42  8  X. 

Monchabov,  a  city  of  Asia  in  the  king- 
dom of  Burmah,  which  in  1755,  was  the 
residence  of  the  king,  before  the  court 
removed  to  Ava  the  present  capital,  from 
which  it  is  distant  39  miles. 

Moncon,  or  Monzon,  a  strongly  fortified 
town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Sofa  and  Cinca,  six 
miles  S  df  Balbastro,  and  50  XE  of  Sara- 
gossa.    Lon.  0  28  E,  lat.  42  2  N. 

Moncontour,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Isle  and  Yilaine,  and  late 
province  of  Bretagne,  39  miles  SW  of  St. 
Malo.    Lon.  2  36E,  lat.  48  15  X. 

Moiicton,  a  post  town  in  Addison  coun- 
ty,'Vermont,  26  miles  S  by  E  of  Burling- 
ton on  lake  Champlain,  and  13  X  of  Yer- 
g'enncs,  with  1000  inhabitants. 

Mmtdego,"  k  river  of  Portugal,  which 
has  its  source  near  Guarda,  and  crossing 
the  province  of  B&iffa,  passes  by  Coim- 
bra,  and  tills  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
Jk;:.i  a  cape  of  the  same  name. 

Mondidiei;  a  small  town  of  France,  in 


she  department  of  Somme,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Pi  curdy,  Where  there  was  for- 
merly a  palace.  It  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, 24  miks  SE  of  Amiens,  and  57  X  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  34  \Y,  lat.  49  39  X. 

Mmdonnedo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Gal;- 
<\a,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  in  a  fer- 
tile country,  on  a  small  l  iver,  60  miles 
\T.  of  Compos'ella.  Lon.  7  10  YY,  lat. 
43  30  X. 

Mbndoubleav,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Loir  and  Cher,  and  late 
province  of  Blassbis.  It  has  a  castle,  and 
is  13  miles  X  of  Yendome. 

Motufovi,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  with  a 
citadel,  an  university,  and  a  bishop's  sec. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  April  1766. 
It  is  the  largest  and  most  populous  town 
of  Piedmont,  and  is  seated  on  a  mountain 
near  the  river  Elero,  eight  miles  X\V  of 
Ceva,  and  35  SE  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  6  E, 
lat.  44  38  X. 

Monforte,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Beira,  30  miles  X  by  E  of 
Portalegra.    Lon.  7  21  \V,  lat.  39  32  X. 

Monfovte,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Alentejo,  20  miles  S  of  Porta- 
legra.   Lon.  7  31  W,  lat.  38  47  X. 

Monghir,  a  large  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  with  an  old  fort.  It  is  generally 
mad',  a  station  for  part  of  the  English 
troops,  and  is  seated  on  the  Ganges  110 
miks  E  bv  S  of  Patna,  and  275  NW  of 
Calcutta.  'Lon.  83  30  E,  lat.  25  15  X. 

Monguls.    See  Moguls. 

Mmhebn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bava  - 
ria,  10  miles  from  Weisscmberg.  Lon.  11 
12  E;  lat.  48  58  X. 

Monickedum,  a  seaport  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Xew  Holland,  seated  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Monick  into  the  Zuider- 
zee, eight  miles  XE  of  Amsterdam.  Lon. 
4  56  E,  lat.  52  29  X. 

Monjoy,  a  small  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Westphalia  and  duchy  of 
.Tuliers,  20  miles  from  Juliers.  Lon.  6  7 
E,  lat.  50  39  N. 

Monistrol,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Loire,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Velay.  Lon.  4  6  E,  lat  43  17  X  . 

Monmouth,  the  county  town  of  Mon- 
mouthshire, with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  pleasantly  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Wye  and  Mynnow,  which  almost 
surround  it,  and  over  each  of  which  there 
is  a  bridge.  It  contains  two  parish  church- 
es, and  here  was  born  the  warlike  Henry 
Y.  It  is  a  handsome  town,  carries  on  a 
good  trade  with  Bristol  by  the  Wye, 
sends  one  member  to  parliament,  aT  <i  is 
21  miles  W  of  Gloucester,  and  128  W  bv 
X  of  London.  Lon.  2  46  W,  lat.  51  49  X. 

Monmouth,  a  post  town  in  Kennebec 
county,  Maine,  15  miles  W  by  X  of  Au- 


M  ON 


M  O  N 


p'.sta  on  the  river  Kennebec,  and  23  NW 
of  Pittsion  on  the  same  water. 

Monmouth,  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Monmouth  county,  New  Jersey  ;  situated 
22  miles  NE  of  Allentown,  and  13  Sw 
of  Shrewsbury.  This  was  the  scene  of  a 
warm  engagement  between  the  American 
army  under  gen. .Washington,  and  the  Bri- 
tish under  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  on  the  27th 
of  June  1778,  which  was  one  of  the  hoi- 
test  days  in  that  year. 

Monmouthshire,  a  cQunty  of  England, 
in  the  diocese  of  Landaff,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Herefordshire,  on  the  E  by  Glouces- 
tershire, on  the  SE  by  the  mouth  of  the 
Severn,  and  on  the  W  and  SW  by  the 
counties  of  Brecknock  and  Glamorgan, 
Its  extent  from  N  to  S  is  about  24  miles, 
and  from  E  to  W  20.  The  air  is  tempe- 
rate and  healthy,  and  the  soil  fruitful, 
though  mountainous  and  woody.  This 
county  is  extremely  well  watered  by  se- 
veral fine  rivers  ;  for  besides  the  Wye, 
the  Mynnow,  and  the  Rhyney,  or  Rum - 
ney,  this  county  has  almost  peculiar  to 
itself  the  river  Usk,  which  runs  south- 
ward, and  falls  into  the  Severn,  and  di- 
vides it  into  two  unequal  portions  ;  all 
these  rivers  particularly  the  Wye  and 
Usk,  abound  with  fish,  especially  salmon 
and  trout.  The  eastern  part,  and  the 
largest,  is  atract  fertile  in  corn  and  pas- 
ture, and  well  wooded  ;  and  it  abounds 
with  limestone.  The  western  portion  is 
mountainous,  and  in  great  part  unfavour- 
able for  cultivation.  The  higher  ranks 
generally  speak  English,  but  the  cotnmon 
people  use  the  Welsh  language.  The  ma- 
nufacture of  this  county  is  flannels. 

Monomotapa,  a  kingdom  on  the  E  coast 
of  Africa,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Mono- 
nulgi,  on  the  E  by  the  Mosambique,  on 
the  S  by  Sofala  and  Manica,  and  on  the 
W  by  unknown  regions.  It  is  watered  b\ 
several  rivers,  of  which  Zambera  is  the 
chief.  The  inhabitants  are  negroes,  who 
have  as  many  wives  as  they  can  get.  Their 
religion  is  paganism  ;  but  they  believe  in 
one  God  that  created  the  world.  'Che  1 
army  of  the  king  consists  only  of  foot, 
for  they  have  no  horses  in  the  country. 
The  Portuguese  had  a  settlement  here  in 
1560,  but  they  were  all  murdered  or  for-  j 
oed  away.  It  lies  between  23  and  33  E 
Ion.  and  14  and  19  S  lat. 

Monomugi,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  lying 
near  the  equator,  between  Abyssinia  on 
the  N,  Zanguebar  on  the  E,  Monomo- 
tapa  on  the  S,  and  Congo  on  the  W.  This 
country  is  very  little  known  to  the  Eu- 
ropeans.  BftffiBw^i 

Monangaheh,  a  river  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, which  takes  its  rise  in  Virginia,  and 
running-  N  meets  the  Alleghany,  where 


their  united  streams  are  called  the  Ohio'; 
It  is  deep  and  gentle,  and  navigable  for 
barges  50  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Monongalia,  a  county  in  the  state  of* 
Virginia,  containing  12793  inhabitants 
in  1810.  It  joins  Maryland  on  the  E, 
Pennsylvania  on  the  N,  the  river  Ohio  on 
the  W,  and  Harrison  county  on  the  S.  It 
has  but  few  slaves,  being- peopled  chiefly 
by  emigrants  from  Pennsylvania  and  New 
Jersey.  The  chief  town  is  Morgan-town. 

Munopoli,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,; 
in  Terra  di  Bari,  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  28  miles  SE  of  Bari.  Lon.  17  37 
E,  lat.  41  21  N. 

Mons,  an  ..ncicnt,  large  and  strong  city 
of  Austrian  Hainault,  with  a  considera- 
ble manufacture  of  woollen  stuffs,  and  a 
good  trade  .  It  lias  been  frequently  taken 
and  retaken  ;  the  last  time  by  the  French 
in  1794.  It  stands  partly  on  a  hill,  and 
partly  on  a  plain,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Jiaisne  and  Trcuillc,  by  which  the  coun- 
try around  it  may  be  overflowed  at  plea- 
sure. It  is  17  miles  NE  of  Tournay,  37 
W  of  Namur,  and  143  N  of  Paris.  Lon. 
4  3  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Monsanto,  a  strongly  fortified  frontier 
town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura.  Lon.  5 
50  W,  lat.  39  40  N. 

MonsaraZy  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
lejo,  seated  on  the  Gaudiana,  25  miles  S 
W  of  Elvas.  Lon.  7  32  W,  lat.  38  26  N, 
Momov,  a  township  of  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, M  ssachusetts,  containing  1674  inha- 
bitants  in  1810. 

Monsterberg..  or  Miinsterberg,  a  town 
of  Germany  in  Silesia,  in  a  province  of 
the  same  name,  20  miles  NE  of  Glats, 
and  27  S  of  Bresluw,  Lon.  17  16  E,  lat, 
50  37  N. 

Monstier.    See  Moutier. 
Montabour,  a  small  fortified  town  of 
Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  be- 
tween Coblentz  and  Liniburg.  Lon.  7  50 
E,  lat.  50  30  N, 

Montacniac,  a  con.siderable  town  of  Na- 
tolia,  on  the  sea  of  Marmora.  It  carries 
on  a  great  trade,  especially  in  fruits,  and 
is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  70 
miles  SSE  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  29  10 
E,  lat.  40  0  N. 

Montague  Island,  one  of  the  New  He- 
brides, in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean,  near  Sand- 
wich Island.    Lon.  168  31  E,  lat.  1726  S. 

Montuigu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partmcm  of  vendee,  and  late  province  of 
Poitou,  24  miles  W  of  Mauieon,  Lon.  1 
30  W,  lat.  47  0  K, 

Moutalban,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
Arragon,  with  a  citadel,  seated  on  the 
Rio-Martin,  44  miles  S  of  Saragossa,  and 
92  N  bv  W  of  Valencia.  Lon.  0  30  >Y, 
lat.  41  9  N. 
3  X 


MON 


M  O  N 


Montalcino,  a  small  populous  town  of 
Tuscany,  in  the  Sienncse,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  17  miks 
SSE  of  Sienna,  and  45  SE  of  Florence. 
Lon.  11  S\)  E,  lat.  43  7  N, 

Montalto,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy* 
in  the  marquisite  of  Ancoi.a,  seated  on 
the  river  Monacio,  10  miles  N  of  Ascoli, 
and  45  S  of  Ancona.  Lon.  13  30  E,  lat. 
42  54  N. 

Montabras,  a  frontier  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Alentejo,  about  32  miles  distant  fiom 
Lisbon.    Lon.  6  24  W,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Montargil,  a  small  town  of  Portugal  in 
the  province  of  Estraraadura.  Lon.  8  11 
VV,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Mont,  St.  Andre,  a  town  of  Brabant, 
in  the  late  Austrian  Netherlands,  three 
miles  N  of  Ramillics.  Lon.  4  46  E,  lat. 
51  41  N. 

Moniargis,  a  considerable  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Loiret,  and 
lale  province  of  Orleanois,  famous  for 
its  excellent  mustard  and  cutlery.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Loire,  from  which  it 
has  a  navigable  canal  to  the  Seine,  near  a 
fine  forest,  15  miles  S  of  Nemours,  and 
62  S  by  F^of  Paris. 

Mont  unban,  a  considerable  commercial 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lot,  lately  the  episcopal  see  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Querci.  The  inhabitants  amount 
to  20,000 :  cind  have  manufactures  of  silk 
stockings  and  stuffs,  serges,  shalloons, 
&c.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the 
river  Tarn,  20  miles  N  of  Toulouse,  and 
30  S  of  Cahors. 

Montbazon,  a  town  of  France,,  in  the 
department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Touraine,  agreeably  seated 
at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  on  which  is  an  an- 
cient castle,  135  miles  SW  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  45  E,  lat.  47  1  N. 

Montbelliard,  a  handsome  strong  town 
of  France,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the 
German  empire  of  the  same  name,  be- 
tween the  department  of  the  Doubs,  and 
that  of  Upper  Rhine.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  a  rock,  on  which  is  a  citadel.  It 
was  taken  in  1674,  by  the  French,  who 
demolished  the  fortifications  :  but  it  was 
restored  to  the  prince.  It  is  seated  near 
the  Alame  and  Doubs,  33  miles  W  of 
Basle,  and  45  NE  of  Beaancon.  Lon.  6 
50  E,  lat.  47  31  N. 

Mont  Blanc,  the  highest  mountain  of 
the  Alps,  in  Savoy,  being  15,662  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  called 
iVlont  Blanc,  from  its  uncommonly  white 
appearance.  The  summit  was  deemed 
inaccessible  till  1786,  when  Dr.  Paccard 
ascended  it. 

Mont  Blanc,  the  French  have  given  the 
name  of  this  mountain  to  the  conquered 


duchy  of  Savoy,  as  eighty  fourth  depart- 
ment of  France. 

Montblunc,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, 15  miles  N  of  Tarragona.    Lon.  1  5 

E,  lat.  41  10  N.  ^  " 

Montbrison,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Forez,  seated  on  the  Velize, 
40  miles  \Vr  of  Vienne,  and  250  S  by  E 
of  Paris.    Lon.  2  27  E,  lat.  43  32  N. 

Montdaiiplun,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Alps,  and  late  pro- 
vine  of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  a  craggy 
mountain,  almost  surrounded  by  the  Du- 
rance, eight  miles  NE  of  Embrun.  Lon. 
6  45  E,  lat.  44  40  N. 

Jio/i.t-de-Muvson,  a  town  of  France,  and 
capital  of  the  department  of  Landes,  and 
late  province  of  Gascohy.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Midouse,  30  miles  NE  of  Dax.  Lon. 
0  30  W,  lat.  43  55  N. 

Monte-Cassino,  a  mountain  of  Naples, 
on  the  top  of  which  is  a  celebrated  bene- 
dictine  abbey.  Lon.  13  44  E,  lat.  41  39  N. 

Montcccliio,  a  considerable  town  of  Ita- 
ly, in  the  duchy  of  Reggio.  The  French 
defeated  the  Austrians  near  this  place, 
August  3,  1796.  It  is  eight  miles  NW  of 
Reggio.    Lon.  15  54  E,  lat.  42  8  N. 

Monte-Falco,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  die  church,  and  duchy  of  Spa- 
latto,  seated  on  a  mountain  near  the  river 
Clitunno,  12  miles  W  of  Spalatto.  Lon. 
22  40  E.  lat.  42  58  N. 

Monte-Falcone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Vene- 
tian Friuli,  with  a  castle,  near  the  river 
Ponzano,  12  miles  NW  of  Trieste.  Lon 
13  0  E,  lat.  46  4  N. 

Monte-Fiascone,  a  small  populous  town 
of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  the  Church, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  mountain 
near  the  lake  Boisena,  in  a  country  a- 
bounding  with  excellent  wine.  Lon.  12  4 
E,  lat.  42  26  N.  . 

Montego,  a  town  of  Jamaica,  and  next 
to  Kingston,  the  most  flourishing  in  the 
island  ;  the  harbour  is  capacious,  but  in- 
conveniently exposed  to  the  N  wind,  and 
it  carries  on  a  considerable  commerce 
with  Britain  and  America. 

Monte-Leone,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples, 
which  was  almost  entirely  ruined  by  the 
earthquake  in  1638. 

Montelimcr,  a  commercial  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Drome,  and 
late  province  of  Dauphiny.  It  has  an  an- 
cient citadel,  and  is  seated  in  a  fertile 
plain,  25  miles  S  of  Valence,  and  325  S 
by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  55  E,  lat.  44  33  N. 

Monte-Marano,  a  populous  town  of  Ita- 
ly, in  Naples,  seated  on  the  Calore,  18 
miles  S  of  Benevento.  Lon.  15  0  E,  lat. 
40  48  N. 

Monte-Mor-o-Novo,  n  considerable  town 


M  O  N 


MON 


of  Portugal,  in  Es,tramadura,  50  miles  E 
by  S  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  9  35  W,  lat.  38  42  N. 

Monte-Mor-o-Velho,  a  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Beira,  with  a  very  large  castle.  It 
is  seated  in  a  very  fertile  country,  and  is 
83  mdes  N  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  9  W,  lat. 
40  5  N. 

Monte-Pelosa,  an  episcopal  town  of  Na- 
ples in  Basilicata,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
near  the  river  Basiento,  14  miles  E  of 
Cirenwt.    Lon.  16  18  E,  lat.  40  46  N. 

Monte- Puhiano,  an  episcopal  town  of 
Tuscany,  seated  on  a  mountain  near  the 
river  Chiana,  in  a  country  noted  for  ex- 
cellent wthe,  50  miles  S  bvE  of  Florence. 
Lon.  11  49  E,  lat.  43  10  N. 

Montesa,  a  very  strong  town  of  Spain, 
in  Valencia.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  order  of 
knighthood  of  the  same  name  j  and  is 
five  miles  NW  of  XatiVa.  Lon.  0  10  W, 
lat.  39  0  N. 

Monte- Sancto,  formerly  called  Mount  - 
Athos,  a  mountain  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
on  the  gulf  of  Contessa.  It  is  called 
Monte-Sancto,  or  the  Holy  Mount,  be- 
cause there  are  22  monasteries  i hereon, 
in  which  are  4000  monks,  who  never  suf- 
fer a  woman  to  come  near  them.  It  is  17 
miles  S  of  Salonichi.  Lon.  24  39  E,  lat. 
40  27  N. 

Monte-Verde,  an  episcopal  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Principato  Ulteriore,  60  miles  E 
of  Naples.    Lon.  15  42  E,  lat.  40  51  N. 

Mont-Ferrand.    See  Clermont. 

Montferrat,  a  duchy  of  Italy  ;  bounded 
on  the  E  by  the  Milanese  and  Genoa,  on 
the  N  and  W  by  Piedmont,  and  on  the  S 
by  the  territory  of  Genoa,  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  the  Appennines.  It  con- 
tains 200  towns  and  castles,  is  very  fer- 
tile and  well  cultivated,  abounding  in 
corn,  wine,  oil,  and  silk;  and  is  sub- 
ject to  the  king  of  Sardinia.  Casal  is  the 
capital. 

Montfort,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  Isle  of  France,  16  miles  W 
of  Versailles.    Lon.  2  50  E,  lat.  48  45  N. 

Montfort,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Isle  and  Viiaine  and  late 
province  of  Bretagne.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Men,  and  is  12  miles  VV  of  Rennes. 
Lon.  1  58  W,  lat.  48  8  N. 

Montfort,  a  strong  town  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Utrecht,  with  an  ancient 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Yssel,  seven 
miles  S  bv  E  of  Utrecht.  Lon.  5  0  E,  lat. 
52  4  N. 

Montfort,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  country  of 
the  same  name,  subject  to  the  house  of 
Austria.  It  is  16  miles  S  of  Lindau  and 
the  lake  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  54  E,  lat. 
47  22  N. 


Montfort-de-Lemos,  an  ancient  town  of 
Spain,  in  Galicia,  with  a  magnificent 
cas  le.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country, 
25  miles  NE  of  Orense,  and  55  SE  of 
Compostella.    Lon.  7  9  W,  lat.  42  28  N. 

Montgatz,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
in  the  county  of  Pereczas,  with  a  fortress 
composed  of  three  castles,  seated  on  a 
craggy  rock.  It  is  encompassed  by  a 
great  morass :  and  art  and  nature  have 
render*  d  it  almost  impregnable.  It  was 
defended  by  the  princess  Ragotsky,  wife 
of  count  Tekili,  when  besieged  by  an 
army  of  Imperialists,  who  were  obliged 
to  raise  the  siege  in  1668. 

Montgomery,  a  county  of  Pennsvlvania, 
33  miles  long,  and  16  broad.  It  contains 
upwards  of  29703  inhabitants.  Norris- 
town  is  the  capital. 

Montgomery,  a  village,  wi'.h  a  post-of- 
fice, in  Montgomery  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  17  mdes  N  of  Philadelphia 

Montgomery,  a  post  town,  and  the  ca- 
pital of  Montgomery  county,  Virginia. 

Montgomery,  a  post  town  in  Montgo- 
mery county,  Maryland,  28  miles  SE  of 
Fredericktown,  and  38  SW  of  Baltimore. 

Montgomery,  a  count)r  of  Virginia,  con- 
taining 8409 inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
mountainous,  and  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  the  Great  Kenhawa  river.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Allegheny  mountain. 
The  chief  town  is  Christiansburg. 

Montgomery,  a  county  of  North  Caro- 
lina, containing  8430  inhabitants  in  1810. 
It  is  watered  by  the  Yadkin  river,  which 
runs  through  the  middle  of  it.  The  chief 
town  is  Henderson. 

Montgomery,  a  county  of  Kentucky, 
containing  12,975  inhabitants  in  1810. 
The  chief  town  is  Mountsterling,  It  is 
situated  on  the  W  side  of  Licking  river, 
and  between  that  and  Clarke  county. 

Montgomery,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
New  York,  containing  41,906  inhabitants 
in  1810.    The  chief  town  is  Johnstown. 

Montgomery,  the  county-town  of  Mont- 
gomeryshire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday. 
It  sends  one  member  to  parliament  and 
had  once  a  tower  and  a  castle,  which 
were  demolished  in  the  civil  wars.  It  is 
pleasantly  and  healthfully  seated  on  the 
ascent  of  a  hill,  and  in  a  fertile  soil,  26 
miles  SW  of  Hereford,  and  161  NW  of 
London.    Lon.  3  5  W,  lat.  52  26  N. 

Montgomeryshire,  a  county  of  North 
Wales,  36  miles  long,  and  36  broad, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Merionethshire  and 
Denbighshire,  on  the  NE  and  E  by 
Shropshire,  on  the  S  by  Radnorshire,  and 
Cardiganshire,  and  on  the  W  by  Merio- 
nethshire. It  contains  five  market  towns 
and  47parishes  ;  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.    This  county  is  full  of 


M  O  N 

high  hills,  with  a  few  valleys  and  mea- 
dows fit  for  corn  and  pasture.  Its  riches 
proceed  from  its  sheep  and  wod,  the 
hil  1  tracts  being  almosi  entirely  sheep- 
walks  ;  and  the  flocks,  like  those  of 
Spain,  are  driven  from  distant  parts  to 
feed  on  them  during-  ihe  summer.  This 
county  also  affords  mineral  treasures, 
particularly  lead  ;  and  it  abounds  with 
slate  and  lime  ;  hut  there  is  no  coal.  The 
river  Severn  has  its  rise  on  the-  top  of 
Plimilion  hill,  besides  which  it  has  the 
Vyrnew,  and  Tannat,  which  are  remark- 
able for  Salmon. 

JVlontiely  formerly  an  episcopal  town 
of  Spain  in  New  Castile,  18  miles  from 
Metarza. 

Montiua,  a  town  of  Spain  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Cordova,  51  miles  N  of  Granada. 

Montivilliers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  95  miles  NW  of  Pa- 
ris. Lon.  0  20  W,  lat.  49  35  N. 

Mo7itlouis,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  die  Eastern  Pyrenees  and 
late  province  of  Housillon,  with  a  strong- 
citadel  at  the  foot  of  a  rock,  built  by 
Lewis  XIV.  It  is  430  miles  S  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  5  E,  iat.  42  30  N. 

Jlonthiet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ain  and  late  province  of 
Biesse,  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on 
the  Seraine,  12  miles  NE  of  Lyons,  and 
205  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  8  E,  lat.  45  49  X. 

Montluzon,  or  Montlucon,  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Ailier  and 
late  province  of  Bourbonnois,  seated  on 
the  river  Cher,  150  miles  S  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  45  E,'  lat.  46  22  N. 

Juwitmedi,  a  small  but  strong-  town  of 
Frunee,  in  the  department  of  Meuse  and 
lat-;  duchy  of  Bar,  seated  on  the  river 
Chier,  which  divides  it  into  the  upper 
and  lower  town.  It  is  170  miles  NE  of 
Pui-iS.    Lon.  5  23  E,  lat.  49  32  N. 

Mo:itm"Hj?i,  formerly  a  strong-  town  of 
6r\;\  but  rn^  French  in  1/05,  demo- 
lished the  fortifications.  It  is  eight  miles 
SE  cA  Cham  berry,  and  27  NE  of  Gren- 
oble.   Lon.  6  15  E,  lat.  45  50  N. 

Monimorenci,  a  town  of  FranGe,  re- 
markable for  the  tombs  of  the  ancient 
d''k>  s  of  Montvnorenci.  It  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  near  a  large  valley,  famous  for  its 
cherries,  and  is  s  ven  miles  from  St.  Den- 
nit,  and  10  from  Paris. 

Montmorillori,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  ofVienne,  and  lace  province 
of  Poitou.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Gar- 
teC'»pe,  over  which  it  has  a  handsome 
bridge,  24  miles  SE  of  Poitiers. 

Montpellier,  a  city  of  the  department 
pf  Her  uilt  and  late  province  of  Lan^ue- 
4oc.    It  is  pne  of  the  largest  and  most 


MON 

beautiful  cjties  in  France,  and  has  a  ci- 
tadel; a  bishop's  see;  a  university;  and 
a  botanic  garden,  the  first  established  in 
Europe.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is 
computed  at  30,000,  is  chiefly  famous 
for  its  drugs  and  cordials,  perfumed  wa- 
ters, hair-powder,  and  verdigris.  This 
city  contains  200  apothecaries,  the  air  is 
extremely  healthy,  and  many  invalids  re- 
sort hither  from  all  parts,  to  recover 
their  health.  Montpellier  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  five  miles  from  the  Mediterranean, 
near  the  Lez,  a  small  navigable  river, 
and  on  the  rivulet  Merdanson,  which  is 
conveyed  into  different  parts  of  the  city 
by  subterraneous  canals.  It  is  27  miles 
SW  ofNismes,  47  NE  of  Narbonne,  and 
380  S  bv  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  58  E,  lat. 
43  37  N. 

Montpelier,  a  post  town  in  Caledonia 
county,  Vermont;  situated  on  the  NE 
side  of  Onion  river,  34  miles  SE  of  Bur- 
lington on  lake  Champlain,  and  12  miles 
N  of  Williamston,  in  Orange  county.  It 
contained  1877  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Montpensier,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Puy  de  Dome  and  late 
province  of  Auverp-ne,  seated  on  a  hill, 
210  miles  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  14  E,  lat. 
46  4  N. 

Montreal,  a  fertile  island  of  North  A- 
merica,  in  Canada,  in  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence, 28  miles  long,  and  10  broad.  It 
was  surrendered  by  the  French  to  the 
English,  in  1760,  without  firing  a  gun. 
It  has  a  fortified  town  of  the  same  name, 
built  on  the  side  of  the  river,  whence 
there  is  a  gradual  easy  ascent  to  what  is 
called  the  Upper  Town.  The  inhabitants 
carry  on  a  trade  in  skins  with  the  sava- 
ges. It  is  210  miles  N  of  Albany,  and 
120  SW  of  Quebec.  Lon.  71  20  Vv,  lat. 
45  55  E. 

Montreal,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Arragon,  with  a  castle,  seated 
on  the  Xiloca,  25  miles  NX~\V  of  Ter- 
ruel,  and  40  S  bv  E  of  Calatajud.  Lon. 
1  2  W,  lat.  40  53  N. 

Montreal,  an  archiepiscopal  town  of 
Sicily,  in  the  valley  of  Mazara,  seated  on 
a  rivulet,  five  miles  W  of  Palermo,  and 
50  NE  of  Mazara.  Lon.  13  31  E,  lat.  38 
14  X. 

Montreal,  or  Montroyal,  a  fortress  of 
Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  Treves, 
seated  on  the  river  Moselle,  22  miles  NE 
of  Treves.    Lon.  7  6  E,  lat.  49  59  N. 

Montreuil,  a  fortified  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  straits  of  Calais 
and  late  province  of  Picardy.  It  has  a 
castle  and  is  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  ri- 
ver Canche,  10  miles  NW  of  Hesdin,  and 
117  N  of  Paris.    Lon.  1  52  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Montreuil- Jilelay,  a  town  of  France>  in 


M  O  N 


MOR 


the  department  of  Maine  and  Loire,  and 
late  province  of  Anjou,  seated  on  the  rir 
ver  Touet,  155  miles  SW  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  9  W,  lat.  47  6  N. 

Montrichard,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Loire  and  Cher,  and  late 
province  of  Blasois.  It  has  a  castle  and 
is  seated  near  the  Cher,  12  miles  SE  of 
Amboise,  and  112  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1 
22  E,  lat.  47  22  N. 

Montrose,  a  borough  and  seaport  in  An- 
gushire,  near  the  estuary  of  the  South 
Esk.  The  building's  are  neat;  and  the 
most  remarkable  are  the  town-house,  the 
church,  an  elegant  episcopal  chapel,  an 
hospital  for  lunatics,  and  its  parish  church 
is  the  largest  in  Scotland  except  the  pa- 
rish church  of  Glasgow.  A  great  num- 
ber of  trading  vessels  belong  to  this 
town,  and.  a  considerable  trade  is  carried 
on  to  the  Baltic,  Hamburg,  Riga,  Archan- 
gel, &c.  The  salmon  fisheries  on  the  X 
and  S  Esk,  form  a  valuable  branch  of 
commerce.  The  inhabitants  of  Montrose 
are  said  to  be  about  10,000,  and  it  is  48 
miles  NE  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  32  W, 
lat.  56  40  N. 

Mon,  St.  Michael,  a  strong  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  tl.e  Chan- 
nel and  late  province  of  Normandy,  built 
on  a  rock  in  the  sea,  which  is  ascended 
at  low  water.  It  is  10  miles  SW  of  Av- 
ranches,  and  180  AV  of  Paris.  Lon,  1  30 
W,  lat.  48  37  N. 

Montsvjeon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Marne,  and  late 
province  of  Champagne,  145  miles  SE  of 
Paris.    Lon.  5  16  E,  lat.  47  36  N. 

Montserrat,  a  mountain  of  Spain,  in  Ca- 
talonia, on  which  is  a  famous  monastery 
and  chapel,  dedicated  to  the  Virgin,  re- 
sorted to  by  numbers  of  pilgrims.  It  is 
inhabited  by  monks  of  several  nations, 
who  entertain  all  that  come  out  of  devo- 
tion or  curiosity,  for  three  days  gratis. 
This  mountain  is  said  to  be  10  miles  in 
circumference,  and  5  high,  and  the  coun- 
try around  is  seen  for  150  miles.  It  is  25 
miles  NW  of  Barcelona. 

Montserrat,  one  of  the  Leeward  Carib- 
bee  Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  discover- 
ed, In  1493,  by  Columbus,  and  so  named 
by  him  from  its  resemblance  to  the  moun- 
tain mentioned  in  the  preceding  article. 
It  is  about  nine  miles  in  length  and 
breadth  ;  and  supposed  to  contain  50,000 
acres,  and  the  hills  are  covered  with  ce- 
dar and  other  trees.  It  carries  on  a  great 
trade  to  England  and  Ireland  in  rum,  &c. 
belongs  to  the  English,  and  is  30  miles  S 
W  of  Antigua.  Lon.  62  34  W,  lat.  16 
54  N. 

Montville,  a  township  of  New  London 
county,  Connecticut,  containing  2187  in- 


habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  about  9 
miles  NW  of  New  London. 

Monza,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
seated  on  the  Lambro,  8  miles  NE  of  Mi- 
lan.   Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  45  33  N. 

Monzwgen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  tlhine,  12  miles  W  of 
Creutznach,  and  42  E  of  Treves.  Lon. 
7  14  E,  lat.  49  50  *N. 

Moore,  a  township  of  Northampton* 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1108 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween Plainfield  and  Lehigh  townships. 

Moore,  a  county  of  North  Carolina, 
containing  6,367  inhabitants  in  1810.  It 
is  situated  between  Cape  Fear  river,  and 
Yadkir;  river.  The  chief  town  is  Alford- 
town. 

Moon,  Mountain  of  the;  mountains  of 
Africa,  extending  between  Abyssinia  and 
Monomotapa.  They  are  higher  than 
those  of  Atlas. 

Moorefields,  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Hardy  county,  Virginia  lying  on  the  E 
side  of  the  south  branch  of  Potomac,  75 
miles  W  by  S  of  Winchester,  and  about 
50  S  of  Cumberland,  in  Allegheny  county, 
Maryland. 

Moorestovm,  a  pleasant  village  in  Bur- 
lington county,  New  Jersey  ;  9  miles  E  by 
N  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  same  distance 
W  by  S  of  Mountholly. 

Mooreshedabad,  a  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  the  capital  of  Bengal  before  the 
establishment  of  the  English  power.  It 
is  seated  on  the  western  arm  of  the  Gan- 
ges, 120  miles  N  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  88 
28  E,  lat.  24  15  N. 

Mootupilleij ,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  in  the  Guntoor  Circar,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Gondegama.  Lon.  80  10  E, 
lat.  15  45N. 

Mora, a.  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
18  miles  SE  of  Toledo.  Lon.  3  4  W,  lat. 
39  36  N. 

Morant,  Point,  the  most  easterly  pro- 
montory of  Jamaica.  Lon.  75  56  W,  lat. 
17  56  X. 

Morat,  a  commercial  town  of  Swisscr- 
iand,  capital  of  a  bailiwic  of  the  same 
name,  belonging  to  the  cantons  of  Bern 
and  Friburg,  with  a  castle.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  the  siege  it  sustained  agaihat 
Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
which  was  followed  by  the  br.ttle  of  Mo- 
rat, in  1476,  in  which  the  duke  was  total- 
ly routed.  It  is  10  miles  W  of  Bern,  and 
10  miles  NE  of  Friburg.  Lon.  6  53  E, 
lat.  46  52  N. 

-Morat,  a  lake  of  Swisserland,  in  a  bai- 
liwic of  the  same  name.  I  is  six  miles 
long  and  two  broad,  lying  parallel  with 
the  lake  of  Neufchatel,  into  which  it  emp- 
ties itself  by  the  riv^r  Broye. 


MOR 


MOR 


jtforatatez,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  22  miles  E  of  Ciudad  Real.  Lon. 
3  4  W,  lat.  40  32  N. 

Moratalla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Mnrcia, 
34  miles  SSW  of  Chinchilla.  Lon.  1  50 
E,  lat.  38  31  N. 

Morava,  or  Moraw,  a  river  of  Germa- 
ny, which  has  its  source  on  the  confine." 
of  Bohemia  and  Silesi*  It  crosses  Mo- 
ravia, where  it  waters  Olmutz  and  Har- 
disch,»and  receiving  the  Teya,  from  the 
confines  of  Lower  Hungary  and  Upper 
Austria,  separates  these  two  countries 
as  far  as  the  Danube,  into  which  it  falls. 

Morave,  a  river  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
which  rises  in  Bulgaria,  and  running 
through  Servia,  by  Nissa,  falls  into  the 
Danube,  at  Semendriah. 

Moravia,  a  marquisate  annexed  to  Bo- 
hemia, by  which  it  is  bounded  on  the  W, 
by  that  kingdom  and  Silesia  on  the  N,  by 
Silesia  and  Hungary  on  the  E,  and  by 
Austria  on  the  W.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  river  Morava,  which  runs 
through  it ;  and  hence  the  sect  of  Chris- 
tians, called  Moravians,  take  their  name, 
their  doctrines  having  been  first  taught 
here.  Olmutz  Was  the  capital,  but  now 
Brinn  claims  that  honour. 

Morbaoh,  or  Murbach,  a.  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Rhine,  42 
miles  SE  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  8  25  E,  lat. 
48  0  N. 

Morbegno,  a  town  of  the  country  of  the 
Grisons,  in  the  Valteline,  where  the  go-, 
vernor  and  the  regency  reside.  It  is  the 
handsomest  and  most  commercial  town  in 
the  Valteline,  and  seated  on  the  Adda, 
12  miles  SE  of  Chiavenna,  and  20  NE  of 
Lecco.    Lon.  9  31  E,  lat.  46  10  N. 

Morbihan,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of  Bre- 
tagne.  Vannes  is  the  capital  of  this  de- 
partment, which  takes  its  name  from  a 
small  bay  between  that  town  and  the  is- 
land of  Bclleisle.  Its  entrance  is  narrow  ; 
but  it  expands  within,  and  contains  about 
30  little  islands. 

Mow  one,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Mo- 
iise,  19  miles  SSE  of  Moltse.  Lon.  14  54 
E,  lat.  41  24  N. 

Morea,  the  ancient  Peloponnesus,  a  pe- 
ninsula in  the  S  part  of  Greece,  to  which 
it  is  joined  by  the  isthmus  of  Corinth,  ly- 
ing between  the  gulfs  of  Lepanto  and  En- 
gin.  It  is  180  miles  long,  and  130  broad, 
and  divided  into  three  large  provinces. 
The  air  is  temperate  and  the  soil  fertile, 
except  the  middle,  where  there  are  many 
moun  ains.  It  is  watered  by  several  riv- 
ers, of  which  the  A.lpheus,  the  Vasili-Po- 
tamo,  and  the  Stromio  are  the  chief. 

Morelaiul;  a  township  of  Mont  gomery 
County.  Pennsylvania,  containing  1,692' 


inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
NE  side  of  Pennypack  creek,  12  miles  N 
of  Philadelphia,  and  contiguous  to  a  town- 
ship of  the  same  name  in  Philadelphia 

county. 

Morella,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
which  was  almost  destroyed,  in  1705,  by 
the  army  of  Philip  V.  It  is  seated  among 
high  mountains,  80  miles  N  of  Valencia. 

Moresby,  a  harbour,  a  little  N  of 
Whitehaven,  in  Cumberland;  in  and  a. 
bout  which  many  remains  of  antiquity 
have  been  dug. up,  such  as  altars  and 
stones,  with  inscriptions  on  them  :  and 
several  caverns  have  been  found  called 
Pict's  Holes. 

Mortt,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Seine  and  Marne,  with 
a  castle,  seated  on  the  Loire,  35  miles  S 
E  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  52  E,  lat.  48  25  N. 

Moretta,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  si  mated 
on  a  small  river,  which  runs  into  the  Po, 
16  miles  S  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  44  E,  lat. 
44  48  N. 

Motgantotvn,  a  post  town  in  North  Ca- 
rolina, lying  on  the  S  side  of  Catawba  ri- 
ver, 45  miles  NW  of  Lincolnton,  and  30 
N  of  Rutherfordton.  Capital  of  Burke 
county. 

Morgantoxun,  the  county  town  of  Mo- 
nongalia county,  Virginia;  situated  on 
the  F-  side  of  Monongahela  river,  25  miles 
S  by  W  of  Union,  in  Pennsylvania. 

Marges,  .a  commercial  town  of  Swis- 
serland,  in  the  Canton  of  Bern,  and  ca- 
pital of  a  bailiwic,  seated  in  a  beautiful 
bay  of  the  lake  of  Geneva.  By  its  canal 
merchandise  is  transported  from  Geneva 
to  other  parts.  And  it  is  five  miles  WS 
W  of  Lausanne.  Lon.  6  42  E.  lat.  46  27  N. 

Morhange,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Moselle  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  200  miles  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  6 
42  E,  lat.  48  51  N. 

Morlachia,  a  mountainous  country  in 
Hungarian  Dalmatia,  the  inhabitants  of 
which  are  called  Morlacks,  or  Morlac- 
chi.  They  inhabit  the  pleasant  vallies  of 
Koter*,  along  the  rivers  Kerha,  Ce.tina, 
Narenta,  and  among  the  inland  moun- 
tains of  Dalmatia.  They  are  said  by 
some,  to  be  of  Walachian  extraction ; 
but  others  think  their  origin  involved  in 
the  darkness  of  barbarous  ages.  The 
Morlaochi  are  so  different  from  the  in- 
habitants of  the  sea-coasts  in  dialect, 
dress,  disposition  and  customs,  that  they 
seem  clearly  to  be  of  a  different  original. 
With  regard,  to  their  character,  we  are 
informed  that  they  are  much  injured  by 
their  maritime  neighbours.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  the  sea-coast  of  Dalmatia  tell 
many  frightful,  stories  of  their  avarice 
and  cruelty ;  but  these  are  all  either  of 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


an  ancient  date,  or  if  any  have  happened 
in  latter  times,  they  ought  rather  to  bt 
ascribed  to  tlie  corruption  of  a  few  in- 
dividuals, than  to  the  bad  disposition  ot 
the  nation  in  general  ;  and  though  thiev- 
ish tricks  are  frequent  among  them,  a 
stranger  may  travel  securely  through 
their  country,  where  he  is  faithfully  es- 

■  corted,  and  hospitably  treated.  Friend- 
ship, that  among  us  is  so  subject  to 
change  on  the  slightest  motives,  is  last- 
ing among  the  Morlacchi.  They  have 
even  made  it  a  kind  of  religious  point, 
and  tie  the  sacred  bond  at  the  fool  of 
the  altar.  The  Sclavonian  ritual,  con- 
tains a  particular  benediction  for  the  so- 
lemn union  of  two  male  or  two  female 
friends  in  the  presence  of  the  congrega- 
tion. The  male  friends  thus  united  are- 
called  Pobratimi,  and  the  female  Poses- 
treme,  which  mean  half-brothers  and 
half-sisters.  Friendships  between  these 
of  different  sexes  are  not  at  this  day 
bound  with  so  much  solemnity,  though 
perhaps  in  more  ancient  and  innocent 
ages  it  was  also  the  custom.  If  discord 
happens  to  arise  between  two  friends,  it 
is  talked  of  over  all  the  country  as  a 
scandalous  novelty ;  and  there  has  been 
some  examples  of  it  of  late  years,  to  the  j 
great  affliction  of  the  old  Morlacchi,  who  j 
attribute  the  depravation  of  their  coun- 1 
trymcn  to  their  intercourse  with  the  lta-l 

*  lians.  W  ine  and  strong  liquors,  of  w  hich  ' 
the  nation  is  beginning  to  make  daily 
abuse,  will  of  course  produce  the  same 
bad  effects  as  among  others.  But  as  the 
friendships  of  the  Morlacchi  are  strong 
and  sacred,  so  their  quarrels  are  com- 
monly unextinguishable.  They  pass  from 
the  father  to  the  son ;  and  so  deeply  is 
revenge  rooted  in  the  minds  of  this  na- 
tion, that  all  the  missionaries  in  the 
world  would  not  be  able  to  eradicate  it. 

Morlaix,  a  considerable  seaport  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Finisterre 
and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  with  a 
castle  and  a  tide  harbour.  The  church 
of  Xotre-Dame  is  a  singular  structure, 
and  the  hospital  very  handsome.  The 
inhabitants  carry  on  a  considerable  trade 
in  linen,  hemp,  and  tobacco.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  30  miles 
NB  of  Brest.    Lon.  3  46  W,  lat.  48  33  N. 

Morocco,  an  empire  of  Africa,  com- 
prehending a  considerable  part  of  the 
ancient  Mauritania,  lying  between  28  and 
36  N  lat.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W  by  the 
Atlantic  ;  on  the  E  by  the  river  Mulvia, 
which  separates  it  from  Algiers;  on  the 
N  by  the  Mediterranean  ;  and  on  the  S 
by  mount  Atlas.  Its  greatest  length, 
from  NE  to  SW,  is  above  590  miles,  and, 
where  widest,  not  more  than  260  broad. 


This  empire  contains  the  kingdoms  of 
Sus,  Tarudan,  Morocco  Proper,  Tasilet, 
Sugelmessa,  Fez,  and  Mequinez.  The 
air  of  this  country  is  pretty  pure  and 
temperate,  especially  near  mount  Atlas. 
The  soil  though  sandy  and  dry  in  some 
places,  is  so  fertile  in  others,  and  the 
fruits,  as  well  as  the  pastuies,  so  good, 
that  it  would  be  a  delightful  country  if 
it  was  well  cultivated.  The  inhabitants 
are  Mahometans,  of  a  tawney  complex- 
ion, robust,  and  very  skilful  in  manag- 
ing a  horse,  and  wielding  a  lance  ;  but 
they  are  jealous  deceitful,  superstitious, 
and  cruel.  There  are  two  sorts  of  in- 
habitants ;  the  Arabs,  who  dwell  in  move- 
able Villages,  composed  of  about  100 
tents,  and  the  Bereberies,  who  are  the 
ancient  inhabitants,  and  live  in  cities 
and  towns.  There  are  a  great  number 
of  Christian  slaves,  and  some  merchants, 
upon  the  coast,  besides  a  multitude  of 
Jews,  who  carry  on  alnrost  all  the  trade  ; 
especially  by  land  with  the  Negroes,  to 
whom  they  send  large  caravans,  which 
travel  over  vast  deserts,  almost  desti- 
tute of  water.  They  carry  with  them 
woollen  goods,  silk,  salt,  8cc.  and  in  re- 
turn, have  slaves,  gold,  and  elephants 
teeth,  and  out  of  them  the  emperor  re- 
cruits his  cavalry.  They  also  send  large 
caravans  to  Mecca  even  year,  partly  out 
of  devotion,  and  partly  for  trade,  con- 
sisting- of  several  thousand  camels,  hor- 
ses, and  mules.  Their  commodities  are 
Morocco  leather,  indigo,  cochineal,  and 
ostrich  leathers  ;  in  return  for  w  liich  they 
have  silks,  muslins,  calicoes,  coffee,  and 
drugs.  The  emperor  is  absolute,  his 
will  being  a  law,  and  he  often  exercises 
grext  cruelties.  His  naval  force  consists 
chiefly  of  rovers,  who  now  and  then  take 
large  prizes.  He  can  bring  100.000  men 
into  the  field,  half  of  w  hich  are  foot  and 
half  horse;  but  they  are  poorly  armed, 
and  know  little  of  the  art  of  war.  It  has 
three  capital  cities,  Morocco,  Mequinez, 
and  Fez. 

Morocco,  one  of  the  capital  cities  of 
the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  seated  in  a 
beautiful  valley,  formed  by  a  chain  of 
mountains  on  the  !N,  and  those  of  the 
Atlas  on  the  S  and  E.  It  has  nothing  to 
recommend  it  but  its  great  extent,  and 
the  royal  palace,  wh'nh  takes  up  so  much 
ground  that  it  resembles  a  small  city.  It 
is  inclosed  by  strong  walls,  the  circum- 
ference of  which  is  eight  miles  ;  they  are 
flanked  by  square  towers,  and  surround- 
ed by  a  wide  and  deep  ditch.  Tne  Jews 
have  a  market  of  their  own,  and  live  in  a 
separate  town,  walled  in,  and  shut  up 
every  evening  at  nine,  after  which  no 
person  can  enter  or  depart,  till  next  mar- 


MOR 

ning.  Morocco  is  90  miles  E  of  Moija- 
dor,  and  400  S  Oi  Gibraltar.  Lon.  6  45, 
W,  hit.  31  12  X. 

Moron,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
seated  in  a  pleasant,  fertile  plain.  In  its 
neighbourhood  is  a  mine  of  precious 
stones.  It  is  30  miles  SE  of  Seville.  Lon. 
5  10  W,lat.  37  10  X. 

Morotoi,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Isles,  se- 
ven miles  \YXW  of  Mo  wee.  Yams  are 
its  principal  produce  ;  but  it  has  little 
wood.  The  coast,  on  the  S  and  W  sides, 
form  several  bays,  which  aro  tolerably 
sheltered  from  the  trade-winds.  Lon. 
117  14  W,  lat.  21  10  X. 

Morpeth,  a  borough  in  Xorthumber- 
land,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It 
is  an  ill  built,  straggling  place,  seated  on 
the  X  bank  of  the  Wentsbeck,  and  on 
the  opposite  side  is  the  church,  and  a 
castle  in  ruins.  It  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  has  a  free-school,  founded 
by  Edward  VI.  aid  is  15  miles  X  of'Xew- 
castle,  and  287  X  by  YV  of  London.  Lon. 
1  28  YV.  hit.  55  15  X. 

Jfon-is^  a.  county  in  the  state  of  New- 
Jersey,  containing-  21,828  inhabitants  in 
1810.  This  is  a  mountainous,  well  wa- 
tered county,  the  Rariton  and  Passaick 
rivers  both  rising'  in  it.  It  abounds  wit  I 
iron  ore  and  contains  numerous  forges 
and  furnaces. 

Morris,  a  township  of  Washington 
county  Pennsylvania,  containing  1679  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
north  fork  of  the  Monongaheia  river,  ad- 
joining' to  Greene  county. 

Morristonn,  the  capital  of  Morris  coun- 
ty, Xew  Jersey,  20  miles  YV  of  Xewark, 
and  22  E  of  Hacketstown.  This  was  <■ 
long  time  general  Washington's  head 
quarters  in  the  Revolution  war. 

Mors,  a  town  and  castle  of  German}, 
in  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  belonging  to 
the  duchy  of  Clevcs-  Lon.  6  40  E,  lat. 
57  23  X. 

Mortagne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Orne  and  late  province  of 
Perche,  famous  for  its  serges,  tanneries 
and  coarse  linen  cloth.  It  is  19  miles  E 
of  Seez,  and  70  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  40 
E,  lat.  48  33  X. 

Mortagne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  province  of 
French  Flanders,  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Scarpe  and  Scheldt,  eight 
miles  SE  of  Tournay.  Lon.  3  30  E,  lat. 
50  29  X. 

Mortain,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Channel  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  rivulet 
Lances,  almost  surrounded  by  craggy 
rocks,  20  miles  E  of  Avranches,  Lon.  0 
54  YV.  lat.  48  37  X. 


M  O  S 

(     Murtora,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
!  Milanese^  subject  to  the  king  of  Sardinia. 
It  is  22  miles  SYV  of  Milan.    Lon.  8  40 

E,  lal.  45  22  N... 

Mortlakp,  a  village  in  Surry,  seated  on 
the  river  Thames,  six  miles  YV  of  London. 
Great  part  of  this  parish  is  inclosed  in 
Richmond  Park  ;  and  his  majesty  has  a 
farm  here  of  80  acres,  in  his  own  occupa- 
tion, and  in  excellent  cultivation. 

Morilich,  a  village  in  Banffshire,  six 
miles  SW  of  Keith.  Here  Malcolm  II. 
in  memory  of  a  victory  gained  over  the 
Danes,  founded  a  bishopric,  which  was 
translated  to  Aberdeen  by  David  I. 

Morton,  or  Morton  Hampstead,  a  town  in 
Devonshire,  with  a  noted  market  for  yarn 
on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the  skirts  of 
Dartmoor,  185  miles  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  3  46  W,  lat.  50  39  X. 

Morton,  or  Morton  in  Marsh,'2L  town  in 
Gloucestershire,  with  a  market  on  Tues- 
day. It  it  seated  in  a  fossway,  and  is  83 
mdes  WXW  of  London.  Lon.  1  36  W, 
lat.  52  0  X. 

Morvedro,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Saguntum. 
There  are  still  to  be  seen,  the  ruins  of  a 
Roman  amphitheatre.  It  is  seated  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  15  miles  X  of  Va- 
lencia.   Lon.  0  10  E,  lat.  39  38  X. 

Morvcn,  a  district  in  Argyleshire, 
whose  mountains  are  beautifully  cele- 
brated in  the  songs  of  Ossian,  as  the  coun- 
try of  Fin  gal. 

Mosa,  a  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  25  miles 
NE  of  Mocha. 

Mosambique,  a  strait  or  channel  of  the 
Indian  Ocean,  lying  between  the  E  coast 
•>f  Africa,  and  the  island  of  Madagascar, 
and  between  11  and  25  S  lat.  It  is  240 
mdes  over,  in  its  narrowest  place. 

Mozambique,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  on 
the  W  side  of  a  channel  of  the  same 
name,  and  on  the  coast  of  Zanguebar, 
consisting  of  three  islands.  The  princi- 
pal island,  called  Mosambique,  is  not 
more  than  three  miles  in  length,  and  half 
as  much  in  breadth,  and  is  about  two 
miles  from  the  continent.  The  air  of  this 
country  is  very  unwholesome  where  it  is 
but  thin  of  people,  and  the  Portuguese 
stay  only  on  account  of  their  trade.  It 
was  seized  by  the  Portuguese  in  1497, 
and  they  have  kept  possession  of  it  ever 
since. 

Mosambique ,  the  capital  of  an  island  of 
ti  c  same  name,  on  the  E  coast  of  Africa. 
It  is  a  large  well  fortified  place,  having 
a  strong  citadel  for  the  defence  of  the 
harbour.  It  belongs  to  the  Portuguese, 
who  have  generally  a  good  garrison  here, 
and  trade  with  the  natives  for  gold,  ele- 
phant's teeth,  and  slaves.    They  have 


M  O  S 


MOS 


built  several  churches  and  monasteries. 
Their  ships  always  call  here  in  going  to 
the  E  Indies  ;  and  the  harbour  is  so  com- 
modious, that  whole  fleets  may  anchor 
here,  and  refit  their  vessels,  as  well  as 
provide  themselves  with  all  necessaries, 
and  they  have  a  large  hospital  for  sick 
sailors."  Eon.  40  10  E,»lat.  15  5  S. 

JkfosbacJi,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  with  an  elegant 
castle,  seated  on  the  Xeckar,  25  miles 
ENE  of  Heidelberg.  Lon.  9  21  E,  hit. 
49  28  N. 

Mosbwg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bava- 
ria, seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers 
Iser  and  Ambert,  9  miles  W  of  Land- 
schut.    Lon  11  55  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Moscovy.    See  Russia. 

Moscow,  onfe  of  the  most  considerable 
governments  of  Russia,  containing  15 
districts,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  go- 
vernment or  Tver,  on  the  E  by  that  of 
gre  at  Volodimir,  on  the  S  by  the  govern- 
ments of  Kalugo  and  Resan,  and  on  the 
W  by  those  of  Tver  and  Smolensko.  Its 
capital  is  of  the  sanle  name. 

Moscow,  a  large  city  of  Russia,  capital 
of  the  government  of  Moscow,  and  for- 
merly of  the  whole  empire.  It  may  be 
considered  as  a  town  built  upon  the  Asi- 
atic model,  but  gradually  becoming  more 
and  more  European  ;  exhibiting  in  its 
present  state,  a  motley  mixture  of  dis- 
cordant architecture.  It  is  divided  into 
five  parts.  1.  Kremlin,  which  is  in  the 
central  and  highest  part  of  the  city,  near 
the  confluence  of  the  Moskva  and  Neg- 
liria,  which  wash  two  of  its  sides,  is  of  a 
triangular  form,  surrounded  by  high 
walls  of  stone  and  brick,  about  two  miles 
in  circumference.  This  division  is  not 
deformed  by  wooden  houses.  It  contains 
the  ancient  palace  of  the  czars,  now  only 
remarkable  for  being  the  birthplace  of 
Peter  the  Great  ;  also  several  churches, 
two  convents,  the  patriarchal  palace,  and 
the  arsenal  now  in  ruins'.  2.  The  second 
division,  called  Khitaigorod,  which  is 
much  larger  than  the  Kremlin  ;  it  con- 
tains the  university,  the  "printing  house, 
and  many  other  public  buildings,  with  all 
the  tradesmen's  shops.  The  houses  are 
mostly  stuccoed  or  white-washed  ;  and 
it  has  the  only  street  in  Moscow  in  which, 
the  houses  stand  close  to  each  other.  3. 
The  Bielgorod,  or  White  Town,  which 
runs  round  the  two  preceding  divisions  : 
it  is  supposed  to  derive  its  name  from  a' 
white  wail,  by  which  it  was  formerly  sur- 
rounded, and  of  which  some  remains  are 
still  to  be  seen.  4.  Semlainogorod,  which 
environs  all  the  other  three  quarters,  is 
so  denominated  from  a  circular  rampart 
of  earth  by  which  it  is  encompassed.  The 


last  two  divisions  exhibit  a  grotesque 
group  of  churches,  convents,  palaces, 
brick  and  wooden  houses,  and  mean  hov- 
els. 5.  The  Sloboda,  or  suburbs,  which 
form  a  vast  exterior  circle  round  aU  the 
parts  already  described,  and  are  invest- - 
ed  by  a  low  rampart  and  ditch.  These 
suburbs  contain,  besides  buildings  of  all 
kinds,  corn-fields,  much  open  pasture* 
and  some  small  lakes,  which  give  rise  to 
the  Neglina.  The  Moskva,  from  which 
the  city  takes  its  name,  flows  through  it 
in  a  winding  channel ;  but,  excepting  in 
spring,  is  only  navigable  for  rafts.  It  re- 
ceived the  Yausa  in  the  Semlainogorod, 
and  the  Neglina  at  the  western  extremi- 
ty of  the  Kremlin  ;  but  the  beds  of  both 
these  last  mentioned  rivulets  are  nearly 
dry  in  summer.  Moscow  exhibits  an  as- 
tonishing degree  of  extent  and  variety* 
irregularity  and  contrast.  The  streets  in 
general  are  very  long  and  broad.  Some 
of  thein  are  paved;  others,  particularly 
in  the  suburbs,  are  formed  with  trunks 
of  trees,  or  are  boarded  with  planks  like 
the  floor  of  a  room.  Wretched  hovels 
are  blended  with  large  palaces  ;  cottages 
of  one  story  stand  next  to  the  most  state- 
ly mansions  ;  many  brick  structures  are 
covered  with  wooden  tops  ;  some  of  the 
wooden  houses  are  painted;  others  have 
iron  doors  and  roofs.  Numerous  churches 
appear  in  every  quarter,  built  in  a  pecu- 
liar style  of  architecture :  some  with 
domes  of  copper,  others  of  tin,  gilt,  or 
painted  green  ;  and  many  are  roofed  with 
wood.  In  a  word,  some  parts  of  this  vast 
city  have  the  appearance  of  a  sequester- 
ed desert;  other  quarters,  of  a  populous 
town  ;  some,  of  a  contemptible  village  ; 
others,  of  a  great  capital.  Moscow  is 
certainly  the  largest  city  in  Europe;  its 
circumference  within  the  rampart,  which, 
incloses  the  suburbs,  being  26  miles;  but 
it  is  built  in  so  disjointed  and  straggling 
a  manner  that  its  population  corresponds, 
in  no  degree,  with  its  extent.  It  contains 
within  the  ramparts,  and  in  the  adjacent 
villages,  300,000  souls,  and  is  the  most 
populous  city  in  the  empire.  The  places 
of  divine  worship,  at  Moscow,  are  ex- 
tremely numerous ;  including  the  chapels, 
they  amount  to  above  1000  ;  there  are 
484  public  churches  ;  199  of  which  are 
of  brick,  stuccoed,  or  white  washed  ; 
and  the  others  of  wood,  painted  red. 
Some  of  their  bells  which  form  no  incon- 
siderable part  of  divine  worship,  are  of  a 
stupendous  size  ;  they  are  hung  in  bel- 
fries detached  from  the  church,  are  fixed 
irr.moveably  to  the  bean  s,  and  rung  bv  a 
rope  tied  to  the  clapper.  It  has  always 
been  esteemed,  a  meritorious  act  of  reli- 
gion to  present  a  church  with  bells;  and. 
3  Iv. 


M  O  S 


M  OS 


the  piety  of  the  donor  has  been  measured 
by  their  magnitude.  Accordingly,  Boris 
Godunuf,  who  gave  a  bell  of  288,000 
pounds  to  the  cathedral  of  Moscow,  was 
the  most  pious  sovereign  of  Russia,  ill 
he  was  surpassed  by  the  empress  Anne, 
at  whose  expense  a  bell  was  cast,  weigh- 
ing 432,000  pounds,  and  is  the  largest  in 
the  known  world.  In  the  cathedral  of  St. 
Michael,  the  sovereigns  of  Russia  were 
fomerly  interred :  the  bodies  are  deposit 
ed  in  raised  sepulchres,  mostly  of  brick, 
in  the  shape  of  a  coffin,  above  the  pave- 
ment, and  about  two  feet  in  height.  Each 
tomb  has,  at  its  lower  extremii  v,  a*smail 
silver  plate,  upon  which  is  engraved,  the 
name  of  the  deceased  prince,  ai  d  the  era 
of  his  death.  They  are  covered  with 
palls  of  red  cloth  or  red  velvet ;  but  upon 
great  festivals,  all  these  sepulchres  are 
covered  with  rich  palls  of  gold  or  silver 
brocade,  studded  witli  pearls  and  jewels. 
The  cathedral  of  the  Assumption  of  the 
Virgin  Mary  is  the  most  magnificent  in 
the  city,  and  has  been  long  appropriated 
to  the  coronation  of  the  Russian  sove- 
reigns from  the  centre  of  the  roof  hangs 
(in  enormous  chandelier  of  massy  silver 
of  English  workmanship.  Moscow  is  the 
centre  of  the  inland  commerce  of  Russia, 
particularly  connecting  the  trade  between 
Europe  and  Siberia.  The  navigation  to 
this  city  is  formed  solely  by  the  Moskva, 
which  falling  into  the  Occa,  near  Colom- 
na,  communicates,  by  that  river-,  with  the 
Volga.  But  as  the  Moskva  is  navigable 
in  the  spring  only,  upon  the  melt  ing  of 
the  snows,  the  principal  merchandise  is 
conveyed  upon  sledges  in  winter.  This 
citv  is  555  miles  SSE  of  Petersburg,  and 
1300  N  by  E  of  of  Constantinople.  Lon. 
37  31  E,  hit.  55  45  N. 

Moselle,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
^J^ludnig  part  of  the  late  province  of  Lor- 
rain.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  river  which 
rises  in  the  Vosges,  waters  Epinal,  re- 
ceives the  Muerthe  below  Nanci,  and 
passing  by  Metz,  Thionville,  and  Treves, 
fads  into  the  Rhine  at  Coblentz.  Metz 
is  the' capital. 

Moskoe.    See  Maelstvoom. 

Mosquito  Shore,  a  country  of  New 
Spain,  in  North  America,  lying-  on  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  The  interior  part  of  the 
country  is  bounded  by  the  lake  Nicara- 
gua, and  fenced  by  mountains  stretching 
j  to  the  West.  In  magnitude  it  exceeds 
Portugal;  is  well  watered  by  navigable 
rivers  and  lakes;  abounds  in  fish,  game, 
and  provisions  of  all  sorts  ;  furnishes  e- 
very  necessary  for  raising  cattle  and 
stock,  on  plantations  of  every  kind,  and 
to  any  extent :  and  is  clothed  with  woods, 
producing  timber  for  every  purpose  at 


land  or  sea.  The  soil  is  superior  to  that 
of  the  West  India  islands:  the  air  and 
climate  are  more  salubrious  ;  and  the 
destructive  ravages  of  hurricanes  and 
earthquakes  have  never  been  known  here. 
The  Spaniards  esteem  it  a  part  of  the 
principality  of  Honduras,  though  they 
have  no  colonies  in  the  Mosquito  coun- 
try. When  they  first  invaded  this  part 
of  Mexico,  they  massacred  the  great- 
est part  of  the  natives,  which  gave 
those  that  escaped  into  the  inaccessi- 
ble part  of  the  country  an  insuperable 
aversion  to  them  ;  and  "they  have  always 
appeared  ready  to  join  any  Europeans 
that  come  upon  their  coasts  against  the 
Spaniards,  and  particularly  the  English, 
who  frequently  come  hither;  and  the 
Mosquito  men  being  excellent  marksmen, 
the  English  employ  them  in  striking  the 
maratee  fish,  &c.  and  many  of  the  Mos- 
quito Indians  come  to  Jamaica,  and  sail 
with  the  English  in  their  voyages.  The 
Mosquito  Indians  are  so  situated  between 
morasses  and  inaccessible  mountains,  and 
a  coast  full  of  rock?  and  shoals,  that  no 
attempts  against  them  by  the  Spaniards, 
couid  ever  succeed.  Nevertheless,  hey 
are  a  mild  and  inoffensive  people,  of  great 
p  obity,  and  will  never  trust  a  man  who 
has  once  deceived  them.  They  had  so 
great  a  venerat  ion  for  the  English,  that 
they  spontaneously  put  themselves  under 
the  protection  of  the  crown  of  Great  Bri- 
tain. This  was  first  done  when  the  duke 
of  Albemarle  was  governor  of  Jamaica; 
and  the  king  of  the  Mosquitoes  received 
a  comisssion  from  his  grace,  under  the 
seal  of  that  island;  since  which  nme, 
they  were  not  only  steady  in  their  alli- 
ance with  the  English,  but  warm  in  their 
affection,  and  very  useful  to  them  on  ma- 
ny occasions.  When  the  king  died,  the 
male  heir  went  to  Jamaica,  to  certify 
that  he  was  next  in  blood,  and  received 
a  commission  in  form  from  the  governor 
of  Jamaica,  to  be  king  of  the  Mosquitoes ; 
till  which,  he  could  not  be  acknowledged 
as  such  by  his  countrymen.  So  fond  were 
they  of  every  thing  English,  that  the 
common  people  were  proud  of  every 
Christian  or  surname  given  them  by  our 
se?.men,  who  conferred  on  their  chief 
men  the  titles  of  some  of  our  nobili- 
ty. But  the  connection  between  the  En- 
glish and  the  Mosquitoes  no  longer  sub- 
sists. By  a  convention  with  Spain,  in 
1786,  the  English,  in  consideration  of 
certain  cessions  on  the  coast  of  Hondu- 
ras, agreed  to  evacuate  this  country  to- 
tally :  and  it  is  now  a  province  of  Spain. 
See  Honduras. 

Mostagaji,  an  ancient  and  strong  town 
of  the  kingdom  of  Algiers,  w  ith,  a  castle 


\ 


M  O  U 

xnd  a  good  harbour,  50  miles  NE  of  Oran. 
Lon.  0  30  E,  lat.  36  20  N. 

Mostar,  a  considerable  town  of  Turk- 
ish Dalmatia,  with  a  Greek  archbishop's 
see.  It  belongs  to  the  Turks,  2'0  miles 
XE  of  Xarenta.  Lon.  18  37  E,  lat.  43  48  N. 

Mosul.    See  Mousid. 

Motala,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
d'Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see,  15  miles 
NW  of  Taranto.  Lon.  17  14  E,  lat.  40 
46  X 

Motherkdl,  a  hundred  of  Kent  county, 
Delaware  state,  containing  7,415  inhabi- 
tants in  1810  It  is  watered  by  Mother- 
kill  creek.    The  chief  town  Frederica. 

Motyr,  an  island  of  Asia,  one  of  the 
Moluccas,  of  great  value  to  the  Dutch, 
on  account  of  its  spices.  Lon.  123  20  E, 
lat,  0  10  S. 

Motril,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  in  Gra- 
nada,*with  a  good  harbour,  seated  on  the 
Mediterranean,  37  miles  SE  of  Granada. 
Lon.  3  28  W,  lat.  36  32  N. 

Mouab,  a  town  of  Asia  in  Arabia  Felix, 
capital  of  Yemen,  seated  in  a  fertile  coun- 
try, 80  miles  S  of  Sfcinaa.  Lon.  46  35  E, 
iat.  16  20  N. 

Moudon,  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns 
of  Swisserland,  capital  of  a  bailiwic  oi 
the  same  name,  in  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  and 
formerly  of  all  that  part  of  the  country 
which  belonged  to  the  duke  of  Savoy. 
The  bailiff,  appointed  by  the  canton  of 
Bern,  resides  in  the  castle  of  Lucens, 
built  on  the  summit  of  a  mountain.  It 
was  formerly  called  Minodumum  It  is 
12  miles  N  bv  E  of  Lausanne.  Lon.  6  58 
E,  lat.  46  41  N. 

Moug-den,  or  Chen-yan,  the  capital  of 
the  country  of  the  Mantchew  Tartars,  in 
East  Chinese  Tartary.  It  is  built  on  an 
eminence,  and  walled  in  by  walls  three 
leagues  in  circumference.  It  is  440 
miies  NE  of  Pekin.  Lon.  122  45  E,  lat 
41  55  N. 

Moulins,  an  episcopal  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Allier  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bourbonnois.  It  has  a  bridge  o- 
ver  the  Allier  on  which  it  is  seated,  and 
takes  its  name  from  the  great  number  of 
mills  (moulins)  that  were  formerly  in»its 
neighbourhood;  andcontains-above  16,000 
inhabitants.  Its  manufacture  of  cutlery 
is  in  great  esteem.  It  is  30  miles  S  of 
Xt  vers.    Lon.  3  25  E,  lat.  46  34  X. 

Moirfiws-Engilbert,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Nievre  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Nivernois.  It  is  seated  at  the 
bottom  of  the  mountains  of  Morvan,  and 
is  5  miles  SW  of  Chateau-Chinon. 

Moidtan,  a  province  of  llindoostan  Pro- 
per, bounded  on  the  N  by  Lahore,  on  the 
E  by  Delhi  and  Agimere,  on  the  S'  by 
Guzerat,  and  on  the  W  by  Persia  and 


MOU 

Candahar.  Its  products  are  cotton,  su- 
gar, opium,  galls,  brimstone,  &c.  It  was 
subject  to  the  Selks ;  but  its  capital,  Moid- 
t  an,  has  been  garrisoned  by  the  king  of 
Candahar,  ever  since  1779. 

Moidtan,  one  of  the  most  ancient  cities 
of  Hindoostan  Proper,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name.  It  is  of  small 
extent  for  a  capital,  but  strongly  fortified, 
and  has  a  Hindoo  temple  of  great  celebri- 
ty. The  trade  of  Moultan  has  been 
greatly  lessened  on  account  of  the  river 
having  been  choaked  up.  Here  is  a  parti- 
cular sect  of  Hindoos,  called  Catry ;  a 
tribe  of  warriors  supposed  to  be  the  Ca- 
theri  or  Cathei,  with  whom  Alexander 
warred  on  he  banks  ot  the  Malli.  Moul- 
tan is  seated  on  one  of  the  branches  of 
the  Indus,  210  miles  SW  of  Lahore  and 
310  SE  of  Candahar.  Lon.  70  40  E,  lat. 
29  52  N. 

Moult  on  t  South,  a  corporate  town  in  De- 
vonshire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  In 
the  reign  of  Edward  I.  X  and  S  Moulton 
had  the  privilege  of  sending  members  to 
parliament,  and  was  a  royal  demesne.  It 
is  governed  by  a  mayor,  aud  has  manufac- 
tures of  serges,  shalloons,  and  felt.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Moul,  12  miles  SE  of  Barn- 
staple, and  177  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
3  55  Wj  lat.  51  5  N. 

.Mount  Edgecwnbe,  a  prodigious  peak, 
on  the  west  side  of  the  entrance  of  Cook's 
Strait,  in  New  Zealand.  Its  height  is 
supposed  to  be  very  little  inferior  to  that 
of  the  peak  of  Teneriffe. 

Mountholly,  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Burlington  county,  Xew Jersey;  situated 
on  the  north  side  of  Ancocus  creek,  about 
12  miles  E  by  S  of  Burlington. 

Mount  Pleasant,  a  post  town  in  West 
Chester  county,  New  York ;  lying  on  the 
E  side  of  Hudson  river,  and  containing  . 
2745  inhabitants. 

Mountsbay,  a  bay  on  the  S  coast  of 
Cornwall,  between  the  Land's  End,  and 
the  Lizard  Point.  It  is  so  named  from 
the  lofty  mountains  of  Mount  St.  Mi- 
chael, which  rises  within  it.  Among  the 
rocks,  on  this  part  of  the  coast,  breeds 
the  Cornish  chough,  or  red  legged  crow, 
noted  for  stealing  and  carrying  away 
whatever  it  finds.  In  Mountsbay  is  a  con- 
siderable pilchard  fishery.. 

Mount&orrel,  a  town  in  Leicestershire, 
so  named  from  a  high  mount  or  rock,  of 
a  sorrel-coloured  stone,  extremely  hard. 
Of  rough  stones,  hewn  out  of  this  rock, 
the  town  is  built.  It  has  a  market  on 
Mondav,  and  is  seated  on  the  Stour,  20 
miles  SSE  of  Derby,  and  105  NX\V  of 
London.    Lon.  1  9  W,  lat.  52  45  N. 

Mount  Vernon,  the  seat  of  the  late  Ge- 
neral Washington,  and  his  favourite  rc- 


MOU 


MUC 


treat  from  the  fatigues  of  public  employ- 
ment ;  pleasantly  situated  on  the  W  bank 
of  Potomac  river,  18  miles  below  the 
city  of  Washington,  and  9  beiow  Alex- 
andria. 

Mount  Vernon,  a  post  town  in  Kenne- 
bec county,  Maine,  14'miles  XW  of  Au- 
gusta, or  Kennebec  river. 

Motirdt  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tcjo,  with  an  old  castle ;  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  rivers  Ardita  and  Gua- 
diana,  87  miles  SE  of  Lisbon.  Lou.  5  59 
W,  lftt.  38  0  N. 

Motirzook,  the  capital  of  Fezzan,  in 
Africa,  situated  on  a  small  river,  and 
supplied  with  water  from  a  multitude  of 
springs  and  wells.  Being  formerly  built 
of  stone,  it  still  retains  the  appellation  of 
a  Christian  town;  and  the  medley  which 
it  presents  to  the  eye,  of  the  vast  ruins 
of  ancient  buildings,  and  the  humble 
cottages  of  earth  and  sand  that  form  the 
dwellings  of  its  present  Arab  inhabitants, 
is  singularly  grotesque  and  strange.  It 
is  surrounded  by  a  high  wall,  which  not 
only  affords  the  means  of  defence,  but 
enables  the  government  to  collect,  at  its 
three  gates,  a  tax  on  all  goods  (provi- 
sions excepted)  that  are  brought  for  the 
supply  of  its  people.  A  caravan  sets  out 
annually  from  Mesurata  to  this  place; 
and  hence  the  Fezzanners  themselves 
despatch,  every  year,  a  caravan  to  Cash- 
na,  and  another  to  Bornou.  Mourzook 
is  262  miles  S  of  Mesurata,  650  NW  of 
Bornou,  and  710  N  by  E  of  Cashna.  Lat. 
27  20  N,  Ion.  15  5  E. 

Mossy,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which 
crossing  the  country  of  Golconda,  runs 
into  the  Kistna  on  the  confines  of  the 
circar  of  Palnaud. 

Moustiers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Alps  and  late 
province  of  Provence.  It  is  noted  for  a 
manufacture  of  fine  porcelain,  and  for  a 
'  once  famous  pilgrimage,  called  Our  Lady 
pf  Beauvezer,  seated  between  two  very 
lofty  and  craggy  mountains.  Moustiers 
is  five  miles  NE  of  Riez,  and  47  \YN  V," 
of  Nice. 

Mousul  or  Mosul,  a  town  of  Turkey  in 
Asia,  in  Diarbcck,  seated  on  the  W  bank 
pf  the  river  Tigris-  It  is  a  large  place, 
surrounded  by  high  walls,  and  defended 
by  a  castle,  and  citadel :  but  the  houses 
are  in  several  places  gone  to  ruin.  It  has 
a  great  trade,  particularly  in  cloth,  and 
all  sorts  of  cottons  and  silks.  At  some 
^distance  from  Mousul  is  a  mosque,  in 
'which  they  pretend  the  prophet  Jonah 
lies.  The" inhabitants  are  Mahometans; 
but  there  are  a  great  number  of  Chris- 
tians. In  1743,  it  was  besieged  by  the 
Persians,  but  to  no  purpose.    In  1758, 


this  city  and  the  adjacent  country  were 
visited  by  a  dreadful  famine,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  preceding  hard  winter, 
and  of  the  innumerable  locusts  by  which 
die  fruits  of  the  earth  were  destroyed. 
It  is  130  miles  SE  of  Diarbekar,  and  190 
N  W  of  Bagdad.    Lon.  41  15  E,  lat.  35 

Moutier,  or  Monstier,  a  town  of  Savoy, 
capital  of  Tarentesia,  with  an  archk-pis- 
<.  <;pal  palace.  It  is  seated  on  the  Isere, 
62  miles  NW.of  Turin.  Lon.  6  23  E,  lat. 

45  30  N; 

Mouson,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Ardennes  and  late 
province  of  Champagne,  with  a  late  rich 
Benedictine  abbey.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Meuse,  eight  miles  SE  of  Sedan,  and 
110  ]SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  10  E,  lat.  49 
37  N. 

Mowee,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
discovered  by  Captain  Cook,  is  162  miles 
in  circumference.  A  low  isthmus  divides 
it  into  two  circular  peninsulas,  of  which 
the  Eastern  is  double  the  size  of  the 
Western.  The  mountains  in  both  rise 
to  a  very  great  height,  and  may  be  seen 
at  more  than  the  distance  of  30  leagues. 
The  N  shores  afford  no  soundings,  but 
the  country  presents  an  appearance  of 
verdure  and  fertility.  Near  the  W  p  int 
of  the  smaller  peninsula  is  a  spacious 
bay,  with  a  sandy  beach  shaded  with  co- 
coanut  trees  :  the  country  behind  has  a 
most  romantic  appearance,  the  hills  ri- 
sing in  a  great  variety  of  peaked  forms  ; 
and  their  steep  sides,  and  the  deep 
chasms  between  them,  are  covered  with 
trees.  The  inhabitants  are  computed  at 
65,000.    Lon.  175  56  W,  lat.  20  53  N. 

Moyamensing,  a  township  of  Philadel- 
phia county,  Pennsylvania,  containing 
2,887  inhabitants  in  "l810.  It  joins  the 
river  Delaware  on  the  E  and  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  on  the  N. 

Moyei\vic,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meurtbe  and  late  province 
of  Lomiin,  remarkable  for  its  suit-pits 
It  is  three  miles  from  Vic,  and  10  SSE 
ofNanci. 

MozcishiTv,  a  strong  town  of  Lithu- 
ania, capital  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same 
name.  It  was  almost  ruined  by  the  Rus- 
sians in  1660,  but  is  rebuilt.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Sofz,  22  miles  S  of  Smoknsko. 
Lon.  32  32  E,  lat.  54  28  N. 

Mucheln,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  six  miles  N  of  Freyburg^and 
eight  SW  of  Mersburg.  This  town  was 
burned  in  1621,  by  the  Imperialists  un- 
der the  command  of  Count  Tilly.  Lon. 
11  39  E.  lat.  51  15  N. 

Muchehiey,  a  village  in  Somersetshire, 
where  are  the  remains  of  a  rich  and  an- 


M  U  L 


M  U  N 


ieieltt  abbey,  part  of  which  is  now  chang- 
ed to  a  farm  house.  It  is  two  miles  S  by 
E  of  Langport. 

Mucidan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Dordogne  and  Lite  pro- 
vince of  Perigord,  seated  on  the  river 
Isle,  18  miles  'JW  of  Periguex. 

Muther,  a  river  of  Germany,  which 
rises  in  the  archbishopric  of  Saltzburg, 
crosses  Stiria,  passing  by  Judenburgh, 
Luben,  Muehr,  and  Gratz,  and  falls  into 
the  Drave,  near  Kanisca,  in  Hungary. 

JIuehr,  or  Mueraw,  a  considerable 
town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Stiria, 
on  the  river  Muehr,  25  miles  XW  of 
Gratz,  and  40  SW  of  Xeustadt.  Lon. 
15  4  E,  lat.  47  16  N. 

Muggia,  or  Muglia,  a  town  of  Italy, 
in  Venetian  Istria,  with  a  castle,  sealed 
on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  five  miles  S 
E  of  Trieste.    Lon.  14  2  E,  lat.  45  52  N. 

Muhlberg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  margravate  of  Meissen.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Elbe,  has  a  casile  and  is  19  miles 
X  W  of  Meissen  and  32  XW  of  Dresden. 
Lon.  13  9E,  lat.  51  25  X. 

Muhlenburg,  a  small  county  in  the  state 
of  Kentucky,  containing  418i  inhabitants 
in  1810.  The  principal  town  is  Green- 
ville. 

Muhlrose,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  middle  marche  of  Brandenburg  It 
Is  conveniently  situated  nine  miles  SW 
of  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  on  a  canal 
which  forms  a  navigable  communication 
from  Hamburg  to  Breslaw. 

Muirkirk,  a  town  in  Ayrshire,  seated 
on  the  river  Ayr,  and  noted  for  a  con- 
siderable iron-work. 

Mull,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scotland, 
is  an  island  of  considerable  size,  being 
25  miles  in  length,  and  in  some  places 
of  equal  breadth.  There  are  many  good 
natural  harbours  ;  but  there  is  only  one 
village,  called  Tobermorey,  where  a 
fishing  station  has  been  lately  established 
by  the  British  society.  The  soil  is,  for 
the  most  part,  rocky  and  barren  ;  it  is 
fertile  in  corn  and  grass  but  has  no  wood  ; 
the  hills  abound  with  springs,  and  are 
covered  with  cattle ;  these,  with  the 
fishery,  and  a  considerable  quantity  of 
kelp,  are  the  only  articles  of  commerce. 
The  ruins  of  several  ancient  castles  are 
seen  on  this  island. 

JHull  of  Cantyre.    See  Cant  if  re. 

JIa/l  of  Galloway,  a  rocky  promontory, 
the  most  southerly  point  of  Scotland,  in 
the  county  of  Wigton. 

JVlnldaxu,  a  river  of  Bohemia,  which 
rises  on  the  confines  of  Moravia,  and 
running  by  Budweis  and  Prague,  falls 
into  the  Elbe,  at  Melnick. 

Muldpfc  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 


archbishopric  of  Saltzburg,  sealed  on  the 
Inn,  37  miles  XW  of  Sakzburg,  and  40 
E  of  Munich.  Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  48  10  X. 

JIul/uwsen,  an  imperial  and  hanseatic 
town  of  Germany  in  Thuringia,  under 
the  protection  of  the  elector  of  Saxony. 
It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country*  on  the 
Unstrutht,  15  miles  XE  of  Eisenach,  and 
45  E  by  S  of  Cassel.  Lon.  10  49  E,  lat. 
51  13  X. 

Mulhausen,  a  considerable  town  of  Ger- 
many in  Alsace,  formerly  the  capital  of 
a  republic  in  alliance  with  the  Swiss, 
and  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  of  the 
Helvetic  confederacy.  The  walls  of  the 
town  inclose  a  circumference  of  not  more 
than  two  miles ;  and  its  whole  territory 
is  confined  within  a  precinct  of  eight 
miles.  The  town  contains  6000  inhabi- 
tants, who  are  protestants ;  and  there 
are  2000  subjects  in  its  adjacent  villages. 
It  owes  its  present  flourishing  state  to 
its  manufactures,  which  are  chiefly  of 
printed  linens  and  cottons.  The  govern- 
ment is  aristo-democratical.  The  su-4 
preme  power  resides  in  the  great  and 
little  council,  consisting  together  of  78 
persons,  and  drawn  from  the  Burghers, 
whose  number  amounts  to  700,  distri- 
buted into  six  tribes.  It  is  well  built, 
adorned  with  handsome  structures  and 
seated  in  a  pleasant  fertile  country  on  an 
island  formed  bv  the  river  111.  It  is  15 
miles  XW  of  Basle,  and  20  E  of  Befort. 
Lon.  7  24  E,  lat.  47  48  X. 

Mufhietn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Cologne,  seated  near  the 
Rhine,  three  miles  from  Cologne.  Here 
the  few  protestants  in  Cologne  are  ob- 
liged to  go  to  perform  divine  service. 

JWullerus,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
middle  marche  of  Brandenburgh,  seated 
on  a  canal  cut  between  the  Spree  ami 
Oder,  40  miles  SE  of  Berlin.  Lon.  14  31 
E,  lat.  52  14  X. 

MulUngar,  the  county  town  of  West 
Meath,  in  Ireland.  It  holds  a  great  wool 
mart,  is  a  place  of  good  trade,  and  for- 
merly sent  two  members  to  the  Irish 
parliament.  It  is  seated  on  the  Foyle, 
38  miles  Wr  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7  50  W,  lat. 
53  30  X. 

JMulvia,  a  large  river  of  Africa,  which 
has  its  source  in  Mount  Atlas,  and  di- 
viding the  empire  of  Morocco  from  the 
kingdom  of  Algiers,  falls  into  the  Me- 
diterranean Sea,  to  the  W  of  Marsal- 
quiver. 

JSIuncy  Creek,  a  township  of  Lycom- 
ing county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1426 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  the  West  Branch  of  Susquc- 
hannah,  and  is  watered  by  Muncy  creek. 

Munda,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 


M  UN 


MUR 


Granada,  30  miles  WNW  of  Malaga.  Lon. 
4  35  W,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Jfunderkingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Danube,  25  miles  SW  of 
Ulm.    Lon.  9  43  E,  lat.  48  15  N. 

Jllunduy  a  city  of  Hindoost'an  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  Malwa,  of  which  it 
was  anciently  the  capital.  It  was  then 
a  prodigious  city,  22  miles  in  circuit, 
and  contained  many  monuments  of  an- 
cient magnificence;  but  it  is  fallen  much 
to  decay.  It  occupies  the  top  of  a  large 
and  lofty  mountain,  in  a  bold  situation, 
46  miles  S  of  Ougein,  and  454  NE  of 
Bombay.    Lon.  75  47  E,  lat.  22  50  N. 

JllungatSy  or  JWunkats,  an  episcopal 
town  of  Upper  Hungary,  with  an  impreg- 
nable castle,  erected  on  a  high  and  steep 
rock,  50  miles  NE  of  Tokay.  Lon.  22  0 
E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Mticlorc,  a  town  of  Cabul  in  Hindoo- 
stan,  130  miles  from  Cashmere.  Lon. 
70  15  E,  lat.  34  15  N. 

Munia,  or  jWc?iie,  an  ancient  and  con- 
siderable town  of  Egypt.  The  vessels 
that  go  down  the  Nile  are  obliged  to  stop 
here,  and  pay  certain  duties.  There  are 
several  mosques,  and  a  great  number  of 
granite  pillars.  It  is  seated  on  the  Nile, 
140  miles  S  of  Cairo.  Lon.  13  20  E,  lat. 
27  45  N. 

Munich,  one  of  the  most  elegant  and 
populous  cities  in  Germany,  capital  of 
the  duchy  of  Bavaria.  The  houses  are 
high,  and  the  streets  large,  and  spacious, 
with  canals,  running  through  many  of 
them.  The  palace  of  the  elector  pala- 
tine of  the  Rhine,  as  duke  of  Bavaria,  is 
a  stupendous  structure,  magnificently 
adorned,  and  is  thought  to  be  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  commodious  palaces  in 
Europe.  The  cabinet  of  curiosities,  the 
library,  the  arsenal,  and  the  ducal  gar- 
dens merit  attention.  The  cathedral  con- 
tains 25  chapels,  and  30  altars  ;  also  the 
tomb  of  one  of  the  emperors,  of  black 
marble,  adorned  with  statues  of  bronze. 
The  market  place  is  very  beautiful ;  and 
here  are  manufactures  of  silk,  velvet, 
woollen  cloth  and  tapestry.  This  place 
has  been  often  taken  and  retaken  in  the 
wars  of  Germany ;  and,  in  September 
1796,  it  was  attacked  by  the  French,  but 
the  Austrians  compelled  them  to  retreat. 
It  is  seated  on  the  lser,  15  miles  SE  of 
Augsburg,  and  62  S  by  W  of  Ratisbon. 
Lon.  11  36  E,  lai.  48  10  N. 

Afuuneistiidt,  a  town  of  Germaify,in  the 
circle  of  Franconia.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Laucr,  and  is  31  miles  from  Bamberg. 
Lon.  10  9  E,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Munny-pour,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Mecklv,  264  miles  from  Aracan. 
Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  48  23  N. 


Munroe,  or  Monroe,  a  county  of  Vir- 
ginia, containing  5444  inhabitants  in  1810. 
It  is  situa'ed  between  the  Alleghany  and 
Jackson's  mountain;  being  a  mountain- 
ous, but  well  watered  country. 

Miinsey,  a  post  town  in  Lycoming  coun- 
:y,  Pennsylvania;  situated  on  .he  S  side 
of  Munsey  creek,  at  its  junction  with  the 
Susquehannah,  and  27  miles  N  of  North- 
umberland. 

Muzingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  and  duchv  of'wirtem- 
burg.    Lon.  9  20  E,  lat.  48  23  N. 

Mumtev,  a  province  of  Ireland,  135 
mdes  long  and  120  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Connaught,  on  the  E  by  Lein- 
ster,  and  on  the  S  and  W  by  the  Western 
Odean.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Sure, 
Audluffe,  Lee,  Bande,  Leane,  and  Cashon. 
There  are  a  great  many  ba}s  and  har- 
bours, and  many  rich  towns,"  and  the  air 
is  mild  and  temperate.  Some  places  are 
mountainous,  but  the  vallies  are  fruitful. 
Tne  most  general  commodities  are  corn, 
cattle,  wood,  wool,  and  fish.  It  contains 
six  counties,  viz.  Clare,  Tipperary,  Wa- 
ter ford,  Cork,  L  merick  and  Kerry,  one 
archbishopric,  and  five  bishoprics.  The 
principal  town  is  Cork. 

Jlfunster,  a  sovereign  bishopric  of  Ger- 
many, m  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  120 
miles  in  length,  and  80  in  breadth.  The 
river  Embs  runs  through  it  from  E  to  W. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  counties 
of  Bentheim  and  SteUtfort,  on  the  E  by 
the  bishoprics  of  Osnkburgh  and  Pader- 
born,  on  the  S  by  the  county  of  Marck, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  duchy  of  Clcves, 
and  county  of  Zutphen. 

JWunster,  a  large  and  populous  city  of 
Germany,  capital  of  the  bishopric  of 
-Minister,  and  of  all  Westphalia,  whose 
bishop  is  one  of  the  sovereigns  of  the 
empire.  It  was  a  free  and  imperial  city ; 
but  a  citadel  was  built  in  1661.  to  keep 
the  inhabitants  in  awe,  which  stands  dis- 
tinct from  the  city.  The  famous  treaty, 
called  the  treaty  of  Westphalia,  was  con- 
cluded here  in  1648,  which  ended  the  re- 
ligious wars  of  30  years  continuance.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Aa,  70  miles  N  by  E  of 
Cologne,  and  77  S  by  W  of  Bremen.  Lon. 
7  39  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

JYIunster,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Rhine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Aisace,  with  a  late  rich  Bene- 
dictine abbey,  30  miles  SW  of  Strasburg. 
Lon.  7  5  E,  lat.  48  8N. 

Muiwterburg.    See  .Momterberg. 
JHunster-JIeirfeld,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  12  miles  SW 
of  Coblentz.    Lon.  7  18  E,  lat.  50  19  N. 

Murano,  an  island  and  town  of  Italy,  a 
mile  from*  Venice,  formerly  a  very  flour- 


M  UR 


M  Y  C 


ishing  place,  but  it  is  now  in  a  state  of 
decay.    The  island  is  said  to  contain 
20,000  inhabitants.    Lon.  12  5  E,  lat 
45  26  N 

Mitrcia,  a  province,  formerly  a  king- 
dom of  Spain;  bounded  on  the  N  by  New 
Castile,  on  the  E  by  Valencia,  on  the  W 
by  Andalusia,  and  Granada,  and  on  the 
S  by  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  62  miles 
long  and  58  broad  ;  and  the  principal  ri- 
ver is  Segura.  The  soil  is  dry,  and  it 
produces  little  corn. or  wine  ;  but  there 
are  plenty  ofc  oranges,  citrons,  lemons, 
olives,  almonds,  mulberries,  rice,  pulse, 
and  sugar.  It  has  also  a  great  deal  of 
silk.  The  air  of  this  province  is  very 
healthful,  and  the  principal  town  is  of 
the  same  name. 

Murcia,  a  populous  city  of  Spain,  capi- 
tal of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  bishop's  see.  It  has  a  superb  cathedral, 
the  stairs  of  whose  steeple  are  so  con- 
trived, that  a  man  may  ride  up  to  the  top 
either  on  horseback  or  in  a  coach.  There 
are  fine  gardens  about  the  city,  in  which 
are  the  best  fruits  in  Spain.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Segura,  27  miles  N  of  Carthagena, 
and  212  SE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  0  36  Ur,  lat. 
38  2  N. 

Jtfuret,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Gasconv,  seated  on  the  Garonne, 
10  miles  S  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1  IS  E,  lat. 
43  26  N. 

Murfreesborough,  the  capital  of  Gates 
county,  North  Carolina;  situated  on  Mo- 
horrin  River,  50  miles  N  by  W  of  Eden- 
ton,  and  238  from  Washington. 

J\fur6,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Basilicata,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Ap- 
penines,  12  miles  SE  of  Conza.  Lon.  15 
45  E,  lat.  40  46  N. 

-Murray -Frith,  a  considerable  inlet  of 
the  sea,  on  the  E  coast  of  Scotland,  be- 
tween Tarbetness,  in  Rossi. ire,  on  the 
N,  and  Borough  Head,  in  Murrayshire, 
on  the  S. 

Murraykhire,  or  Elginshire,  is  sub-di- 
vided into  Murray  and  Strathspey,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  E  and  SE  by  the  river 
Spey\  which  divides  it  from  Bamffshire  ; 
on  the  S  by  Aberdeenshire  and  Invernes- 
shire  ;  on  the  W  by  Invcrnesshire  and 
Nairnshire  ;  and  on  the  N  by  Nairnshire, 
and  the  Frith  of  Murray,  being  30  miles 
from  E  to  W,  and  nearly  the  same  from 
N  to  S.  Its  air  is  salutary,  and  the  win- 
ter milder  than  any  other  part  in  the  N 
of  the  kingdom.  The  S  side  is  moun- 
tainous, but  abounds  with  pasture,  as  the 
low  countiy  does  with  corn.  Here  are 
several  woods  of  firs  and  oaks.  The  soil 
is  generally  fruitful,  and  produces  the 
fruits  ripe  soon.    Its  principal  rivers  are 


the  Spey,  the  Lossie,  Nairn,  and  Find- 
horn;  all  of  which  produce  vast  quanti- 
ties of  salmon.  The  chief  towns  are  El- 
gin and  Forres. 

Jinn-hart,  a  town  of  Suabio,  in  the 
duchy  of  Wirtemberg,  with  a  Benedic- 
tine abbey.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Mur, 
big-fat  miles  S  of  Hallo.  Lon.  9  51  E,  lat. 
49  14  N. 

JWusidan,  a  town  of  France,  in  Upper 
Per igord,  which  sustained  a  famous  siege 
in  1579.    Lon.  0  20  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Jlfusd,  a  populous  town  of  Arabia,  in 
the  province  of  Yemen.  It  is  fortified 
and  surrounded  with  walls,  18  miles  E 
of  Mocha. 

Muskinginn,  a  navigable  river  of  the 
state  of  Ohio,  which  falls  into  the  river 
Ohio,  172  miles  below  Pittsburg.  This  is  a 
fine  gentle  stream,  250  yards  wide  at  its 
mouth,  and  navigable  without  any  ob- 
structions 110  miles  by  large  batteaux. 
With  the  help  of  a  canal  of  about  two 
miles,  this  river  might  be  made  to  com- 
municate with  the  Cayahoga,  and  by  it 
with  lake  Erie.  At  the  mouth  of  it  is 
seated  the  flourishing  town  of  Marietta. 

Musselberg,  a  seaport  in  Edinburgh  - 
shire, on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Esk.  Here  a  victory  was  ob- 
tained by  the  English  over  the  Scots, 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  It  is  six 
miles  E  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  5  W,  lat. 
56  0  N. 

jWftSTpell  Hill,  a  village  in  Middlesex,, 
five  miles  N  of  London.  It  takes  its  name 
from  a  famous  well  on  the  hill,  which  be- 
longed to  the  fraternity  of  St.  John  of 
.Terms idem,  in  Clerkenwell.  This  well  still 
belongs  to  the  parish  of  Clerkenwell. 

Jnnstagam,  a  seaport  of  the  kingdom 
of  Algiers,  with  a  casde,  140  miles  W 
of  the  city  of  Algiers.    Lon.  0  3  W,  lat. 

36  30  N.  " 

Musacra,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Gra- 
nada, with  a  strong  castle,  sealed  on  a 
mountain,  27  miles  NE  of  Almcria,  and 
62  SW  of  Carthagena.   Lon.  1  36  W,  lat. 

37  11  N. 

Musuela,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Andalusia,  seated  on  the  banks 
of  the  Guadalquiver,  50  miles  N  of  Gra- 
nada. 

JWutschen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  territory  of 
Leipsic,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  they 
find  a  species  of  crystal  called  Mutschen 
diamonds.  It  is  20  miles  ENE  of  Leip- 
sic.   Lon.  12  50  E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Miii/den,  a  town  of  Holland,  seated  on 
the  Vecht,  on  the  S  coast  of  the  Zuider- 
zee, seven  miles  E  of  Amsterdam.  Lon. 
5  1  E,  lat.  52  22  N. 

J'Tijcene^  formerly  the  capital  of  a  fa- 


MYS 

mous  kingdom  in  the  Movea,  which  is 
now  reduced  to  a  small  village. 

Aft;  cone,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
30  miles  in  circumference.  The  harbour 
is  very  open,  and  deep  enough  for  the 
largest  ships,  where  they  may  ride  secure 
from  the  N  wind.  The  soil  is  dry,  and 
the  mountains  are  of  great  height.  Wa- 
ter is  very  scarce  in  summer  ;  but  in  the 
town  is  a  large  well,  the  only  one  in  the 
island.  Here  are  plenty  of  partridges, 
quails,  wood-cocks,  turtle-doves,  rabbits, 
and  wheat-ears ;  also  excellent  grapes 
and  figs.  Almost  all  the  inhabitants  are 
Greeks,  who  have  50  churches  in  all;  but 
many  are  chapels;  and  some  monasteries. 
Lon.  25  51  E,  lat.  37  28  N. 

JWysore,  a  kingdom  in  the  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  subject  to  a  celebrated 
prince,  named  Tippoo  Sultan,  who  styles 
himself  regent  of  the  country.  His  do- 
minions comprehend,  generally,  the  pro- 
vinces of  Mysore  Proper,  Bednore,  Co- 
imbettore,  Canara,  and  Dindigul  ;  be- 
sides the  conquests  of  his  father  Hyder 
Ally  (who  usurped  the  throne)  to  the 
northward,  which  are  Meritz,  Soonda, 
Chittledroog,  Harponelly,  Sanore,  Ban* 
capour,  Roydroog,  Gocty,  Condanore, 
Canoul,  and  Cuddapa.  The  extent  of 
his  territory,  from  N  to  S,  is  550  miles  ; 
its  breadth,  in  the  widest  place  (the  N 
part  of  the  peninsula)  330  miles,  but, 
proceeding  to  the  S,  it  diminishes  till  it 
ends  in  a  point.  Its  area  has  been  com- 
pared to  that  of  Great  Britain.  By  the 
peace  of  1782,  Hyder  Ally  was  to  relin- 
quish all  but  his  ancient  possessions. 
How  far  his  successor  fulfilled  the  terms 
of  that  treaty,  cannot  easily  be  ascer- 
tained ;  but,  on  the  termination  of  the 
war  in  1792,  that  prince  agreed,  over 
and  above  a  large  payment  in  money,  to 
cede  one  half  of  his  dominions  to  the 
English  E  India  Company,  and  their  al- 
lies, the  Mahrattas,  and  the  nizam  of 
the  Deccan.  A  new  war  broke  out  in 
1799;  when  Seringapatam,  Tippoo's  ca- 
pital was  taken  by  the  English  troops, 
and  he  himself  killed  in  the  assault;  in 
consequence  of  which  his  dominions 
have  been  divided  between  the  East  In- 
dia company  and  their  allies.  Mysore, 
in  general  is  dry,  rugged,  mountainous, 
and  barren.  It  lies  between  10  and  16  N 
lat.    The  capital  is  Seringapatam. 

Mysore,  a  town  and  fortified  post  of 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  the  ancient 
capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name, 
eight  miles  S  of  Seringapatam,  the  pre- 
sent capital. 


NAG 


N 


JMSS,  a  borough  of  Ireland  in 
county  of'Kildare,  17  miles  SW  of  Dub- 
lin and  26  NW  of  Leinster.  It  is  the 
shire  town  of  that  county  and  alternately 
with  Athy  the  assizes  town.  It  has  five 
fairs  in  the  year,  and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  This  place  was  an- 
ciently the  residence  of^the  kings  of 
Leinster. 

Nabal,  a  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Tu- 
nis, remarkable  for  remams  of  antiquity. 
Near  it  are  several  celebrated  potteries. 
It  is  situated  near  the  seacoast  32  miles 
from  Tunis.    Lon.  10  19  E,  lat.  33  13  N. 

JVabh7if}}  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
and  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name  in  Syria,  which  was  anciently  ce- 
lebrated under  the  name  of  the  kingdom 
of  Samaria.  It  is  situated  on  the  ruins 
of  the  Niepolis  of  the  Greeks,  and  is  the 
residence  of  a  sheik,  who  is  subordinate 
to  the  pacha  of  Damascus,  from  whom 
he  farms  the  tribute  of  the  province. 
The  soil  of  the  country  is  fertile,  and 
produces  a  great  deal  of  cotton,  olives, 
and  some  silk.  It  is  24  miles  N  of  Jeru- 
salem, and  90  SSW  of  Damascus.  Loru 
35  24  E,  lat.  32  20  N. 

Nabvrg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the  river 
Nab,  10  miles  SE  of  Amberg.  Lon.  12 
13  E,  lat.  49  23  N. 

JVadeegsda.    See  Knriles. 

Naefels,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
cantons  of  Glaris.  It  is  remarkable  for 
a  celebrated  victory  gained  by  the  inha- 
bitants over  the  Austrians,  in  memorv 
of  which  a  chapel  was  built  on  tile  spot, 
which  was  rebuilt  in  1799. 

JVaerden,  a  strong  town  of  Holland,-  at 
the  head  of  the  canals  of  the  province.  It 
was  taken  by  Fernando  de  Toledo,  son 
of  the  duke  of  Alva  in  1572,  when  all  the 
inhabitants  without  distinction  of  age  or 
sex,  were  massacred.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Zuider  Zee,  14  miles  E  of  Amsterdam, 
and  15  N  of  Utrecht.  Lon.  5  9  E,  lat.  52 
20  N. 

Nagera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, with  a  fort,  three  miles  NW  of  Ca- 
lahorra,  and  138  N  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2 
10  W,  lat.  42  14  N. 

Nagold,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Wirtemberg,  with  a  strong  castle  ten 
miles  W  of  Tubingen. 

A'agore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper 


N  A  M 


NAN 


in  the  country  of  Agimere,  40  miles  XW 
of  Agimere.  "  Lon.  74  10  E,  lat.  27  8  N. 

JVagponr,  a  city  of  the  Decern  of  Hin- 
doostan,  capital  of  that  pari  of  Berar 
w  hich  is  subject  to  a  chief  of  the  East- 
ern Mahrattas.  It  is  a  city  of  modern 
date;  but  though  extensive  and  popu- 
lous, is  but  meanly  built;  and,  except- 
ing- a  small  citadel,  is  open  and  defence- 
less, ft  is  560  miles  W  bv  S  of  Calcutta. 
Lon.  79  46  E,  lat.  21  8  N. 

Nagybanja,  a  town  of  Hungary  cele- 
brated for  its  gold  and  silver  mine-worl 
■which  are  of  great  produce.  It  is  a  me- 
tal town  and  one  of  the  royal  free  towns, 
and  is  30  miles  NE  of  Tamar.  Lon.  22 
54  E,  lat.  48  10  X. 

JVahe,  a  river  of  the  palatinate  of  the 
Rhine,  which  running  by  Birkenfeld, 
Oberstein,  Kreuzenach,  and  Bingen,  falls 
into  the  Rhine. 

Nairn,  a  borough  and  seaport,  the 
county-town  of  Xairnshire  ;  seated  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Frith  of  Murray,  10  miles 
E  of  Inverness,  and  104  X  of  Edinburgh. 
^  Lon.  3  51  \V,  lat.  55  33  N. 

Nairnshire,  a  small  county  of  Scotland, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Murray  Frith  ;  on 
.  the  E  and  S  by  Murrayshire  ;  and  on  the 
W  by  Invernesshire.  Its  greatest  length 
is  not  above  12  miles,  nor  its  breadth 
above  ten.  It  is  fruitful,  and  its  corn 
soon  ripens,  has  several  woods  of  firs, 
and  several  lakes  and  mountains,  yet  is 
well  peopled.    Its  chief  town  is  Nairn. 

A'aksivcm,  a  city  of  Armenia,  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  with  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated  between 
the  towns  ofErivan  andTauris.  Lon.  45 
30  E,  lat.  38  40  N. 

^Vamari,  a  mountain  of  Sicily,  in  the 
Val-di-Demona,  between  Messina,  Taor- 
mina,  and  Melazzo. 

+Yam/)twich,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  well  built, 
and  has  a  large  church,  in  the  form  of  a 
cross,  with  the  tower  in  the  middle. 
Here  are  salt  springs,  on  the  bank  s  of  a 
fresh  water  stream,  from  which  are  made 
gr(  at  quantities  of  white  sait,  in  which 
article  and  cheese  this  town  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade.  The  principal  dai-| 
ries  of  (Cheshire  are  in  its  neighbourhood. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Weaver,  26  miles  SE 
of  Chester,  and  1G2  NW  of  London.  Lon.  I 
2  25  W,  lat.  53  6  X. 

JVaniit^t  a  county  of  the  Austrian  Xe- 
therhjncU,  divided  by  the  river  Sambre 
and  Maesc  into  three  equal  parts,  bound  - 
ed on  the  X  by  Brabant,  on  the  E  and  S 
by  the  bishopric  of  Liege,  and  on  the  W 
by  Hainault.  This  province  is  pretty  fer- 
tile ;  has  several  forests,  marble  quarries, 
and  mines  of  iron*,  lead,  and  coal. 


jyaptw,  a  city  of  the  Austrian  Xether~ 
lands,  capital  of  the  county  of  Xamur, 
with  a  strong  castle,  several  forts  and  a 
bishop's  see.  This  castle  is  built  in  the 
middle  of  the  town  on  a  cr;  ggy  rock.'  In 
1692,  this  place  was  taken  by  Louis 
XIV.  in  person,  after  a  siege  of  six  days 
only  ;  but  in  1695,  it  was  taken  by  king 
William,  after  a  long  and  bloody  siege, 
although  it  was  defended  by  16,000  men 
under  the  command  of  marshal  BoufHers, 
and  marshal  Villerov  was  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, at  the  head  of  100,000.  On 
the  death  of  Charles  it  king  of  Spain  the 
French  seized  this  city,  but  it  was  ceded 
to  the  house  of  Austria  by  the  peace  of 
Utrecht!  In  1715,  it  was  allowed  to  be 
garrisoned  by  Dutch  troops,  as  one  of 
the  barrier  towns  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces. In  1746,  it  was  again  taken  by  the 
French,  but  restored  at  the  peace  of  Aix- 
la-Chapcile.  In  1781,  the  emperor  Jo- 
seph II.  destroyed  the  fortifications  of 
all  the  barrier  towns,  except  these  of 
Xamur,  from  which,  however,  in  viola- 
tion of  solemn  treaty,  he  expelled  the 
Dutch  garrison.  In  1792,  it  was  once 
more  taken  by  the  French  ;  but  they  were 
compelled  to  evacuate  it.  the  following 
year.  It  soon  afterwards,  however,  again 
fell  into  their  hands.  It  is  seated  between, 
two  mountains,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Uaese  and  Sambre,  24  miles  WSW  of 
Liege,  and  32  SE  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  50 
E,  lat.  50  29  N. 

JVanci,  a  famous  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meurihe  and  late  duchy  of 
Lorrain,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  contains 
74,000  inhabitants,  and  is  divided  by  a 
canal,  into  the  old  town  and  new.  The 
fiist  though  irregularly  built,  is  very  po- 
oulous,  and  contains  the  ducal  palace. 
The  primatial  church  is  a  magnificent, 
structure,  and  in  that  of  the  Cordeliers 
ire  the  tombs  of  the  ancient  dukes  of 
Lorrain.  The  new  town  whose  streets 
are  perfectly  straight,  was  already  one 
of  the  finest  in  Europe,  before  the  mag- 
lificent  works  with  which  Stanislaus  I. 
titular  king  of  Poland,  and  duke  of  Lor- 
rain, enriched  it.  The  cat  hedral  is  a  su- 
oerf)  structure.  Xanci  is  25  miles  S  by 
K  of  Metz,  and  212  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  6 
17  E,  lat.  48  41  X. 

'Jxlattjiq,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
a  little  to  the  X  of  that  of  Santorini.  It 
is  16  miles  in  circumference,  and  abound? 
with  partridges;;  but  has  no  harbour. 
The  mountain's  are  nothing  but  barren 
rocks,  and  there  are  no  springs  sufficient 
o  water  the  fields.  The  inhabitants  are 
all  Greeks,  and  their  trade  is  in  onions, 
wax,  and  honey.  The'  riuhs.of  the  tem- 
ple of  Apollo  are  vet  to  be  s<  <:•'.,  and  rou 


N  A  N 


NAP 


s':st  chiefly  of  marble  columns.  Lon.  26 
10  E,  lat.  36  15  N. 

.WivcfusacLi,  a  city  'of  Japan  in  the  is- 
land of  Xiiuo-Fisen,  with  a  well-frequent- 
ed harbour.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a 
great  trade  with  the  Chinese  and  Dutch. 
The  lutter  are  never  suffered  to  come  in- 
to the  city,  unless  when  their  ships  ar- 
rive, and  then  they  deliver  up  their  guns, 
helms,  and  sails,  as  pledges  of  their 
good  behaviour.  Lon.  128  32  E,  lai.  32 
32  % 

JTarig-kangifou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-si,  built  on  lake  Poy- 
ang,  and  containing  four  ci ties  of  the  thiru 
class  under  its  jurisdiction. 

J\'a7ijemoi!,  a  post  town  in  Charles  coun- 
tv,  Maryland  ;  situated  on  the  NE  side 
of  Nanjemoy  river,  six  miles  W  by  S  of 
Port  Tobacco,  and  44  S  of  the  city  oi 
Washington. 

Nati-icingi  or  Kiang'-ngig-foUy  a  ci^y  of 
China,  and  capital  of  the  province  of  Ki- 
ang-nan,  and  said  to  have  been  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  cities  in  the  world.  It  is 
still  the  largest  in  China,  being  17  miles 
in  circumference,  and  3  distant  from  the 
river  Yang-tise-kiang*,  from  which  canals 
are  cut,  so  large,  that  vessels  may  enter 
the  town.  Nan-king  has  lost  much  of  its 
•ancient  splendour  ;  it  had  formerly  a 
magnificent  palace,  no  vestige  of  which 
is  now  to  be  seen ;  an  observatory  at 
present  neglected,  temples,  tombs  of  the 
emperors,  and  other  superb  m  uiuments, 
of  which  nothing  remains  but  the  remem- 
brance.  A  third  of  the  city  is  deserfei 
but  ihe  rest  is  well  inhabited.  Some 
quarters  of  it  are  extremely  populous, 
and  full  of  business.  The  streets  are4»o; 
so  broad  as  those  of  Pekin  ;  they  are, 
howevv  r,  very  beautiful,  well  paved,  and 
bordered  with  rich  shops.  The  public 
buildings  are  mean,  except  a  few  temples, 
the  citv  gates,  and  a  lower  of  porcelain, 
200  feet  high.  It  is  500  miles  SSE  of  Pe- 
kin. Lon.  119  25  E,  lat.  32  46  X. 

jVan-ng  m-fouy.  a.  beautiful  and  popu- 
lous city^jf  China  in  the  most  southern 
part  of  the  province  of  Kiang-si ;  it  is  i. 
beautiful,  populous  and  commercial  city, 
and  much  frequented.  It  contains  in  its 
district,  4  cities  of  the  third  class.  It  is 
200  miles  N  by  E  of  Canton. 

^Yuns'imoiid,  a  county  in  the  state  o* 
Virginia.  It  is  situated  between  Black- 
water  liiver  and  the  Dismal  Swamp, .and 
bounds  on  the  slate  of  North  Carolina,  on 
ihe  Sotph.  It  contained  10,324  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  nearly  one  half  slaves.  *  ^ 

A'cni-tchang-fou,  a  city  of  China,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Kiang-si.  1 1  is  the  re- 
sidence of  a  viceroy,  and  comprehends  8 
cities  in  its  district.  " .  ^-JPf"" * 


Mantes,  an  ancient  rich  and  very  con- 
siderable town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Loire,  and  Lite  province 
of  Bre  agne.*The  bridges  over  the  L6ire, 
m  which  are  some  islands,  are  almost  a 
league  in  length.  The  suburbs  are  so 
large  that  they  exceed  the  city.  The  in- 
habit >nts  are  computed  at  60,000.  Since 
the  pe.tce  in  1783,  Nantes  has  had  a  con- 
siderable share  in  the  commerce  with  the 
United  States.  Large  vessels  can  come 
no  higher  than  port  Lunnai,  where  they 
are  unloaded  into  smaller  vessels  which 
go  up  to  Nantes,  being  a  distance  of  12 
miles.  In  1796,  the  theatre  here  took 
fire-,  during  a  time  of  performance,  and 
several  persons  lost  their  lives.  Nantes 
is  58  miles  S  by  E  of  Rennes,  and  217  SW 
of  Paris.    Lon.  1  45  W,  lat.  47  13  X. 

Nanticoke,  a  river  of  Maryland,  on  the 
eastern  side  of  Chesapeake  bay.  It  rises 
in  the  state  of  Delaware,  and  runs  nearly 
in  aSW  course  through  Dorchester  coun- 
ty (Maryland)  and  enters  the  Chesapeake, 
on  the  S  side  of  Philips'  poi  it.  ^JjjLj 

J\'a)iticoke,  a  hundred  of  Sussex  county, 
Delaware,  containing  2,843  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  watered  by  the  Xanticokt  ri- 
ver, from  which  it  derives  its  name,  and 
on  the  W  and  S  it  joins  the  state  of  Ma- 
ryland. 

Nantmill,  East  and  JVest,  two  contigu- 
ous townships  of  Chester  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, containing  together  2,732  inha- 
nhants  in  1810.  They  are  situated  in  the 
X\V  corne  r  of  the  county,  and  are  water- 
ed by  French  creek  and  die  east  branch 
of  Hr:tndy  wine,  about  35  miles  NWof  Phil- 
adelphia. 

jSTantua,  a  town  cf  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ain  and  late  province  of 
llresse,  situated  at  the  extremity  of  a 
great  lalce  of  the  same  name,  18  miles  S 
E  of  Bourg.  Here  Charles  the  Bold  was 
interred. 

Jfcjitucket,  an  island  of  North  America, 
in  the  sta.e  of  Massachusetts,  of  which  it 
is  a  count}-.  The  inhabitants  of  which 
have  a  considerable  whale  fishing  on  the 
coast,  and  even  in  Greenland.    It  lies  to 

e  S  of  Cape  Cod,  and  is  a  low,  sandy, 
...  i  t  barren  inland,  the  inhabitants  depend 
almost  entirely  on  the  watry  element  for 
Subsistence.  It  contains  6807  inhabi- 
tants. 

jfanliicket.  the  capital  of  the  island  of 
Nantucket,  situated  on  a  babon,  the  north 
side  of  the  island,  in  the  lat.  of  41  18  N, 
;Uid  lon.  of  7o  1 0  W,  at  the  distance  of  120 
miles  SE  of  Boston.  It  is  a  post  town 
and  port  of  entry,  and  belongs  to  the 
state  of  Massachusetts. 

A'apu-J,  a  province  of  Ilindoostan  Pro- 
oer.  bounded  on  the  S  bv  Bahar.  on  the 


NAP 


NAP 


W  by  Oude  and  Rohilcund,  on  the  NW 
by  Sirinagur,  and  on  the  XE  and  E  by  i  he 
ridge  of  mountains  called  Himmaleh,  by 
•which  it  is  separated  from  Thibet.  Cat- 
mandu  is  the  capital. 

A'uples,  a  kingdom  of  Italy,  compre- 
hending the  ancient  countries  of  Samni- 
um  Campania,  Apulia,  and  Magna  Grae- 
cia.  It  is  ^ou  -ded  on  the  NW  by  the 
Ecclesiastical  State,  on  the  S  and  W  by 
the  Ylediteiraneart,  and  on  the  E  by  tiie 
gulf  of  Venice.  Its  extent  from  NW  to 
SE  <s  280  miles,  and  from  XE  to  SW 
from  96  io  100.  It  is  divided  into  12  pro- 
vinces ;  namely,  Terra  di  Lavora,  (the 
ancient  Campania  Felix)  Principato  Cite- 
riore  and  Ulteriore,  Molise,  Basili-ata, 
Calabria  Citeriore  and  Ulteriore,  Abruz- 
zo  Citeriore  and  Ulteriore ,  Capitanata, 
Terra  di  Bari,  and  Terra  d'Oh  anto ;  ihe 
last  three  forming*  the  ancient  Apulia, 
now  called  Puglia,  on  the  E  side  of  the 
kingdom.  After  many  revolutions,  the 
Normans  became  masters  of  this  country, 
in  the  eleventh  century  ;  and  the  sove  - 
reigns were  called  counts,  then  dukes, 
and  afterwards  kings  of  Puglia :  but  in 
1282,  Peter  III.  king  of  Arragon,  caused 
all  the  Normans  in  the  island  of  Sicily  to 
be  massacred:  ad  this  massacre  was 
called  the  Sicilian  Vespers.  After  this, 
Pu  <lia  was  joined  to  Sicily;  and  hence 
the  sovereigns  took  the  title  of  King  of  the 
Two  Sicilies.  It  has  also  been  called  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  from  the  city  of  that 
name  which  is  its  capital.  France  and 
Spain  contended  for  the  sovereignty  in 
the  sequel,  and  bloody  wars  and  revolu- 
tions ensued.  The  country  was  then  torn 
by  the  conten  ions  of  France  and  Spain 
for  its  sovereignty.  The  French  being- 
defeated  by  the  Spaniards  in  1504,  Lewis 
XII.  was  obliged  formally  to  give  up  all 
pretensions  to  the  crown,  and  the  coun- 
try was  governed  by  Spanish  viceroys. 
In  1647,  nappened  the  dreadful  insurrec- 
tion of  Massaniello  in  the  city  of  Naples, 
by  which  the  Spaniards  were  nearly  ex- 
pelled. The  people,  however,  returning 
to  their  allegiance,  on  the  assassination 
of  Massaniello,  the  Spaniards  continued 
in  peaceable  possession  of  ihe  kingdom 
till  1707,  when  it  was  conquered  b\ 
prince  Eugene,  and  ceded  to  the  Empe- 
ror by  the  treaty  of  Rastadt,  in  1714.  It 
wag  recovered,  however,  by  the  Span- 
iards in  1734;  and  the  eldest  son  of  the 
king  of  Spain,  is  now  king  of  Naples  and 
Sicily.  The  title  of  the  king's  eldest  son 
is  prince  of  Calabria.  The  climate  of 
Naples  is  extremely  hot,  especially  in  Ju- 
ly, August,  and  September  \  and  is  said 
to  be  one  of  the  most  inconstant  and  un- 


favourable to  valetudinarians.  In  some 
seasons  it  rains  every  day  for  six  or  seven 
weeks  together.  In  winter  there  is  sel» 
dom  any  ice  or  snow  except  on  the  moun- 
tains. But  the  most  disagreeable  part  of 
the  climate  is  the  siroce,  or  SE  wind, 
which  is  very  common  in  May,  and  is  in- 
finitely more  relaxing,  and  gives  rise  to 
vapours  in  a  much  higher  degree,  than 
the  worst  of  the  rainy  month  in  November, 
in  Great  Britain.  The  country,  on  account 
of  its  fertility,  is  justly  termed  a  terrestrial 
paradise  :  for  it  abounds  with  all  sorts  of 
grain,  ihe  finest  fruits  and  rice,  flax,  oil, 
and  wine,  saffron,  garden  productions  off 
•very  knxl,  with  manna,  allum,  vitriol, 
sulphur,  rock-crystal,  marble  in  the  great- 
est plenty  and  perfection.  It  affords  also 
wool  and  silk,  and  several  sorts  of  mine- 
rals. Besides  the  manufactures  noticed 
in  the  account  of  the  city  of  Naples, 
waistcoats,  caps,  stockings,  and  gloves 
are  also  made  of  the  hair  or  filaments  of 
a  shell  fish,  which  are-warmer  than  those 
of  wool,  and  of  a  beautiful  glossy  green. 
The  principal  mountains  are  the  Appcn- 
nines,  which  traverse  this  from  S  to  N, 
and  the  celebrated  volcano,  Mount  Vesu- 
vius, five  Italian  miles  from  Naples.  One 
of  the  greatest  inconveniences  to  which 
this  kingdom  is  exposed,  is  earthquakes 
(see  Calabria)  which  the  eruptions  *of 
Mount  Vesuvius  contribute,  in  some- 
measure,  to  prevent.  Another  inconveni- 
ency  is  the  great  number  of  reptiles  and 
insects  engendered  by  the  heat,  some  of 
which  are  very  poisonous.  The  establish- 
ed religion  is  the  Roman  catholic  ;  and 
the  clergy  and  convents  were  said  to  pos- 
sess formerly  two  thirds  of  the  whole 
kingdom.  The  inhabitants  of  this  coun- 
try have,  at  all  times,  borne  but  an  indif- 
ferent character  among  other  nations. 
Provisions  are  plentiful  and  cheap,  there- 
fore the  lower  class  of  people  work  but 
little;  their  delight  is  to  bask  in  the  sun 
and  to  do  nothing.  Persons  of  a  middle 
rank  pass  too  much  of  their  time  in  cof- 
fee-houses, and  places  of  public  resort ; 
few  pursue  their  callings  with  the  zeal 
and  activity  we  are  wont  to  meet  with  in 
the  professional  men  of  colder  countries. 
Gluttony  is  a  much*  more  predominant 
vice  than  ebriety,  of  which  instances  are 
extremely  rare.  In  the  female  sex,  the 
passion  for  finery  is  almost  superior  to  all 
others,  and,  notwithstanding  anv  effect 
the  geriiij  warmth  of  the  climate  may 
have  on  the  constitution  of  a  Neapolitan 
woman,  Mr,  Swinburne  doubts  whether 
she  would  not  nine  times  out  of  ten  pre- 
fer a  present  to  a  lover;  yet  I  apprehend 
chastity  is  not  the  characteristic  virtue 


1 


J*  A  P 


NAP 


of  this  place  more  than  it  is  of  any  other 
populous  metropolis  j  that  furious  jea- 
lousy for  which  the  nation  was  so  remar- 
kable some  generations  ago,  is  almost  e- 
radicated ;  tfte  breach  of  the  conjugal 
vow  sometimes  occasions  quarrels  and 
assassinations  among-  people  of  an  inferior 
station,  but  the  case  is  rare,  and  rivalry 
between  lovers  is  more  frequently  pro- 
ductive of  such  scenes.  Of  these  vices, 
many  are  doubtless  owing  to  the  slavery 
and  oppression  under  which  they  groan, 
and  'o  a  radical  defect  in  the  administra- 
tion of  justice. 

Naples,  an  ancient  and  large  commer- 
cial city  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  kingdom 
of  the  same  name,  with  an  archbishop's 
see,  and  an  university,  lying  in  the  pro- 
vince called  Terra  di  Lavora.  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  bottom  of  the  bay  of  Naples, 
which  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world, 
being  almost  of  a  round  figure,  of  about 
30  miles  diameter,  and  three  parts  of  it 
sheltered  with  a  noble  circuit  of  woods 
and  mountains.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of 
a  vast  amphitheatre,  sloping  from  the 
hills  to  the  sea.  Although  the  style  of 
architecture  is  inferior  to  what  prevails 
at  Rome,  and  it  cannot  vie  with  that  city 
in  the  number  of  palaces,  or  in  the  mag- 
nificence of  the  churches,  the  private 
houses,  in  general,  are  better  built.  The 
circumference,  including  the  suburbs,  is 
said  not  to  be  less  than  18  Italian  miles, 
and  the  number  of  the  inhabitants  there- 
in little  less  than  400,000.  The  houses 
are  of  stone,  flat-roofed,  and  generally 
lofty  and  uniform  ;  but  many  of  them  have 
balconies,  with  lattice -windows.  The 
streets  are  well  paved  ;  but  they  arc  nor 
lighted  at  night,  and  in  the  day-time  are 
disfigured,  in  many  places,  by  stalls,  on 
which  provisions  are  exposed  to  sale. 
Here  are  a  great  number  of  fine  church- 
es, convents^  fountains,  and  paLices  of 
the  nobility,  many  of  whom  constantly 
reside  here.  It  is  usual  to  walk  on  the 
tops  of  the  houses  in  the  evenings,  to 
breathe  the  sweet  cool  air,  after  a  hot 
sultry  day.  The  climate  here  is  so  mild 
and  warm,  even  in  the  winter,  that  plen- 
ty of  green  peas,  artichokes,  asparagus, 
and  other  vegetables,  may  be  had  so  ear- 
iv  as  the  beginning  of  the  new  year,  and 
even  all  the  winter.  The  fortress  of  St. 
Elmo  is  built  on  a  mountain  of  the  same 
name,  and  has  the  entire  command  of  the 
town.  Lower  down  on  the  same  moun- 
tain, in  a  deiighiful  situation,  is  a  con- 
vent of  Carthusians,  on  which  much  ex- 
pense has  been  lavished,  to  render  the 
buildings  and  the  gardens  equal  to  the 
situation.    Naples  is  admirably  situated 


for  commerce,  and  has  all  the  necessaries 
and  luxuries  of  life  in  great  profusion; 
but  trade  is  in  a  languishing  condition. 
Pictures,  statues,  and  antiquities,  are  not 
so  common  in  Naples  as  might  be  ex- 
pected in  so  great  and  ancient  a  city, 
many  of  the  most  valuable  pieces  having 
been  sent  to  Spain  by  the  viceroys.  Ow- 
ing to  the  populousness  of  the  place, 
many  of  its  streets  are  more  crowded 
than  those  of  London,  and  a  great  pro- 
portion of  the  poorest  sort  are  obliged 
to  spend  the  night  in  them  for  want  of 
habitations.    There  is  not  a  city  in  the 
world,  perhaps,  with  the  same  number  of 
inhabitants,  in  which  so  few  contribute 
to  the  wealth  of  the  community,  by  use- 
ful and  productive  labour,  as  Naples;  for 
the  number  of  priests,  monks,  fiddlers, 
lawyers,  nobility,  footmen,  and  lazzaroni, 
or  vagabonds,  surpasses  all  reasonable 
proportion  ;  and  the  last  alone  are  com- 
puted at  above  30,000.  The  greater  part 
of  these  wretches  have  no  dwelling-hou- 
ses, but  sleep  every  night  under  porticos, 
piazzas,  or  any  kind  of  shelter  they  can 
find.  Those  of  them  who  have  wives  and 
children,  live  in  the  suburbs  of  Naples 
near  Petisilippo,  in  huts,  or  in  caverns  or 
chambers  dug  out  of  that  mountain. — 
They  are  generally  represented  as  a  lazy, 
licentious,  and  turbulent  set  of  people, 
as  indeed  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the 
rabble  are,  who  prefer  begging  or  rob- 
bing, or  running  errands,  to  any  fixed 
and  permanent  employment.    Yet  there 
are  in  Naples  some  flourishing  manufac- 
tures, particularly  of  silk  stock  ings,  soap,' 
snuff-boxes  of  tortoise,  shells,  and  the 
lava  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  tables,  and  or- 
namental furniture  of  marble.    The  city 
is  supplied  with  a  vast  quantity  of  water, 
by  means  of  a  very  costly  aqueduct,  from 
the  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius.    The  nobi- 
lity are  excessively  fond  of  splendour 
and  show  ;  as  appears  by  the  brilliancy 
of  their  equipages,  the  number  of  their 
attendants,  the  richness  of  their  dn  ss, 
and  the  grandeur  of  their  titles.  The 
king,  it  is  said,  counts  a  hundred  per- 
sons with  the  title  of  prince,  and  still  a 
greater,  number  with  that  of  duke,  among 
his  subjects.  A  few  of  these  have  estates 
from  10  to  13,000/.  a  year ;  a  considera- 
ble number  have  fortunes  of  about  half 
that  amount ;  and  the  annual  revenue  of 
many  is  under  2000/.  The  inferior  orders 
of  nobility   are    much   poorer  ;  many 
counts  and  marquises  not  having  400/.  a 
year  paternal  estate  ;  many  still  less  ; 
and  not  a  few  enjoy  the  title  without  any 
estate  whatever.  Although  the  churches 
and  convents  of  Naples  are  not  to  be 


NAR 


N  A  R 


compared  with  those  at  Rome  in  point  of 
architecture,  they  surpass  them  in  rich 
jewels,  and  in  the  quantity  of  silver  and 
golden  crucifixes,  vessels  and  other  orna- 
ments. Of  all  the  palaces,  that  of  the 
king1  is  not  only  the  most  magnificent, 
but  also  in  the  best  style  of  architecture. 
The  cathedral  though  Gothic  is  a  very 
splendid  edifice.  Here  are  kept  the  head 
and  blood  of  St.  Januarius,  the  tutelary 
saint  of  Naples  ;  the  latter  in  two  glass 
or  crystal  vials.  The  pretended  lique- 
faction of  the  dry  blood,  as  soon  as 
brought  near  the  head  of  the  saint,  is 
well  known  ;  and  Mr.  Addison  says,  it  is 
one  of  the  most  bungling  tricks  "he  ever 
saw.  The  harbour,  which  is  spacious,  is 
kept  in  good  repair.  It  is  protected  by 
a  mole,  two  castles,  and  several  batteries, 
but  these  could  not  protect  the  city  from 
a  bombardment.  The  mole  runs  above 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  into  the  sea,  and  at 
the  extremity  has  a  high  lantern  to  direct 
ships  safely  into  the  harbour.  Naples  is 
110  miles  SE  of  Rome,  217  SSE  of  Flo- 
rence, and  300  S  by  E  of  Venice.  Lon. 
14  20  E,  lat.  40  55  N. 

Napoli-di-Malvasia,  a  seaport  of  Tur- 
key, in  the  Morea,  capital  of  the  island 
of  Malvasia,  seated  on  a  rock,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  bay  of  Napoli-di-Romani. 
It  is  very  strong,  and  defended  by  a  good 
citadel ;  has  a  fine  harbour,  and  a  long 
wooden  bridge  which  joins  it  to  the 
mainland.  It  gives  name  to  that  excel- 
lent wine  called  Malmsey  ;  and  was  an- 
•'■ciently  noted  for  the  temple  of  vEscuia- 
pius.  It  is  42  miles  SE  of  Napoli-di-Ro- 
mania.    Lon.  23  22  E,  lat.  36  57  N. 

Napoli-di-Romania,  a  seaport,  and  an 
archiepiscopal  town  of  Turkey,  in  the 
Morea,  seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay  of 
the  same  name.  It  has  a  large  harbour, 
with  a  narrow  mouth,  through  which  one 
ship  only  can  enter  at  a  time,  and  is  in- 
habited by  60,000  Greeks,  besides  peo- 
ple of  different  nations,  and  very  strong 
both  by  nature  and  art.  It  is  56  miles 
SW  of  Athens.  Lon.  23  4  E,  lat.  37  36  N. 

JYara,  a  town  of  Japan,  in  the  island 
of  Niphon,  with  a  magnificent  castle,  25 
miles  i\W  of  Meaco.  Lon.  134  15  E,  lat. 
35  50  N. 

jYarbath,  a  town  in  Pembrokeshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  has  an 
old  castle,  and  is  seated  on  a  hill,  12 
miles  NE  of  Pembroke,  and  229  W  by  N 
of  London.  Lon.  4  46  W,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Narbonne,  an  ancient  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Aude,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lower  Languedoc.  Before  the 
revolution  of  1789,  it  was  an  archiepis- 
copal see.  In  the  time  of  the  Romans,  it 
fyars  the  capital  of  that  part  of  Gaul, 


called  Callia  Narbonensis  ;  and  here  the 
emperor  Marcus  Aurelius  was  born. — 
Some  Roman  inscriptions,  in  different 
parts  of  the  city,  are  still  visible  ;  and 
the  canal,  from  the  river  Aude,  through 
the  city,  to  the  Mediterranean,  by  which 
vessels  come  close  up  to  it,  was  cut  by 
the  Romans.  Narbonne  is  famous  for  its 
honey,  and  the  cathedral  is  remarkable 
for  its  noble  choir.  It  is  five  miles  from 
the  Mediterranean,  and  75  E  by  S  of 
Toulouse.    Lon.  3  6  E,  lat.  43  11  N. 

Nqrborougjii  an  island  of  South  Ame- 
rica, on  the  const  of  Chili,  so  called  be- 
cause Sir  John  Narborough  refreshed  his 
men  here,  when  sent  to  the  S  Sea  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  Lon.  74  35  W,  lat. 
45  0  N. 

JVavcondam,  a  barren  rock  rising  ab- 
ruptly out  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  uninha- 
bited, and  seemingly  destitute  of  vegeta- 
tion. It  is  about  20  leagues  E  of  the 
Andamans. 

Nardo,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  d'Otranto.  In  this  little  town 
there  are  8000  inhabitants  ;  it  is  20  miles 
NW  of  Otranto.  Lon.  18  16  E,  lat.  40 
18  N. 

JVarenta,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Dalma- 
tia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  gulf 
of  the  same  name,  46  miles  NE  of  Ra- 
gusa.    Lon.  18  27  E,  lat.  43  35  N. 

Namalla,  a  town  of  the  Deccan,  in  the 
province  of  Berar,  72  miles  E  of  Burnam- 
pour.    Lon.  77  54  E,  lat.  21  25  N. 

A'arni,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  of 
Italy,  in  Sabina.  Here  are  the  ruins  of 
a  marble  bridge,  built  by  Augustus,  one 
of  whose  arches  was  150  feet  high,  and 
200  broad  ;  as  also  of  an  aqueduct  that 
brought  water  from  a  spring  at  the  dis- 
tance of  15  miles.  It  contains  a  grea*t 
many,  noble  families,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Nera,  20  miles  SW  of  Spoletto,  and  40  N 
E  of  Rome. 

A\  vara,  a  river  of  the  Russian  empire, 
which  issues  from  the  lake  Peipus,  and 
watering  Narva,  flows  into  the  gulf  of 
Finland,  eight  miles  below  that  town. 
It  is  noted  for  two  picturesque  water- 
falls, pompously  described  by  travellers, 
but  far  inferior  to  that  of  the  Rhine,  at 
Schaffh  ausen.  The  breadth  of  the  river 
is  about  200  feet,  and  the  perpendicu- 
lar height  of  the  fulls  scarcely  exceeds 
20  feet. 

Narfaganset  Bay,  a  bay  of  the  United 
States,  which  contains  Rhode  Island, 
Conanicut,  Prudence,  and  several  smal- 
ler islands. 

Narrows,  The,  a  strait  that,  separates 
Long  Island  from  Staten  Island,  and 
unites  the  bay  of  New  York  with  Sandy 
Hook?& 


N  A  S 

Naraingapatan,  a  town  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Hindoostan,  in  the  territory  of 
Bisnagur.  It  was  the  residence  former- 
ly of  a  king,  and  is  situated  400  miles  Sfc 
of  Bombay.    Lon.  76  10  E,  lat*  15  30  N. 

Jfurva,  a  strong  town  of  the  Russian 
empire,  in-  Ingria,  or  the  government  of 
Pctersburgh.  The  houses  are  built  of 
brick,  stuccoed  white  ;  and  it  has  more 
the  appearance  of  a  German  than  of  a 
Russian  town.  In  the  suburbs,  called 
Ivangorod,  or  John's  town,  the  colossal 
remains  of  an  ancient  fortress,  built  by 
Ivan  Vassilievitch  the  Great,  impend  in 
a  picUiresque  manner  over  the  steep 
banks  of  the  Narova.  Near  Narva  is  the 
spot  celebrated  for  the  victory  which 
Charles  XII  in  the  19th  year  of  his  a  e 
gamed  over  the  Russian  army  in  1700. 
The  town  was  taken  by  the  czar  about 
five  years  after,  who  traversed  the  streets 
on  horseback  with  his  drawn  sword  in 
his  hand,  restrained  his  troops  from  pil- 
lage, and  placed  guards  at  the  doors  of« 
the  principal  houses,  and  before  the 
churches.  The  principal  exports  from 
Narva  are  hemp,  flax,  timber,  and  corn  ; 
the  imports,  salt,  tobacco,  wine,  salted 
herrings,  spices,  tea,  sugar,  and  other 
grocery  wares.  It  is  situated  on  the  Na- 
v  rova,  eight  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
100  W  of  Petersburgh.  Lon.  27  52  E, 
lat.  59  IS  N. 

Nortoah,  or  Nanvha,  a  town  of  Hin- 
doostan Proper/in  the  province  of  Agra, 
seated  a  little  above  the  confluence  of 
The  Sinde  with  the  Jumna.  It  is  127 
miles  S  of  Agra.  Lon.  79  17  E,  lat.  25 
40  N. 

Naseby,  a  village  in  Northamptonshire, 
famous  for  the  decisive  victory  gained  by 
the  armv  of  the  parliament  over  that  of 
Charles  i.  in  1645.  It  is  12  miles  N  of 
Northampton. 

Nash,  'a  county  of  Halifax  district, 
North  Carolina,  "containing  7268  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  principally 
on  the  N  side  of  Tar  river. 

Nashville,  the  capital  of  Davidson  coun- 
ty, Tennessee  ;  situated  on  the  S  bank  of 
Cumberland  river,  33  miles  S  by  W  of 
Gallatinc,  185  W  of  Knoxville,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  State,  and  737  SW  of  Wash- 
ington. It  contained  346  inhabitants  at 
the  last  census  ;  it  is  a  post  town,  and 
supports  a  considerable  trade  with  New 
Orleans. 

Nasxnn,  a  county  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  the  Uoper  Rhine  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Westphalia,  on  the  E  by  tiie 
county  of  Solmes,  on  the  S  by  the  terri- 
tory of  Mentz,  and  on  the  W  by  the  elec- 
torate of  Treves.  It  is  very  fert  ile^  and 
contains  mines  of  iron,  copper,  and  lead  j 


N  A  V 

Nassau,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  the  housq 
>f  whose  sovereign  is  divided  into  seve- 
ral branches.  It  is  seat,  d  on  the  river 
Lahn,  12  miles  SE  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  7 
42  E,  lat.  50  18  N. 

Nasmtck,  a  town  of  Hindoosian  Pro- 
per, in  the  province  of  Guzerat,  128 
mil  s  W  of  Aurungabad,  and  95  SSW  of 
Surat.    Lon.  73  49  E,  lat.  19  30  N. 

Nastadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  18  miles  SE  of 
Coblentz,  and  22  NW  of  Mentz.  Lon. 

7  36  E,  lat.  49  50  N. 

Nata,  a  seaport  of  South  America,  in 
the  government  of  Panama,  seated  in  a 
fertile  country,  <n  the  bav  ot Pant a,  70 
miles  SW  of  Panama.  Lor.  81  15  W,  lat. 

8  10  N. 

Anted,  a  country  on  the  E  coast  of 
Africa,  lying  NE  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  inhabited  by  the  Boshman  Hot- 
tern  ots.    See  Hottentots,  Covntry  of  the. 

Natchez,  the  principal  town  of  Missis- 
sippi Territory,  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
the  river  Mississippi,  and  built  on  a  hill 
nearly  perpendicular,  of  about  200  feet 
above  the  surface  of  the  river.  The  city 
contains  300  houses,  mostly  framed,  and 
generally,  but  one  story  high.  It  is  a 
port  of  entry,  and  vessels  of  300  or  400 
tons  burden,  come  up  the  river  to  the 
city,  meeting  with  no  other  difficulty 
than  the  strength  of  the  current  and  head 
winds.  It  is  about  300  miles  above  New 
Orleans.    Lat.  31  33  N,  lon.  91  15  W. 

Natchitoches,  a  river  of  Louisiana, 
which  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  at  Point 
Coupee. 

Natolia,  a  country  formerly  called  A- 
sia  Minor.  It  is  the  most  western  part 
of  Turkey  in  Asia,  extending  from  the 
Euphrates  as  far  as  the  Archip-.  lae;o,  the 
strait  of  Gallipoli,  the  sea  of  Marmora, 
and  the  strait  of  Constantinople.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Black  Sea.  and 
on  the  S  by  the  Mediterranean.  The  air 
is  temperate  and  wholesome,  and  the 
soil  generally  fertile.  It  is  crossed  by  a 
chain  of  mountains,  formerly  called  Tau- 
rus, from  E  to  W,  and  watered  by  a 
great  number  of  rivers.  *' 

Nattam,  a  town  and  fortress  of  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  country 
of  Madura,  18  miles  N  of  Madura,  and 
45  SSW  of  I  richinopoly.  Lon.  78  18  E, 
lat.  10  10N. 

Navarino,  a  strong  and  populous  town 
of  the  Morea,  with  an  excellent  large 
harbour,  defended  by  two  forts.  It  is 
seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  sea,  eight 
miles  NE  of  Modon,  and  17  NVV  of  Cu- 
ron.    Lon.  21  40  E,  fat.  37  2  N. 

Navarre,  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  lying" 


N  A  X 


N  A  Z 


between  trance  and  Spain,  and  divided 
iiro  the  Upper  and  Lower.  The  Upper 
belongs  to  Spain,  and  is  75  miles  in 
le.-gth,  and  60  in  breadth.  The  air  is 
more  mild,  temperate,  and  wholesome, 
than  in  the  neighbouring"  provinces  ot 
Spain  ;  and,  though  a  mountainous  coun- 
try, it  is  pretty  fertile,  abounding  in  all 
sorts  Of  game,  and  in  iron  mines.  It  is 
divided  into  five  districts,  whose  capital 
towns  are  Pampeluna,  Estella,  TudeLa, 
Olita,  and  St.  Guesca.  Lower  Navarre 
belongs  to  France,  and  now  forms  the 
territory  of  Basques,  and  department  of 
the  Lower  Pyrenees.  It  is  separated 
from  Spanish  Navarre  by  the  Pyrenees, 
and  is  a  mourn ainous,  barren  country, 
20  miles  in  length  a?nd  12  in  breadth. 
From  this  country,  the  late  king  of 
France  took  his  other  title  of  the  king  of 
Navarre.    See  Palais,  St. 

.Yavcrrents,  a  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees  and 
late  territory  of  P>earn,  seated  on  the 
Gave-d'Oleron,  26  miles  SE  of  Bayonne. 
Lon.  0  45  W,  lat.  43  19  N. 

JWividad,  a  seaport  of  New  Spain, 
seated  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  350  miles 
W  of  Mexico.  Lon.  106  0  W,  lat.  19  0  N. 

jYavigator'2  Ista?idSj  a  cluster  of  Islands 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  a  strong  and  handsome  race  ; 
scarcely  a  man  to  be  seen  among  them 
fess  than  six  feet  high,  and  well  propor- 
tioned. The  women  arc  delicately  beau- 
tiful ;  their  canoes,  houses,  &c.  well  con- 
structed  ;  and  they  are  much  more  ad- 
vanced in  internal  policy,  than  any  of 
the  islands  in  this  ocean.  They  are  sur- 
rounded by  a  coral  reef,  but  boats  may 
land  with  great  safety.  Lon.  169  0  W, 
'lat.  14  19  S.    See  Maouna. 

A'auen,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  Middle  Marche  of  Hi  ar.denburg.  Lon. 
12  52  E,  lat.  52  37  N. 

JVatieJihofy  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  circle  of  Leipsic,  eight  miles  E  of 
Leipsic. 

Nawyburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Mentz,  14  miles  WSW  of 
Casscl,  and  36  S'NV  of  Gottingen.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Eder. 

.Vaumlnirg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
capital  of  the  duchy  of  Saxe  Naumburg, 
seated  on  the  Sala,  37  miles  NE  of  Er- 
fort,  and  60  AV  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  20 
E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

"s\:  ckovj,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
isle  of  Laland,  with  a  harbour  commodi- 
ous for  trade,  and  a  plentiful  fishery  here. 
It  is  60  miles  SW  of  Copenhagen.  Lon. 
11  31  E,  lat.  54  52  N. 

JVkro*,  or  JYaxia,  a  considerable  is- 
land of  the  Archipelago,  25  miles  in 


length  and  88  in  circumference.  It  a- 
hounds  with  orange,  olive,  lemon,  ce- 
dar, citron,  pomegranate,  fig,  and  mul- 
berry-trees; and  though  it  has  no  har- 
bour, carries  on  a  considerable  trade  in 
barley,  wine,  oil,  cheese,  figs,  cotton, 
.silk,  flax,  salt,  oxen,  sheep,  and  mules. 
It  is  inhabited  both  by  Greeks  and  La- 
tins, has  four  arehiepiscopal  sees,  and 
a  great  many  villages  ;  but  the  whole 
island  does  not  contain  above  8000  in- 
habitants* the  highest  mountain  is  Zia, 
which  signifies  the  mountain  of  Jupiter; 
but  there  are  no  antiquities,  except  some 
small  remains  of  a  temple  of  Bacchus. 
The  female  dress  of  this  island  has  some- 
thing ridiculous  in  its  appearance.  The 
two  wings  of  black  velvet,  which  they 
fix  behind  to  their  shoulders,  are  alto- 
gether preposterous.  The  Greek  won. en 
at  Smyrna  cover  tneir  breasts  with  a  sin- 
gle gauze;  at  Naxia,  they  wear  a  heavy 
stomacher  or  breast  piece  of  velvet,  co- 
ve-red with  embroidery  and  small  pearls. 
They  add  to  this  romantic  cumbrous 
dress  all  the  coquetry  of  behaviour  they 
can  assume.  They  paint,  blacken  their 
eyebrows  and  eyelashes,  and  cover  their 
Taces  wit  h  patches,  made  of  a  black  shin- 
ing talc,  which  they  find  in  the  island. 
This  island  was  anciently  famous  for  a  I 
sort  of  marble  called  ophitus,  from  its  ' 
being  spotted  like  the  skin  of  a  serpent,) 
with  green  and  white  spots.  On  the 
mountains  near  the  coasts  of  the  Medi-! 
terranean  is  found  the  best  emery,  whence 
the  neighbouring  promontory  is  by  the 
Italians  called  Cape  Smeriglio.  On  the 
S  side  of  the  island  is  a  town  defended 
by  a  castle.  About  a  gunshot  from  hence, 
is  a  fine  marble  tower  on  a  rock,  in  the 
middle  of  a  heap  of  stately  ruins  of  mar  J 
ble  and  granite,  probably  the  remains  ofl 
Bacchus's  temple.  Lon.  26  10  E,  lat.  36) 
41  N.  .  A 

J\,muxos,  or  J\"axia,  the  capital  of  the 
isle  of  Naxos,  with  a  castle  and  two  ar-| 
chiepiscopal  sees,  the  one  Greek  and  the 
other  Latin.  The  greatest  part  of  the] 
inhabitants  are  Greeks.  Lon.  25  59  E] 
lat.  37  8  N. 

Nazaretlt,  a  town  of  Palestine,  famou* 
for  being  the  residence  of  Jesus  Christy 
in  the  early  part  of  his  life.  It  is  now  no- 
thing but  a  village,  where  the  monks  of 
St.  Francis  h<.ve  a  convent.  Lon.  35  20 
E,  lat.  32  30  N. 

Naznreik,  U/jfrer  and  Lower,  two  town- 
ships of  Northampton  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania, containing  together  1283  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  They  are  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Delaware,  about  6  miles  N\V 
of  Fasten,  and  10  X  of  Bethlehem. 

Nazareth,  a  post  town  in  Northanvp- 


NEE 


N  E  G 


ton  county,  Pennsylvania,  belonging  to 
the  Unitas  Fratrum,  or  society  of  Mora- 
vians  ;  it  is  situated  ten  miles  N  of  Beth- 
lehem, eight  W  by  N  of  Easton  on  the  ri- 
ver Delaware,  and  63  N  of  Philadelphia. 
In  1800  it  contained  oil  inhabitants,  dis- 
tinguished for  their  industry  and  regula- 
rity of  manners,  as  this  religious  society 
generally  is. 

Nate,  or  Cape  Lindenas,  the  most  south- 
ern promontory  of  Norway.  Lon.  7  20  E, 
lat.  57  30  N. 

Neagh,  Lough,  a  lake  of  Ireland,  situ- 
ated in  the  counties  of  Armagh,  Down, 
Antrim,  Londonderry,  and  Tyrone.  It  is 
the  largest  in  Europe,  those  of  Ladoga, 
and  Onega  in  Russia,  and  that  of  Geneva 
in  Swisserland,  excepted,  being  20  miles 
long  and  15  broad. 

Neath,  a  corporate  town  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Neath,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  where  small  vessels  come  to  load 
coal.  On  the  other  side  of  the  river  are 
the  ruins  of  a  fine  monastery,  and  in  the 
neighbourhood  are  iron  forges,  smelting 
works  for  copper,  and  coal  mines.  It  is 
governed  by  a  portreeve,  who  is  sworn  in 
by  the  deputy  constable  of  the  castle  of 
Neath,  and  seated  near  the  Bristol  Chan- 
nel, 32  miles  NW  of  LandafF,  and  200  W 
bv  N  of  London.  Lon.  3  45  W,  lat.  51 
43  N. 

Neath,  a  river  in  Glamorganshire, 
which  talis  into  the  Bristol  Channel,  be- 
low the  town  of  Neath. 

Neb,  a  river  in  the  isle  of  Man,  which 
runs  into  the  Irish  sea,  at  Peel  Castle. 

Nebio,  or  Nebbio,  a  ruined  city  on  the 
W  side  of  the  island  of  Corsica,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  whose  bishop  resides  at  St. 
Piorenzo,  a  mile  distant. 

Nebra,  a  town  in  the  circle  of  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Thurir.gia.  It  is  12  miles  N 
\V  of  Naumburg.  '  Lon.  11  26  E,  lat.  51 
13  N. 

Neckar,  a  river  of  Germany,  which 
:'ises  in  the  black  Forest,  crosses  the 
duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  and  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine,  and  falls  into  the  Rhine,  at 
Jfanheim. 

Neckars-Gemvnd,  a  town  of  Germany, 
h  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  seated  on 
tne  Neckar.    Lon.  9  55  E,  lat.  49  26  N. 

Neckars-Uhn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
tlie  circle  of  Franconia,  seated  on  the 
Neckar.  It  belongs  to  the  grand-master 
of  the  Teutonic  order.  Lon.  9  5  E,  lat. 
49  22  N. 

Nedroma,  a  city  of  Algiers,  remarkable 
for  its  magnificent  ruins.  Lon.  0  38  W, 
lat.  35  40  N. 

Needham,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday.    It  is  seated  on  the 


Orwell,  and  has  some  trade  in  Suffolk- 
blues,  and  cloths ;  and  women  are  em- 
ployed in  spinning  and  weaving  bonelace. 
It  is  10  miles  NW  of  Ipswich,  and  73  NE 
of  London.    Lon.  1  23  E,  lat.  52  15  N. 

Needham,  a  township  of  Norfolk  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  1,097  inha- 
hitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  between 
Newtoil  and  Natick,  12  miles  S\\T  of  Bos- 
ton. 

Needles,  two  rocks  in  Hampshire,  N  of 
the  isle  of  Wight  so  called  from  their 

sharp  extremities. 

Neeheeheonv,  one  of  the  Sandwich  is- 
lands, five  leagues  W  of  Atooi.  The  E 
coast  is  high,  and  rises  abruptly  from  the 
sea  ;  the  rest  of  it  consists  of  low  ground, 
except  a  round  bluff  head  on  the  SE  point. 
It  produces  plenty  of  yams,  and  contains 
about  10,000  inhabitants. 

Neerivinden,  a  village  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant, a  little  N  by  W  of  Landen.  Here 
were  fought  two  celebrated  battles  which 
are  sometimes  called  by  the  name  of  Neer- 
winden  ;  the  one  in  1693,  the  other  in  1793 
when  the  French  were  compelled  to  evacu- 
ate the  Austrian  Netherlands.  See  Landen. 

Nefta,  a  tewn  of  the  kingdom  of  Tu- 
nis, 250  mile*  S  bv  W  of  Tunis.  Lon.  9 
25  E,  lat.  33  0  N. " 

Negapatam,  a  city  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel. 
It  was  first  a  colony  of  the  Portuguese, 
but  was  taken  by  the  Dutch  who  were 
dispossessed  of  it  by  the  English  in  1782 ; 
but,  by  the-peace  of  1783,  it  was  agreed 
to  be  restored  to  the  Dutch,  whenever 
they  should  give  an  equivalent  for  it.  Ne- 
.gapatam  is  183  miles  S  of  Madras.  Lon. 
79  56  E,  lat.  10  46  N. 

Negambo,  a  seaport  on  the  W  coast  of 
the  isle  of  Ceylon.  It  has  a  fort  built  by 
the  Portuguese,  which  was  taken,  in 
1640,  by  the  Dutch,  who  were  forced  to 
give  it  up  to  the  English  in  February 
1796.    Lon.  83  45  E,  lat.  7  30  N. 

Negrais,  a  seaport  on  the  E  side  of  the 
bay  of  Bengal,  240  miles  WSW  of  Pegu. 
Lj'n.  94  4  E,  lat.  15  50  N. 

Negri! point,  the  most  westerly  promon- 
tory of  the  island  of  Jamaica. 

Negro,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Africa, 
on  the  W  coast  of  Angola,  being  the  most 
southerly  country  to  which  the  Europe- 
ans usually  resort  to  purchase  slaves.  Lon. 
10  40  E,  lat.  15  54  N. 
*  Negroes  Island,  one  of  the  Philippine 
Islands,  between  Pannay  and  Zebu. 

Negroland,  or  Nigritia,  a  country  of 
Africa,  through  which  the  river  Niger  is 
supposed  to  run.  It  has  the  great  desert 
of  Zahara  on  the  N,  and  stretches  far  to 
the  S,  but  the  inland  parts  are  very  little 
known.    The  Europeans  have  many  set- 


N  E  L 


N  E  R 


Uements  on  the  const,  where  they  barter 
European  goods  for  slaves,  gold  dust, 
and  elephant's  teeth. 

JW'gropont,  an  island  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, the  largest  in  the  Archipelago.  It 
was  anciently  called  Eubcca,  and  is  near 
the  X  coast  of  Livaxlia,  separated  from  it 
by  the  strait  of  Xegropont,  over  which  is 
a  bridge.  It  is  90  miles  in  length,  and  2.5 
in  breadth,  though  in  some  places  much 
narrower.  It  abounds  in  corn,  wine,  and 
fruits. 

jYegropont,  a  strong  city,  capital  of  an 
island  of  the  same  name,  and  a  Greek 
archbishop's  see.  It  has  a  good  harbour, 
which  is  commonly  the  station  of  the 
Turkish  ships.  The  walls  of  the  city  in 
which  the  Turks  and  Jews  reside,  are  two 
miles  and  a  half  in  circumference  ;  but 
the  suburbs,  where  the  christians  live, 
are  much  larger.  It  was  taken,  in  1469, 
from  the  Venetians,  who  attempted  to 
retake  it  in  1688,  without  effect.  It  is 
seated  on  a  strait  of  the  same  name,  30 
fchles  NE  of  Athens,  and  260  SW  of  Con- 
stantinople.   Lon.  24  8  E,  lat.  38  30  N. 

vYeviUumrf,  an  ancient  town  of  Persia, 
in  Irac  Agemj,  famous  for  a  battle  fought 
near  it,  between  the  califf  Omar  and  Yez 
Degerd,  king  of  Persia,  in  1638,  when  he 
lost  that  kingdom.  It  is  170  miles  N\V 
of  Ispaham.  Lon.  47  10  E,  lat.  34  20  N.  j 
I  Neidendu,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Mentz,  situated  on  the  Jaxt. 
■  It  is  33  miles  ESE  of  Heidelberg. 
•  J\>.idenburg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  with 
a  castle  on  a  mountain,  75  miles  E  of 
Culm. 

JVcihton,  a  village  in  Renfrewshire,  to 
the  S  of  Parley.  It  is  nored  for  a  cotton 
manufactory.    Eon.  1  20  W,  h.t.  55  22  X. 

JVeisse,  a  town  of  Silesia,  surrounded 
by  thick  walls  and  deep  ditches.  The 
bishop  of  Breslaw  generally  resides  here, 
and  has  a  magnificent  palace.  The  in- 
habitants carry  on  a  considerable  trade  in 
•linens  and  wine.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  27  miles  NE  Glatz,and 
35  SE  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17  35  E,  lat.  50 
•31  N.       '  r\. 

.Vcllciilurg,  a  town  ofSuabia,  capital  of 
a  landi-  ra;  ate  of  the  same  name,  20  miles' 
N  of  Constance,  and  2j  XE  ofSchaffhau- 
seri,    Lon.  9  8  E,  lat.  47  59  X. 

.Vdson,  an  English  settlement  in  North 
America,  on  the  W  side  of  Hudson's  Bay, 
al  the  mouth  of  the  river  Nelson,  250 
mites  SE  of  Churchill  Fort.  It  belongs 
to  the  Hudson's  Kay  Company,  who  carry 
on  a  great  trade  in  beaver  and  other  skins. 
Lon.  92  35  W,  lat.  57  7  X. 
-  Nelson,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky, containing  14,078  inhabitants  in 
1810.    It  is  watered  by  the  Salt  river,  I 


and  is  about  30  miles  E  of  the  Big  Bend 
of  the  Ohio.    The  chief  town  is  Bcards- 

town.  'vaHffffi-  ^ffi  ifflliftlfwffi *' 

J\°em<va,  a  village  of  the  More  a,  famous 
for  the  Neniaam  games  anciently  celebrat- 
ed here. 

JVeniours',  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Maine  and  late 
province  of  the'  Isle  of  France,  with  an 
old  castle,  between  two  hills.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Loing,  10  miles  S  of  Fontain- 
bleau,  and  15  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  37  E, 
lat.  48  16  X. 

JYen,  the  principal  river  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, which  rises  in  the  W  part  of 
the  county.  It  is  made  navigable  at 
Northampton,  leaves  the  county  at  Peter- 
borough, and  crossing  the  isle  of  Ely, 
forms  part  of  the  W  boundary  of  Nor- 
folk, and  falls  into  the  Lincolnshire  Wash, 
It  likewise  communicates  by  several  chan- 
nels, with  the  Great  Ouse. 

<Y  ocustro,  a  fort  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Romania,  where  the  Turks  always 
keep  a  good  garrison.  It  is  seated  in  the 
middle  of  the  strait  of  Constantinople,  12 
miles  from  that  ci  y.  Lon.  29  4  E,  lat.  41 
10  X. 

A'cot's,  St,  a  town  in  Huntingdonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  a  well 
built  town,  has  a  considerable  chinch, 
with  a  fine  steeple,  and  a  considerable 
trade  in  coal.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ouse, 
over  which  is  a  fine  stone  bridge,  20  milesf 
WSW  of  Cambridge,  and  56  NNW  of 
London.    Lon.  0  30  W,  lat.  52  7  N. 

JW'pean  Island,  an  island  of  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  opposite  Port  Hunter,  on 
the  S  coast  of  Norfolk  Island,  consisting 
entirely  of  one  mass  of  sand,  held  togeth- 
er by  the  surrounding  cliffs,  which  aie  a 
border  ot*  h  .rd  rocks.  The  surface  was 
cov  ered  with  a  kind  of  coarse  grass,  and 
upwards  of  200  fine  pines  were  growing 
on  iti 

JVepi,  an  ancient  town  cf  -Italy,  in  the 
patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  seated  on  the  Trialia,  20  miles  N  of 
Rome.    Lon.  11  34  E,  hit.  42  14.N. 

'Jtiterac,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment, of  Lot  and  Garonne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Cuienne.  It  is  situated  on  the 
river  liaise,  which  is  navigable  here,  and 
is  divided  by  that  river  into  great  and 
little  Nerac.  In  the  16th  century,  the 
greatest  part  of  its 'inhabitants  embraced 
the  reformed  religion,  nut  were  Obliged 
to  surrender  to  Louis  XIII.  in  1621.  Ne- 
raic  is  20  miles  SW  of  Agen,  and  380  S  by 
W  of  Paris.    Lon.  0  13  E,  lat.  44  2  N. 

Ntvbudda,  a  river  of  India,  which  is* 
sfies  from  a  lake  on  the  southern  con- 
fines of  the  province  of  Allahabad,  forms 
I  the  boundarv  between  Kindoostan  P:o- 


N  E  I 

per  and  the  Deccan,  and  falls  into  the 
gulf  of  Cambay,  below  Baroach. 

jYericia,  a  subdivision  of  Sweden  Pro- 
per, bounded  on  ihe  N  by  We  s  mi  an  i  a,  on 
the  E  by  Sudcrmania,  on  the  S  by  E 
Gothland,  and  on  the  W  by  W  Gothland. 
Orebo  is  the  capital,  and  the  most  consi- 
derable place  in  it. 

Nero,  an  island  in  the  E  Indies,  the  se- 
cond of  the  Banda  Islands,  where  the 
Dutch  have  a  fort  called  Fort  Nassau. 
Here  are  large  serpents,  but  not  venom- 
ous, and  the  mountains  arc  covered  with 
trees,  in  which  are  birds  of  a  verv  singu- 
lar kind.    Lon.  129  45  E,  lat.  4  40  N. 

Nertckinsk,  one  of  the  four  provinces 
of  the  Russian  government  of  Irkutzk. 
Its  capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  seated 
on  the  Nerteha,  which  falls  into  the 
Schilka. 

Nescopeck,  a  river  of  Luzerne  county, 
Pennsylvania,  which  approaches  so  near 
to  the  Lehig'h,  as  to  render  it  no  difficult 
matter  to  open  a  navigation  between  the 
Susquehannah  ami  the  Delaware,  through 
this  channel.  It  empties  into  the  Susque- 
hannah. opposite  the  town  of  Berwick. 

JVeshti  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  and  late  province  of  Pi- 
cardy.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lingon,  eight 
Smiles  NE  of  Roves,  and  66  N  by  E  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  59  E,  lat.  49  51  N. 

Ness,  Loch,  a  beautiful  lake  in  Inver- 
nesshire,  22  miles  in  length,  and,  for  the 
most  part,  one  in  breadth,  though  some- 
times two.  It  is  sheltered  on  the  NYV 
by  the  high  mountains  of  Urquhart  and 
Mealfourvc.-ney,  and  edged  with  coppices 
of  birch  and  oak. 

Ness,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  is  the 
outlet  of  Loch  Ness,  and  falls  into  the 
Frith  of  Murray,  a  little  below  the  town 
of  Inverness. 

Netherlands,  or  Low  Countries,  a  large 
country  of  Europe,  anciently  called  Gal- 
lia Belgica.  In  the  ninth  century,  the 
sons  of  the  emperor  Lewis  the  Pious, 
having"  divided  the  dominions  of  their 
father,  who  possessed  Germany,  France, 
and  Italy,  a  new  kingdom  was  formed, 
comprehending  Germany  and  France,  and 
a  part  of  the  Netherlands.  It  was  called 
Lotharia,  but  did  not  long  subsist;  for  it 
was  soon  divided  into  two;  and  that  seat- 
ed near  the  Mediterranean  was  called  the 
kingdom  of  Burgundy  ;  while  the  other, 
to  the  N,  had  the  name  of  Austrasia. 
Neither  did  this  last  continue  long,  it 
being  divided  into  17  provinces,  under 
different  names,  which  still  depended  on 
the  empire  of  Germany,  and  were  called 
Lower  Germany.  In  process  of  time,  the 
house  of  Burgundy  purchased  many  of 
them,  and  was  about  to  form  them,  with 


NET 

Burgundy,  into  a  kingdom;  but  Charles 
the  Bold,  the  last  duke  of  Burgundy,  be- 
ing killed  by  the  Swiss,  in  1477,  lus  part 
of  the  Netherlands  devolved  on  Mary  his 
only  child  :  who,  marrying  the  emperor 
Maximilian,  the  Netherlands  fell  to  the 
house  of  Austria.  The  emperor  Charles 
V.  king  of  Spain,  in  1555,  abdicated  th« 
sovereignty  of  the  Netherlands,  and  soon 
after,  the  Spanish  crown,  in  favour  of  his 
son  Philip.  The  tyranny  of  this  cruel 
bigot,  Philip  II.  who  endeavoured  to  in- 
troduce the  Inquisition  into  the  Low 
Countries,  with  the  barbarities  of  the 
duke  of  Alva,  exasperated  the  people  to 
such  a  degree,  that  they,  under  the  con- 
duct of  William  I.  prince  of  Orange,  for- 
med the  famous  league  of  Utrecht,  in 
1579,  which  proved  the  foundation  of  the 
republic  of  the  Seven  United  Provinces. 
After  a  long  and  bloody  war,  the  Spa- 
niards agreed  to  a  truce  with  the  United 
Provinces,  the  very  first  article  of  which 
acknowledged  them  to  be  free  and  inde- 
pendent states.  The  war  was  renewed 
in  1621;  but,  at  last,  bv  the  treaty  of 
Westphalia,  in  1648,  Philip  IV.  of  Spain, 
expressly  renounced  all  claim  to  sove- 
reignty over  the  United  Provinces.  The. 
other  ten  provinces,  however,  returned 
under  the  dominion  of  Spain,  but  with 
very  favourable  stipulations  with  respect 
to  their  ancient  laws  and  liberties.  On 
the  death  of  Charles  II.  king  of  Spain, 
and  the  subsequent  accession  of  a  branch 
of  the  house  of  Bourbon  to  that  monar- 
chy, it  was  stipulated,  by  the  treaty  of 
Baden  in  1714,  that  the  Spanish  Nether- 
lands should  return  to  the  German  branch 
of  the  house  of  Austria.  Some  conside- 
rable parts,  however,  fell  by  conquest,  or 
cession,  to  the  French  and  Dutch  ;  the 
province  of  Artois,  the  Cambresis,  and 
part  of  Luxemburg,  Flanders,  and  Hai- 
nault,  were  in  the  hands  of  the  French, 
and  called  the  French  Netherlands ; 
while  the  Dutch  possessed  the  N  part  of 
Brabant  ar.d  Flanders,  from  them  deno- 
minated Dutch  Brabant  and  Flanders. 
The  emperor  Charles  VI.  left  the  Aus- 
trian Netherlands  to  his  daughter  Maria 
Theresa,  queen  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia, 
who  married  Francis,  grand  duke  of  Tus- 
cany, afterwards  emperor.  During  her 
reign,  no  sovereign  could  be  more  be- 
loved ;  no  people  more  content  and  hap- 
py. But  her  son,  Joseph  II.  having  pro- 
jected many  innovations  in  the  constitu- 
tions, both  in  church  and  stale,  and 
enforcing  them  with  violence,  an  univer- 
sal spirit  of  revolt  broke  out ;  an  army 
of  40,000  men  rose,  as  if  by  magic,  to 
support  the  renunciation  of  all  allegiance, 
which  several  of  the  provinces  now  open- 


NE  U 


N  E  U 


fy  made ;  a  congress  was  formed  from  the 
different  states,  in  whom  the  supreme 
government  was  vested  ;  and  by  the  end 
of  December  1790,  the  Austrian  forces 
were  entirely  expelled  from  the  Nether- 
lands.  The  new  government,  however, 
was  not  of  long'  duration  ;  for  which,  in- 
deed, the  manner  in  which  the  congress 
exercised  its  powers  was  far  from  being 
Calculated.  Leopold  II.  (the  successor 
of  the  capricious  and  unfortunate  Joseph, 
who  died  in  the  early  part  of  1790)  was 
enabled,  partly  by  force  of  arms,  partly 
by  conciliatory  measures,  and  partly  by 
the  mediation  of  the  courts  of  London, 
Berlin,  and  Hague,  to  recover  the  entire 
possession  of  his  authority  in  these  pro- 
vinces, and  that,  in  a  great  measure,  to 
the  satisfaction  of  the  people  ;  'he  minis- 
ters of  the  mediating  courts  having  gua- 
ranteed the  restoration  of  tne  ancient 
Belgic  constitution,  as  enjoyed  under  the 
happy  reign  of  the  empress  queen  Maria 
Theresa.  Ia  1792,  the  French  overran 
the  Netherlands,  and  endeavoured  to  ef- 
fect another  revolution,  but  were  driven 
out  of  the  country  in  1793.  In  1794  they 
again  recovered  possession  ;  and  in  1795 
the  Netherlands  were  decreed  to  form  a 
part  of  the  territory  of  the  French  re- 
public. The  Netherlands,  in  general,  are 
360  miles  long,  and  260  broad  ;  lying  be- 
tween 2  and  7  E  Ion.  and  49  and  54  N  lat. 
They  are  bounded  on  the  W  and  N  by 
the  German  Ocean,  on  the  E  by  Germa- 
ny, And  on  the  S  by  France.  They  once 
constituted  a  part  of  the  German  empire, 
under  the  name  of  the  circle  of  Burgun- 
dy. The  principal  rivers  are  the  Scheldt, 
Rhine,  Maese,  Moselle,  and  Lis  ;  and 
there  are  many  fine  navigable  canals, 
which  are  of  great  advantage  to  the  com- 
merce of  the  country.  The  air  is  tem- 
perate ;  but  the  mouths  of  the  rivers  and 
harbours  are  frozen  up  in  the  winter. 
The  soil  is  extremely  fertile  in  corn  and 
pastures  ;  and  there  are  several  fine  ma- 
nufactures of  lace,  lawns,  cambrics,  ta- 
pestry, &c  See  United  Provinces  of  the 
Netherlands. 

Aetchkau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  -the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  territory 
of  S  Voigtland,  seated  on  the  Golch,  12 
miles  SW  of  Zwickou. 

Arttuno,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 
di  Roma.  It  is  but  thinly  peopled,  thou,  h 
seated  in  a  fertile  soil,  at  the  mouth  of 
EBe  Loracina,  and  the  inhabitants  are  al- 
most all  hunters.  It  is  24  miles  S  of 
Rome.    Lon.  12  29  E,  lat.  42  32  N . 

JVeva,  a  river  of  Russia,  which  issues 
from  the  lake  LadOg?,  and  falls  into  the 
gulf  of  Finland,  below  Petersburgh. 

JKl'uburif,  the  duchy  of,  in  Germany, 


and  circle  of  Bavaria,  divided  into  two 
parts,  E  and  VV  The  W  is  about  50  miles 
long,  and  eight  broad,  the  E  is  about  17 
miles  long,  and  the  same  broad. 

Neubtirg-f  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  Bris- 
gaw,  subject  to  the  house  of  Austria.  It 
is  seated  near  the  Rhine,  12  miles  N  of 
Basle,  and  12  S  of  Brisach.  Lon.  7  35 
E,  lat.  47  47  N. 

Aeubtirq-,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Ausiria,  with  a  famous  monastery,  seated 
on  the  Danube,  five  miles  from  Vienna. 
Lon.  16  20  E,  lat.  48  13  N. 

JSfetiburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  with  a  castle,  seat- 
ed on  the  Entz,  25  miles  W  of  Stutgard. 
Lon.  8  34  E,  lat.  48  52  N. 

Neuburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  and  capital  of  a  duchy 
of  the  same  name,  subject  to  the- elector 
palatine.  It  is  28  miles  NE  of  Augs- 
burg, and  40  SW  of  Ratisbon.  Lon.  11 
10  E,  lat.  48  45  N. 

Neuburgy  a  strong  town  of  Denmark, 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  isle  of  Funen, 
with  a  famous  harbour,  53  miles  SW  of 
Copenhagen.    Lon.  11  1  E,  lat.  55  30  N. 

JVeuchatel,  a  territory  of  Swisserlanc), 
which,  with  that  of  Vallengin,  forms  one 
principality,  between  the  lake  of  Neu- 
chaiel,  and  the  borders  of  France  ;  ex 
tending  36  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  18  in 
its  greatest  breadth.  By  the  death  of  the 
duchess  of  Nemours,  in  1707,  the  sove- 
reignty of  Neuchatel  and  Vallengin  was 
claimed  by  Frederick  I.  of  Prussia,  as 
heir  to  the  prince  of  Orange;  and  his 
right  was  acknowledged  by  the  states  of 
the  country.  The  constitution  is  a  kind 
of  limited  monarchy.  The  inhabitants 
are  protestants,  except  in  the  two  dis- 
tricts of  Landeron  and  Cressicr,  where 
there  are  most  catholics.  In  1529,  this 
principality  entered  into  an  alliance  with 
the  cantons  of  Bern,  Friburg,  Soleurc, 
and  Lucern.  The  air  is  healthy  and  tern-,, 
perate;  but  the  soil  is  not  equally  tem- 
perate every  where,  however  there  are 
large  vineyards  that  produce  white  and 
red  wine,  which  last  is  excellent.  The 
pastured  on  the  mountains  feed  a  great 
number  of  all  sorts  of  cattle,  and  there 
are  plenty  of  deer  in  the  forests,  and  a 
great  many  fish  in  the  lakes  and  rivers. 
The  people  are  ingenious,  polite,  active, 
and  industrious. 

J\e?irhutelt  a  town  of  Swisserland,  ca- 
pital of  a  principality  of  the  same  name. 
It  contains  uot  more  than  3000  souls,  and 
is  situated  partly  on  the  plain  between 
the  lake  of  Neuchatel  and  the  Jura,  and 
partly  on  the  declivity  of  that  mountain. 
The  chief  article  of  exportation  is  wine, 
which  is  much  esteemed,  and  produced 


NEU 


NEU 


from  the  vineyards  in  its  vicinity  ;  and 
there  are  here  manufactures  of  printed 
linens  and  cottons.  Among  the  many 
public  w  orks  which  have  been  lately  exe- 
cuted here,  are  the  new  town-house,  and 
a  superb  causeway  leading  toward  the 
valley  of  St.  Imier.  Neuchatel  is  govern- 
ed by  a  great  and  little  council ;  the  first 
is  composed  of  40  persons  ;  the  second 
consists  of  24  members,  comprehending 
the  mayor,  who  is  president.  It  is  95 
miles  NE  of  Lausanne,  and  25  \Y  of  Bern. 
Lon.  7  0  E,  lat.  47  5  NT. 

jYeuchate.lt  or  Yverdun,  a  lake  of  Swis- 
serhmd,  which  takes  its  name  from  a  town 
of  the  same  name,  stretches  about  20 
miles  in  length  from  the  town  of  Yverdun 
to  that  of  Neuchatel,  in  a  direction  from 
SAV  to  NE,  at  which  extremity  it  has  a 
communication  with  the  lake  of  Bienne 
by  a  narrow  outlet,  and  is  17  miles  long, 
and  5  broad. 

.Yevsm,  a  village  in  Pembrokeshire, 
near  a  river  of  the  same  name,  one  mile 
NE  of  Newport.  There  arc  several  mo- 
numents of  antiquity  in  this  parish,  and 
among  the  rest  a  single  stone,  of  a  square 
form,  13  feet  high  and  two  .broad,  w  ith  a 
circular  top,  charged  with  a  cros  s  and 
all  the  sides  are  neaily  carved  with  knot 
work  of  various  patterns. 

JYevers,  a  considerable  episcopal  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Nievre, 
and  late  province  of  Nivervois,  seated  on 
the  Loire,  over  which.it  has  a  handsome 
bridge.  The  town  is  built  in  the  form  of 
an  amphitheatre,  containing  many  elegant 
buildings,  among  which  is  the  ancient 
palace,  in  which  John  Casiroer,  king  of 
Poland,  expired  in  1672.  It  is  145  miles 
SE  of  Pans.   Lon.  3  14  E,  lat.  46  59  N. 

JYenfchaie!,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Seine,  and  late  pro-  j 
vince  of  Normandy,  noted  for  excellent ' 
cheese,  commodiously  seated  on  the  ri-j 
ver  Argues,  20  miles  SE  of  Dieppe,  ard 
75  NW  of  Faris.  Lon.  1  30  E,  faf.  49  46  N. 

J\e;'f chateau,  a  town  of  Austrian  Lux- 
emburg, 27  miles  YVNW  of  Luxemburg. 
Lon.  5  3'J  E,  lat.  49  53  X. 

J\*euf chateau,  a  commercial  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the.  Yosgcs, 
and  late  province  of  Lorrain.  ll  is  scal- 
ed in  a  soft  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  all 
the  necessaries  of  life,  o.i  the  river  Mou- 
70iv  25  miles  SVV  of  Naiici,  and  150  E  bv 
S  of  Paris.    Lon.  5  47  E,  lat .  48  24  N.  * 

jYeuham,  a  strong  town  of  Bohemia,  in 
the  circle  of  Bechin,  with  a  castle.  Lon. 
15  50  E,  Sat.  49  3  N. 

A"<':t/iau8,  ■  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of 
Bremen,  ii  was  once' a  place  of  great 
trade,  and  had  a  commodious  harbour  at 


the  mouth  of  the  Oste,  but  a  sand  bank 
accumulating  in  it,  at  the  issue  of  the 
Oste,  into  the  Elbe,  its  trade  was  almost 
annihilated,  and  it  is  now  of  much  less 
consequence  than  Formerly.  It  is  19 
miles  NNYV  of  Slade.  Lou.  8  27  E,  lat. 
53  52  N. 

JYjiuhavscl,  a  strong  town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  seated  in  a  marshy  plain,  on 
the  river  Neytracht,  15  miles" NVV  of  Co- 
mora,  and  40  SE  of  Presburg.  Lon.  18 10 
E,  lat.  48  1  N. 

jYevin,  or  JYe-win,  a  town  in  Carnarvon- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Irish  Sep,  20  miles  S  by  YV 
of  Carnarvon,  and  249  WNYV  of  London. 
Lon.  4  25  AY,  lat.  52  52  N. 

Nevis,  one  of  the  Leeward  Caribbee 
Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  divided  from 
the  E  end  of  St.  Christophers  by  a  nar- 
row channel.  It  has  but  one  mountain, 
winch  is  in  the  middle,  very  high,  and 
covered  with  large  trees  up  to  the  top. 
Here  are  springs  of  fresh  water  and  a 
hot  bath,  much  of  the  same  nature  as 
those  of  Bath,  in  England.  It  is  a  small 
island,  but  very  fruitful,  and  subject  to 
the  English.    Charleston  is  the  capital. 

J\emnark,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  on 
the  river  Me  risen,  56  mile6;  N  of  Clausen- 
burg.    Lon.  23  35  E,  lat.  47  19  N. 

JVeumark,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  30  miles  XXYv  of  Ra- 
tisbon.    Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  49  18  N. 

jYeus,  a  river  of  North  Carolina,  which 
enters  Pamlico  Sound,  below  Newbern, 
where  it  is  a  mile  and  a  half  broad. 

A'eusaltz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Glogau,  12  miles  NW  of 
Giogau. 

JYemidle,  a  town  of  Hungary,  24  miles 
SW  of  Presburg,  situated  on  a  lake  of 
the  same  name. 

A'eusol,  a  town  or  Upper  Hungary,  it 
has  a  large  castle,  in  which  is  a  church, 
covered  with  copper.  It  is  noted  for  the 
greatest  copper  mines  in  all  Tlungarv, 
which  are  in  its  neighbourhood,  and  i  . 
seated  on  the  Gran,  10  miles  N  of  Crem- 
nitz,  and  50  NE  of  Leopoldstadt  Lon 
19  29  E,  lat.  49  9  N. 

*Yeusiadtt  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Holstein,  seated  on  the  Bat- 
tic,  22  miles  NNE  of  Lnbec.  Lon.  11  0 
E,  W.  54  10  N. 

jYemtadt,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchv  of  Mecklenburg,  15  miles  S  of 
Schweriii.    Lon.  11  50  Ejat.  53  24  N 

,Yeu.\tadtj  a  (o  wn  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Br;inswick-Lnv.er.burg,  wi:h 
a  strong  castle,  15  miles  NVV  of  HanoveK. 
Lon.  9  55  E,  lat.  52J34  N. 

jYevatadt,  an  episcopal  town  of  Lower 
Austria,  with  a  castle,  and  an  arsenal, 


NEW 


N  E  W 


30  miles  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  27  E,  lat.  • 
47  48N. 

NeU&tcuh,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Wurtzburgh,  seated  on  the 
Sale,  12  miles  NE  of  Schweinfurt.  Lon. 
10  25  E,  hit.  50  24  N. 

Neisstadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Win  em  berg1,  seated  on  the 
Kocber,  12  miles  NXE  of  HalibrOn.  Lon. 
9  20  E,  hit.  49  17  N. 

JVeit&tadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  a  small 
chain  of  mountains,  nine  miles  N  by  W 
iff  Landau.    Lon.  8  7  E,  la;.  49  4U  N. 

Neuvifk,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Basle.  Before  Swisserland 
was  invaded  by  the  French,  it  was  tro- 
ve med  by  two  burghermasters,"  and  a 
small  and  great  council,  each  consisting 
of  twenty-tour  members. 

Neicwiett,  a  flourishing-  commercial  ci- 
ty of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  Up- 
per Rhine,  capital  of  the  principality  of 
Weld.  It  contains  between  6  and  7000 
inhabitants.  Neuwied  is  10  miles  XX  W 
of  Coblentz.    Lon.  7  25  E,  lat.  50  32  X. 

iNew  Antrim,  a  posi  town  in  Orange 
eounly,  Xew  York  :  situated  on  the  post 
and  stage  road,  from  Xew  York  to  Al- 
bany, 34  miles  X  by  W  of  the  former, 
and  33  SE  of  Goshen. 

.V-'-vrt'-k,  a  handsome  post  town  of  Es- 
iex  county,  New. Jersey;  situated  on  the 
IV  side  of  Passaic  river,  6  miles  N  of 
Elizabeth  town,  and  10  W  by  N  of  the 
city  of  New  York.  It  has  a  college,  in- 
stituted in  1792,  and  carries  on  the  ma- 
nufacture of  shoes  in  an  extensive  man- 
ner. 

Newark  upon  Trent,  a  borough  in  Not- 
tinghamshire, with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday. It  is  seated  on  the  Trent,  over 
*  b&h  is  a  bridge,  and  once  had  a  hand- 
some castle,  now  in  ruins.  Newark  has 
a  good  trade,  i9  governed  by  a  mayor, 
and  sends  two  members  to  pariiamen; . 
It  it3  17  miles  XE  of  Xottingham,  and 
124  X  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  45  W, 
Int.  5^  C'N. 

.Y''7i<  Athens,  or  Tyogatown,  a  post 
1ow.n  Luzerne  county,  Pennsylvania. 
It  is  situated nearthe confluenceof the Ty- 
oga  river  and.  the  Last,  branch  of  the  Sus- 
qnehannah.  A  situation  very  convenient 
to  intercept  the  trade  of  both  rivers.  '  * 

Mev*  ?Jr<[ford,  a  post  town  in  Bristol 
county,  Massachusetts ;  situated  on  an 
aprn  of  Buzzard's  bay,  59  miles  S  of  Bos- 
ton, and  30  NE  of  Newport  in  Rhode  Is- 
land. It  has  a  safe  harbour,  and  carries 
on  a  .  :isideraf»le  foreign  trade.  The  in- 
habitants in  1810  3ir»ounted  to  5651. 

lYevberrii  tlie  capital  of  Graven  coun- 
Xor*ih.  Carolina  ;  situated  oh  the'  S 


bank  of  the  river  Nlise,  in  the  lat.  of  35 
i20  N,  and  lon.  of  77  5  W,  35  miles  S  of 
Washington,  on  Pamlico  river,  and  81 
S  by  W  of  Eder.ton,  on  Albemarle  sound*. 
This  is  a  post  town  and  port  of  entry, 
the  most  populous  in  the  State,  and  was 
the  seat  of  government  before  the  revo- 
lution. The  quantity  of  lumber,  Indian 
corn,  tar,  pitph  and  turpentine,  export- 
ed annually  from  ihis  town,  is  very  con- 
siderable. The  inhabitants  are  estimated 
ot  2467,  one  moiety  at  least  being  blacks 
and  mulattoes. 

Newfcig^u,  a  fishing  town  of  Northum- 
berland^ seven  miles  E rqf  ^^^Bf^L^i ft- 
is  situated  on  the  N  side  of  the  bay  of 
Ncwbiggin. 

&ew  Bo-<:to:i.  a  township  of  Hillsbo- 
rough countr,  Xew  Hampshire,  contain- 
I  ing  1619  inhabitants  in  1810.    It  is  situ- 
ated on  a  branch  of  the  Merrimack  river, 
50  miles  westward  from  Portsmouth. 

Nero  Britain,  a  township  of  Bucks 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1474 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on 
Xe-haminy  creek,  between  Hill  town  and 
Warwick. 

JNexy  Ji:nnsr.-irfrt  a  post  town  in  Mid- 
dlesex county,  New  Jersey  ;  situated  on 
the  S  bank  of  the  river  Rariton,  30  miles 
NE  of  Trenton,  and  36  SW  of  the  city 
of  Xew  York.  In  1800  the  city  contained 
3000  inhabitants.  The  bridge  built  over 
the  Rariton,  at  this  place,  is  distinguish- 
ed for  its  excellent  workmanship. 

.Xc-rvbiirsc,  a  post  town  of  Orange  coun- 
tv,  Xew  York,  containing  4627  inhabi- 
tants in  IS  10.  It  is  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Hudson  river,  5  miles  N  of  West 
Point,  and  95  S  of  Albany. 

Nervbur*,  a corporate  town  in  the  isle  of 
Anglesey,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It 
is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  seated  on 
the  river  Brant,  15  miles  SW  of  Beau- 
maris, and  257  NW  of  London.  Lon.  4 
27  W,  lat.  53  10  X. 

Nwbvm,  a  petty  village  in  Northum- 
berland, on  the  Wside  of  Newcastle,  in- 
habited by  Colliers]    Here  a  part  of  the 
army  of  Charles  I.  under  lord  Conway,  * 
wasdefeated  by  the  Scotch  in  1640.  ' 

Newbury,  a  corporate  town  in  Berk- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday,  its 
noor  are  chiefly  employed  in  spinning. 
Two  battles  were  fought 'near  this  town 
with  dubious  suc*'iss,  between  the  for- 
ces of  Charles  T.  and  the  pariiamen;,  in 
1643,  and  1644.  Newbury  is  comnv.di- 
otislv  seated  on  the  rrvei*  Kcnr.et,  26  miles 
S  of  Oxford,  and  56  W  oi'  London.  Lon. 
112  W,  lat.  51  25  N. 

,\ a  post  town  in  Orange  coun- 
ty, New  York';  on  the  W  side  of  Hud- 
son's river,  64  miles  S  by  E  of  the  city  of 


NEW 


NEW 


Hudson,  and  67  N  of  New  York,  with 
about  400  inhabitants. 

Newbury,  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Orange  county,  Vermont;  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  Connecticut  river,  40 
miles  N  of  Dartmouth  college,  and  5  N 
W  of  Haverhill,  in  New  Hampshire  j  it 
contains  1363  inhabitants. 

Newbnry-port,  a  considerable  port  ofi 
entry  and  a  post  town,  in  Essex  county, 
Massachusetts;  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Merrimack,  in  the  lat.  of  42  47 
N,  and  Ion.  of  70  47  W.  It  lies  at  the 
distance  of  40  miles  N  from  Boston,  and 
22  S  from  Portsmouth,  in  New  Hamp- 
shire; in  point  of  foreign  commerce,  it 
is  the  third  port  in  the  State  ;  the  inhabi- 
tants are  about  7634. 

Newcastle,  a  town  in  Carmarthenshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  a  poor 
town,  and  its  once  fine  castle  is  now  in 
ruins.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tyw,  17  miles 
NW  of  Carmarthen,  and  219  WXW  of 
London.    Lon.  4  30  W,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Newcastle  under  Line,  a  borough  in 
Staffordshire,  with  a  market  on  Monday. 
Jt  had  four  churches,  now  reduced  to 
one  ;  and  the  castle,  whence  it  took  its 
name,  is  quite  demolished.  It  has  a  ma- 
in; iacture  of  hats,  is  governed  by  a  may- 
or, thd  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. It  is  a  large  place  wltfi  broad 
paved  streets,  and  is  famous  for  more 
stone-ware  being  made  near  it  than  at 
any  place  in  England.  It  is  seated  on  a 
rivulet,  15  miles  from  Stafford,  and  149 
NN\V  of  London.  Lon.  2  2  W,  lat.  53 
12  N. 

Newcastle,  or  Newcastle  upon  Tync,  a 
large  borough  and  sea  port  in  Northum- 
berland, situated  between  the  Picts  Wall 
and  the  Tyne.  The  river  is  so  deep, 
that  ships  of  600  tons  burthen  may  come 
up  to  the  town  in  ballast,  but  the  colliers 
wait  at  Shields  for  their  lading  which  is 
brought  down  the  river  in  lighters.  The 
town  may  be  considered  as  divided  into 
two  parts,  of  which  Gates-head,  on  the 
Durham  side,  is  one;  and  both  were 
joined  by  a  stone  bridge,  which  origin- 
ally consisted  of  12  arches;  but  by  the 
embankment  of  the  river  to  form  the 
quays  on  the  N  side,  they  were  reduced 
to  nine.  In  1771,  a  dreadful  flood  car- 
ried away  four  of  those  arches,  with 
some  houses  that  stood  upon  them  ;  and 
the  bridge  was  entirely  rebuilt  in  1779. 
Through  this  place  went  part  of  that 
wall  which  extended  from  sea  to  sea,  and 
was  built  by  the  Romans  to  defend  the 
Britons  against  the  incursions  of  the 
Picts.  The  town  was  defended  by  a 
strong  wall,  in  which  were  seven  gates,' 
,  and  as  many  turrets,  with  several  case- 


ments bomb  proof;  but  the  castls  and 
walls  are  now  in  ruins.  Here  is  a  noble 
exchange ;  and  the  finest  quay  hi  Eng- 
land except  that  of  Great  Yarmouth,  be- 
ing longer  than  that  of  London  and  Bris- 
tol. Among  the  other  public  buildings 
is  a  mansion  house  for  the  mayor,  who  is 
allowed  600/.  a  year  for  his  table,  besides 
I  a  coach  and  barge,  a  hall  tor  the  sur- 
geons ;  a  large  hospital,  built  by  the  con- 
tribution of  the  keel  men,  for  the  main- 
tenance of  the  poor  of  their  fraternity, 
and  several  charitable  foundations,  situ- 
ated in  the  centre  of  the  great  collieries, 
which  have  for  centuries  supplied  Lon- 
don and  most  of  the  southern  parts  of 
the  kingdom  with  coal.  This  is  the  staple 
trade  of,  and  has  been  the  source  of  great 
wealth  to  Newcastle,  the  coals  carried 
thence  annually  are  computed  to  amount 
to  1,187,000  tons  ;  it  also  manufactures 
steel,  iron,  glass,  woollen  cloth,  earthen 
ware,  white  lead,  milled  lead,  See.  to  a 
great  extent,  and  here  is  a  round  tower 
for  the  manufactory  of  patent  shot .  it 
exports  large  quantities  of  lead,  salt,  sal- 
mon, butter,  tallow,  and  is  particularly 
famous  for  its  grindstones,  that  scarce  a 
vessel  goes  from  thence  wi'hout  some 
of  them  ;  hence  the  proverb,  "  that  a 
"  Scotchman  and  a  Newcastle  grindstone 
"  travel  all  the  world  over."  The  streets 
in  the  old  part  of  the  town  are  narrow, 
and  very  uneven,  being  built  on  the  de- 
clivity of  a  steep  hill,  but  the  Upper  or 
N  part  of  the  town,  which  is  inhabited 
by  the  politer  sort  of  people,  is  much 
pleasanter  and  has  several  level,  well 
built,  and  spacious  streets.  The  annual 
revenue  of  the  customs  here  is  comput- 
ed to  amount  to  near  100,000/.  New- 
castle was  made  a  borough  by  William  I. 
and  the  first  charter  tor  digging  coal 
was  granted  by  Henry  HI-  in  1239-  It  is 
34  miles  S  of  Alnwick,  94  N  of  York,  and 
271  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  127  W,  lat. 
55  3  N. ' 

Newcastle,  a  post  town  and  the  capital 
of  Newcastle  county,  Delaware,  situated 
on  the  W  bunk  of  Delaware  river,  6  miles 
S  of  Wilmington,  and  34  SW  of  Phila- 
delphia. Although  one  of  the  oldest 
towns  on  the  river,  being  planted  by  the 
Swedes  in  1627,  it  has  long  been  on  the 
decline;  the  hundred  containing  at  ast 
census  but  243S  inhabitants.  It  lies  in 
lat.  39  30  N  and  lon.  75  18  W. 

Newcastle,  a  post  town  in  Lincoln 
county,  Maine  ;  45  miles  NE  of  For:  land, 
and  12  of  Wisdsset,  in  nearly  the  same 
direction. 

Newcastle,  a  town  of  Virginia,  seated 
on  the  Pamunkev,  a  branch  of  York  ri- 
ver, 40  miles  NW  of  Williamsburg. 


NEW 


N  E  W 


J\'civcast!e,  a  post  town  of  West  Ches- 
ter county,  New  York,  containing  1366 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  ill 
E  side  of  Hudson  river,  in  the  vicinage  oi 
New  York. 

AV»  Cornwall,  a  township  of  Orange 
county,  New  York,  containing-  1769  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Hudson  river,  to  the  S  of  Ul- 
ster county. 

JYewdigcte,  a  village  in  Surry,  with  a 
medicinal  spring  of  the  same  nature  as 
that  of  Epsom. 

New  Durham,  a  township  of  Strafford 
county,  New  Hampshire,  containing  1449 
inhabitants  in  1810. 

New  England,  a  name  given  at  an  ear- 
ly  period  to  all  the  country  that  lies  be- 
tween Canada  and  New  York,  and  which 
at  present  comprises  New  Hampshire, 
Massachusetts  including  the  district  of 
Maine,  Khode  Island,  Connecticut  and 
Vermont. 

Newenham,  Cape,  a  rocky  point  of  con- 
siderable height,  on  the  W  coast  of 
North  America.  It  was  discovered  by 
captain  Cook  in  1778.  Lon.  162  24  \Y, 
lat.  58  42N. 

Newent,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday,  seated  near  a 
branch  of  the  Severn,  eight  miles  NW 
of  Gloucester,  and  114  WNW  of  London. 
Lon  2  20  \Y,  lat.  51  56  N. 

.M'w  Fairfield,  a  township  of  Fairfield 
county,  Connecticut,  containing1  772  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  between 
Brookfield  and  the  state  of  New  York. 

New  Fane,  a  township  of  Windham 
county  Vermont,  containing  1276  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  West  river,  8  miles  NW  of  Ful- 
ham. 

Newsidler-Sea,  a  lake  of  Hungary,  17 
miles  long,  and  6  broad,  20  miles  S  by  W 
of  Presburg,  and  28  ESE  of  Yienna. 

New  Forest,  a  forest  ;n  Hampshire,  si- 
tuated in  that  part  of  the  county  which  is 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Southampton  Water, 
and  on  the  S  by  the  English  Channel.,  It 
was  afforested  by  William  the  Conquer- 
or, who  expelled  the  inhabitants  for  that 
purpose,  and  was  then  10  miles  longer 
than  it  is  now.  His  son  William  Rufus 
was  killed  in  this  forest,  by  an  arrow 
shot  by  Walter  Tyrrel,  which  had  acci- 
dentally glanced  against  a  tree.  The  spot 
is  pointed  out  by  a  triangular  stone,  its 
timber  is  now  appropriated  to  the  use  of 
the  royal  navy. 

Newfoundland,  a  large  island  on  the  E 
coast  of  North  America,  between  47  and 
52  N  lat.  Its  form  is  triangular  ;  the  N 
point  is  separated  from  Labrador  by  the 
•  6trait  of  Belleisle,  and  from  this  apex  it 


is  350  miles  in  length  to  the  base,  which 
is  200  in  breadth.  It  is  a  mountainous 
country,  and  the  climate  is  rather  severe, 
the  ground  being  covered  with  snow  five 
months  in  the  year.  The  coasts  arc  high 
and  the  shores  most  remarkably  wooded, 
.tud  the  hills  are  clothed  with  birch,  ha- 
zel, spruce,  fir,  and  pine.  It  has  several, 
bays  and  harbours,  and  there  are  about 
50*0  English  families  who  continue  here 
-11  the  year,  besides  the  garrison  of  S>. 
John's,  Placeiitia,  and  other  forts.  The 
gfeat  importance  of  this  island  arises 
from  its  fishery,  which  begins  in  May, 
and  ends  in  September  ;  the  great  fishing 
banks  to  the  SE  of  this  island,  are  resort- 
ed to  by  at  least  10,000  people,  and  8  or 
900  sail  of  ships,  and  the  fish  when  cured 
are  exported  to  Spain,  Portugal,  Italy, 
and  the  West  Indies.  In  winter  the  chief 
employment  of  the  inhabitants  is  to  cut 
wood;  and  the  smallest  kind,  used  for 
fuel,  is  drawn  by  their  large  dogs,  train- 
ed up  and  harnessed  for  that  purpose. 
There  is  great  plenty  of  game,  fish,  and 
fowl,  but  very  little  corn,  fruit,  or  cattle. 
St.  John's  is  the  principal  settlement. 

New  Garden,  a  township  in  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania;  where  there  is  a 
post  office,  12  miles  W  by  N  of  Wilming- 
ton, Delaware,  and  125  from  the  city  of 
Washington.  It  contains  1,038  inhabi- 
tants. 

Nep  Garden,  a  settlement  of  friends, 
in  Guilford  county.  North  Carolina,  26 
miles  E  of  Salem,  the  Moravian  town. 

New  Geneva,  a  post  town  in  Fayette 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  W  side  of 
Monongahela  river,  13  miles  N  of  Mor- 
gantov.n  in  Virginia,  and  45  S  of  Pitts- 
burgh. 

New  Germinfbwn,  a  post  town  in  Hun- 
terdon connty,  New  Jersey,  28  miles  NW 
of  New  Brunswick,  and  20  W  of  Eliza- 

MtljtWiu  ^2SSSSi^(iil'>  ■ 

New  Gloucester' ,  a  post  town  in  Cum- 
berland county,  Maine  ;  30  miles  N  by  W 
of  Portland,  containing  1643  inhabitants 
when  last  census  was  taken. 

.Vra  Himpsjiire.    See  Hampshire. 

New  Hartford,  a  post  town  in  Litch- 
field  county,  Connecticut,  22  miles  W  by 
N  of  the  city  of  Hartford,  and  12  miles. 
NE  of  Litchfield,  the  shire  town. 

New  Hampton,  a  post  town  of  Hunter-  . 
don  county,  New  Jersey,  21  miles  N  by 
W  of  Flemington,  and  40  NW  of  Bruns- 
wick. 

New  Hampton,  a  township  of  Strafford 
county  Ne  w  Hampshire,  containing  1293 
inhabit:1,  nts  in  1810,  situated  near  the  N 
W  corner  of  Winipisioke  la.:e. 

New  Hanover,  a  township  of  Montgo- 
mery county,  Pennsylvania,  containing 


l'o65  inhabitants  in  1810.  Situated  on  the' 
NE  side  of  Schuylkill,  lie  twee  h  Limerick 
unci  Douglas. 

New  Hunovsr,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
North  Carolina,  containing  11,465  inhabi- 
tants,  of  whom  6,442  were  slaves,  in  1810. 
It  is  watered  by  Cape  Fear  river.  The  ca- 
pital is  Wilmington. 

Newhave.i,  a  town  of  Sussex,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Oust-,  with  a  quay  on 
the  E  side,  where  ships  may  ride  secure 
in  foul  weather.  It  is  chiefly  inhabited  by 
maritime  people,  and  is  7  miles  S  by  E  (if 
Lewes,  and  56  S  of  London.  Loir.  0  5L, 
lat.  50  48  N. 

New  Haven,  the  capital  of  New  Raven 
county,  Connecticut,  and  alternately  with 
Hartford  the  "seat  of  state  government.  It 
is  delightfully  si* uated  at  the  head  of  a 
small  bay  in  Long  island  Sound,  in  the 
lat.  of  41  18  N,  and  Ion.  of  72  56-W,  at 
the  distance,  of  40  miles  S  by  W  of  Hart- 
ford, and  54  W  of  New  London.  It  is 
built  with  considerable  elegance,  the 
streets  being  generally  laid  out  in  regu- 
lar squares,  and  many  of  them  shad'  d 
with  rows  of  trees.  Yale  College  insti- 
tuted in  this  city,  in  1700,  is  a  seminal v 
in  high  credit.  The  students  are  about 
150  in  number,  and  the  total  of  the  inha- 
t:mts  5772,  of  whom  one  in  70  is  supposed 
to  die  annually.  Here  is  a  post  office, 
and  a  bank.  The  foreign  trade  is  vev*. 
considerable,  the  exports  of  one  year  hav- 
ing amounted  to  170,000  dollars. 

New  Holland,  a  post  town  in  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylv  ania,  15  miles NE  of  the 
borough  of  Lancaster,  and  50  W  bv  N  ol 
Philadelphia. 

New  Jersey,  see  Jersey. 

Nezi>  Ipswich,  a  post  town  in  Hillsbo- 
rough county,  New  Hampshire;  about 
55  miles  NW  of  Boston,  with  1395  iiiha 
bitants. 

New  Kent,  a  county  of  'Virgini:1,  con- 
taining 6,47 8  i::h..i,itants  of  w  hom  irtoye 
than  one  half  were  slaves  in  1810.  Sitti- 
att  d  be- ween  Pamunky  and  Clviekafroini- 
ny  rivers,  about  25  miles  E  of  Richmond. 

New  Lebanon,  a  town  in  Columbia  coun- 
ty, New  York  ;  situated  33  miles  SE  of 
Tioy,  near  the  line  that  divides  this  stile 
from  Massachusetts. 

Nero  London,  a  city  in  New  London 
county,  Connecticut:  seated  on  tin-  V, 
side  of  the  river  Thames,  in  lat.  41  25, 
and  Ion.  72  15  W.  It  lies  about  three 
miles  from  Long-  Island  sound,  50  NE  of 
Hartford,  and  near!}-  the  same  distance  E 
of  New  Haven.  The  entrance  of  the  har- 
bour is  defended  by  two  fortifications,  one 
on  each  bank  of  the  river.  This  is  one  of 
the  principal  ports  of  entry  in  Connecti- 


cut, Vhe  foreign  trade  particularly  to  the 
Webt  In  lies  being  very  considerable. 
The  inhabitants  at  the  last  enumeration 
were  3238.  " 

New  London,  a  small  post  town  in 
Campbell  county,  Virginia,  250  miles  S  W 
of  Washington,  about  12  miles  S  of  James 
river 

New  London,  a  township  of  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  between 
Little  Britain  and  Nottingham.  In  1810 
it  contained  1,018  inhabitants. 

New  Marlborough,  a  township  of  Berk- 
shire, Massachusetts,  containing  1,832 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  8 
miles'  E  of  Sheffield,  and  joins  the  state 
of  Connecticut  in  the  S. 

Newmarket,  a  town  partly  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire, and  partly  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  has  one  parish 
in-  each  county,  but  all  the  town  is  in 
Suffolk.  It  is  the  most  celebrated  place 
in  England  for  horse-races;  and  here 
Charles  II.  built  a  house  for  the  sake  of 
this  diversion.  It  has  two  charity  schools 
settled  by  Queen  Anne  with  50/.  a  year 
each.  It  is  14  miles  E  of  Cambridge, 
and  60  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  25  E, 
iat.  52  20  N. 

New  Market,  a  post  town  in  Rocking- 
ham county,  New  Hampshire,  8  miles  N 
by  E  of  Exeter,  and  15  \V  of  Portsmouth, 
with  1061  inhabitants. 

New  Market,  a  post  town  in  Frederick 
county  Maryland,  9  miles  eastward  of 
Frcdei'ickstown. 

New  Market,  a  post  town  in  Shenan- 
doah county,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Robinson  river,  132  miles  W  by  S 
of  Washington. 

New  Market,  a  village  in  Dorchester 
county,  Maryland,  lying  on  the  E  side  of 
Nanticoke  river,  9  miles  above  Vienna  on 
the  same  stream.  Here  is  a  post  office. 
New  Mills,  a  thriving  village,  with  a 
'  post  office,  in  Burlington  county,  New 
Jersey,  about  5  miles  E  of  Mountholly. 

New,  Mdford,  a  post  town  in  Lincoln 
county,  Maine,  at  the  head  of  Sheepsgu 
river  .  15  miies  N  by  V?  of  Wiscassc.t. 

New  Mi/ford,  a  post  town  in  Litchfield 
county,  Connecticut,  16  miles  N  of  Dan- 
>ui-y,"and  18  SW  of  Litchfield,  on  the  NE 
.side  of  Hotlssatonick  river,  containing  a- 
bout  3537  inhabitants. 

Newtduim,  a  corporate  town  in  Glouces- 
tershire, with  a  market  on  .Friday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Severn,  8  miles  SW  of 
Gloucester,  and  112  WNW  of  London, 
Lon.  2  23  W,  lat.  51  46  N. 
New  Orleans,  see  Orleans. 
New  Paliz,  a  township  of  Ulster  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  399  inhabitants 


N  E  W 


NEW 


in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Hudson  river,  about  65  miles  N  of  Mew- 
York,  and  SO  S  of  Albany. 

Newport,  a  borough'  in  the  isie  of 
Wight,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  It  is  a  large  populous  and 
well  frequented  town  governed  by  a  may 
or,  and  sends  two  members  to  parliament 
It  is  seated  almost  in  the  middle  of  the 
island,  on  the  river  Cpvves,  which  is  navi- 
gable for  small  vessels,  17  miles  S  by  E 
of  Southampton,  and  91  SW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  15  W,  lat.  50  40N. 

Newport,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  which 
has  no  market,  but  sends  two  m embers  to 
parliament.  It  is  3  miles  X  of  Launces- 
ton,  and  21-1-  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  4 
36;  W,  lat.  50  43  X. 

NSxapbrt,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday  and  a  handsome  free- 
school,  l/jniles  E  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
140  XW  of  London.  Lon.  2  13  W,  lat. 
52  45  N. 

Nfrcport,  a  seaport  town  in  Monmouth- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday,  it  had 
once  a  strong  castle  which  is  now  demo- 
lished. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Usk,  o- 
ver  which  is  a  handsome  bridge,  19  miles 
SSW  of  Monmouth,  and  152  W  by  N  of 
London.    Lon.  3  4  W,  lat.  51  36 X. 

Newport,  a  corporate  town  in  Pem- 
brokeshire, with  a  market  on  Saturdav, 
and  the  ruins  of  a  castle.  It  is  governed 
by  a  mayor,  and  seated  at  the.  foot  of  a 
high  hill,  at  the, bottom  of  a  bay  of  the 
pametname,  18  miles  XE  of  St.  David's, 
91  I  235  WX  W  of  London.  Lon.  4  50  W. 
lat.  52  6  X. 

\fcpoport,  a  post  town,  and  port  of  en- 
try, in  Newport  county,  Rhode  Island, 
and  formerly  the  metropolis  of  the  pro- 
vince. This  city  stands  on  the  SW  cor- 
ner qf the  island,  in  lat.  41  29  X,  and 
lon.  71  10  W.  The  harbour  which  is  be- 
tween Goat  Island  and  the  town,  is  one 
of  the  best  and  largest  in  fhe  United 
States,  but  this,  added  to  beauty  of  si 
tuation  and  salubrity  of  air,  has  not  pre- 
vented the  city  from  declining;  owing  in 
some  measure  to  the  removal  of  the  seat 
of  government,  but  more  to  the  loss  of 
foreign  trade  :  though  planted  in  1639, 
the  inhabitants  hardly  amount  to  7000 
at  this  time.  The  entrance  of  the  har- 
bour i9  Vlefeirdeafjbj^a  fortification  on 
Coat  Island. 

Jfrivport,  a  township  of  Cheshire  coun- 
ty, Xew  Hampshire,  containing  1-127  in- 
habitants in  1810. 

Newport,  a  post  town  in  Xew  Castle 
county,  Delaware,,  three  miles  SW  of 
Wilmington,  and  about  the  same  dis- 
tance XW  of  Xew  Castle.  It  has  about 
300  inhabitants,  and  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable' trade  in  wheat  and  flour,  be- 


tween the  adjacent  counties  and  Phila-* 
delphia. 

Newport-Pagnel,  a  town  in  Bucking- 
hamshire, with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  has  a  manufacture  of  bone  lace,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Ouse,  over  which  it  has 
'wo  bridg.-s,  14  miles  EXE  of  Bucking- 
ham and  51  XXYV  of  London.  Lon.  0  43 
W,  lat.  52  4  X. 

Act:-  River,  for  supplying  London  with, 
water.  This  river  has  its  rise  at  Am- 
well,,  near  Ware,  in  Herts,  and  was 
formed  by  the  great  Sir  Hugh  Middle- 
ton,  who  was  obliged,  in  order  to  avoid 
the  eminences  and  Vallies  in  the  way,  to 
make  it  run  a  course  of  about  39  miles, 
and  to  carry  it  over  two  vallies,  in  long" 
wooden  troughs  lined  with  lead  ;  that  at 
Bushill  being  660  feet  in  length,  and  30 
in  height ;  under  which  is  an  arch,  capa- 
cious enough  to  admit  the  largest  wag- 
gon loaded  with  hay  or  straw.  In  short, 
over  and  under  this  river,  which  some- 
times rises  thus  high,  and  at  others  is 
conveyed  under  ground,  runs  several  con- 
siderable currents  of  land  waters,  and 
both  above  and  below  it  a  great  number 
of  brooks,  rills,  and  water-courses  have 
their  passage. 

New  Ruchelle,  a  post  town  in  West 
Cluster  county,  New  York,  planted  ori- 
ginally by  French  Huguenots.  It  "ies  20 
miles  XE  of  the  city  of  New  Yo/k.  It 
contains  996  inhabitants. 

Newrti,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Down,  situated  on  the  side  of  a 
steep  hill,  at  the  footed"  which  is  Newry- 
water,  having  over  it'two  stone  bridges  ; 
and  there  is  a  third  bridge  over  a  navi- 
gable canal,  by  which  it  has  a  communi- 
cation with  Lough  Xeagh  and  Carling- 
ford  bav.  It  is  49  miles  N  of  Dublin 
Lon;  6  20  W,  lat.  54  15  X. 

Newnj-water,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which 
separates  the  counties  of  Armagh  and 
Dawn,  and  watering  Xewry,  enters  Car- 
lingford  bay. 

New  S  Jem,  a  town  of  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts.    Here  is  a  post  office 
4  miles  NVV  of  Worcester,  and  81  in  the 
same  cour.se  from  Boston. 

AVwsA/wtJ,  a  village  in  Durham,  situated 
on  the  Tees,  fi  ve  miles  from  Darlington. 

New  Sharon,  a  post,  town  in  Kennebec 
County,  Maine,  on  the  N  side  of  Sandy 
river,  34  miles  NW  of  Augusta  on  the 
river  Kennebecj.  ^^''lJI 

Newton,  a  borough  in  Lancashire,  with 
a  market  on  SaturdPfc  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  five  miles 
X  of  Warrington,  and  190  NW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  45  W,  lat.  53  28  N. 

Newton,  a  borough  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  which  sends  two  rr.embers  to 
parliament,  but  has  no  market.    It  is  14 


NEW 


N  E  W 


miles  S  of  Southampton,  and  93  SW  of 
London.    Lon.  1  16  W,  lat.  50  43  N. 

Newton,  a  town  in  Montgomeryshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  the 
Severn,  seven  miles  SW  of  Montgomery, 
and  169  WNW  of  London.  Lon.  3  12  \V, 
lat.  52  21  N. 

Newtown,  a  post  town,  and  the  capital 
of  Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  22  m  iles 
X  of  Philadelphia,  containing  a  gaol, 
court-house,  and  790  inhabitants. 

Newtown,  a  town  in  Fairfield  county, 
Connecticut,  eight  miles  NEofDanbury, 
and  25  NW  of  New  Haven  :  the  township 
contains  about  3000  inhabitants. 

Newtown,  a  town  in  Sussex  county, 
New  Jersey,  39  miles  NE  of  Easton  in 
Pennsylvania 

JSewtown,  a  town  in  Tioga  county, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  N'  side  of 
Tioga  river,  20  miles  SE  of  Painted  Post, 
containing  2437  inhabitants. 

Newtown,  a  township  of  Cumberland 
county1,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1312 
inhabitants  in  1810.  Situated  on  the  S 
side  of  Conedoguinnct  creek,  6  miles  NE 
of  Shippensburg. 

Newtown,  a  township  of  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  1709 
inhabitants  in  1810.  Situated  about  12 
miles  SW  of  Boston. 

Newton- Bushel,  a  town  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on 
the  Feign,  15  miles  S  by  W  of  Exeter, 
and  188  WSW  of  London.  Lon.  3  38  W, 
lat.  50  32  N. 

Newtonstewart,  a  town  in  Wigtonshire, 
situated  on  the  navigable  river  Crec, 
over  which  there  is  a  handsome  bridge, 
and  whose  mouth,  in  Wigton  Bay,  af- 
fords a  valuable  salmon-fishery.  Several 
manufactures  have  been  commenced  with 
success  in  this  town.  It  is  26  miles  E  by 
N  of  Port-Patrick. 

Newton,  a  village  in  Renfrewshire,  to 
the  S  of  Paisley.  It  is  noted  for  several 
large  print-fields. 

Newtown  JAmavady,  a  borough  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Londonderry,  seat- 
ed near  the  E  coo.st  of  Lough  Foyle,  15 
miles  ENE  of  Londonderry. 

New  Windsor,  a  township  of  Orange 
county,  New  York,  containing  2331  in- 
habitants in  1810.  Situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Hudson  river,  64  miles  N  of  New- 
York,  and  99  S  of  Albany. 

New-year's-Harbour,  a  part  of  Staten 
Land,  in  South  America.  Lon.  64  11  W, 
lat.  54  48  S. 

New-Year'* s- Islands,  small  islands  of 
South  America,  on  the  N  side  of  Staten 
Land.  Great  numbers  of  sea  lions,  seals, 
&c.  resort  to  these  islands. 

New  York,  the  state  of,  is  situated  be- 


tween 40  35  and  45  N  lat.  and  between 
72  and  80  W  long.  This  longitude  com- 
prises '  the  whole  of  Long  Island.  The 
boundaries  are  the  ocean,  Connecticut, 
Massachusetts,  and  Vermont,  on  the  E, 
the  divisional  line  that  separates  the 
United  Slates  from  Canada,  and  the  Penn- 
sylvania line  on  the  N  and  W,  and  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  Jersey  on  the  S.  It  is 
divided  iuto  45  counties,  and  these  are 
subdivided  into  452  townships.  In  1810 
the  inhabitants  amounted  to  959,220,  in- 
cluding 15.000  slaves.  The  principal  ri- 
vers are  the  East  river,  the  Hudson,  Mo- 
hawk, Black  river,  Oswego  and  Gennes- 
see  ;  but  there  are  others  of  inferior  rank, 
as  the  state  is  irrigated  by  numerous 
smaller  streams.  The  chief  lakes  are 
lakes  George  and  Champlainc,  lakes  On- 
tario and  Erie  ;  besides  several  small  in- 
terior lakes,  which  add  greatly  to  the 
natural  advantages  of  the  country.  The 
only  considerable  mountains  that  inter- 
sect this  state  are  in  the  Eastern  part  of 
;t,  being  a  continuation  of  the  same 
range  which  runs  through  the  western 
counties  of  the  middle  and  southern 
states.  N  and  W  of  these  the  country  is 
very  little  broken  by  mountains.  The 
soil  is  various,  but  a  great  part  of  it  very- 
rich,  and  has  been  greatly  improved  in 
the  production  of  most  of  the  common 
grains  and  grasses.  The  country  is  well 
timbered,  and  contains  a  plenty  of  iron 
ore,  slate,  plaister  of  Paris,  and  inex- 
haustible salt  springs  ;  from  the  latter 
are  made  annually  525,000  bushels  of 
salt.  There  are  36  bridge  companies  in 
the  state  with  £509,000  stock,  and  135 
turnpike  companies  with  a  capital  of 
§7,558,000,  extending  their  roads  over 
a  length  of  4,500  miles.  The  capital 
stock  of  the  several  incorporated  banks 
is  §11,690,000.  There  are  established 
in  the  state  two  colleges  and  upwards  of 
40  academies  ;  60  different  news-papers, 
and  about  90  printing  offices.  The  ship- 
ping of  the  state,  in  1809,  was  250,000 
ton,  and  the  exports  in  1807  were 
526,000,000.  The  territory  has  been  es- 
timated to  contain  55,000  square  miles, 
including  5000  of  water,  and  possesses 
tiie  best  passage  in  the  U.  S.  by  water, 
from  the  tide  waters,  to  the  great  wes- 
tern lakes. 

New  York,  the  metropolis  of  the  coun- 
ty and  state  of  New  York,  situated  on 
ihe  point  of  York  Island,  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  Hudson  and  East  rivers,  in  lat. 
40  42  N.  and  lon,  74  10  Wr.  It  was 
founded  by  the  Dutch  in  1615,  and  cal- 
led New  Amsterdam — incorporated  by 
*he  British  government  in  1696,  and  is 
now  governed  by  a  mayor,  aldermen,  and 


N  I  A 

common  council.  The  city  is  divided  in- 
to seven  wards.    The  streets  are  ex- 
treme}) irregular,  and  most  of  them  in- 
conveniently narrow  ;  though  it  can  boast 
of  one  or  two,  that  are  superior  to  those 
of  any  city  in  the  United  States.  The 
building's  are  mostly  of  brick  or  stone, 
and  some  of  the  public  edifices  are  con- 
structed with  considerable  elegance  and 
grandeur,  particularly  Federal  Hall,  the 
New  State  Prison,  and  one  or  two  places 
of  religious  worship.    In  point  of  popu- 
lation this  is  the  second  city  in  the  Uni- 
ted States,  containing  96,000  inhabitants 
including  the  county,  and  in  respect  of 
trade,  the  first;  the  exports  in  1801,  hav- 
ing been  estimated  at  13,792,276  doll  an;. 
The  harbour  is  safe  and  spacious,  with 
water  sufficient  for  an  80  gun  ship  ;  and 
the  navigation  is  seldom  interrupted  by 
ice.    There  is  a  college  liberally  endow- 
ed, four  banks,  and  several  insurance  of- 
fices.   The  water  consumed  by  the  inha- 
bitants is  conveyed  principally  through 
pipes  from  springs  at  the  north  end  of 
the  city,  as  that  in  the  common  wells  is 
hardly  potable.   The  distance  from  New 
York  to  Philadelphia  is  86  miles,  to  Ros- 
ton  242  ;  to  Baltimore  187;  and  to  Wash- 
ington 222. 

JVeyland,  a  ;own  in  Suffolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday,  and  a  manufacture  of  says 
and  bays.  It  is  seated  on  the  Stour,  over 
which  is  a  bridge,  16  miles  SW  of  Ips- 
wich, and  57  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  5  E, 
lat.  52  1  N. 

Neytracht,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
_with  a  bishop's  see.    It  is  seated  on  the 
Nevtra,  40  miles  NE  of  Presburg.  Lon. 
17  49  E,  lat.  48  28  N. 

JVgan-King-fou,  the  capital  of  the  wes- 
tern part  of  the  province  of  Kiang-nan  in 
China  ;  its  situation  is  delightful.  All 
the  country  belonging*  to  it  is  level,  plea- 
sant, and  fertile.  It  has  under  its  juris- 
diction onlv  six  cities  of  the  third  class. 
Lon.  116  45  E,lat.  30  o5  N 

Ngan-lQ-f(nis  a  rich  and  populous  city 
of  China,  in  the  province  of  Hou-quang, 
containing  in  its  district,  two  cities  of 
the  second,  and  five  of  the  third  class. 
It  is  425  miles  W  by  S  of  Nanking. 

A'icurara,  a  river  of  North  America, 
which  foims  the  comniunica  ion  between 
Lake  Eric  and  Lake  Ontario,  and  runs 
from  S  to  N  about  30  miles.  At  the  en- 
trance of  this  river,  on  its  eastern  shore, 
is  Fort  Niagara  ;  and  18  miles  N  of  this 
are  those  remarkable  falls,  which  arc- 
reckoned  among  the  greatest  natural  cu- 
riosities in  the  world.  Above  the  falls 
in  the  middle  of  the  river,  is  an  island 
800  or  900  feet  long  ;  the  lower  end  of 


N  I  C 

which  is  just  at  the  perpendicular  edge 
of  the  fall.  On  both  sides  of  this  island 
all  the  waters  thai  come  from  the  lakes 
of  Canada,  rush  with  astonishing  gran- 
deui ,  down  a  stupendous  precipice  of  137 
feet  perpendicular;  and  in  a  strong  rapid 
'hat  extends  to  the  distance  of  nine  miles 
below,  fall  near  as  much  more.  Before 
the  water  comes  to  this  island,  it  runs 
but  slowly  compared  with  its  motion  af- 
terwards, when  it  grows  the  most  rapid 
in  the  world.  Before  it, comes  to  the  fall 
it  is  perfectly  white  and  in  man}-  places 
thrown  high  up  into  the  air,  and  seems 
to  outfly  an  arrow  in  swiftness.  The  ri- 
ver then  loses  itself  in  Lake  Ontario.  The 
noise  of  the  Niagara  Falls,  in  a  clear  day 
and  fair  wind,  may  be  heard  at  the  dis- 
tance of  45  miles.  When  the  water  strikes 
the  bottom,  it  rebounds  to  a  great  height, 
and  causes  a  thick  cloud  of  vapours,  on 
which  the  sun,  when  it  shines,  paints  a 
beautiful  rainbow. 

Niagara,  a  post  town  in  Gennesee 
county,  New  York  ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Niagara  river,  at  its  junction  with 
lake  Ontario,  in  lat.  43  15  N,  and  lon.  79 
W.  This  important  place  was  strongly 
fortified  by  the  British  while  it  was  in 
their  possession,  and  delivered  to  the 
Americans  in  the  same  good  condition. 
It  is  370  miles  NVY  of  Philadelphia,  and 
544  NXW  of  Washington. 

A'ias,  a  small  island,  in  the  East  In- 
dies :  the  women  are  remarkable  for  their 
beauty,  and  are  purchased  as  slaves  by 
the  Dutch  and  Portuguese.  It  is  situated 
at  the  W  end  of  Sumatra.  Lon.  97  0  E, 
lat.  1  10  N. 

JVibano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Parma,  57  miles  W  of  Parma.  Lon. 
10  0  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Nicaragua,  a  province  of  New  Spain, 
in  the  audience  of  Guatimala,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Honduras,  on  the  E  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  SE  by  Costa  Rica, 
and  on  the  SW  by  the  South  Pacific  O- 
cean,  being  about  400  miles  from  E  to 
\V,  and  120  from  N  to  S.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  fruitful  provinces  of  Mexico,  and 
is  well  watered  by  lakes  and  rivers.  Ti  e 
air  is  temperate  and  wholesome  ;  and  the 
country  produces  plenty  of  sugar,  c>chi- 
neal,  and  fine  chocolate.  Leon  de  Nicara- 
gua is  the  capital. 

Nicaragua,  a  lake  of  New  Spain,  in  a 
province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  200  miies 
in  circumference,  has  some  islands  in  it, 
and  stretching  from  the  city  of  Leon  N 
W  to  SE,  communicates  with  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  by  the  river  St.  Juan. 

A'icaria,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
between  Samos  and  Tina,  anciently  cal- 
led Icaria,  50  miles  in  circumference. 


N  I  C 


N  I  C 


The  inhabitants  arc  of  the  Greek  reli-  J  of  any  burden  ma)-  ride  at  anchor  in  the 
g-ion,  about  3000  in  number,  and  apply  I  basin,  during  the  greatest  storm.  It  was 
themselves  to  swimming-  and  diving  for  >aken  by  the  English,  aided  In  the  Fiench 
sponges,  and  tor  goods  lost  by  shipwreck. ,  royal  is' s,  in  1793.    Lon.  73  20  Wr,  lat. 


Lon.  26  30  E,  lat.  37  40  N 

Nicaatro,  an  episcopal  tow  n  of  Naples, 
in  Calabria  XJlteriore,  17  miles  S  of  Co- 
senzH.    Lon.  16  21  K,  lat.  39  3  N. 

Nice,  a  county  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the 
AV  by  the  river  Var  and  the  Maritime 
Alps,  which  diyide  it  from  Franc*  ;  on 
the  N  by  Piedmont  ;  on  the  E  by  the  ter- 
ritories of  Genoa ;  and  on  the  S  by  the 
Mediterranean.  It  was  anciently  an  ap- 
pendage of  Provence,  in  France,  but  lias 
lor  many  years,  belonged  to  the  king  of 
Sardinia,  in  1792,  it  w  as  conquered  by 
the  French.  The  inhabitants  supply  Ge  - 
noa with  timber  for  ship  building,  and 
carry  on  a  trade  in  paper  and  other  arti- 
cles. It  is  60  miles  long  and  30  broad, 
p.nd  contains  about  125,000  inhabitants. 

Nice,  an  ancient  and  considerable  city 
of  Italy,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  strong-  citadel  and  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  of  a  triangular  form,  and 
confined  in  its  situation-,  having  a  high 
rock  on  the  E,  the  river  Paglion  on  the 
W,  and  the  Mediterranean  on  the  S  ; 
from  which  last  it  is  separated  by  a  beau- 
tiful and  extensive  terrace,  used  as  a  pub- 
lic walk.  The  harbour  is  on  the  E  side 
of  the  rock,  and  called  Limpia,  from  a 
small  river  that  falls  into  it.  The  ex- 
ports are  silk,  sweet  oil,  wine,  cordials, 
rice,  oranges,  lemons,  and  all  sorts  oi 
dried  fruits.  It  has  been  several  times 
taken  by  the  French,  and  last  of  all  in 
1800.  it  is  four  miles  E  of  the  mouth  ol 
the  Var,  and  83  S  by  W  of  Turin.  Lon. 
7  23  E,  lat.  43  42  N. 

Nice,  a  city  of  Asia.  See  Jsnic. 
Nicaburg,  a  city  of  Persia,  and  the 
largest  and  richest  in  Korasan,  famous  foi 
a  mine  of  turquois-stones  in  itsneighbour 
hood.  It  is  37  miles  S  of  Mesched.  Lon 
57  48  E,  lat.  36  30  N. 

Nicolas,  St.  a  town  of  Franpe,  in  the 
department  of  Meurtjie,  and  la te  province 
of  Lorrain,  with  a  handsome  church,  de 
dicatcd  to  St.  Nicholas,  to  which  pil 
grims  formerly  resorted,  from  all  quar- 
ters. It  is  seated  on  the  Meurlhe,  five 
miles  SE  of  Nanci,  and  265  E  of  Paris. 

Nicholas)  St  a  seaport  in  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  ArchangeL/seatc  d  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Dwina,  on  the  White  Sea 
six  miles  S  of  Archangel. 

Nicholas,  St.  or  Mole  St.  Nicholas,  a 
town,  harbour,  and  cape  of  the  West  In 
dies,  at  the  NW  extremity  of  St  Domin 
p;o,  commanding  the  strait  called  the 
Windward  Passage.  The  harbour  is  ve 
ry  rapacious  at  the  entrance  ,  and  ships-" 


19  15  N. 

v  Nicholas,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  con- 
taining 4898  inhabitants  in  1810.  -TOMR 

Nickleslmrg,  a  town  of  Germany,,  in 
Moravia,  with  a  castle,  27  miles  N  of 
Vienna. 

Nipobar  Iklayds,  several  islands  at  the 
entrance  of  the  gulf  of  liengal.  They 
are  almost  entirely  uncultivated;  but  the 
cocoa-nut,  the  mcllori  or  lerum  (a  kind 
of  bread-fruit)  and  other  tropical  fruits, 
grow  spontaneously  to  the  greatest  per- 
fection. The  largest  of  these  islands  is 
about  40  miles  long,  15  broad,  and  the 
inhabitants  are  said  to  be  a  harmless  sort 
of  people,  low  in  stature,  but  very  well 
made,  and  surprisingly  active  and  strong. 
They  are  naturally  good  humoured  and 
gay,  and  are  very  fond  of  sitting  at  table 
h  Europeans,  and  eat  most  enormous- 
ly. There  subsists  among  them  a  per- 
fect equality.  A  few  aged  people,  have 
little  more  respect  paid  them,  but  there 
is  no  appearance  of  authority  over  one 
another.  These  islands  extend  northward, 
from  the  N  point  of  Sumatra.  The  lar- 
gest of  them,  which  gives  name  to.  the 
rest,  is  40  miles  in  length,  and  15  in 
breadth.  Its  S  extremity  is  in  lon.  94  23 
E,  lat.  SON. 

Nicolas,  St.  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
Cape  de  Verd  Islands,  between  St.  Lucia 
and  St.  Jago.  It  is  75  miles  in  length  ; 
and  the  land  is  stony,  mountainous,  and 
barren.    Lon.  14  10  W,  lat.  26  32  N. 

Nicole,  St.  the  most  considerable  and 
most  populous  town  of  the  isle  of  Tre- 
meti,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  hasi^a  har- 
bour, defended  by  a  fortre  ss,  in  which  is 
an  abbey  and  a  church.  Lon.  15  37  F, 
lat.  42  10  N. 

Nicomedia,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
in  Natolia,  now  called  Ischmich,  or 
Schir.it.  It  w  as  formerly  a  large  place, 
as  appears  by  the  fine  ruins  ;  and  now 
contains  30,009  inhabitants,  who  consist 
of  Greeks,  Armenians,  and  Turks.  It  is. 
still  a  place  of  consequence,  and  carries 
on  a  trade  in  silk,  cotton,  glass,  and 
earthen  ware.  It  is  the  see  of  a  Greek 
archbishop,  and  is  50  mile*  SWr^f  Conr 
stantinople.  Lon.  29  30  E,  lat.  40  -30  N. 

Nicopoli,  a  town  of  Bulgaria,  famous  for 
the  first  battle  fought  between  the  Tim  ks 
and  the  Christians  in  1396,  when  the  en 
peror  Sigismund  lost  the  da}',  and  had 
20,000  men  killed.  It  is  scaled  on  the 
Danube,,  130  miles  NW  of  Adrianople. 
Lon.  25  33  E,daf.  44  26  N. 

Ni<-'oj}-Jtt,  or  Glurdsh,  an  ancient  tov  r. 


N  I  E 


N  I  G 


of  Armenia,  built  by  Pompey  the  Great, 
in  memory  of  a  victory  trained  over  Mi- 
thrida.es  It  is  seated  on  the  Cerauna, 
165  miles  SW  of  Erzerum.  Lpn.  37  55 
E,  lat  3S  15  N. 

JVicasia,  a  strong  town,  capital  of  the 
island  of  Cyprus,  and  the  residence  of  a 
Turkish  bashaw,  delightfully  seated  be- 
tween the  mountain  Olympus  and  a  chain 
of  other  mountains.  It  was  formerly  well 
fortified  by  the  Venetians,  but  now  the 
works  are  in  ruins.  It  is  three  miles  in 
circumference ;  and  there  are  planta- 
tions of  olives,  almonds,  lemons,  oran- 
gesj  mulberries,  and  cyprus-trces,  in- 
terspersed among"  the  houses,  which  give 
the  town  a  delightful  appearance.  The 
church  of  St.  Sophia  is  an  old  Gothic 
structure,  which  the  Turks  have  turned 
into  a  mosque,  and  destroyed  the  orna- 
ments. It  is  100  miles  W  of  Tripoli,  and 
160  SW  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  34  45  E,  Lit. 
34  54  N. 

*Yicot?ra,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  35 
miles  NE  of  Reggio,  and  1S5  SE  of  Na- 
ples.   Lon.  16  30  E,  lat.  38  34  N. 

*Vicoi>a,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay,  45 
miles  SE  of  Leon  de  Nicaragua.  Lon.  88 
0  W,  lat.  10  15  N. 

Alcara,  an  archiepiscopal  town  of  Tur- 
key in  Asia,  in  Caramania.  Lon.  36  9  E, 
lat.  39  25  N. 

JViJavf,  or  AiV/oift,  a  handsome  town 
of  Swisserland,  capital  of  a  bailiwic  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
with  a  castle.  It  is  situated  on  the  lake 
of  Bienne,  15  miles  N  W  of  Bern,  and  60 
SW  of  Zuric. 

JVidda,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  the  Upper  Rhine,  20  miles  NE  of 
Frankfort,  and  38  ENE  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8 
58  E,  lat.  50  17  N. 

A'idccken,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia  and  duchy  of  Juliers. 
It  is  situated  on,  and  surrounded  by  rocks, 
and  is  13  miles  SSE  of  Juliers.  Lon.  6 
16  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Ntdjibubad,  a  small  town  of  Hindoo- 
stan  Proper,  80  miles  NNE  of  Delhi. 
Lon.  78  41  E,  lat.  29  35  N, 

JVielila,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  seated  on  the  R.o  Tinto,  40 
miles  W  of  Seville.  Lon.  5  56  W,  lat. 
37  26  N. 

JVieJerbteber,  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
the  principality  of  Wied,  three  miles 
from  Neuwicd.  Many  valuable  antiqui- 
ties, and  tiie  traces  of  a  Roman  city,  were 
•vered  here  in  1791. 

.  \*iemeczt  a  strong-  town  of  Moldavia, 
between  Soczoway and  Bras  safer,  being 


25  miles  from  each.  Lon.  26  16  E,  lat. 
46  58  N. 

Niemen,  a  large  river  of  Poland,  which 
rises  in  Lithuania,  and  passes  by  Bielica 
and  Grodna  :  it  afterward  runs  through 
part  of  Samogitia,  and  Eastern  Prussia, 
where  it  falls  into  the  arm  of  the  sea, 
called  the  Curisch-haff,  by  several  mouths, 
of  which  the  most  northern  is  called  the 
Russ,  being  the  name  of  the  town  it  pas- 
ses by. 

Nienburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of 
Brunswick-Lunenburg,  with  a  strong  cas- 
tle. It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade 
in  corn  and  wool,  and  is  a  rich  and*  strong- 
town,  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  30  miles 
XW  of  Hanover,  and  37  SE  of  Bremen. 
Lon.  9  26  E,  lat.  52  45  N. 

A'ien  Clostbr,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Schwerin,  three  miles 
E  of  Wis  mar. 

frienhws,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia  and  bishopric  of 
Paderborn,  seated  on  the  Lippe,  20  miles 
E  of  Lipstadt.  Lon.  8  55  E,  lat.  51  50  N. 

J\'ieper.    See  Dnieper. 

Niestadt,  a  town  oi  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg, 
15  miles  S  of  Schwerin.  Lon.  11  46  E, 
l$t.  53  59  N. 

Niestadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
middle  marche  of  Brandenburg,  seated 
on  the  Fuvhre,  25  miles  NE  of  Berlin. 
Lon.  14  1  E,  lat.  52  49  N. 

A'i  ester.    See  Dnieper. 

Jfeuport,  a  seaport  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders, seated  on  the  German  Ocean,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Yperlee.  It  has  been 
taken  and  retaken  in  various  wars,  the 
last  time  by  the  French  in  1794.  It  is 
nine  miles  SW  of  Ostend,  and  16  NE  of 
Dunkirk.    Lon.  2  45  E,  lat.  51  7 

J\'igcr,  a  large  river  of  Africa,  former- 
ly very  little  known.  In  order  to  ascer- 
tain the  rise,  course,  and  termination  of 
die  Niger,  Mr.  Parke  was  sent  out  by 
the  African  association  in  1795.  The 
course  of  this  river  which  was  formerly 
supposed  to  be  from  E  to  W,  is  now  de- 
termined by  Mr.  Parke  to  be  from  W  to 
E.  In  tracing  the  rise  of  the  Niger,  Mr. 
Farke  proceeded  as  far  as  Silla,  the  end 
of  his  journey  eastward  ;  he  was  dis- 
abled from  proceeding,  farther  by  sick- 
ness, hunger  and  fatigue ;  particularly 
as  be  must  have  relied  on  the  charity  of 
the  Moors,  if  he  had  continued  his  jour- 
ney, who  seemed  to  be  a  set  of  merciless 
fanatics.  So  great  is  the  rapidity  with 
which  the  Niger  traverses  the  empire  of 
Cnshna,  thai  no  vessel  can  ascend  the 
stream  ;  and  in  the  rainy'season,  it  swells 


N  I  L 


N  I  L 


above  its  banks*  floods  the  adjacent  lands, 
and  often  sweeps  before  it  the  cattle  and 
cottages  of  the  inhabitants. 

Nigritia.    See  Negroland. 

JVikoping,  a  town  of  Denmark,  capital 
of  the  island  of  Falster,  or  Hulster,  in 
the  Baltic,  with  a  strong  fort,  55  miles 
SW  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  12  7  E,  lat.  54 
50  N. 

A'ikoping,  a  town  of  Sweden  in  Suder- 
mania,  60  miles  SW  of  Stockholm.  Lon. 
16  40  E,  lat.  58'  40  N. 

JVtle,  a  large  and  celebrated  river  of 
Africa,  to  which  the  country  of  Egypt 
owes  its  fertility  ;  and  the  exploring  of 
whose-  sources  has,  from  the  remotest 
ages,  been  accounted  an  impracticable 
undertaking.  This  discovery  has  how- 
ever, been  lately  made  by  Mr.  Bruce, 
who  spent  several  years  at  the  court  of 
Abyssinia,  and  by  the  favour  of  the  em- 
peror and  great  people  of  the  country, 
was  enabled  to  accomplish  this  arduous 
task.  In  the  middle  of  a  marsh,  near 
the  bottom  of  the  mountain  of  Geesh, 
arises  a  hillock  of  a  circular  form,  about 
three  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  marsh 
itself,  though  apparently  founded  much 
deeper  in  it.  The  diameter  of  this  is 
something  short  of  twelve  feet ;  it  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  shallow  trench,  which  col- 
lects the  water,  and  voids  it  eastward  ; 
it  is  firmly  built  with  sod  or  earthen  turf, 
brought  from  the  sides,  and  constantly 
kept  in  repair,  and  this  is  the  altar  upon 
which  all  their  religious  ceremonies  are 
performed.  This  mouth,  or  opening  of 
the  source,  is  some  parts  of  an  inch  less 
than  three  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  wa- 
ter stood  about  two  inches  from  the  lip 
or  brim.  This  spring  is  about  six  inches 
deep.  This  is  the  first  fountain  of  the 
Nile.  Ten  feet  distant  from  the  first  of 
these  springs,  a  little  to  the  west  of 
aouth,  is  the  sacned  fountain,  about  ele- 
ven inches  in  diameter  ;  but  this  is  eight 
feet  three  inches'deep.  And  about  twen- 
ty feet  distant  from  the  first,  is  the  third 
source,  its  mouth  being  something  more 
than  two  feet  large,  and  it  is  five  feet 
eight  inches  deep.  The  Nile  thus  form- 
-  <ul  by  the  union  of  streams  from  these 
three  fountains,  runs  E  for  about  30 
yards,  with  very  little  increase  of  water, 
till  it  is  turned  gradually  NE  and  the). 
N  by  the  grassy  brink  of  the  land  de- 
scending from  Sacala.  Here  it  receives 
the  addition  of  several  springs,  and  be- 
comes capable  of  turning  a  common  mill. 
From  this  it  turns  W  about  four  miles 
farther,  where  is  a  cataract  of  about  six 
feet,  after  which  it  leaves  the  mountain- 
ous country,  and  takes  its  course  through 


the  plains  of  Goutto.  Here  it  flows  so 
gently,  that  its  motion  is  scarcely  dis- 
cernible, and  its  direction  is  so  winding, 
that  it  forms  more  than  20  sharp  angu- 
lar peninsulas,  in  a  course  of  five  miles. 
Its  course  then  inclines  to  the  NE  and 
E,  when  it  falis  down  another  cataract, 
and  then  receives  the  Jemma,  a  stream 
not  inierior  in  size  to  itself.  Proceeding 
to  the  N,  it  crosses  the  southern  part  of 
the  lake  Tzana,  or  Dembea,  and  issues 
out  at  die  XV  side  of  it  in  the  territory 
of  Dara.  After  emerging  from  this  lake, 
it  first  receives  the  name  of  the  Nile. 
The  banks  in  the  course  of  a  few  miles 
become  very  high,  and  are  covered  with 
the  most  beautiful  and  variegated  ver- 
dure that  can  be  conceived.  It  is  now 
confined  by  the  mountains  of  Bejemder 
till  i\  reaches  Alata,  where  is  the  third 
cataract,  which  is  represented  by  Mr. 
Bruce  as  the  most  magnificent  sight  he 
ever  beheld.  The  river  had  been  con- 
siderably increased  by  rains,  and  fell  in 
one  sheet  of  water  without  any  interval, 
about  half  an  English  mile  in  breadth, 
with  a  force  and  noise  that  was  truly  ter- 
rible, and  which  stunned,  and  made  him 
for  a  time,  perfectly  dizzy.  A  thick 
fume,  or  haze,  covered  the  fall  all  round, 
and  hung  over  the  course  of  the  stream 
both  above  and  below,  marking  its  track, 
though  the  water  is  not  seen.  The  ri- 
ver, though  swelied  with  rain,  preserv- 
ed its  natural  clearness,  and  fell,  as  far 
as  he  could  discern,  into  a  deep  pool,  or 
basin,  in  the  solid  rock,  which  wus  full, 
and  in  twenty  different  eddies  to  the 
very  foot  of  the  precipice  ;  vthe  stream 
when  it  fell,  seeming  part  of  it  to  run 
back  with  great  fury  upon  the  rock,  as 
well  as  forward  in  the  line  of  its  course, 
raising-  a  wave,  or  violent  ebullition,  by 
chafing  against  each  other.  About  half 
a  mile  below  the  cataract,  the  Nile  is 
confined  between  two  rocks,  where  it 
runs  iu-to  a  narrow  channel  with  impetu- 
ous velocity  and  great  noise.  Beiow  this 
tremendous  waterfall  the  Nile  takes  a 
SE  direction  along  the  W  side  of  Begem- 
der  and  Amhara,  on  the  right  inclosing 
the  province  of  Gojam.  It  receives  a 
great  number  of  streams  from  both  sides, 
and  after  several  turns  takes  at  last  a  di- 
rection almost  due  N,  and  approaches 
within  62  miles,  of  its  source.  It  now 
seems  to  have  forced  its  passage  through 
a  gap  in  some  very  high  mountains,  which 
hound  tiie  country  of  the  Ganges,  and 
falis  down  a  cataract  280  feet  high,  and 
immediately  below  this  are  two  others 
of  very  considerable  height.'  It  no runs 
close  by  Senuaar,  in  a  direction  nearly 


N  IL 


N  I  O 


N  and  S/  and  afterwards  makes  a  sjiarp 
turn  to  the  E.  Leaving-  Sennaar,  it  pas- 
ses by  many  large  towns  inhabited  by 
Arabs,  and  turning*  to  the  NE  it  joins 
the  Tecazze,  and  passes  a  largeand  po- 
pulous town  named  Chendi.  Having*  a> 
length  received  the  great  river  Atbara, 
it  turns  direetly  N  tor  about  two  de- 
grees ;  it  then  turns  to  W  by  S  for  more 
than  two  degrees  in  longitude,  and  ar- 
rives at  Korti.  From  Korti  it  runs  al- 
most SW  till  it  passes  Dongola,  after 
which  it  comes  to  Moscho.  From  thence 
turning-  to  the  NE,  it  meets  with  a  chain 
of  mountains  in  about  22  15  of  N  lat. 
where  is  the  seventh  cataract  named  Jan 
Adel.  This  is  likewise  very  tremendous, 
thoug*h  not  above  half  as  hig-h  us  that  of 
Alata.  This  course  is  now  continued 
till  it  falls  into  the  Mediterranean,  there 
being*  only  one  other  cataract  m  the 
whole  space  which  is  much  inferior  to 
any  of  those  already  described.  'The 
Nile  overflows  regularly  every  year  ;  the 
causes  of  its  inundations  are  thus  describ- 
ed by  Mr.  Bruce.  The  sun  being- nearly 
stationary  for  some  days  in  the  tropic,  ot 
Capricorn,  the  air  there  becomes  so  much 
rarified,  that  the  heavier  winds  charged 
with  watery  particles,  rush  in  upon  it 
from  the  Atlantic  on  the  W,  and  from 
the  Indian  ocean  on  the  E.  Having  thus 
gathered  such  a  quantity  of  vapours  as  it 
were  to  a  locus,  the  sun  now  puts  them 
in  motion,  and  drawing  them  after  it  in 
its  rapid  progress  northward,  on  the  7th 
of  January,  for  two  years  together,  seem- 
ed to  have  expended  its  power  to  the  at- 
mosphere of  Gondar,'  when  for  the  first 
time,  there  appeared  in  he  sky  white, 
dappled,  thin  clouds,  the  sun  being*  thee 
distant  34°  from  the  Zenith,  without  any 
one  cloudy  or  dark  speck  having  bee-, 
seen  for  several  months  before.  Advanc- 
ing to  the  line  with  increased  velocity, 
and  describing  larger  spirals,  the  sun 
brings  on  a  few  drops  of  rain  at  Gondar 
the  1st  of  March,  being  then  distant  5° 
from  the  zenith ;  these  are  greedily  ab- 
sorbed by  the  thirsty  soil;  and  this 
seems'  to  be  the  farthest  extent  of  the 
sun's  influence,  capable  of  causing  rain, 
which  then  only  falls  in  larg*e  drops,  and 
lasts  but  a  few  minutes  :  the  rainy  sea- 
son, however,  begins  most  seriously  upon 
its  arrival  at  the  zenith  of  every  place, 
and  these  rains  continue  constant  and 
increasing  after  he  has  passed  it,  in  his 
progress  northward.  In  April,  all  the 
rivers  in  Amhara,  Begemder,  and  Lasta, 
first  discoloured,  and  then  beginning  to 
swell,  join  the  Nile  in  several  parts  of 
its  course  nearest  them  ;  the  river  then, 
from  the  height  of  its  angle  of  inclina- 


tion, forces  itself  through  the  stagnant 
fake  wi;  hout  mixing  with  it.  In  the  be- 
ginning of  May,  hundreds  of  streams 
pour  themselves  from  Go} am,  Damot, 
Maitsha,  and  Dembea,  into  the  lake 
Tzana,  which  had  become  low  by  intense 
evaporation,  but  now  begins  to  fill  insen- 
sibly, and  contributes  a  large  quantity 
of  water  to  the  Nile,  before  it  falls  down 
the  cataract  of  Alata.  In  the  beginning 
of  June,  the  sun,  having*  now  passed  all 
Abyssynia,  the  rivers  there  are  all  full, 
and  then  is  the  time  of  the  greatest  rains 
in  Abyssinia,  while  it  is  for  some  days, 
as  it  were,  stationary  in  the  tropic  of 
Cancer.  / 

JVimegveny  a  large  and  commercial 
city,  capital  of  Dutch  Guelderland,  with 
a  citadel,  an  ancient  palace,  and  several 
forts.  It  is  seated  on  the  Waal,  35  miles 
SE  of  Utrecht,  and  70  NE  of  Antwerp. 
Lon.  5  45  E,  lat.  51  55  N. 

.\V;,t  :>-.v/.c,  a  district  of  South  Caro- 
lina, containing  4  counties  and  73,262 
inhabitants  in  1810,  nearly  one  third 
slaves.  It  is  watered  by  the  Savannah 
and  Congaree  rivers  and  their  several 
branches.  It  is  esteemed  a  rich  and 
healthy  country  ;  the  chief  town  is  Nine- 
ty-six, 

J\hi!r-7Coue-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-nan.  noted  for  its  ma- 
nufactures of  paper,  made  of  a  species 
of  reed  ;  and  containing  in  its  district  six 
cities  of  the  third  class. 

J\'m?-fo-fou,  called  by  the  Europeans 
LiitmpOf  an  excell.  lit  seaport  of  China, 
on  the  E  coast,  opposite  to  Japan,  in  the 
province  of  Tche-kiang.  This  city  has 
tour  others  under  its  Jurisdiction,  besides 
a  great  number  of  fortresses.  It  is  850  i 
miles  8E  of  Pekin.  Lon.  120  18  E,  lat. 
29  57  N. 

JWngouta,  a  city  of  Eastern  Chinese 
Tartary,  in  the  department  of  Kirin.  It 
is  surrounded  by  a  wooden  wall,  com- 
posed of  plain  stakes  driven  into  the 
earth.  Without  this  palisado,  there  is 
another  of  the  same  kind,  a  league  in 
circumference,  which  has  four  gates,  cor- 
responding to  the  four  cardinal  points. 

jXinove,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
on  the  river  Dender,  with  an  abbey,  13' 
miles  W  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  5  E,  lat, 
50  52  N. 

Nto,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago,  to 
the  S  of  Naxia,  anciently  called  Ios.  I' 
s  35  miles  in  circumference,  and  fertile 
in  corn,  but  has  very  little  wood  or  oil. 
It  has  several  commodious  harbours,  and 
is  remarkable  for  nothing  but  Homer's 
tomb,  who  is  said  to  be  buried  here. 
Lon.  25  35  W,  lat.  36  43  N. 

Niorty  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 


N  I  T 


NOG 


parlment  of  the  Two  Sevres,  and  late 
province 'of  Poitou.  Its  drv  sweetmeats 
are  much  esteemed,  and  it  is  noted  for 
manufactures  of  coarse  woollen  go©<tfc  I( 
is  28  milcs'NE  of  Rochclle.  Lon.  0  33 
\V,  lut.  46  20  N. 

.Viphon,  the  largest  island  of  Japan, 
600  miles  long1,  and  150  broad,  contain- 
ing- 55  provinces.  It  was  discovered,  iiv 
J 542,  by  the  Portuguese,  who  were  cast- 
on  shore  by  a  tempest.  The  chief  town 
is  Jcdo.    It  is  134  miles  E  of  China. 

.Yiaucrt'i-iVovogorocl,  an  archiepiscopal 
town  of  Russia,  in  a  government  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  citadel.  It  is  seated 
on  a  mountain,  at  the  confluence  of*  the 
Volga  and  Occa,  280  miles  K  by  N  of 
Moscow.    Lon.  46  30  E,  lat.  56  34  N. 

jYisiben,  or  JVlWw,  a  very  ancient  and 
celebrated  town  of  Diarbeck,  now  only 
the  shadow  of  what  it  was,  and  seated 
in  avast  plain,  70  miles  SW  of  Diarbe- 
kur.    Lon.  38  26  E,  lat.  36  10  N. 

Nisita,  a  smail  island  on  the  coast  of 
Naples,  very  fertile,  and  would  be  more 
so,  but  for  the  great  number  of  rabbits. 
It  has  a  harbour,  called  Porto  Pavone. 

JVismes,  a  flourishing  city  of  Prance, 
in  the  department  of  Card,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc,  with  a  bishop's  ser. 
Here  are  several  monuments  of  antiqui- 
ty, of  which  the  amphitheatre  built  by 
the  Romans,  is  the  principal.  The  .Mai- 
son  Quaree,  or  the  square  house,  is  a 
piece  of  architecture  of  the  Corinthian 
order,  and  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world. 
The  temple  of  Diana  is,  in  part,  gone  to 
ruin.  Nismes  w:is  taken  by  the  English 
in  1417.  The  population  of  Nismes  is 
computed  at  near  50,000.  It  is  seated  in 
a  plain,  abounding  in  wine  and  oil,  12 
miles  NW  of  Aries,  and  75  NE  of  Nar- 
bonne.    Lon.  4  26  E,  lat.  43  51  N. 

A'issu,  or  J\essava,  a  town  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  in  Servia,  seated  on  the  Mo- 
ravia. It  was  burnt  by  the  Imperialists 
in  1639,  and  is  20  miles  E  of  Pre  cop,  and 
120  SE  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  22  32  E,  lat. 
43  32  W$> 

JYith,  a  river  in  Dumfriesshire,  which 
issues  from  a  hike  in  the  mountains  to  the 
NW,  and  passing  the  towns  of  Sanquhar, 
Morton,  and  Drumlanrig,  joins  theCairn, 
a  little  above  Dumfries,  and  their  uni- 
ted streams  form  a  fine  estuary  in  Sol- 
way  Frith. 

jVithsdale,  a  division  of  Dumfriesshire, 
Scotland,  lying  to  .the  W  of  Annandale. 
It  is  a  large  and  mountainous  country, 
and  derives  its  name  from  the  river  Nith. 
It  was  formerly  shaded  with  noble  fo- 
rests, which  are  now  almost  destroyed. 
It  yields  lead,  and  .the  mountains  are  co- 
vered with  sheep  and  black  cattle. 


A'uria,  a  famous  desert  of  Egypt,  37; 
miles  in  length,  on  the  coast  of  the  Me- 
diterranean Sea.  It  had  formerly  a  great 
number  of  monasteries,  which  are  now 
reduced  to  four:  and  it  takes  its  name 
from  a  salt  lake,  out  of  which  is  got  the 
natrum  of  the  ancients. 

JS.'ireUCf  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
remarkable  for  its  abbey  of  noble  canon- 
esses,  whose  abbess  is  styled  princess  of 
Nivelle.  Here  also  is  John  of  Nivelle* 
so  much  admired  by  the  common  peo- 
ple ;  which  is  the  figure  of  a  man  in  iron, 
standing  on  the  top  of  a  tower  near  the 
clock,  who  strikes  the  hours  with  a  ham- 
mer. The  place  enjoys  great  privileges, 
and  has  a  manufacture  of  cambrics.  U 
is  15  miles  SE  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  36  E, 
lat.  50  35  N. 

J/h'er riots,  a  late  province  of  Franco, 
between  Burgundy,  Bpurbonnois,  and 
Berry.  It  now  forms  the  department  of 
Nievre. 

A'i.ralfovr,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Korasan, 
80  miles  SE  of  Mesched.  Lon.  61  32  E, 
lat.  35. 40  N.  '  -     . ^ 'f|%^$H^^^H 

JVixapa,  a  considerable  town  of  Nev. 
Spain,  with  a  rich.  Dominican  convent. 
The  country  near  it  produces  ag-reat  deal 
of  indigo,  cochineal,  and  sugar.  It  is  30 
miles  SE  of  Antequiera.  Lon.  97  15  W, 
lat.  16  42  N. 

J\'i.ro;ito?i,  a  post  town  in  Pasquotank 
county,  North  Carolina;  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Little  river,  36  miles  NE  of 
Edenton,  and  13  SW  of  Jonesburg  on 
Pasquotank  river.  This  is  the  capital  of 
the  county,  and  principal  seat  of  jus- 
tice. 

Nizza-della-Paglia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
Montferrat,  seated  on  the  Belbo,  15  miles 
SW  of  Alessandria.  Lon.  8  36  E,  lat. 
45  15  N. 

J\uanagur,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, situated  on  the  S  coast  of  the  gulf 
of  Cutch.  It  is  capital  of  a  district  in- 
habited by  a  piratical  tribe,  called  San- 
garians.  it  is  300  miles  NWof  Bombay, 

Nobleboroiighy  a  township  of  Lincoln 
county,  Maine,  containing  1206  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  Situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Kennebeck  river. 

Arock'amixon,  a  township  of  Bucks  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  containing  1207  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  S 
W  side  of  the  river  Delaware,  between 
Tinicum  and  Durham,  and  opposite  Alex- 
andria in  New  Jersey.    .'  wPH 

Nocera,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  duchy  of  Spoletto,  with  a  bishop's 
see ;  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines, 
18  miles  NE  of  Spoletto.  Lon.  12  49  E, 
lat.  43  1  N. 

P  J\'occva-di'PaganL  a  town  of  Naples,  in 


N  O  N 


NOR 


Terra  di  Lavora,  15  miles  S  of  Naples. 
Lon.  14  20  E,  lat.  40  36  N. 

JYog-arcot,  a  town  of  llindoostan  Pro- 
per, noted  tor.  a  celebrated  pagoda.  It 
lies  in  the  province  of  Nappul,  and  is  50 
miles  NE  or  Catmandu.  Lon.  85  12  E, 
lat.  28  40  N. 

Nogai/ans,  the  name  of  a  Tartar  nation 
which  occupy  the  deserts  on  the  north- 
ern side  of  the  Euxine  and  the  Caspian 
Sea,  and  on  the  northern  side  of  Moan, 
Caucasus  ;  besides  several  settlements  to 
the  W  and  NW  of  the  Euxine  ;  in  such 
a  manner  that  they  occupy  the  lower 
part  of  Volga,  the  rivers  Terek,  Kouma, 
and  Kouban,  the  environs  of  the  Pains 
Mocotis,  the  borders  of  the  Tanais  in  the 
peninsula  of  the  Crimea,  and  the  banks 
«f  the  Borysthenes  and  the  Dniester,  to 
the  other  side  of  the  Danube. 

J\*ogent-sur-Seine,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Aude,  and  laie  pro- 
vince of  Champagne,  seated  on  the  Seine, 
25  miles  NW  oi'  Troyes.  Lon.  3  40  E, 
lat.  48  30  N. 

Nogent-le-Rotrou,  a  pretty  populous 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Etire  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of 
Beattce,  seated  on  the  Huisne,  35  miles 
NE  of  Mans.  Lon.  0  50  E,  lat.  48  26  N. 

vVtfjr,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  South  A- 
merica,  at  the  S  extremity  of  Terra  del 
Fuego.    Lon.  73  3  W,  lat  "  54  32  S. 

JVoirmotier,  an  island  of  France,  neai 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Loire.  It  is  1/ 
miles  in  length,  and  eight  in  breadth,  full 
of  bogs,  and  yet  there  are  good  pastures. 
The  English  attacked  it  without  success 
in  1795.  The  principal  town  is  of  the 
same  name.    Lon.  2  10  W,  lat.  47  0  N. 

JYola,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavora,  with  a  bishop's  see,  10 
miles  NE  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  28  E,  lat. 
40  56  N. 

JV&&,  a  town  of  Paly,  in  the  territory 
of  Genoa,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  good 
harbour.  It  is  tive  miles  NE  of  Final, 
and  30  SW  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8  41  E,  lat. 
44 18  X. 

JVeinbre-de  Dies,  a  town  of  Terra  Fir- 
ma,  in  the  province  of  Darien,  a  little  E 
of  Porto-Hello,  to  which  its  once  flour- 
ishing trade  is  now  transferred.  Lon.  78 
35  W,  la;.  9  40  N. 

j\'omcnv,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aleurthe,  and  late  provinc 
of  Lorrain,  seated  oil  the  Setye,  15  miles 
N  of  Narici'i    Lon  6  15  E,  lat.  48  56  N. 

.Von,  Cape,  a  promontory  bf  Africa,  op- 
posite the  Canary  Islands.  It  was  long 
considered  by  the  Portuguese,  in  their 
attempts  to  explore  Africa,  as  an  impas- 
sable boundary,  denoted  by  its  name.  But 


ihev  doubled  it  at  last,  in  1412.  Lon.  10 
30  Vv,  lat.  28  30  N. 

JVona,  a  small  but  strong  town  of  Hun- 
garian Dalmatia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  n,ear  the  sea,  seven  miles  N  by 
W  of  Zafa.    Lon.  16  10  E,  lat.  44  35  N. 

JVo'ntrpn;  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  and  iate  province 
of  Perigoi  d,  21  miles  N  of  PerigneuXj 
and  30  SSW  of  Limoges.  Lon.  0  33  E, 
lat.  45  32  N. 

J\"oopouv,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  Guzerat,  55  miles  E  of 
Surat,  and  142  W  of  Burhampour.  Lon. 
73  5U  E,  lat.  21  11  N. 

A'oortlen,  a  considerable  town  of  West- 
phalia, 12  miles  N  of  Embden.  Lon.  7  5 
E,  lat.  53  38  N. 

Ji'ootka.    See  King  George's  Soimd. 
J\*orberg,  a  town  ot"  Sweden,  in  West- 
manland,  34  miles  N  of  Stroemsholm.  In 
its  vicinity  are  the  best  iron  mines  in  the 
province,    Lon.  16  12  E,  lat.  60  2  N. 

Norcia,  a  town  of  Italy,  m  the  duchy 
of  Spoletto  It  is  a  kind  of  republic,  and 
seated  among  the  mountains,  20  miles  8 
E  of  Spoletto.  Lon.  13  4  E,  lat.  42  36  N„ 
Nora.    See  Norta. 

A'ordbi/rg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  at  the 
Nf  extremity  of  the  isle  of  Alsen,  with  a 
castle,  nine  miles  NNW  of  Sunder!. urg. 

jYordgaw.  See  Bavaria,  Upper  Paid* 
tii, ute  of. 

«Yov<Uiau8cn,  an  imperial  town  of  Lower 
Saxony,  under  the  protection  of  the  elec- 
tor of  Saxony.  The  inhabitants  are  pro- 
tectants. It  is  25  miles  SW  of  Halber- 
stadt.    Lon.  11  3  E,  lat.  51  45  N. 

jVordLenn,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
.a  ttte  duchy  of  Brunswick,  situated  be- 
tween the  Ruhme  and  Leina,  ten  miles  N 
of  Gottingen,  and  45  S  of  Hanover.  It 
carries  on  a  pretty  considerable  com- 
merce.   Lon.  9  32  E,  lat.  51  34  N. 

Novdkiopivg,  a  town  of  Sweden^  in 
Gothland.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  commercial  provincial  towns  in 
Sweden,  and  covers  a  large  space  of 
ground,  being  10  miles  in  circumference; 
but  the  houses  are  scattered,  and  the  in- 
habitants do  not  exceed  10,000.  The  ri- 
ver Moiala  flows  through  the  town,  forms 
a  series  of  cataracts,  and  is  divided  into 
four  principal  streams,  which  encircle 
several  rocky  islands,  covered  with  build- 
ings j  at  the  extremity  of  the  town  it  is 
navigable  for  small  vessels.  It  is  90 
miles  SW'of  Stockholm.  Lon.  15  50  E, 
!at.  58  28  N. 

JvordltmJ,  ni  province  of  Northern  Nor- 
way, included  in  the  government  of  Dron- 
iSiejm. 

7  NordUmreiii  a  commercial  and  free  inv 

WU'z'o  T7r:-'%4$*<:*  f:,;>  ' 


NOR 


NOR 


pefia.1  town  of  Suabia,  seated  on  the  Ai- 
gre,  38  miles  NW  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  11 
49  E,  lat.  48  52  N. 

Nordstrand,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in 
the  duchy  of  Sleswick,  which  was  en- 
tirely overflowed  in  1634.  Lon.  9  15  E, 
lat.  54  40  N. 

Norfolk,  a  county  of  England,  77  miles 
long,  and  45  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N 
and  E  by  the  German  Ocean,  on  the  W 
by  Cambridgeshire  and  Lincolnshire,  and 
on  the  S  and  SE  by  Suffolk.  It  contains 
31  hundreds,  one  city,  32  market-towns, 
and  660  parishes  ;  and  sends  12  members 
to  parliament.  The  air  differs  in  differ- 
ent p^rts  of  the  county,  according  to  the 
soil,  which  in  some  places  is  marshy,  es- 
pecially on  the  sea  coast,  and  there  the 
air  i6  foggy  and  unwholesome  ;  in  others 
it  is  clayey  and  chalky,  poor,  lean,  and 
sandy,  and  there  the  air  is  good.  The 
marsh  lands  yield  rich  pasture  for  cattle  ; 
the  clay  grounds,  pe^se,  rye  and  barley  ; 
and  the  sandy  heaths  feed  vast  flocks  of 
large  sheep,  of  which  some  villages  are 
said  to  keep  4U00  or  5000.  These'heaths 
also  abound  in  rabbits  of  a  silver  grey 
colour.  Great  quantities  of  mackarel  and 
herring  are  caught  upon  the  coast  of  this 
county,  the  former  in  the  spring,  and  the 
latter  in  September  ;  especially  at  Yar- 
mouth, where  they  are  cured  in  a  parti- 
cular manner,  and  to  great  perfection. 
Turnips  are  also  more  generally  grown 
•here  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  coun- 
try ;  likewise  buckwheat,  which  is  used 
for  feeding  swine  and  poultry.  The  ma- 
nufactures of  the  county,  which  is  ex- 
ceedingly populous,  are  chiefly  Woollen 
and  worsted  stuffs  and  stockings,  foi 
which  they  are  well  supplied'  with  wool 
from  the  vast  flocks  of  sheep  fed  or,  i;. 
The  county  is  well  watered  and  supplied 
with  fish  by  the  rivers  Yare,  Thyrn,  Wa- 
veney,  the  Greater  and  Lesser  Ouse,  and 
the  Bure,  besides  rivulets.  Turkies  arc 
reared  here  to  a  larger  size  than  els"- 
where,  and  there  is  abundance  of  game, 
especially  pheasants.  Norwich  is  the 
capital. 

Norfolk,  a  populous  county  of  Virgi- 
nia, containing  13,679  inhabitant  in  1810, 
including  5,647  slaves.  It  is  bounded  on 
tlie  N  by  Hampton  road  ;  on  the  E  by 
iVmcess  Anne  ;  on  the  S  by  North  Caro- 
lina ;  and  on  the  W  by  Nansemond,  and 
the  Isle  of  Wight.  The  principal  town 
is  Norfolk . 

Norfolk,  a  port  of  entry  and  post  town 
in  Norfolk  county,  Virginia  ;  as  well  as 
the  capital  of  the  county.  It  is  seated  on 
the  E  side  of  Elizabeth  river,  about  20 
miles  \V  of  Cape  Henry,  18  &  of  Hamp- 


ton, on  the  opposite  side  of  the  bay,  and 
54  SE  of  Williamsburg,  in  lat.  36  55  N, 
and  lon.  76  25  W.  This  is  a  very  thriv- 
ing town,  being  finely  situated  for  fo- 
reign trade,  and  possessing  more  of  it 
than  any  other  in  the  state  of  Virginia. 
The  exports  of  one  year  have  amounted 
to  2,000,000  of  dollars,  and  those  princi- 
pally of  domestic  produce.  It  is  a  bo- 
rough town,  and  governed  by  a  mayor 
and  aldermen.  The  inhabitants  in  1810, 
were  9,193,  one  third  of  whom  at  least, 
we>e  slaves. 

Norfolk,  a  maritime  county  of  Massa- 
chusetts, containing  31,245  inhabitants 
in  1810.  The  centre  of  it  is  about  16 
miles  S  of  Boston.  The  principal  town 
is  Roxbury. 

Norfolk,  a  township  of  Litchfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  containing  1441  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  ne:-.r  the 
line  of  Massachusetts,  between  Colebrook 
and  Canaan. 

Norfolk  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  lying  E  of  New  South  Wales,  and 
settled  by  a  colony  of  convicts,  subordi- 
nate to  that  government.  It  is  v<  ry  hilly, 
but  some  of  the  vallies  are  tolerably 
large.  Mount  Pit,  the  only  remarkable 
'.ill,  is  12,000  feet  high,  the  whole  is- 
land is  covered  by  a  very  thick  forest, 
choaked  with  underwood,  and  the  prin- 
cipal timber  tree  is  the  pine,  which  is 
very  useful  in  building,  and  seems  to  be 
durable.  The  woods  are  inhabited  by  in. 
numerable  tribe -s  of  birds,  many  of  them 
very  gay  in  plumage.  The  soil,  when 
cleared,  may  be  rendered  very  produc- 
tive ;  and  the  air  is  very  wholesome.  The 
spring  is  perceptible  in  August ;  but  the 
trees  are  in  a  constant  succession  of  flow- 
ering and  fruiting  the  year  round.  In 
summer,  the  heat  is  excessive  \  from  Fe- 
bruary to  April,  may  be  called  the  rainy 
reason  ;  and  the  winter,  from  April  to 
July,  is  very  pleasant.  The  cliffs  round 
the  coast  are  240  feet  high,  quite  per- 
pendicular ;  and  the  want  of  a  safe  har- 
bour is  a  great  inconvenience.  The  set- 
tlement is  formed  in  Sidney  Bay,  on  the 
S  side  of  the  island,  in  lon.  168  12  E,  lat. 
29  4  S. 

Ndrjolk  Sound,  is  a  very  extensive 
place ;  it  lies  in  lon.  135  36  W.  lat.  57  3  N. 
How  far  it  stretches  to  the  N  is  not  known. 

Norland,  one  of  the  five  general  divi- 
sions of  Sweden,  camprehendiftg  the  pro- 
vinces of  Gestrikeland,  Helsmgland,  Me- 
delpadia,  Hiemtland,  flerjedalia,  Onger- 
mania,  and  West  Bothnia. 

Normandy,  a  late- province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  W  by  the  Atlantic,  on 
the  N  by  tl;e  English  Channel,  on  the  E 


NOR 


NOR 


.y  Picardy  and  the  Isle  of  France,  and 
on  the  S  by  Perch,  Maine,  and  Bretagne. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  in  France, 
and  abounds  in  all  things  except  wine, 
but  that  defect  is  supplied  by  cyder  and 
perry.  It  contains  iron,  copper,  and  a 
grear  number  of  rivers  and  harbours. 
This  province  sow  comprehends  the  de- 
partments of  Calvados,  Eure,  the  Chan- 
ael,  Or  e,  and  Lower  Seine. 

Norridgeieock,  a  post  town  in  Kenne- 
bec county,  Maine,  lying-  on  the  S  side 
of  Kennebec  river,  35  miles  NW  of  Au- 
gusta, with  880  inhabitants. 

Nomstown,  the  capital  of  Montgome- 
ry county,  Pennsylvania ;  17  miles  N  by 
W  of  Philadelphia  ;  situated  on  the  NE 
side  of  Schuylkill  river,  and  contains 
1336  inhabitants.  The  Delaware  and 
Schuylkill  canal  passes  between  this  town 
and  Schuylkill. 

Nortelga,  or  Nor  Telge,  a  maritime 
town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of  Up- 
land, near  which  is  a  forge  for-  making 
fire  arms.  It  was  much  injured  by  the 
Russians  in  1719,  who  ravaged  the  town. 
It  is  30  miles  NE  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  10 
32  E,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Worth,  or  Nord,  a  department  of 
France,  which  comprehends  the  late 
French  Provinces  of  Hainault,  Flanders, 
and  the  Cambresis. 

North  Cape,  the  most  northern  pro- 
montory of  Europe,  on  the  coast  of  Nor- 
way.   Lon.  25  57  E,  lat.  71  20  N. 

NoiHh  Coast,  a  department  of  France. 
See  Cotes  du  Nord. 

North  Ferry,  a  small  town  at  the  N 
side  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  at  the  Queen's 
ferry  passage.  It  formerly  had  a  chapel 
endowed  by  Robert  I. 

Northallerton,  a  borough  in  the  N  rid- 
ing of  Yorkshires  with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday. It  sends  two  Biembers  to  par- 
liament, and  is  seated  on  a  small  brook, 
which,  a  mile  below,  runs  into  the  river 
Wisk.  It  is  a  well  built  trading  place, 
30  mites  NNW  of  York,  and  223  N  by  W 
of  London.    Lon.  1  20  W,  lat.  54  23  N. 

Northampton,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
Virginia,  containing  7474  inhabitants  it 
1810.  It  is  situated  on  a  neck  of  land 
that  juts  into  the  sea,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Chesapeake  bay.  The  principal  cape 
is  cape  Charles.  Near  one  half  of  the 
inhabitants  are  slaves.  The  chief  town, 
Northampton. 

Northampton,  a  county  of  Halifax  dis- 
trict, North  Carolina,  containing  13,082 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
N  side  of  Roanoke  river,  and  joins  the 
state  of  Virginia*  The  chief  town  is 
Princeton. 


Northampton,  a  township  of  Bucks 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1176 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
SW  of  Neshaminy  creek. 

Northampton,  a  township,  the  capital 
of  Hampshire  county,  Massachusetts, 
containing  2631  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
situated  on  die  W  side  of  Connecticut 
river,  between  Norwich  and  Chesterfield. 

Northampton,  a  township  of  Montgo- 
mery county,  New  York,  containing  1474 
inhabitants  in  1S10.  About  60  miles  N 
W  of  Albany. 

Northampton,  a  county  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, 111  nuies  long  and  35  broad.  By  a 
computation  of  the  inhabitants  made  in 
181o,  it  contained  38,145.  Easton  is  the 
capital,  and  is  connected  with  New  Jer- 
sey by  a  handsome  bridge  across  the  De- 
laware. 

J\  Northampton,  the  county -town  of  North- 
amptonshire, with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Nen,  which  is  navi- 
gable to  Lynn.  Its  fairs  are  noted  for 
horses  both  for  the  draught  and  saddle 
and  it  is  besides  a  great  thoroughfare  for 
the  W  and  N  roads.  Its  principal  manu- 
factures is  shoes,  of  which  great  num- 
bers are  sent  beyond  sea ;  and  the  next 
to  that,  stockings  and  lace.  It  is  a  hand- 
some town,  has  a  spaciotis  market-place, 
and  had  seven  churches,  which  are  now 
reduced  to  four.  It  was  almost  entirely 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1675,  but  was  soon 
rebuilt.  It  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
has  a  good  free-school,  aod  a  county  in- 
firmary and  gaol.  In  the  meadows  below 
the  town,  a  battle  was  fought,  in  1460, 
between  Henry  VI.  and  the  Yorkists,  in 
which  the  former  was  defeated  and  made 
prisoner  ;  and  near  it  is  a  fine  Cothic 
structure,  called  Queen's  Cross,  erected 
by  Edward  L  in  memory  of  his  queei» 
Kleanor.  This  town  is  30  miles  SE  of 
Coventry,  and  66  NW  of  London.  Lon. 
1  11  W,  lat.  52  11  N. 

Northamptonshire,  a  county  of  England^ 
60  miles  long  and  22  where  broadest ; 
bounded  on  the  S  by  Bucks  and  Oxford- 
•hire,  on  the  W  by  that  county  and  War- 
wickshire, on  the  NWby  Leicestershire, 
and  Rutlandshire,  on  the  N  by  Lincoln* 
shire,  and  on  the  E  by  the  counties  of 
Cambridge,  Huntingdon  and  Bedford.  It 
lies  in  the  diocese  of  Peterborough,  con- 
aifts  20  hundreds,  one  city,  12  market 
towns,  and  330  parishes,  and  there  are 
150,0^)0  inhabitants.  As  this  county  is 
dry,  well  cultivated,  free  from  marshes, 
except  the  fens  of  Peterborough,  in  the 
centre  of  the  kingdom,  and  of  course  a*, 
a  distance  from  sea,  it  enjoys  a  very  pure 


NOR 


NOR 


and  wholesome  air.  In  consequence  of 
this  i  is  very  populous,  and  so  full  of 
towns  and  churches,  that  30  spires  or 
steeples  may  be  .seen  in  many  places  at 
one  view;  and  even  in  the  fens  the  inha- 
bitants seem  to  enjoy  a  good  state  ot 
health,  and  to  he  little  affected  by  the 
water  which  frequently  overflows  their 
grounds,  .-specially  in  winter,  but  it  is 
never  suffered  l.o  remain  long  upon  it. 
Its  soil  is  fertile  .both  in  corn  and  pastur- 
age in  which  it  is  peculiarly  celebrated. 
Horned  cattle,  and  other  animals,  arc 
fed  to  ex  raordinary  sizes  ;  and  mam 
horses  of  the  large  black  breed  are  rear- 
ed. Woad  for  the  avers  is  cultivated 
here  ;  but  the  county  is  not  distiKguish- 
ed  for  manufactures.  Besides  many  les- 
ser brooks  it  is  weil  watered  by  the  ri- 
vers Nen,  YA  ell  and  Ouse,  Learn,  Cher- 
well  and  Avon,  the  three  first  of  which 
are  for  the  most  part  navigable. 

North  Castle,  a  township  of  West  Ches- 
ter conn  y,  New  York,  containing  1366 
inhabit.. nts  in  1810.  It  is  a  post  town, 
situated  on  the  E  side  of  Hudson  river, 
about  16  miles  from  King's  bridge. 

JYorthcurry,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,- 
with  a  market  on  Tuesdav  and  Saturday. 
Jt  is  seated  on  the  Tone,  20  miles  SW  of 
Wells,  and  134  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
3  0  W,  lat.  51  0  N. 

North  East,  a  township  of  Duchess 
county,  New  York,  containing  3441  in- 
habitants in  1810.  Situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Hudson  river,  about  90  miles  N  of 
New  York. 

Northfield,  a  township  in  Staten  Island, 
Jtfew  York  state,  containing  1595  inhabi- 
tants ia  1810. 

Northfield,  a  post  town  of  Hampshire 
COun  ,  Massachusetts,  on  the  E  bank  of 
^Connecticut  river,  nearly  opposite  to 
G.(  .  field,  and  80  miles' W  by  N  of  Bos- 
ton.   It  contains  1213  inhabitants. 

Nw  'f-'  'ty  a  village  in  Kent,  seated  on 
the  Thaiftcs,  one  mile  W  of  Cn.vcsend, 
ana  21  trom  London.  The  church  is  very 
large,  «md  contains  fragments  of  monu- 
me  ;s.  as  ancient  as  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury. '  Vast  quantities  of  lime  are  made, 
and  great  numbers  of  extraneous  fossils 
have  been  dug  up  here. 

Noriliford,  a  town  in  New  Haven  coun- 
ty, Connec  icut,  10  miles  E  of  New  Ha- 
ve;;.   Here  is  a  oost  office. 

North  Hempstead,  a  township  of  Queen's 
couiiu}',  Long  Island,  in  the  state  of  New 
York,  Jt  contained  2700  inhabitants  in 
1810 

North  Kingston,  a  township  of  Wash- 
ingt:>  i  co  ;iv  ,  Biiode  Island,  Containing 
2,957  inhabitants  in  181Q.    Jt  is  situated 


on  the  W  side  of  Narraganset  bay,  be- 
tween East  Greenwich  and  South  King- 
ston. 

Northlech,  a  corporate  town  in  Glou- 
cestershire, with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
d  v.  several  almshouses,  and  a  free  gram- 
mar-school. It  is  seated  on  the  Lech,  25 
miles  E  of  Gloucester,  and  80  W  by  N  of 
London.    Lon.  1  43  W,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Northumberland,  a  county  of  England, 
which  received  its  name  from  being  situ- 
ated N  of  the  Humber.  In  the  Saxon  hep- 
tarchy it  was  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Northumbrians,  which  contained  also 
the  counties  of  York,  Lancaster,  Dur- 
ham, Cumberland,  and  Westmoreland. 
It  forms  the  N  extremity  of  England,  and 
is  bounded  on  the  E  by  the  German 
Ocean,  on  the  S  by  the  bishopric  of  Dur- 
ham, on  the  SW  and  W  by  Cumberland, 
and  on  the  N\V  and  N  by  Scotland,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Tweed.  It 
extends  70  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  50 
from  E  to  W.  It  lit  s  in  the  diocese  of 
Durham  ;  contains  12  market-towns,  and 
460  parishes ;  and  sends  eight  members 
to  parliament.  The  air  of  'his  county  is 
not  so  cold  as  might  be  imagined  from 
t  he  lat.  in  which  it  lies  ;  for  its  situation 
between  two  seas,  in  the  narrowest  part 
of  England,  gives  it  the  advantage  of 
having  the  cold  moderated  by  the  va- 
pours of  each  ;  and,  for  this  reason,  the 
snow  seldom  lies  long  in  this  county,  ex- 
cept, on  the  tops  of  high  hills.  The  air 
is  very  healthful,  and  the  people  who  ge- 
nerally live  to  a  great  age,  arc  seldom 
afflicted  with  sickness.  The  soil  is  vari- 
ous, the  eastern  part,  which  is  fruitful* 
having  very  good  wheat,  and  most  sorts 
of  corn,  and  has  rich  meadows  on  the 
banks  of  the  rivers  ;  but  the  western  part 
is  generally  barren,  it  being  mostly  hea- 
thy and  mountainous.  The  SE  part  a- 
bounds  with  pit-coal,  of  which  658,858 
chaldrons  arc  computed  to  be  annually 
shipped  from  thence  to  London.  There 
are  also  large  quantities  of  lead  and  tim- 
ber. The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tyne, 
the  Tweed,  and  the  Coeket.  Alnwick 
is  the  county  town,  but  the  largest  is 
Newcastle. 

Nortlmmberlavd,  a  county  of  Penns\l- 
vania,  180  miles  long  and  80  broad.  A 
computation  Was  made  of  its  inhabitants 
in  1810,  when  it  contained  £6,327. 

Northumberland,  the  capital  of  North- 
umberland county,  Pennsylvania;  situ- 
ated ;it  the  confluence  of  the  E  and  W 
branches  of  the  river  Susquehannah,  77 
miles  N  W  of  Reading,  and  57  N  of  Har, 
jcjisburg,  It  has  a  post  office,  an  academy, 
and  about  700  inhabitants. 


NOR 

Northumberland,  a  county  of  Virginia, 
containing-  8,308  inhabitants  in  1810 ; 
nearly  one  half  slaves.  It  is  bounded  E 
by  Chesapeake  bay,  N  by  the  Potomac, 
W  by  Richmond,  and  S  by  Lancaster.  It 
has  no  considerable  town. 

Northumberland,  a  post  town  of  Sara- 
toga county,  New  York,  containing  2041 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  Hudson  river,  25  miles 
N  of  Albany. 

Nortlarich,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Weaver,  near  its  conflux  with  the  Dane, 
and  is  noted  for  its  salt-works.  The  stra- 
tum of  salt  lies  about  40  yards  deep  and 
some  of  them  are  hollowed  into  the  form 
of  a  temple.  Vast  pits  of  solid  rock  salt 
have  been  dug-  here  to  a  great  depth, 
from  which  immense  quantities  are  rais- 
ed; and  much  of  it,  in  its  crude  state, 
goes  to  LiverpooL  by  the  river  Weaver 
to  be  exported.  North  wcch  is  20  miles 
NE  of  Chester,  and  173  NW  of  London. 
Ion.  2  36  W,  lat.  53  16  X. 

North  Yarmouth,  a  post  town  in  Cum- 
berland county,  Maine  ;  situated  in  Cas- 
co  bay,  14  miles  N  of  Portland,  and  140 
E  of  Boston. 

Norton,  a  township  of  Bristol  county 
Massachusetts,  containing  1598  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  Situated  on  the  \V  side 
of  Wading  river,  7  miles  NW  ot  Taunton. 

Norton,  or  Chipping  Norton,  a  corpo- 
rate town  in  Oxfordshire,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday.  Roman  coins  have  been 
frequently  found  here.  It  is  12  miles  S 
W  of  Banbury,  and  74  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  17  W,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Norton  Sound,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  on 
the  W  coast  of  N.  America,  discovered 
by  Captain  Cook  in  his  last  voyage. 
There  is  no  good  harbour  in  all  the 
sound,  nor  even  a  tolerable  station  for 
ships.    Lon.  162  47  W,  lat.  64  55  N. 

Noirwalk,  a  post  town  in  Fairfield 
county,  Connecticut ;  situated  on  Long 
Island  Sound,  12  miles  SW  of  Fairfield, 
and  50  NE  of  the  city  of  New  York.  It 
contains  2983  inhabitants. 

Nor-uay,  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  the 
most  westerly  part  of  the  ancient  Scan- 
dinavia, lying  between  the  57th  and  72d 
degrees  of  N  lat.  and  between  the  5th 
and  31st  degrees  of  E  lon.  extending  in 
length  about  1000  miles  in  a  directline 
from  Lindisnaes,  in  the  diocese  of  Chris- 
tiansand  to  the  N  cape  at  the  extremity 
of  Fin  mark.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  and 
W  by  the  Northern  Ocean,  on  the  E  by 
Swedish  Lapland  and  Sweden,  and  on 
the  S  by  the  Categate.  Its  breadth, 
which  is  very  unequal,  is  from  30  to 
280  miles.  It  is  divided  into  the  four  go- 


NOR 

vernments  of  Aggerhuys  or  Christiania, 
Christiansand,  Bergen,  and  Drontheim. 
From  its  rocky  soil  and  northern  posi- 
tion, Norway  is  not  populous  in  propor- 
tion to  its  extent.  Mr.  Coxe  has  calcu- 
lated the  number  of  inhabitants  to  be 
750,000,  but  he  is  supposed  to  have  over- 
rated them  considerably.  They  main- 
tain their'  own  army,  which  consists  of 
24,000  foot,  and  6000  cavalry.  Their 
troops  are  much  esteemed  for  their  bra- 
very, and,  like  the  Swiss  mountaineers, 
are  exceedingly  attached  to  their  coun- 
try. Norway  is  blessed  with  a  particu- 
lar code,  called  the  Norway  Law,  com- 
piled by  Gricffelfeld,  at  the  command  of 
Christian  V.  the  great  legislator  of  his 
country.  The  Norwegians  are  generally 
well  formed,  tall,  sturdy  aiid  robust, 
brave,  hardy  ,  honest,  hospitable  and  in- 
genious ;  yet  savage,  rash,  quarrelsome 
.md  litigious.  Their  women  are  well 
shaped,  tall,  comely,  remarkably  fair 
and  obliging.  The  mountaineers  acquire 
surprisin  strength  and  dexterity  by 
hard  living,  cold,  laborious  exercise, 
ciiinbing  rocks,  skaiting  on  the  snow, 
and  handling  arms.  Those  who  dwell  in 
the  maritime  parts  of  Norway  exercise 
the  employment  of  fishing  and  naviga- 
tion, and  become  very  expert  mariners. 
The  peasants  never  employ  any  handi- 
craftsmen for  necessaries  to  th>  mselves 
and  families  ;  they  are  their  own  hatters, 
shoemakers,  taylors,  tanners,  weavers, 
carpenters,  smiths,  and  joiners  ;  they 
are  even  expert  in  ship -budding- ;  and 
some  of  them  make  excellent  violins. 
Great  part  of  Norway  is  covered  with 
forests  of  wood,  which  constitute  the 
principal  article  of  commerce  in  this 
country.  They  chiefly  consist  of  fir  and 
pine,  for  which  great  sums  are  received 
from  foreigners,  who  export  an  immense 
number  of  masts,  beams,  planks,  and 
boards.  The  climate  of  Norway  is  very 
different  in  different  parts  of  the  king- 
dom. At  Bergen  the  winter  is  so  mode- 
rate, that  the  seas  are  always  open  and 
practicable,  except  in  creeks  and  bay  s, 
On  the  E  side  of  Norway,  from  the  fron- 
tiers of  Sweden  to  Filefield,  the  cold  ge- 
nerally sets  in  about  the  middle  of  Octo- 
ber with  great  severity,  and  lasts  till  the 
middle  of  April.  The  soil  of  Norway  va- 
ries in  different  places,  according  to  the 
situation  of  rock' or  valley.  The  face  of 
the  country  is  in  many  places  deformed 
by  large  swamps  and  marshes,  very  dan- 
gerous to  the  traveller.  The  ploughed 
lands  in  respect  to  mountains,  woods, 
meadows  and  wastes  do  not  exceed  the 
proportion  of  1  to  80,  so  that  the  whole 
country  does  not  produce  corn  to  main_ 


NOR 


NOT 


tain  above  half  the  number  of  its  inhabi- 
tants. The  principal  trees,  as  notice! 
above,  ate  the  fir  and  pine  ;  it  produces 
likewise  oak,  plenty  of  elm  trees,  ash, 
hazel,  and  birch.  They  carry  on  a  con- 
siderable trade  with  foreign  nations. 
Their  exports  are  copper  wrought  and 
unwroughts  iron  cast  into  cannon,  stoves, 
and  pots,  or  forged  into  bars  ;  masts, 
timber,  deai-boards,  planks,  marble,  mill- 
stones, herring,  cod,  ling,  flounders, 
cow-hides,  goal-skins,  seal-skins,  the  furs 
of  bears,  Sec.  down,  feathers,  butter,  tal- 
low, train-oil,  tar,  juniper  and  other 
sorts  of  berries  and  nuts.  They  have  in- 
exhaustible quarries  of  excellent  mar- 
ble, black,  white,  blue,  grey  and  varie- 
gated. Gold  has  likewise  been  found  in 
a  small  quantity,  and  a  considerable  sil- 
ver mine  is  at  present  wrought  at  Kon- 
ingsberg'  at  the  risk  of  his  Danish  majes- 
ty. These  were  visited  by  Mr.  Coxe, 
who  says  that  they  formerly  produced 
70,000/. ;  but  they  now  produce  only 
50,000/.  The  mines  of  cobalt  and  the 
preparation  of  Prussian  blue  is  much 
more  productive.  It  abounds  in  lakes 
and  rivers ;  the  former  so  large,  that 
they  appear  like  inlets  of  the  sea.  Nor- 
way was  formerly  governed  by  its  own 
hereditary  sovereigns.  On  the  demise  of 
Hagen  V.  in  1319,  without  male  issue, 
his  grandson  in  the  female  line,  Magnus 
Sroek,  united  in  his  person  the  kingdoms 
of  Sweden  and  Norway.  Magnus  was 
succeeded  in  the  kingdom  of  Norway  by 
his  son  Hagen  AT.  husband  of  the  cele- 
brated Margaret  ;  and  at  his  decease,  in 
1380,  Norway  was  united  to  Denmark  by 
their  son  Olof  V,  who  dying  without  is- 
siie,  M  irgaret  herself  was  raised  to  the 
thrdnc  by  the  unanimous  voice  of  the  na- 
ti  .  On  her  death,  it  descended  with 
Denmark  and  Sweden,  to  her  nephew 
Eric.  Sweden  was  afterward  separated 
from  Denmark  by  the  valour  and  address 
of  Gustaviis  Vasa ;  but  Norway  continues 
united  to  Denmark.  The  capital  is  Chris- 
tiania. 

Norwich,  an  ancient  and  populous  ci- 
ty, the  capital  of  Norfolk,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Saturday. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall,  now  much 
decayed,  and  seated  on  the  Yare,  which 
runs  through  it,  and  is  navigable  to  Yar- 
mouth without  locks.  Though,  as  it 
has  been  said,  it  is  a  populous  city,  yet 
there  is  void  enough  in  it  for  another  co- 
lony ;  and,  from  the  intermixture  of  its 
houses  with  trees,  it  is  called  a  city  in 
an  orchard.  .It  adds  much  to  the  trade 
of  Yarmouth,  by  the  vast  cargoes  of  coal, 
wine,  fish,  oil,  and  all  other  heavy  goods, 
which  come  to  it  from  thence  by  the  ri- 


ver Yare.  Its  manufactures  arc  general- 
ly sent  to  London,  though  considerable 
quantities  are  exported  from  Yarmouth 
to  Holland,  Germany,  Sweden,  and  Nor- 
way, Sec.  It  is  a  county  of  itself,  go- 
verned by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  There  are,  besides 
the  cathedral,  36  parish  churches,  two 
churches  for  the  Flemings,  some  dis- 
senting meeting-houses,  and  a  Roman 
catholic  chapel.  It  has  a  stately  castle, 
on  a  hill  which  is  the  shire-house,  and 
the  county  gaol ;  the  assizes  for  the  city 
being  held  at  the  Guildhall.  The  city  is 
reckoned  six  miles  in  compass.    It  has 

12  gates,  and  six  bridges  over  the  Yare, 
and  contains  about  45,000  inhabitants. 
This  town  is  famous  for  its  worsted  ma- 
nufacture. By  a  late  calculation  from 
the  number  of  looms  at  work  in  the  city- 
only,  it  appeared  there  were  no  less  than 
120,000  people  employed  in  their  manu- 
factures of  wool,  silk,  8cc.  in  and  about 
the  town,  including  those  employed  in 
spinning  the  yarn  used  for  such  goods  as 
are  all  made  in  this  city.  There  is  a 
stocking  manufactory  also  here,  which 
lias  been  computed  at  60,000/.  a  year.  It 
is  43  miles  N  of  Ipswich,  and  109  NE  of 
London.    Lou.  1  20  E,  lat.  52  40  N. 

Norwich,  a  city  in  New  London  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  lying  on  the  E  side  of 
the  river  Thames,  near  its  head,  and  14 
miles  N  of  New  London,  in  lat.  41  34  N, 
and  Ion.  72  29  W.  This  is  a  thriving 
commercial  and  manufacturing  city,  and 
contained  at  the  last  enumeration  2976 
inhabitants. 

Norwich,  a  town  of  the  Slate  of  \cv* 
mont,  182  miles  N  of  New  York.  Lon. 
72  22  W,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Norwich,  a  township  of  Chenango  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  2550  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  lies  about  100  miles 
W  of  Albany. 

Nossen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  situated  on  the 
Muldau,  18  miles  YV  of  Dressen.  Lon. 

13  0  E,  lat.  51  2  N. 

Notcheng6ng,  a  town  of  the  Deccan  in 
the  province  of  Berar,  75  miles  SSW  of 
Ellichpour.    Lon.  79  17  E,  lat.  20  32  N. 

Noteburg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Petersburg,  seated  on  an  is- 
land in  the  lake  Ladoga,  at  the  place 
where  the  river  Neva  proceeds  from  this 
lake.  It  has  a  good  citadel,  and  was  ca- 
pital of  Ingria,  before  Petersburg  was 
built.  It  is  25  miles  E  of  Petersburg. 
Lon.  31  9  E,  lat.  59  56  N. 

Note,  an  ancient,  large  and  handsome 
fr>wn  of  Sicily,  and  capital  of  Val-di-Noto, 
it  was  ruined  by  an  earthquake  in  1693, 
[but  another  town  was  built  at  some  dis- 


NOV 


tance  from  it,  called  Nota  Nuovo.  It  is  ; 
22  miles  S\V  of  Syracuse.  Lon.  15  19  E, 1 
lat.  36  50  N. 

Nottoway,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia; containing  9,2/8  inhabitants  in 
1810;  of  whom  6,368  were  slaves.  It  is 
situated  on  the  N  side  of  Nottoway  ri- 
ver, by  the  streams  of  which  it  is  well 
watered. 

Notteleri,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Minister,  seven  miles  W  of  Munster. 

Nottingharn,  East  and  West,  two  con- 
tiguous townships  of  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  2051-  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  They  are  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Octorara  creek,  and  join  the 
.state  of  Maryland. 

Nottingham,  a  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Maryland,  five  miles  NE  of 
Baltimore. 

Nottingfiam,  the  county  town  of  Not- 
tinghamshire, with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day and  Saturday.  It  is  situated  on  a 
rocky  eminence,  crowned  by  its  castle  ; 
a  magnificent  modern  structure,  belong- 
ing to  the  duke  of  Newcastle,  and  built 
on  the  site  of  an  ancient  fortress,  cele- 
brated in  English  history.  It  is  a  popu- 
lous and  handsome  town,  distinguished 
by  its  spacious  market-place,  and  noted 
for  its  excellent  ale.  It  is  one  of  the 
principal  seats  of  the  stocking  manufac- 
ture^ particularly  of  the  finer  kinds,  as 
those  of  silk  and  cotton,  and  has  also  a 
manufacture  of  coarse  earthen  ware.  It 
has  three  parish  churches,  and  several 
meetings  for  the  dissenters.  It  is  remark- 
able for  its  vaults,  or  cellars,  cut  iivothe 
rock  ;  and  in  the  neighbourhood  are  ma- 
ny coal-pits,  which  afford  plenty  of  fuel, 
at  Utile  expense.  Nottingham  js  govern- 
ed by  a  mayor,  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  seated  on  a  river  which 
commuuicates  with  the  Trent,  one  mile 
to  the  S.  It  is  16  miles  E  of  Derby,  and 
123  X  by  W  of  London.  Lon;  1  2  YV,  lat. 
52  58  N. 

Nottingham,  a  post  town  in  Rocking- 
ham count),  New  Hampshire,  24 miles  N 
W  of  Portsmouth,  with  964  inhabitants. 

Nottingham,  a  post  town  in  Prince 
George  county,  Man  land,  on  the  W  side 
of  Patuxent  river,  27  miles  SE  of  Wash- 
ington. 

Nottingham,  West,  a  town  of  Hillsbo- 
rough county.  New  Hampshire,  on  the 
E  side  of  Merrimack  river,  45  miles  N 
by  W  of  Boston.  It  has  a  post  office  and 
1267  inhabitants. 

Nottmghamshire,  a  county  of  England, 
48  miles  long,  and  20  broad;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Yorkshire  and  Lincolnshire,- 
on  the  E  by  the  latter  county,  on  the  S  by 


Leicestershire,  and  on  the  W  by  Derby- 
shire. It  lies  in  the.  diocese  of  York  c 
contains  95,000  inhabitants,  and  sends 
eight  members  to  parliament.  No  coun- 
ty in  En^iand  enjoys  a  plci.santer  and 
healthier  air.  As  for  the  Soil,  it  differs 
widely  in  various  parts  of  the  county. 
Towards  the  AV  where  lies  the  forest  of 
Sherwood,  which  takes  up  the  greatest 
part  of  it,  it  is  sandy,  but  the  S  and  E 
parts,  watered  by  the  Trent  a»d  rivers 
that  fall  into  it,  are  fruitful  both  in  corn 
and  pasture ;  but  the  former  produces 
11. tie,  except,  wood,  coal,  and  some  lead. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Trent,  and 
Idle  ;  the  former  inferior  only  to  the  Se- 
vern, Thames,  and  Dumber. 

Aovalle,  a  small,  but  populous  town 
of  Italy,  ten  miles  NE  of  Padua,  and  12 
SW  of  Treviso.  Lon.  12  10  E,  lat.  45 
29  N. 

Novarq,;,  an  ancient  and  strong  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan,  capital  of 
the  Novarese,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  an  eminence,  12  miles  NE  of 
Verceil,  and  25  W  by  S  of  Milan.  Lon. 
8  35  E,  lat.  45  25  N. 

Nova  Scotia,  or  Acadia,  a  country  of 
British  North  America,  bounded  on  the 
W  by  the  United  States,  on  the  N  by  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  E  by  the  gulf 
of  that  name,  and  on  the  S  by  the  Atlan- 
tic and  bay  of  Fundy  ;  being  so  indented 
by  the  latter,  that  its  eastern  part  forms 
a  peninsula.  It  extends  from  cape  Sable, 
its  most  southern  point,  in  lat.  43  23  to 
49  30  N,  and  from  60  15  to  67  0  W  lon. 
In  1784,  part  of  this  country  was  formed 
into  a  new  province.  See  New  Bruns- 
wick. It  is  very  unhealthy,  on  account 
of  the  thick  fogs  which  obscure  the  at- 
mosphere for  a  great  part  of  the  year, 
and  for  four  or  five  months  it  is  intensely 
cold.  The  most  part  of  the  country  is 
one  continued  tract  of  forest,  and  the 
soil,  except  on  the  rivers'  banks,  is  thin 
and  barren.    Halifax  is  the  capital.  . 

Npvellara,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of 
a  small  district  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
castle,  where  the  sovereign  resides.  It 
is  17  miles  E  by  N  of  Parma.,  and'  20  S 
hv  W  of  Mantua.  Lon.  11  4  E,  lat.  44 
48  N, 

Novi,  a  town  of  Ttaly,  in  the  territory 
of  Genoa,  22  miles  N\V  of  Genoa.  Lonr 
8  29  E,  lat.  44  45  H^Mk/, 

Novi  Bazar,  a  considerable  town  of 
Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Servia,  near  the 
Oresco,  72  'miles  W  of  Nissa,  and  103 
S  of  Belgrade.    Lon.  21  1  E,  lat.  43 

Novigrad,  a  smalt  but  strong  town  of 
Upper  Hungary,  capital  of  a  county  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  a 


NOV 


NU  B 


mountain,  near  the  Danube,  25  miles  N 
of  Buda.    Lpn.  18  20  E,  lut.  47  36  N. 

A'ovig-rad,  a  strong  town  oi'  Turkish 
Dalmaua,  wilh  a  castle,  seated  on  u  Like 
of  the  same  name,  neat-  the  gulf  of  Ven- 
ice, 17  miles  B  of  Nona,  and  25  NW  of 
Zara.    Lon,  16  35  E,  lat.  44  36  N. 

Auvi^rud,  a  very  strong  place  of  Tur- 
key "m  Europe,  in  Servia,  seated  near  the 
Danube,  35  miles  N  of  Nissa.  Lon.  22 
32  E,  lat.  44  6        :  : 

*\oi(-h'iun,  a  river  of  Asia.    See  ^ua. 

J\ovogorod,  one  of  the  most  ancient  ci- 
ties, and  once  the  metropolis  of  Russia, 
now  capital  of  a  government  of  the  same 
name,  and  formerly  called  Great  Novo- 
gprod,  to  distinguish  it  from  other  Rus- 
sian towns  of  the  same  appellations.  It 
was  for  a  long  time  governed  by  its  own- 
dukes;  iind  it  was  in  fact,  a  republic, 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  nominal  sove- 
reign. It  was  the  great  mart  of  tra&t 
between  Russia  and  the  Hanseatic  cities, 
and  made  the  most  rapid  advances  in 
opulence  and  population.  At  tins  period 
its  dominions  were  so  extensive,  extend- 
ing  to  the  N  as  far  as  the  frontiers  of  Li- 
vonia, and  Finland  ;  comprising  great 
part  of  the  province  of  Archangel,  and  a 
large  district  beyond  the  NW  limits  pj 
Siberia;  itsjpowerso  great,  and  its  sittia 
tion  so  impregnable,  as  to  give  rise  to  a 
proverb,  Who  can  resist  the  gods  and 
the  Great  Novogorod  ?  It  continued  in 
this  flourishing  state  till  the  15ti.  centu- 
ry, when  Ivan  Vasselievitch,  Grand  Duke 
of  Russia,  laid  siege  to  the  town.  The 
inhJ)  tants  were' constrained  to  surren- 
der and  deliver  up  the  charter  of  thci 
liberties.  It  still  continued  to  be  the 
most  flourishing  and  commereial  town 
of  Russia,  arid  at  this  period  contained 
400,000  souls.  The  prosperity  of  Novo- 
gorod at-  this  time  experienced  a  mos' 
fatal  downl'ai  from  which  it  never  rec<> 
veied.  Ivan  having  discovered  a  conspi 
racy  between  the  inhabitants  and  thj 
king  of  Poland,  butchered  about  25,00c 
or  30,000  of  the  inhabitants.  Rut  the 
splendour  of  this  once  flourishing  town 
was  not  totally  obscured,  until  Peter  the 
Great  founded  Petersburg,  to  which  he 
transferred  the  commerce  of  the  Baltic. 
It  now  contains  sc  arce  7000  souls  ;  but  a" 
vast  number  of  churches  and  convent, 
stand  melancholy  monuments  of  its  for- 
mer magnificence.  The  town  stretches 
on  botli  sides  of  ..the  Volkoff,  a  river  <i 
considerable  depth  and  rapidity,  which 
separates  it  into  two  divisions;  nameh, 
the  Trading  Part,  and  the  quarter  of  S*«. 
Sophia,  which  are  united  by  a  bridge. 
Novogorod  is,  situated  near  "the  lake  11- 


men,  125  miles  SSE  of  Petersburg.  Lon. 

32  45  E,  lat.  58  20  N. 

jYovogorod  Severskoi,  a  town  of  the 
Russian  empire,  in  the  government  of 
Kibf,  seated  on  the  Desna,  140  miles  NN 
B  of  Kiof. 

Novqgovodecky  a  town  of  Lithuania,  ca- 
pital of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name, 
seated  in  a  vast  plain,  70  miles  S  of  Wil- 
na.    Lon.  26  S  E,  lat.  53  35  X. 

Jv"ovomirq-orod,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  G'atharinenslaf,  136  miles 
WNW  of  that  place.  Lon.  31  44  E,  lat. 
48  40  N. 

J\'oittra,  a  small  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  Of  Cracow.  It  lies  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Hungary,  and  possesses  mines  of 
gold  and  silver.  It  is  30  miles  S  of  Cra- 
cow.   Lon.  19  49  E,  lat.  49  40  N. 

JK'fjnn,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Gal- 
licia,  seated  on  the  Tamara,  15  miles  W 
of  Composlella. 

JVoyzm,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Yonne,  and  late  province  of 
.Burgundy,  seated  on  the  Serin,  in  a  val- 
ley surrounded  by  mountains,  where  there 
are  many  vineyards,  17  miles  SE  of  Aux- 
c  re.    Lon.  4  2  E,  lat.  47  39  N. 

A/'oyo?ii  an  ancient,  and  formerly  an 
episcopal  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  and  late  province  of  the 
Isle  of  France.  It  gave  birth  to  the  fa- 
>i. mis  Galvin,  and  is  seated  near  the  Oise, 
22  miles  NW  of  Soissons,  and  60  N  by  E 
of  Paris.    Lon.  3  6  E,  lat.  49  35  N. 

JS'ozeroy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Jura,  and  late  province  of 
Franche-Compte,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  mountain,  20  miles  SE  of  Salines, 
and  30  S  of  Besancon.  Lon.  6  13  E,  lat. 
46  47  N. 

JVubia,  or  Semiar,  a  kingdom  of  Africa, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Egypt,  on  the  E  by 
die  Red  Sea,  on  the  S  by  Abyssinia,  and 
on  she  W  by  Boniott.  The  Nile  runs 
through  it;  on  the  banks  of  which,  and 
vf  the  other  rivers,  it  is  fruitful,  but  in 
other  places  barren,  sandy,  and  destitute 
of  water.  The  inhabitants  make  their 
bread  and  drink  of  a  small  round  seed 
called  doca,  or  seff,  which  is  very  ill 
asicd.  Their  houses  have  mud  walls, 
•  re  very  low,  and  covered  with  reeds. 
The  dress  of  the  better  sort  is  a  vest 
without  sleeves,  and  they  have  no  cover 
ings  for  their  heads,  legs,  and  feet.  The 
common  people  wrap  a  piece  of  linen 
cloth  about  them,  and  tiie  children  go 
quite  naked.  They  are  a  stupid  de- 
bauched people,  but  profess  to  be  Ma- 
hometans. The  productions  of  the  coun- 
try are  gold,  elephant's  teeth,  civet,  and 
sandal-wood;  and  a  great  many  slaves 


N  U  N 


N  U  R 


are  sent  into  Egypt.  The  principal  towns 
known  to  the  Europeans  arc  Daugola  and 
Sennar. 

Nuettiita  Sei<oha-dc-Li-PuS^  a  town  of 
Soatii  Amer.ca,  in  Peru,  and  in  the  au- 
dience of  L  )s  Cliarcas,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, in  a  valley  abounding  with  vines 
and  fruits,  which  begin  to  be  ripe  in  Ja- 
nuary.   Lon.  64  5  \V,  iat.  16  50  S. 

Attest  ra  Senor^'de-ld-Vittoria,  a  town  of 
North  America,  in  the  province  of  Mex- 
ico, on  the  coast  of  the  bay  of  Campcachy, 
and  in  the  province  of  Tabasco.  Lon.  92 
35  W,  lat.  18  0  X. 

JVufva  Segovia,  a  town  of  the  East  In- 
dies, in  the  Isle  of  Luzon,  and  one  of  the 
Philippines,  with  a  bishop's  see.  The 
Portuguese  aleaied,  major  of  the  pro- 
vince, resides  at  this  place.  It  is  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Cagayan. 
Lou.  120  30  E,  lat.  18  59  N. 

JVkdtz,  a  to  wn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy,  famous  for  its  excel- 
lent wines.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  15  miles  S  W  of  Dijon,  and  130 
SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  0  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Numcmcia,  anciently  a  considerable 
town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  celebrated 
for  a  siege  of  14  years  maintained  against 
the  Romans,  who  finally  subdued  and  de- 
stroyed it,  in  the  year  133  B.  C.  The  ru- 
ins of  it  are  still  to  be  seen,  near  the 
head  of  the  river  DoucrOj  four  miles 
above  the  town  of  Soria. 

Nun,  or  Ned  de  .Van,  a  province  of  Af- 
rica, separated  on  the  S  from  the  king- 
dom of  Sus,  by  a  sandy  desert.  The  em- 
peror of  .Morocco  pretends  to  be  sove- 
reign  of  this  country,  but  his  authority 
is  only  nominal.  This  vast,  but  desert 
province,  is  inhabited  by  different  tribes 
of  Arabs,  who  are  scattered  over  every 
part  Capable  of  cultivation. 

Nundgdroog,  a  town  of  the  peninsula 
of  Hiudoostan,  capital  of  a  district,  in 
the  Mysore  country.  Its  fortress  is  bunt 
on  the  summit  of  an  almost  inaccessible 
mountain,  1700  feet  in  height,  but  was 
besieged  and  taken  by  the  English  under 
lord  Cornwallis,  in  1792.  It  is  70  miles  N 
of  Seringapatam. 

Nuneaton,  a  town  in  Warwickshire, 
with  a  market  or.  Saturday,  and  a  manu- 
facture of  woollen  cloth.  It  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  nunnery,  and  is  seated  on 
the  rivjr  Anker,  eight  raises  N  by  E  of 
Coventry,  and  99  NNW  of  London.  Lon. 
1  25  W,  lat.  5236  N. 

Nuneham,  a  village,  five  miles  E  by  S 
of  Oxford ;  remarkable  for  its  Spinning 
Feast,  an  annual  festival,  instituted  by 


lord  and  lady  Harcourt,  for  the  encou- 
ragement of  virtue  and  industry. 

A'/i/my,  a  village  in  Somersetshire,  two 
miles  S\Y"  of  Frome,  with  a  fair  in  No- 
vember. It  is  remarkable  for  an  old  cas- 
tle taken  by  the  parliament's  forces  in 
1645,  the  shell  of  uMiich  is  still  entire, 
and  a  fine  piece  of  antiquity. 

.Wrremburg,  or  Nuremberg)  a  free  impe- 
rial city  of  Germany,  capital  of  the  cir- 
cle of  Franconia,  with  an  university.  It 
is  six  miles  in  circumference,  surround- 
ed by  high  walls,  flunked  with  365  tow- 
ers ;  and  the  river  Pegnitz,  over  which 
are  12  stone  bridges,  runs  through  the 
middle,  and  divides  it  into  two  parts. 
The  government  is  aristocratical ;  and 
the  townsmen  are  divided  into  eight 
quarters,  eight  of  which  has  a  captain. 
The  burgesses  are  very  industrious,  and 
the  best  workmen  in  arts  ;  their  maps 
and  prints  are  in  high  esteem,  as  well  as 
their  musical  and  mathematical  instru- 
ments; nor  are  they  less  curious  in  clock 
work,  and  in  the  several  manufactures 
of  iron,  steel,  ivory,  wood,  and  alabaster. 
The  best  toys  are  made  here,  which  are 
commonly  known  in  England  by  the  name 
of  Dutcli  toys.  Here  is  a  famous  acade- 
my for  painting*,  an  anatomical  theatre, 
and  a  public  library.  The  ancient  and 
superb  castle  or  palace,  which  the  inha- 
bitants bought  of  the  burgraves,  is  still 
standing  at  die  extremity  of  the  city; 
and  the  arsenal  is  one  of  the  best  in  Ger- 
many. The  houses  are  built  of  free-stone, 
and  are  four  or  five  stories  high.  Though 
ill.  ir  religion  is  the  Lutheran,  the  church 
of  the  Holy  Ghost  has  a  variety  of  relics, 
as  also  the  imperial  crown  and  sceptre, 
the  globe  of  the  empire,  the  sword  of  St. 
Maurice,  the  imperial  mantle,  the  white 
robe  of  the  emperors,  called  the  dalma- 
tic, the  golden  surplice,  the  mantle  of 
tlie  choir,  and  the  gloves,  slippers,  and 
hereditary  crown  of  the  emperor  Ro- 
d/dph  II.  Ail  these  rarities  are  placed 
in  a  clu-st,  which  is  suspended  by  a  rope 
in  the  dome,  and  they  are  never  taken 
down  but  at  the  coronation  of  an  empe- 
ror, or  when  any  person  of  high  distinc- 
tion wants  to  see  them.  No  Jews  are  suf- 
fered to  lodge  a  single  night  here ;  nor 
can  they  enter  the  city  at  all  without 
paying  a  certain  lax.  Nuremburg,  in  pro- 
cess of  time,  has  obtained  a  considerable 
territory,  1J0  miles  in  circumference,  in, 
which  fv<t  two  large  forests.  It  is  55 
miles  NW  of  ttatisbon,  62  N  of  Augs- 
burg, and  250  AV  bv  N  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
11  12  E,  lat.  49  27  N. 

Nurtingen,  a  town -of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  k\  the  duchy  of  Wirtem- 
I  "3  P 


N  V  S 


O  B  E 


berg-.  It  is  situated  on  the  Neckar,  14 
miles  SE  of  Stutgard,  and  60  E  of  Stras- 
burg.    Lon.  9  12  R,  lat.  48  33  N. 

A'usserjwur,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan,  ca- 
pital of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  80 
miles  NE  of  Tatta.  Lon.  68  20  E,  lat. 
2  20  N. 

JVuya,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Cologne.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794  :  and  is  seated  on  the 
Erfft,  five  miles  SW  of  Dusseldorf,  and 

20  NW  of  Cologne.  Lon.  6  52  E,  lat. 
51  11  N. 

JVyborg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  isle 
of  Funen,  seated  in  a  commodious  bay. 
It  has  the  remains  of  an  old  palace,  in 
which  Christian  11.  was  born,  and  is  10 
miles  E  of  Odensec.    Lon.  10  40  E,  lat. 

55  30  N. 

Nyland,  a  province  of  Sweden,  in  Fin- 
land, Iving  on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  to  the 
W  of  Carelia. 

Nymburg,  a  strong  town  of  Bohemia, 
seated  on  the  river  Elbe.  The  Saxons 
took  it  by  assault  in  1634.  Lon.  13  26  E, 
lat.  50  8  N. 

J\'yont  a  commercial  town  of  Swisser- 
land  in  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  capital  of  a 
bailiwic  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle. 
Here  are  a  great  many  Koman  inscrip- 
tions, and  it  is  a  trading  place.  It  is 
seated  near  the  lake  of  Geneva,  10  miles 
NNE  of  that  city.    Lon.  6  12  E,  lat.  46 

21  N. 

Nyons,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Drome,  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny,  seated  on  the  river  Aigues, 
over  which  it  has  a  lofty  bridge  of  one 
arch,  the  work  of  the  Romans,  and  a  mi- 
neral spring  named  Pontias,  and  some 
manufactures  of  soap  and  woollen  stuffs. 
It  is  eight  miles  NW  of  Buis.  Lon.  5  15 
E,  lat.  44  26  N. 

Nyslot,  a  strong  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Livonia,  with  a  castle.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Narova,  among  large 
marshes,  20  miles  SW  of  Narva,  and  60 
N  of  Wiburg.    Lon.  29  10  E,  lat.  61 

56  N. 

JVystadt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Finland, 
noted  for  a  peace  concluded  here,  in 
1721,  between  the  emperor  of  Russia, 
and  the  king  of  Sweden,  and  it  is  seated 
on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  55  miles 
NW  of  Abo.  Lon.  31  1  E,  lat.  61  10  N. 

JYysted,  or  JSTyeated,  a  town  of  Denmark, 
in  the  island  of  Laland,  with  a  consider- 
able trade  to  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg 
and  other  places  of  Germanv.  Lon.  11  4 
&}  lat.  54  43  N. 


O 


OAKFV SKEE]  a  river  of  the  United 
States,  sometimes  called  the  Tallapoose. 
It  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and 
after  running  through  the  state  in  a  SW 
course,  it  enters  the  Mississippi  Territo- 
ry. Thence  it  passes  nearly  due  S,  till  it 
joins  the  Coosa,  and  forms"  the  Alibama. 
The  united  streams  are  afterwards  join* 
ed  by  the  Tombigbee,  and  fall  into  the 
bay  of  Mexico,  near  Mobile. 

Oakham,  or  Okeham,  the  county  town 
of  Rutlandshire,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. Near  the  church  remain  the  decay- 
ing walls  of  an  old  castle  ';  and  four  sil- 
ver pennies  of  the  later  Mercian  kings 
were  found  here  in  1749.  It  is  seated  in 
the  centre  of  a  fertile  valley,  called  the 
Vale  of  Catmose,  28  miles  S  by  E  of  Not- 
tingham, and  98  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  46  W,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Oakhampton,  or  Ockhampton,  a  borough 
in  Devonshire,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. It  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  has 
large  remains  of  a  castle,  dismantled  by 
Henry  VIII.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Ock,  24  miles  W  of  Exeter,  and  195  W 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  5  W,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Oakmulgee,  a  river  of  Georgia.  It  is  a 
considerable  stream  which  rises  in  the 
Creek  country,  and  when  joined  by  the 
Oconee,  forms  the  Alatamaha ;  the  latter 
falling  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  between 
M'Intosh  and  Glynn  counties. 

Oaks  Creek.    See  Caniedarago. 

Oban,  a  village  in  Argyleshire,  seated 
on  the  sea-coast,  where  there  is  an  excel- 
lent fishing  station  and  a  custom-house. 

Obdachy  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Stiria,  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  rivers  Achza  and  Traun,  three 
miles  below  the  lake  Chienzee,  and  35  W 
of  Gratz.    Lon.  14  43  E,  lat.  47  3  N. 

Oberkirch,  a  town  and  castle  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Rhine,  and 
late  province  of  Alsace,  lately  belonging 
to  the  archbishop  of  Strasburg,  from 
which  place  it  is  three  miles  distant. 
Lon.  7  50  E,  lat.  48  35 N. 

Obemdorf%  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  in  the  Black  Forest, 
subject  to  the  house  of  Austria.  It  is  di- 
vided into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Town, 
and  seated  on  the  Neckar,  14  miles  N  of 
Rothwell.   Lon.  8  45  E,  lat.  48  22  N. 


OCX 

Obernperg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  the  Inn,  15  miles  S  of 
Passau,  to  whose  bishop  it  belongs.  Lon. 
13  36  E,  lat.  48  15  N. 

Oberstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the 
river  Xahe,  30  miles  E  by  S  of  Treves. 
Lon.  7  26  E,  lat.  49  42  N. 

Oberwesel,  formerly  an  imperial  town 
of  Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  Treves 
taken  by  the  French  in  1794,  and  seated 
on  the  Rhine,  40  miles  ENE  of  Treves. 
Lon.  7  48  E,  lat.  50  1  N. 

Obidosy  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estre- 
madura,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated  on 
a  rock,  38  miles  N  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  9  18 
E,  lat.  39  17  N. 

Obollahy  a  strong  town  of  Persia,  in 
Irac-Agemi,  seated  on  a  branch  of  the 
Tigris,  near  Bussarah.  Lon.  45  15  E, 
lat.  30  15  X. 

Obskaya,  a  bay  of  the  Frozen  Ocean, 
in  Asia.    Lon.  72  25  E,  lat.  70  0  N. 

Obvinslc,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Perm.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Kama,  60  miles  N  of  Perm.  Lon.  56  0  E, 
lat.  58  44  X. 

Oby,  a  river  of  Russia  in  Asia,  which 
rises  in  the  desert  of  Ischimska,  aud  run- 
ning  X  joins  the  Irtysh,  near  Tobolsk, 
and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Obskaya. 

Ocano,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Xew  Cas- 
tile, seated  on  a  plain,  abounding  in  all 
the  necessaries  of  life,  18  miles  E  of  To- 
ledo.   Lon.  2  50  W,  lat.  39  52  X. 

Ochsenfuvt,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  and  in  the  bishopric 
of  Wurtzburg,  seated  on  the  Maine,  10 
miles  SE  of  Wurtzburg.  Lon.  10  10  E, 
lat.  49  35  X. 

Occa,  a  large  river  of  Russia,  which 
falls  into  the  Volga,  near  Xishnei  Xovo- 
gorod. 

Ochsenhausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Suabia,  14  miles  S  of  Ul- 
mi,  and  40  WSW  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10 
HE,  lat.  48  10  X. 

Ocker,  a  river  of  Lower  Saxony,  which 
rises  in  the  S  part  o£  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, runs  by  Goslar,  Wolfenbuttle,  and 
Brunswick,  and  falls  into  the  Aller,  W 
of  Gy  thorn. 

Ocrida.    See  Lochvida. 

Oczakow,  o:  Oczakoff,  a  town  and  for- 
tress, lately  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  but 
now  included  in  the  Russian  government 
of  CatharinenslaC  It  has  been  frequent- 
ly an  object  of  contest  between  the  Turks 
and  the  Russians,  many  thousands  of 
whom  on  botli  sides,  have  fallen  in  the 
different  sieges  it  has  undergone.  It  was 
taken  by  storm  by  the  Russians,  in  1778, 
and  was  confirmed  to  Russia,  by  the  sub- 


O  E  T 

sequent  peace.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Dneiper,  opposite  Kinburn,  50 
miles  W  of  Cherson,  and  190  X  by  E  of 
Constantinople.  Lon.  33  50  E,  lat.  46 
50  X. 

Odensee,  a  considerable  and  ancient 
town  of  Denmark,  capital  of  the  isle  of 
Funen,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
on  a  small  river,  two  miles  from  the  bay 
of  Stegestrand,  and  75  W  of  Copenhagen. 
Lon.  10  17  E,  lat.  55  30  X. 

Oder,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  has 
its  source  near  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
in  Silesia.  It  runs  X  through  Silesia, 
Franckfort,  Lebus,  Custrin,  and  Frin- 
walt,  in  Brandenburg;  and  Gartz,  Ste- 
tin,  Cammin,  Wollin,  Usedom,  and  Wol- 
gast,  in  Pomerania.  Below  Stetin  it 
forms  a  large  lake,  afterwards  falling 
into  the  Baltic  Sea  by  three  mouths  ;  be- 
tween which  lie  the  islands  of  Usedom 
and  Wollin. 

Oder,  a  town  in  the  SW  extremity  of 
Silesia,  at  the  source  of  the  river  Oder, 
16  miles  SW  of  Troppaw.  Lon.  17  30 
E,  lat.  50  46  X. 

Oderberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxon)-,  and  in  the  mid- 
dle Marche  of  Brandenburg,  situated  on 
the  Oder,  35  miles  XE  of  Berlin.  Lon. 
14  15  E,  lat.  52  58  X. 

Odevburg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  seated 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Oder  and  Elsa, 
10  miles  S  of  Ratibor.  Lon.  18  10  E,  lat. 
50  2  X. 

Oder?dieimt  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  the 
Seltz,  20  miles  S  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8  20 
E,  lat.  49  31  X. 

Odihum,  a  corporate  town  in  Hamp- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday,  24 
miles  NE  of  Winchester,  and  42  W  by  S 
of  London.    Lon.  0  56  W,  lat.  51  18  X. 

Oeland,  an  island  of  Sweden,  in  the 
Baltic  Sea,  separated  from  the  coast  of 
Gothland,  by  a  strait  of  10  miles  in 
breadth.  It  is  84  miles  long,  but  not 
more  than  nine  broad,  and  very  fertile. 
Borkbolm  is  the  chief  town.  Lon.  17  5 
E,  lat.  56  44  X. 

Oelfeldt,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Magdeburg,  seated  on  the 
Aller,  25  miles  E  of  Brunswick.  Lon.  11 
20  E,  lat.  52  27  X. 

Oehmitz,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony  in 
the  territory  of  Voigi.land,  seated  on  the 
Elster.    Lon.  12  10  E,  lat.  50  19  X. 

Orsel,  an  island  of  the  Baltic,  on  the 
coast  of  Livonia,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
gulf  of  Riga.  It  is  74  miles  long  and  50 
broad,  and  defended  by  two  forts.  It  for- 
merly belonged  to  Denmark,  but  now  to 
Russia.    Its  capital  is  Arensburgh. 

Oeting,  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  with 


O  H  I 


O  I  R 


an  old  chapel.  It  is  divided  into  the  Up- 
per and  Lower  Town,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Inn,  eight  miles  NW  of  Burkhausen. 
Lon.  12  44  E,  lat.  48  14  X. 

Oeting,  or  Oetingen,  a  town  of  Suabia, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Wirnitz,  12  miles 
NNW  ofDonawert,  and  35  WNW  of-In- 
golstadt.    Lon.  10  40  E,  lat.  48  58  N. 

Ojffia's  Dike,  an  entrenchment  cast  up 
by  Oflfa,  a  Saxon  king;,  to  defend  Eng- 
land against  the  incursions  of  the  Welsh. 
It  runs  through  Herefordshire,  Shrop- 
shire, Montgomeryshire,  Denbighshire, 
and  Flintshire. 

Offanto,  a  river  of  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, which  rises  in  the  Appennincs  ;  pas- 
ses by  Conza  and  Monte  Verde j  sepa- 
rates Capitanata  from  Rasilicata  and 
Terra-di-Bari ;  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  near  Barletta.  It  is  the  ancient 
Aufuihis. 

Offenbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia.  It  surrendered  to 
the  French  in  July  1796,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Maine,  five  miles  E  of  Francfort. 
Lon  8  45  E,  lat.  49  54  N. 

Offenburg,  an  imperial  town  of  Suabia, 
under  the  protection  of  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria. It  is  seated  on  the  Kintzig,  12  miles 
SE  of  Strasburg,  and  28  S  of  Baden.  Lon. 
8  1  E,  lat.  48  31  IS*. 

Ojffida,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marqui- 
sate  of  Ancona,  26  miles  S  of  Loretto. 
Lon.  13  46  E,  lat.  42  53  N. 

Ogeechee,  a  large  river  of  Georgia, 
which  rises  in  the  Apalacluan  mountains, 
and  after  running  through  the  state  near- 
ly in  a  SE  course,  falis  into  the  Atlantic 
near  St.  Helen's  island. 

Ogelthorp,  a  county  of  Georgia,  con- 
taining 12,296  inhabitants  in  1810,  in- 
cluding 5435  slaves.  The  chief  town  is 
Lexington. 

Ongersheim,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
palatinate  of  »he  Rhine  It  has  a  villa  be- 
longing to  the  elector,  and  is  situated 
on  the  Rhine,  four  miles  WNW  of  Mann- 
heim. 

Oheteroa,  an  island  in  the  S  Pacific 
Ocean.  It  is  13  miles  in  circuit,  and  has 
neither  harbour  nor  anchorage.  It  is 
neither  so  populous  nor  fertile  as  the  is- 
lands to  the  N  of  it;  yet  its  manufac- 
tures are  of  a  superior  kind.  The  cloth 
is  of  a  better  die,  and  the  spears  and 
clubs  are  better  cut  and  polished,  and 
the  carving  is  executed  in  abetter  man- 
ner. The  people  are  lusty  and  welt  made, 
and  rather  browner  than  those  of  the  So- 
ciety Islands.  Lon.  150  47  W,  lat.  22 
27  S. 

Oldo,  State  of,  is  one  of  the  United 
States  of  North  America,  containing 


230,760  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  Pennsylvania ;  on  the  N 
by  lake  Erie  ;  on  the  W  by  Indiana  Ter- 
ritory, and  on  the  S  by  the  river  Ohio, 
which  separates  it  from  Virginia.  The 
principal  rivers  are  Muskinghan%  Hock- 
hocking,  Sciota  and  Miami,  which  all 
unite  with  the  Ohio,  and  the  Cayahoga 
that  falls  into  lake  Erie.  It  is  a  well 
timbered  and  rather  a  rlat  country.  The 
soil  in  general  is  excellent.  The  timber 
large  and  in  great  abundance.  The  cli- 
mate, for  the  greater  part,  is  very  heal- 
thy. It  is  divided  into  36  counties.  The 
capital  is  Zanesville. 

Ohio,  a  river  of  North  America,  which 
has  its  source  in  the  Alleghany  mountains, 
and  is  called  the  Alleghany,  till  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Monongaheia  at  Fort  Pitt, 
when  it  first  receives  the  name  of  Ohio. 
It  bounds  the  state  of  Kentucky  :n  its 
whoie  length  :  and  the  only  disadvantage 
jt  has,  is  a  rapid,  one  mile  and  a  half 
long,  in  lat.  38  3  N,  about  400  miles 
from  its  mouth.  In  this  place  the  river 
runs  over  a  rocky  bottom,  above  1000 
yards  broad,  and  the  descent  is  so  gra- 
dual, that  the  fall  does  not  probably  in 
the  whole  exceed  10  feet.  When  the 
stream  is  low,  empty  boats  only  can  pass 
this  rapid;  but,  wheh  high,  boats iof  aqy 
burden  may  pass  in  safety.  The  Ohio 
carries  a  great  uniformity  of  breadth, 
from  400  to  600  yards,  except  the  last 
150  miles,  where  it  is  from  8p0  to  1000 
yards.  After  a  course  of  near  1 200  miles 
from  Pittsburg,  in  which  it  receives  num- 
bers of  large  and  small  rivers,  it  enters 
the  Mississippi  in  iat.  36  43  N. 

Ohiau,  a  town  of  Silesia,  it.  the  prin- 
cipality of  Brieg,  in  whose  neighbour* 
hood  they  cultivate  great  quantities  of 
tobacco.  It  has  a  large  castle- and  is  si- 
tuated on  the  Ohla,  eight  miles  NW  of 
I5rieg,  and  14  SE  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17 
29  E,  lat  50  56  N. 

Qkrdntfi  a  iown  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Goth  a.  It  has  been 
frequently  destroyed  by  fire,  but  has  risen 
again  like  the  phenix  from  its  ashes,  and 
is  now  in  a  very  flourishing  state,  and 
carries  on  considerable  manufactun-s.  17 
is  eight  miles  SSE  of  Gotha,  and  15  s~\v 
of  Erfurt.    Lon.  10  57  E,  Lit  50  55  N. 

Ohringeii,  a  town  of  *ranconia,  34 
miles  ESE  of  Ileidelbefgj  and  33  S  of 
Wertheim.    Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  49  lo  N. 

Oigli,  J,och,  a  lake  in  I'm  ernesshire', 
extending  four  miies  from  E  to  W.  It 
contains  some  little  wooded  islands;  and 
its  waters  flow  through  Loch  Ness  into 
Murray  Frith. 

Oira,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  d*Otranto;  with  a  bishop's  see,  -\  id 


OLE 


OLO 


an  old  castle.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 
the  Appennines,  20  miles  XE  of  Tarento. 
Lon.  17  54  E,  lat.  40  38  X. 

Oisans,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Isere  and  late  province  of 
Datiphiny,  2S  miles  SE  of  Grenoble. 
Beauvais  is  the  capital.  Lon.  6  25  E,  lat. 
45  0  X. 

Oise,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing part  of  the  late  province  of  the  Isle  of 
France. 

Oise,  a  river  which  has  its  source  in 
the  Ardennes,  and  falls  into  the  Seine, 
near  Pontoise..  It  gives  name  to  the  above 
department. 

Okeham.    See  Oakham. 

Okingham,  or  Wokingham,  a  town  in 
Berkshire,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday, 
eight  miles  SE  of  Reading1,  and  32  W  of 
London.    Lon.  0  59  W,  lat.  51  25  X. 

Okotzk,  a  province  of  the  government 
of  Irkutzk,  in  Russia.  Its  capital,  of  the 
same  name,  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Okota,  in  a  bay  of  the  Eastern  Ocean. 

Oldenburg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  The 
church  of  St.  Lambert  contains  the  tombs 
of  the  last  counts  of  Oldenburg,  which 
are  very  curious.  It  is  noted  for  its 
horses  ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Hunta,  22 
miles  W  of  Bremen,  and  45  SE  of  Emb- 
den.    Lon.  8  8  E,  lat.  53  7  X. 

Oldenburg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  seated  near  the 
Baltic,  30  miles  X  of  Lubec  Lon.  10 
47  E,  lat.  54  22  X. 

Oldendorf,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Lunenburg,  seated  on  the 
Wenaw  and  Esca.  Lon.  10  35  E,  lat.  53 
16  X. 

Oldendorf,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  territory  of  Schawenburg,  seated  on 
the  Weser,  28  miles  SW  of  Hanover. 
Lon.  9  31  E,  lat.  52  16  X. 

Oldenzeel,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces in  Overvssel,  30  miles  E  of  De- 
venter.    Lon.  6  57  E,  lat.  52  20  X. 

Oldeslo,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Holstein,  seated  on  the 
'I  rave,  17  miles  W  of  Lubec,  and  25  XE 
of  Hamburg.    Lon.  10  18  E,  lat.  53  52  X. 

Old  Town,  a  post  town  in  Alleghany 
county,  Maryland ;  situated  on  the  X 
side  of  Potomac  river,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  SW  branch,  14  miles  SE  of  Cum- 
berland, and  134  NW  of  Washington. 

Oleron,  an  isle  of  France,  five  miles 
from  tlio  coasts  of  Aunis  and  Saintonge. 
It  is  12  miles  long  and  five  broad  ;  is  po- 
pulous and  fertile,  producing  corn  and 
wine,  and  is  defended  by  a  castle.  It 
contains  about  10  or  12,000  inhabitants, 
and  on  a  headland  is  a  light-house,  and 
on  its  E  side  stands  a  strong  castle.  In 


the  reign  of  Richard  I.  this  island  was 
part  of  the  possession  of  the  crown  of 
England  ;  and  here  that  monarch  com- 
piled the  code  of  maritime  laws,  called 
the,  Laws  of  Oleron,  which  are  received 
by  all  nations  in  Europe,  as  the  ground 
of  all  their  marine  constitutions.  Lon. 
1  20  W,  lat.  46  3  X. 

Oleron,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Pyrenees  and  late 
province  of  ]>earn,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Gave,  10  miles  SW  of 
Pan.    Lon.  0  14  W,  lat.  43  7  X. 

Otesko,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Red  Rus- 
sia, 36  miles  EXE  of  Lemburg.  Lon.  25 
10  E,  lat.  50  23  X. 

Oley,  a  township  of  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  1284  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  8  miles  E 
of  Reading  and  12  NW  of  Pottsgrove  •, 
and  is  watered  by  Mannatawny  creek. 

Olika,  a  town  of  Poland  in  Volhinia, 
with  a  citadel,  20  miles  E  of  Lucko. 
Lon.  26  8E,  lat.  51T5  X. 

Olinda.  a  town  of  Brasil,  seated  on 
the  Atlantic,  with  a  very  good  harbour 
It  was  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  1630,  but 
the  Portuguese  have  since  retaken  it. 
Lon.  35  0  W,  lat.  8  13  S. 

Olita,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Xavarre, 
where  their  kings  formerly  resided.  It 
is  seated  in  a  fertile  countrv,  20  miles  X 
of  Tudela.    Lon.  1  46  W,  lat.  42  22  X. 

O'iva,  a  celebrated  monastery  of  Wes- 
tern Prussia,  three  miles  WofDantzic. 
It  contains  several  tombs  of  the  dukes  of 
Pomerania,  and  is  remarkable  for  the 
peace  concluded  in  1660,  between  the 
emperor  of  Germany  and  the  kings  of 
Sweden  and  Poland. 

Olivenza,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Alentcjo,  seated  near  the  Guadiana, 
13  miles  >S  of  Elvas,  and  40  E  of  Evora. 
Lon.  7  4  W,  lat.  38  30  X. 

Obnedo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, seated  on  the  Adaja,  30  miles  S  of 
Valladolid.    Lon.  4  29  W,  lat.  41  20  X. 

Olmutz,  a  commercial  town  of  Mora- 
via, wjth  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  famous 
university.  It  was  taken  by  the  king  of 
Prussia,  in  1741.  In  1758,  he  besieged 
it  again  ;  but  was  obliged  to  raise  the 
siege.  It  is  seated  on  the  Morava,  80 
miles  X  bv  E  of  Vienna,  and  97  S  of 
Breslaw.    Lon.  17  35  E,  lat.  49  26  X. 

Olney,  a  town  in  Bucks,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Monday,  and  a  considerable  ma- 
nufacture of  bonelace.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Ouse,  12  miles  SE  of  Xorthampton. 
and  56  XXW  of  London.  Lon.  0  54  W, 
lat/32  5  X. 

Olone,  an  island,  town,  castle,  and  har- 
bour of  France,  in  the  department  ot 
Vendee  and  late  province  of  Poitou  39 


OME 

miles  NW  of  Rochelle,  and  258  SW  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  43  W,  lat.  46  30  N. 

Olonetz,  a  government  of  Russia,  in- 
cluded formerly  in  the  government  of 
Novogorod.  In  this  district  are  some 
considerable  iron  works. 

Olonetz,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  a  govern- 
ment of  the  same  name,  famous  for  its 
mines  of  iron,  and  its  mineral  water.  It 
is  situated  on  the  river  Olonza,  which 
falls  into  the  lake  Ladoga.  Lon.  34  20 
E,  lat.  61  26  N. 

Olse,  or  Oelse,  a  strong  and  consider- 
able town  of  Silesia,  with  a  castle,  where 
the  duke  generally  resides.  It  is  17  miles 
NE  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17  26  E,  lat.  51 
19  N. 

Olsonitz,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  territory  of  Voigtland,  seated  on  the 
Elster,  60  miles  SW  of  Dresden.  Lon. 
12  27  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Olten,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capital 
of  a  bailiwic,  in  the  canton  of  Soleure.  It 
is  dependent  on  the  bishop  of  Basle,  and 
is  seated  a  little  to  the  N  of  the  Aar,  be- 
tween Arberg  and  Araw.  Lon.  7  45  E, 
lat.  47  16  N. 

Olympus,  a  mountain  of  Natolia,  one 
of  the  highest  and  most  considerable  in 
all  Asia.  The  ancients  supposed  its  top 
reached  the  heavens  :  and,  from  that  cir- 
cumstance, placed  the  residence  of  the 
gods  there,  and  made  it  the  court  of  Ju- 
piter. There  are  several  mountains  of 
the  same  name. 

Ombrone,  a  river  of  Italy  which  rises 
in  the  Siennese,  and  falls  into  the  Medi- 
terranean. 

Ombrone,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  Sien- 
nese, between  the  river  Ombrone  and 
the  lake  Castigliano,  three  miles  S  of 
prossetto. 

Omegna,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Mi- 
lan, in  the  Novarese,  with  a  castle,  five 
2Tiiles  N  of  Orta. 

Omer,  St.  a  fortified,  large,  and  popu- 
lous town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  straits  of  Calais  and  late  province 
of  Artois.  It  was  anciently  a  village,  cal- 
led Sithieu,  and  owes  its  present  name 
and  importance  to  a  Saint,  who  built  a 
monastery  here  in  the  seventh  centur  . 
It  is  a  fortress  of  considerable  import- 
ance, and  surrounded  on  one  side  with 
a  large  morass ;  and  about  it  there  are 
many  sluices,  which  serve  to  carry  oil 
the  water  when  it  is  overflowed,  and  in 
the  midst  of  the  morass  there  is  a  sort  of 
floating  islands  covered  with  verdure  and 
trees.  '  The  cathedral  was  a  handsome 
Structure,  and  there  were  other'  fine 
buildings,  with  a  rich  Benedictine  ab- 
bey. The  French  became  masters  of  tjn 
place  in  1679.    They  produce  good  pas- 


ONE 

ture  ;  and  the  trees  that  grow  upon  them 
are  kept  low,  that  the  wind  may  not 
have  too  much  power  over  them.  St. 
Omer  is  seated  on  the  A  a,  on  the  side  of 
a  hill,  eight  miles  NW  of  Aire,  and  135 
N  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  20  E,  lat.  54  45  N. 

Ommen,  a  town  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, in  Overyssel,  seated  on  he  Vecht, 
17  miles  NE  of  Deventer.  Lon.  6  10  E, 
lat.  52  32  N. 

Ommenburg,  a  strong  town  of  Germany 
in  the  electorate  of  Mentz,  seated  on  the 
Othern,  nine  miles  SE  of  Marpurg,  and 
45  NE  of  Francfort.  Lon.  9  13  E,  lat. 
50  30  N. 

Ommirabih,  a  river  of  Africa,  which 
rises  in  mount  Atlas,  separates  the  king- 
dom of  Morocco  from  that  of  Fez,  and 
entering  the  Atlantic,  forms  a  capacious 
bay  on  the  E  side  of  Azamor. 

Onano,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  patrimo- 
ny of  St  Peter,  seated  between  Acqua- 
pendente  and  Petigliano,  five  miles  from 
each. 

One,  a  cape  of  Barbary,  in  Africa,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Mulvia. 

Oneeheoiu,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands, 
in  the  N  Pacific  Ocean,  five  or  six  leagues 
W  of  Atooi.  Its  eastern  coast  is  high, 
and  rises  abruptly  from  the  sea,  but  the 
other  parts  of  the  island  consist  of  low 
ground,  except  a  round  bluff' head  on  the 
SE  point.  It  produces  plenty  of  yams, 
and  of  the  sweet  root  called  tee.  Lon. 
161  0  W,  lat.  21  50  N. 

Oneg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Archangel.  It  lies  on  the  lake 
Onega,  near  the  White  Sea,  80  miles  S 
or'  Archangel.  Lon.  37  24  E,  lat.  63  35  N. 

Onega,  a  river  and  lake  of  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Olonetz.  It  is  100 
miles  long  and  40  broad,  and  has  a  com- 
munication with  Lake  Ladoga,  and  con- 
sequently with  Petersburg.  The  river 
gives  its  name  to  a  country  full  of  wood, 
and  falls  into  the  White  Sea. 

Oneglia,  a  principality  of  Italy,  sur- 
rounded by  the  territory  of  Genoa,  but 
subject  to  the  king  of  Sardinia.  It  a- 
bounds  in  olive-trees,  fruits  and  wine. 

Oneglia,  a  seaport  of  Italy,  in  a  prin- 
cipality of  the  same  name.  The  French 
and  Spaniards  had  possession  of  it  in 
1744,  but"  were  driven  from  it  by  the 
Piedmontese.  It  was  taken  by  the  Frenc  h 
in  1794.  It  is  seated  on  a  small  river,  30 
miles  SE  of  Cogni,  and  50  W  by  S  of 
Genoa.    Lon.  7  31  E,  lat,  43  58  .V. 

Oneida,  a  county  in  the  state  of  New 
York,  containing  33,828  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  bounded  N  by  Jefferson,  E 
N  and.  NW  by  Lewis ;  E  again  by  Her- 
kimer, S  and  SW  by  Madison  ;  S*  again 
by  lake  Oneida,  S  and  SW  by  Onondago, 


ON|T 


O  P  O 


and  \V  by  lake  Ontario.  The  principal 
rivers  are  Oswego  and  Black  rivers,  both 
of  which  flow  into  lake  Ontario.  It  is 
divided  into  28  townships  :  the  chief  is 
Paris. 

Oneida,  or  Onondago,  a  lake  of  N  Ame- 
rica, in  the  state  of  New  York.  It  is  20 
miles  W  of  Fort  Stanwix,  and  extends 
westward  about  25  miles,  where  its  outlet, 
the  Onondago  river,  runs  into  Lake  Onta- 
rio, at  Oswego. 

Ongar,  or  Chipping  Ongar,  a  town  in 
Essex,  with  a  market  on  Saturday,  12 
miles  W  of  Chelmsford,  and  21  EXE  of 
London.    Lon.  0  16  E,  lat.  51  43  N. 

Ongole,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Carnatic,  seated  on  a  river  which  falls 
into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  not  far  from  its 
mou.h,  and'is  829  miles  SW  of  Calcutta. 
Lon.  80  5  E,  lat.  15  30  N. 

Onion,  a  river  of  Vermont,  which  rises 
in  Caledonia  county,  and  running  nearly 
in  a  NW  course,  flows  into  lake  Champ- 
laine,  near  Colchester. 

Onondago,  a  lake  and  river,  in  the  state 
of  New  York.  The  river  flows  W  from 
the  lake,  till  it  meets  the  Senega,  when 
its  course  turns  N,  to  Oswego,  where  it 
enters  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  boatable  from 
its  mouth  to  the  head  of  the  lake,  ex- 
cept one  fall  which  causes  a  portage  of 
20  yards.  Towards  the  head  waters  of 
this  river,  salmon  are  caught  in  great 
quantities. 

Onondago,  a  small  post  town  in  Onon- 
dago county,  New  York,  formerly  'be 
seat  of  the  general  council  of  the  Six  Na- 
tions ;  situated  about  ten  miles  S  bv  E 
of  Salt  Lake,  and  60  W  by  S  of  old  Fort 
Schuyler. 

Onore,  a  seaport  of  Canara,  on  the  coast 
of  Malabar,  398  miles  S  by  E  of  Bombay 
Lon.  7445  E,  lat.  14  20  N. 

Onoth,  a  town  of  Hungary*  50  miles  N 
E  of  Buda.    Lon.  19  22  E,"  la..  48  10  N. 

Onntst,  a  small  island  at  the  mouth  of 
the  harbour  of  Batavia,  where  the  Dutch 
build  and  careen  their  ships. 

Onslow,  a  maritime  county  in  ihe  state 
of  North  Carolina,  containing  6,669  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  principally 
between  New  River  and  Cape  Fear  riv;r. 
The  principal  towns  are  Swaftsborongh 
and  Richland. 

Ontario,  a  lake  of  N  America,  situated 
between  71  and  74°  W  lon.  and  41  and 
45°  N  lat.  On  its  SWpart  it  receives  the 
waters  of  Lake  Eiie,  (by  means  of  the 
river  Niagara)  and  near  the  SE  the  Onon- 
dago river*;  and  on  the  NE  its  waters 
enter  th>.  iver  Iroquois.  It  is  600  mites 
in  oircui  nee,  and  abounds  with  fish 
of  an  exc     -  '  flavour,  among  which  are 


the  Oswego  bass,  weighing  three  or  four 
pounds. 

Ontario,  a  county  of  New  York,  con- 
taining 42,026  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
bounded  N  by  lake  Ontario  ;  E  by  Se- 
neca county  and  lake ;  S  by  Steuben  and 
Alleghany  counties  ;  and  W  by  Genessee 
county.  It  abounds  with  small  lakes  and 
rivers.    The  chief  town  is  Bloomfield. 

Oodooanullah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  Bengal,  seated  on  the  W  bank 
of  the  Ganges,  at  the  foot  of  a  chain  of 
hills.  Here  is  an  elegant  bridge  over 
the  Ganges,  built  by  the  Sultan  Sujah, 
famous  for  the  victory  gained  over  Meer 
Cossim,  in  1764,  by  Major  Adams. — 
Oodooanullah  is  82  miles  N  by  W  of 
Moorshedabad.  Lon.  87  55  E,  lat.  24  58  N. 

Oonalaska,  one  of  the  islands  of  the 
Northern  Archipelago,  visited  by  captain 
Cook  in  his  last  voyage.  The  native  in- 
habitants of  this  island  are  to  all  appear- 
ance a  very  peaceable  people,  having 
been  much  polished  by  the  Russians,  who 
now  keep  them  in  a  state  of  subjection. 
As  the  island  furnishes  them  with  sub- 
sistence, so  it  does,  in  some  measure 
with  clothing,  which  is  chiefly  composed 
of  skins.  Fish  and  other  sea  animals, 
birds,  roots,  berries,  and  even  sea-weed, 
compose  their  food.  They  dry  quanti- 
ties of  fish  during  the  summer,  which 
they  lay  up  in  small  huts  for  their  use  in 
winter.  They  did  not  appear  to  be  very 
desirous  of  iron,  nor  to  want  any  other 
instrument  except  sewing  needles,  their 
own  being  formed  of  bone.  With  these 
they  sew  their  canoes,  and  make  their 
clothes,  and  also  work  very  curious  em- 
broidery. They  use,  instead  of  thread, 
the  fibres  of  plants,  which  they  split  to 
the  thickness  required.  All  sewing  is 
pei  formed  by  the  females,  who  are  shoe- 
mikei  s,  tailors,  and  boat-builders.  They 
manufacture  mats,  and  baskets  of  grass, 
\\  h;ch  are  both  strong  and  beautiful  .There 
is,  indeed,  a  neatness  and  perfection  in 
most  of  their  works,  that  shows  that 
they  are  deficient  neither  in  ingenuity 
nor  perseverance.  Lon.  165  0  W,  lat 
53  5  N. 

Ooroop  and  Ooshe  sheer.    See  Kuriles. 

Oostborch,  a  town  and  fort  of  Dutch 
Flanders,  in  the  isle  of  Cadsand,  four 
miles  NE  of  Sluys.  Lon.  3  29  E,  lat.  51 
22  N. 

Oostenby,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  isle 
of  Oelandi  27  miles  S  of  Borkholm. 

Oporto,  or  Porto,  a  flourishing  seaport 
of  Portugal,  in  the  province  of  Entrc- 
Doucro-e-Minho,  with  a  bishops  see.  It 
is  a  place  of  great  importance,  and  by 
nature  almost  impregnable ;  and  is  noted 


ORA 


ORB 


for  its  strong wines,  of  which  large^uan- 
tiiics  ate  exported  lo  England:  whence 
all  red  w  ines  from  Spain  or  Portugal are 
called  Port  w  ines.  It  is  seated  on  the 
declivity  uj>  a  mountain,  near  the  riVer 
Douero,  which  forms  an  excellent  har- 
bour, and  is  147  miles  X  hv  E  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  8  21  W,  lat.  41  10  N.  * 

Oppelen,  a  strong-  town  of  Silesia,  capi- 
tal of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
casttfe.  The  chief  tribunal  of  justice,  and 
the  first  consistory  of  Silesia,  were  set- 
tied  here  in  If 42.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Oder,  in  a  pleasant  plain,  35  miles  SE  of 
Breslaw,  and  40  N  of  Troppaw.  Lon.  17 
50  E,  lat.  50  41  N. 

Oppenlieim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  pf  the  Rhine,  capital  of  a  baili- 
wic  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on 
the  declivity  of  a  hill,  near  the  Rhine, 
eight  miles  S  of  Mentz*  and  12  N  of 
Worms.    Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  49  43  N. 

Oppido,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Ulteriore,  seated  at  the  foot 
of  the  Appenines,  25  miles  NE  of  Reggib. 
Lon.  16  21  E,  lat.  38  19  N. 

Orach,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
"Bosnia,  near  the  river  Drino,  60  miles  S 
W  of  Belgrade. 

Ora?i,  a  strong  and  important  seaport 
in  the  kingdom  of  Algiers,  and  province 
of  Tremesen,  with  several  forts,  and  an 
excellent  harbour  belonging  to  the  Spa- 
niards. It  is  seated  partly  on  the  side  of 
a  hill,  and  partly  in  a  plain,  almost  oppo- 
site to  Carthagena,  in  Spain.  In  1790, 
it  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  no- 
thing1 but  the  exterior  walls  being  left 
standing  ;  and  2000  persons  perished. 
The  bey  of  Mascara,  taking  advantage  of 
the  distressed  state  of  the  Spanish  gar- 
rison, attacked  it  with  a  considerable 
force,  but  was  compelled  to  retire,  after 
three  obstinate  attacks.  It  is  124  miles 
W  by  S  of  Algiers.  Lon.  0  8  \V,  lat. 
35  2  N. 

Orange,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Drome,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Dauphiny,  and  before  the  French 
revolution,  an  episcopal  see.  It  was  an 
important  place  in  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
mans. A  triumphal  arch,  200  paces  from 
the  town,  was  formerly  within  its  limits; 
and  here  arc  also  the  remains  of  a  fine 
amphitheatre,  some  aqueducts,  &.c.  which 
escaped  the  fury  of  the  Goths  and  Sara- 
cens. It  is  seated  in  a  fine  plain,  on  the 
river  Aigues,  12  miles  N  of  Avignon, 
and  50  NE  of  Montpcllier.  Lon.  4  49  E, 
lat.  44  9  N. 

Orange,  a  county  of  North  Carolina, 
containing  20,135  inhabitants  in  1810.  It 
is  a  pretty  mountainous  county,  bounded 


X  by  Caswell,  and  S  by  Guilford, 
chief  town  is  Hillsborough. 

Orange,  a  county  of  Virginia,  contain- 
ing 12,o23  inhabitants  in  1810 ;  more 
than  one  half  slaves.  It  is  sitflated  be- 
tween the  South  mountain  and  the  Blue 
Ridge,  and  is  w  atered  by  the  Rapid  Ann 
river.    Tiie  chief  town  is  Orange. 

Orange,  a  county  of  Vermont,  contain- 
ing 25,247  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  di- 
vided into  20  townships,  the  chief  of 
which  is  Randolj  '. .. 

Orange,  a  mountainous  county  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  containing  34,347  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  between 
Rockland  and  Ulster  counties,  and  joins 
the  state  of  New  Jersey.  The  chief  tow  .  , 
is  G-o.sh.en. 

Orangeburg,  a  county  of  South  Caro- 
lina, containing  13,229  inhabitants  in 
1810  ;  more  than  one  half  slaves.  It  is 
situated  on  the  NE  side  of  Savannah  ri- 
ver, which  separates  it  from  Georgia, 
The  chief  town  Orangeburg. 

Orangeburg,  a  post  town,  the  capital 
of  Orange  county,  South  Carolina,  situa- 
ted on  the  E  side  of  Edisto  river,  about 
70  miles  N\V  of  Charleston,  and  43  S 
E  of  Columbia,  the  present  capital  of 
the  state. 

Onunienbautri,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  du- 
chy of  Ann  alt  Dessau,  six  miles  SE  of 
Dessau. 

Oranienbaum3  a  village  of  Russia,  on 
die  gulf  of  Finland.  Here  is  a  royal  pa- 
lace, built  by  prince  Menzikoff,  after- 
wards converted  into  an  hospital,  then 
into  a  palace  bv  Peter  III.  It  is  20  miles 
W  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  29  26  E,  lat. 
59  52  N.  j 

Orunienburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  in  the 
middle  Marche  of  Brandenburg.  A  co- 
lony of  the  Vaudois,'  was  established 
Ik- re,  in  1699,  who  had  been  driven  from 
their  country  on  account  of  their  reli- 
gion. It  is  situated  on  the  Havel,  18 
miles  N  of  Berlin,  and  28-NXE  of  Pot z- 
dam.    Lon.  13  26  E,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Oratavia,  the  capital  of  TcnerifTe,  one 
of  the  Canary  Islands,  -150  miles  W  of 
the  coast  of  Africa.  Lon.  16  20  W,  lat. 
28  23  X. 

Orbahan,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  between 
Turin  and  Pignerpl.    Lon.  7  30  E,  lat. 

45  2  N. 

Orbe,  an  ancient  town  of  Swisserland, 
in  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  capital  of  the  baili- 
wic  of  Echallens,  admired  by  travellers 
for  its  romantic  situation,  and  the  bold- 
ness of  its  sing1,  arched  bridge,  project- 
ing over  the  Orbe.    It  is  24  miles  W  of 


ORE 


O  R  I 


Fi  iburg,  and  40  W  by  S  of  Bern.  Lon. 
6  43  E,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Orbe,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Mentz.  In  its  vicinity  arc  fu- 
)nous  salt  works.  It  is  26  miles  E  of 
Frankfurt. 

(JrbitcUo,  a  strong:  seaport  of  Tuscany, 
ill  the  Siennese,  defended  by  several 
forts,  and  seated  near  the  Albegna,  58 
miles  S  bv  W  of  Sienne,  and  85  S  of  Flo- 
fence.    Lon.  11  10  E,  lat.  42  18  N. 

Orbre,  a  river  of"  France,  whiclrTiscs 
in  tile  Cevennes,  and  after  watering1. Be- 
ziers,  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Lyons,  five 
miles  below  thi.:  town. 

Orcades.    See  Orkneys. 

Orchies,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  departmenc  of  the  North,  and  late 
province  of  French  Flanders,  14  miles  S 
E  of  Lisle.  Lon.  3  25  E,  lat.  50  28  X. 

Orclulla,  an  island  of  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
80  miles  N  of  the  coast  of  Terra  Firnia, 
and  160  E  bv  S  of  Curracao.  Lon.  65  20 
W,  lat.  12  0X. 

Orchentgni,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
dtlichy  of  Luxemburg,  situated  on  the  ri- 
ver Semoi,  18  miles  N  of  Sedan. 

Ordirtgen,  or  Urdingen,  a  town  of  the 
electorate  of  Cologne,  in  Germany,  11 
miles  X  of  Dusseldorf,  and  32  jSX  W  of 
Cologne. 

Ordunna,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Biscay, 
seated  in  a  valley  surrounded  by  high 
mountains,  20  mifes  SW  of  Bilboa.  Lon. 
3  26  W,  lat.  43  11  X. 

Orebro,  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
Xericia,  in  Sweden  Proper,  well  known 
in  history,  and  is  seated  near  the  W  ex- 
tremity of  the  lake  Rielmar.  Here  are 
manufactures  of  fire-arms,  cloths,  and 
tapestry;  and  it  has  a  considerable  trade 
with  Stockholm,  across  the  lakes  liiel- 
mar and  Maelcr,  by  means  of  the  canal 
of  Arboga  ;  sending  iron,  vitriol,  and  red 
paint  in  particular.  Orebro  is  95  miles 
SW  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  15  12  E,  lat. 
09  12  X. 

Qregvund,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  on  the 
coast  of  Upland,  in  the  gulf  of  Bothnia, 
opposite  the  small  island  of  Ginson,  60 
miles  X  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  18  15  E,  lat. 
60  20  N.  .  * 

Orel,  a  government  of  Russia,  once  a 
province  of  the  government  of  Bielgorod. 

Orel,  capital  of  the  above  government, 
is  seated  on  the  Occa  and  Orel,  207"  miles 
SSW  of  Moscow.  Lon.  35'20  E,  lat.  53  0  N. 

Orellana.    See  Amazon. 

Orenbiirgh,  one  of  the  two  provinces  of 
the  government  of  Ufa,  in  Russia.  The 
inhabitants  carry  on  commerce,  and  exer- 
cise several  trades,  and  have  even  some 
manufactories.  Its'  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  is  seated  on  the  Urel,  formerly 


called  the  Yaik,  480  miles  NE  of  Astra* 
can.    Lon.  55  0  E,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Oren&c,  an  ^ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Galicia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  famous 
for  i;s  hot  baths.  '  It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  on  the  river  Minho,  over 
winch  is  a  bridge  of  one  arch,  47  miles 
BE  of  Compostella.  Lon.  7  36  W,  lat. 
42  19  X.  - 

<hfa,  a  considerable  town  of  Asia,  in 
Diaroeek.  It  formerly  belonged  to  Per- 
sia, but  is  now  in  the  Turkish  dominions, 
and  has  a  good  trade,  particularly  in  car- 
pets of  several  sorts,  some  of  which  are 
made  hi  re.  It  has  a  stately  castle  on  a. 
hill,  and  is  seated  on  the  Euphrates,  83 
miles  XE  of  Aleppo,  and  100  SW  of  Diar* 
bekar.    Lou.  38  20  E,  lat.  36  50  X. 

Orford,  a  seaport  and  borough  in  Suf- 
folk with  a  market  on  Monday.  Lis  said 
10  have  had  twelve  churches,  but  now- 
only  one,  whose  steeple  is  a  sea-mark  ; 
and  near  it  are  the  ruins  of  an  old  cas= 
tie,  a  priory,  and  St.  George's  chapel.  It 
is  seated  on  the  German  Ocean,  between 
two  channels,  18  miles  E  by  X  of  Ips- 
wich, and  88  XE  of  London.  Lon.  1  40 
E,  lat.  52  11  X. 

Orford,  a  post  town  on  the  E  bank  of 
Connecticut  river,  in  Grafton  county, 
New  Hampshire,  at  the  distance  of  18 
miles  X  bv  E  of  Dartmouth  college,  and 
17  S  of  Haverhill.  In  1810  the  township 
contained  1265  inhabitants. 

Orford  JVess,  a  cape  of  England,  On  the 
SE  coast  of  Sussex,  which  is  a  shelter 
for  seamen  when  a  XE  w  ind  blows  hard 
upon  the  shore.  Here  is  a  lighthouse 
erected  for  the  direction  of  ships.  Lon. 
1  6  E,  lat.  52  4  X. 

Qrgavford,  a  village  near  Poole,  in 
Dorsetshire,  noted  for  the  quantity  of  pen* 
nyroyal  produced  in  the  neighbourhood. 

■OrgciZy  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Xew  Castile, 
with  a  castle,  15  miles  S  of  Toledo.  Lon. 
3  22  W,  lat.  39  36  N. 

Orgeiet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Jura,  and  late  province  of 
Franche-Compte,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Valouse,  30  miles  X  bv  E  of  Bourg.  Lon. 
5  39  E,  lat.  46  36  X. 

Orgh-ah,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vine-  of  Granada,  25  miles  S  of  Granada. 
Lon.  3  50  W,  lat.  36  43  X. 

Oria,  a  decayed  town  of  Xaples,  in 
Terra  d'Otrahto,  with  a  citadel,  and  a 
'•ishop's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 
the  Appenines,  40  miles  XW  of  Otranto. 
Lor..  17  48  E,  lat.  40  39  X. 

Orient,  or  Port  IS  Orient,  a  regular  and 
handsome  town  of  France,  in  ihe  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  and  late  province  of 
Bretagne,  bunt  in  1720,  Ly  the  French 
East  India  Company,  who  made  it  the  ex- 
3  Q 


OR  K 


O  RL 


elusive  mart  of  their  commerce.  It  is 
five  miles  S\V  of  Hennebon.  Lon.  3  20 
\V,  lat.  47  46  N. 

Origuela,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia, with  a  bishop's  see,  an  university, 
and  a  citadel  built  on  a  rock.  It  is  seal- 
ed on  the  Segura,  33  miles  N  of  Cartha- 
gena.    Lon.  1  3  W,  lat.  38  10  N. 

Orio,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Guipuscoa, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Orio,  eight  miles 
SW  of  St.  Sebastian.  Lon.  2  19  W,  lat. 
43  23  N. 

Orissa,  a  province  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Bahar 
and  Bengal,  on  the  W  by  Berar,  on  the  S 
by  Golconda,  and  on  the  E  by  the  bay  of 
Bengal,  In  Orissa,  the  district  of  Mid- 
niapour  only,  is  subject  to  the  English  ; 
the  rest  being  entirely  in  the  hands  of 
the  Mahrattas,  and  their  tributaries. 

Oristagni,  an  ancient  town  of  Sardinia, 
with  a  good  harbour,  and  an  archbishop's 
see.  It  is  large,  and  well  fortified,  but 
thinly  inhabited,  on  account  of  the  un 
healthy  air.  It  is  seated  on  the  W  coast, 
on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  42  miles  NW 
of  Cagliari.    Lon.  8  51  E,  lat.  40  2  Ni 

Orkened,  a  town  of  Schonen,  in  Swe- 
den, 24  miles  N  of  Christianstadt.  Lon. 
14  9  E,  lat.  56  48  N. 

Orkney  Islands,  a  cluster  of  islands  to 
the  N  of  Scotland,  from  which  they  are 
separated  by  Pentland  Frith.  They  are 
about  30  in  number  ;  but  many  of  them 
are  uninhabited,  the  greater  part  being 
small,  and  producing  only  pasturage  for 
cattle.  The  principal  islands  are  deno- 
minated by  the  names  of  Mainland,  South 
Ronaldsha,  Swinna,  Flotta,  Copmsha, 
otrupensha,  Stronsa,  Sandr>,  &c.  The  cur- 
rents and  tides  flowing  between  the  is- 
lands are  extremely  rapid  and  dangerous 
Near  an  island  called  Swinna  are  two  great 
whirlpools,  called  the  wells  of  Swinna, 
which  aie  counted  dangerous  by  mariners, 
especially  in  a  calm.  The  largest  of  these 
islands  is  called  Pomona,  in  length  33, 
and  in  breadth  9  miles,  containing  nine 
parish  churches,  and  four  excellent  har- 
bours. The  air  is  moist,  on  account  of 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  sea  ;  and  frost 
and  snow  do  not  Continue  long.  In  some- 
places  the  soil  is  bare  and  mountainous, 
and  in  others  sandy  and  barren;  howrver, 
many  of  the  islands  produce  large  crops 
of  barley  and  oatfr,  but  no  wheat  or  other 
grain,  excepting  what  is  enclosed  in  gar- 
dens. Tlu-se,  when  duly  cultivated,  pro- 
duce all  kinds  of  kit.  hen  herbs  and  roots, 
bringing  even  fruit-trees  to  maturity,  but 
out  of  them,  in  the  open  country,  there 
is  scarce  a  tree  or  shrub  to  be  seen,  ex- 
cept juniper,  wild  myrtle,  heath,  and  the 
cyurhoden.   The  Orkneys  produce  great 


variety  of  herbs  and  berries,  grass  and 
corn,  which  last  is  exported  as  far  as 
Edinburgh.  In  some  of  the  islands,  the 
natives  have  discovered  mines  of  tin, 
lead,  and  silver,  though  none  of  them  are 
wrought  to  any  advantage  ;  in  others  we 
find  abundance  of  marl,  grey  and  red 
slate,  quarries  of  free-stone,  and  even  of 
marble  and  alabaster.  Besides  the  abun- 
dance of  little  horses,  black  cattle,  sheep, 
swine,  and  rabbits,  the  inhabitants  of  thu; 
Orkneys  rear  all  sorts  of  domestic  ani- 
mals and  tame  poultry.  The  gentry  of 
the  Orkneys  are  civilized,  polite,  and 
hospitable  ;  and  live  like  those  of  Scot- 
land, from  whom  they  are  chiefly  de- 
scended. They  live  comfortably,  are  re- 
markably courteous  to  strangers,  and 
drink  a  great  quantity  of  wine,  with 
which  their  cellars  are  generally  well 
stored.  The  people  of  Orkney  export 
annually  great  numbers  of  black  cattle, 
swine,  and  sheep  ;  together  with  large 
quantities  of  corn,  butter,  tallow,  salt, 
and  stuffs  made  in  the  country,  over  and 
..hove  the  skins  of  seals,  otters,  lambs 
and  rabbits,  down,  feathers,  writing- 
quills,  hams,  kelp  and  wool.  In  the  Ork- 
ney Islands  they  see  to  read  at  midnight 
in  June  and  July  ;  and  during  four  of  the 
summer  months  they  have  frequent  com- 
munications, both  for  business  and  cu- 
riosity, with  each  other,  and  with  the 
continent :  the  rest  of  the  year,  however, 
they  are  almost  inaccessible,  through 
fogs,  darkness,  and  storms. 

Qrlamwid,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  belonging  to  the  duke  of  Saxe- 
Gotha.  It  is  seated  on  the  Sala,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  Oria,  50  miles  SW  of 
Leipsick.    Lon.  11  24  E,  lat.  50  53  N.  , 

Orlando,  a  cape  on  the  N  coast  of  Sici- 
lv,  15  miles  \V  by  N  of  Patti.  Lon.  15  4 
E,  lat.  38  14  N. 

Orleanois,  a  late  province  of  France, 
now  forming  the  department  of  Loiret. 
It  is  divided  by  the  river  Loire  into  the 
Upper  and  Lower,  and  is  a  very  plentiful 
country. 

Orleans,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  ca- 
pital of  the  department  of  Loiret,  and 
late  province  of  Orleanois,  with  an  epis- 
copal see.  It  stands  about  20  leagues  S  of 
Paris,  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Loire; 
across  which  there  is  an  elegant  bridge 
<if  nine  archexS,  the  entrance  by  which  is 
exceedingly  noble  and  striking,  the  street 
which  leads  from  it  being  composed  of 
most  elegant  modern  buildings.  In  gene- 
ral, however,  excepting  this  street,  it  is 
very  meanly  built  ;  the  streets  are  nar- 
row, and  the  inhabitants  in  general  poor. 
1  is  surrounded  with  walls,  and  fortified 
with  40  towers.    The  streets  almost  all 


1 


ORM 

terminate  at  the  quay  for  the  conveni-- 
ence  of  trade.  It  is  a  place  of  consider- 
able magnitude  ;  and  before  the  revolu- 
tion had  several  inferior  courts  of  justice, 
and  an  university  of  no  great  repute.  It 
was  also  a  bishop's  see  ;  and  the  cathe- 
dral is  a  most  superb  Gothic  structure, 
and  had  the  finest  steeple  in  France  till 
it  was  damaged  in  the  time  of  the  civil 
wars.  There  were  22  parishes  in  it,  and 
a  gieat  number  of  churches,  some  of 
which  were  collegiate,  and  religious 
houses.  There  is  also  a  public  walk, 
planted  with  several  rows  of  trees  ;  and 
there  used  to  be  some  sugar  bakers  ;  a 
manufacture  of  stockings  and  sheep  skins; 
a  seminary  in  which  divinity  was  taught ; 
a  great  trade  in  brandy,  wine,  spices  and 
several  manufactures,  which  with  many 
other  commodities  used  to  be  conveyed 
to  Paris  by  means  of  the  Loire,  and  the 
canal  which  takes  its  name  from  the  city. 
Under  the  sons  of  Clovis,  it  was  the  ca- 
pital of  a  kingdom.  It  stood  a  memor- 
able siege  in  1428,  against  the  English, 
which  was  raised  by  the  celebrated  Joan 
of  Arc,  called  the  Maid  of  Orleans.  Near 
the  city  is  a  forest  containing  100,000 
acres,  planted  with  oak  and  other  valu- 
able trees.  Orleans  is  30  miles  NE  o< 
lilois,  and  60  SSW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  59 
E,  lat.  47  54  N. 

Orleans,  Canal  of,  which  is  about  48 
miles  long,  commences  at  the  river  Loire, 
two  miles  above  the  city,  crosses  the  fo- 
rest of  Orleans,  and  terminates  in  the 
Loing,  which  falls  into  the  Seine.  It  was 
finished  in  1682,  and  has  SO  locks  in  its 
course. 

Orleans,  an  island  and  town  of  North 
America,  a  litjtlc  to  the  E  of  Quebec. 
Lon.  69  50  W,  lat.  47  0  N. 

Orleans,  a  county  of  Vermont,  con- 
taining 5838  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
bounded  E  by  Essex  and  Caledonia,  S  by 
Chittenden,  W  by  Franklin,  and  N  by 
Canada.    The  chief  town  in  Morriston. 

Orleans,  JYV™,  a  city  of  North  Ame- 
rica, capital  of  Louisiana,  built  during 
the  regency  of  *he  duke  of  Orleans.  In 
1788  seven  eighths  of  this  city  were  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  It  is  seated  on  the  E  side 
of  the  Mississippi,  105  miles  from  its 
mouth.    Lon.  89  53  W,  lat.  30  2  N. 

Orleans,  a  post  town  in  Barnstable 
county,  Massachusetts;  situated  on  a 
small  peninsula,  between  Eastham  and 
Chatham,  containing  1248  inhabitants. 

Orlenga,  a  small  town  of  Russia.  It  is 
situated  in  the  government  of  Irkutsk,  on" 
the  Lena,  232  miles  N  of  Irkutsk.  Lon. 
105  40  E,  lat.  56  0  N. 

Ormea,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  county 


O  R  O 

of  Asti,  taken  by  the  French  in  1794.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Tanaro,  .10  miles  S  of 
Cev;,r.    Lon.  8  9  E,  lat.  44  16  N. 

Ormond,  the  northern  division  of  the 
county- of  Tipperary  in  In  land. 

Ormskirk,  a  town  in  Lancashire  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  near  the 
river  Douglas,  30  miles  S  of  Lancaster, 
and  206  N\W  of  London.  Lon.  3  3  W, 
lat.  53  37  N. 

Ormus,  a  small  island  of  Asia,  in  a 
strait  of  the  same  name,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  nine  miles  S  pi* 
Gombroon.  It  was  taken  in  1507  by  the 
Portuguese,  who  fortified  it ;  and  it  was 
afterward  frequented  by  a  number  of  rich 
merchants.  In  1622,  the  Persians,  by 
the  assistance  of  the  English,  conquered 
'his  place,  and  demolished  the  houses, 
which  were  4000  in  number,  containing 
40,000  inhabitants.  Some  time  after,  the 
Persians  rebuilt  the  fort,  and  placed  a 
garrison  in  it ;  but  they  could  never 
bring  it  to  be  a  place  of  trade  as  before  ; 
however  it  is  'he  key  of  the  gulf  of  Per. 
sia,  on  account  of  the  commodiousness 
of  the  harbour.  It  is  almost  deserted  ; 
for  it  produces  nothing  but  salt,  which 
sometimes  is  two  inches  deep  upon  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  Lon.  56  25  E,  lat. 
27  20  N. 

Ormvah,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Per- 
sia, seated  in  the  province  of  Tauris,  120 
miles  SW  of  Tauris. 

Onians,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Doubs  and  late  province  of 
Franche  Comte.  In  its  vicinity  is  a  well, 
the  same  as  that  of  Vesoul,  which,  du- 
ring the  time  of  great  rains,  overflows 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  inundate  the  ad- 
jacent country ;  and  fishes  that  it  dis- 
g-orges  are  called  timbres.  Ornans  in  seat- 
ed on  the  Louvre,  eight  miles  SE  of  Ue- 
sancon.  , 

Onie,  a  river  of  France,  in  the  late 
province  of  Normandy,  which  has  its 
source  at  the  v  illage  Aunon,  and  falls  in- 
to the  sea  eight  miles  below  Caen. 

Orne,  a  department  of  France,  which 
includes  the  late  province  of  Perche  and 
part  of  that  of  Normandy.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  river,  which  falls  into  the 
English  channel  eight  miles  below  Caen. 
The  capital  is  Alencon. 

Oronoko,  a  river  of  South  America, 
which  rises  in  Popayan,  and  after  a 
course  of  1380  leagues,  enters  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  in  9  N  lat.  where  its  impetu- 
osity is  so  great  that  it  stems  the  most 
powerful  tides,  and  preserves  the  fresh- 
ness of  its  waters  to  the  distance  of  12 
leagues  out  i  t  sea. 

Oronsa,  a  small  fertile  island  of  Scot- 


OR  V 

land,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  seven  miles 
W  of  Jura.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  ab- 
bey, with  many  sepulchral  statues,  and 
some  curious  ancient  sculpture. 

Oropesa,  a  town  of  Spain  in  New  Cas- 
tile, 22  miles  E  of  Placentia,  and  50  W 
of  Toledo.    Lon.  4  36  W,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Oropesa,  a  town  of  Peru,  seated  at  the 
foot  ot  the  mountains,  150  miles  NE  of 
Potosi.    Lon.  63  30  W,  lat.  18  0  S. 

Orr,  a  river  in  Kircudbrightshire,  Scot- 
land, which  rises  near  New  Galloway, 
waters  the  town  of  Orr,  and  enters  the 
Solway  Frith. 

Orrington,  a  town  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Penobscot  river,  in  Hancock 
county,  Maine.  It  has  1341  inhabitants, 
and  a  post  office,  30  miles  N  of  Castine. 

Orsova,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in 
the  bannat  of  Temcswar.  It  is  seated  on 
the  .N  side  of  the  Danube,  almost  oppo- 
site Belgrade,  and  is  subject  to  the 
Turks.    Lon.  22  0  E,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Orsoy,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  circle 
of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of  Cleves, 
belonging  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  It  is 
20  miles  SE  of  Cleves.  Lon.  6  43  E,  lat. 
51  28  N. 

Orta,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  seated  on  the 
Tiber,  10  miles  E  of  Viterbo,  and  30  N 
of  Rome.    Lon.  12  37  W,  lat.  42  22  N . 

Orta,  a  town  of  Italy  in  tiie  kingdom 
of  Naples,  and  in  the  province  of  Capi- 
tanata,  11  miles  NNE  of  Ascoh. 

Ortegal,  a  cape  and  castle  on  the  N 
coast  of  Galicia,  in  Spain.  30  miles  NNE 
Of  Ferrol.    Lon.  7  39  W,  lat.  43  46  N. 

Ortenbvrg,  a  town  of  Germany  in -the 
circle  of  Austria,  seated  on  the  S  bank 
of  the  Drave,  opposite  its  confluence  with 
the  Liser.    Lon.  13  38  E,  lat.  46  52  N. 

Orthez,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Pyrenees  and  late 
province  of  B>  am,  seated  on  the  declivi- 
ty of  a  hill,  near  the  river  Gave  de  Pan, 
17  miles  SW  of  Pau.  Lon.  0  24  W,  lat. 
43  5  N. 

Qrton,  a  town  in  Westmoreland,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday,  12  miles  SW  of 
Appleby  and  271  NNW  of  London.  Lon. 
2  40  W,  lat.  54  28  N. 

Ortza,  a  town  of  Poland  in  Lithuania, 
in  the  palatinate  of  Witepsk.  It  is  de- 
fended by  a  castle,  and  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Oresa  and  Dnieper,  50 
miles  W  of  Smolensko.  Lon.  31  5  E,  lat. 
54  45  N. 

Orvieio,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  with  a  mag- 
nificent palace,  capital  of  a  territory  of 
the  same  name.  In  this  place  is  a  deep 
w  ell,  into  which  mules  descend,  by  one 


O  S  N 

pair  of  stairs,  to  fetch  up  water,  and  as- 
cend by  another.  It  is  seated  on  a  crag- 
gy rock,  near  the  confluence  of  the  ri- 
vers Paglia  and  Chiuna,  20  miles  NW  of 
Viterbo,  and  50  N  by  W  of  Rome.  Lon. 
12  20  E,  lat.  42  42  N. 

Orwell,  a  river  in  Suffolk,  which  runs 
SE  by  Ipswich,  and  uniting  with  the 
Stour,  forms  the  fine  harbour  of  Har- 
wich. Above  Ipswich  it  is  called  the 
Gipping. 

Orvjcll,  a  post  town  in  Rutland  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  lying  on  the  E  side  of  lake 
Champlaine,  35  miles  NW  of  Rutland. 

Osaca,  a  large,  populous,  and  com- 
mercial town  of  the  island  of  Niphon,  in 
Japan,  with  a  magnificent  castle,  and  a 
fine  populous  harbour.  The  hours  of  the 
night  are  proclaimed  by  the  sound  of 
different  instruments  of  music.  Lon.  133 
45  E,  lat.  35  20  N. 

.  Osero,  or  Osoro,  an  island  in  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  belonging  to  the  Venetians, 
having  that  of  Cherso  to  the  N,  to  which 
it  is  joined  by  a  bridge.  The  capital  is 
of  the  same  name.    Lon.  15  30  E,  lat. 

45  o  Nr. 

Osey,  an  island  in  Blackwater  Bay, 
near  Maiden,  in  Essex  ;  it  abounds  with 
wild  fowl  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year, 
where  the  coal  ships  for  Maiden  unload 
their  cargoes. 

Osimo,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
marquisate  of  Ancona,  with  a  rich  bi- 
shop's see,  and  a  magnificent  episcopal 
palace.  It  is  seated  on  the  Musone,  10 
miles  S  of  Ancona,  and  110  NE  of  Rome. 
Lon.  13  34  E,  lat.  43  29  N. 

Osma,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  of 
Spain  in  Old  Castile,  with  a  university. 
It  is  almost  gone  to  ruin,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Douero,  80  miles  N  by  E  of  Ma- 
drid.   Lon.  2  12  W,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Osnaburg,  a  bishopric  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Westphalia,  40  miles  long 
and  30  broad.  It  is  remarkably  that  this 
bishopric  is  possessed  by  the  papists, 
and  protestants  alternately,  according  to 
the  treaty  of  Westphalia.  The  protes- 
tant  bishop  is  always  chosen  by  the 
house  of  Brunswick  Lunenburg,  and  the 
catholic  by  the  papists.  The  present  bi- 
sliop  is  frederick  duke  of  York,  second 
son  of  the  king  of  Great  Britain:  The 
inspection  and  administration  of  ecclesi- 
astical affairs,  however,  belong  to  the 
elector  of  Cologne,  as  metropolitan. 

Osnaburg,  a  rich  city  of  Germany,  ca- 
pital of  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  university  and  a  castle.  It  is  re- 
markable for  a  treaty  of  peace,  conclud- 
ed between  Germany  and  Sweden,  in 
1648,  in  favour  of  the  protestar.t  religion, 


OST 


O  S  W 


The  protestants  have  two  of  the  churches. 
The  beer  of  this  place  is  highly  esteemed 
in  Germany.  It  is  seated  on  the  Haze, 
35  miles  NE  of  Munster,  and  75  W  of 
Handver.    Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Osnaburg,  an  island  in  the  S  Pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  and  named  by  captain 
Wall  is,  in  1767.  It  is  called  Miatea  by 
the  natives.  Lon.  147  30  W,  lat.  17  51  S. 

Osorno,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Chili,  seated  on  Rio-Buena,  in  a  territo- 
ry where  there  are  mines  of  gold,  80 
miles  S  of  Baldivia.  Lon.  73  20  W,  lat. 
40  58  S. 

Ossetia,  the  country  of  the  Ossi  or 
Osseti,  one  of  the  seven  Caucasian  na- 
tions between  the  Black  Sea  and  the. 
Caspian  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Great 
Cabarda,  on  the  E  by  the  Lesguis  Tar- 
tars, and  on  the  S  and  W  by  Imeritia.  It 
contains  19  districts,  of  which  one  is 
subject  to  Imeritia,  and  the  others  to 
Georgia.  These  districts  are  of  very  un- 
equal size  ;  some  containing  only  five, 
and  others  50  villages,  each  of  which 
comprises  from  20  to  100  families.  Their 
language  has  some  analogy  with  that  of 
the  Persians.  Their  history  is  entirely 
unknown.  The  Circassians  and  Tartars 
call  them  Kusha,  that  is  bones. 

Ossippee,  a  township  of  Strafford  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  containing  1205  in- 
habitants in  1810. 

Ossory,  the  western  division  of  Queen's 
County,  in  Ireland. 

Ossww,  an  ancient  and  considerable 
town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  uni- 
versity, an  hospital,  40  miles  E  of  Se- 
ville.   Lon.  4  31  W,  lat.  37  24  N. 

Ostagio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Genoa,  15  miles  XW  of  Genoa. 
Lon.  8  31  E,  lat.  44  36  N. 

Ostalvic,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia. 
It  had  a  strong  castle,  taken  by  the 
French,  and  demolished  in  1695.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Tordera,  28  miles- NE  of 
Barcelona.    Lon.  2  55  E,  lat.  41  41  N. 

Ostend,  a  fortified  seaport  of  Austrian 
Flanders,  famous  for  the  long  siege  it 
sustained  against  the  Spaniards,  from 
July  5,  1601,  to  September  22,  1604, 
when  it  surrendered  by  an  honourable 
capitulation.  In  this  siege  the  Dutch 
lost  50,000,  and  the  Spaniards  80,000 
men.  Upon  the  death  of  Charles  II.  king 
of  Spain,  the  French  seized  Ostend,  but 
it  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  allies 
after  the  battle  of  Ramillies  in  1706.  The 
emperor  Charles  VI.  had  formed  a  scheme 
of  establishing  an  East  India  company 
here ;  but  this  giving  umbrage  to  the 
maritime  powers,  it  was  laid  aside.  Os- 
tend was  taken  by  the  French  in  1745, 
but  was  restored  to  the  house  of  Austria 


by  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  in  1748. 
In  the  last  war  as  a  neutral  port  it  be- 
came a  great  mart  for  trade  ;  and  it  was 
greatly  augmented  both  in  population 
and  buildings.  In  1792,  the  French  once 
more  took  Ostend,  which  they  were  com- 
pelled to  evacuate  in  1793,  when  it  was 
garrisoned  by  British  troops.  It  was 
again  taken  by  them  in  1794.  Ostend  is 
seated  among  a  number  of  canals,  and  is 
almost  surrounded  by  two  of  the  largest 
of  them,  into  which  ships  of  great  bur- 
den may  enter  with  the  tide.  A  secret 
expedition  was  sent  out  by  the  British 
government  for  the  purpose  of  destroying 
one  of  these  canals  in  1797 ;  after  effect- 
ing their  purpose  they  were  all  taken 
prisoners.  It  is  10  miles  W  of  Bruges, 
22  NE  of  Dunkirk,  and  60  NYV  of  Brus- 
sels.   Lon.  3  1  E,  lat.  51  14  N. 

Osterode,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Grubenhagen,  noted 
for  a  manufacture  of  woollen  stuffs.  It 
has  likewise  a  magazine  of  corn  for  the 
miners  of  Hartz  forest,  to  whom  it  is  de- 
livered at  a  fixed  price.  It  is  16  miles 
S  W  of  Goslar.  Lon.  10  33  E,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Osterrode,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the 
province  of  Oberland,  situated  on  the 
Dribentz.  It  has  an  ancient  castle,  and 
is  65  miles  SE  of  Dantzic,  and  70  SS^ 
of  Koningsberg. 

Ostenvieck,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  principality 
of  Halberstadt. ,  It  carries  on  consider- 
able manufactures  in  woollen  stuffs,  and 
is  situated  on  the  Use,  13  miles  W  of 
Halberstadt,  and  15  miles  NE  of  Goslar. 
Lon.  10  52  E,  lat.  52  10N. 

Ostia,  a  once  celebrated  but  decayed 
seaport  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Roma, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  with  a 
bishop's  sec  !  the  harbour  is  choaked  up. 
FUs  12  miles  SW  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  24 
E,  lat.  41  44  N. 

Ostiglia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Mantua,  seated  on  t-he  Po,  15  miles  E 
Of  Mantua.    Lon.  11  8  E,  lat.  45  7  N. 

O'stinghausen,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
the  circle  of  Westphalia,  situated  on  the 
Alst,  eight  miles  W  of  Lipstadt. 

Ostrogothia,  the  eastern  part  of  Goth- 
land,  in  Sweden. 

O stunt,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
d'Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  16  miles  N\V  of  Brindici,  and 
24  NE  of  Tarento.  Lon.  17  59  E,  lat.  40 
51  X. 

Oswald,  St.  a  village  in  Northumber- 
land, on  the  Picts'  wall  N  of  Hexham. 
Here  Oswald,  who  was  afterwards  saint- 
ed, set  up  the  first  cross  in  the  kingdom 
of  Northumberland, 


O  T  A 


OTA 


Osivcgo,  a  post  town  and  fortress  in 
Tioga  county,  New  York;  situa'.ed  on 
the  SE  side  of  lake  Ontario,  at  the  mouth 
of  Oswego  river,  and  156  mil(  s  \V  by  N 
of  Albany.  This  fort  was  built  by  the 
English,  to  protect  their  trade  with  the 
native  tribes;  taken  from  them  by  ?!hj 
French  in  1755  ;  retaken  by  the  English 
in  1756  ;  and  ceded  to  the  Americans,  at 
the  peace  of  1783. 

OwvegOy  a  river  of  tlie  United  StaVs, 
which  divides  Oneida  and  Onondago 
counties  in  the  state  of  New  York,  r.ud 
flows  into  lake  Ontario  at  the  town  of 
Oswego. 

Os-tveiczen,  a  town  of  Poland,  m  the 
palatinate  of  Cracovia.  It  has  a  great 
trade  in  salt,  and  is  seated  on  the  Yis- 
tula,  15  miles  SYV  of  Cracow.  Lon.  19 
44  E,  lat.  59  0  N. 

Oswesti-y,  a  corporate  town  in  Shrop- 
shire with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  1'. 
had  a  wall,  and  a  castle  long  ago  demo- 
lished ,  and  has  some  trade  from  Wales 
in  flannels.  It.  is  18  miles  NW  of  Shrews- 
bury-, and  174  of  London.  Lon.  3  3  W, 
|at.  52  52  N. 

Osyth,  St.  a  village  in  Essex  ;  here  are 
the  remains  of  an  ancient  monastery, 
now  the  seat  of  the  earl  of  RochforcJ.  It 
is  situated  near  the  sea,  nine  miles  SE  of 
Colchester. 

Opaha,  one  of  the  Society  islands,  in 
the  S  Pacific  Ocean.  It  lies  N  of  Ulilea; 
and  is  divided  from  it  by  a  strait,  which, 
in  the  narrowest  part,  is  not  more  than 
two  miles  broad.  This  island  is  smaller 
and  more  barren  than  Ulitea,  but  has 
two  very  good  harbours. 

Otaheite,  one  of  the  Society  Islands, 
in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  in  18  deg 
S  lat.  and  150  deg.  W  lon.  and  fi'st  dis- 
covered by  captain  Wallis  in  1767,  wh 
called  it  George  the  Third's  Island.  M. 
de  Bougainville  next  arrived  at  it  in  Apr  .  I 
1768,  and  staid  ten  days.  Captain  Cool: 
came  hither,  in  1769,  to  observe  th> 
transit  of  Venus  :  sailed  round  the  whole' 
island  in  a  boat,  and  staid  three  monihs. 
It  has  since  been  visited  twice  by;that 
celebrated  navigator.  It  consists  of  two 
peninsulas,  great  part  of  which  is  cover 
ed  with  woods,  consisting  partly  ol 
bread-fruit  trees,  palms,  cocoa-nut  trees, 
plantains,  bananas,  mulberries,  sugar- 
canes,  and  others  peculiar  to  the  efimate\ 
particularly  a  kind  of  pineapple  and  t  in 
dragon-tree.  The  people  have  mild  fea 
lures,  and  a  pleasing  countenance.  Tho 
are  about  the  ordinary  size  of  Europeans, 
of  a  pale  mahogany  brown,  with  fire, 
black  hair  and  eyes,  and  weai  a  piece  <  I 
cloth  round  their  middle  of  their  ow: 
manufacture,  and  another  wrapped  about 


'  the  head,  in  various  picturesque  shapes, 
like  a  turban.  The  women  who  are  far 
from  being  ugly  and  unhandsome,  wear 
a  piece  of  cloth,  with  a  hole  in  the  mid- 
|  die,  through  which  they  pass  their  heads, 
j  so  that  one  part  of  the  garment  hangs 
down  behind,  and  the  other  before,  to 
the  knees  ;  a  fine  white  cloth,  like  mus- 
lin, passes  over  this  in  various  elegant 
turns  round  the  body,  a  little  below  the 
breasts  forming  a  kind  of  tunic,  of  which 
one  turn  sometimes  falls  gracefully  across 
the  shoulder,  liodi  sexes  are  adorned, 
or  rather  disfigured,  by  those  black 
stains,  occasioned  by  puncturing  the 
skin,  and  rubbing-  a  black  colour  into 
the  wounds.  The  birds  most  common 
are  two  sorts  of  parroqviets,  one  of  a 
beautiful  sapphirine  blue,  another  of  a 
greenish  colour,  with  a  few  red  spots  ;  a 
king's  fisher,  of  a  dark  green,  with  a 
collar  of  the  same  hue  round  his  white 
throat ;  a  large  cuckoo ;  several  sorts  of 
pigeons  or  doves  ;  and  a  bluish  heron. 
The  only  quadrupeds  found  on  the  island 
are  hogs,  dogs,  and  rats,  which  are  suf- 
fered to  run  about  at  pleasure.  Their 
houses  consist  only  of  a  roof,  thatched 
with  the  long  prickly  leaves  of  the  palm- 
nut  tree,  and  supported  by  a  few  pillars 
made  of  the  bread-fruit  tree.  As  a  roof 
is  sufficient  to  shelter  the  natives  from 
rains  and  nightly  dews,  and  as  the  cli- 
mate is  one  of  the  happiest  in  the  world, 
die  houses  have  seldom  any  walls,  but 
are  open  on  all  sides.  Their  cloth  is 
made  of  the  fibrous  bark  of  the  mulberry 
tree,  which  is  beaten  with  a  kind  of  mal- 
let :  and  a  gdue,  made  of  the  hibiscus 
csculentus,  is  employed  to  make  the 
pieces  of  bark  cohere.  Some  of  these 
pieces  are  two  or  three  yards  wide,  and 
50  yards  long.  Though  the  natives  far 
•xce.l  most  of  the  Americans  in  the 
knowledge  and  practice  of  the  arts  of 
ngenui'y,  yet  they  had  not  invented  any 
method  of, boiling  water;  and  having  no 
vessel  that  could  bear  the  fire,  they  had 
no  more  idea  that  water  could  be  made 
hot,  than  that  it  could  be  made  solid. 
Long  nails  on  the  fingers  are  a  mark  of 
distinction  amo-.g  them,  as  among  the 
Chinese  ;  for  they  imply  that  such  per- 
sons only  as  have  no  occasion  to  work, 
could  suffer  them  to  grow  to  that  length. 
The  two  sexes  here  eat  separately,  as  in 
inany  other  countries.  Their  provisions 
are  chiefly  fish,  pork,  cocoa-nuts,  bread- 
fruit and  banana's  ;  and  they  employ  sea- 
•.vater  as  a  sauce  both  to  fish  and  pork. 
Nothing  can    exceed  their   agility  in 

■  -mming,  diving,  and  climbing  trees. 

fr,  pi  ster  is  lav:sh  in  his  praises  of  the 
gentleness,  good  nature,  and  hospitality 


OTT 


O  U  D 


of  this  people  ;  and  also  of  the  beauty, 
elegance,  and  gracefulness  of  the  air, 
features  and  persons  of  many  of  them, 
especially  of  the  better  sort ;  to  whose 
voyage,  and  Captain  Cook's,  in  the  En- 
deavour, compiled  by  Dr.  Hakesworth, 
we  must  refer  the  reader,  as  well  as  to 
the  account  of  Captain  Cook's  last  voy- 
age, published  in  1785,  for  a  more  par- 
ticular account  of  their  dress,  dwellings, 
food,  domestic  amusements,  navigation, 
diseases,  religion,  funeral  rites,  wars, 
weapons,  and  government. 

Otleij,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  cf  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Wharf,  under  a  high  crag- 
gy cliff,  25  miles  W  of  York,  and  202  N 
N  YV  of  London.  Lon.  1  48  W,  hit.  53  54  N. 

O toque,  an  island  of  South  America, 
in  the  bay  of  Panama.  Lon.  81  10  W,  lat. 

Otranto,  or  Terra  TfOtranto,  a  province 
of  Naples,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Terra- 
di-Bari  and  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  E 
by  the  same  gulf,  and  on  the  S  and  W  b\ 
a  great  bay,  between  that  and  Basilicata. 
It  is  a  mountainous  country,  .abounding 
in  olives,  figs,  and  wine.  Here  is  a  kind 
of  spider,  called  a  tarantula,  whoa-*  bite 
is  Venomous  ;  and  the  country  is  often 
visited  by  locusts. 

Otranto,  a  city  of  Naples,  capital  of 
Terra  d'Otranto,  with  a  commodious  har- 
bour, an  archbishop's  see,  and,  a  strong 
citadel,  where  the  archbishops  reside.  It 
was  taken,  in  1480  by  the  Turks,  who 
did  a  great  deal  of  mischief,  but  it  has 
since  been  restored.  It  has  also  suifi  red 
greatly  by  the  Algerine  pirates.  It  is 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  37  mile  s  S 
E  of  Brindici,  and  60  SE  of  Tarento. 
Lon.  18  35  E,  lat.  40  20  N. 

(Jtriooli,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Spoletto,  seated  on  a  hill,  two  miles 
from  the  Tiber,  and  32  N  of  Rome.  Lon. 
12  23  E,  lat.  42  26  N. 

Otsego,  a  narrow  lake  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, in  the  state  of  New  York.  It  is  nine 
miles  long,  and  lies  at  the  head  of  the 
river  Susquehannah. 

Otsego,  a  county  in  the  state  of  New 
York,  containing  38,667  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  bounded  NT  by  Herkimer  and 
.Montgomery ;  E  by  Schoharie  ;  S  by  De- 
laware county  ;  and  W  by  Chenango  and 
Madison.  It  is  divided  into  21  townships, 
the  chief  of  which  is  Otsego. 

Ottendorf,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of< 
Saxe  Lauenberg.  It  is  seated  ontheMe- 
den,  24  miles  N  of  Stade.  Lon.  8  20  E, 
lat  53  53  N. 

Otte/isheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Archduchy  of  Austria.   It  lies  on  the  N 


side  of  the  Danube,  16  miles  SW  of 
FreysUdt. 

Otter,  a  river  of  Vermont,  which  rises 
in  the  (irecn  Mountains,  Bennington 
count}',  and  after  running  a  NW  course 
through  the  Country  for  70  miles,  flows 
into  lake  Cliamplaine,  about  15  miles  a- 
bove  Crown  Point. 

Otterbum,  a  village  in  Northumberland, 
25  miles  VV  of  Morpeth.  It  is  celebrated 
tor  a  battle  in  1388,  on  which  is  founded 
the  ballad  of  Chevy  Chace. 

Otteri/,  or  Otterif  St.  Mary,  a  town  of 
Devonshire,  seated  on  the  small  river  Ot- 
ter, 162  miles  YV  by  S  of  London.  It  has 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  Lon.  5  18  W,  lat. 
50  44  N. 

Ottova,  or  Ortona,  an  episcopal  town 
of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citeriore,  seated 
on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  10  miles  N  of 
Lanciano,  and  43  E  of  Aquileia.  Lon.  14 
50  E,  lat.  42  28  N. 

Ottwciler,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  with  a  cas- 
tle, 40  miles  SE  of  Treves. 

Oude,  a  province  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, subject  to  a  nabob,  whose  dominions 
lie  on  both  sides  of  the  Ganges,  occupy- 
ing (with  the  exception  of  the  district  of 
ipour)  all  the  flat  country  between 
that  river  and  the  northern  mountains,  as 
well  as  the  principal  part  of  that  fertile 
ti  act,  lying  between  the  Ganges  and  Jum- 
na, known  by  the  name  of  Dooab,  to  with- 
in 40  miles  of  die  city  of  Delhi.  Oude 
ai.d  its  dependencies  are  estimated  at 
36 j  miles  in  length  from  E  to  W,  and  in 
breadth  from  150  to  180.  The  nabob  is 
in  alliance  with  the  British  ;  and  a  bri- 
gade of  the  Bengal  army  is  constantly 
stationed  on  his  western  frontiers  ;  which 
answers  the  purpose  of  covering  Oude 
as  well  as  Bengal,  and  of  keeping  the 
western  states  m  awe  ;  and,  in  considera- 
tion of  this,  the  nabob  pajs  an  annual  sub- 
sidy of  420,000/.  His  capital  is  Lucknow. 

Oude,  an  ancient  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  province  of  Oude,  the  re- 
gains of  which  are  seated  on  the  Gogra, 
nearly  adjoining  FifAbad.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  imperial  city  of  Hin- 
doostan, and  to  have  been  the  capital  of 
a  great  kingdom,  1200  years  before  the 
Christian  era;  and  it  is  frequently  men-, 
tioned  in  the  Mahaberet,  a  famous  Hin- 
doo work  in  Sanscrit,  under  the  name  of 
Adjudiah.  But  whatever  may  have  been 
its  former  magnificence,  no  traces  of  it 
are  left.  It  is  considered  as  a  place  of 
sanctity;  and  the  Hindoos  frequently 
come  hither,  in  pilgrimage,  from  all  parts 
of  India. 

Oudenaed,  a  strong  town  of  Austrian 
Flanders,  in  the  middle  of  which  is  a 


OUR 


O  W  Y 


fort,  scaled  on  both  sides  of  Hie  river  j 
Scheldt.  Here  is  a  manufacture  ofyery 
fine  linen  and  curious  tap*  stry.  This 
town  was  besieged  by  die  French  in  1708, 
but  they  were  obliged  to  raise1' the  siege 
by  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  who  entire- 
ly routed  their  army  ;  it  is  12  miles  S  ojr 
of  Ghent,  15  NE  of  Tournay,  and  27  W 
of  Brussels.    Lon.  3  49  E,  lat.  50  51  N. 

Oudenbuvg,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders, eight  miles  SE  of  Ostend,  and  10  W 
of  Bruges.    Lon.  3  0  E,  lat.  51  9  N. 

Oudipoitr.    See  Cheitore. 

Ovevfackee,  an  island  ot'the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Holland,  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Maese.  Melisand  is  the  principal 
town. 

Overysche,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
seated  on  the  Ysche,  six  miles  XE  of 
Brussels,  and  nine  SW  of  Louvain.  Lon. 
4  30  E,  lat.  50  53  X. 

Overyxsel,  one  of  the  United  Provinces, 
bounded  on  the  E  by  the  bishopric  of 
Minister,  on  the  N  by  Friesland  and  Gro- 
ningen,  on  the  W  by  the  Yssel,  and  on 
the  S  by  the  county  of  Zutphen  and  bish- 
opric of  Munstei\  It  is  divided  into  three 
districts,  called  Drente,  Twent,  and  Sal- 
land.  There  are  many  morasses  in  this 
province,  and  but  few  inhabitants,  in  com- 
parison with  the  rest.  Its  greatest  riches 
consist  in  turf,  which  is  dug  up  here,  and 
sent  to  the  neighbouring  provinces,  par- 
ticularly Holland. 

Ougein,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan  Proper, 
an  the  province  of  Malwa,  capital  of  one 
of  the  Western  Mahr&tta  chiefs.  It  is  a 
place  of  great  antiquitv,  452  miles  SW  of 
Poonah.    Lon.  75  56  E,  lat  23  26  N. 

Oviedo,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  As- 
turla  d'Oviedo,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and 
an  university.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Ove  and  Deva,  which  forms 
Hie  Asta,  50  miles  NW  of  Leon,  and  208 
©f  Madrid.    Lon.  5  44  W,  lat.  43  25  X. 

Oulz,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  12  miles  W 
of  Susa.    Lon.  6  46  E,  lat.  45  20  X. 

Oundle,  a  town  in  Xorthamptonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  a  well 
built  town,  seated  on  the  Xen,  over  which 
are  two  bridges,  26  miles  XE  of*  North* 
ampton,  and  83  X  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  42  W,  lat.  52  26  X. 

Ouvem,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estra- 
madura,  with  ac.istle,  on  a  mountain,  be- 
tween the  rivers  Leira  and  Tomar.  Lon. 
7  40  W,  lat.  39  34  X. 

Ourique,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tejo.  remarkable  for  a  victory  obtained 
by  Alphonso,  king  of  Portugal,  over  five 
Moorish  kings,  in  1139.  The  heads  of 
these  five  kings  are  the  arms  of  Portugal. 
It  is  32  miles  SE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8 
W,  lat.  38  26  X. 


I  Ouse,  a  river  in  Yorkshire,  which  i<« 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  streams  of 
the  Lie  and  Swale,  which  have  their 
sources  near  each  other  in  the  tract  cal- 
led liichmondshire,  and  after  collecting 
all  the  rills  from  this  mountainous  re- 
gion, unite  at  Aldborough,  and  thence 
take  the  name  of  Ouse,  which  is  here  a 
considerable  river.  It  flows  through 
York,  where  it  is  navigable  for  considera- 
ble vessels;  and  afterward  receiving  the 
Wharf,  Uerwent.  Aire,  and  Don,  it  falls 
into  the  Humbcr. 

Ouse,  a  river  in  Sussex,  rising  from 
two  branches,  which. unite  their  streams 
near  Lewes,  and  entering  the  English 
Channel,  form  the  harbour  of  Newhaven.r 
Ouse,  Great,  a  river  which  rises  in 
Xorthamptonshire,  near  Brackley,  and 
running  through  the  counties  of  Buck- 
ingham, Bedford,  and  Cambridge,  and  di- 
viding this  last  county  from  Norfolk',  falls 
into  a  part  of  the  German  Sea  called  the 
Washes,  at  Lyitn  Regis  ;  is  navigable  to 
some  distance  above  Downham,  where 
there  is  a  good  harbour  for  barges.  . 

Ouse,  Little,  a  river,  which  rises  in  the 
S  part  of  Xorfolk,  and  separating  on  the 
SW'tlmt  county  from  Suffolk,  near  Down- 
ham,  as  it  flows  westward,  becomes  navi- 
gable at  Thetford,  and  discharges  itself 
into  the  Great  Ouse. 

Oitssore,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan,  in  (the 
Mysore  country.  It  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  July  1792,  and  is  19  miles  SE 
of  Bangalore,  and  69  EXE  of  Sermgapa- 
tam.    Lon.  77  47  E,  lat.  12  50  X. 

'Outeiro,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Portu- 
gal, in  the  province  of  Tra-los-Montes, 
and  21  miles  XW  of  Mirando  de  Douero. 
Lon.  6  37  W,  lat.  41  55  X. 

Oxverra,  or  Oveiro,  a  town  and  territo- 
ry of  Guinea,  in  the  kingdom  of  Benin. 
The  air  is  unwholesome,  and  the  soil  dry 
and  lean  ;  but  there  are  several  kinds  of 
fruits,  such  as  bananas  and  cocoa-nuts. 
Lon.  6  0  E,  lat.  6  0  X. 

OmjJiee,  the  easternmost,  and  by  much 
the  largest  of  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Its 
greatest  length  from  N  to  S  is  28  1-2 
leagues,  its  breadth  24,  and  its  circum- 
ference about  293  English  miles.  It  is 
divided  into  six  large  districts,  two  of 
which,  on  the  NE  side,  are.  separated  by 
a  mountain  that  rises  in  three  peaks,  per- 
petually covered  with  snow,  and  may  be 
seen  cJerrly  at  40  leagues  distance  To 
the.  X  of  this  mountain  the  coast  consists 
>of  high  and  abrupt  cliffs,  down  which 
fall  many  beautiful  cascades  of  water, 
and  the  whole  country  is  covered  with  co- 
-  r,a-nut  and  bread-fruit  trees.  The  peaks 
of  the  mountain  on  the  XE  side  appear  to 
be  about  half  a  mile  high,  and  entirely 


O  X  F 


O  X  F 


covered  with  snow.  To  the  S  of  this 
mountain  the  coasts  present  a  prospect 
of  the  most  horrid  and  dreary  kind,  the 
whole  country  appearing1  to  have  under- 
gone a  total  change  from  the  elfecs  ol 
some  dreadful  convulsion.    The  ground 

every  where  covered  with  cinders,  and 
intersected  in  many  pl:;ces  with  black 
s  re~ks,  which  seem  to  m.  rk  the  course 
of  a  lava  that  has  flowed  not  many  ages 
back,  from  the  mountain  to  the  shore. 
The  southern  promontory  looks  like  the 
mere  dregs  of  a  volcano.  The  pro  jecting 
headland  is  composed  of  broken  and  crag- 
gy rocks,  piled  irregularly  on  one  ano- 
ther, and  terminating  in  sharp  points  : 
yet,  amidst  these  ruins,  there  are  many 
patches  of  rich  sod,  which  are  carefully 
laid  out  in  plantations,  and  the  neigh- 
bouring sea  abounds  with  a  great  variety 
of  excellent  fish  ;  so  that  this  quarter  is 
much  better  inhabited  than  the  more 
verdant  parts.  The  fields  are  inclosed 
with  stone  fences,  and  interspersed  with 
groves  of  cocoa  nut  trees.  There  are  sup- 
posed to  be  on  this  island  about  150,000 
inhabitants.  So  long  as  the  name  of  Cap- 
tain Cook  shall  be  remembered  this  is- 
land will  not  be  forgotten,  it  being  here 
he  fell  a  victim  to  a  strange  concatena- 
tion of  events.  Eat.  19  28  8^  Ion.  156  0  W. 

Oxford,  the  capital  of  Oxfordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It 
is  a  bishop's  see,  and  an  university,  and, 
besides  the  cathedral,  has  13  parish 
churches.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Thames  and  Chcrwel,  and,  with 
the  suburbs  is  of  a  circuhir  form,  three 
miles  in  circumference.  The  university 
ia  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the  gie at 
Alfred,  but  is  generally  supposed  to  have 
been  a  seminary  of  learning  before  his 
time,  although  it  owed  its  revival  and 
consequence  to  his  liberal  patronage,  re- 
ceiving from  him  grants  of  many  privi- 
lege's and  large  revenues.  Here  are  20 
colleges,  and  five  halls,  several  of  which 
stand  in  the  streets,  and  give  the  city  an 
air  of  magnificence  The  colleges  are 
provided  with  sufficient  revenues  for  the 
maintenance  of  a  master,  fellows,  and 
students.  In  the  halls,  the  students  live, 
either  wholly,  or  in  part,  at  their  own 
expense.  The  colleges  are,  University, 
Bflliol,  Merton,  Exeter,  Oriel,  Queen's, 
New,  Lincoln,  All  Souls,  Magdalen,  Bra- 
ze n  Nose, Corpus  Christi,  Christ  Church,. 
Trinity,  St.  John  Baptist's,  Jesus.  Wad- 
ham,  Ptrnb'nkc,  Worcester,  and  Hert- 
ford. Of  these  the  most  ancient  is  Uni- 
versity College,  founded  before  the  vear, 
872  ;  am!  to  Christ  Church.  Cullege,"  be- 
gun by  cardinal  Wolsey,  and  finished  by 


Henry  \TH.  belongs  the  cathedral.  The 
halls  are  Alban,  Edmund,  St.  Mary's, 
New  Inn,  and  St.  Mary  Magdalen.  Among' 
lie  libraries  in  the  university,  the  most 
distinguished  is  the  Booleum,  founded 
by  Sir  Thomas  Boclley  ;  those  of  All  Souls 
College,  Christ  Church,  Queen's,  New, 
Si.  John's,  Exeter,  -and  Corpus  Christi. 
Among  other  public  buildings  are  the, 
Ashmoiean  Museum,  the  Clarendon  Print- 
ing-house, Radcliff  Infirmary,  and  an  Ob- 
servatory. Magdalen  Bridge,  besides  the 
beauty  of  its  architecture,  lias  this  sin- 
gularity diai  more  than  half  of  it  is  on 
dry  ground,  and  the  rest  covers  two  small 
stripes  of  the  C  her  we  I ;  this  bridge  is 
526  feet  long.  The  Theatre,  more  mag- 
nificent than  any  thing  of  the  kind  in  the 
world.  Tiie  physic-garden  of  above  five 
acres,  walled  round  with  fine  gates,  one 
of  which  cost  600/.  At  Oxford,  king 
John*  compelled  by  his  barons,  summon- 
ed a  parliament  to  meet,  in  1258  ;  the 
proceedings  of  which  were  so  disorderly, 
that  it  was  known  afterward  by  the  name 
of  the  Mad  Parliament.  Oxford  is  go- 
verned by  a  Mayor,  dependent  on  the 
chancellor  and  vice-chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity ;  and  sends  four  members  to  par- 
liament, two  for  the  university,  and  two 
for  the  cit\.  It  is  20  miles  SW  of  Buck- 
ingham, and  58  \V  by  N  of  London.  Lon. 
1  10  W,  lat.  51  45  N. 

O.i ford,  a  township  of  New  Haven 
coumy,  Connecticut,  containing  1453  in- 
habitants in  1810;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Naugaheck  river,  12  miles  N\V 
of  New  Haven. 

Oxford,  a  township  of  Sussex  county,- 
Xew  Jersey,  containing  2470  inhabitants 
in  1810  ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of  the 
river  Delaware,  between  Hardwick  and. 
Mansficdd. 

Oxford,  a  township  Of  Philadelphia 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing'  973  in- 
habitants in  I81u  ;  situated  on  the  NW 
side  of  Delaware  river,  about  8  miles  N 
L-f  Philadelphia. 

Oxford,  a  township  of  Chenango  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  2988  inhabi- 
tants in  1810;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Chenango  river,  110  miles  W  of  Albany. 

Oxford,  a  township*of  Worcester  coun-  • 
ty,  Massachusetts,  containing  1277  inha- 
bitants in  1 8 1<; ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  French  river,  about  14  miles  to  the  S 
of  Worcester. 

Oxfordshire,  a  county  of  England,  boun- 
ded on  die  E  by  Btickingliamshire,  on 
the  W  by  Gloucestershire,  on  the  S  by 
Berkshire,  and  on  the  N  by  Warwick- 
shire and  Northamptonshire.  Its  extreme 
length.  •:;  48  miles  ;  its  greatest  breadth 


P  A  C 


PAD 


26.  It  contains  one  city,  15  market  towns, 
280  parishes.  14  hundreds,  534,000  acres, 
and  about  120,000  souls.  The  air  is 
swta't  and  pleasant,  and  the  sod  rich  and 
fertile.  The  lower  parts  consist  ot  irieu- 
do^vs  and  cornfield?,  and  the  higher  were 
covered  with  woods  till  the  civil  wars  ; 
in  which  they  were  so  entirely  destroyed, 
that  wood  is  now  extremely  scarce  and 
dear,  except  in  what  is  called  the  chil- 
tern,  and  so  is  coal,  of  consequence 
fuel  bears  an  exorbitant  price.  The  coun- 
ty is  extremely  well  watered,  by  tin 
Windrush,  Evenlode,  Cherwcl,  and 
Tame  ;  the  latter,  although  an  inconsi- 
derable rivulet,  has  obtained  some  im- 
portance from  having  been  supposed  to 
give  name  to  the  Thames.  The  produces 
of  Oxfordshire  are  chiefly  those  common 
to  the  midland  farming'  counties,  fi's 
hills  yield  ochre,  pipe  clay,  and  otter 
earths,  useful  for  various  purposes.'  Corn 
and  malt  are  conveyed  from  it,  by  th. 
Thames  to  the  metropolis.  Good  cheese 
is  made  in  the  grazing1  parts.  The  grea.- 
est  want  in  this  county  is  that  of  fuel ; 
for  tlie'woods,  with  which  it  once  abound- 
ed, being1  greatly  diminished,  it  is  lk- 
cessarv  to  supply  the  deficiency  with 
coal  brought  by  a  1  <ng  and  troublesome 
navigation  from  London  The  junction 
of  the  Thames  with  the  Trent  and  Mer- 
sey, by  the  canal  from  R  ram  is  ton  to 
Hampton  Gay,  and  by  another  canal  from 
JBraur.ston  to  Brentford,  will  greatly  re- 
medy this  inconvenience. 

Oyster  .Buy,  a  township  of  Queen's 
county,  Long  Island  and  state  of  New 
York .  containing 4725  inhabitants  in  1810. 
It  extends  quite  across  the  island  from 
the  ocean  to  Long  Island  Sound. 

Ozn>iezin,  a  town  of  Little  Poland, 
seated  on  the  Weitehssel.  The  houses 
are  built  of  wood;  and  the  town  is  co- 
vered on  one  side  by  a  great  morass,  and 
on  the  other  defended  by  a  castic,  whose 
walls  are  of  wood.  It  is  34  mil  -  s  YV  of 
Cracow.    Lon.  19  10  E,  lat.  50  10  N. 


PACEM,  a  town  in  the  X  part  of  Su- 
matra, in  the  East  Indies.  Lon.  97  15  E, 
Ut.  5  0  N. 

Pachamac,  a  valley  in  Peru,  celebrat- 
ed for  its  pleasantness  and  fertility,  but 
more  for  a  magnificent  temple,  built  by 
thelncas  to  the  honour  of  their  got1.  The 
Spaniards,  when  they  conquered  Peru, 
found  immense  riches  in  it.  It  is  10 
miles.  S  of  Lima. 


Pachuca,  a  town  of  Mexico,  famous 
for  its  silver  mines.  Some  authors  say, 
that  in  the  space  of  six  leagues  there  are 
not  less  than  a  thousand.  One  of  which 
called  Trinity,  is  supposed  to  be  as  rich 
as  any  in  the  Spanish  dominions.  Forty 
millions  of  silver  having  peen  taken  from 
it  in  10  Vears-  It  is  45  mih  s  NNE  of 
Mexico.'  Lon.  100  4  W/iat.  20  32  N. 

Pachsu,  a  small  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, near  the  coast  of  Epirus,  S  of 
Corfu,  and  W  of  the  gulf  of  Arta.  It  is 
subject  to  Venice. 

Pacific  Ocean,  that  vast  ocean  which 
separates  Asia  from  America.  It  is  cal- 
led Pacific,  from  the  moderate  weather 
the  first  mariners  who  sailed  in  it  met 
with  between  the  tropics  :  and  it  was 
called  South  Sea,  because  the  Spaniards 
crossed  the  isthmus  of  Danen  from  north 
io  south  when  they  first  discovered  it; 
though  it  is  properly  the  Western  Ocean 
with  regard  to  America.  Geographers 
call  the  South  Sea  Mare  Paeificum,  "The. 
Pacific  Ocean,"  as  being  less  infested 
with  storms  than  the  Atlantic  ;  but  M. 
Frezier  affirms  it  does  not  deserve  that 
appellation,  and  that  he  has  seen  as  vio- 
lent storms  therein  as  in  any  other  sea: 
but  Magellan  happening  to  have  a  very 
favourable  wind,  and  not  meeting  with 
any  thing  to  ruffle  him  when  he  first  tra. 
versed  this  vast  ocean  in  1520,  gave  it 
the  name  which  it  has  retained  ever 
since.  Maty,  however,  adds,  that  the 
wind  is  so  regular  there,  that  the  ves- 
sels would  frequently  go  from  Acapulco 
to  the  Philippine  Islands  without  shif  ting 
a  sail. 

Packers  fields  a  township  of  Cheshire 
county,  New  Hampshire,  containing  1076 
inhabitants  in  1S10.  Situated  on  the  head 
branches  of  the  Ashuelot  river,  about  20 
miles  E  of  Connetticut  river. 

.Pacyt  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
•  he  department  of  Eure  and  late  province, 
of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  Eure,  eight 
miles  S  bv  E  of  Vernon.  Lon.  1  41  E, 
lat.  48  53  N. 

Padcrng,  a  seaport  on  the  W  coast  of 
Sumatra,  in 'the  East  Indies,  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  Dutch.  Lon.  99  46  E,  lat. 
0  50  Sx.  yfc'J 

Paddingion,  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
\V  by  N  of  London,  with  a  handsome 
new  church,  erected  iiV  1790,  in  a  singu- 
larly pleasing  style. 

Padcrborn't  a  bishopric  of.Germany,  }n 
The  circle  of  Westphalia,  32  miles  long 
and  20  broad.  In  the  middle  of  it  are 
high  mountains,  and  iron  mines  ;  but  the 
rest  of  the  country  is  fertile  in  corn  and 
pastures.  However  it  is  most  remarkabrfe 
'for  its  bacon  and  venison. 


P  A  E 


P  A  I 


Paderpom,  an  ancient  and  populous 
town  of  Germany  in  the  circle  of  West- 
phalia, capital  of  a  bishopric.  It  takes 
its  name  from  the  rivulet  Fader,  which 
rises  under  the- high  altar  of  the  cathe- 
dral. It  has  a  celebrated  university,  and 
is  37  miles  SW  of  Minden,  and  43  E3E 
of  Minister.    Lon.  8  55  B,  lat.  51  46  X 

Padron,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 
seated  on  the  river  Ulla,  12  miles  S  o! 
.    Compostella.    Lon.  8  17  W,  lat.  42  40  N, 

Padstoxuy  a  town  in  Cornwall,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Bristol  Channel,  and  has  some  trade  to 
Ireland,  from  which  place  it  . is  distant 
240  miles.  It  is  30  miles  \V  of  Launces- 
ton,  and  243  YV  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  4 
45  W,  lat.  50  42  X. 

Padua,  an  ancient,  large,  and  cele- 
brated city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Fadu- 
ano,  with  an  university  and  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seven  miles  in  circumference, 
and  much  less  considerable  than  former- 
ly; for  it  now  contains  only  30,000, 
whereas  it  formerly  contained  100,000 
inhabitants.  The  houses  are  for  the  most 
part  gone  to  ruin,  and  the  town  in  gene- 
ral is  so  thinly  inhabited,  that  grass  is 
seen  in  many  places,  hetween  the  stones 
with  which  the  streets  are  paved.  The 
houses  are  built  on  piazzas,  which,  when 
the  town  was  in  a  flourishing  state,  may 
have  made  a  magnificent  appearance  ; 
but  they  now  rather  give  it  a  more  gloo- 
my air.  The  hall  of  the  townhouse  is 
one  of  the  largest  in  Europe,  and  con- 
tains the  cenotaph  of  Livy,  the  historian, 
who  was  a  native  of  Padua.  The  univer- 
sity, once  so  celebrated,  is  now  on  the 
decline.  Here  is  a  cloth  manufacture  ■ 
and  it  is  said  that  the  inhabitants  of  Venice 
wear  no  other  cloth  than  what  is  made 
here.  The  city,  however,  swarms  with 
beggars,  who  ask  charity  in  the  nr.n.r  oi 
St.  Antonio.  Padua  was  taken  by  the 
Venetians  in  1706.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ilrenta  and  Rachiglione,  in  a  fine  plain, 
20  miles  SE  ofVicenza,  and  225  N  oi 
Pome.    Lon.  12  1  E,  lat.  45  22  N. 

Padunno,  a  province  of  Pah*,  in  the 
territory  of  Venice,  40  miles  long,  and 
I  35  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  the  Do 
gado,  on  the  S  by  the  Folesino  di  Ro- 
vigo,  on  the  W  by  the  Veronese,  and  on 
the  N  by  the  Vicentino.  Its  soil  is  well 
watered,  and  is  one  of  the  most  fertile 
in  Italy.    Padua  is  the  capital. 

Padula,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citeriore. 
Lon.  15  41  E,  lat.  40  29  X. 

Pai'fenhojTen,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Rhine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  declivit} 


I  of  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Motteir, 
eight  nides  VV  of  Haguenau.  Lon.  7  38 
E,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Pasrliaii9i  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Abbritz- 
zo  Lit. more.  Lon.  13  46  E*  lat.  42  28  N. 

P.igo,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
separated  from  Venetian  Dalmatia  by  a 
narrow  strait.  The  air  is  cold,  and  the 
soil  barren  ;  but  it  is  well  peopled,  and 
contains  salt-works. 

Pahang:    See  Pan. 

Paimbcevf,  a  seaport  of  Prance,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  B/retagne,  at  the  mouth  ftf  the 
Loire.  What  makes  it  of  consequence 
is,  that  all  ships  belonging  to  Nantes, 
uike  their  departure  hence,  and  here 
they  anchor  on  their  arrival.  It  is  20 
miles  W  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  53  W,  lat. 
47  15  X. 

Painsrvick,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  has  a  ma- 
nufacture of  white  cloths  for  the  army, 
and  for  the  India  and  Turkey  trade  ;  and 
hence  is  brought,  a  stone  remarkable  for 
its  beauty  and  neatness,  for  the  pave- 
ment of  floors.  It  is  seven  miles  SE  of 
Gloucester,  and  101  W  by  N  of  London. 
Lon.  2  11  W,  lat.  :SL46 

Painted  Post,  a  post  town  in  Steuben 
county,  Xew  York;  situated  on  the  NW 
bank  of  Tioga  river,  near  the  mouth  of 
Cohocton  creek,  43  miles  XW  of  Athens, 
and  about  60  miles  S  of  Jerusalem. 

Pais'cv,  a  large  manufacturing  town 
of  Renfrewshire.  Paisley  is  the  first  ma- 
nufacturing town  in  Scotland,  and  is 
greatly  celebrated  on  account  of  some  of 
i;s  branches.  The  manufactory  of  silk 
gauze,  in  this  respect,  first  claims  our 
notice.  This  branch  is  brought  here  to 
he  utmost  perfection,  and  is  wrought  to 
an  amazing  variety  of  patterns.  It  has 
been  computed,  that  there  huve  been  no 
i  ss  than  5000  weavers  employed  in  Pais- 
ley and  in  the  country  adjacent ;  and  the 
others  necessary  in  other  parts  of  the 
silk  manufacture,  has  been  likewise  com- 
puted to  be  no  less*  than  5000.  Each 
loom  will  produce  on  an  average  value 
70/.  yearlv  ;  the  whole  will  then  be 
~>5J,000/.  "In  the  year  1784,  the  manu- 
factures of  Paisley,  in  silk  gauze,  lawn, 
nd  linen  gauze, and  white  sewing  thread, 
amounted  to  the  value  of  579,185/.  16s. 
6d.  and  that  no  fewer  than  26,484  per- 
sons were  employed  in  carrying  them  on 
Resides  these  principal  manufactures, 
there  are  some  others  carried  on  there; 
tor  instance,  considerable  tan  works,  four 
in  number,  two  soap  and  candle  works,  a 
manufacture  of  ribbons,  and  another  oi 
inkle  or  tape.    In  1789,  the  annual  value 


PAL 


PAL 


of  all  the  manufactures  in  Paisley  of 
every  sort,  amounted  to  660.385/.  16s. 
and  the  inhabitants  considerably  exceed- 
ed 2u,0l/0.  Paislev  is  six  miles  W.  of 
Glasgow.    Lon.  4  20  W,  lat.  55  52  N. 

Paita,  a  seaport  of  Peru,  in  the  audi- 
ence of  Quito,  with  an  excellent  harbour. 
It  has  frequently  been  plundered  by  the 
buccaneers;  and,  in  1741,  it  was  plun- 
dered and  burnt  by  commodore  Anson, 
hecause  the  g-overnor  refused  to  ransom 
it.    Lon.  8  19  W,  lat.  12  6  S. 

Palacios,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia, 
12  miles  S  o?  Seville.  Lon.  5  24  W,  lat. 
37  2 J  N. 

Palais-,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of 
the  island  of  Belleisle,  off  the  coast  of 
Bivragne.  It  has  a  strong  citadel,  which 
stood  a  long  siege  against  the  English, 
in  1761,  and  then  surrendered  on  honour- 
able terms.    Lon.  3  2  W,  lat.  47  18  N. 

Palais,  St.  a  town  -  and  district  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  Lower 
Pyrenees,  which,  with  the  town  and  dis- 
trict of  St.  John  Pied-de-Port,  forms 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  late  province  of 
Lower  Navarre,  a  mountainous  country, 
which  produces  scarcely  any  thing  but 
millet,  oats,  and  fruits  of  which  they 
make  cider.  This  is  only  a  very  mode- 
rate portion  of  the  kingdom  of  Navurre, 
wrested,  in  1512,  from  John  d'Albert, 
by  Ferdinand  king  of  Arragon  and  Cas- 
tile. This  portion,  separated  from  TTp- 
per  Navarre  by  the  Pyrenees,  made  part 
of  the  late  kingdom  of  France,  being  an- 
nexed to  it  by  Henry  IV.  who  held  it  in 
right  of  his  mo  her,  Jeanne  d'Albert. 
St.  Palais  is  seated  on  the  river  Bidouse, 
15  miles  SE  of  Bavonne,  Lon.  1  4  W, 
lat.  43  21  N. 

Palamboang,  or  Palambang,  a  town  of 
Java,  capital  of  a  kingdom  ;  seated  at  the 
E  end  of  the  island,  on  the  straits  of 
Bally.    Lon.  114  0  E,  lav.  7  10  S. 

Palamcotta,  or  Tinevelly,  a  town  of  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnal  ic, 
410  miles  SW  of  Madras.  Lon.  77  54  E, 
lat.  8  43  N. 

Palamos,  a  strong  6eaport  of  .Spain,  in 
Catalonia',  with  a  good  harbour,  failed 
on  the  Mediterranean,  47  miles  NE  of 
Barcelona.    Lon.  2  58  E,  lat.  41  58  N. 

Palatnow,  a  town  of  Hindoos: an  Pro- 
per, in  the  province  of  Bahar,  210  miles 
SSW  of  Patna.  Lon.  84  10  E,  lat.  23 
40  N.  . 

Palanka,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
in  the  countv  of  Novigrad,  seated  on  the 
Ibola,  57  miles  N  of  Buda.  Lon.  13  23 
E,  lat/ 48  9  N. 

■  Palaos  Islands.    See  Philippines,  New. 
Palatine,  a  post  town  in  Montgomery 


county,  New  York,  lying  on  the  NE  side 
of  Mohock  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Coroje 
creek,  36  miles  W  by  N  of  Schenectady  ; 
containing  about  3111  inhabitants. 

Palawan.    See  Par  ago. 

Palazzo,  a  town  of  Laly,  in  Piedmont, 
five  miles  E  oflvrea. 

Palluzvollo,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  the 
Val-di-Noto,  80  miles  S  of  Messina.  Lon. 
15  5  E,  lat.  37  3  N. 

Palaztnolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Bresciano,  seated  on  the  Oglio,  30  miles 
NE  of  Milan.    Lon.  9  56  E,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Palencia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
with  an  archbishop's1  see.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Carion,  40  miles  SW  of  Burgos, 
and  110  N  bv  W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4  42 
\V,  lat.  42  10  N. 

Palevo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abbruz- 
zo  Citeriore,  nine  miles  E  of  Solmona. 

Palenzuela,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  25  miles  SW  of  Burgos.  Lon.  3 
15  W,  lat.  42  5  N. 

Palermo,  a  city  of  Sicily  in  the  Val-di- 
Mazara,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  and 
a  large  harbour.  This  city,  which  is  the 
capital  of  Sicily,  is  of  great  antiquity; 
and  if  a  conjecture  may  be  formed  from 
its  ancient  name  Panormus,  which  sig- 
nifies an  universal  harbour,  it  \v:;b  foi 
merly  in  a  very  flourishing  condition.  By 
whom  it  was  founded  is  uncertain,  nor 
have  we  any  authentic  accounts  of  its  in- 
habitants till  it  became  a  colony  of  the 
Phoenicians,  alter  which  it  passed  into 
he  hands  of  the  various  nations  that  be- 
came masters  of  this  island.  The  pre- 
sent city  principally  consists  of  two 
wide,  uniform,  and  well-built  streets, 
each  about  a  mile  in  length,  crossing 
eacn  other  at  right  angles  in  the  centre, 
where  there  is  a  small  octagon  space,  <•.-- 
nainented  with  four  statues.  Most  of  the 
cities  of  Sicily  have  surnames  :  Palermo 
is  denominated  The  Happy.  It  has  gain- 
ed this  epithet,  no  doubt,  on  account  pf 
the  advantages  of  its  situation,  it  has 
two  harbours  :  in  the  one,  which  is  very 
large,  and  in  which  there  is  a  mole  1300 
paces  in  length,  ships  lie  at  anchor;  in 
the  other  their  cargoes  are  laden  and  un- 
laden. Both  the  harbours  open  to  the 
\V  :  there  is  also  a  superb  quay  which 
extends  a  mile  from  W  to  E,  in  a  recti- 
linear direction,  and  is  called  La  Marine. 
The  prospect  is,  on  the  one  side,  lost  in 
the  wide  expanse  of  the  ocean,  and  on 
the  other  confined  by  the  walls  of  the 
city:  the  walls  appear  adorned  wi.h  pi- 
lasters, and  crowned  with  a  row  of  bal- 
ustrades through  which  the  eye  disco- 
vers a  long  range  of  palaces.  These  ob- 
jects altogether  form  a  delightful  spec- 


PAL 


PAL 


tacle.  Indeed  nothing  can  be  more  pic- 
uiresque  than  the  bay  of  Palermo.  It 
j^rms  a  large  amphitheatre,  with  the  ca- 
pital of  Sicily  in  the  centre;  surrounded 
tor  some  miles  by  a  most  delightful  coun- 
try, and  inclosed  by  romantic  rocks  and 
mountains.  The  town  was  formerly  sur- 
rounded by  a  strong  wall ;  but  the  forti- 
fications are  now  entirely  neglected,  ex- 
cept towards  the  sea,  where  there  ar< 
still  a  few  weak  works.  The  quay  is  the 
principal  public  wa;k  here.  Palermo  is 
embellished  all  round  with  avenues  of 
trees,  and  has  four  principal  entrances, 
facing-  the  four  cardinal  point;-,  which 
are  at  the  extremities  of  the  two  spaci- 
ous streets  which  cross  each  other.  The 
most  frequented  of  these  two  streets  is 
called  Cassero.  It  begins  where  the  quay 
ends,  with  the  N  gate  called  Porta  Fe- 
lice, the  happy  gate  ;  and  terminates  on 
the  S.  The  Porta  Felice  opens  to  the 
Marino,  a  delightful  walk,  that  has  on 
one  side  the  wall  of  the  city,  and  on  the 
other,  the  sea  ;  and  in  the  centre  is  an 
elegant  kind  of  temple,  which  in  sum- 
mer is  made  use  of  as  an  orchestra.  Pa- 
lermo is  quite  filled  with  public  monu- 
ments, churches,  monasteries,  palaces, 
fountains,  statues,  and  columns.  The 
churches  amount  to  300,  and*  many  of 
them  are  very  rich  and  magnificent. 
Spring-waters  are  very  copious  in  this 
citv.  Not  a  quarter  but  is  liberally  sup- 
plied with  fountains,  most  of  which  are 
marble,  all  of  them  adorned  with  pieces 
of  sculpture,  and  all  afford  large  quanti- 
ties of  water.  The  situation  of  this  city 
is  truly  happy;  the  sea,  the  hills,  the 
lofty  mountains,  present  on  all  sides 
beautiful  and  striking  objects.  Freed 
from  the  fetters  of  the  Inquisition,  the 
abolition  of  which  was  procured  by  the 
marquis  of  Caraccioli,  and  from  the  in- 
fluence of  some  other  unfavourable  insti- 
tutions which  are  rapidly  declining,  Pa- 
lermo must  become  one  of  the  finest  ci- 
ties in  the  world;  and  the  island  of  which 
it  is  the  capital,  being  all  cultivated  like 
a  garden,  one  of  the  most  enchanting 
spots'  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  Palermo 
is  the  principal  residence  6f  the  greater 
part  of  the  Sicilian  nobility  ;  and  as  it  is 
not  the  custom  for  any  gentlemen  to  walk 
in  the  streets,  at  leai,t  1000  carriages 
are  said  to  be  kept  in  the  town.  They 
are  for  the  most  part  in  the  English 
taste,  very  elegant,  shown  to  the  great- 
est advantage,  with  beautiful  horses  rich- 
ly caparisoned,  and  as  many  footmen  in 
splendid  liveries  as  can  be  crowded  to- 
gether, behind.  Every  evening  all  the 
people  of  rank  drive  about  in  this  man- 


ner on  the  grand  public  terrace  by  the 
sea-side.  There  are  also  very  convenient 
hackney-coaches,  covered  and  open,  wait- 
ing all  day  in  their  respective  stations. 
It  is  very  remarkable  that  the  dead  in 
Palermoare  never  buried.  The  dead  bo- 
dies are  carried  to  the  capuchin  convent, 
which  is  one  of  the  largest  in  It  aly  - 
where  after  the  funeral  service  is  per- 
formed, they  are  dried  in  a  stone,  heated 
by  a  composition  of  lime,  which  makes 
the  skin  adhere  to  the  bones.  They  are 
then  placed  erect  in  niches, /and  fastened 
to  the  wall  by  the  back  or  neck.  A  piece 
of  coarse  drab  is  thrown  over  the  shoul- 
ders and  round  the  waist ;  and  their 
hands  are  tied  together,  holding  a  piece 
of  paper  with  their  epitaph,  which  is 
simply  their  name,  age,  and  when  they 
died.  The  number  of  the  inhabitants  is 
above  200,000;  and  the  harbour,  though 
very  large,  is  not  so  commodious  as 
might  be  expected,  and  the  vessels  that 
ride  therein  are  not  always  very  safe. 
There  is  a  magnificent  castle,  built  near 
the  sea-side  wherein  the  viceroy  resides 
six  months  in  the  year  ;  and  his  presence 
draws  a  great  number  of  nobility  to  this 
place.  This  civy  h;is  suffered  greatly  by 
earthquakes,  particularly  in  1693  ;  and 
it  was  greatly  damaged  by  a  fire  in  1730, 
when  a  magazine  of  powder  was  blown 
op,  containing  400  tons.  It  stands  in  a 
pleasant  fruitful  country,  on  the  NE  end 
of  the  island,  and  at  the  bottom  of  a  gulf 
of  the  same  name.  Lon.  13  23  E,  lat.  38 
15  N. 

Pdlermo,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  six  miles  SSW  of'Cosenza. 

Palicandcherry,  a  town  of  the  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  in  the  country  of  Calicut, 
20  miles  S  of  Coimbettore,  and  66  SE  of 
Calicut. 

Palestine,  a  part  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  so 
called  from  the  Philistines  who  inhabited 
iis  sea  coasts  ;  it  is  called  also  ,Tud?ea, 
from  the  patriarch  Judah,  and  the  Holy 
Land,  from  its  having  been  the  resi- 
dence and  scene  of  our  Saviour's  passion, 
and  in  Scripture  Canaan,  and  the  Pro- 
mised Land.  It  is  bounded  by  Mount 
Libanus,  which  divides  it  from  Syria  on 
the  N^bjr  Mount  llermon,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Arabia  Deserta  on  the  E,  by 
the  mountains  of  Seir  Mid  the  deserts  of 
Arabia  1'etrara  on  the  S,  and  by  the  Me- 
diterranean on  the  \Y.  It  is  in  g'eneral  a 
fruitful  country,  abounding  in  corn,  wine, 
and  oil,  wlu-re  cultivated,  and  might  sup- 
ply the  neighbouring  countries  with  all 
these,  as  >t  anciently  did,  were  its  pre- 
sent inhabit  e.its  equally  industrious.  The 
parts  about  Jerusalem,  its  once  famous 


PAL 


PAL 


capital,  are  the  most  mountainous  and 
racky,  but  they  feed  numerous  herds  and 
fi.>ckb.  and  yield  plenty  of  honey,  excel- 
lent wine  and  oil;  and  the  vallies  large 
crops  of  corn. 

Palestrina-,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  Campagna  di  Roma,  capital  ot  a  prin- 
cipally of  the  same  name.  It  was  fa- 
mous for  the  Temple  of  Fortune,  beiri 
then  called  Preneste,  the  ruins  of  which 
may  yet  be  seen.  It  is  35  miles  E  of 
Rome.    Lon.  13  5  E,  lat.  41  52  N. 

Palestrina^  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
islands  called  the  Lagunes,  near  Venice, 
where  ihe  most  considerable  of  the  nobi- 
lity have  coun  ry  houses.  The  principal 
harbour  has  the  same  name. 

Palicata,  a  seaport  of  the  East  Indies, 
on  the  coast  of  Coromandel,  where  the 
Dutch  have  a  factorv.  It  is  25  miles  N 
of  Madras.    Lon.  Si  33  E,  lat.  13  30  N 

Palimbum,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  island  of  Sumatra, 
seated  on  the  E  coast,  120  miles  NE  of 
Bencoolen,  and  subject  to  the  Dutch. 
Lon.  103  31  E,  lat.  3  0  S. 

I'atliser's  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  146  30  W, 
lat.  15  30  S . 

Pdlma,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Alentejo,  seated  on  the  river 
Cadoan,  20  miles  E  of  St.  Ubes.  Lon.  8 
40  W,  lat.  38  37  X. 

Palma,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Terra  Firma,  in  New  Granada,  50  miles 
XW  of  St.  Fe -de -Bogota.  Lon.  73  40  W, 
lat.  4  30  N. 

Palma,  one  of  the  Canary  Inlands,  ly- 
ing to  the  X  of  Ferro.  Lon.  17  50W,  lat. 
28  37  N. 

Palma,  or  Palma  A'// or  a,  a  strong  town 
of  Italy,  in  Venetian  Friuli.  It  is  aven 
important  place,  for  the  defence  of  the 
Venetians  against  the  Aus'rians  arc] 
Turks;  and  is  seated  in  a  mosi  agree- 
able valley,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice.  lQ 
miles  SE  of  Udina,  and  55  XE  of  Venice. 
Lon.  13  15  E,  lat.  46  2  X. 

P.ihnuria,  a  small  island  lying  in  the 
Mediterranean,  15  leagues  from  the  coasl 
vof  Italy.    Lon.  12  45  E.  lat.  40  58  N. 

Ptilmaria,  a  small  island,  seated  in  tin 
Mediterranean,  near  the  coast  of  Ital 
at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Spezzia. 
Lon.  9  46  E,  lat.  41  1  X. 

P almas,  the  capital  of  the  island  ofCu- 
naria.    See  Canary. 

Palma*,  one  of  the  Phil;]-) pine  Islands 
in  the  F. .  st  Indies,  16  league  s  SE  of  Min- 
danao.   L  n.  127  0  E,  lat.  5  33  X. 

'Palma*,  C  r/>e,  a  promontory  of  A fric  , 
on  the  Ivorv  Coast  of  Guinea.  Lon.  5  54 
W,  lat.  4  26  X. 


1  Palmela,  a  town  of  Portugal  in  Estfa- 
madnra,  with  a  castle  on  a  r  ck,  seated 
on  the  river  Gadaon,  19  miles  SE  of  Lis- 
bon.   Lon.  8  56  W,  lat.  38  29  X. 

Palmer  st 'jit's  Inland,  situated  in  the 
South  Seas,  and  visited  by  captain  Cook 
in  his  second  and  last  voyages.  It  con- 
sists of  a  group  of  small  islands,  about 
nine  or  teil  in  number,  connected  by  a 
reef  of  coral  rocks,  and  lying  in  a  circu- 
lar dire  tiou.  This  place  admits  of  no 
anchorage,  nor  are  there  any  inhabitant* 
on  it,  though  it  abounds  with  cocoa-nuts, 
scurvy-grass,  and  the  wharra-free.  This 
island  does  not  exceed  a  mde  in  circum- 
ference, and  is  not  elevated  above  three 
feet  bevond  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lon. 
102  57  W,  lat.  18  0  S. 

Palmyra,  formerly  a  magnificent  city 
of  Asia,  in  the  deserts  of  Arabia,  of 
which  Zenobia  was  queen,  who  held  it 
out  a  long  time  agai  ist  th-  Romans,  but 
was  ae  length  taken  captive,  :,r:d  led  in 
triumph  through  the  streets  of  Rome. 
The- stupendous  ruins  of  this  city  w  ere 
visited  by  Messieuis  Wood  and  Dawkins, 
in  175-1  ;  and  Mr.  Wood  published  a 
splendid  account  of  them,  illustrated  by 
plates,  in  1755.  This  place  is  likewise 
called  Tedmor  in  the  Desert.  The  pre- 
sent inhabitants,  .consisting  of  30  or  40 
families,  have  erected  their  mud  cot- 
tages within  the  spacious  court  of  a  mag- 
rificem  temple  of  the  sun.  Palmvra  is 
200  miles  SE  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  38  50  E, 
lat.  33  20  X. 

Palmyra,  a  port  of  entry  and  post  town 
in  Montgomery  county,  Tennessee,  si- 
ftfated  on  he  S  side  of  Cumberland 
river,  f,5  miles  XW  of  Nashville,  along 
the  post,  read,  but  about  35  in  a  direct 
line. 

PMatnavd3  a  district  of  the  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  situated  toward  the  river 
Lvistna,  to  the  W  of  the  Guntoor  Circar, 
and  belonging  to  the  Cnrnatic. 

Palos,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia, 
with  a  pretty  good  harbour  :  remarkable 
for  being  the  place  whence  Christopher 
Columbus  sailed  to  discover  the  New 
World,  in  1492.  It  :s  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  Tint©,  46  miles  XWof 
Seville.    Lon.  6  39  W,  lat.  37  34  X. 

Pahs.  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Spain,  in 
Murcia,  to  the  S  of  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  which  separates  thed>ay  of  Cartha- 
.  ena  from  that  of  Alicant.   Lon.  6  39  W, 

Pafota,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  j\r 
'he  county  of  Alba  Reg.Yfis,  taken  from 
\te  Turks,  in  1687".    It  is  40  miles  SW 

Bud*.    Lon.  18  0  E,  lat.  47  0  X. 
;    Palutza,  a  small  town  of  Hungary. 


P  A  M 


PAN 


seated  on  the  river  Poprat,  54  miles  N 
of  Casso^U.    Lon.  21  20  E,  hit  47  12  N 

Palu^  a  famous  lake  >,f  Thibet,  lying 
to  the  S  pf  Lass;.,  about  three  days  jour- 
ney, and  12  miles  S  of  the  river  S.uipo 
or  Ikirrampooter.  It  is  150  miles  in  cir- 
cumference ;  and  in  the  middle  of  it  is 
or.c  lurgc  island.  On  the  W  shore  of  tins 
island,  or  congeries  of  islands,  is  a  mo- 
nastery, and  the  seat  of  the  Lamias*  Tur- 
cepamo  or  the  Great  Regenerate,  in 
whom  the  Thibeiians  think  that  a  divine 
spirit  is  regenerated,  as  it  is  in  the  Great 
Lama.  The  word  Lama  signifies  a  priest; 
or  minister  of  religion,  and  Lamissa  is 
the  feminine  of  Lama. 

Waltz,  JX'exv,  a  township  of  Ulster  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  3999  inhabi- 
tants in  1810  ,  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Hudson  river,  40  miles  S  of  Hudson  and 
83  S  of  Albany. 

Pamiers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Arriege  and  late  territory  <>i 
Poix,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  not  so 
considerable  as  formerly,  nor  peopled  in 
proportion  to  its  extent.  Near  it  is  a  mi- 
neral spring,  said  to  cure  the  gout  and 
obstructions.  Panders  is  seated  on  the 
Arrjege,  eight  miles  N  of  Poix,  ano. 
30  S  or*  Toulouse.  Lon.  1  32  E,  hit. 
43  8  N. 

Pum'ico  Sound,  a  kind  of  inland  sea,  of 
North  Carolina,  100  miles  long  and  from 
tO  to  20  broad.  It  is  separated,  in  its 
whole  length,  from  the  sea,  by  a  beach 
of  sand,  hardly  a  mile  wide,  general!} 
covered  by  small  trees  or  bushes. 
Through  this  hank  it  has  several  inlets  ; 
but  that  of  Ocrecock  is  the  only  one  thai 
will  admit. vessels  ofburden.  This  inlet 
is  m  lon.  76  20  W,  lat.  35  10  N. 

Pumpdonne,  a  town  af  prance,  in  the 
department  of  Tarn  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  15  miles  X  bv  E  of  Albv. 
Lon.  2  17  E,  Pat.  44  10  N. 

Pumpeluna,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital  of 
Upper  Navarre,  with  a  vei>y  strong-  cita- 
del, and  a  rich  bishopric.  Its  squares 
are  handsome,  and  adorned  with  shops 
full  of  rich  merchandise.  It  is  stated 
in  a  very  fertile  plain,  on  the  Arga,  42 
miles  S  of  Bavonnc,  and  167  NE  of  Ma- 
drid.   Lon.  135  \V,  lat.  42  47  N. 

Pampchina,  -a  town  of  South  America, 
In  New  Granada,  famous  for  its  mines  of 
gold,  and  numerous  flocks  of  slieep.  It 
is  150  miles  N  bv  E  of  St.-Pe-de-Uagota. 
Lon.  7130  W,  lat.  6:30  S . 

PampKegciy  a  town  of  Spain  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Old  Castile,  12  miles  S  of  Bur- 
gos.   Lon.  3  37  \Y,  lat.  42  14  N. 

Pamunby,  a  navigable  river  of  Virgi- 
nia, which  is  formed  by  the  junction  of 
North  and  South  Anna,"  and  other  lesser 


streams,  and  falls  into  York  river,  near 
Dxlawar. 

Pan,  or  Paha?ig,  a  town  of  Asia,  on  the 
E  coast  qfthe  peninsula  of  Malacca.  It  is 
.;.e  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  die  same 
name,  lemaik.ible  for  the  great  numbetr 
ol  elephants,  and  for  the  plenty  .d'pepper 
»t  prod  aces.  Pan  is  140  miles  NE  of  Mu- 
ia>  ca.    Lon.  103  20  E.lat.  3  55  N. 

Punugia,  n  handsome  town  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  in  the  province  of  ..omanla. 
Lon.  27  2  E,  lat.  40  4j  N. 

Panama,  a  ciiy  of  South  America,  the 
capital  of  Terra  Firm  a  Proper,  and  the 
scat  of  a  royal  audience  and  of  a  Lnshop, 
who  is  primate  ol  Terra  Firma.  It  was 
built  in  1517,  and  was  sacked  and  burnt 
l>3  die  Englisivbuccaneers  in  1670.  The 
Spaniards  of  Chili  ami  Peru,  used  to 
bring  he  products  and  manufactures  of 
Europe  to  Panama ;  but  the  commercial 
intercourse  is  now  carried  on  by  register 
ships  which  sail*  round  Cape  Hon.,  and 
convey  directly  to  the  porls  of  Chili  and 
Peru,  the  merchandise,  which  was  for- 
merly conveyed  across  the  isthmus  of 
Darien  to  Panama.  In  the  harbour  of  Pa- 
nama, is  a  fine  pearl  fishery,  This  city- 
is  sealed  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  70 
miles  S  of  Porto  Bcllo.  Lon.  80  35  W,  lat. 
8  48  X.  , 

Panari,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  in 
be  Mediterranean,  between  Lipari  and 
Stromboio.  It  is  a  barren  inconsiderable 
island,  and  only  five  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, ton.  15  41  E,  lat.  38  38  N. 

Parigy,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
oc\ \\  een  those  of  Paragoa  and  Negri;.  It 
is  250  mil.  s  in  circumference,  and  the 
most  populous  and  fertile  of  them  all.  It 
is  watered  by  a  great  number  of  rivers  and 
brooks,  and  produces  a  great  quantity  of 
:  ice.    Iloiia  is  the  capital. 

Pancras,  St.  a  village  in  Middlesex,  a 
Kttle  to  the  NW  of  London.  It  has  a 
church  dedicated  to  St.  Pancras;  and  the 
churchyard  is  remarkable  tor  being  the 
principal  place  of  interment  for  the  lio- 
nu  u  Catholics.  At  a  public  house  near 
i  .e  church  is  a  medicinal  spring.  Here 
is  an  hospital  for  inoculation,  and  the  Ye- 
ei  ifvary  College,  c  srablished  in  1791,  un- 
der the  patronage  of  people  of  the  first 
rank  and  fortune,  for  the  improvement  of 
farriery,  and  the  treatment  of  cattle  in 
general  ;  the  noble  stables,  and  aliatofni* 
eal  theatre,  are  'finished  ;  but  the  present 
college  is  only  attmporary  building. 

Panga,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of-Congo,  capital  of  the  proYxagg  of 
Bamba:   Lon.  14  25  E,  lat.  6  30  S. 

Pungla?ig,  a  town  of  Pegue,  in  tne  Bir- 
ni   •  empire^  'sttualed  on  the  river  Ran- 
|  goon.    Lon.  17  4  E,  lat.  95  54 S. 


PAP 


PAR 


Punjab,  a  country  of  Hindoos! an  Pro- 
per, being  that  watered  by  the  live  east- 
ern branches  of  the  Indus.  It  was  the 
scene  of  Alexander's  lust  campaign,  and 
the  m  plus  ultra  of  his  conquests.  It 
forms  a  square  of  250  miles,  and  includes 
the  whole  of  Lahore,  and  a  great  part  of 
Moultan  Proper.  To  ihe  lower  part  of 
MoultaJn  it  is  flat  and  marshy,  and  inun- 
dated by  the  periodical  ruins  which  fall 
between  May.and  October,  -jy 

PaUiumach  Welte,  a  village  in  Aber- 
deenshire, noted  for  the  mineral  waters 
discovered  in  1736  ;  and  a  lodge  bus 
been  erected  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
company  that  frequent  them  in  summer. 

Panniput,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, situated  on  an  extensive  plain  be- 
tween the  cities  of  Delhi  and  Sirhind. 
This  plain  is  celebrated  for  an  obstinate- 
battle  fought  in  1761,  between  an  arm\ 
of  200,000" Mahrattas,  and  Abdallah,  kin'., 
of  Candahar,  at  the  head  of  150,000  Ma- 
hometans, when  the  former  were  totally 
defeated.  Panniput  is  72  miles  XW  of 
Deihi.    Lorn  76  45  E.  lat.  29  15  N. 

Panomi,  a  village  of  Turkey  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Macedonia,  16  miles  S  of  Salo- 
nichi.    Lon.  23  10  E,  lat.  40  25  N. 

Panormo,  a  small  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe.  It  is  situated  in  the  province 
of  Albania,  on  a  gulf  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, opposite  the  island  of  Corfu,  45 
miles  SSE  of  Valona.  Lon.  20  2  E,  lit 
40  0  N. 

Pantalaria,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, between  Sicily  and  the  t  oast  of  Tu- 
nis, about  17  miles  in  circumference.  It 
abounds  in  cotton,  fruits,  wine,  and  corn, 
and  is  subject  to  the  king1  of  Naples.  Lon. 
12  31  E,  lat.  36  55  N. 

Pantika,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  the  Asi- 
atic province  of  Natolia,  situated  on  the 
NE  coast  of  the  sea  of  Marmora,  12  miles 
SE  of  Constantinople. 

Panuco,  a  province  of  New  Spain,  in 
the  audience  of  Mexico.  The.  capital  of 
the  same  name,  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  is 
situated  0:1  the  river  Panuco,  near  the 
gulf  of  Mexico,  and  170  miles  N  by  E 
of  the  citv  of  Mexico.  Lon.  98  5  E,  la'.. 
23  0  X. 

Pa-oom,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  to  the  S  of  Ma- 
licollo.    Lon.. 168  28  W,  lat.  16  30  S. 

'Pao-ting-fou,  a  town  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Pe-tcheli.  where  the  viceroy 
resides,  and  the  most  considerable  city 
in  the  province,  next  to  Peking.  It  has 
twenty  others  under  its  jurisdiction;  3 
of  the  second,  and  17  of  the  third  class. 
The  country  around  it  is  pleasant,  and 
inferior  in  fertility  to  no  part  of  China. 

Papa,  a  small  but  strong-tcv.-n  of  Low- 


er Hungary,  in  the  county  of  Esprin.  It 
was  taken  from  the  Turks  in  1683,  after 
the  raising  of  the  siege  of  Vienna.  It  is 
seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
Marchaltz,  45  miles  W  of  Buda.  Lon.  18 
20  E,  lat.  47  26  N. 

Pnpoui,  St.  a  late  episcopal  town  of 
Fi  ance,  in  the  department  of  Aude  and 
late  province  of  Languedoc,  seated  on 
the  Lembe,  eight  miles  E  of  Casllenauda- 
rv,  and  35  SE  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  2  10  E, 
lat.  43  21  X. 

J'appenheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Eranconia,  capital  of  a  county 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  where 
the  count  resides.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Altmal,  17  miles  XW  of  Xeuburg,  0id 
32  S  of  Xuremburg.  Lon.  10  51  E,  lav. 
48  58  N.  '/5£ 

Para,  a  fort  of  Brasil,  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Amazon,  and  to  the  E 
of  the  eastern  branch  of  it.  Lon.  59  0  IV, 
lat.  2  0  S. 

Paraceh,  a  vast  number  of  small  is- 
lands and' rocks,  lying  in  the  China  Sea, 
an  i  forming  a  long  cluster,  near  400 
miles  in  length,  off  the  coast  of  Cochin- 
Cliina. 

Paradella,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Beira.    Lon.  7  23  W,  lat.  41 

4  N. 

Paradise,  a  township  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania :  situated  on  the  N  side  of 
Codones  creek,  about  10  miles  SW  of  the 
borough  of  York.  It  contained  1548  in- 
habitants in  1810. 

Parago,  or  Palawan,  a  large  island  in 
the  Indian  Ocean  between  the  Philippines 
and  Borneo,  which  has  a  king,  tributary 
to  Borneo.  The  Spaniards  have  a  fort 
here. 

Paragua,  the  most  westerly  of  the 
Philippine  Islands,  extending  about  180 
miles  in  length  and  20  in  breadth.  Lqh 
117  44  E,  lat.  10  0  N. 

Paraguay,  a  large  Country  of  South  A- 
inerica,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Amazonia, 
on  the  Eby  Brasil,  on  the  S  by  Patagonia, 
and  on  the  Y\  by  Chili  and  Peru,  it  con- 
tains six  provinces ;  namely,  Paraguay 
Proper,  Parana,  Guaria,  Uraguay,  Tucti- 
man,  and  La  Plata,  from  which  the  whole 
country  is  also  called.  La. Plai a.  It  has 
numerous  lakes  and  rivers  ;  of  the  latter, 
the  three  principal  are  the  Paraguay,  I  - 
ragua,  and  Parana  ;  the  united  streams  of 
which  form  the  celebrated  Rio-de-la-Pla  • 
ta.  These  rivers  annually  overflow  their 
banks,  and,  on  their  recess,  leave  them 
enriched  by  a  slime,  that  renders  the  soil 
extremely  fertile.  This  vast  country  is 
far  from  being  wholly  subdued  or  plant- 
ed by  the  Spaniards;  many  parts  being 
still  unknown.    The  principal  province 


PAR 


PAR 


.  ..  liich  we  have  any  knowledge  is  that 

ailed  La  Plata,  toward  the  mouth  of  the 
Bio-de-la-Plata.  This  province,  with  all 
the  adjacent  parts,  is  one  continued  plain 
for  several  hundred  miles;  extremely  fer- 
tile, and  producing-  cotton  in  great  abun- 
dance, tobacco,  and  the  valuable  herb 
called  Paraguay,  w  hich  is  peculiar  to  this 
country, ,  and  the  infusion  of  which  is 
<lrauk  in  all  the  Spanish  provinces  ot 
South  America,  instead  of  tea.  They 
have  also  a  variety  of  fruits,  and  very  rich 
pastures  ;  but  the  country  is  destitute  of 
woods.  Tlie  air  is  remarkably  sweet  and 
serene.  The  Spaniards  discovered  this 
country,  by  sailing  up  the  Rio-de-la-Pla- 
ta, in  1515,  and  founded  the  town  of  Bu- 
sies Ay  res.  In  1530,  the  Jesuits  were 
admitted  into  these  fertile  regions,  and 
in  the  next  century,  founded  the  famous 
mission:,  of  Paraguay;  which  were  a  num- 
ber of  colonies,  each  governed  by  two 
Jesuits,  one  of  whom  was  rector,  and  the 
other  his  curate.  They  had  long  resist- 
ed the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese ;  but  the 
Jesuits*  by  learning  their  language,  con- 
forming to  their  manners,  &c.  soon  ac- 
quired great  authority  among  them  ;  till 
at  last,  by  steadily  pursuing  the  same 
artful  measures,  they  arrived  at  the  high- 
est degree  of  power  and  influence,  being  in 
a  manner  the  absolute  sovereigns  of  a  great 
part  of  this  extensive  country  ;  for  above 
350,000  families  are  said  to  have  been 
subject  to  them,  living  in  obedience  and 
awe  bordering  on  adoration,  yet  produced 
Without  the  least  violence  or  constraint. 
In  1767,  the  court  expelled  the  Jesuits, 
and  the  natives  were  put  upon  the  same 
footing  with  the  other  Indians  of  the  Spa- 
nish part  of  Sout  h  America. 

Paramaribo,  the  capital  of  Surinam,  in 
Guiana,  and  before  Surinam  was  taken 
by  the  British;  was  the  chief  place  of  the 
Dutch  colonies  in  South  America.  It  has 
i  strong  citadel  ;  and  a  noble  road  for 
shipping,  where  there  are  seldom  less 
than  80  vessels  loading  coffee,  sugar, 
cotton,  and  indigo  for  Europe.  The 
fetreets  are  perfectly  straight,  and  lined 
With  orange,  shaddock,  tamarind,  and  lo- 
jjnotJ  trees  in  everlasting  bloom.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  E  si.'  •  of  the  river  Suri- 
nam, 16  miles  from  its  mouth.  Lon.  55 
B5  W,  lat.  5  48  X. 

PardiOa,  a  town  of  South  America  in 
llrasil,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the 
r-ame  name.  The  Dutch  got  possession 
of  it  in  1635,  and  fortified  it  with  a  slight 
rampart ;  but.  the  Portuguese  retook  it 
soon  after.  The  soil  is  pretty  fertile,  and 
produces  sugar  canes,  and  a  great  num- 
ber of  trees  of  Brasil  wood.  Lon.  49  53 
W,  lat.  6  50  S. 


i^irmnoitsict  one  of  the  Kurile  Islands  ( 
lying  S  of  that  of  Shctomska.  See  Kit- 
riles. 

Parana,  a  province  6f  Paraguay,  sp 
called  from  a  large  river,  which  uniting 
with  the  Paraguay,  and  afterward  with 
the  Ura^uay.  forms  the  Kio-de-la-Plata. 

Pa.'-c/um,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  seated  on  a 
small  river  which  falls  into  the  Elbe.  It 
is  20  miles  SE  of  Schwerin.  Lon.  12  0 
E,  lat.  53  34  X. 

Parchwitz,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality  of 
Lignitz,  subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia. 
It  has  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
cloth.  It  is  12  miles  W  of  Wohlau,  and 
10  NE  of  Lignitz.  Lon.  16  42  E,  lat.  51 
17  X. 

Pavdobitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Chrudim,  subject  to  the  house 
of  Austria,  with  a  manufacture  of  knives 
and  sword  blades.  It  is  a  fortified  town, 
and  13  55  miles  E  of  Prague.  Lon.  15  45 
E,  lat.  49  55  X. 

Paretta,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont 
in  the  county  of  Canavez,  20  miles  N  of 
Turin. 

Par'erisO,  a  strong  town  of  Venetian  Is- 
stria,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  good 
harbour,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  65  miles 
E  of  Venire.    Lon  13  56>.E,  lat.  45  24  X". 

Paria,  or  iffiio  JlndaJiisia,  a  province  of 
Terra  Eirma,  on  the  banks  of  the  Orono- 
ko,  near  its  mouth. 

Partita,  or  St.  Parilla,  a  town  of  Peru, 
in  the  audience  of  Lima,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Santa,  50  miles  SE  of 
Tnixdlo,  and  230  X  W  of  Lima.    Lon.  77 


50  W,  lat. 


S, 


Paris,  the  chief  town  of  Bourbon  coun- 
ty, Kentucky,  containing  838  inhabitants 
in  1810.  Siluated  on  Little  Licking  creek, 
15  miles  X  of  Lexington. 

Pans,  the  capital  of  Erance,  one  of  the 
largest,  finest,  and  most  populous  cities 
of  Europe.  The  river  Seine,  which  cros- 
ses it,  forms  two  small  islands;  and  it  is 
six  leagues  in  circumference,  including 
the  suburbs.  The  inhabitants  are  com- 
puted to  be  800,000.  There  are  nine 
principal  bridges  in  Paris,  two  of  which, 
and  the  most  distinguished,  occupy  the 
whole  breadth  of  the  Seine  ;  namely,  Pont 
Xeuf,  and  Pont  Royal :  to  which  may  be 
added  the  new  bridge,  begun  in  1787,  and 
called  Pont  tie  Louis  Seize.  But  it  is 
here  to  be  observed,  that  all  the  names 
of  buildings,  squares,  streets,  See.  in  com- 
pliment to  royalty,  have  been  changed 
since  the  abolition  of  monarchy,  in  1792. 
The  other  bridges  are,  Pont  St.  Michel, 
Pont  au  change,  Petit  Pont,  Pont  Xotre 
Dame,  Pont  de  la  Tournclle,  Pont  Marie, 


PAR 


PAR 


and  Tont  Rouge.    This  last,  which  is  a 
timber  bridge,  painted  red,  is  the  point 
of  communication  between  the  Isle  du 
Palais,  and  Isle  St.  Louis.  Among-  a  grea 
number  of  public  foundations,  2  only  me- 
rit notice  ;  that  of  the  Innocents,  in  which, 
among  other  fine  pieces  of  sculpture,  is  a 
Galataea,  by  Goujcon  ;  and  that  of  Gre- 
nelle,  the  performance  of  the  celebrated 
Bourchardon.  There  are  three  triumphal 
arches,  erected  to  Louis  XIV.  and  known 
by  the  names  of  Porte  St.  Bernard,  Porte 
St.  Dennis,  and  Porte  St.  Martin.  The 
Place  Royale,  the  Place  Vei.dome,  the 
Place  d<  s  Victoires,  and  the  Place  de 
Louis  XV.  of  an  octagon  form,  in  which 
was  an  equestrian  statue,  in  bronze,  of 
that  monarch.  This  square,  which  is  now 
called  the  Place  de  la  Revolution,  was 
the  fatal  scene  of  the  execution  of  the 
lale  unfortunate  Louis  XVI.  of  his  unhap- 
py consort,  Marie  Antoinette,  and  of  his 
bister  the  princess  Elizabeth  ;  the  king  on 
the  21st  of  January,  the  queen  on  the 
16th  of  October,  1793,  and  the  princess, 
on  the  10th  of  May,  1794.    Besides  many 
hundreds  of  victims  of  revolutionary  des- 
potism who  likewise  perished  on  this  f  - 
tal  spot,  it  is  remarkable  that  many  of 
the  members  of  the  French  convention, 
who  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king,  suf- 
fered, in  the  sequel,  on  the  same  scat- 
fold  ;  and  among  these,  was  his  infamous 
relation,  the  duke  of  Orleans,  who  had 
assumed  the  ludicrous  name  of  Philip  d' 
Egalite.  The  most  interesting  of  the  ma- 
nufactures of  Paris  is  that  of  the  Gobe- 
lines  (so  called  from  a  family  of  celebrat- 
ed dyers  settled  in  this  city  in  1450),  in 
which  tapestries  are  made  after  the  pic- 
tures of  the  greatest  masters,  to  such 
perfection,  that  one,  representing  Louis 
XV.  a  whole  length,  framed,  and  placed 
among  the  master  pieces  of  painting,  was 
taken,  for  many  days,  by  multitudes  of 
visitors,  for  a  finished  piece.  The  manu- 
facture of  plate-glass  likewise  merits  at- 
tention.   The  cathedral  of  Notre  Dame, 
a  Gothic  structure,  is  one  of  the  largest 
in  Europe,  and  contains  45  chapels.  Nev. 
to  the  cathedral,  the  most  distinguished 
churches  are  St.  Sulpice,  St.  Eufetnche, 
St.  Gervais,  St.  Eticnne  du  Mont,  the  old 
church  of  St.  Genevieve,  the  new  church 
of  Sf.  Genevieve  (now  the  Pantheon)  the 
chnrchesof  St.  Severin,  St.  Roch,  and 
Vil-de-Grace.    The  finest  college  in  Pa- 
ris is  that  of  the  Four  Nations,  called  aT- 
,  so  Mazarin,  from  the  name  of  the  cardi- 
nal its  founder.    There  were  latelv  six 
academies  in  Paris  ;  namely,  the  French 


academy,  founded  by  Cardinal  Richelieu;  one  oi  tne  most  pleasing  waiKS  m  ine  ci- 
t hat  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles  Lettres,  ty.  The  palace  of  Luxemburg  was  built 
by  Louis  XIV.;  that  of  the  Sciences  ;  I  by  Mary  of  Medicis  in  1715,  and,  in  form. 


and  those  of  Painting  and  Sculpture,  Ar- 
chitecture, and  Chirurgery.    Among  the 
public  libraries,  that  lately  called  the 
King's,,  holds  the  first  rank  in  respect 
both  to  the  extent  of  the  buildings,  and 
the  number  of  the  volumes.  It  was  found- 
ed by  Charles  V.  in  1372.    The  other  li- 
braries are  those  of  St.  Genevieve,  the 
College  of  Mazarin,  St.  Victor,  of  the 
Doctriwaries,  of  the  advocates,  and  ol  the 
faculty  of  Medicine  ;  that  of  St.  Germain. 
des-Pres,  one  of  the  richest  in  France, 
containing  between  fifteen  and  twenty 
thousand  manuscripts,  and  near  a  hun- 
dred thousand  volumes,  is  open  every 
da>  to  men  of  letters.    The  Royal  (now 
National)  Observatory  is  built  of  free- 
stone, and  neither  iron  nor  wood  has  been 
employed  in  the  erection.    The  Botani- 
cal Garden,  is  worthy,  in  every  respect, 
of  its  late  appellation  of  Royal.   The  four 
principal  palaces  are  the  Louvre,  the 
Thuilleries,  the  Palais  Royal,  and  the 
Luxemburg.    The  Louvre  is  distinguish- 
ed into  the  Old  and  New.    The  Old  Lou- 
vre was  begun  by  Francis  I.  in  1528;  and 
the  grand  gallery,  1362  feet  long,  and  30 
broad,  which  joins  it  to  the  Thuilleries, 
was  begun  under  Charles  IX.  and  finished 
by  Louis  XIV.  who  likewise  built,  in  1665, 
the  New  Louvre.     But  it  is  still  an  unfi- 
nished  structure.    In  some  of  the  apart- 
ments different  academies  have  held  their 
sittings  ;  and  in  others  are  the  workshops 
and  lodging-rooms  of  artists.    The  Thu- 
illeries, begun  in  1564,  by  Catharine  of 
Medicis,  continued  by  Henry  IV.  and 
completed  by  Louis  XIV.  takes  its  name 
from  its  situation  in  a  place  in  which 
were  formerly  many  tile-kilns  f  ttdleriei J, 
which,  for  three  or  four  centuries  fur- 
nished the  greatest  part  of  the  tiles 
used  in  Pans.    The  garden  of  the  Thuil- 
leries, in  front  of  the  palace,  and  on  the 
banks  of  the  Seine,  is  unquestionably  the 
finest  public  walk  in  Paris.    From  this 
palace,  when  attacked  bv  the  enraged 
mob,  on  the  10th  of  August  1792,  'the 
unfortunate  Louis  XVT.  went  for  an  asy- 
lum to  the  hall  of  the  national  assembly, 
thence  to  a  prison,  and  thence  to  the 
scaffold.    The  Palais  Royal  was  built  by 
cardinal  Richelieu  i.  i  1629,  and  had  the 
name  of  the  Cardinal's  Palace,  till  Anne 
oi'  Austria  came  to  reside  in  it,  in  1643, 
with  her  son  Louis  XIV.  It  has  been  long 
the  property  of  the  late  duke  of  Orleans ; 
md  the  interior  has  been  recently  em- 
bellished with  many  beautiful  buildings, 
with  shops,  coffee-houses,  and  a  garden, 
which  render  it  like  a  perpetual  fair,  and 
one  of  the  most  pleasing  walks  in  the  ci- 


PAR 


PAR 


somewhat  resembles  Queen's  College, 
Oxford.  Its  gardens  are  open  to  the  pub- 
lic on  festival  days.  The  Hotel  des  Inva- 
lides,  for  the  wounded  and  superanuated 
soldiery,  is  a  magnificent  structure,  built 
by  Louis  XIV.  as  is  the  Military  School, 
in  the  Champ  de  Mars,  which  was  found- 
ed by  Louis  XV.  The  two  principal 
theatres  are  the  Theatre  de  la  Nation, 
and  the  Italian  Theatre;  which  in  poir.i 
of  elegance  and  convenience,  are  worthy^ 
in  every  respect,  of  the  capital  of  a  great 
I  nation.  The  Monnole,  or  Mint,  is  also  a 
noble  building,  situated  on  that  side  of 
the  Seine  which  is  opposite  the  Louvre. 
The  Hotel-de-Ville,  or  Guildhall  of  the 
city,  is  an  ancient  structure,  in  the  Place 
de  Greve,  which  was  heretofore  the  com- 
mon place  of  execution.  Paris  is  an 
archbishopric,  and  the  seat  of  an  univer- 
sity It  is  situated  in  the  late  province 
of  the  Isle  of  France  ;  and  it  now  forms 
with  the  small  district  around  it,  one  of 
the  83  departments  of  France.  It  is  70 
miles  S  of  Rouen,  265  SE  of  London,  625 
KW  of  Vienna,  and  630  NE  of  Madrid. 
Lat.  48  50  N,  Ion.  2  25  E. 

Paris,  the  name  of  several  inconsider- 
able post  towns  in  the  United  States, 
adopted  in  the  honey  moon  of  our  pas- 
sion for  the  French.  One  lies  in  Oneida 
county,  New  York,  about  six  miles  S  by 
W  of  Whitestown.  Another  in  Cumber- 
land county,  Maine,  about  70  miles.  N  by 
W  of  Portland.  And  another  in  Loudon 
county,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Shenandoah  river,  about  25  miles  SW 
of  Harper's  ferry  on  the  Potomac. 

Parkg-ate,  a  village  in  Cheshire,  12 
miles  NW  of  Chester,  situated  on  the 
NE  coast  of  the  river  Dee.  It  is  a  station 
for  packet  boats  that  frequently  sail  to 
Ireland. 

Parkstein,  a  town  of*  Germany,  in  tin 
circle  of  Bavaria,  and  principality  of 
Saltzbach,  16  miles  X  of  Naburg.  Lon. 
12  HE,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Parma,  a  duchy  of  Italy,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  river  Po,  on  the  NE  by  the 
Mantuan,  on  the  E  by  the  duchy  of  Mo 
dena,  on  the  S  by  Tuscany,  and  on  the 
W  by  Placentia.  The  air  is  very  whole- 
some ;  on  which  account  the  people  live 
to  a  great  age,  and  the  soil  is  fertile  in 
corn,  wine,  oil,  and  hemp.  The  celebra- 
ted Parmesan  cheese  is  no  longer  made 
in  this  country  ;  the  pastures  feed  a  great 
number  of  cattle.  There  are  some  incon- 
siderable mines  of  copper  and  silver,  an.! 
plenty  of  truffles. 

Parma,  an  ancient,  rich,  and  populous 
city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  citadel,  a  bishop's 


see,  and  an  university.  It  has  a  magnify 
cent  cathedral,  and  has  the  largest  opera 
house  in  Eur  pe,  having  seats  for  8000 
people.  The  cupola  of  the  cathedral, 
and  the  church  of  St.  John,  are  painted 
by  the  famous  Correggio,  who  whs  a  na- 
tive of  this  place.  In  1748,  by  the  trea- 
ty of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  tin-  duchies  of 
Parma,  Piacentia,  and  Guastalla,  were 
given  to  Don  Philip,  brother  to  Don  Car- 
ios,  king  of  the  two  Sicilies.  Parma  is 
40  miles  NW  of  Modena  and  60  SE  of 
Milan.    Lon.  10  3o  Ev  lat.  44  50  N. 

Parnassus,  now  called  Parnasso,  a 
mountain  of  Turkey  in  Livadia.  It  lias 
two  heads,  one  of  which  was  famous  for 
oeing  consecrated  to  Apollo  and  the  Mu- 
ses, and  the  other  to  Bacchus.  It  is  the 
Highest  in  Greece,  and  from  the  top  is  a 
prospect  as  far  as  Corinth ;  the  Turks 
call  it  Licaoura.  Here  also  is  a  fine 
fountain,  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Cas- 
lalia. 

Paros,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
one  of  the  Cyclades,  about  ten  miles  long 
and  eight  broad.  The  soil  is  well  culti- 
vated, and  the  pastures  teed  a  great  num- 
ber of  cattle.  The  trade  consists  in  wheat, 
barley,  wine,  pulse,  and  calicoes.  It  once 
produced  a  great  deal  of  oil,  but  the  Ve- 
netian army  burnt  all  the  olive-trees.  This 
island  was  anciently  dedicated  to  Bac- 
chus, on  account  of  its  excellent  wines  ; 
and  has  been  so  famous  for  its  marble, 
that  the  best  carvers  would  make  use  of 
no  other.  Those  excellent  statuaries. 
Phidias  and  Praxiteles,  were  natives  of 
this  island  ;  and  the  famous  Arundelian 
marbles,  at  Oxford,  were  brought  from 
this  place.    It  lies  to  the  W  of  Naxia. 

Paros,  a  town  of  the  Archipelago,  ci* 
pital  of  the  isle  of  Paros,  which  was  an- 
ciently the  largest  and  most  powerful 
town  of  the  Cyclades  ;  but  is  at  present 
nothing  to  what  it  was.  The  walls  of  the 
< ■  istle  are  built  of  ancient  palaces  of  mar- 
ble, and  most  of  the  columns  are  placed 
longwise  :  some  of  them  that  stand  up- 
right, support  cornices  of  amazing  size. 
The  natives  build  their  hotises  of  mar- 
ble, which  they  find  ready  cut  to  their 
hands  ;  but  they  take  no  care  to  place 
the  pieces  in  a  regular  manner  :  their 
fields  likewise  are  inclosed  with  friezes, 
altars  and  basso-relievos.  The  inhabi- 
ants  arc  so  ignorant  now,  that,  instead 
if  great  sculptors  and  skilful  architects, 
i  hey  have  nothing  but  carvers  of  mortars 
and  salt-cellars.  Paros  is  a  bishop's  see, 
;md  situated  on  the  W  coast  of  the  island, 
Lon.  25  44  E,  lat.  37  8  N. 

Parret,  a  small  river  in  Somersetshire, 
whose  source  is  in  the  S  part  of  the  covin- 


PAS 

ty.  It  receives  the  Ivel  and  Thone,  andj 
falls  into  the  Bristol  Channel,  at  Bridge  - 
water  Bay. 

Parramatta,  a  town  or  settlement  of 
English  convicts,  in  New  South  Wales'. 
It  is  seated  at  the  head  of  the  harbour  of 
Port  Jackson,  11  miles  W  of  Sydney 
Cove,  between  Rose  Hill  and  the  binding' 
place  in  the  creek  which  forms  the  head. 
In  1791,  near  1000  acres  of  land  were 
either  in  cultivation,  or  cleared  lor  that 
purpose.  The  soil  in  most  places,  is  re- 
markably good,  and  only  wants  cultiva- 
tion to  be  lit  for  any  use.  1*011.  151  89  E, 
lat.  33  50  S. 

Parsberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavari:1,  and  principality  of  New- 
burg,  18  miles  N\V  of  Ratisbon.  Lon.  11 
55  E,  lat.  49  8  N. 

Parson,  or  Patsonjteld,  a  post  town  in 
York  county,  Maine,  46*  miles  W  by  N  of 
Portland,  containing  1768  inhabitants. 

Parschwitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  and  principality  of 
Lignitz.  It  is  subject  to  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia, and  is  eight  miles  NE  of  Lignitz. 

Parthenay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Two  Sevres,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Poitou.  It  carries  on  a  conside- 
rable trade  in  cattle  and  corn,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Thoue,  17  miles  S  of  Thou- 
ars.    Lon.  0  19  W,  lat.  46  44  N. 

Partenkirk,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ba- 
varia, 40  miles  SW  of  Munich.  Lon.  11 
0  E,  lat.  47  36  N. 

Panjs,  a  mountain  in  the  isle  of  An- 
glesey, famous  for  a  copper  mine,  pro- 
bably the  largest  bed  of  ore  of  that  me- 
tal hitherto  discovered  in  the  world.  "  It 
is  not  wrought  (says  l)r.  Aikin)  in  the 
common  manner  of  subterraneous  mines, 
but,  like  a  stone  quarry,  open  to  day;  and 
the  quantities  of  ore  raised  are  prodi- 
gious. The  ore  is  poor  in  quality,  and 
very  abundant  in  sulphur.  The  purest 
part  is  expoitcd  raw  to  the  smelting 
works  at  Swansea  and  other  places,  the 
more  impure  is  first  calcined  and  depri- 
ved of  most  of  its  sulphur  on  the  spot. 
Quantities  of  nearly  pure  copper  are  ob- 
tained from  the.  waters  lodged  beneath 
the  bed  of  ore,  by  the  intervention  of 
iron.  A  lead  ore,  rich  in  sliver,  is  also 
found  in  this  mountain.  The  wealth  and 
population  of  Anglesey  have  received  a 
great  increase  from  the  discovery  of  this 
copper  mine. 

Pas,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  and  late 
province  of  Artois,  12  miles  SW  of  Ar- 
ras.   Lon.  2  40  E,  lat.  50  9  N. 

Pas  de  Calais,  or  Straits  of  Calais,  a 
department  of  France,  containing  the  late 


PAS 


province  of  Artois  and  Boulonnois. 
ras  is  the  capital. 

Pasetvalk,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Anterior  Po- 
merania.  It  is  situated  near  some  iron 
works,  on  the  Ucker,  21  miles  W  of  Stet- 
tin, and  66  SSE  of  Stralsund.  Lon.  13 
57  E,  lat.  53  27  N. 

Pasquotank,  the  capital  of  Pasquotank 
county,  North  Carolina;  lying  between 
Pasquotank  and  Little  rivers,  303  miles 
from  Washington. 

Passaick,  a  river  of  New  Jersey,  which 
rises  in  die  state  of  New  York,  and  after 
running  in  a  SE  direction,  through  Ber- 
gen and  Essex  counties,  falls  into  the  bay 
of  Newark,  a  little  eastward  of  the  town 
of  Newark. 

Passaro-ivitz,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  the 
European  province  of  Servia.  Here  the 
emperor  Charles  VI.  and  Achmet  II.  con- 
cluded a  peace  in  1694.  It  is  situated 
near  the  river  Morava,  83  milts  ESE  of 
Belgrade,  and  44  W  of  Orsova.  Lon.  21 
16  E,  lat.  45  6  N. 

Passo,  a  cape  of  Peru,  lying  under  the 
equator,  in  lon.  78  50  W.  " 

Passage,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Biscay, 
60  miles  E  of  Bilboa.  It  is  a  station  for 
the  Spanish  men  of  war.  Lon.  2  4  W, 
lat.  43  21  N. 

Passaro,  a  cape  on  the  coast  of  Janna, 
in  Greece,  between  the  gulfs  of  Armiro 
and  Zeiton. 

Passarvan,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Ja- 
va, in  the  East  Indies.  Lon.  114  15  E, 
lat.  7  0S. 

Passav,  an  ancient  city  of  Germany, 
in  Lower  Bavaria,  capital  of  a  bishopric 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  fort.  The  hou- 
ses are  well  built,  and  the  cathedral  i.1; 
thought  tq  be  the  finest  in  all  Germany. 
It  is  divided  into  four  parts,  namely,  the 
town  of  Passau,  Instadt,  litzstadt,  and 
the  quarter  in  which  the  episcopal  -pa- 
lace is  built.  The  first  three  are  forti- 
fied, but  the  last  has  no  fortifications,  be- 
ing only  a  suburb.  It  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Inn  and  lltz,  62  miles 
E  of  Jtatisbon,  and  135  W  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  13  37  E,  lat.  48  28  N. 

Passenheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Prussia,  in  the  province  of  Oberland,  m 
miles  S  of  Ivoningsberg.  Lon.  20  50  E, 
lat.  53  40  N. 

Passero  Cape,  a  remarkable  cape  of  the 
island  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val-dUNotO,  to 
the  E  of  the.  tow  n  of  that  name,  and  joins 
the  eastern  coast  of  this  island  to  the 
southern.  In  the  neighbourhood  the  Etjfe- 
lish  and  Spanish  fleets  had  an  engage- 
ment in  the  year  1735,  when  the  Spa- 
niards were  defeated.    It  lias  a  fort  tq 


PAT 


PAT 


protect  the  countiy  from  the  incursions 
of  the  Barbary  corsairs,  who  are  often 
very  troublesome  on  the  coast.  Lon.  15 
22  E,  lat.  36  35  N. 

Passigniano,  a  town  of  Italy,  lately  in 
the  territory  of  the  church,  seated  on  the 
lake  Perugia,  17  miles  NW  of  Perugia. 
Lon.  12  5E,  lat.  43  16  N. 

Passyuiik,  a  township  of  Philadelphia 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  992  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  joins  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia,; 
extending-  thence  to  the  river  Schuylkill 
on  the  W,  and  Delaware  on  the  S. 

Pasto,  or  St.  Juan  de  Pasto,  a  town  of 
South  America,  in  Pppayan,  seated  in  a 
fine  valley,  120  miles  N  by  E  of  Quito. 
Lon.  76  55  \V,  lat.  1  50  N. 

Pastrana,  or  Patrana,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  New  Castile,  seated  between  the  Tajo 
and  Taj  una,  32  miles  E  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
2  46  W,  lat.  40  26  N. 

Patagonia,  a  country  of  S  America, 
comprehending  all  that  country  extend- 
ing from  Chili  and  Paraguay  to  the  ut- 
most extremity  of  South  America;  that 
is,  from  35°  almost  to  54°  of  latitude  : 
being  surrounded  by  the  countries  just 
mentioned,  the  South  and  North  Sea,  and 
the  Straits  of  Magellan,  which  separate 
it  from  the  island  called  Terra  del  Fue- 
tro.  It  is  inhabited  by  a  race  of  men, 
•who  long  afforded  a  subject  of  controver- 
sy to  the  learned.  They  are  supposed  to 
be  one  of  the  wandering  tribes,  which 
occupy  that  vast,  but  least  known  region 
of  America,  which  extends  from  the  Rio- 
de-la-Plata  to  the  straits  of  Magellan. 
Their  proper  station  is  in  that  part  of 
the  interior  country  which  lies  on  the 
river  Negro  ;  but,  in  the  hunting  season, 
they  often  roam  as  far  as  the  straits 
which  separate  Terra  del  Fucgo  from 
the  mainland.  The  first  accounts  of  this 
people  were  brought  to  Europe  by  the 
companions  of  Magellan,  who  described 
them  as  a  gigantic  race,  above  eight  feet 
high,  and  of  strength  in  proportion  to 
their  uncommon  size.  Captain  Wallis 
landed  here  in  1766,  and  having  pur- 
posely provided  himself  with  measuring 
rods,  found  that  the  tallest  man  among 
them  measured  only  six  feet  seven  inches 
high ;  several  were  within  an  inch  or 
two  as  tall;  but  the  ordinary  size  was 
from  five  feet  ten  inches  to  six  feet.  It 
is  pity  that  none  of  our  voyagers  thought 
of  measuring  the  wiiole  size  of  one  of 
those  gigantic  men.  They  tell  us  indeed, 
that  they  are  well  made,  that  they  are 
proportionably  large,  and  that  they  are 
robust  and  bony  ;  but  they  give  us  no 
criterion  to  judge  of  their  bulk,  nor  one 
instance  of  their  extraordinary  strength. 


As  they  are  represented  not  only  peacea- 
ble, but  remarkably  tractable,  some  tri- 
als might  have  been  made  of  the  weight 
they  could  have  lifted,  and  how  much 
they  could  exceed  in  that  respect  thq 
strongest  man  in  the  ships.  This  in  a 
great  measure)  Would  have  determined 
the  point,  which  is  yet  left  doubtful  by 
the  different  relations  that  are  given  by 
tiie  different  voyagers  who  have  seen 
these  people,  no  two  of  them  agreeing  in 
the  same  description.  Those  seen  by 
commodore  Byron  were  parted  round 
both  eyes,  no  two  of  them  alike  ;  those 
.  seen  by  captain  Wallis  had  only  a  red 
circle  round  the  left  eye ,  and  those  seen 
by  Bougainville  had  no  circle  round  their 
eyes,  but  had  their  cheeks  painted  red  ; 
their  colour  is  a  kind  of  Bronze.  Ano- 
xic r  very  remarkable  particular  is,  that 
they  had  none  of  the  characters  of  a  fe- 
rocious people  ;  there  was  no  offensive 
weapon  among  them,  except  a  scimitar. 
They  have  no  other  clothing  than  skins, 
which  they  wear  with  the  hair  inward 
and  a  piece  of  leather  covers  the  private 
parts. 

Patak,  a  town  of  Hungary,  with  a  col  - 
lege for  protestants,  situated  on  the  La- 
toreza,  25  miles  SSE  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  21 
35  E,  lat.  46  33  N. 

Patau,  a  town  of  Asia,  on  the  NE  coast 
of  the  peninsula  of  Malacca,  capital  of  a 
kingdom  of  the  same  name,  one  of  the 
strongest  places  in  these  parts  with  a 
well  defended  harbour.  The  inhabitants 
are  partly  Mahometans  and  partly  Gen- 
toos,  very  voluptuous,  and  cany  on  some 
trade  with  the  Chinese.  It  is  300  miles  N 
by  W  of  Malacca.  Lon.  100  40  E,  lat.  6 
30  N. 

Ptitepsco,  a  river  of  Maryland.  It  ri- 
ses in  Frederick  county,  and  runs  nearly 
in  a  SE  course  to  Chesapeak  bay.  About 
16  miles  above  its  junction  with  the  bay, 
stands  the  flourishing  city  of  Baltimore. 
So  fur  it  is  navigable  by  vessels  of  consi- 
derable burden,  but  a  little  higher  up  the 
channel  is  obstructed  by  a  ledge  of  rocks., 

Patuy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret,  and  late  province  of  Or- 
leanois,  remarkable  for  the  defeat  of  the 
English  in  1429,  by  Joan  of  Arc.  It  is  25 
miles  NW  of  Orleans.  Lon.  1  49  E,  lat.  48 
5  N.  ' 

Patehuca,  or  Paiioca,  a  town  of  New 
Spain,  in  the  audience  of  Mexico.  Near 
which  is  a  silver  mine.  It  is  70  miles  N 
of  Mexico.    Loin 99  55  W,  lat.  21  0  N. 

Pattrno,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  De- 
mona,  built  on  the  site  of  Hybla,  once  so 
famous  far  its  delicious  honey,  and  is  15 
miles  W  of  Catania.  Lon.  15  i4  E,  lat.  57 
35  N. 


PAT 


PAT 


Pater  J\'u$ter,  islands  of  Asia,  m  the 
East  Indian  Sea,  so  called  because  of  the 
great  number  of  rocks,  which  sailors  have 
likened  to  the  beads  with  which  the  Pa- 
pis's  tell  their  pater  noster.  They  abound 
in  corn  and  fruits,  and  are  very  popu- 
lous. 

Pathhead,  a  considerable  manufactur- 
ing village  in  Fifeshire,  a  little  to  the  E 
of  Kirkcaldy. 

Patience,  an  island  belonging-  to  the 
state  of  Rhode  Island  ;  situated  in  Narra- 
ganset  bay  a  few  miles  to  the  SE  of  War- 
wick neck. 

Putmos,  one  of  the  Sporades  ;  30  miles 
in  compass  ;  concerning  which  we  read 
little  in  authors.  It  was  rendered  fa- 
mous  by  the  exile  of  St.  John,  and  the 
Revelation  shewed  him  there.  The 
greatest  part  of  interpreters  think  that 
St.  John  wrote  them  in  the  sa*ne  place 
during  the  two  years  of  his  exile  ;  but  o- 
thers  think  that  he  did  not  commit  them 
to  writing  till  after  his  return  to  Ephe- 
sus.  The  island  of  Patmos  is  between 
the  island  of  lcaria  and  the  promontory 
of  Miletus.  Nothing  has  done  it  more 
honour  than  to  have  been  the  place  of 
the  banishment  of  St.  John.  It  is  now 
called  Patino.  Its  circuit  is  five  and 
twenty  or  thirty  miles.  It  has  a  city 
called" Patmos,  with  a  harbour,  and  some 
monasteries  of  Greek  monks.  It  is  at 
present  in  the  hands  of  the  Turks.  It  is 
considerable  for  its  harbours ;  but  the 
inhabitants  derive  little  benefit  from 
them,  because  the  corsairs  have  obliged 
them  to  quit  the  town,  and  retire  to  a 
hill  on  which  St.  John's  convent  stands. 
This  convent  is  a  citadel  consisting  ot 
several  irregular  towers,  Tnd  is  a  sub 
stantial  building  seated  on  a  very  steep 
rock.  The  whole  island  is  very  barren, 
and  without  wood;  however,  it  abounds 
with  partridges,  rabbits,  quails,  turtles, 
pigeons,  and  snipes.  All  their  corn  does 
not  amount  to  1000  barrels  in  a  year. 
In  the  whole  island  there  are  scarce  300 
men  :  but  there  are  above  20  women  to 
one  man,  who  expect  that  all  strangers 
who  land  in  the  island  should  carry  some 
fn'  t*.em  away.  To  the  memory  of  St. 
John  is  an  hermitage  on  the  side  of  a 
mountain,  where  there  is  a  chapel  not 
above  eight  paces  long  and  five  broad. 
Over  head  they  show  a  chink  in  the  rock, 
through  which  they  pretend  that  the 
Holy  Ghost  dictated  to  St.  John.  E  Lon. 
26  55  N,  lat.  37  24. 

Patha,  a  large  Gity  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, capital  ofliahar,  and  a  place  of  con- 
siderable trade.  It  is  fortified  in  the  In- 
dian manner  with  a  wall  and  citadel.  In 
the  citadel  were  confined  the  prisoners 


taken  in  1764  by  Meer  Cosim,  nabob  of 
Bengal,  by  whose  order  they  were  mas. 
sacred.  The  buddings  are  hi^h,  but  the 
streets  are  narrow.  It  is  seated  on  the 
S  bank  of  the  Ganges,  400  miles  NW  of 
Calcutta.    Lon.  85  0  E,  lat.  25  35  N. 

Patomac.    See  Potovrmac, 

Patrana.    See  Pastrana. 

Putras,  an  ancient  and  flourishing 
town  in  the  Mo  re  a,  with  a  Greek  arch- 
bishop's  see.  The  Jews,  who  are  one 
third  of  the  inhabitants,  have  four  syna- 
gogues, and  there  are.  several  handsome 
mosques  and  Greek  churches.  The  Jews 
carry  on  a  great  trade  in  sdk,  leather, 
honey,  wax,  and  cheese.  There  are  Cy- 
prus trees  of  a  prodigious  height,  and 
excellent  pomegranates,  citrons,  and 
oranges.  It  has  been  taken  and  retaken 
several  times,  but  the  Turks  are  now 
masters  of  it.  It  is  seated  on  the  decli- 
vity of  a  hill,  near  the  sea,  20  miles  SW 
of  Lepanto.    Lon.  21  45  E,  lat.  38  17  N. 

Patria,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, in  Terra  di  Lavpro,  so  named  from 
a  lake  near  which  it  is  situated,  13  miles 
NW  of  Naples. 

Patrica,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  the  church  and  Campagna  di  Ro- 
ma, eight  miles  E  of  Ostia.  About  a  mile 
from  this  place  is  a  hill,  called  Monte- 
di-Livano,  which  some  have  thought  to 
be  the  ancient  Lavinium. 

Patrick,  a  county  of  Virginia,  con- 
taining 4,695  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
a  i  *  mint ai nous  district  on  the  N  side  of 
the  river  Dan  ;  being  bounded  by  Pitt- 
sylvania on  the  E,  North  Carolina  on  the 
S,  Henry  on  the  W,  and  Franklin  on  the 
N.    The  chief  town  is  Patrick. 

Patrimony  of  St  Peter,  a  province  of 
Italy,  in  the  Ecclesiastical  State.  It  is 
35  miles  in  length  and  30  in  breadth  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Orvieto,  on  the  E 
by  Umbria  and  Sabina,  on  the  Shy  Cam- 
pagna-di-Roma,  and  on  the  SW  by  the 
sea.    Viterbo  is  the  capital. 

Patringtan,  a  town  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
Here  the  Roman  road  from  the  Picts 
wall  ended.  It  is  pleasantly  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Humber,  50  miles  SE 
of  York,  and  191  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  8 
E,  lat.  53  49  N. 

Pattensen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  principality 
of  Calemberg,  formerly  a  fortified  town. 
It  is  six  miles  S  of  Hanover. 

Patti,  an  episcopal  town  of  Sicily,  in  * 
•he  Val-d;-Demona,  28  miles  W  of  Mes- 
s  na.    Lon.  15  22  E,  lat.  38  U  N. 

Pattiariiy  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Hindoo- 
Man  Proper,  in  the  country  of  Oude,  55 
miles  NW  of  Canogue,  and  the  same 


P  A  U 


PEA 


ENE.of  Agra.  Lon.  79  45  E,  v\l.  27 
33  N.  ■ 

Patten*  or  Puttan,  a  town  of  Hindoo* 
stan  Proper,  in  the  country  of  Guzerat 
and  capital  of  a  circar  of  the  same  name 
132  miles  SW  of  Oudipour.    Lon.  72  30 
E,  lat.  23  45  N. 

Patuxent,  a  river  in  North  America, 
Which  discharges  itself  into  the  Chesa- 
peuk,  30  miles  S  of  Annapolis. 

Pau,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Lower  Pyrenees  and  laU  pro- 
vince of  Beam,  with  a  castle  where  Hen- 
ry IV.  was  born.  It  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, at  the  foot  of  which  runs  the  river 
Gave,  97  miles  S  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0 
4  W,  lat.  43  15  N. 

Pavia,  an  ancient  and  fortified  town 
of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan,  with  a 
celebrated  university,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
There  are  a  great  number  of  magnificent 
castles  and  some  colleges,  and  in  the 
centre  of  the  town  is  a  castle,  where  the 
ancient  dukes  of  Milan  resided.  It  lias 
been  often  taken  and  retaken,  since  the 
commencement  of  the  present  war  (1801). 
It  is  seated  on  the  Tesino  over  which  is 
a  bridge,  15  miles  S  of  Milan.  Lon.  9 
15  E,  lat.  45  13  X. 

Paul,  St.  parish  of  Charleston  d's 
trict,  South  Carolina.  In  1800  it  con- 
tained about  7000  inhabitants,  more  than 
6000  of  whom  were  slaves. 

Paul,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and  late 
province  of  Artois,  16  miles  WNW  oi 
Arras.    Lon.  2  30  E,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Paul,  St.  a  town  of  South  America  in 
Brasil,  and  province  of  St*  Vincent,  J' 
is  a  kind  of  independent  republic,  com- 
pose d  of  the  banditti  of  several  nations. 
However,  they  pay  tribute  to  the  Portu- 
guese. It  is  surrounded  by  inaccessible 
mountains  and  thick  forests.  Lon.  45  52 
W,  lat.  23  25  S. 

PauLde-Femiouilledes,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Gard  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc,  seated  on  the  river 
Egli,  among  mountains,  30  miles  X  of 
Montpellier.    Lon.  3  58  E,  lat.  44  7  X. 

Payl-les-Vence,  St.  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Var  and  lute  pro- 
vince of  Provence,  five  miles  W  of  Nice, 
and  450  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  7  13  E,  lat. 
43  42  X. 

Paul-trois-Chateaux,  St.  an  ancient' and 
late  episcopal  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Drome  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny,  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a 
hill,  16  miles  S  of  Montelimar.  Lon.  4 
57  E,  lat.  44  21  N. 

Paula,  a  town  of  XTaples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  seated  near  the  sea,  in  a  fer- 


tile and  well  cultivated  country,  12  miles 
\V  of  Cosenz...  Lon.  16  9E,  lat.  3(j  24  X. 

Paulograd,  a  small  town  of  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Caihurinenslaf,  32 
miles  E  of  that  place.  Lon.  35  54  E,  lat. 
47  10  X. 

Pavohs'an,  an  episcopal  seaport  of  A- 
frica  in  the  isle  of  St.  Thomas,  With  u. 
fort  and  a  good  harbour.  It  belongs  *o 
Portugal,  and  lies  under  the  equator, 
in  lon.  8  30  W. 

Puusiiippo,  a  mountain  of  Italy,  five 
miles  from  Puzzoli.  celebrated  for  a 
grotto,  which  is  a  subterraneous  passage 
through  the  mountain,  near  a  mile  in 
length,  about  20  feet  in  breadth,  and  30 
to  40  in  height.  People  of  fashion  gene- 
rally drive  through  this  passage  with 
torches ;  but  the  country  people  find 
their  way;  without  much  difficulty,  by 
the  lignt  which  enters  at  the  extremi- 
ties, and  at  two  holes  pierced  through, 
the  jfhountain,  near  the  middle  of  the 
grotto,  which  admit  light  from  above. 
On  this  mountain  also  is  the  celebrated 
tomb  of  Virgil,  overgrown  with  ivy,  and 
shaded  with  an  ancient  buy-tree,  shrub? 
and  bushes. 

Pautzke,  a  town  of  Western  Prussia, 
in  Pomerellia,  25  miles  NW  of  Dantzic. 
Lon.  18  4 I  E,  lai.  54  44  N. 

PjptvUngyii  township  of  Duchess  county, 
New  York,  containing  1756  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  a  post  town  on  the  Wside  of 
Hudson  river  alovelOO  miles  S  of  Albany. 

Puxtang,  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower, 
three  townships  of  Dauphin  county,  con- 
taining together  5119  inhabitants  in  1810. 
They  are  situated  on  the  E  side  of  the 
river  Susquchannah.  The  capital  is  Har- 
risburg.  fct^Jp 

Pinjcruc,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  be- 
longing to  the  canton  of  Bern,  22  miles 
SW  of  Bern.    Lon.  6  55  E,  lat.  46  38  N. 

JJaz,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience 
of  Los  Charcos,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  sealed  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  in  a- 
valley  abounding!  in  wine  and  fruits,  350 
miles  SE  of  Cuzco.    Lon.  68  50  W,  lat. 

Puzzy,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Human ia,  near  Gallipoli,  with  a  bishop's 
see.    Lon.  26  59  E.  lat.  40  33  X 

Peacham,  a  township  oi  Caledonia 
county,  Xew  York,  containing  1301  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Connecticut  river,  between 
Harriet  and  Cabot. 

Peak,  a  mountainous  country  in  tlitf 
NW'part  of  Derbyshire,  which  abounds 
in  lead,  millstones  and  whetstones.  It  is 
much  visited  on  account  of  its  extraor- 
dinary caverns,  perforations,  and  other 


PEE 


PEG 


curiosities.  The  "  Wonders  of  the  Peak" 
have  been  celebrated  both  in  prose  and 
verse  ;  and  they  are  noticed  in  this  work 
under  the  articles  Buxton,  Castleton, 
Chats  worth,  and  Tiddeswell. 

Pearl  Islands^  islands  lying"  in  the  bay 
of  Panama,  in  South  America.  The  in- 
habitants of  Panama  have  plantations  in 
them,  and  from  them  they  are  supplied 
with  provisions. 

P&iths,  or  Peese,  a  vast  chasm  in  the 
mountains  of  the  NE  part  of  Berwick 
shire.  It  is  more  than  16(J  feet  deep; 
and  over  it  is  a  noble  bridge  of  four 
arches.  From  its  vast  height,  it  greatly 
resembles  an  ancient  Roman  aqueduct. 

Pecquencour,  a  town  of  Prance,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Hainault,  seated  on  the  Scarpe, 
five  miles  E  of  Douav.  Lou.  3  16  K,  lat. 
50  23  N. 

Pedee,  a  river  of  North  America, 
which  rises  in  North  Carolina,  and  is 
here  called  the  Yadkin  River,  and  en- 
tering- South  Carolina,  it  takes  the  name 
of  Pedee,  and  Hows  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  12  miles  below  George  Town. 

Pedena,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in 
Venetian  Istria,  with  a  bishop's  see,  25 
miles  SB  of  Capo  d'Istria.  Lon.  U  30  B, 
lat.  45  34  N. 

Pederneira,  a  seaport  town  of  Portu- 
gal, iii  the  province  of  Estratnadura,  18 
miles  NE  of  Pe niche.  Lon.  8  6  W,  lat. 
39  51  X. 

Pedir,  a  town  of  Sumatra,  in  the  East 
Indies,  40  miles  E  of  Achen.  Lon.  96 
36  E,  lat.  5  22  X. 

Pedro,  Point,  the  most  northern  point 
of  the  island  of  Ceylon,  opposite  Point 
Calvmere,  on  the  continent  of  India.  Lon. 
80  27  E,  lat.  9  52  N. 

Pedro,  St.  one  of  the  islands  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  called  Marquesas. 
Lon.  138  51  W,  lat.  9  58  S. 

Peebles,  an  ancient  borough,  capital 
of  Peebleshire,  seated  on  the  TwccJ, 
over  which  is  a  bridge.  It  has  manufac- 
tures or"  carpets  and  serges,  and  a  week- 
ly market  for  corn  and  cattle.  Before 
the  present  church  Mas  erected,  divine 
service  was  performed  in  part  of  an  an- 
cient monastery,  in  which  several  kings 
of  Scotland  arc  said  to  have  resided,  it 
is  22  miles  S  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  7  W, 
lat.  55  36  N. 

Perthshire,  or  T?veedda!e,  a  county  of 
Scotland,  bounded  on  the  E  by  Selkirk- 
shire ;  on  the  N  by  Edinhurgshire  ;  W 
by  Lanerkshire ;  and  S  by  Dumfries- 
shire ;  and  contains  308  square  miles,  is 
2S  miles  long,  and  18  where  broadest. 
The  climate  is  temperate  and  the  air 


clear.  Its  numerous  hills  are  verdant, 
and  feed  great  quantities  of  sheep,  and 
its  vallics  fruitful  in  oats,  barley  and 
pasture,  which  feed  great  numbers  of 
black  cattle,  yielding  cheese  and  butter. 
It  has  several  rivers  which  fall  into  the 
Tweed,  which  produce  plenty  of  tine  sal- 
mon, as  does  West-water  Loch,  eels,  Sec. 
in  such  abundance  in  Angus,  that  during 
the  W  winds,  they  have  overturned  the 
people  that  catched  them.  Loch-genenen 
falls  from  a  precipice  250  paces  high. 
Its  chief  mountain  is  Braidalb,  from 
whence  may  be  seen  the  seas  on  each 
side  of  the"  island.  This  county  yields 
limestone,  &c.  with  every  necessary  of 
lite.  The  chief  manufactures  are  shoes 
and  thread. 

Peekskill,  a  post  town  in  West  Ches- 
ter county,  New  York;  lying  on  the  E 
side  of  Hudson  river,  50  miles  X  of  the 
city  of  New  Y'ork,  and  about  10  below 
the  fort  at  West  Point. 

Peel,  a  town  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  It  is 
situated  on  a  spacious  bay,  at  the  S  ex- 
tremity of  which  is  Peel  Isle,  a  rock  of 
great  magnitude  and  height.  There  is 
a  castle  on  the  summit  of  it,  and  like* 
wise  a  cathedral  said  to  be  dedicated  to 
St.  Germain,  the  first  bishop,  who  lived 
in  the  fifth  century.  Lon.  4  40  W,  lat. 
54  13  N. 

Peer,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Liege,  24  miles  NNW 
of  Maestricht.    Lon.  5  20  E,  lat.  51  8  N. 

/\-ese.    See  Peaths. 

Pegau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxon}-,  situated  on  the  ri- 
ver Elster,  58  miles  W  of  Dresden.  Lon. 
12  22  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Pegnafel,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, remarkable  for  its  palace,  castle  and 
fortifications,  and  its  cheeses,  which  are- 
said  to  be  the  best  in  Spain.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Deuero,  20  miles  SB  of  Vallado 
lid.    Lon.  4  0  W,  lat.  41  41  N. 

Pegna-JMacov,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province  of  Beira,  with  a  castle,  40 
miles  NW  of  Alcantara.  Lon.  6  32  W, 
fat.  39  50  N. 

Pegriaranda,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same 
name,  30  miles  S VY  of  Olmedo.  Lon.  4 
8  W,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Pegu,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  lying  to  tin*. 
SE  of  Bengal.  It  is  bounded"  on  the  N 
by  Burmah,  on  the  W  and  S  by  the  Ocean, 
and  on  the  E  by  Laos  and  Siam.  Its  pro- 
ducts are  timber  for  building,  elephants, 
elephant's  teeth, bees  wax,  lac,  saltpetre, 
iron,  lead,  tin,  petroleum,  very  fine  ru- 
bies, small  diamonds,  and  plenty  of  lead, 
of  which  they  make  their  money.    It  is 


P  E  I 


PEK 


very  fruitful  in  com,  roots,  pulse,  and 
fruits*  The  government  is  arbitrary,  for 
the  king's  will  is  a  law  ;  and  yet  he  docs 
not  often  abuse  his  power.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  but  thinly  clad,  and  the  best 
among  them  wear  neither  shoes  nor  stock- 
ing's. The  women  are  much  fairer  than 
the  men,  small,  but  well  proportioned. 
If  the  wife  proves  false,  the  husband 
may  sell  her  for  a  slave  ;  and  if  he  go 
astray,  she  will  give  him  a  dose  of  poi- 
son. There  are  a  vast  number  of  temples 
in  this  country,  but  mostly  of  wood, 
which  are  varni  shed  and  gilt.  The 
priests  have,  ground  allowed  them,  which 
they  cultivate  for  their  subsistence  ;  and 
they  are  said  to  be  strict  observers  of 
morality.  They  are  called  Talapoins, 
and  inculcate  charity  as  the  highest  vir- 
tue ;  affirming  that  religion  to  be  the 
best  which  teaches  men  to  do  the  most, 
good.  They  have  idols  in  their  temples, 
m  a  sitting  posture,  like  tailors,  and 
with  very  large  ears.  They  have  various 
sorts  of  music,  but  the  pipe  and  tabor 
are  esteemed  the  best.  In  the  low  flat 
part  of  the  country,  which  is  liable  to  be 
overflowed,  the  houses  are  built  upon 
stakes,  and  in  time  of  inundations,  the 
inhabitants  communicate  with  each  other 
by  boats.  Pegu  was  an  independent 
kingdom,  till  1751,  when  it  was  reduc- 
ed, by  the  king  of  Rurmah,  to  the  state 
of  a  dependant  province. 

Peg~ii,  a  town  in  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  in  Asia.  It  is  above  20  miles 
in  circumference  ;  but  not  one  twentieth 
part  of  it  is  inhabited,  for  it  was  ruined 
by  the  king  of  Burroah.  It  is  seated  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  520  miles  S  of 
Ava.    Lon.  96  30  K,  lat.  18  10  N. 

/-( ine,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Brunswick  ;  famous  for  a 
battle  fought  in  1553,  when  Maurice, 
elector  of  Saxony,  and  the  margrave  of 
Brandenburg  were  killed.  It  is  17  miles 
W  of  Brunswick.  Lon.  10  19  E,  lat.  52 
25  N. 

Peipus,  a  large  lake  of  Russia,-  in  the 
government  of  Livonia.  From  which  is- 
sues the  river  Narova,  by  which  it  has  a 
communication  at  Narva,  with  the  gulf 
of  Finland. 

Poifihcve,  or  Pishoitr,  a  considerable 
city  of  Hindoostan  ['roper,  in  the  pro- 
vince ofCabul.  It  is  subject  to  the  king 
of  Candahar,  and  is  50  miles  NVV  of  At- 
tock.    Lon.  69  54  E,  lat.  32  44  N. 

Peitz,  a  town  of  Germrmy,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  and  mare  he  of 
Brandenburg.  In  the  vicinity  of  which 
iron  mines  are  wrought  to  advantage, 
and  manufactures  of  pitch  and  turpen- 
tine are  carried  on  to  great  extent    It  is 


I  30  miles  SS W  of  Franckfort  on  the  Oder, 
Lon.  8  35      lat.  52  5  N. 

Pekm,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of 
China,  is  situated  in  a  very  fertile  plain, 
twenty  leagues  distant  from  the  great 
j  wall;  this  name,  which  signifies  the 
!  Northern  Court,  is  given  it,  to  distin- 
guish it  from  another  considerable  city 
called  Nan-king,  or  the  Southern  Court. 
This  capital  forms  an  exact  square,  and 
is  divided  into  two  cities  ;  the  first  is  in- 
habited by  Chinese  ;  the  second  by  Tar- 
tars. These  two  cities,  without  includ- 
ing the  suburbs,  are  six  full  leagues  in 
circumference,  according  to  the  most 
accurate  measurement  made  by  the  ex- 
press order  of  the  emperor.  The  height 
and  enormous  thickness  of  the  walls  of 
the  Tartar  city  excite  admiration;  twelve 
horsemen  might  easily  ride  abreast  upon 
them  ;  they  have  spacious  towers  raised 
at  intervals,  a  bow-shot  distant  from  one 
another,  and  large  enough  to  contain 
bodies  of  reserve  in  case  of  necessit)*-. 
The  city  has  nine  gates,  which  are  lofty 
and  well  arched  ;  over  them  are  large  pa- 
vilion roofed  towers  divided  into  nine 
stories,  each  having  several  apertures 
or  port-holes  ;  the  lower  story  forms  a 
large  hall  for  the  use  of  the  soldiers  and 
officers  who  quit  guard,  and  those  ap- 
pointed to  relieve  them.  Before  each 
gate  a  space  is  left  of  more  than  three 
hum- red  and  sixty  feet;  this  is  a  kind 
of  place  of  arms,  enclosed  by  a  semicir- 
cular wall  equal  in  height  and  thickness, 
to  that  surrounding  the  city.  The  streets 
are  perfectly  straight,  most  of  them  three 
miles  in  length,  and  120  feet  wide,  with 
shops  on  both  sides  ;  but  the  houses  are 
poorly  built,  and  have'  only  a  ground- 
floor.  It  is  surprising  to  see  what  num- 
bers of  people  there  are  in  the  streets, 
and  not  one  woman  among  them.  There 
is  always  a  great  confusion,  occasioned 
by  the  vast  numbers  of  horses,  camels, 
mules,  asses,  waggons,  carts,  and  chairs, 
without  reckoning  the  several  mobs  which 
gather  about  the  jugglers,,  ballad-sin- 
gers, &c.  Persons  of  distinction  have 
always  a  horseman  who  goes  before  them 
to  clear  the  way.  All  the  great  streets 
are  guarded  by  soldiers,  who  patrole 
night  and  day  with  swords  by  their  sides, 
and  whips  in  their  hands,  to  chastise 
those  who  make  any  disturbance,  or  take 
ihem  into  custody.  The  little  streets 
have  lattice-gates  at  their  entrance  into 
the  great  streets,  which  are  shut  up  at 
night,  and  guarded  by  soldiers,  who  suf- 
fer no  assemblies  in  the  streets  at  that 
time.  The  support  of  this  police  costs 
the  emperor  a  great  deal ;  for  part  of  the 
soldiers  we  have  mentioned  are  main* 
3  T 


PEK 


P  E  L 


tained  for  this  purpose  only.  They  are 
all  infantry,  and  their  pay  is  generally 
very  high;  their  employment  consists 
noi  only  in  watching'  for  those  who  may 
occasion  disturbance  in  the  day-time,  or 
walk  abroad  during'  the  night ;  they  must 
also  take  care  that  the  streets  are  kepi 
clean  and  swept  every  day;  that  they 
are  watered  morning  and  evening  in  time 
of  dry  weather ;  and  that  every  nuisance 
is  removed  ;  they  have  orders  also  to  as- 
sist in  this  labour  themselves,  and  to 
clear  the  kennels,  that  the  water  may 
have  a  free  course.  The  emperor's  pa- 
lace stands  in  the  middle  of  the  Tartar 
city.  It  presents  a  prodigious  assem- 
blage of  vast  buildings,  extensive  courts 
and  magnificent  gardens,  and  is  shut  up 
on  all  sides  by  a  double  wall,  the  inter- 
vening space  being  occupied  by  houses 
belonging  to  the  officers  of  the  court, 
eunuchs,  and  by  different  tribunals.  To 
some  oi  these  is  assigned  the  care  of  pro- 
viding net  essaries  for  the  use  of  the  em- 
peror j  others  are  for  determining  dis- 
putes, and  punishing  faults  committed 
by  Die  domestics  of  the  imperial  family. 
The  exterior  circumference  of  this  im- 
mense palace  is  reckoned  a  league  and  a 
half.  Although  the  Chinese  architec- 
ture has  no  resemblance  to  that  of  Eu- 
rope, the  imperial  palace  of  Pejcin  does 
not  fail  to  strike  beholders  by  its  extent, 
grandeur,  and  the  regular  disposition 
of  its  apartments,  and  by  the  singular 
structure  of  its  pavilion-roofs,  ornament 
ed  at  each  corner  with  a  carved  plat- 
band, the  lower  extremity  of  which  is 
turned  upwards  ;  these  roofs  are  covered 
with  varnished  tiles  of  so  beautiful  a  yel- 
low colour,  that,  at  a  distance,  they 
make  as  splendid  an  appearance  as  if  they 
were  gilded.  The  temples,  and  the  tow- 
ers of  this  city,  are  so  numerous,  that  it 
is  difficult  to  count  them.  The  country 
about  it  is  sandy,  and  not  very  fruitful  j 
yet  provisions  of  all  kinds  are  exceeding- 
ly plentiful,  they  being,  as  well  as,  the 
merchandise',  brought  from  other  parts 
by  canals  cut  from  the  rivers,  and  al- 
ways crowded  with  vessels  of  different 
sizes.  An  earthquake,  which  happened 
here  in  173&  buried  abov  e  100,000  per- 
sons in  the  ruins  of  the  houses.  The  in- 
habitants of  Pekin  are  estimated  at 
2,000,000.  A  Russian  church  is  estab- 
lished here  with  a  seminary,  in  which 
the  student  s  are  permitted  to  reside  for' 
the  purpose  of  learning  the  Chinese  lan- 
guage. Since  this  establishment,  many 
interesting  publications  have  appeared 
at  Petersburgh,  relative  to  the  laws, 
history,  and  geography  of  China,  trans- 
lated from  the  originals  published  at  Pe- 


kin. This  city  is  500  miles  N  bv  W  of 
Nanking.    Lon.  116  14  E  hit.  39  54  N. 

Pehignisi,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago 
in  the  Mediterranean  sea,  eight  miles 
in  circumference.  Lon.  24  12  E,  lat.  39 
30  N. 

JrelegHno,  J  fount,  a  promontory  on  the 
N  coast  of  the  island  of  Sicily,  nearly 
two  miles  W  of  Palermo.  The  prospect 
from  this  mount  is  beautiful  and  exten- 
sive :  most  of  the  Lipari  Islands  are  dis- 
covered in  a  clear  day,  and  also  a  large 
portion  of  Mount  Etna,  although  at  the 
distance  of  almost  the  whole  length  of 
Sicily.  On  this  mount  is  a  cavern,  in 
which  is  the  image  of  St.  Rosolia,  who 
is  said  to  have  died  here ;  and  round  the 
cave  of  this  saint  (who  is  the  patroness 
of  Palermo)  a  church  is  built,  where 
priests  attend  to  watch  the  precious  re- 
lics, and  receive  the  offerings  of  the  pil- 
grims. 

Pelew  Islands,  (The),  were  in  all  pro- 
bability, first  discovered  by  the  Spaniards 
of  the  Philippines,  and  by  them  called 
the  Paloo  Islands  from  the  tall  palm-trees 
that  grow  there  in  great  numbers,  and 
which  at  a  distance  have  the  appearance 
of  masts  of  ships  ;  the  word  palos,  in  the 
Spanish  language,  sometimes  signifying 
a  mast.  There  is  every  reason  to  sup- 
pose, that  no  European  had  ever  been 
upon  them,  before  the  Antelope,  a  pack 
et  belonging  to  the  East  India  Company, 
and  commanded  by  captain  Henry  Wil- 
son, was  wrecked  there  in  the  night  be- 
tween the  9th  and  10th  of  August  1783. 
This  misfortune  was  the  more  distressing 
to  the  crew,  as  they  were  utterly  igno- 
rant what  resources  the  islands  afforded, 
or  supposing  them  to  be  inhabited,  what 
might  be  the  disposition  of  the  inhabi- 
tants. However,  they  found  these  islands 
inhabited,  and  that  the  natives  were  sim- 
ple in  their  manners,  delicate  in  their 
sentiments,  friendly  in  their  disposition, 
and,  in  short;  a  people  that  do  honour  to 
the  human  race.  The  natives  are  of  a 
deep  copper  colour,  and  go  naked  ;  and 
the  astonishment  which  those,  who  first 
discovered  tine  English,  manifested  on 
seeing  their  colour,  plainly  shewed,  that 
they  had  never  before  seen  a  white  man. 
— The  clothes  of  the  strangers  also  puz- 
zled them  exceedingly  ;  for  it  seemed 
to-be  a  matter  of  doubt  with  them,  y  he- 
ihcr  these  and  their  bodies  did  not  form 
one  substance.  When  one  of  the  crew, 
the  captain's  brother,  was  deputed  to 
wait  upon  the  king,  who  resided  at  an  is- 
land at  some  distance  from  that  whereon 
they  had  saved  their  lives,  he  acciden- 
tally pulled  off  his  hat,  at  which  the  ga- 
|  zing  spectators  were  all  struck  with  a?- 


PEL 


PEL 


tonishment,  as  if  they  thought  it  had 
formed  a  part  of  his  head.  They  had  no 
idea  of  the  nature  of  powder  and  shot, 
and  were  exceedingly  amazed  on  seeing 
its  effects.  The  principal  arms  of  this 
people  consist  of  hamboo  darts,  of  five  to 
eight  feet  long,  pointed  with  the  wood 
of  the  beetle-nut  tree  ;  but  there  arc 
short  ones  for  distant  marks,  which  are 
thrown  by  means  of  a  stick  two  feet  long-. 
The  eupacks,  or  chiefs,  may  be  consider- 
ed in  the  same  light  as  the  European  no- 
bles. They  wear  a  bone  round  one  of 
their  wrists,  in  the  form  of  a  bracelet, 
which  being  a  mark  of  great  honour  con- 
ferred by  the  king  on  officers  of  state, 
commanders,  or  persons  who  by  valour 
or  otherwise  have  greatly  distinguished 
themselves,  is  never  to  be  parted  with 
but  with  life.  They  are  not  all  of  the 
same  degree,  as  appears  from  a  differ- 
ence in  the  bone  they  wore.  Captain 
Wilson  was  invested  with  the  highest  or- 
der of  the  bone.  With  respect  to  pro- 
perty in  these  islands,  a  man's  house,  or 
canoe,  is  considered  as  Ins  own,  as  is  also 
the  land  allotted  him,  as  long  as  he  occu- 
pies and  cultivates  it ;  but  whenever  he 
removes  with  his  family  to  another  place, 
the  ground  reverts  to  the  king,  who  gives 
it  to  whom  he  pleases,  or  to  those  who  so- 
licit to  cultivate  it.  The  country  is  well 
covered  with  timber  trees,  the  trunks  of 
which  furnish  the  natives  with  canoes, 
some  large  enough  to  carry  thirty  men. 
There  are  but  few  other  trees  of  much 
use  to  the  natives.  Yams  and  cocoa-nuts' 
being-  their  chief  articles  of  subsistence, 
are  attended  to  with  the  utmost  care. 
From  the  scanty  produce  of  the  country, 
it  is  plain  no  luxury  can  reign  among 
the  inhabitants  in  their  diet,  and  the  milk 
of  the  cocoa-nut  was  their  common  drink. 
On  particular  occasions,  they  added  to 
their  ordinary  fare  certain  sweetmeats 
and  sweet  drink,  obtained  by  the  aid  of 
a  syrup,  extracted  either  from  the  palm- 
tree,  or  the  sugar-cane.  The  houses  are 
raised  about  three  feet  from  the  ground, 
the  foundation  beams  being  laid  on  large 
stones,  whence  spring  the  upright  sup- 
ports of  their  sides,  which  are  crossed 
by  other  timbers  grooved  together,  and 
fastened  by  wooden  pins,  the  intermedi- 
ate space  being  closely  filled  up  with 
bamboos  and  palm-tree  leaves,  platted, 
together.  The  tops  of  the  houses  are 
thatched  with  bamboos  and  palm-trees ; 
and  the  inside  of  the  house  is  without 
any  division,  forming'  one  great  room. 
As  to  domestic  implement*,  they  have 
little  baskets  very  nicely  woven  from 
slips  of  the  plantain-tree,  and  wooden 
baskets  with  covers,  neatly  carved  and 


inlaid  with  .shells.  No  one  ever  stirs  a- 
broad  without  a  basket,  which  usually 
contains  some  beetlenut,  a  comb,  knife, 
and  a  little  twine.  The  best  knives  are 
made  of  a  piece  of  the  large  mother  of 
pearl  oyster,  ground  narrow,  and  the  out- 
ward side  a  little  polished.  The  combs 
are  made  of  the  orange -tree,  of  which 
there  are  a  few  of  the  Seville  kind  ;  the 
handle  and  teeih  are  fastened  in  the  solid 
wood.  The  fishing-hooks  are  of  tortoise 
shell ;  and  twine,  cord,  and  fishing rOets, 
are  well  manufactured  fr  m  the  husks  of 
the  cocoa-nut.  Of  the  plantain  leaf  arc 
formed  mats,  which  serve  the  people  as 
I)  (Is.  They  also  use  a  plantain  leaf  at 
meals,  instead  of  a  plate,  and  the  shell 
of  a  cocoa-nut  supplies  the  place  of  a  cup. 
There  are  vessels  of  a  kind  of  earthen 
ware,  of  a  reddish  brown  colour,  in  which 
they  boil  their  fish,  yams,  &c.  A  bundle 
of  cocoa-nut  husks  tied 'together,  serves 
them  for  a  broom  ;  and  thick  bamboos, 
with  bores  five  or  six  inches  in  diameter, 
are  their  buckets  or  cisterns.  Their 
hatchets  are  like  those  of  the  South  Sea 
islands.  They  have  also  a  few  articles, 
which  in  these  islands  may  be  called 
luxuries.  The  shell  of  the  tortoise  there 
is  remarkably  beautiful,  and  the  natives 
of  Pelew  have  discovered  the  art  of 
moulding  it  into^  little  trays  or  dishes, 
and  spoons.  Some  of  the  great  ladies 
have  also  bracelets  of  the  same  manu- 
facture,  and  ear  rings  inlaid  with  shells. 
The  natives  in  general  are  a  stout  well 
made  people,  rather  above  the  middling 
stature,  and  of  a  very  deep  copper  co- 
lour, but  not  black.  The  men  are  entirely 
naked;  the  women  wear  two  little  aprons, 
one  before,  the  other  behind.  Both  men 
and  women  arc  tatoocd,  and  their  teeth 
made  blacH|0^  art.  Both  sexes  are  very 
expert  at  swimming,  and  the  men  are 
such  admirable  divers,  that  they  will 
readily  fetch  up  any  thing  from  the  bot- 
tom of  the  sea  which  attracts  their  no- 
tice. The  conduct  of  these  people  to. 
wards  the  English  was,  from  first  to  last, 
uniformly  courteous  and  attentive,  ac- 
companied witli,  a  politeness  which  sur- 
prised those  who  were  the  objects  of 
it.  Such  an  opinion  had  the  kins  of  the 
island  entertained  of  the  English,  that 
on  their  departure  he  suffered  his  second 
son,  Lee  Boo,  to  accompany  them  to 
England,  where  this  hopeful  youth  un- 
happily died  of  the  small  pox,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1784.  The  East  India  Company 
erected  a  monument  over  his  grave  in 
Rothcrhithe  church-yard  where  he  was 
buried.  These  islands  were  lately  visit- 
ed by  captain  M'Cleur,  .who  confirms  the 
account  given  of  them  and  their  inhabit 


P  E  M 


PEN 


tants  by  captain  Wilson.  In  his  journal, 
captain  M'Cleur  says,  *«  having  pitched 
my  tent  in  a  bay  opposite  to  the  ship,  I 
found  myself  in  a  perfect  paradise,  and 
could  have  been  happy  to  have  continued 
here  the  remainder  of  njy  days."  They 
are  situated  between  5  and  9  decrees  of 
N  lat,  and  130  and  136  degress  of  E  Ion. 
They  are  long,  but  narrow,  well  covered 
with  wood,  at  least  such  of  the  islands 
as  our  people  hud  an  opportunity  of  see- 
in  ,.  They  are  encircled  on  the  west  side 
by  a  reef  of  coral,  of  which  no  end  could 
be  seen  from  any  eminence  our  people 
were  on. 

Pelluim,  a  township  of  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  1185  inha- 
bitants in  1810;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Connecticut  river,  about  80  miles  W 
of  Boston. 

Pel/iam,  a  small  town,  with  a  post-of- 
fice, in  Rockingham  county,  New  Hamp- 
shire, 35  miles' W  by  S  of  Newburyport, 
and  36  NW  of  Boston. 

Pelissay  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  seat- 
ed near  the  Danube,  15  miles  N  of  Buda. 
Lon.  18  20  E,  lat.  47  40  X. 

Pelissane,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone, 
15  miles  WNW  of  Aix.  Lon.  5  21  E, 
lat.  43  26  N. 

Pella,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Janna,  50  miles  W  of  Salonichi.  Lon.  21 
53  E,  lat.  40  41  N. 

Pellerin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Loire,  situated  on  the 
Loire,  with  a  harbour  for  small  vessels, 
ten  miles  N  of  Nantes,  and  13  SE  of 
Painbceuf.    Lon.  1  44  W,  lat.  47  23  N. 

Peloso,  a  town  of  Naples,  m  Basilicata, 
35  miles  VV  of  Ban.  Lon.  16  20  E,  lat. 
41  26  N. 

Pemba,  a  town  of  Congo,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  18  25 
E,  lat.  7  30  S; 

Pemba,  or  Penda,  an  island  in  the  E 
Indian  Ocean,  lying  near  the  coast  of  Af- 
rica, and  extending  ab©ut  100  miles  in 
circumference.  ,lt\s  governed  by  a  kinp- 
tributary  to  the  Portuguese.  Lon.  40  0 
E,  lat.  5  50  S. 

Pembridge,  a  town  in  Herefordshire 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.   It  is  a  small 
place,  sealed  on  the  Arrow,  12  miles  N 
W  of  Hereford,  and  145  WXW  of  Lon- 
don.   I  .or,.  2  42  W,  lat.  52  1 4  N. 

Pembroke,  the  capital  of  Pembroke- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  innermost  creek  of  Miif  rd 
Haven,  oyer  which  are  two  bridges,  bin 
the  navigation  to  it  is  become  injured  by 
the  rubbish  of.  lie  limestone  quarries 
near  it.    It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  with 


three  gates,  has  a  castle  on  a  rocfc,  and 
two  churches.  It  is  a  corporation,  and 
sends  one  member  to  parliament,  and  is 
ten  miles  SE  of  Haverfordwest,  and  237 
W  bv  N  of  London.  Lon.  4  55  W,  lat. 
51  45  N. 

Pembrokeshire,  is  the  SW  extremity  of 
Wales,  derives  its  name  from  Pembroke, 
the  county  town,  and  is  bounded  on  the 
E  by  Carmarthenshire,  on  the  NE  by  Car- 
diganshire, and  on  all  other  sides  by  the 
Irish  Sea.  It  extends  in  length  from  N 
to  S  35  miles,  and  from  E  to  W  29,  and 
is  about  140  in  circumference.  It  is  di- 
vided into  seven  hundreds,  in  which  are 
one  city,  eight  market  towns,  145  pa- 
rishes, about  2300  houses,  and  25,900  in- 
habitants. It  lies  in  the  province  of  Can- 
terbury, and  diocese  of  St.  David's,  and 
sends  one  member  to  parliament.  The 
air  of  this  county  is  esteemed  very  salu- 
brious, and  the  soil  is  fertile,  for  here 
are  but  few  mountains,  and  these,  which 
are  chiefly  situated  in  the  NE  part  of  the 
county,  yield  good  pasture  for  cattle  and 
sheep  ;  towards  the  sea  coast,  the  land 
extends  into  rich  meadows  and  corn 
fields.  The  country  abounds  with  horn- 
ed cattle,  sheep,  goats,  and  wild  fowl  of 
various  kinds,  some  of  which  are  seldom 
seen  in  any  other  part  of  Britain.  These 
are  migratory  sea  birds,  that  breed  in 
the  isle  of  Ramsey,  and  the  adjoining 
rocks,  called  the  Bishop  and  his  Clerks. 
Thither  yearly  resort,  about  the  begin- 
ning of  April,  such  flocks  of  birds,  of  se- 
veral sorts,  as  appear  incredible  to  those 
who  have  not  seen  them. 

Pembroke,  a  township  of  Rockingham 
county,  New  Hampshire ;  containing'  1153 
inhabitants  in  1810  ;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Merrinuxk  river,  about  4-0  miles 
W  of  Portsmouth. 

Pembroke,  a  'township  of  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  2051 
inhabitants  in  1810;  situated  about  four 
miles  E  of  Hanover,  and  10  NW  of  Ply- 
mouth . 

Pemaquid  bay,  an  arm  of  the  sea  on 
the  coast  of  Maine,  lying  between  Pem- 
aquid and  Damariscotta  points. 

Pena  Garcia,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Beira,  with  a  c:;stle.  It  was  taken  by 
Philip  V.  in  1704  ;  but  he  retired  from  it 
at  the  approach  of  the  allies.  It.  is  six 
mdes  E  of  Idanha  Velha.  Lon.  6  6  W, 
lat.  39  40  N.  - 

Penalva.  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
sealed  on  a  hill  with  a  castle,  eight  miles 
S  oi'  Coimbra.  Lon,  8  17  W,  lat.  40  4  N 
Penanticr;  a  town  of  France,  in  the  dc- 
nartment  of  Aude,  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  four  miles  N  of  Carcassonc. 
Lon.' 2  25  E,  Lit.  43  18  N. 

* 


PEN 


PEN 


Penilennh,  a  castle  in  Cornwall,  on  a 
hill  of  the  same  name,  on  Plymouth  Bay. 
It  was  built  by  Henry  VHI.  for  the  secu- 
rity of  the  coast  ;  and  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  Bay  is  another  called  Saint 
Mawes.  It  lies  a  little  to  the  SE  of  Fal- 
mouth.   Lon.  5  30  W,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Pendleton,  a  mountainovVe  county  in  the 
state  of  Virginia,  containing  4239  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  princi- 
pally between  the  Alleghany  and  Jack- 
son's mountain. .  It  is  watered  by  the 
South  Branch  of  the  river  Potomac.  The 
chief  town  is  Frankford. 

Pendleton,  a  post  town,  and  the  capital 
of  Pendleton  county,  South  Carolina,  a- 
botft  145  miles  NW  of  Columbia,  the  ca- 
pital of  the  state. 

Penemunder,  a  fortress  of  Germany,  in 
Prussian  Pomerania,  seated  in  the  isle  of 
Usedom,  at  the  mouths  of  the  Pene  and 
Oder,  in  the  Baltic  Sea.  Lon.  14  10  E, 
lat.  54  16  N. 

Penguin  Island,  and  Bay,  lie  on  the 
coast  of  Patagonia,  182  miles  N  of  Port 
St.  Julian.    Lat.  47  48  S. 

Peniche,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  j 
Estramadura,  with  a  good  harbour  and  a 
citadel,  34  miles  N  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  9  5 
E,  lat.  39  16  X. 

Penick,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia,  belonging  to  the  elector  of  Saxo- 
ny. It  is  seated  on  the  Multe,  eight 
miles  E  of  Altenberg.  Lon.  12  44  E,  lat. 
50  59  X. 

Peniscola,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia, seated  on  a  high  point  of  "land,  on 
the  Mediterranean,  60  miles  N  of  Valen- 
cia.   Lon.  1  0  E,  lat.  40  29  N. 

Penishehr,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, and  capital  of  a  district,  in  the  coun- 
try of  Cabul,  46  miles  X  of  Cabul.  Lon. 
68  24  E,  lat.  35  16  X. 

Penkridge,  a  town  in  Staffordshire, 
>vith  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  was  for- 
merly a  large  place,  but  now  greatly  re- 
duced, and  principally  noted  for  its  horse 
fairs.  It  is  six  miles  S  of  Stafford,  and 
129  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  0  VV,  lat. 
32  54  X. 

Penfcum,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Anterior  Pome- 
rania, 15  miles  SWof  Stetin. 

Penmaenmaivr,  a  once  tremendous  pre- 
cipice in.  Carnarvonshire,  overhanging 
the  sea ;  but  now  safely  crossed  by 
good  road.  It  is  four  miles  SW  of  Aber- 
con  way. 

Perma/tor,  a  town  of  Spain',  in  Asturias, 
seated  on  the  Asta,  14  miles  SW  of  Ovie- 
do.    Lon.  5  56  W,  lat.  43  15  N. 

Pennaflor,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu 
sia,  seated  near  the  Xenil,  10  miles  X  of 
'Erji.^    Lon.  4  12  W,  lat.  37  44  X. 


Pennar,  a  river  which  has  its  rise  in 
the  kingdom  of  Mysore,  in  the  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  and  watering  Cooty,  Can- 
dicotta,  Cuddapah,  and  Vellore,  enters 
the  Bay  of  Bengal,  at  Gangapatnam. 

Penn,  East  and  IVest,  two  contiguous, 
townships  of  Xorthampton  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, containing-  1612  inhabitants  in 
1810.  They  are  situated  between  the  ri-' 
vers  Lehigh  and  Schuylkill,  in  the  XV/ 
corner  of  the  county,  and  are  very  moun- 
tainous. 

Penn,  a  township  of  Xorthumberland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  2072  in- 
habitants in  1810;  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  the  river  Susquchannah,  about  16 
miles  W  of  Sunbury. 

Pennsborovgh,  East  and  West,  two 
townships  of  Cumberland  county,  Penn- 
sylvania ;  they  are  both  situated  on  the 
S  side  of  Conedogwinnet  creek  ;  the  for- 
mer to  the  E,  and  the  latter  to  the  W  of 
Carlisle.  In  1810,  they  contained  3629 
inhabitants. 

Pennington,  a  village  in  Hunterdon 
county,  New  Jersey,  about  ten  miles  X  of 
Trenton,  and  eight  W  of  Princeton,  where 
there  is  a  post  office,  and  occasionally 
courts  are  held. 

Pennon,  a  fort  of  Africa,  seated  on  a 
small  island  before  the  harbour  of  Al- 
giers.       t  '  ; 

Pennon  de  Yelez,  a  very  important  sea- 
port of  Barbary,  seated  on  a  rock  in  the 
Mediterranean,  near  the  town  of  Velez. 
It  was  built  by  the  Spaniards,  in  1508, 
taken  by  the  Moors  in  1522,  and  retaken 
in  1664.  It  is  75  miles  E  of  Ceuta.  Lon. 
4  0  W,  lat.  35  25  X. 

Pennsylvania,  one  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  290  miles  long,  and  156 
broad;  bounded  on  the  E  by  the  river 
Delaware,  dividing  it  from  West  Jersey 
and  Xew  York  ;  on  the  S  by  Virginia, 
Maryland,  and  Delaware  ;  on  the  W  by 
Virginia  and  the  state  of  Ohio  ;  and  on 
the  NW  by  Lake  Erie,  on  which  it  lias  a 
considerable  front,  and  a  good  port.  It 
is  divided  into  42  counties  ;  and  is  well 
watered  by  the  Delaware,  and  other  navi- 
gable rivers,  on  which  large  ships  come 
op  to  the  metropolis.  The  principal 
mountains  are  parts  of  the  great  Apala- 
chiar:  chain,  which  pervades  the  United 
States  from  Georgia  to  the  district  of 
Maine.  They  spuud  nearly  through  the 
middle  of  the  stujte,  from  SW  to  NE,  and 
are  divided  into  numerous,  branches  dis- 
tinguished by  a  variety  of  names.  The 
principal  and  most  elevated  is  the  Alle- 
ghany mountain  ;  to  the  W  of  which 
most  of  the  rivers  flow  westward,  'till 
they  unite  tvith  the  Ohio,  as  those  to  the 
E  of  the  Alleghany,  run  eastward  into 


PEN 


PER 


the  Atlantic  ocean.  The  most  noted  ri- 
vers are  Delaware,  Schuylkill,  Lehigh, 
Susquehannah,  Alleghany,  Juniata,  and 
Youghiogany.  There  are  no  hays  within 
the  limits  of  Pennsylvania.  The  air  is 
extremely  variable,  and  the  transitions 
sudden  and  frequent.  The  mercury  in 
Fahrenheit's  thermometer  has  risen  to 
96  deg\  and  it  has  fallen  to  5  deg.  below 
0;  but  the  medial  point  is  about  52  de5g. 
The  most  prevailing  winds  are  westerly, 
which  are  generally  fair ;  though  they  of- 
ten blow  from  the  XE,  being  loaded  with 
vapours  from  the  ocean.  The  winter 
generally  sets  in  about  Christmas,  and 
continues  'till  the  beginning  of  March. 
The  greater  part  of  the  land  in  Pennsyl- 
vania is  of  a  middling  quality,  inclining 
today  and  loam,  mixed  with  sand  ;  and 
is  very  capable  of  improvement,  when 
worn  out.  The  proportion  of  rich  black 
mould  is  not  inconsiderable*  particularly 
on  the  banks  of  some  of  the  rivers,  and 
in  the  numerous  intervales  between  the 
mountains.  The  average  produce  of  the 
good  lands  is  25  bushels  of  wheat,  and 
50  of  Indian  corn,  per  acre.  The  manu- 
factures of  bread  and  flour,  nails,  wool" 
and  cotton  cards,  hats,  hosiery,  beer,  por- 
ter, snuff",  tobacco,  paper,  boots  and 
shoes,  cabinet  wares,  and  carriages  of 
pleasure  are  carried  on  extensively,  and 
these  articles  form  a  respectable  portion 
of  her  annual  exports.  The  foreign  com- 
merce is  also  very  extensive  ;  the  value 
in  one  year  has  been  slated  at  13,000,000 
of  dollars,  and  that  of  the  imports  at  the 
same  amount.  The  shipping  of  the  state 
in  1799, /vus  98,237  tons.  In  the  last  enu- 
meration of  the  inhabitants,  the  popula- 
tion of  Pennsylvania  is  stated  at  810,091. 
Philadelphia  is  the  metropolis,  and  per- 
haps it  is  the  largest  city  in  the  United 
States. 

Penobscot,  a  bay  of  X  America,  in  the 
district  of  Maine,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Penobscot.  It  is  long  and  capa- 
cious ;  and  its  E  side  is  lined  with  a  clus- 
ter of  small  islands. 

Penrise,  a  seaport  in  Glamorganshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Bristol  Channel,  20  miles  SE  of 
Carmarthen,  and  219  W  of  London.  Lon. 
4  12  W,  lat.  51  37  N. 

Penrith,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  has  a  spacious 
market  place,  and  had  formerly  a  castle: 
and  several  remains  of  antiquity  are  seen 
in  its  neighbourhood.  It  is  seated  under 
a  hill,  near  the  rivers  Evmot  and  Low- 
ther,  18  miles  S  of  Carlisle,  and  280  N 

YV  of  London.  Lon.  2  52  W,  lat.  54 
40  N. 

Penrynx  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  with  ai 


market  on  Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Sa- 
turday. Itg|  seated  "on  a  creek  of  Fal- 
mouth Ha™,  has  a  great  trade  in  the 
pilchard  and  Newfoundland  fisheries,  is 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  is  threemiles 
N\V  of  Falmouth,  and  266  YV  bv  S  of 
London.    Lon.  4  59  W,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Pensacola,  the  capital  of  Wesi  Florida, 
seated  on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico, 
which  forms  a  very  commod  ous  harbour, 
where  vessels  may  ride  secure  from  eve- 
ry wind.    Lon.  87  24  W,  lat.  30  32  N. 

Penzance,  or  Penzance,  a  seaport  in 
Cornwall,  wi.h  a  market  on  Thursday.  It 
is  seated  on  a  creek  of  Mountsbay,*  and 
was  burnt  by  the  Spaniards  in  1593,  but 
has  been  rebuilt,  and  carries  on  a  consi- 
derable traffic  in  shipping.  It  is  one  of 
' lie  tin-coinage  towns,  and  a  corporation 
governed  by  a  mayor.  It  is,  12  miles  E  of 
the  Land's  End,  and  281  W  bv  S  of  Lon-. 
don.    Lon.  5  35  W,  lat.  50  11  N. 

Pensford,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  noted 
for  its  hats  and  bread,  and  seated  on  the 
Chew,  seven  miles  \V  of  Bath,  and  117 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  30  W,  lat. 
51  23  N. 

Penzaya.  government  of  Russia,  former- 
ly a  province  of  Kasan.  Its  capital,  of 
the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the  Sura, 
where  it  receives  the  rivulet  Penza,  220 
miles  SYV  of  Kasan. 

Penzlein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  principality  of  Mecklen- 
burg, 53  miles  E  of  Stettin.  Lon.  15  36 
E,  lat.  53  30  X. 

Penfland  Frith,  a  dangerous  strait, 
which  divides  the  Orkney  Islands  from 
Caithnesshire,  in  Scotland  It  is  34  miles 
long  and  12  broad,  and  the  sea  runs  with 
such  impetuous  force,  that  no  wind  can 
force  a  ship  against  the  cttrffeflfe ^gi! 

Penthind  Hills,  a  ridge  of  mountains,  a 
few  miles  to  the  SW  of  Edinburgh,  which 
afford  good  pasture  for  sheep,  and  extend 
about  ten  miles'from  SWtoXE. 

Peppere!borou?h,  a  seaport  town  on  the 
El  side  of  Saco  river,  in  York  county, 
Maine ;  12  miles  S  by  W  of  Portland, 
and  near  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

Pequigny,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partmen.  of  Somme,  and  late  province  of 
Picardy  ;  remarkable  for  the  interview 
between  Louis  XI.  of  France,  and  Ed- 
ward IV.  of  England,  in  1475,  on  a  bridge 
built  for  that  purpose.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Somme,-  15  miles  SE  of  Abbe- 
ville.   Lon.  2  5  E,  lat.  49  58  X. 

Pera,  a  suburb  of  Constantinople, 
where  the  foreign  ambassadors  usually 
reside.  It  is  inhabited  by  Christians  of 
several  denominations  :  and  wine  is  sold 


PER 


PER 


there  as  publicly  as  in  any  other  part  of 
Europe,  which  is  not  allowed  in  the  city. 

Perau,  St.  a  village  of  France,,  in  the 
department  or  Ardeche,  and  iaie  province 
of  Daupbihy.  It  is  noted  for  its  wines., 
and  is  41  miles  NW  of  Privas. 

Percaslaiv,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
verrtjnaent  of  Kiof,  44  miles  SE  of  K.of 
Lon.  31  50  E,  lat.  50  0  X.  «K3 

Perche,  a  lax-  province  of  France,  in 
Orleanois,  35  miles  long,  and  30  broad: 
•bounded  on  the  N  by  Normandy,  on  the 
W  and  S  by  Maine,  and  on  the  E  b\ 
Beauce.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  forest, 
and  is  pretty  fertile.  It  is  now  included 
in  the  department  of  Orne. 

Perekop.    See  Precop. 

•Paeczas,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  50 
miles  E  by  N  of  Tockay.  Lon.  22  26  E, 
lat.  48  30  N. 

Perga,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Albania,  opposite  the  island  of  Corfu. 
Lon.  20  19  E,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Pergamar,  an  episcopal  town  of  Tur- 
key, 111  the  European  province  of  Roma- 
nia, 60  miles  SW  of  Adrianople.  Lon.  25 
55  E,  lat.  41  10  N. 

Pergamo,  an  ancient  town  of  Xatolia, 
with  a  bishop^a  see  5  now  half  ruined,  and 
inhabited  by  about  3000  Turks,  and  a 
few  tamilie^i  of  poor  Christians.  Here 
parchment  was  invented.  It  is  seated 
on*  the  Germasti,  15  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  37  X  of  Smyrna,  Lon.  27  27  E,  lat. 
59  5  X. 

Periu,  a  town  of  Irac  Agemi  in  Persia, 
90  miies  VV  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  51  26  E, 
lat.  32  10  X. 

Purine,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partinciit  of  Aude,  and  late  province  Of 
L&nguedoc.  It  is  celebrated  tor  its  salt- 
works, and  is  six  miles  SW  of  Narbonne. 

Periapatam,  a  town  of  Hindoos! an,  24 
miles  SW  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  76  31 
E,  hit.  12  15  N. 

Perigovd,  a  late  province  of  France,  83 
miles  long,  and  60  broad;  bounded  on 
the  X  by  Angoumois  and  Marche,  on  the 
E  by  Querci  and  Limosin,  on  the  S  by 
Agenpjs  and  Bazodois,  and  on  the  W  by 
Bourdelois,  Angoumois,  and  Saintonge. 
It  abounds  in  iron  mines,  and  the  air  is 
pure  and  healthy.  It  now  forms  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne. 

Perigueux,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Dordogne, 
and  late  province  of  Perigord,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of  Ve- 
nus, and  an  amphitheatre.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Isle,  50  miles  SW  of  Limoges. 
Lon.  0  48  E,  lat.  45  11  N. 

Perm,  a  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly a  province  of  Kasan.    It  is  divided 


into  tl\e  two  provinces  of  Perm  and  Ca- 
tharinenburgb. 

7'crinJa,  a  town  of  the  Deccan,  in  the 
province  of  Dowlatabad,  188  miies  NW 
01  If ydrabad.  Lon  75  50  E,  lat.  18  33  N. 

Pcrieberg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxon}', 
tiie  capital  of  the  marche  of  Prigniez,  62 
mi:es  NW  of  Berlin.  Lon.  12  36  E,  lat. 
33  25  X. 

Perm,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the 
above  government.  It  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Kama  and  Zegochckha. 

Per?iulla,  a  town  of  the  Deccan,  in  the 
province  of  viuzerat,  20  miles  W  of\Du- 
ra...pour.    Lon.  72  53  E,  lat.  20  35  X.' 

Pernambitco,  a  province  of  Brasil,  200 
milt  s  long,  and  150  broad :  bounded  on 
the  X  bv  Tamara,  on  the  E  by  the  At- 
la  tic,  on  the  S  by  Seregippe,  and  on  the 
W  by  Tapuyers.  The  Dutch  became 
masters  of  it  in  1630 ;  but  the  Portuguese 
retook  it.  It  produces  a  great  quantity 
of  sugar  and  Brasil  wood. 

Pei  ne,  a  town  of  Trance,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone  and 
late  province  of  Provence.  It  is  the 
birth-place  of  the  celebrated  orator  Fle- 
chur,  bishop  of  Xisines,  and  a  little  tc 
•"jthe'Wpf  Ap$.\*  .:  i  'i^<$$&' 

Permian,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Livonia,  with  a  cdPtle.  It  is 
seated  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  35  miles  N  of  Riga.  Lon.  23 
37  E,  lat.  58  26  X. 

Pernes,  a  strong  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Snails  of  Calais  and 
htte  province  of  Artois,  seated  on  the  Cla- 
rcntee,  17  miles  XW  of  Arras.  Lon.  2  31 
E,  lat.  50  29  X. 

J'crno,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ny'lar.d.  It  is  seated  on  the  coast 
of  the  Baliie,  36  miles  E  of  Hclsingfors. 
Lon.  25  40  E,  lat.  60  30  N. 

Pernov,  u  fortified  town  of  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Riga  It  is  defended 
bv  a  castle,  and  is  92  miles  X  of  Riga. 
Lon.  24  30  E,  lat.  58  30  N. 

Peroiine,  a  strong  town  of  France,  in 
the  departmental  Sparine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Picardy.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Somme,  27  miles  SW  of  Cambray,  and  80 
E  by  X  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  2  E,  lat.  49  55  X. 

Percusa,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  the 
chief  place  of  a  valley  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Cluson,  16  miles  SW 
of  Turin.    Lon.  7  18  E,  lat.  44  59  X. 

Perpignan.  formerly  an  episcopal  town 
of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of 
the  Eastern  Pyrenees  and  late  province 
of  Roussiilon,  with  a  good  citadel  and  an 
university.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tet,  over 
which  is  a  bridge,  100  miles  SE  of  Bom- 
deaux.    Lon.  3  0  E,  lat.  42  41  N. 

Perguimons,  a  county  of  North  Caro 


P  E  R 


PER 


lina,  containing-  6052  inhabitants  in  1810, 
one  third  slaves.  Situated  between  Per- 
quimans and  Little  river,  hounding  in 
the  S  on  Albemarle  Sound.  Chief  town 
Hartford. 

Pertain,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Pe- 
gu, near  a  river  of  the  same  name,  132 
miles  8YV  of  Pegu.  Lon.  94  55  E,  lat. 
16  45  X. 

Persepolis,  is  supposed  to  be  anciently 
the  capital  city  of  Persia,  properly  so 
called.  It  was  taken  by  Alexander  tin? 
Great,  who  was  persuaded  when  in  ii- 
quor,  by  the  courtesan  Thais,  to  set  it 
dii  fire.  Its  magnificent  ruins  are  50 
miles  NE  of  Schiras,  and  200  SE  of  Is- 
pahan.   Lon.  56  20  E,  lat.  30  10  N. 

Persltore,  a  town  in  Worcestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  the 
Avon,  nine  miles  ESE  of  Worcester,  and 
102  WNW  of  London.   Lon.  1  44  W,  lat. 

52  4  n: 

Persia,  a  large  kingdom  of  Asia,  con- 
sisting of  several  provinces,  which,  at 
different  times,  have  had  their  particu- 
lar kings.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Georgia,  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  UYbec 
Tartary;  on  the  W  by  Turkey  and  Ara- 
bia ;  on  the  S  by  the  gulfs  of  Persia  and 
Ormus,  and  the  Arabian  Sea  ;  and  on  the 
E  by  HJploostan  Proper.  It  is  1220 
miles  from  E  to  W,  and  900  from  X  to 
S.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Tigris  and 
Amuc.  In  the  N  and  E  parts  it  is  moun- 
tainous and  cold  ;  in  the  middle  and  SE 
parts  sandy  and  desert ;  in  the  S  and  W, 
level  and  extremely  fertile,  though  for 
several  months  very  hot.  The  sod  is  far 
from  being  luxuriant  towards  Tartar} 
and  the  Caspian  Sea,  but  with  cultiva- 
tion it  might  produce  abundance  of  corn 
and  fruit.  South  of  Mount  Taurus,  the 
fertility  of  the  country  in  corn,  fruits, 
wine,  and  the  other  luxuries  of  life,  is 
equalled  by  few  countries.  It  produces 
wine  and  oil  is  plenty,  senna,  rhubarb, 
arid  the  finest  of  drugs.  The  fruits  are 
delicious,  especially  their  dates,  oran- 
ges, pistachio-nuts ;  melons,  cucumbers, 
and  garden  stuff,  not  to  mention  vast 
quantities  of  excellent  silk  ;  and  the  gulf 
of  Bassora  formerly  furnished  great  part 
of  Europe  and  Asia  with  very  fine  pearls. 
The  breed  of  horses  in  the  province  of 
Pars  is  at  present  very  indifferent,  ow- 
ing to  the  ruinous  state  of  the  country  ; 
but  in  the  province  of  Dushtistan,  lying 
to  the  SVV.  it  is  remarkably  good.  The 
sheep  are  of  a  superior  flavour,  owing  to 
the  excellence  of  the  pasturage  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Shirauz,  and  are  also 
celebrated  for  the  fineness  of  their  fleece; 
they  have  tails  of  an  extraordinary  size, 
some  of  which  weigh  upwards  of  thirty 


pounds ;  but  those  which  are  sold  in  the 
markets  do  not  weigh  above  six  or  seven. 
Then*  oxen  are  large  and  strong,  but 
their  flesh  is  seldom  eaten  by  the  natives, 
who  confine  themselves  chiefly  to  that  of 
sheep  and  fowls.  Their  camels,  mules, 
asses,  oxen,  and  buffaloes,  are  the  best 
of  their  kind,  and  are  indifferently  used 
for  carrying  pas sengerirpr  burdens  ;  but 
the  horses. are  only  used  for  the  saddle. 
Persia  contains  mines  of  iron,  copper, 
lead,  and  above  all,  turquoise  stones, 
which  are  found  in  Chorasan.  Sulphur, 
sfdt-petre,  and  antimony,  are  found  in 
the  mountains.  Quarries  of  red,  white, 
and  black  marble,  have  also"  been  dis- 
covered near  Tauris.  The  Persians  equal, 
if  not  exceed,  all  the  manufactures  in 
the  world  in  silk,  woollen,  mohair,  car- 
pets, and  leather.  Their  works  in  these, 
join  fancy,  taste,  and  elegance,  to  rich- 
ness, neatness,  and  shew  ;  and  yet  they 
are  ignorant  of  painting,  and  their  draw- 
ings are  very  rude.  Their  dying  excels 
that  of  Europe.  Their  silver  and  gold 
laces,  and  threads,  are  admirable  for 
preserving  their  lustre.  Their  embroide- 
ries and  horse  furniture  are  not  to  be 
equalled;  nor  are  they  ignorant  of  the 
pottery  and  window-glass  manufactures. 
On  the  other  hand,  their  carpenters  are 
very  indifferent  artists,  which  is  said  to 
be  owing*  to  the  scarcity  of  timber  all 
over  Persia.  Their  jewellers  and  gold- 
smiths, are  clumsy  workmen;  and  they 
are  ignorant  of  lock-making,  andlhe  ma- 
nufacture of  looking  glasses.  During 
almost  the  whole  of  this  century,  Persia 
has  been  desolated  by  competitors  for 
the  sovereignty.  On  the  assassination  of 
the  usurper  Nadir  Shah,  in  1747,  Ahmed 
Abdallah,  one  of  his  generals,  founded 
the  kingdom  of  Candahar,  to  which  he 
annexed  the  provinces  of  Korasan  ant! 
Segestan,  in  the  E  part  of  Persia,  and 
those  provinces  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
W  of  the  Indus,  that  had  been  ceded  by 
the  great  mogul,  in  1737,  to  Nadir 
Shah.  Kerim  Khan,  another  of  Nadir's 
officers,  obtained  the  sovereignty  of  all 
the  southern  provinces.  He  transferred 
the  seat  of  government  from  Ispahan  ta 
Schiras.  He  refused  the  title  of  Shah, 
or  king,  being  satisfied  with  that  of  Pro- 
tector of  Persia.  He  was  beloved  by  his 
subjects,  and  revered  by  foreign  powers. 
On  his  death,  in  1797,  new  competitors 
for  the  throne  sprung  up,  and  have  al- 
most ever  since  continued  to  spread 
slaughter  and  desolation  over  this  unhap- 
py country.  The  Persians  are  generally 
Mahometans,  of  the  sect  oi  Ali.  Ispa- 
han is  the  capital. 
Persia,  Gulf  of,  a  gulf  between  Per- 


PER 


PER 


Lon.  5 


N  of  Aix,  and  27  of  Marseilles. 
36  E,  lat.  43  44  N. 

Peru,  formerly  a  powerful  empire, 
whose  monarchs  were  called  Incas,  or 
Ungas,  i.  e.  emperors  or  kings,  :  t  pre- 
sent a  province  of  Spain  in  South  Amc- 


a  and  Arabia  Felix.  The  entrance  near  j 
irmus  is  not  above  30  miles  over;  but 
rithin  it  is  180  in  breadth,  and  the 
mglli  from  Ormus  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Euphrates  is  420  miles. 

Perth,  a  royal  borough,  in  Scotland, 

nd  the  county  town  of  Perthshire,  is  a  I  1'ica.  It  lies  between  lat.  1  30  N.  and  25 
opulous  and- "flourishing-  place,  contain-  10  S,  being  nearly  2000  miles  long  from 
ig  about  12,000  inhabitants,  pleasantly  N  to  S,  and  350  in  breadth.  It  is  bound- 
toated  on  the  river  Tay,  which  is  na-|ed.on  the  N  by  Popayami  a  part  of  Terra 
igable  thus  far  for  pretty  large  vessels.  I  Firma ;  on  the  E  by  the  Andes  or  Cor- 
1ie  town  is  built  upon  a  regular  plan,  jdillera  mountains,  which  divide  it  from 
id  the  houses  in  general  in  the  modern  the  country  of  the  Amazons  and  Para- 


ge. There  is  an  elegant  stone  bridge 
of  nine  arches  over  the  Tay  at  the  E  end 
of  the  town.  Here  is  a  linen  and  cotton 
manufacture,  and  se\eral  extensive 
bleachfields ;  and  the  salmon  fishery  is 
carried  on  to  a  great  extent,  immense 
quantities  being  sent  to  the  London  mar- 
ket. Perth  is  30  miles  N  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  3  27  W,  lat.  56  22  X. 

Perthshire,  a  large,  plentiful  and  rich 


guay  ;  on  the  S  by  Chili  and  La  Plata  ; 
and  on  the  W  by  the  South  Sea,  or  Pa- 
cific Orean.  Its  capital  at  present  is 
Lima,  formerly  Cusco.  The  land  next 
the  sea  is  mostly  barren,  some  valleys 
excepted,  into  which  the  streams  from 
the  hills  turn.  Between  the  hills  are 
very  extensive  valleys,  yielding  all  man- 
ner of  grain  and  fruit,  and  the  weather 
temperate.  The  Andes  are  covered  with 
unty  of  Scotland,  bounded  on  the  E  i  snow  the  greatest  part  of  the  year,  and 


Forfarshu-e  and  Fifeshire  ;  on  the  S 
Clackmannanshire,  Stirlingshire  wjtii 


consequently  cold, 
on  Peru  is  called 


The  sea  bordering 
the  South  Sea,  but 


e  river  Frith  of  Forth;  on  the  W  and  j  more  properly  the  Pacific  Ocean,  the 
V  by  Argyllshire  and  Dumbartonshire  ;  |  weathei  on  this  coast,  from  lat.  4  deg.  to 
d  on  the  N  by  lnvernesshire  and  Abcr- ! 25  cleg.  S  being  generally  serene.  No 
enshire.  It  is  above  60  miles  long  j  fain  falls  in  this  tract  unless  within  four 
>m  N  to  S,  and  above  .50  broad  from  or  five  degrees  of  the  Equator,  where 


E  to  W.  It  contains  Perth  proper,  part 
p|  Cowrie,  Stratherne,  Monteith,  IJrea- 
Idalbane,  and  Athol.  It  is  fruitful  both 
in  corn  and  pasture,  and  its  princ  ipal  ri- 
vers are  the  Tay,  which  is  the  largest 
in  Scotland;  the  Keith,  famous  tor  its 
hidmon  fishery,  and  has  a  cataract,  the 
noise  of  which  is  extremely  loud;  the 
Allan,  and  the  Erne,  which  falls  into 
the  Tay.  In  Strathe  rne  are  found  vari- 
ous minerals  and  metals,  particularly 
copjper,  lapis  calaminaris,  and  lead.  It 
has  a  great  number  of  lochs,  that  pro- 
duce great  variety  of  excellent  fish. 

Ptrth  Am;^,  a  seaport  of  the  United 
States,  in  New  .Jersey,  sc  aled  on  a  neck 
of  land,  between  the  fiver,  Itaritan  and 
Arthur  Kull  Sound  ;  its  situation  is  high 
and  healthy.  It  lies  open  to  Sandy  Hook, 
and  is  one  of  'the  best  harbours  on  the 
continent.  It  is  25  miles  SW  of  Xe;v 
York.    Lon.  75  0  \V,  lat.  40  35  N. 

Pet'thej,  a  town  of  France,  in  ihe  de 
p:.r:.ment  of  Seine  and  ."  -.u-ne,  six  miles 
SSW  of  Meluu. 

Perthes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment^ Upper  Marne,  six  miles  NYA 
of  St.  Dizier. 

Pcrtigri,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia, 19  miles  SE  of  Castel  Aragonese. 

Pertms,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone 


they  have  it  constantly  when  the  sun  is 
vertical,  as  is  the  case  within  this  dis- 
tance all  over  the  globe.  On  the  Cordil- 
leras or  high  mountains,  it  rains  or  snows 
two  thirds  of  the  year.  The  vintage 
here  is  in  the  fair  season,  and  vines 
thrive  best  in  the  valleys  near  the  sea, 
a  here  little  or  no  rain  falls,  and  which, 
are  watered  by  the  rivulets  coming  down 
from  the  hills,  collected  and  turned  into 
the  fields  and  gardens,  where  they  have 
this  opportunity,  they  have  ripe  grapes 
when  they  please,  and  they  make  excel- 
lent, wines,  which  cannot  be  done  in  any 
other  country  between  the  tropics  The 
fiercest  beasts  of  prey  in  Peru  are  the 
puma  and  jaquar,  inaccurately  called 
lions  and  tigers  by  the  Europeans,  but 
possessing  neither  the  undaunted  cour- 
age of  the  former,  nor  the  ravenous  cru- 
elty of  tlie  latter;  they  are  hardly  for- 
midable to  man,  and  often  turn  their 
backs  upon  the  least  resistaii.ee.  A  qua- 
druped called  the  lama,  peculiar  to  this 
country,  was  tamed  to  domestic  pur- 
poses by  the  anci<  nt  Peruvians.  In  form 
it  bears  some  pesemmance  to  a  deer,  and 
some  to  a  camel,  and  is  of  a  size  some-' 
what  larger  thin  a  sheep.  Its  wool  fur- 
nished the  Peruvians  with  clothing,  its 
flesh  with  food.  It  was  even  employed 
as  a  beast  of  burden,  and  carried  a  mo- 


late  province  of  Provence,  10  miles  [derate  load  with  much  patience  and  do- 


PER 


PES 


cilily  ;  but  it  was  never  used  for  draught. 
Among1  the  birds,  the  most,  remarkable 
is  the  condor,  which  is  entitled  to  pre- 
eminence over  the  flying  tribe,  in  bulk, 
strength  and  courage.  The  river  Giiy- 
aquil  abounds  with  alligators,  and  tin 
neighbouring-  country  swarms  almost  as 
much  with  snakes  and  vipers  as  that 
round  Porto  Bello  does  with  toads.  Be- 
sides their  fruit-trees,  which  have  been 
transplanted  hither  from  Europe,  they 
have  those  of  the  Caribbee  islands,  as 
ananas,  guayavas,  plantains,  bananas, 
melons,  and  water  melons ;  besides 
others  peculiar  to  Peru.  The  tree  most 
valued  is  that  which  furnishes  them  with 
quinquina,  or  Peruvian  bark,  of  the  size 
of  a  cherry-tree,  principally  growing*  in 
the  province  of  Quito,  about  5  deg\  S  ot 
the  Equator ;  it  bears  a  long*  reddish 
flower,  which  turns  to  a  pod,  but  the 
fruit  is  not  of  equal  virtue  with  the  bark. 
Near  the  Equator  grow  cedars,  cotton- 
trees,  cocoas,  sugar  canes,  palms,  and 
a  great  deal  of  good  timber;  but  very- 
few  forest  trees  in  other  parts  of  Peru. 
But  what  the  Spaniards  value  this  coun- 
try most  for,  is  the  vast  treasure  of  gold 
and  silver  they  have  drawn  from  thence 
for  upwards  of  200  years,  the  mountain 
of  Potosi  alone,  in  22  deg\  S  lat.  having- 
yielded  two  thousand  millions  of  pieces 
of  eight  the  first  40  years  the  mines  were 
wrought.  When  the  Spaniards  landed 
in  this  country  in  1530,  they  found  it  go- 
verned by  sovereigns  called  Incas,  who 
were  revered  by  their  subjects  as  divi- 
nities ;  and  the  inhabitants  were  found 
to  be  much  more  polished  than  the  na- 
tives of  other  parts  of  America,  those  of 
Mexico  excepted.  These  were  soon  sub- 
dued by  a  few  Spaniards,  under  the 
command  of  Francis  Pizarro.  Peru  is 
inhabited  by  the  Spaniards,  the  native 
Americans,  and  a  mixture  arising  from 
both,  called  Mestics.  The  native  Ame- 
ricans, who  live  among  the  forests,  form, 
as  it  were,  so  many  small  rep  blics, 
which  are  directed  by  a  Spanish  priest, 
and  by  their  governor,  assisted  by  the 
original  natives,  who  serve  as  officers. 
They  go  naked,  and  paint  their  bodies 
with  a  red  drug,  called  rocu.  The  same 
man  is  of  all  trades,  for  he  builds  his 
own  hut,  constructs  his  own  canoe,  and 
weaves  his  own  cloth  ;  but  if  a  large 
house  is  to  be  built  for  common  use, 
every  one  lends  a  helping  hand.  The 
natives  who  live  at  Quito'seem  to  be  of 
a  different  temper  ;  for  they  are  extreme- 
ly idle,  and  so  stupid,  that  they  will  sit 
>  Whole  days  together  upon  their  heels, 
without  stirring  or  speaking.  Their  gar- 
ment is  a  sort  of  sack,  with  holes  to  put 


their  arms  through;  and  this  is  giw 
them  by  their  masters  as  part  of  their 
wages.  The  Mestics,  though  illegiti- 
mate, have  all  the  privileges  of  a  Spani- 
ard, and  are  the  persons  who  carry  on  ail 
a-ades;  for  the  Spaniards  think' it  be- 
neath them  to  meddle  with  any  thing  of 
litis  sort :  they  behave  in  a  more  tyran- 
nical manner  over  the  real  Americans, 
than  even  the  Spaniards  themselves,  in- 
somuch that  the  governor  is  obliged  to 
repress  their  insolence.  Peru  is  now  di- 
vided into  three  great  audiences,  which 
are  Quito,  lima,  or  Los  Reyes,  and  Los 
Charcos  :  the  whole  under  the  govern- 
ment of  a  viceroy,  whose  authority  once 
extended  over  all  South  America  posses- 
sed by  the  Spaniards  :  but  as  some  of 
the  countries  in  this  vast  jurisdiction  are 
above  2000  miles  distant  from  the  su- 
preme seat  of  justice  at  Lima,  the  in- 
habitants were  subject  to  the  greatest 
inconveniences  ;  to  remedy  which,  two 
new  viceroyaities  have  been  established. 
The  first  is  fixed  at  St.  Fede  Bogota,  the 
capital  of  the  new  .kingdom  of  Granada, 
and  extends  over  the  whole  of  Terra  Fir- 
ma,  and  the  audience  of  Quito.  In  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  second,  established 
in  1776,  are  the  provinces  of  Plata,  Bue- 
nos Ayres,  Paraguay,  Tucuman,  Potosi, 
St.  Cruz  de  la  Sierra,  and  the  towns  of 
Mendoza  and  St.  Juan.  Lima  is  the  ca- 
pital.   See  Andes. 

Peru,  a  post  town  in  Clinton  county, 
New  York,  on  the  W  side  of  lake  Cham- 
plain,  41  miles  S  of  the  line  that  divides 
this  State  from  Lower  Canada,  nearly  op- 
poisite  to  Burlington,  on  the  E  side  of 
the  lake.    It  contains  1933  inhabitants. 

Perugia,  an  ancient  and  populous  city 
of  Italy,  capital  of  Perugino,  with  a 
strong  citadel,  an  university,  and  a  bi- 
shop's see.  The  churches,  and  many 
other  buildings,  public  and  private,  are 
very  handsome.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill. 
75  miles  N  of  Borne.  Lon.  12  20  E,  lat. 
43  6  N. 

Perugia,  a  lake  of  Italy,  of  a  circular 
form,  almost  five  miles  in  diameter  with 
tin  ee  islands  in  the  middle  of  it.  It  is 
eight  miles  from  the  city  of  that  name, 
In  the  province  of  Perugino. 

Perugino,  a  province  of  Italy  in  the 
Ecclesiastical  St  .'e,  bounded  on  the  W 
by  Tuscany,  on  the  S  by  Orvietano,  on 
the  W  by  the  duchies  of  Spoleto  and  Ur- 
bino,  and  on  the  N  by  the  county  of  Citta 
Castellana.  It  is  25  miles  in  length,  and 
near  as  much  in  breadth.  The  air  is  pure, 
and  the  soil  fertile  in  corn  and  good  wine. 
The  capital  is  Perugia. 

Pesaro,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Urbino,  with  a  bishop's  see.    It  is  a 


PET 

}.arge  place,  and  the  streets  arc  paved 
with  bricks.  The  castle  is  well  fortified, 
the  harbour  excellent,  and  the  cathedral 
magnificent.  The  environs  are  remarka- 
ble for  producing  good  figs, of  which  large 
quantities  are  sent  to  Venice.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  at  the  moulh  of  the 
Foglia,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  17  miles 
EXE  of  Urbino,  and  130  of  Rome.  Lon. 
13  2  E,  lat.  43  52  N. 

Pescara,  a  strong  town  of  Naples,  in 
Abruzzo  Citeriore.  It  is  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  8  miles  E  by  S  of  Ci- 
vita-di-Penna,  and  lOGNE  of  Naples.  Lon. 
15  2  N,  lat.  42  27N. 

Peschiera,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Vero- 
nese, with  a  castle,  and  a  strong  fort.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  July  1796. 
who  have  been  since  expelled  by  Su War- 
row.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mincio,  which 
proceeds  from  the  Garda,  16  miles  W  of 
Verona.    Lon.  11  4  E,  lat.  45  26  N. 

J^escia,  an  episcopal  town  of  Tuscany, 
noted  for  the  excellent  oil  it  produces.  It 
is  10  miles  SW  of  Pistoia.  Lon.  11  22  E, 
lat.  43  47  N. 

Pesenas,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Ilerault,  and  lute  pro- 
vince .of  Langucdoc.  It  is  delightfully 
seated  on  the  river  Pein,  12  miles  NE  of 
Bcziers.    Lon.  3  34  E,  lat.  43  28  N. 

Pest,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  seated 
on  the  Danube,  opposite  Buda,  35  miles 
SE  of  Prcsburg.  Lon.  18  25  E,  lat.  47 
24  X. 

Petatv,  an  ancient  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  duchy  of  Stiria,  seated  on  the  J) rave 
100  miles  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  15  36  E, 
lat.  46  40  N. 

Pe-tcheli,  Tcheli,  or  Li-pa-fou,  the  prin- 
cipal province  of  China,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  the  great  Wall  and  part  of  Tartary, 
on  the  E  by  the  Yellow  Sea,  on  the  S  by 
Chang-tong  and  Honan,  and  on  the  W  by 
the  mountains  of  Chan-si.  It  contains 
nine  cities  of  the  first  class,  which  have 
several  others  under  their  jurisdiction. 
The  temperature  of  the  air  in  this  pro- 
vince does  not  seem  to  agree  with  its  la- 
titude; for  although  Pe-tcheli  extends 
no  further  than  the  42d  degree  N,  yet  all 
its  rivers  arc  so  much  frozen  during  four 
months  in  the  year,  that  waggons  with 
the  heaviest  loads  may  safely  pass  them. 
The  soil  is  sandy,  and  produces  very  lit- 
tle rice  ;  but  it  abounds  with  all  other 
kind  of  grain,  and  with  the  greater  part 
of  ihe  fruit  trees  we  have  in  Europe.  Pe- 
kin  is  the  capital. 

Peter  and  Paul,  St.  or  Petropawhskoi,  a 
seaport  of  Kamtscatka,  in  the  Russian  go- 
vernment of  1  rkutzk.    The  town  consists 


PET 

of  some  miserable  log-houses  and  a  few 
conical  huts.  Captain  Clarke,  who  suc- 
ceeded Captain  Cook,  and  died  at  sea, 
was  interred  here.  Lon.  158  43  E,  lat 
53  0  N. 

Peter  St.  a  parish  of  Bcaurort  district, 
South  Carolina,  containing  about  4.500 
inhabitants,  more  than  one  half  slaves. 

Peters,  a  township  of  Franklin  count)*, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  1762  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  Situated  between  the  E 
branch  of  Conegocheague  creek,  and  the 
North  mountain,  10  miles  SW  of  Cham- 
bersburg.  >illii 

Peterborongli,  a  city  in  Northampton- 
shire, with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  market 
on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the  Nen,  o- 
ver  which  is  a  bridge  into  Huntingdon- 
shire. It  has  but  one  church,  beside  the 
cathedral,  which  was  formerly  a  monas- 
tery ;  but  the  market-place  is  spacious, 
and  the  streets  regular.  It  carries  on  a 
trade  in  corn,  coal,  and  timber,  is  govern- 
ed by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  It  is  42  miles  NE  of  Nor- 
thampton, and  81  N  of  London.  Lon.  0 
10  W,  lat.  52  30  N. 

Petersburg  a  post  town  in  Hillsboro' 
county,  New  Hampshire;  18  miles  W  of 
Amherst,  74  W  by  N  of  Neuburyport, 
and  the  same  distance  from  B.oston. 

Petersburg,  a  port  of  entry  and  post- 
town  in  D.nwiddie  county,  Virginia-,  si- 
tuated on  the  S  side  of  Appomatox  river, 
in  lat.  37  12  N,  and  lon.  78  8  W.  It  Is  25 
miles  S  of  R  chmond,  and  79  W  of  the 
borough  of  Norfolk.  This  is  a  place  of 
considerable  trade  in  grain,  flour,  and 
tobacco  ;  the  exports  of  one  year  having 
amounted  to  1,390,000  dollars.  Being 
in  the  centre  of  one  of  the  earliest  settled 
pans  of  the  State,  it  is  surrounded  by  a 
wealthy  and  populous  country.  The  in- 
habitants at  the  last  enumeration  amount- 
ed to  3521,  including  1487  slaves. 

Peterhead,  a  town  in  Aberdeenshire, 
situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ugie,  on 
the  most  easterly  point  of  Scotland.  It 
has  an  excellent  harbour,  defended  by  a 
new  pier;  which  can  contain  40  or  50 
\essels  in  perfect  safety.  A  considerable 
trade  is  carried  on  directly  to  the  Baltic, 
for  iron,  hemp,  tar,  and  other  articles. 
It  has  likewise  a  manufacture  of  sewing 
thread.  A  mineral  spring  of  a  powerful 
diuretic  quality,  and  the  sea-bathing  bring 
a  great  resort  of  company,  for  whose  ac- 
commodation there  is  a  ball-room,  and 
tmmy  elegant  houses.  It  is  a  little  to  the 
\V  of  Buchanness,  and  34  miles  NE  of 
Aberdeen.    Lon.  1  28  W,  lat.  57  28  N. 

J'ci  -rh'-ff,  in  Russia,  is  situated  about 
20  miles  from  Petcrsbnrg,  and  is  distin- 
guished for  its  palace  and  gardens,  which 


PET 


PET 


for  taste  and  elegance  have  been  compar- 
ed to  those  of  Versailles. 

Petersburgh,  a  post  town  in  York  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania;  25  miles  SW  of  York 
town,  and  48  NW  of  the  city  of  Ba.ti- 
more.  y  •<! 

Petersburgh,  a  post  town  in  Elbert 
county,  Georgia  ;  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Savannah  river,  near  the  month  of 
Broad  river,  and  opposite  to  Vienna  in 
South  Carolina;  46  miles  NW  of  Augus- 
ta, a-id  86  N  of  Louisville. 

Petersbtirgh,  or  St.  Petersburgh,  the 
metropolis  of  the  empire  or  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Neva,  near  the  gulf  of 
Finland,  and  is  built  partly  on  some  is- 
lands in  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  part- 
ly upon  ihe  continent.  At  the  beginning 
of  this  century,  the  ground  on  which  Pe- 
tersburgh  now  stands  was  only  a  vast 
morass  occupied  by  a  few  fishermen's 
•  huts.  Peter  the  Great  first  began  this 
city  by  the  erection  of  a  citadel  with  six 
bastions,  in  1703,  he  built  also  a  small 
hut  for  himself,  and  some  wooden  hovels. 
In  1710,  count  Golovkin  built  the  first 
house  of  brick :  and  the  next  year,  the 
emperor,  With  his  own  hands,  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  house  of  the  same  mate- 
rials. From  these  small  beginnings  rose 
the  imperial  city  of  Petersburgh  ;  and,  in 
less  than  nine  years  after  the  wooden  ho- 
vels were  erected,  the  seat  of  empire  was 
transferred  to  it  from  .Moscow.  The 
streets,  in  general,  are  broad  and  spa- 
cious ;  and  three  of  the  principal  ones, 
which  meet  in  a  point  at  the  Admiralty, 
and  reach  to  the  extremities  of  the  su- 
burbs, are  at  least  two  miles  in  length  ; 
most  of  them  are  paved,  but  a  few  are 
still  suffered  to  remain  floored  with 
planks.  In  several  parts,  wooden  houses, 
scarcely  superior  to  common  cottages, 
are  blended  with  the  public  buildings. 
The  brijck  houses  are  ornamented  with  a 
white  stucco,  which  has  led  several  tra- 
vellers to  say  that  they  are  built  with 
stone.  The  mansions  of  the  nobility  are 
vast  piles  of  buildings,  furnished  with 
great  cost  and  in  the  same  elegant  style  as 
at  London.  The  Neva  is,  in  many  places, 
as  broad  as  the  Thames  at  London,  deep, 
rapid,  and  transparent  as  crystal.  Its 
banks  are  lined  on  each  side  with  a  con- 
tinued range  of  handsome  buildings'.  On 
the  N  side  the  fortress,  the  academy  of 
sciences,  and  the  academy  of  arts,  are 
the  most  striking  objects.  On  the  S  side 
*  are  the  imperial  palace,  the  Admiralty, 
the  mansions  of  many  Russian  nobles, 
and  the  English  line,  so  called,  because 
(a  few  houses  excepted)  the  whole  row 
}?<  occupied  by  English  merchants.  In 


the  front  of  these  buildings,  on  the  S  side, 
is  the  quay,  which  extends  three  miles, 
except  where  it  is  interrupted  by  the  Ad- 
miralty ;  and  the  Neva,  during  the  whole 
of  that  space,  has  been  embanked  at  the 
expense  of  the  late  empress,  by  a  wall, 
parapet,  and  pavement  of  hewn  granite. 
Petersburgh,  although  it  is  more  com- 
pact than  the  other  Russian  cities,  and 
l»as  the  houses  in  many  streets  contigu- 
ous to  each  other  ;  yet  still  "bears  a  re- 
semblance to  the  towns  of  this  country, 
and  are  built  in  a  very  straggling  manner- 
It  was  in  1783  inclosed  within  a  rampart, 
the  circumference  of  which  is  14  miles. 
The  inhabitants  are  computed  to  be 
130,000.  Petersburgh,  from  its  low  and 
marshy  situation,  is  subject  to  inunda- 
tions, which  have  occasionally  risen  so 
high  as  to  threaten  the  town  with  a  total 
submersion.  These  floods  are  chiefly 
occasioned  by  a  wrest  or  south  west  v.  ind, 
which,  blowing  directly  from  the  gulf, 
obstructs  the  current  of  the  Neva,  and 
causes  a  vast  accumulation  of  its  waters- 
The  opposite  divisions  of  Petersburgh, 
situated  on  each  side  of  the  Neva,  are 
connected  by  a  bridge  on  pontoons, 
which,  on  account  of  the  large  masses  of 
ice  driven  down  the  stream  from  the 
lake  Ladoga,  is  usually  removed  when 
they  first  make  their  appearance  ;  and, 
for  a  few  days,  till  the  river  is  frozen 
hard  enough  to  bear  carriages,  there  is 
no  communication  between  the  opposite 
parts  of  the  town.  Among  the  noblest 
ornaments  of  Petersburgh  is  an  eques- 
trian statue  of  Peter  the  Great,  in  bronze, 
of  a  colossal  size  :  the  pedestal  of  which 
is  a  huge  rock,  brought  to  the  spot,  by 
the  empress  at  an  immense  expense  :  by 
this  contrivance  the  great  legislator  and 
civilizer  of  his  country  appears  in  the  at- 
titude of  ascending  a  precipice,  the  sum- 
mit of  Which  he  has  nearly  attained.  It 
was  erected  with  great  solemnity  by  Ca- 
tharine II.  in  1782.  Within  the'walls  of 
the  fortress  is  the  cathedral  of  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Paul,  in  which  are  deposited  the 
remains  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  of  the 
successive  sovereigns,  except  Petey,,Jl. 
buried  at  Moscow.  Petersburgh  is  425 
miles  NW  of  Moscow,  400  E  by  N  of 
Stockholm,  750  NE  of  Copenhagen,  and 
1000  NNE  of  Vienna.  Lon.  30  19  E,  tat 
59  56  N. 

Petersdorf,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the 
province  of  Samland,  24  miles  E  of  Ko- 
ningsberg. 

Petersfield,  a  borough  in  Hampshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  gov- 
erned by  a  mayor,  sends  two  member* 
to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on  the  Lod- 
don,  18  miles  NE  of  Portsmouth,  and 


PET 


PHI 


•  SW  of  London.  Lon.  0  58  W,  lat.  51 
2  N. 

Petershag~en,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
ihe  principality  of  Minden,  seated  on  the 
Weser,  three  miles  from  Minden,  and  37 
W  of  Hanover.    Lon.  9  6  E,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Petersham,  a  post  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  25  miles  NW 
of  Worcester,  and  66  W  of  Boston  :  a 
branch  of  Chickapee  river  passes  by  this 
town.  The  inhabitants  were  1490  at  last 
census. 

Peterwaradin,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  one 
of  the  strongest  frontier  places  the  house 
of  Austria  has  against  the  Turks,  over 
whom,  in  1716,  prince  Eugene  here  gain- 
ed a  great  victory.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Danube,  between  the  Save  and  Drave,  35 
miles  NW  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  20  30  E, 
lat.  45  26  N. 

t  Petherton,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesdav,  seated  on  the 
Parret,  18  miles  S  by  W  of  Wells  and 
133  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  41  E,  lat. 
50  56  N. 

Petig-liano,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the 
Siennese,  eight  miles  W  of  Castro,  and 
45  SE  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  42  E,  lat.  42 
23  X. 

Petit  Guave,  a  seaport  of  the  West 
Indies  in  St.  Domingo,  seated  on  a  bay 
at  the  W  end  of  the  island.  Tt  is  200 
miles  E  of  Jamaica.  Lon.  72  52  W,  lat. 
28  27  X. 

Petoune,  a  city  of  Eastern  Chinese  Tar- 
tary,  in  the  department  of  Kirin.  It  has 
scarcely  any  inhabitants  but  Tartar  sol- 
diers, and  Chinese  condemned  to  banish- 
ment. It  is  seated  on  the  Songari,  112 
miles  >T  bv  E  of  Kirin,  and  500  NE  of 
Pekin.    Eon.  124  55  E,  lat.  45  3  X. 

Petriko-w,  a  town  of  Great  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Siradia,  80  miles  SW  of 
Warsaw.    Lon.  19  46  E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Petvina,  a  strong  town  of  Austrian 
Croatia,  seated  on  the  Petrina,  27  miles 
E  of  Carlstadt.    Lon.  16  0  E,  lat.  46  0  N. 

Pettaw,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Stiria.  It  belongs  to  the  bishop 
of  Saltzburg,  and  is  seated  on  the  Drave, 
28  miles  S  bv  E  of  Gratz.  Lon.  15  37  E, 
lat.  46  46  N." 

Ptttapdly,  a  seaport  of  Hindoostan, 
on  the  coast  of  Coromandel,  where  the 
Dutch  have  a  factory.  Lon.  80  46  E,  lat. 
15  49  N. 

PetUjcur,  a  harbour  in  Fifeshire,  one 
mile  from  Kinghorn,  in  the  Frith  of 
Forth.  It  is  the  usual  landing-place  of 
passengers  from  Leith,  on  the  opposite 
shore.  A  basin  has  lately  been  con- 
structed here,  under  the  direction  of  an 
engineer. 

Pet-worth,  a  town  in  Sussex,  with  a  mar- 


ket on  Saturday,  seated  near  the  Arun, 
12  miles  NE  of  Chichester,  and  49  SW 
of  London.    Lon.  0  34  W,  lat.  50  58  N: 

Ptvensey,  a  village  in  Sussex,  situated 
on  a  small  river  which  rnns  into  a  bay 
of  the  English  Channel,  called  Pevensev 
Harbour,  14  miles  WSW  of  Hastings. 

PfafevJioffen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Up- 
per Bavaria,  with  a  Benedictine  monaste- 
ry at  a  small  distance.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ilm,  19  miles  NW  of  Ratisbon.  Lon.  12 
3  E,  lat.  49  27  N. 

Pfalgel,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  e- 
lectorate  of  Treves,  with  a  convent,  for- 
merly a  palace  of  the  king's  of  the  Franks. 
It  is  3  miles  NE  of  Treves. 

Pfirt,  ovForette,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Rhine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace,  ten  miles  W  of  Basil. 
Lon.  7  20  E,  lat.  47  37  N. 

Pfortsheim,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
marquisate  of  Baden -Durlach,  with  a  cas- 
tle, seated  on  the  Entz,  15  miles  SE  of 
Durlach.    Lon.  9  46  E,  lat.  48  57  N. 

Pfreimb,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Bavaria,  with  a  castle,  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Pfrient  and  Nab,  10 
miles  NE  of  Amberg.  Lon.  12  21  E,  lat. 
49  21  N. 

Pfullendorf,  an  imperial  town  of  Sua- 
bia, seated  on  the  Andalspatch,  37  miles 
SW  of  Ulm.    Lon.  9  27  W,  kit.  48  8  N. 

Phcmag'oria,  a  small  and  beautiful  is- 
land of  Asia,  on  the  E  side  of  the  strait 
ofCaffa. 

Pharos,  a  small  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea,  opposite  Alexandria,  in  E- 
gypt,  the  space  between  which  and  the 
continent  forms  an  extensive  harbour.  It 
has  a  communication  with  the  continent 
by  a  stone  causeway  and  bridge.  It  for- 
merly had  an  exceedingly  high  tower  upon 
it,  called  the  Pharos,  and  on  the  top  of  it 
were  lights  for  the  direction  of  ships.  Lon. 
31  11  E,  lat.  30  24  N. 

Pharzcif  anciently  PharsaUa,  a  town  of 
Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Janna,  in  the  plains 
of  which  some  suppose  the  decisive  battle 
was  fought  between  Cesar  and  Pompey, 
in  48  B.  C.  This  town  is  an  archiepisco* 
pal  see,  seated  on  the  Enipens,  and  is  ten 
miles  S  of  Lanssa. 

Phasis.  a  river  of  Asia,  which  crosses 
Mingrelia,  and  falls  into  the  Black  Sea. 

Phelps,  a  township  of  Ontario  county, 
New  York,  containing  3408  inhabitants  in 
1810.  Situated  about  200  miles  W  of  Al- 
bany. 

Philadelphia,  an  ancient  city  of  Natolixu 
seated  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Twio- 
lus,  in  an  extensive  plain.  The  Greeks 
retairi  its  ancient  name,  but  the  Turk* 
call  it  Allahijah.  It  contains  11000  faha- 
bitants,  among1  whom  are  2000  Christians, 


P  H  I 


PHI 


who  have  four  churches,  and  a  Greek 
archbishop.  It  is  40  miles  ESE  of  Smyr- 
na.   Lon.  28  15  E,  lat.  3828  N. 

Philadelphia,  the  capital  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  the  largest  city  in  the  United 
States,  is  situated  on  the  W  bank  of  De- 
laware river,  extending'  westward  to  the 
Schuylkill,  10,893  feet  in  length  ;  and 
from  Cedar  street  in  the  south  to  Vine 
street  in  the  north,  5340  feet  in  breadth, 
This  was  the  original  plan  prescribed  by 
the  proprietor  William  Ptnn,  and  con- 
tained ten  streets  in  breadth,  with  23  in 
lengih  ;  which  intersecting  at  right  an- 
gles formed  184  squares  of  various  di- 
mensions. However  there  have  been  con- 
siderable deviations  from  the  original 
plan :  the  squares  have  been  divided  and 
subdivided,  and  the  streets,  courts  ;>nd 
alleys  have  been  vastly  multiplied.  The 
built  parts  of  S  .uthwark  and  the  North- 
ern Liberties  have  increased  rapidly 
within  the  l  ist  thirty  years.  In  the  year 
1800,  the  enumeration  of  the  city  and 
precincts  amounted  to  70,000  inhabitants 
and  about  12,000  houses  ;  and  in  one 
year  since  there  have  been  543  new  build- 
ings, principally  of  bricks,  added  to  the 
existing  stock.  In  1810  the  number  of 
inhabitants  was  stated  at  88,877.  The 
private  houses  exhibit  an  appearance  of 
neatness,  uniformity  and  commodious- 
ness  :  the  public  edifices  are  numerous, 
and  some  of  them  constructed  in  great 
elegance  of  style,  particularly  the  banks 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  United  States  ; 
the  State-house  with  the  two  halls  erect- 
ed at  the  ends  of  the  E  and  W  wings  »>f 
the  same,  and  filling  together  the  front 
of  a  square  ;  the  Prison  ;  City  Library  ; 
Hospital,  and  Alms  House.  Nor  do  the 
religious  edifices  which  are  40  in  num- 
ber, yield  in  appropriate  beauty  and  gran- 
deur. As  Philadelphia  is  the  only  por< 
of  entry  in  the  state*  all  exports  and  im- 
ports pass  through  it :  in  1795.  the  ex- 
ports amounted  to  11,518,260  dollars,  and 
the  imports  cannot  be  much  less  than 
nine  millions,  communibus  annis.  There 
are  four  banks  of  discount  and  deposit, 
with  five  commercial  nnd  two  fire  insu- 
rance companies.  The  land  stages  thai 
set  out  from  this  city,  one  half  of  them 
at  least  daily,  (Sunday  excepted)  amount 
to  for'.y-five,  and  the  water  stages  or 
packets  to  thirteen.  This  city  was  found- 
ed in  1682,  and  incorporated  in  1701. 
The  charter  being  abrogated  at  the  revo- 
lution, it  remained  under  a  provincial 
government  till  1789;  when  it  was  incor- 
porated a  second  time,  and  is  now  go- 
vt tied  by  a  rnavor,  recorder,  and  two 
councils  together  with  fourteen  alder- 
men.   The  councils  are  elected  by  the 


people,  and  the  mayor  by  the  councils, 
annually  :  the  recorder  and  aldermen  are 
appointed  by  the  governor,  and  hold  their 
offices  during  good  behaviour.  Phila- 
delphia lies  in  lat.  39  56  N,  and  lon.  75 
5  W.  347  miles  SW  of  Boston,  95  SW 
of  New  York,  102  NK  of  Baltimore,  and 
144  NE  of  Washington. 

Philadelphia,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
Pennsylvania,  containing  5^,484  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  bounded  on  the  NE 
by  the  river  Delaware,  which  separates 
it  from  the  state  of  New  Jersey  ,-  on  the 
N  by  Bucks  and  Montgomery  ;  on  the 
VV  by  Montgomery  and  Delaware  ;  and 
on  the  S  by  the  river  Delaware.  It  con- 
tains 90,00*U  acres  of  land,  and  i*  divided 
into  17  townships. 

PhUippi,  an  ancient  town  of  Macedo- 
nia, enlarged  by  Philip,  father  of  Alex- 
.mder  the  Great,  who  gave  it  his  own 
name.  It  was  near  this  place,  commonly 
called  the  plains  of  Philippi,  where  Cas- 
sius  and  Brutus,  two  of  the  assassinators 
of  Cxsar,  were  defeated  by  Augustus 
and  Mark  Antony,  in  42  B.  C.  It  is  an 
archbishop's  see,  but  greatly  decayed. 
An  amphitheatre,  and  several  other  mo- 
numents of  its  ancient  grandeur  remain. 
It  is  67  miles  E  of  Salonichi.  Lon.  24 
25  E,  lat.  40  0  N. 

Philippina.    See  Samar. 

Philippine,  a  strong  town  of  Dutch 
Flanders.  It  has  been  frequently  taken 
and  retaken,  the  last  time  by  the  French, 
in  1794.  It  is  seated  on  an  r.rm  of  the 
Schcldi,  12  miles  SE  of  Flushing.  Lon. 
3  51  E,  lat.  51  16  N. 

Philippine  Islands,  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  discovered  by  Magellan,  in  1521. 
They  are  said  to  be  about  1200  in  num- 
Ber,  of  which  400  are  very  considerable. 
The  principal  are  Luconia,  Mindanao, 
Samar,  Matsbate,  Mindoro,  Luban,  Pa- 
nay,  Leyte,  Bohol,  Zebu,  Negro's,  St. 
John's,  Xolp,  and  Abyo.  The  air  is  very 
hot  and  moist,  and  the  soil  fertile  in  rice 
and  manv  other  useful  vegetables  and 
fruits.  Lon.  117  13  to  120  50  E,  lat.  6 
30  to  18  15  N. 

Philippines  A'cw,  otherwise  called  Pa- 
laos  and  Carolinas,  islands  in  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  to  the  E  of  the  most  south- 
ern of  the  Philippine  Islands.  There  are 
a  out  32  in  all,  between  the  equator  and 
the  Ladrones  ;  but  they  are  very  little 
known  to  the  Europeans. 

Pldlippoli,  an  archiepiscopal  town  of 
Rom  in  a,  chiefly  inhabited  by  Greeks,  and 
sentrd  on  the  Mariza,  82  miles  NAN  of 
Adrianople,  and  188  of  Constantinople. 
Lon.  24  50  E,  lat.  42  15  N. 

Philip's,  Fort  St.  a  strong  citadel  of 
Minorca,  which  defends  the  harbour  of 


P  I  c 


P  I  E 


Port  Mahon.  It  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish i«  17^8,  and  in  1756,  by  the  French, 
who  restored  it  in  1?63.  The  Spaniards 
retook  it  in  die  last  war.  Lou.  J  48  E, 
lat.  30  5WS. 

Puilipi-.Vorton,  a  town  in  Somerset- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday,  seven 
mile*  S  of  liath,  and  104  VV  61"  London. 
Lon.  2  16  W,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Pkilipsburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine  It  is  very  strong-, 
and  considered  as  one  of  the  bulwarks  or 
the  empire.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
seven  miles  S  of  Spire,  and  4o  XE  of 
Strasburg.    Lon.  8  33  E,  lat.  49  12  N. 

Philipxburg,  a  township  of  York  coun- 
ty, in  the  district  of  Maine,  containing 
1427  inhabitants  in  1810. 

P/ulip  :udt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Wer- 
meland,  seated  in  a  hilly  and  rocky  coun- 
try, abounding  in  iron  mines,  between 
two  lake*,  and  watered  by  a  rivulet.  It 
-was  built  by  Charles  IX.  and  called  after 
*his  son  Philip.  In  1775,  it  was  destroyed 
bv  lire,  but  has  been  since  rebuilt.  It 
contains  no  more  than  6u  wooden  houses, 
and  a  church  and  hospital  built  of  stone 
plaistered.  It  is  20  miles  NE  of  Cari- 
stadt,  and  14o  N\V  of  Stockholm.  Lon. 
14  10  E,  lat.  59  30  N. 

fki/ipstoion,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  ca- 
pital of  Kind's  county,  40  miles  W  of 
Dublin.    Lon.  7  3  Vv  , 'lat.  53  18  X. 

Pfulipstown,   a  township  of  Duchess 
1  county,  New  York,  containing  3129  inha- 
bitants in  1810.   It  is  a  post  town,  situa- 
ted on  the  E  side  of  Hudson  river*  113 
miles  S  of  Albany. 

PJulipville,  a  strong  town  of  France, 
i  in  the  department  of  the  North,  and  late 
province  of  Hainault,  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, 25  miles  SE  of  Mons,  and  125  N 
by  E  of  Pans.    Lon.  4  24  E,  lat.  50  7  S. 

Philip  Islands,  two  islands  in  the  South 
Pac  fie  Ocean,  discovered  by  captain 
Hunter  in  1791,  and  named  afier  Arthur 
Philip,  Esq.  governor  of  New  South 
Wales.  They  are  covered  with  shrubs, 
have  few  tall  trees  on  them,  and  the  land 
is  low  Lon.  of  the  eastern  island  140  3 
K.  lat.  8  6  S. 

Pianeza,  a  town  and  castle  of  Pied- 
mont, seated  on  the  Dora,  eight  miles 
from  Turin; 

Pianoza,  an  island  of  Italy,  off  the  coast 
of  Tuscany,  six  miles  S  of  that  of  Elba 
It  is  level  and  low  as  the  name  imports. 
Lon.  10  34  E,  lat.  42  46  N. 

Piava,  a  river,  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  Tirol,  and  falls  into  the 
jrulf  of  Venice,  by  two  mouths,  a  little 
N  of  Venice. 

Picardy,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Hainault,  Artois, 


ami  the  straits  of  Dover ;  on  the  E  by 
Champagne ;  on  the  S  by  the  isle  of 
France;  and  on  the  VV  by  Xormandy  and 
the  English  Channel.  It  now  forms  the 
I  department  of  Somme. 

Piciglutone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Milan,  widi  a  castle,  in  whicii 
Francis  I.  of  France  was  imprisoned.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1733,  and  in 
1796.  It  is  seated  on  the  Serio,  10  mites 
XW  of  Cremona,  and  36  SE  of  Milan. 
Lon.  10  4  E,  lat.  45  16  X. 

Pickering,  a  town  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Monday.  It 
has  an  old  castle,  in  the  ruins  of  which 
they  keep  their  courts  for  the  hearing  of 
all  causes  under  40  shillings,  in  the  dis- 
trict called  the  Honour  or  Liberty  of 
Pickering.  It  is  26  miles  XE  of  York, 
and  223  X  by  VV  of  London.  Lon.  0  38 
W,  lat.  54  15  X. 

Pico,  the  largest  and  most  populous  of 
the  Azores,  or  Western  Islands,  so  cal- 
led from  a  lofty  mountain  on  it,  this 
mountain  is  filled  with  dismal  dark  ca- 
verns or  volcanoes,  which  frequently  vo- 
mit out  Barnes,  smoke  and  ashes  to  a  great 
distance.  It  produces  a  great  deal  of 
wine.    Lon.  28  21  VV,  lat.  C$  29  X. 

Picts*  Wall,  a  famous  barrier  against 
he  Picts,  of  which  some  small  remains 
are  left.  It  began  at  the  entrance  of  Sol- 
way  Frith,  in  Cumberland,  and  running 
by  Carlisle,  was  continued  from  W  to  E, 
across  the  island  to  Xewcastle,  and  end- 
ed at  Tinmouth. 

Piedmont,  a  principality  of  Italy,  175 
miles  long,  and  40  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  X  by  Vallais,  on  the  E  by  the  duchies 
of  Milan  and  Montferrat,  on  the  S  by  the 
county  of  Xice  and  the  territory  of  Ge- 
noa,, and  on  the  VV  by  k  ranee  and  Savoy. 
It  was  formerly  a  part  of  Lombardy,  but 
now  belongs  to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  and 
lies  at  the  foot  of  the  Aips.  It  contains 
many  high  mountains,  among  which  arc 
rich  and  fruitful  vallies,  as  populous  as 
any  part  of  Italy.  In  the  mountains  are 
mines  of  several  kinds,  and  the  forests 
afford  a  great  deal  of  game.  This  coun- 
try has  a  great  trade  in  raw  silk  ;  and  it 
produces  also  corn,  rice,  wine,  fruits, 
hemp,  flax,  and  cattle.  Turin  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Pienza,  a  populous  town  of  Tuscany,  in 
the  Siennese,  with  a  bishop's  see.  it  is 
25  miles  SE  of  Sieuno,  and  56  S  of  Flo- 
.ence.    Lon.  11  42  E,  lat.  43  0  X. 

Pierre  le  Jfontier,  St.  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Xievre,  and  bite 
province  of  Xivernois.  It  is  seated  in  a 
bottom,  surrountlcel  by  mountains,  and 
near  a  lake,  which  renders  the  air  un 
wholesome,  15  miles  XVV  of  Moulins, 


P  I  N 


P  I  R 


and  150  S  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  13  E,  hit. 

46  48  X. 

Pierre*  St.  a  small  desert  island  near 
Newfoundland,  ceded  to  the  French  in 
1763,  for  drying  and  curing  their  fish. 
They  were  dispossessed  of  it  bv  the  En- 
glish in  1793.  foh.  .56  0  \V,  lat.*46  39  X. 

Piern-,  fit.  the  capital  of  Martinico, 
on  the  W  side  of  die  island.  Lon.  61  21 
W,  lat.  14  1  % 

Pierre,  St.  a  small  island  in  Swisser- 
land,  in  the  lake  of  Neufthatel.  The  is- 
land is  about  two  miles  in  circumference, 
and  is  enlivened  with  a  charming  variety 
of  vineyards,  woods,  orchards  and  mea- 
dows. This  beautiful  spot  was  the  retire- 
ment of  the  celebrated  Rousseau. 

Pietro,  St.  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, near  Sardinia,  taken  by  the  French 
in  1793,  but  retaken  soon  after. 

Pigeon  Island,  a  small  island,  eight 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Malabar,  and  15 
from  the  town  of  Onore.  Lon.  74  6  E, 
lat.  14  1  N. 

Pignerol,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  valley  of  Perusa.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Chiuson,  15  miles  SW  of 
Turin.    Lon.  7  30  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Pigney,  a  town  of  Prance,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aube  and  late  province  of 
Champagne,  12  miles  NE  of  Troves.  Lon. 
4  25  E,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Pike  Run,  a  township  of  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1693  in- 
habitants.in  1810. 

Pikelundyix.  township  of  Chester  county 
Pennsylvania,  containing  1001  inhabitants 
in  1810.  Situated  on' the  SW  side  of 
Schuylkill,  between  Charleston  and  Vin- 
cent townships. 

Pillau,  a  strong  seaport  of  Prussia,  on 
the  Baltic.  It  formerly  belonged  to  Po- 
land, but  is  now  subject  to  Prussia,  and 
is  20  miles  W  by  S  of  Koningsberg,  of 
which  it  is  the  port.  Lon.  20  20  E,  lat. 
54  38  N . 

Pilsen,  a  strong  town  of  Bohemia,  ca- 
pital of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  It  has 
often  been  taken  and  retaken,  and  is 
seated  near  the  confluence  of  the  Misa 
and  V.  at  to,  47  miles  \Y  by  S  of  Prague. 
Lon.  13  55  E,  lat.  49  46  X\ 

Pilsner,  Pilsno,  or  J'ilzotv,  a  town  of 
Little  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of  Sando- 
mh'j  seated  on  the  Wilfafce,  50  miles  E  of 
Cracow.    Lon.  21  10  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Pilten,  a  town  of  Cou viand,  capital  of 
a  fertile  territory  of  the  same  name,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Window,  between  Gol- 
dingen  and  Windaw.  Lon.  22  10  E,  lat. 
57  15  N; 

Pines,  Isle  of,  a  considerable  island  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  to  the  S  of 
New  Caledonia.    It  is  high  and  remark- 


able in  the  middle,  being  quite  a  pointed 
hill,  sloping  toward  the  extremities, 
which  are  very  low,  and  covered  with  tall 
pine-trees,  whence  it  took  its  name.  It 
was  discovered  bv  captain  Cook  in  1/74. 
|  Lon.  167  38  E,  lat.  22  38  S. 

Ping-leang-fou,  one  of  the  rnbstconsid- 
erable  cities  of  the  western  part  of  the 
province  Chen-si  in  China.  Lon.  106  25 
E,  lat.  35  30  N. 

Pinkney,  a  district  of  S  mtlt  Carolina, 
containing  46,765  inhabitants  in  1810.  It 
is  a  well  watered  district,  containing  the 
springs  of  several  considerable  rivers, 
and  borders  on  the  state  of  North  Caro- 
lina.   The  chief  town  is  Pinkncyvillr. 

Pitmel,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Tra-los-Montcs,  capital  of  a  territory  of 
the  same  name.    It  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Colia  and  Pinnel,  25  miles. 
N  of  Guarda.  Lon.  6  40  W,  lat.  40  46  X.- 
Pinnenbitrg,  a  fort  and  town  of  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seat 
ed  on  the  Owe,  15  miles  NW  of  Hamburg. 
Lon.  9  40  E,  lat.  53  46  N. 

Pinos,  an  uninhabited  island  in  the  W 
Indies,  on  the  S  side  of  Cuba,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  deep  strait.  It  is  25 
miles  long  and  15  broad,  and  has  ex- 
cellent pastures.  Lon.  82  33  W,  lat.  22 
2  N. 

Pinsko,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of 
a  territory  and  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name.  It  was  formerly  a  consider- 
able  place,  but  has  been  almost  ruined 
by  the  Cossacks.  Lon.  26  20  E,  lat.  52  18  N 
Piombino,  a  seaport  of  Italy  in  Tusca- 
ny, capital  of  the  principality  of  the  s;;niu 
name.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay,  40  miles  S 
of  Leghorn,  and  60  SW  of  Florence.  Lon 
10  23  F,  lat.  42  57  N. 

Piombino,  a  principality  of  Tuscany, 
lying  on  tiie  Mediterranean.  The  island 
of  Elba  depends  upon  it,  and  has  its  own 
prince,  under  the  protection  of  the  king 
of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

Pipcmo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  CampSgna 
di  Roma,  50  miles  SE  of  Borne.  Lon.  13 
36  E,  lat.  41  39  N. 

Pipley,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  Bengal,  which  formerly  had  English 
and  Dutch  factories,  but  is  now  only  in- 
habited by  fishermen.  It  is  seated  on  a 
river,  15  miles  W  of  Balasore.  Lon.  86 
31  E,  lat.  21  20  N. 

Pique  Montallier,  the  highest  mountain 
of  the  Pyrenees.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a 
pike.    Lon.  0  22  W,  lat.  42  51  N. 

Pirano,  a  seaport  of  Venetian  Istria,  on 
a  peninsula,  formed  by  the  bay  of  Largone 
ten  miles  S  of  Capo  d'Istria.    Lon.  14  1 
E,  lat.  45  40  N. 
Piriizy  a  town  of  Germany  in  Pomera- 


P  I  T 

nia  in  the  territory  of  Stctin.  The  anci- 
ent dukes  of  Pomerania  often  resided 
here.  It  is  seated  near  the  kke  Malddi, 
20  miles  SE  of  Stetin.  Low.  14  20  E,  lat. 
53  18  N. 

Pisa,  an  ancient  and  large  city  of  Tus- 
cany, capital  of  the  Pisano,  with  an.  uni- 
versity, an  archbishop's  see,  and  three 
forts.  The  river  Arno  runs  through  Pisa, 
;wul  over  itarc  three  bridges,  one  of  which 
is  constructed  of  marble.  This  city  is  so 
far  from  having  as  many  inhabitants  as  it 
'  can  contain,  that  grass  grows  in  the  prin- 
cipal streets.  The  cathedral  is  a  magni- 
ficent structure,  and  on  the  right  side  of 
the  <.hoiris  a  leaning  tower,  much  talked 
of.  In  the  great  square,  before  St.  Ste- 
phen's church,  is  a  white  marble  statue 
jj  of  duke  Cosmo  the  Great.  The  grand 
duke's  palace,  and  the  magnificent  ex- 
change, are  worth  notice.  Pisa  is  seated 
in  a  fertile  plain,  at  a  small  distance  from 
the  .Mediterranean,  ten  miles  N  of  Leg- 
horn, and  42  \V  of  Florence.  Eon.  10  17 
E,  lat.  43  43  N. 

Pisano,  a  territory  of  Tuscany,  lying  on 
the  Mediterranean.  It  is  47  miles  long, 
and  25  broad,  and  one  of  the  best  coun- 
tries in  all  Tuscanv. 

Pisca,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience 
of  Lima,  with  a  good  road  for  ships.  It  is 
seated  in  a  country  fertile  in  excellent 
fruits  and  good  wine,  140  miles  SSE  of 
''  Lima.    Eon.  76  15  W,  lat.  13  36  S. 

Piscataqita,  a  river  of  the  United  Sta'es, 
in  New  Hampshire,  the  mouth  of  which 
forms  the  onlv  port  in  that  state,  and  is 
60  miles  N  of  Boston.  Eon.  70  30  W,  lat. 
43  25  N. 

Piscazaivay,  a  post  town  in  Prince 
George  county,  Maryland,  nine  miles  N 
of  Port  Tobacco,  and  36  SW  of  Annapo- 
lis, and  18  S  of  the  city  of  Washington. 

J3  is  cat  away,  a  township  of  Middlesex 
county,  New  Jersey,  coVaining  2,475  in- 
habitants in  1810.  Situated  about  12  miles 
NE  of  Princeton.  ■ 

PiseUo,  the  most  northern  cape  of  Nato- 
lia,  which  projects  imo  the  Black  Sea,  op- 
posite the  Crimea. 

Pi  show.    See  Peishore. 

Pistoia,o.  handsome  and  considerable- 
town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Tuscany, 
vvitli  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a 
fertile  plain,  at  the  foot  of  the  Anpennin'  -;, 
and  near  the  river  Stella,  20  miles  NW  of 
Florence,  and  30  NE  of  Pisa.  Eon.  11  29 
E,  lat.  43  55  N. 

Pitcaitly  U'elh,  some  remarkable  saline 
springs  near  Perth,  in  Scotland,  deemed 
beneficial  in  scorbutic  cases. 

Pithca,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  W 
Bothnia,  seated  on  a  small  island,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Pithea,  in  the  gulf  of  Both- 


P  L  A 

nia.  It  is  joined  to  the  continent  by  a 
wooden  bridge,  and  is  80  miles  SW  of 
Tornea.    Eon.  22  40  E,  lat.  65  11  N. 

Pittcmvcen,  a  seaport  in  Fifeshire,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  23 
miles  NE  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  49  W, 
lat.  56  12  N. 

Pitt,  a  county  of  Newbern  district, 
North  Carolina,  containing  9,169  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  Pam- 
lico river;  the  chief  town  Greenville. 

Pittsburg,  the  capital  of  Allegheny 
county,  Pennsylvania;  seated  on  a  point 
of  land  formed  by  the  confluence  of  the 
Ohio  and  Allegheny  rivers.  Opposite  the 
town  the  Ohio  is  a  quarter  of  a  mile  wide, 
and  in  dry  seasons  is  navigable  only  by 
small  craft  for  a  considerable  distance, 
above  and  below  :  in  freshes,  it  will  car- 
ry vessels  of  2  or  300  tons  :  topsail  ves- 
sels were  built  and  launched  at  Pittsburg 
last  year.  About  70  miles  below,  the 
stream  is  wider  as  well  as  deeper.  In 
1810  the  inhabitants  were  estimated  at 
4768.  The  town  is  laid  out  in  regular 
squares,  many  of  the  houses  being  built 
with  bricks,  and  progresses  in  wealth  and 
population.  The  distance  from  Pitts- 
burg to  the  junction  of  the  Ohio,  with 
the  Mississippi  is  1188  miles,  and  to  New 
Orleans,  through  the  various  windings 
of  both  rivers  about  2000  miles;  to  Car- 
lisle 180;  to  Philadelphia  296;  and 
Washington  252.  It  lies  in  the  lat.  of  40 
31  N,  and  lon.  of  80  12  W. 

Pittsfield,  a  post  town  in  Berkshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  29  miles  W  by  N 
of  Northampton,  on  the  Connecticut  river, 
and  33  S  of  Bennington  in  Vermont,  con- 
taining 2665  inhabitants. 

Pittstun,  a  town  in  Kennebec  county, 
Maine  ,  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Kenne- 
bec river,  18  miles  N  of  Wiscasset,  and 
opposite  to  Gardner,  with  1408  inhabi- 
tants, mid  a  post  office. 

Pittstov,-  a  post  town  in  Hunterdon 
county,  New  Jersey,  nine  miles  NW  of 
Flemington,  and  36  from  Trenton  in  the 
same  direction. 

Pittstoii,  a  post  town  in  Lucerne  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  lying  at  the  junction 
;f  Eackawannock  with  the  E  branch  of 
S  isq.u  h.-mnah  river,  9  miles  NE  of  Wilk- 
esbarre,  and  8  NE  of  Northumberland,  i 

Pittsylvania,  a  county  of  Virginia,  con- 
taining 17,172  inhabitants  in  1S10.  Situ- 
ated on  tie  W  side  of  Dan  river,  and  joins 
the  stale  rxf  North  Carolina,  between  Ha- 
lifax and  Patrick  countries. 

Pi&zoi  a  tovn  jpf  Naples  in  Calabria  Ul- 
teriore,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  St.  Eufe- 
mia,  four  miles  from  Mon'e-Leone.  .  •<*,■, 

Placmtia,  a  duchy  of  Italy,  formerly 
the  western  part  of  the  duchy  of  Parma  ; 
3  X 


P  L  A 


FLO 


bounded  on  the  E  by  that  ducliy,  on  tlie  N 
and  W  by  the  Milanese,  and  on  the  $  b\ 
the  territory  of*  Genoa.  It  is  very  fertile 
and  populous,  and  contains  mines  of  iron, 
and  salt  springs,  from  which  is  made  a 
very  white  salt.  The  principal  rivers  arc 
the  Trebia  and  Nurra.  It  was  divided  be- 
tween thequeen  of  Hungary  and  thekingof 
Sardinia,  by  the  treaty  of  Wurms,  in  1743. 

Placentia,  a  populous  town  of  Italy, 
and  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  bishop's  see  and  a  citadel  :  which 
is  a  large,  handsome,  fortified  place.  The 
beauty  of  its  churches,  houses,  squares, 
streets,  and  fountains,  render  it  a  very 
pleasant  town.  It  has  a  celebrated  uni- 
versity, and  about  30,000  inhabitants,  a- 
mong  whom  there  are  2000  monks,  nuns, 
and  other  persons  belonging  to  the 
church.  The  king  of  Sardinia  took  pos- 
session of  it  in  1744,  in  consequence  of 
the  treaty  of  Warms,  concluded  in  1743, 
and  the  French  took  possession  of  it  in 
1796.  It  is  delightfully  seated,  in  a  well 
cultivated  country,  on  the  river  Po,  32 
miles  NW  of  Parma,  and  83  E  of  Turin. 
Lon.  9  33  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Placentia,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Estrama- 
dura,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  castle.  It 
Is  seated  on  the  Xera,  in  a  delightful  plain, 
almost  surrounded  by  mountains,  80  miles 
SW  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  0  W,  lat.  39  45  N. 

Placentia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Guipus- 
coa,  seated  on  the  Deva,  25  miles  SE  of 
Bilboa.    Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  43  10  N. 

Placentia.  a  seaport  of  Newfoundland, 
seated  on  a  bay  on  the  SE  part  of  the  is- 
land. It  was  ceded  to  the  English,  and  is 
W  miles  VV  of  St.  John,  and  200  E  of 
Cape  Breton.  Lon.  53  43  W,  lat.  47  15  N. 

Plainfeld,  a  township  of  Northampton 
county, Pennsylvania  containing  1439  in- 
habitants in  1810.  Situated  between 
More  and  Lower  Bethel  townships,  on  the 
\V  side  of  Delaware. 

Plain  field,  a  township  of  Otsego  county, 
New  York,  containg  2123  inhabitants  in 
1810.    Situated  89  miles  W  of  Albany. 

Phiinjield,  a  post  town  in  Windham 
county,  Connecticut,  15 miles  NE  of  Nor- 
wich, and  29  of  New  London,  containing 
1619  inhabitants. 

Planicz.v.  small  island  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, situated  in  the  road  of  Marseilles. 

Piano,  a  small  island  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, in  the  bay  of  AHc;  nt. 

J'lassey,  Plains  of,  in  Bengal,  about  30 
miles  from  Moorshedabad,  and  70  from 
Calcutta.  This  spot  is  memorable  for  the 
great  victory  gained  by  Colonel  Olive,  in 
1757,  over  the  nabob  Surajah  Dowlah  ; 
by  which  was  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
present  extensive  British  empire  in  Hin- 
doostan.  • 


Plata,  island  of  Peru,  on  the  coast  of 
Quito,  surrounded  by  inaccessible  rocks, 
and  about  live  miles  long,  and  four  broad. 

Plata,  a  rich  and  populous  town  of  Pe- 
ru, capital  of  the  audience  of  Los  Char- 
cos,  with  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Chimao,  500  miles  SE  ofCusco, 
Lon.  63  40  W,  lat.  19  16  S. 

Plata,  or  Jiio-de-la-Plata,  a  large  river 
of  S  America,  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
three  great  rivers  Paraguay,  Uraguay, 
and  Pavana.  It  crosses  Paraguay,  and 
enters  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  lat.  35  S.  It 
is  150  miles  broad  at  its  mouth  ;  at  Mont 
Video,  a  fort,  above  100  miles  up  the  ri- 
ver, the  land  is  not.  to  he  discerned  on 
either  shore,  when  a  vessel  is  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  channel  ;  and  at  Buenos  Ayres, 
200  miles  higher,  the  opposite  shore  i3 
not  to  be  discerned  from  that  town. 

Plata,  Rio  de  la,  a  province  of  S  Ame- 
rica, in  Paraguay,  on  the  SW  of  a  river 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  subject  to  Spain, 
and  at  Buenos  Ayres,  the  capital,  a  new 
viceroyalty  was  established  in  1776.  See 
Pem. 

JJlattsburg,  a  post  town  in  Clintor  coun- 
ty, New  York  ;  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Lake  Champlain,  16  miles  N  of  Peru, 
and  36  of  Willsborough,  all  On  the  same 
lake. 

Plaiven,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg,  seated  on  a  small  river 
which  falls  into  the  Elbe,  near  a  lake  ot 
the  same  name,  17  miles  S  of  Gustrow. 
Lon.  12  13  E,  lat.  53  40  N. 

PUrwen,  a  handsome  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Yoigt- 
land,  seated  on  the  Elster,  67  miles  SW 
of  Dresden.     Lon.  12  17  E,  lat.  50  32  N. 

Pleiburir,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Carin- 
thia,  seated  on  the  river  Peistez,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  25  miles  E  by  S  of 
Clairenfurt. 

Plescof.    See  Pxkof. 

Pleshey,  a  village  in  Essex,  seven  miles 
X  by  W  of  Chelmsford.  It  was  the  seat 
of  the  lord  high  constable  of  England, 
from  the  earliest  times  of  that  office  to 
the  year  1400.  On  the  site  of  his  castle 
is  now  a  brick  farm-house  ;  and  here  are 
the  remains  of  an  ancient  fortification, 
consisting  of  a  mount  of  an  oval  form, 
surrounded  by  an  area  that  contains  a- 
bout  two  acres,  and  is  bounded  by  a  ram 
part  and  ditch,  over  which  is  a  brick 
bridge. 

Plesse,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Silesia, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Vistula,  36 
miles  E  of  Troppaw.    Lon.  18  36  E,  lat. 

50  0  N. 

Plocksko,  a  town  of  Poland,  capital  of 
a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with  acas 


PLY 


P  OC 


;le  and  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  hill 
near  the  Vistula,  65  miles  W  of  Warsaw. 
Lor,.  19  29E,  lat.  52  46  N. 

Plocn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of  Holstein, 
capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  the  N  side  of  a  lake, 
22  miles  NW  of  Lubec.  Lon.  10  20  E, 
lat.  54  11  N. 

Ploermel,  a  small  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Morbihan,  and  late 
province  of  Bretagne,  27  miles  NE  of 
Yannes. 

Pludentz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Austrian  dominions,  capital  of  a  county 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  sealed  in  a  plea- 
s;mt  plain,  on  the  river  111,  65  miles  W 
of  Inspruc.    Lon.  12  10  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Plumstead,  a  village  in  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania;  where  there  is  a  post  of- 
fice, 7  miles  N  of  Doylestown,  32  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, and  178  ot  Washing-ton. 

Pluvieva,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Beauce,  20  miles  X  of  Or- 
leans.   Lon.  2  0  E,  lat.  48  14  N. 

Plymouth,  a  seaport  in  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Monday,  Thursday,  and  Sa- 
turday. It  is  seated  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Plym  and  Tamar  ;  and  next  to 
Portsmouth,  is  the  most  considerable  har- 
bour in  England  for  men  of  war.  There 
;  re,  properly  speaking,  three  harbours, 
railed  Catwuter,  Sutton  Pool,  and  1 1  a- 
mouze.  The  first  is  the  mouth  of  the 
Plym,  and  affords  a  safe  and  commodious 
harbour  for  merchant  ships,  but  is  sel- 
dom entered  by  ships  of  war.  The  se- 
cond is  frequented  by  merchant  ships 
only,  is  almost  surrounded  by  the  houses 
of  the  town,  and  has  lately  been  further 
secured  by  an  extensive  pier.  The  third 
is  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tamar,  and  is 
the  harbour  for  the  reception  of  the  Bri- 
tish navy,  being  fitted  with  moorings  for 
about  100  sail,  and  having  good  anchor- 
age for  a  much  greater  number.  Adjoin- 
ing to  it,  are  docks,  arsenals,  and  other 
conveniences  for  the  building  ard  fitting 
out  of  ships  of  war.  These  harbours  art- 
defended  by  a  fort  on  St.  JSrchoks'  Island, 
and  by  a  citadel  nearly  opposite  to  that 
island,  upon  a  hill  which  overlooks  the- 
town.  Plymouth  contains  two  parish 
churches,  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, and  is  governed  by  a  mayor;  It  is 
well  supplied  with  fresh  water,  first 
brought  here,  from  a  place  seven  miles 
off,  by  the  famous  Sir  Fraricis  Drake, 
who  was  a  native  of  this  town.  It  car- 
ries on  a  considerable  foreign  and  domes- 
tic trade,  and  is  43  miles  SW  of  Exeter, 
and  216  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  10  W, 
lat.  50  22  NMiPy 


Plymouth^  the  capital  of  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  42  miles  S  by  E 
of  Boston,  and  23  NW  of  Barnstable,  in 
lat.  *1  58  N,  and  lon.  70  30  W.  This  is 
a  post  town,  and  port  of  entry,  and  was 
the  first  town  planted  by  English  emi- 
grants in  New  England  ;  and  as  such  it  is 
respected  by  the  present  inhabitants,  the 
rock  on  which  their  fathers  landed ,  having 
been  removed  to  the  centre  of  the  town. 

Plymouth,,  a  township  of  Connecticut, 
in  Litchfield  county,  containing  1882  in- 
habitants in  1810. 

Plymouth,  a  post  town  in  Grafton  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire  ;  33  miles  SE  of  Ha- 
verhill, and  79  NW  of  Portsmouth. 

Plymouth,  a  post  town  in  "Washington 
county,  North  Carolina;  situated  on  die 
S  side  of  Roanoke  river,  near  Albemarle 
sound,  18  miles  S  of  Edenton. 

Plymouth  Dock,  a  populous  town,  ad- 
joining to  the  harbour  of  Hamouze,  in 
Devonshire,  with  a  chapel  in  the  cU  »  k- 
yard,  and  a  church  about  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  from  the  town. 

I'lympton,  a  borough  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  had  for- 
merly a  castle,  now  in  ruins,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Plym,  seven  miles  E  of  Ply- 
mouth, and  218  \V  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
4  0  W,  lat  .  50  22  N, 

Plymton,  a  township  of  Plymouth  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  900  inhabi- 
tants in  1810. 

Plynlimmon  Hills,  a  vast  and  lofty  moun- 
tain of  Wales,  partly  in  Montgomery- 
shire, and  partly  in  Cardiganshire.  The 
Severn,  the  Wye,  and  other  rivers,  have 
their  source  in  this  mountain 

J'o,  a  celebrated  river  of  Italy,  which 
has  its  source  at  mount  Viso,  "in  Pied- 
mont. It  runs  though  Montferrat,  the 
Milanese,  and  the  Mantu;-.n  ;  thence  on 
the  borders  of  the  Parmesan,  and  a  part 
of  the  Modenese  ;  and  having  entered 
the  Ferrarese,  it  divides  at  Ficherul  lo, 
and  Hows  into  the  gulf  of  Venice  by  four 
principal  mouths.  In  its  course  it  re- 
ceives several  fivers,  and  often  over- 
flows its  banks,  as  most  of  those  rivers 
descend  from  the  Alps,  and  are  increased 
by  the  melting  of  the  snow. 

Po,  a  river  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Kiang-si,  which  empties  itself  into  the 
lake  Poyang-hou,  a  small  distance  from 
.Jao-teheourfou.  ' 

Pockiingto?i>  a  town  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday, 
seated  on  a  stream  that  ('alls  into  theDer- 
went,  14  miles  E  of  York,  and  196  N  by 
W  of  London.  Lon.  0  40  W,  lat.  53  58  N. 

Pocomoka,  a  river  of  Maryland.  It  ri- 
ses in  Worcester  county,  ^druns  thro' 
the  county  in  a  .SW  direction  into  Foco- 


POL 


POL 


moke  bay,  which  is  an  arm  of  Chesa- 
peake  bay. 

Podensteinf  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Franconia,  in  the  bishopric  of  Ban  ^erg, 
seated  among- forests,  near  the  source  oi 
the  Putlach,  30  milts  SI',  of  Bamberg. 

JPodolia,  a  province  in  the  SE  part  of 
Poland,  wrested  from  that  country  by  the 
late  empress  *>f  Russia,  in  1793.  The 
Dneister  separates  it  from  Moldavia  on 
the  S\V,  and  the  Bog  crosses  it  from  W 
to  E.  It  is  divided  into  the  Upper  and 
and  Lower.  Kaminieck  is  the  capital  of 
the  former,  and  Breck'aw  of  the  latter. 

Poggibonzi,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  famous 
for  its  excellent  tobacco.  It  had  a  cita- 
del, now  in  ruins;  and  is  seated  near  the 
Elsa,  16  miles  S  of  Florence. 

Pog^io,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  near  Flo- 
rence, famous  for  a  handsome  palace  of 
the  great  duke. 

Poirino,  or  Poverino,  a  town  of  Pied- 
m-vit,  15  miles  SE  of  Turin. 

Poissy,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  Isle  of  France ;  seated  near  the  forest 
of  St.  Germain,  15  miles  NW  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  12  E,  lat.  48  56  N. 

Poitiers,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of 
the  department  of  Vienne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Poitou,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Its 
population  is  not  in  proportion  to  its  ex- 
tent ;  for  it  includes  a  number  of  gardens 
aud  fields  within  its  circuit;  and  the  in- 
habitants are  not  estimated  at  more  than 
16,000.  It  has  several  Roman  antiquities, 
particularly  an  amphitheatre,  partly  de- 
molished ;  and  a  triumphal  arch,  which 
serves  as  a  gate  to  the  great  street.  Here, 
in  1536,  Edward  the  Black  Prince,  gained 
a  victory  oves  the  French,  taking  priso- 
ners king  John  and  his  son  Philip,  whom 
he  carried  to  England.  The  environs  a- 
bound  with  vipers  in  audi  numbers,  that 
they  are  exported  to  Venice  to  make 
treacle.  This  town  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
on  the  river  Clain,  52  miles  SW  of  Tours, 
and  120  N  bv  E  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  0  25 
E,  lat.  46  35N. 

Poitoi/,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  B/retagne,  Anjou, 
rind  part  of  Touraine;  on  the  E  by  Tou- 
raine,  Berry,  and  Marche  ;  on  the  S  by 
Angoumois,  Saintonge,  and  Ann  is  ;  and 
on  the  YV  by  the  bay  of  Biscay.  It  is  fer- 
tile in  corn  and  wine,  and  feeds  a  great 
number  of  cattle,  particularly  mules.  It 
now  forms  the  three,  departments  of  Yen- 
dee,  Vienne,  and  the  Two  Sevres. 

Pola,  an  ancient  episcopal  strong  sea- 
port of  Italy,  in  the  S^part  of  lstria,  with 
a  citadel  and  a  bishop's  see.  Here  arc 
the  ruins  of  a  Roman  amphitheatre  and  a 
triumphal  arcl\  It  is  seated  at  the  hot- 
torn  of  a  bay,  and  has  a  spacious  harbour, 


80  miles  SE  of  Venice.  Lon.  14  9  E,  lat. 

45  13  N. 

Polachia,  a  palatinate  of  Poland,  88 
miles  long  and  30  broad;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Prussia  and  Lithuania,  on  the  E  by 
Lithuania,  on  the  S  by  the  palatinate  of 
Lubiin,  and  on  the  W  by  that  of  Maso- 
via.    Bielsk  is  the  capital. 

Poland,  a  large  country  of  Europe, 
bounded  on  the  W  by  the  Baltic,  Bran- 
denburg, and  Silesia;  on  the  S  by  Hun. 
gary  and  Moldavia  ;  on  the  N  by  Prussia, 
Courland,  Livonia,  and  Russia  ;  and  on 
the  E  by  Russia  and  the  territories  wrest- 
ed by  that  power  from  the  Turks.  It  is 
divided  into  three  large  parts,  Great  Po- 
land, Little  Poland,  and  Lithuania  ;  each 
of  which  is  subdivided  into  palatinates, 
or  provinces.  The  government  M  as  mo- 
narchical and  aristocratical ;  all  the  acts 
of  state  being  in  the  name  of  the  king 
and  republic  of  Poland.  The  king  was 
the  only  elective  sovereign  in  Europe  ; 
being  chosen  by  a  general  diet  summon- 
ed by  the  archbishop  of  Gnesna,  as  chief 
of  the  republic  during  the  interregnum. 
This  circumstance  proved  the  source  of 
great  calamities  ;  for*  on  the  demise  of 
every  sovereign,  the  country  was  gene- 
rally involved  in  a  war,  between  contend- 
ing factions,  respectively  supported  by 
foreign  powers.  In  1772,  a  partition  of 
this  country,  projected  by  the  king  or" 
Prussia,  was  effected  by  that  monarch, 
in  conjunction  with  the  empress  of  Rus- 
sia, and  the  emperor  of  Germany.  By 
this  partition,  one  third  of  the  countrv 
was  wrested  from  trie  republic,  the  diet 
being  compelled  by  a  foreign  force,  to 
make  and  to  ratify  .this  important  ces- 
sion. The  part  allotted  to  Russia  com- 
prises Polish  Livonia,  that  part  of  the 
palatinate  of  Polotsk  which  lies  ;o  the  E 
of  the  Dwina  or  Duna  ;  the  palatinate  of 
Vitepsk,  Micjilaw;  and  two  small  por- 
tions to  the  NE  and  SE  of  the  palatinate 
of  Minsk.  This  tract  of  land,  (Polish 
Livonia  excepted),  is  situated  in  AYhile 
Russia,  and  includes  at  leas*  one  third  of 
Lithuania.  The  king  of  Prussia  took  pos- 
session of  all  die  western  parts  of  Po- 
merania,  bounded  on  the  S  by  the.  river 
.Netze  or  Notte,  with  the  whole  of  Polish 
or  Western  Prussia,  the  cities  of  Dantzic 
and  Thorn  excepted.  Of  these  dismem- 
bered countries  the  Russian  part  is  the 
largest,  the  Austrian  (he  most  populous, 
and  the  Prussian  the  most  commercial, 
The  population  of  the  whole  amounts'  to 
near  5,000,000  of  souls;  the  first  contain- 
ing 1,600,000,  the  second  2,500:000,  and 
the  third  860,000.  The  three  partition- 
ing powers,  moreover,  forcibly  afl'cetctl  a 
great  change  in  the  constitution.  By  this 


POL 


POL 


all  foreign  candidates  for  the  elective 
throne  of -Poland  are  excluded;  none  can 
be  chosen  king  of  Poland,  and  great  duke 
of  Lithuania,  in  future,  but  a  native  Pole  ; 
the  son  or  grandson  of  a  king  cannot  be 
elected  immediately  upon  the  death  of 
his  father  or* grandfather,  nor  be  eligible 
till  after  an  interval  of  two  reigns  ;  and 
a  permanent  council  is  established,  in 
which  the  executive  power  is  vested.  By 
this  change,  the  house  of  Saxony,  and  all 
foreign  princes,  who  might  be  likely  to 
give  weight  to  Poland  by  their  hereditary 
dominions,  are  rendered  incapable  of  fill- 
ing the  throne  ;  the  faintest  prospect  of 
an  hereditary  sovereignty  is  removed : 
the  exorbitant  privileges  of  the  eques- 
trian order  are  confirmed  in  their  utmost 
latitude;  and  the  prerogatives  of  the 
crown,  before  too  greatly  reduced,  are 
still  further  diminished.  In  1791,  the 
king  and  the  nation,  in  concurrence,  al- 
most unanimously,  and  without  any  fo- 
reign intervention,  established  another 
constitution.  By  this  the  evils  of  an  elec- 
tive monarchy,  by  which  Poland,  on  al- 
most every  vacancy  of  the  throne,  had 
been  involved  in  the  calamities  of  war, 
were  avoided,  the  throne  being  declared 
hereditary  in  the  house  of  Saxony.  The 
rights  and  privileges  of  all  orders  in  the 
republic  (the  king,  the  nobles,  the  citi- 
zens, and  the  peasants),  were  alike  equi- 
tably consulted.  In  a  word,  it  was  not, 
on  the  one  hand,  the  haughty  despot  dic- 
tating a  constitution  to  his  people  ;  nor, 
on  the  other,  a  proud  aristocracy,  or  a 
mad  democracy,  that  wrested  from  their 
sovereign  his  just  prerogatives  ;  but  it 
was  the  universal  wish  of  the  nation,  the 
sentiment  that  inspired  which  was  uni- 
versal happiness.  A  few  of  the  nobility, 
however,  discontented  at  the  generous 
sacrifices  of  some  of  their  privileges,  re- 
paired to  the  court  of  Russia;  and  their 
representations  concurring  with  the  am- 
bitious views  of  the  empress,  she  sent  an 
army  into  Poland,  under  pretence  of  be- 
ing guarantee  of  the  constitution  of  1772. 
Her  interference  was  two  powerful  to  be 
resisted  ;  and  this  new  constitution  was 
overthrown.  But  the  principal  object  for 
which  the  Russian  army  entered  Poland 
was  not  yet  attained.  The  empress  had 
planned,  in  conjunction  with  the  king  of 
Prussia,  a  second  partition  of  this  un- 
happy country,  which  actually  took  place 
in  1 793  ;  and  in  1795,  the  act  of  parti- 
tion and  abdication  was  signed  by  the 
unfortunate  Stanislaus  at  Warsaw.  Bv 
this  the  empress  obtained  nearly  the  re- 
maining part  of  Lithuania,  with  the  pa- 
latinates of  Podolia,  Kiof,  and  Bratzlaw. 
Besides  the  voiwodsbips  or  provinces  of 


Posen,  Gnesen,  Kalish,  Siradia,  Wielun, 
Lenschitz,  Cujavia,  Doorzyn,  Rawa,  port 
of  Plotsk,  8cc.  with  the  city  and  monas- 
tery of  Czentstokow  (the  Loretto  of  Po- 
land), and  its  rich  treasures  ;  the  king  of 
Prussia  obtained  the  great  object  of  his 
wishes,  the  cities  of  Dantzic  and  Thorn. 
By  the  constitution  of  1772,  the  Roman. 
Catholic  religion  is  declared  the  esta- 
blished ;  but  although  the  Dissidents 
continue  excluded  from  the  diet,  the  se- 
nate, and  the  permanent  council,  they 
enjoy  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion  ; 
are  permitted  to  have  churches  without 
bells,  and  schools  and  seminaries  of  their 
own.  They  are  capable  also  of  sitting 
in  the  inferior  courts  of  justice  ;  and  in 
the  tribunal  appointed  to  receive  appeals 
in  matters  of  religion ;  three  of  their 
communion  are  admitted  as  assessors. 
In  consequence^  of  this  toleration,  the 
Dissidents  have  constructed  churches  in 
different  parts  of  the  kingdom,  and  the 
Lutherans,  in  particular,  have  built  one 
at  Warsaw.  The  air  is  generally  cold, 
and  they  have  but  little  wood  ;  however, 
it  is  so  fertile  in  corn  in  many  places, 
that  it  supplies  Sweden  and  Holland  with 
large  quantities.  There  are  extensive 
pastures,  and  they  have  a  large  quantity 
of  leather,  furs,  hem]),  flax,  saltpetre,  ho- 
ney, and  wax.  They  have  mines  of  salt 
of  a  great  depth,  out  of  which  they  dig 
rock-salt.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Dnieper,  the  Vistula,  the  Bug,  the  Dnie- 
men,  the  Dniester,  and  the  Bog.  War- 
saw is  the  capital. 

Polcmd,  or  Minot,  a  post  town  in  Cum- 
berland county,  Maine,  on  the  W  side 
of  Andrascoggin  river,  40  miles  N  of 
Portland  ;  the"  township  has  2125  inhabi- 
tants. V$X'-"' 

Poleron.    See  Pooloromi. 

Polesia,  a  name  given  to  the  palatinate 
of  Brzescia,  in  Lithuania. 

Poiesino-di-Rovigo,  a  province  of  Italy, 
in  the  republic  of  Venice  ;  bounded  on. 
the  N  by  the  Padua n,  on  the  S  by  the 
Ferrarese,  on  the  E  by  the  Dogado,"  and, 
on  the  W  by  the  Vcrone.  It  is  42  miles 
long  and  17  broad,  and  is  fertile  in  corn 
and  pastures.    Rovigo  is  the  capital. 

Poly  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment  of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  and 
late  province  of  Artois,  noted  for  its  fine 
mineral  waters,  and  is  16  miles  NW  of 

Policandroi,  an  island  in  the  Archipe- 
lago, one  of  the.  Cyclades,  20  miles  in 
circumference-  Here  are  a  few  villages, 
a  castle,  and  a  harbour;  but  it  consists 
in  general,  of  nothing  but  barren  rocks 
and  mountains.  Tt  lies  between  Milo  ami 
Pares.  Lon.  25.31  E,  lat.  35wUiM? 


POM 


PO  N 


Policastro,  a  decayed  episcopal  town 
of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citeriore,  seat- 
ed on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  68  miles 
SE  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  40  K,  lat.  40  15  N. 

Polignano,  a  populous  town  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Bari,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  near  the  sea, 
1 6  miles  E  of  Bari.  Lon.  17  24  E,  lat.  41 
25  N". 

Poligni,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Jura  and  late  province  of 
Franche  Compte,  seated  on  a  rivulet,  52 
miles  SW  of  lies ancon.  Lon.  5  55  E,  lat. 
46  50  N. 

Polina,  an  ancient  town  cf  Albania, 
with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  was 
formerly  a  considerable  place,  but  is  now 
almost  in  ruins,  and  is  12  miles  S  of  Du- 
razzo.    Lon.  19  20  E,  lat.  42  42  N. 

Polito,  or  Po/izzi,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in 
the  Val-di-Demona,  at  the  foot  of  the 
mountain  Madonia,  30  miles  SE  of  Pa- 
lermo.   Lon.  13  53  E,  lat.  38  4  N. 

Pollock shaws,  a  considerable  manufac- 
turing town  in  Renfrewshire,  seated  on 
the  river  White  Cart. 

Polotsk,  a  government  of  the  Russian 
empire,  formed  of  part  of  a  palatinate  of 
Lithuania,  dismembered  from  Poland  by 
the  treaty  of  partition  in  1772.  Its  pro- 
ducts are  chiefly  grain,  hemp,  flax,  and 
pasture ;  and  the  forests  furnish  great 
abundance  of  masts,  planks,  oak  fur  ship- 
building, pi  ch,  tar,  &c.  which  are  chief- 
ly sent  down  the  Dwina  to  Riga. 

Polotsk,  a  strong  town  of  Russia,  ca- 
pital of  a  government  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  Dwina,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
small  river  Polota,  50  miles  SW  of  Yi- 
tepsk.    Lon.  27  50  E,  lat.  55  43  N. 

Pollen,  St.  a  town  of  Lower  Austria, 
seated  on  the  Drasam,  which  falls  into 
the  Danube,  near  Holmbtirgh,  eight  miles 
from  Vienna. 

Potnegue,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, near  Marseilles. 

Pomerania,  a  duchy  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  Baltic,  on  the  E  by  Wes- 
tern Prussia  and  Poland,  on  the  S  b\ 
Brandenburg,  and  on  the  W  by  Meck- 
lenburg. It  is  watered  by.  several  rivers, 
of  which  the  Oder,  Reckenitz,  Pene 
Ucker,  Rega,  Pers  met,  Wippcr,  lhna, 
Siolpen,  and  Lebp,  are  the  most  con- 
siderable. The  air  is  pretty  cold,  biut 
compensated  by  the  fertility  of  the  soil, 
which  abounds  in  pastures  and  corn,  of 
v  hich  a  great  deal  is  exported.  It  is  a 
fiat  country,  containing  many  fcafc< :s} 
woods,  and  forests,  and  has  seve  ral  £odc| 
harbours,  particularly  Stetin  and  Stral- 
sti  d.  It  is  250  miles  l*ng  and  75  broad, 
and  divided  into  Hither  and  vurthcr  Po- 


merania.  The  latter  and  part  of  Hither 
Pomerania  belong  to  the  king  of  Prussia ; 
the  remainder  to  the  king  of  Sweden, 
stetin  is  the  capital  of  die  Prussian  part, 
and  Stralsund  of  the  Swedish. 

Pomerellia,  a  district  of  Polish  or  "Wes- 
tern Prussia,  which  in  the  partition  of 
Poland  fell  to  the  share  of  the  king  of 
Prussia.    Dantzic  is  the  capital. 

Pomesanin,  a  large  county*of  Western 
Prussia,  which  extends  from  E  to  W 
from  the  Passerge  as  far  as  the  Vistula, 
between  E  and  W  Prussia.  It  is  full  of 
lakes  and  morasses 

Pomfret,  a  post  town  of  Connecticut,  in 
Windham  county,  16  miles  N  of  Canter- 
bury, and  36  NE  of  Hartford. 

Pomfret,  a  township  of  Windsor  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  containing  1473  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  Situated  oh  the  N  side  of 
Watergueche  river  14  miles  NW  of 
Windsor. 

Pompeii,  one  of  the  military  townships 
of  Onondago  countr,  New  York,  contain- 
ing 5699  'inhabitants  in  1810.  Situated 
about  6  miles  S  of  Salt  Lake. 

Pomona,  the  principal  of  the  Orkney 
Islands.    See  Mainland. 

Pondesturia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Mont- 
ferrat,  seated  on  the  S  side  of  the  Po, 
33  miles  E  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  25  E,  lat. 
45  2  N. 

PontUchervy,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  coast  of  Coromandel.  It  was  first 
settled  by  the  French  in  1674.  Previous- 
ly to  the  war  of  1756,  it  was,  perhaps, 
the  finest  city  in  India.  It  extended  along 
the  seacoast  above  a  mile  and  was  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  in  breadth.  It  was 
well  built,  and,  besides  many  public 
buildings,  had  a  citadel,  then  the  best 
of  its  kind  in  India.  This  city  was  taken 
by  colonel  Coote,  in  1761,  and  the  forti- 
fications were  demolished.  It  was  re- 
stored in  1763  ;  taken  by  the  English  in 
1778;  restored  in  1783;  and  again  taken 
by  the  English  in  1793.  It  is  100  miles 
S  of  Madras.    Lon.  80  0  E,  lat.  11  56  N. 

Pondico,  a  small  uninhabited  island  of 
the  Archipelago,  in  the  gulf  of  Zeiton, 
near  the  coast  of  Xegropont. 

Pontfcvrada,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
on  the  river  Sill,  40  miles  SW  of  Leon. 
l,on.  6  6  W,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Pone  hou,  islands  in  the  Chinese  Sea 
They  lie  E  of  the  coast  of  Fokicn  and 
form  an  archipelago  between  the  port 
of  Em  uy  and  the  island  of  Formosa. 
The-  are  only  sand  banks  or  rocks,  and 
ihe  inhabitants  are  obliged  to  import 
every  necessary  of  life  ;  neither  shrubs 
nor  bushes  are  to  be  seen  upon  them  ; 
all  their  ornament  consists  of  one  solitary 
tree.  The  harbour  in  the  principal  island 


PON 


PON 


js  good,  and  sheltered  from  every  wind. 
A  Chinese  garrison  is  kept  here,  with 
one  of  the  mandarins  called  literati, 
whose  chief  employment  is  to  watch  the 
trading-  vessels  to  and  from  China  and 
Formosa.    Lon.  121  25  E,  lat.  2.3  30  X. 

Pons,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Charenie,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Saintonge,  famous  in  the  time 
of  the  Huguenots.  It  has  a  mineral  spring-, 
and  is  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  river 
Sevigne,  10  miles  S  of  Saintes.  Lon.  0 
3j0  W,  lat.  45  36  N. 

Pons,  St.  fprmerly  an  episcopal  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Herault 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc.  It  is 
seated  in  a  valley  surrounded  by  moun- 
tains, in  which  are  fi'ie  marble  quarries. 
It  is  24  miles  N  of  Xarbonne.  Lon.  2  47 
E,  lat.  43  29  X. 

PontajeUa.    See  Pontefa. 

Pont-a  JUousson,  a  considerable  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Meur- 
the  and  late  province  of  Lorrain,  with 
an  university.  There  were  before  the  re- 
volution, several  religious  houses,  and 
the  protestants  had  a  magnificent  church 
here.  It  is  seated  on  the  Moselle,  which 
divides  it  into  two  parts,  two  miles  NW 
of  Nanci.    Lon.  6  16  E,  lat.  48  43  N. 

Pont-Arlitr,  an  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Jura  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Franche  Comte,  seated  on  the 
river  Doubs,  near  Mount  Jura.  It  is  a 
commodious  passage  into  Swisserland, 
and  is  defended  bv  a  strong  castle.  Lon. 
6  26  E,  lat.  46  55  N. 

Pont  Andcmer,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  bFEure  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  Bilie,  13 
miles  E  of  Harfltur,  and  85  NW  of  Paris 
Lon.  0  35  E,  lat.  49  21  X. 

Pont-de-VArche  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Eure  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Seine,  over  which  is  a  bridge, 
five  miles  X  of  Louviers,  and  62  NW  oil 
Paris.    Lon.  1  15  E,  lat.  49  5  N. 

Pont-de-Ce,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Anjuu,  seated  on  the  Loire, 
three  miles  from  Angers,  and  178  SWot 
Paris.    Lon.  0  29  W,  lat.  47  25  X. 

J'ont-de-Yaxir,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  .Yin  and  late  province  of 
Bresse,  seated  on  the  Ressousse,  eight 
miles  S  of  Macon.  Lon.  4  55  E,  lat.  46 
28  N. 

Pont-d?-Vesle,  a  town  of  France,  in  L.h< 
department  of  A  in  and  late  province  of 
Bresse.  It  had  before  the  revolution  a 
iii  i  ■  .''ire  of  stuffs  called  Augustines, 
an  I  al  >f  tapestry  for  the  coverings  of 
arm-ci.,  .  »  and  solas,  of  the  same  kind; 


as  those  of  Ambusson.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Veslc,  12  miles  W  of  Bourg-  Lon.  5 
4  E,  lat.  46  16  X. 

Pont-de-JJma,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Entre-Douero-e-Minho,  with  a  palace.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Lima,  over  which  is  a 
magnificent  bridge,  13  miles  NW  of  Bra- 
ga,  and  190  X  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  44  W, 
lat.  41  51  X. 

Pont-tiu-Gard.    See  Card. 

Pontefa,  or  PcntafeUa,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Car.iuLia,  seated  on  the  Fella, 
over  which  is  a  bridge  that  leads  to  the 
best  passage  over  the  Alps.  It  is  20  mile*; 
X\V  of  Fnuli.  Lon.  13  0  E,  lat.  46  25  X 

Pantefract,  a  borough  in  the  W  riding 
of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  situated  in  a  very  rich  soil,  and  not- 
ed for  its  large  plantations  of  licorice. 
It  had  a  beautiful  castle  now  in  ruins, 
which  has  been  the  scene  of  various  tra- 
gical events  in  the  English  history;  par- 
ticularly the  murder  of  the  unfortunate 
Richard  II.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  "and 
is  22  miles  SW  of  York,  and  175  XXW 
of  London.    Lon.  1  18  W,  lat.  53  42  N. 

Pontn-Stura,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Mont- 
ferrat,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Stura  and  Po,  three  miles  SW  of  Casal. 

Ponte-Vedra,  a  tow-i  of  Spain,  in  Ga- 
licia,  seated  en  the  Leris,  and  famous 
for  its  fishery  of  pilchards.  It  is  10  miles 
E  of  Porto  Nova.  Lon.  8  27  W,  lat.  42 
20  X. 

Pont-Gibavt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Puy  de  Dome  and  late  pio- 
vir.ee  of  Auvergne.  Ne.r  this  place  is 
the  village  of  Rore,  with  a  silver  mine, 
and  a  vinous  fountain  of  mineral  water. 
It  is  10  miles  WNW  of  Clermont.  Lon. 
2  58  E,  lat.  45  51  N. 

Pontivij,  i.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment ef  Morbiiuin  and  late  province 
of  Bretagne,  seated  on  the  river  Blavet. 

Pont-VF,T,cque,  a  town  of  France,  in 
lie  dep  a-urnm  of  Calvi.'os  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Xormandy,  sealed  on  theTonque, 
10  miles  XW  of  Lisieux.  Lon.  0  6  E, 
lat.  49  17  N. 

l'uyitoise,  a  town  of  France,  !n  the  de- 
partment of  Se.ne  and  Oise,  and  late 
province  of  the  Isle  of  France.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  on  the  Oise  and.  Vi- 
enne,  With  a  bridge  over  the  former, 
whence  it  takes  its  name.  In  1435,  the 
English  took  it  by  stt  atagem  ;  from  whom 
t  was  retaken  by  storm  in  1442  by 
".arlcs  Y1I.  The  parliament  of  Paris 
wa$  transferred  to  this  place  in  1652, 
1720  and  1753.  It  is  43  miles  SE  of 
Rouen,  and  27  NW  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  11 
E,  lat.  49  3  X. 

Pont-Ortov,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 


POO 


POP 


department  of  the  Channel  and  kite  pro- 
vince of  "Normandy,  ■sealed  on  the  Coes- 
non,  20  miles  E  of  St.  Mulo.  Lop.  1  30 
\V,  lat.  48  30  m 

Pont-Remolij  a  town  of  Tuscany,  with 
a  strong  ensile,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Appennines,  40  miles  K  of  Genoa,  and 
66  NAY  of  Florence,  Lon.  9  40  E,  lat. 
44  2,5  B. 

Pout  Si.  Esprit,  a  town  of  France,  in 
vlie  department  of  Card  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Ilhone,  over  which  is  one  of  the  finest 
bridges  in  Europe,  consisting  of  19  great 
and  four  small  arches.  To  facilitate  the 
passage  of  the  water  in  time  of  floods, 
apertures  are  made  through  each  pier, 
six  feet  above  the  common  level  of  the 
river  :  and  to  stem  its  current,  the  bridge 
is  built  in  the  form  of  a  curve.  This  pas- 
sage is  defended  by  a  citadel,  within 
which  is  the  church  of  the  Holy  Spirit, 
projecting  into  the  river.  As  the  bridge 
is  so  slight,  the  goods  are  conveyed  over 
in  sledges,  by  way  of  precaution.  Pont 
St.  Esprit  is  17  miles  S  of  Viviers,  and 
55  XE  of  Montpellier.  Lon.  4  46  E,  lat. 
44  13  X. 

Pont  St  Maixence,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Seine  and  Oise  and 
late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  seat- 
ed on  the  Oise,  five  miles  N  of  Seins. 
Lon.  2  40  E,  lat.  49  18  X. 

Po?)t-sur-Seine,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Aube  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champag-ne,  with  a  castie,  seat- 
ed on  the  Seine,  17  mik-s  XW  of  Troves, 
and  55  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  40  E,  "lat. 
48  28  X. 

Pont  Sur-Yonne,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Yonne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy,  seated  on  the  Yonne, 
eight  miles  XW  of  Sens.  Lon.  3  14  E, 
lat.  48  16  N. 

Pojitcpool,  a  town  in  Monmouthshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
between  twohillv,  on  the  river  Avon,  and 
Is  15  miles  S  W  of  Monmouth,  and  146  W 
by  X  of  London.  Lon.  3  6  W.  lat.  51  42  X. 

Pont-y-Priild.    See  Ta.af. 

Pouza*  or  Poriiidy  a  small  island  in  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  to  which  many  illus- 
trious Romans  were  formerly  banished. 
Lon.  13  10  E,  lat.  40  53  X.  '^^Sj^f 

Poole,  a  borough  and  seaport  in  Dor- 
setshire, witli  a  market  on  Monday  ana 
Thursday.  It  is  situated  on  a  peninsula 
projecting  into'  a  capacious  bay,  branch- 
ing into  many  creeks,  and  forming  seve- 
ral islands.  The  harbour  admits  vessels 
of  moderate  size  only  ;  but  for  them  it  is 
very  secure.  Poole  rose  into  some  con- 
sequence several  centuries  ago,  when 
the  ancient  town  of  Wareham  fell  into 


decay  ;  and  its  trade  and  population  are 
rapidly  increasing.  The  principal  branch 
of  business  here  is  the  Newfoundland 
fishery.  It  has  also  a  large  importation 
of  deals1,  from  Xorway,  a  general  com-  C 
merce  with  America  and  various  parts  of 
Europe,  and  a  fine  coasting  trade,  par- 
ticularly in  corn  and'  coal.  Xcar  the 
mouth  of  the  harbour  is  an  oyster  bank, 
from  which  vast  quantities  are  carried,  ' 
to  be  fattened  in  the  creeks  of  Essex  and 
the  Thames.  Poole  is  a  county  of  itself, 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  .-sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  is  40  miles 
WSW  of  Winchester,  and  105  W  by  S 
London.  Lon.  2  0  W,  lat.  50  42  X. 

Poohroon,  or  Poleron,  one  of  the  Bands 
Islands,  from  which  the  Dutch  expelled 
the  English,  not  for  any  advantage  it  af- 
forded, it  being  a  barren  spot,  but  to  se- 
cure the  monopoly  of  the  spice  trade,  by' 
preventing  the  English  from  having  any 
settlement  in  these  parts.  It  is  100  miles 
SE  of  Amboyna.  Lon.  130  0  E,  lat.  4  20  S. 

Pooloivoy,  one  of  the  Spice  or  Banda 
Islands,  on  which  the  Dutch  have  a  regu- 
lar pentagon,  called  Fort  Kevenge.  Here 
nutmegs  and  the  most  delicious  fruits 
were  once  abundant. 

Poonah,  a  town  of  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  Visiapour.  It  is  the  capital 
of  the  Western  Mahratta  empire  ;  but  it 
is  not  large,  and  lies  open  and  defence- 
less,, it  is  100  miles  SE  of  Bombay.  Lon. 
73  55  E,  lat.  18  30  X. 

Pooroo7icler,  a  fortress  of  the  Deccan  of 
Uindoostan,  in  Visiapour,  seated  on  a 
mountain,  18  miles  ESE  of  Poonah.  It  is 
the  place  of  refuge  for  that  capital  in  case 
of  an  invasion  ;  and  here  the  archives  of 
government  are  kept. 

Poote  La,  a  small  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Mayenne,  six  miles  W 
SW  of  Ale  neon. 
-  Pofm-Jladre,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma, 
where  there  is  a  convent  and  chapel  of 
the  Virgin,  to  whose  image  the  Spaniards 
in  those  parts  go  in  pilgrimage,  especi- 
ally those  who  have  been  at  sea.  It  is 
seated  on  a  high  mountain,  50  miles  E  of 
Carthagena.  Lon.  74  32  W,  lat.  10  15  X. 

Pofjai/an,  a  province  of  Terra  Firma,  * 
40.0  miles  long  and  300  broad  ;  bounded 
on  the  X  by  the  province  of  Carthagena, 
on  the  E  by  New  Granada,  on  the  S  by 
?Vru,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
A  chain  of  barren  mountains  runs  thro' 
the  country  from  X  to  S  ;  and  the  soil 
near  t^ie  sea  is  flat,  marshy*  and  often 
flooded  by  the  rains. 

Popayan,  the  capital  of  a  province  of 
that  name,  in  Terra  Firma,  with  a  bish- 
op's see,  240  miles  XE  of  Quito.  Lon 
75  55  W,  lat.  2  35  X. 


POP 


FOR 


Pope,  Dominions  of  the,  or  the  Ecclesi- 
astical State,  a  country  of  Italy;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  territories  of  Venice,  on 
the  E  by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  SE 
by  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  on  the  S  by 
the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the  W  by  Tus- 
cany and  Modena.    It  extends  from  S  to 
N,  240  miles,  and  from  S\V  to  XE  in 
some  pans  120,  but  in  others  scarce  20 
i  miles.    It  is  divided  into  the  following' 
provinces,  the  Campagni  di  Roma,  the 
Patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  Spoletto,  Anco- 
na,  Urbino,   Romagna,  the  Bolognese, 
and  the  Ferrarese.    The  papal  govern- 
ment appears  to  be  ill  calculated  to  pro- 
mote the  happiness  of*  the  inhabitants  • 
for  all  these  provinces  (the  Bolog-nesc 
excepted)  are  badly  cultivated  and  thin- 
ly inhabited.    Trade  and  manufactures 
are  but  little  encouraged ;  and  were  it 
not  for  dates,  figs,  almonds,  olives,  and 
other  fruits,  which  grow  spontaneously, 
the  indolence  of  the  inhabitants  is  such, 
that  they  would  be  absolutely  starved. 
This  indolence  is  not  wonderful,  since 
•  hey  know,  that  the  more  they  acquire, 
the  more  will  be  demanded  of  them. 
The  numerous  holidays  are  great  impe- 
diments to  the  exertions  of  industry  ; 
and  the  number  of  young  sturdy  beggars, 
who  stroll  about  as  pilgrims,  instead  of 
increasing  the  common  stock  by  their  in- 
dustrvylie  as  a  dead  weight  on*  their  fel- 
low-subjects. Various  other  causes  might 
be  mentioned  ;  as  the  multitude  of  hos- 
pitals and  convents ;  the  inconceivable 
wealth  which  lies  useless  in  these  con- 
vents and  in  the  chuiches;  the  inquisi- 
tion, and  the  rigour  of  the  papal  govern- 
ment.   Hence  it  is,  that  in  no  part  ol 
Europe  are  to  be  found  people  more 
wretched  than  the  pope's  temporal  sub- 
jects.   The  pope,  according  to  the  an- 
cient canon  law,  is  the  supreme,  univer- 
sal, and  independent  head  of  the  church, 
and  invested  with  sovereignty  over  all 
inistian  savercigns,  communities,  and 
individuals,     His  arrogant  pretensions 
are  so  well  known,  that  it  is  needless  to 
expatiate  upon  them.    Happily,  the  Re- 
formation begun  by  Luther  dispelled  the 
delusion  in  many  parts  of  Europe;  and 
the  progress  of  learning,  and  the  spirit 
of  free  inquiry,  has  enlightened  many 
even  of  the  Roman  catholic  countries', 
where  the  papal  political  system  is  treat- 
ed with  contempt.    The  pope  has  the  ti- 
tle of  Holy  Father  and  Holiness  ;  and  he 
is  elected,  at  every  vacancy,  from  among 
the  cardinals,  each  of  whom  is  styled 
His  Eminence.    Their  number  was  fixed 
by  Sixtus  V.  at  70,  in  allusion  to  the 
number  of  the  disciples  who  were  sent  out 


by  Christ  to  teach  the  world  ;  an  alju 
s;on,  without  any  singular  propriety,  as 
no  two  classes  of  people  could  be  more 
unlike.  Hut  this  number  is  seldom  com- 
plete. Every  nation;  of  the  Roman  Ca- 
iholic  religion  has  a  cardinal  for  its  pro- 
tector. Besides  the  Ecclesiastical  State, 
the  Pope  is  possessed  of  the  duchy  of 
Bcnevento,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples  ; 
and,  before  the  late  revolution  in  France, 
he  had  the  territories  of  Avignon  and 
Vemusiron  in  that  country.  The  annual 
revenue  of  the  pope  is  computed  to  be 
8,700,000  scudi,  or  upward  of  2,000,000/. 
sterling.  His  military  force  in  inconsi- 
derable, his  body  guard  is  40  Swiss,  75 
cuirassiers,  and  75  light  horse.  His  na- 
val force  consists  of  a  few  gallies  sta- 
tioned at  Civita  Vecchia.  Rome  is  the 
capital. 

Pupenvgven,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders, on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  six 
miles  \V  of  Ypres.  Lon.  2  38  E,lat.  50  51 N. 

jPopbt  a  kingdom  on  the  Slave  Coast  of 
Guinea.  The  inhabitants  have  scarcely 
any  houses  to  dwell  in,  besides  the  king's 
village,  which  is  in  an  island  in  the 
midst  of  a  river.  Their  chief  trade  is  in 
slaves. 

Porcah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Tra- 
vancore,  taken  from  the  Dutch  by  the 
English  in  1795.  It  is  140  miles  S  of  Ca- 
licut.   Lon.  74  35  E,  lat.  8  11  N. 

Porchesttr;  a  village  in  Hampshire,  at 
the  upper  end  of  the  harbour  of  Ports- 
mouth, between  Fareham  and  Portsea 
Island.  It  has  an  ancient  castle,  which 
Ik.s  served  of  late  years,  for  the  recep- 
tion of  prisoners  of  war. 

Porco,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience 
of  Los  Charcos,  a  little  10  the  W  of  ihe 
mines  of  Potosi.  Lon.  64  50  W,  lat.  19 
40  S. 

Porentnii,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capi- 
tal of  the  dominions  of  the  bishop  of 
Basle  (by  the  protestants  called  piince 
of  Pormirui)  and  the  principal  place  of 
his  residence.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  a 
castle,  and  is  seated  on  a  serpentine  rivu- 
let, near  Mount  Jura,  22  miles  S  of  Basle. 
Lon.  7  2  E,  lat.  47  34  N. 

I'orloch,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the  j 
Bristol  Channel,  14  miles  N  by  W  of  Dul- 
verion,and  167  W  of  London.   Lon.  3  32 
W,  lat.  51  14  N. 

Porsclov,  or  PorseloitCj  a  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Siam,  in  Africa.  It  is  a  rich 
place,  carrying  on  some  trade,  and  is 
seated  on  a  large  river  which  empties  it- 
self into  the  gulf  of  Siam. 

Port  an  Prince,  a  seaport  of  St.  Domin- 
go, seated  on  a  bay  on  the  W  side  of  the 

3  Y  ; 


POR 


FOR 


tsUwL,  of  which  part  it  is  the  capital.  It  I 
was  taken  by  the  English  and  royalists  in 
1794-,  but  the  whole  island  has  been  since 
evacuated  by  the  English.    Lon.  72  10 
AV,  lat.  18  45  N. 

Port  (Jovmvallis,  a  settlement  of  the 
English  in  Chatham  island,  which  is  one 
of  the  Andumans.  It  is  about  two  miles 
long,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  broad.  Its 
situation  is  very  romantic.  ■  Landlocked 
on  all  sides,  nothing1  is  to  be  seen  but  an 
extensive  sheet  of  water  resembling  a 
vast  lake  interspersed  with  small  islands, 
and  environed  by  lofty  mountains  cloath- 
cd  with  impenetrable  forests. 

Port  Desire,  a  harbour  in  S  America, 
where  ships  sometimes  touch  in  their 
passage  to  the  S  Sea.  It  is  100  miles  N 
E  of  Port  St.  Julian.  Lon.  65  40  W,  lat. 
47  50  S. 

Port  Elizabeth,  a  post  town  of  New 
Jersey,  in  Cumberland  county,  lying  on 
the  E  side  of  Maurice  river,  25  miles  N 
W  of  Cape  May  Court  house. 

Port  Jes  Francais,  a  harbour  on  the  W 
coast  of  North  America,  which  was  first 
discovered  by  M.  de  la  Peyrouse  in  1786. 
It  is  of  a  circular  form,  unfathomable  in 
the  middle,  and  bordered  by  peaked 
mountains,  of  an  immense  height,  cover- 
ed with  snow.  The  natives  on  this  pan 
of  the  coast  are  the  most  complete 
thieves,  possessed  of  an  adroitness  and 
obstinacy  capable  of  executing  the  mosi 
difficult  projects.  Valuable  skins  were 
found  here  in  great  abundance,  particu- 
larly those  of  the  sea  otter.  In  this  har 
bour  is  a  small  island.  Lon.  137  30  W, 
lat.  58  37  N. 

Port  Glasgovj.    See  Glasgo-v,  Port. 

Port  Hunter  Pay.  See  JJuke  of  Vo)k"s 
J  aland. 

Port  Jackson,  so  named  by  Cupt.  Cook  ; 
a  large  bay  on  the  coast  of  New  South 
Wales,  three  leagues  and  a  half  N  of 
Cape  Banks.  The  capes  that  form,  its  en- 
trance are  high,  rugged,  and  perpendicu- 
lar cliffs.  On  proceeding  within,  in  1738, 
governor  Philip  discovered  a  large  branch 
extendiiip;  to  the  S,  and  found  himself 
perfectly  iand-locked,  with  a  good  depth 
of  water ;  and  finding  also,  that  the  coun- 
try was  greatly  superior  to  that  round 
B-otaity  Bay,  he  determined  to  fix  a  colo- 
ny ofc-convicts  here,  which  had  been  ori- 
ginal intended  for  Botanv  Eav.  Lon. 
151  23  E,  lat;  33  50  S. 

Port  I' Orient.  See  Orient- 
Port  Louis,  a  strong  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Morbihan,  and  late 
province  of  Bretagne,  with  a  citadel, 
and  a  good  harbour.  It  was  fortified  by 
Lewis  XIII.  and  is  a  station  for  part  of 


the  French  navy,  and  the  E  India  Com- 
pany's ships;  and  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  i he  BLuiet,  27  miles  W  of  Vannes 
Lon.  3  18  \V,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Port  Louis,  a  French  fortress,  on  the 
S\V  coast  of  llispaniola,  demolished  by 
admiral  Know  les  in  1747,  but  since  re- 
built.   Lon.  73  16  W,  lat.  18  18  N. 

Port  Louis,  a  town  and  harbour  of  the 
Isle  of  France,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  strong- 
ly fortified.    Lon.  57  28  E,  lat.  20  9  S. 

Port  JWahnn,  an  excellent  harbour  in 
the  island  of  Minorca,  defended  by  one 
of  the  strongest  citadels  in  Fairope.  Near 
it  is  the  little  trading  town  of  Mahon,  it 
was  taken  along  with  the  island  by  the 
English  in  1798.  Lon.  3  48  E,  lat.  39  50 
N.    See  Philip's,  Fort  St. 

Port  Paix,  a  town  on  the  N  coast  of 
St.  Domingo,  in  the  W  Indies,  with  a 
go  d  harbour.  Lon.  72  55  W,  lat.  19  58  N. 

Port  Patrick,  a  seaport  of  Scotland,  in 
Wigtonshire,  confined  by  the  sea  on  one 
side,  and  on  the  other  by  over-hanging 
rocks  and  hills.  It  is  noted  for  its  firry 
to  Donaghadee  in  Ireland,  from  which  it 
is  only  20  miles  distant;  and  a  packet 
boat  sails  from  hence  to  that  place,  eve- 
ry day.  The  harbour  is  good  ;  and  has 
one  of  the  finest  quays  in  Creat  Britain, 
with  a  reflecting  light  house.  It  is  com- 
puted that  11,000  head  of  cattle,  and 
2000  horses  are  annually  imported  from 
Ireland  to  this  plate.  It  is  107  miles  S 
W  of  Edinburgh,  and  487  N  W  of  London. 

Port  Jioseway.    See  Shelburne. 

Port  Poyal,  a  seaport  of  Jamaica,  once 
one  of  tiie  finest  towns  in  America,  a- 
bounding  in  riches  and  trade.  In  1692, 
it  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  in 
1702  by  a  fire,  in  1722  by  an  inundation 
of  the  sea,  and  in  1744  it  Suffered  great- 
ly by  a  hurricane.  It  now  consists  of 
three  handsome  streets,  built  on  a  small 
neck  of  land  which  juts  out  several  miles 
into  the  sea,  and  is  guarded  by  a  strong 
fort  with  100  pieces  of  cannon.  The 
harbour  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  world, 
and  1000  ships  may  ride  therein,  secure 
from  every  wfhd.  It  is  six  miles  E  of 
Spanish  Town,  and  as  much  by  water  SE 
of  Kingston.   Lon.  76  45  W,  lat.  18  0  N. 

Port  Rpyal,  a  town  and  fort  of  the  is- 
land of  Martinico,  21  miles  SE  of  St. 
Pierre.    Lon.  61  9  W,  lat.  14  3  N. 

Port  Poyal,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  S 
Carolina,  the  space  between  which  and 
the  neighbouring  continent  forms  one  of 
the  most  commodious  harbours  in  those 
parts.  Ifc  is  15  miles  in  length,  and  the 
town  on  the  N  shore,  called  Beaufort,  is 
100  miles  SW  of  Charleston.  Lon.  80 
10  W,  lat.  31  40  N. 


POR 


POS 


Port  Royal,  in  Nova  Scotia.    See  Anna- 

p.o lis.  "J^BHBiicS*  ^'^HBHmI^P 
For*  It 'oval,  a  post  town  of  Virginia, 
situated  on  the  SW  side  of  Rappahannoc 
river,  in  Caroline  count}',  22  miles  SE  of 
Fredericksburg  on  the  same  water,  and 
84  S  of  Washington.  It  has  about  1500 
inhabitants. 

I  Port  St.  Ann.  See  Killough. 
TO,  Port  St.  Julian.    See  Julian. 

Port  St.  Mary,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia.  The  English  made  a  descent 
here  in  1702,  with  a  design  to  besiege 
Cadiz,  but  without  success.  It  is  ten 
miles  XE  of  Cadiz.  Lon.  6  0  W,  lat.  35 
37  X. 

Port  S&ndi&ich,  a  harbour  in  the  island 
of  Mallicolo,  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon. 
167  53  E,  lat.  16  25  S. 

Port  Vendrc,  a  seaport  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Eastern  Pyre- 
nees and  late  province  of  Roussillon,  tak- 
en by  the  Spaniards  in  1793,  but  retaken 
the  next  year.  It  is  25  miles  S  by  E  of 
ifyPerpignan. 

Portadoivn,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Armagh,  nine  miles  from  that 
place.  It  has  an  extensive  linen  manu- 
facture, and  is  situated  on  the  river  Bann. 

Po~tafcrry,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Down,  and  province  of  Ulster. 
It  is  seated  on  the  rapid  ferry  of  Strong- 
ford,  80  miles  from  Dublin. 

Portalegre,  a  strong  episcopal  town  of 
Portugal,  in  the  province  of  Alentejo.  It 
is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  high  mountain, 
in  a  pleasant  country,  30  miles  XW  of 
Ehras,  and  90  XE  of  Lisbon. 

Portarlinq-ton,  a  borough  of  Ireland, 
partly  in  King's  and  partly  in  Queen's 
county,  seated  on  the  river  Barrow,  31 
miles  N  of  Kilkenny,  and  36  SW  of 
Dublin. 

Portici,  a  village  four  miles  ESE  of 
the  city  of  Naples,  situated  on  the  sea- 
side, near  mount  Vesuvius.  Here  is  a  pa- 
late of  the  king  of  Naples,  enriched  with 
a  vast  number  of  fine  statues,  and  other 
remains  of  antiquity,  taken  out  of  the  ru- 
ins of  Herculaneum. 

Portland,  a  peninsula  in  Dorsetshire, 
surrounded  with  inaccessible  rocks,  ex- 
cept at  the  landing  place,  where  there  is 
a  strong  castle,  called  Portland  Castle 
built  by  Henry  VIII.  It  lies  on  the  SW 
side  of  Weymouth  Bay;  and  is  chief!  v 
noted  for  its  stone,  which  is  used  in  Lon- 
don for  building-  the  finest  structures.  Its 
S  extremity,  called  Portland  Point,  is  in 
lon.  2  29  W,  lat.  50  29  X. 

Portland,  a  port  of  entry  and  post  town 
in  Cumberland  county,  Maine,  being  tlu- 
capital  of  the  district  as  well  as  county. 
It  is  situated  in  the  lat.  of  43  40  X,  and 


l®n.  of  69  52  W,  on  a  point  of  land  in 
Casco  bay,  about  50  miles  SW  of  Wiscas- 
set,  and  64  XE  of  Portsmouth  in  Xew 
Hampshire.  The  harbour  is  safe  and 
commodious,  and  being  near  the  ocean 
is  seldom  encumbered  with  ice.  The  in- 
habitants were  7169  at  last  enumeration; 
The  trade  of  the  city  is  very  considerable 
in  the  fisheries,  in  lumber,  and  ship  build- 
ing. The  harbour  is  defended  by  a  cita- 
del and  a  small  battery.  / 

Portland  Island*,  a  cluster  of  islands,  in 
the  S  Pacific  Ocean.  They  are  low  and 
covered  with  wood  ;  and  the  centre  one 
is  in  lon.  149  8  E,  lat.  2  38  S. 

Porto     See  Oporto. 

Porto  Be.llo,  a  seaport  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, on  the  N  coast  of  the  isthmus  of  Da- 
rien,  having  a  large  commodious  harbour,, 
with  good  anchorage  and  shelter  for 
ships ;  its  entrance  is  narrow,  and  defend- 
ed by  several  forts.  The  town,  which  is 
very  unhealthy,  is  situated  on  the  decli- 
vity of  a  mountain,  which  surrounds  the 
whole  harbour,  and  consists  of  one  prin- 
cipal street,  extending  along  the  strand, 
wiih  others  crossing  it,  and  running  from 
the  declivity  of  the  mountains  to  the 
shore.  It  is  a  very  unhealthy  place  ;  and 
the  country  around  it  swarms  with  toads 
in  such  multitudes,  as  to  hide  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth.  Before  the  abolition 
of  the  trade  by  the  galleons,  in  1748,  and 
the  introduction  of  register  ships,  Porto 
I!  lio  was  the  great  mart  for  the  rich 
commerce  of  Peru  and  Chili.  Porto  Bel- 
lo  was  taken  in  1742,  by  admiral  Ver- 
non, who  demolished  the  fortifica* ions. 
It  is  70  miles  X  of  Panama,  and  300  W 
of  Carthagena.  Lon.  80  45  W,  lat.  9 
33  X. 

Porto  Cavallt),  a  seaport  of  Terra  Fir- 
ma,  on  the  coast  of  Caraccas.  Here  the 
English  were  repulsed,  when  thev  attack- 
ed it  in  1743.  Lon.  64  30  E,  lat.  10  2C  X. 

Porto  del  Principe,  a  seaport  on  the  X 
coast  of  Cuba,  with  a  good  harbour.  It. 
is  seated  in  a  large  meadow,  where  the 
Spaniards  feed  a  great  number  of  cattle. 
Lon.  78  15  W,  lat.  21  52  X. 

Porta  Farinos9.  seaport  of  the  kingdom 
of  Tunis,  to  the  W  of  he  rums  of  Carth- 
age, and  30  miles  X  of  Tunis.  Lon.  10  16 
E,  lat.  37  12  X. 

PoYto  Ferrajo,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the- 
i si  of  Elba,  with  a  good  citadel.  It  is 
seated  on  a  long,  high,  steep,  point  of 
land.  W  of  the  Bay  of  the  same  name, 
which  has  two  forts'.  In  July,  1796,  the 
English  threw  a  strong  garrison  into  it, 
on  the  French  having  entered  Leghorn. 
Tt  is  40  miles  N  W  of  Orbitello,  and  60  S> 
>v  E  of  Leghorn.    Lon.  10  25  E,  lat.  4^ 


P  o  u 


P  R  A 


Potenza,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  almost  rain- 
ed by  an  earthquake  in  1694.  It  is  seated 
near  the  source  of  the  Basiento,  8  miles 
SE  of  Naples. 

Potosi,  a  rich  and  populous  town  o? 
Peru,  in  the  audience  of  Los  Charcos. 
Here  is  the  best  silver  mine  in  all  Ame- 
rica, in  a  mountain  in  the  form  of  a  su- 
gar-loaf. Silver  was  as  common  in  this 
place  as  iron  is  in  Europe  ;  but  it  is  al- 
most exhausted,  or  at  least  little  is  got 
in  comparison  of  what  was  formerly  ;  and 
the  mountain  itself  is  said  to  be  little 
better  than  a  shell.  The  country  around 
is  so  naked  and  barren,  that  the  inha- 
bitants gel  their  provisions  from  the 
neighbouring-  provinces.  It  is  seated  at 
the  bottom  of  the  mountain  of  Potosi.  Lon. 

04  25  W,  lat.  19  40  S. 

Potsdam,  a  city  of  Upper  Saxon)-,  in 
the  middle  marche  of  Brandenburgh, 
with  a  palace  belonging-  to  the  king  ot 
Prussia.  It  is  the  most  elegant  and  sin- 
gular city  in  Europe.  Many  new  houses, 
on  the  finest  ancient  and  modern  plans, 
■were  raised  by  the  late  kingv  Frederic 
ill.  and  presented  to  the  inhabitants; 
and  the  various  public  buildings  display 
at  once  great  magnificence  and  taste. 
In  1795,  it  was  damaged  b)'  fire.  It  is 
seated  on  an  island  10  miles  in  circum- 
ference, formed  bv  the  rivers  Spree  and 
Havel,  12  miles  W  of  Berlin.  Lon.  13 
46  E,  lat,  51  52  N. 

Potter,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Penn- 
sylvania, containing  29  inhabitants  in 
1810.  This  is  a  new  county,  separated 
from  Lycoming  county,  by  an  act  of  As- 
sembly in  1804.  It  is  situated  between 
Tioga,  on  the  E,  and  M'Kean  on  the  W, 
and  joins  the  state  of  New  York. 

Potion,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  12  miles  E  of  Bed- 
ford, and  48  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0 
2  8  YV,  lat.  52  11  N. 

J'ottsgrove,  a  pleasant  village  in  Mont- 
gomery county,  Pennsylvania;  situated 
on  the  NE  side  of  Schuylkill  river,  37 
miles  W  by  N  of  Philadelphia,  and  17  SE 
of  Reading. 

Poughkeepsie,  a  post  town,  the  capital 
of  Duchess  county,  New  York  ;  situated 
on  the  E  bank  of  Hudson  river,  47  miles 

5  of  the  city  of  Hudson,  and  85  N  of  the 
city  of  New  York,  containing  4670  inhabi- 
tants at  the  last  enumeration. 

Pougues,  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Nievre  and  late  province 
of  Nivernois,  noted  for  its  ferruginous 
mineral  waters.  It  is  five  miles  N\Y  ol 
Nivcrs. 

\poulinetf,  a  town  of  Vermont,  in  Rut- 


land county,  8  miles  S  of  Fairhaven,  and 
6  NE  of  Hampton,  near  the  head  of  lake 
Champlaine.  Here  is  a  post  office,  and 
the  township  contained  1,904  inhabitants 
.it  last  census. 

Poulton,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday,  seated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Wyre,  18  miles  SW  of  Lancaster, 
and  231  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  3  6  W, 
lat.  53  52  N. 

Povrseluc,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Siam  280  miles  N  of  Siam.  Lon.  100  40 
E  lat  18  58  N. 

Pourmin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Puv  de  Dome  and  late 
province  of  Auvergne,  seated  on  the  Si- 
oule,  36  miles  N  by  E  of  Clermont,  and 
190  S  of  Pans.  Lon.  3  15  E,  lat.  46 
21  N. 

Po-whatan,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia, containing  8,073  inhabitants  •  in 
1810,  of  whom  5,091  were  slaves.  Situ- 
ated on  the  S  side  of  James  river;  the, 
centre  of  it  being  about  30  miles  YV  of 
the  city  of  Richmond. 

Potonal,  a  township  of  Bennington  coun- 
tv,  Vermont, containing  1,655  inhabitants 
in  1810. 

Eoyang-hou,  a  lake  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-si,  formed  by  the  con- 
fluence of  four  considerable  rivers.  It  is 
250  miles  long. 

Prabat,  atown  of  the  kingdom  of  Siam, 
100  miles  N  of  Siam.  Lon.  101  10  E,  lat. 
15  40  N. 

Prades,  a  small  handsome  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  East- 
ern Pyrenees,  <and  late  province  of  Rou- 
sillori.  It  is  seated  in  a  fine  plain  on  the 
river  Tet,  in  the  middle  of  mountains, 
2?  miles  SE  of  Montlouis.  Lon.  2  35  E, 
lat.  42  26  N. 

Praqitat,  a  town  of  l^iklmont,  seven 
miles  W  of  Turin.  Lon.T  30  E,  lat.  45 
5  N. 

Prague,  a  large  and  famous  city,  capi- 
tal of  Bohemia,  and  an  archiepiscopal 
see.  It  is  about  three  miles  long,  and 
two  broad,  but  its  population  by  no  means 
answers  to  its  extent.  It  comprehends 
three  towns,  the  Old,  the  New,  and  the 
Little  Town,  and  is  15  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  is  built  upon  seven  moun- 
tains, and  has  above  100  churches,  and 
as  many  palaces.  The  Muldaw  runs 
through  the  city,  separating  the  Old 
Town  from  the  New,  and  over  it  is  a 
bridge  of  18  arches,  700  feet  long-,  with 

strong  tower  at  each  end.  The  Old 
Town  is  very  populous  ;  the  houses  are 
high,  and  the  streets  narrow.  In  this 
part  is  the  old  palace,  where  the  ancient 
kings  resided ;  but  the  finest  ornament 


PRE 


P  R  I 


is  the  university,  frequented  by  a  great 
number  of  students.  The  Jesuits  hud  a 
magnificent  college  here  ;  and  here  the 
.lews  baye  nine  synagogues.  The  New 
Town  contains  fine  structures,  handsome 
garden?,  ajid  large  streets.  The  royal 
castle  s  a  very  large  irregular  building, 
but  it  is  built  on  a  lull,  which  commands 
a  very  fine  prospect  over  the  whole  city 
and  country  round.  Not  far  from  hence 
stands  ihe  archbishop's  house  (a  preuy 
modern  building),  and  ihe  old  cathedral, 
in  which  there  are  some  pieces  of  archi- 
tecture, which  deserve  to  be  seen.  Tho' 
the  city  is  in  general  ill  built  the  situa- 
tion of  it  is  extremely  fine.  The  mass 
of  houses  rise  like  an  amphitheatre  10  a 
considerable  height.  To  the  right  the 
hill  rises  above  them  as  far  as  the  impe- 
rial palace,  majestically  situated  on  the 
top.    To  the  left  it  is  covered  as  far  as 

•Xithe  middle  with  beautiful  gardens  and 
pleasure  houses,  which  have  a  fine  effect, 
and  form  a  most  magnificent  amphithea- 

*j&re.    Prague  was  taken  by  storm  by  the 

p^French  in  1741  ;  but  they  were  obliged 
to  leave  it  in  174-2.  In  1744  it  was  taken 
by  the  king  of  Prussia  ;  but  he  was  obli- 
ged to  abandon  it  the  same  year.  It  was 
besieged  again  by  the  king  of  Prussia  in 
1757,  after  a  great  victory,  obtained  near 
this  city  over  the  Austrians  ;  but  being- 
defeated  some  time  after,  he  was  obliged 
to  raise  the  siege.  It  is  75  miles  SE  oi 
Dresden,  158  SE  of  Berlin,  and  235  NW 
of  Vienna.    Lon.  14  45  E,  hit.  5u  4  N. 

Prato,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  seated  on 
the  Bisentino,  12  miles  NW  of  Florence. 

i  Lon.  19  54  E,  hit.  43  52  N. 
Pray  a.  See  Porto  Praya. 
Precop,  or  Per ek  op,  a  .own  an«l  fortress 
of  Russia,  lately  taken  from  the  Turks, 
in  the  government  of  Catharinenslaf,  and 
province  of  Taurida,  seated  on  die  isth- 
mus that  joins  the  Crimea  to  the  conti- 
nent.   Lon  35  40  E,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Precopia,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Servia,  seated  on  the  river  Mo  rave, 
20  miles  \\  of  Nissa.  Lon.  22  5  E,  hit. 
43  31  tt. 

Pregel,  a  river  which  issues  from  a  lake 
in  Poland,  and  crossing  E  Prussia,  falls 
into  the  Baltic,  below  Koning'sberg-. 

PreghiiZ)  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  in  the  principality  of 
Culmbach,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name.    Lon.  11  55  E,  lat.  49  50  N. 

Pvrmeda-iv,  a  populous  town  of  Aus 
trian  Poland,  with  a  strong  castle,  and  a 
Greek  and  Latin  bishop's  see.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Sana,  27  miles  W  of  Lem- 
burg.    Lon.  21  0  E,  lat.  49  0  N. 

Prenthj  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 


of  the  Upper  Marche  of  Brandenburgb. 
It  contains  six  churches,  anil  is  seated  on  ' 
the  lake  and  river  Ucker,  50  miles  N  of 
lierbn. 

Pt-erau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Mora- 
via., capital  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  126  miles  ESE  of  Prague.  Lon.  17 
29  E,  lat.  49  18  N 

J'resburg,  the  capital  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary, with  a  strong  castle  on  a  hill.  In 
this  chy  the  states  of  Hungary  hob!  their 
assemblies,  and  in  the  catbetlral  the  so- 
vereign is  crowned.  In  the  castle,  which 
is  a  n  jble  Gothic  structure,  are  deposited 
the  regalia  of  Hungary,  consisting  of  the 
crown  and  sceptre  of  Stephen  their  first 
king.  The  Lutherans  have  a  church  here. 
Piesburg  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  32 
miles  SE  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  11  E,  lat 
48  14  N.  - 

Pr6»cot,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  A  considerable  ma- 
nufacture of  sailcloth,  and  of  gold  hands 
for  watches,  is  carried  on  here.  It  is  8 
miles  E  of  Liverpool,  and  195  NNW  of 
London.    Lon.  2  51  YV,  lat.  53  26  N. 

Presque  hit-,  a  fortress,  and  the  prin- 
cipal town  in  Erie  county,  Pennsylvania; 
situated  on  the  SE  shore  of  lake  Erie, 
about  12  miles  VV  of  fort  Le  Bceuf,  50  W 
by  N  of  fort  Franklin  on  Alleghany  river, 
and  120  N  of  Pittsburgh.  Here  is  a  post 
office.  The  town  is  progressing  fast  in 
improvement,  the  ground  plan  being- 
three  miles  in  length  along  ihe  bank  of 
the  lake,  by  one  mile  in  breadth. 

Presenzuno,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
ra di  Lavora.  It  appears  by  an  inscrip- 
tion, that  it.  is  the  ancient  Rufre,  and  its 
territory  has  the  name  of  Costa  Rufraria. 
ft  is  28  mdes  X  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  20 
E,  lat.  41  20  N. 

Preston,.'*  township  of  New  Lonelon 
county,  Connecticut,  containing  3284  in- 
habitants in  1810  ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  the  river  Thames,  about  15  miles  N  of 
New  London. 

Prince  Edward,  an  ancient  county  of 
Virginia,  containing  12,409  inhabitants; 
in  1810,  more  than  one  half  slaves,  ltl&wjf 
Watered  by  the  river  Appomattox,  and  is;v 
situated  between' the  Long  mountain  on 
the  \\,  and  Amelia  county  on  the  E.  it. 
has  within  its  precincts  a  college,  court 
house,  and  post  office. 

Prince  George,  a  populous  county  of 
the  W  shore  of  -  Maryland,  containing 
20.589  inhabitants,  ne.  riy  one  half  slaves, 
in  1810;  it  is  situated  between  the  Pa- 
tuxent  and  Potomac  rivers.  The  chief 
town,  Upper  Marlboro'. 

Prince  George,  a  county  of  Virginia, 
containing  8050  inhabitants,  4486  of  whom 


P  R  I 


P  R  I 


vi  ere  slaves  in  1310.  It  is  situated  on  the 
S  side  of  James  river,  about  40  miles  S 
of  Richmond. 

Prisdii,  State  of  a  small  territory  of 
Tuscany,  in  the  Siennese.  It  includes  six 
fortresses,  seated  on  the  coast  of  Tus- 
cany, and  which  Spain  reserved,  when  it 
ceded  Sienna  to  ihe  grand  duke.  'I  hey 
were  designed  to  facilitate  the  commu- 
nication between  the  Milanese  and  the 
kingdom  of  Naples.  In  1735,  they  were 
ceded  to  the  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 
Their  names  are,  Orbitcllo,  Telemone, 
Porto  Hercolei  Porto  San-Stephano,  Mon- 
te Philippu,  and  Porto  Langone. 

Presovia,  a  town  of  Little  Poland,  seat- 
ed on  the  Vistula,  20  miles  E  of  Cracow. 
Lon.  20  16  E,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Presteign,  the  county  town  of  Radnor- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday,  re- 
markable for  barley  and  malt.  It  is  a  re- 
gularly built  town,  seated  near  the  source 
of  the  Lug,  in  a  rich  valley,  30  miles  VV 
NW  of  Worcester,  and  149  of  London. 
Lon  2  38  W,  lat.  52  13  N. 

Preston,  a  borough  in  Lancashire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Sa- 
turday. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Ribble, 
over  which  is  a  stone  bridge.  It  has  a 
large  market  place,  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. Here  is  a  court  of  chancery,  and 
other  offices  of  justice,  for  the  county- 
palatinate  of  Lancaster.  The  markets 
on  Wednesday  and  Friday  are  for  provi- 
sions, and  that  on  Saturday  for  corn,  cat- 
tle, linen  cloth,  and  other  commodities. 
Preston  is  noted  for  the  defeat  of  the  re- 
bels in  1715,  when  they  were  all  made 
prisoners.  It  is  21  miles  S  of  Lancaster, 
and  214  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  53  W, 
lat.  53  46  NT. 

Preston  Pans,  a  village  in  Haddington- 
shire, noted  for  its  salt  works,  and  for 
the  defeat  of  the  royal  armv  by  the  rebels 
in  1745. 

Prevesa,  a  seaport  of  Turkey,  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Albania,  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Larta,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  stands  on 
the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Nicopolis,  built 
by  the  emperor  Augustus,  in  memory  of 
his  victory  over  Antony*  It  belongs  to 
the  Venetians,  and  was  taken  by  them  in 
1684.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  70 
miles  NW  of  Lepanto.  Lon.  21  5  E,  lat. 
39  14  N. 

Preuilly,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Inclre  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  ofTouraine.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Claire,  and  near  it  are  mines  of 
iron.  Preuilly  is  seated  on  the  Claise,  18 
miles  S  of  Loches. 

Pridesville,  a  post  town  in  Amelia  coun- 


ty, Virginia ;  situated  on  the  NW  side  of 
Flat  creek,  45  miles  W  of  Petersburg, 
on  the  Appamattox. 

Prieudu,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince  of  Smaland,  16miles  SSW  of  Carls- 
crona.    Lon.  15  18  E,  lat.  56  10  N. 

Prielms,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Sagan,  situated  on  the  Neissa, 
15  miles  SW  of  Sagan.  Lon.  15  12  E,  lat. 
5132N. 

Priaman,  a  seaport  of  the  E  Indies,  in 
Sumatra,  where  the  Dutch  have  a  facto- 
ry.   Lon.  98  0  E,  lat.  1  0  S. 

Princess-. Inn,  a  small  post  town,  in  So- 
merset county  Maryland  ;  lying  at  the 
head  of  Manokin  river,  20  miles  W  of 
Snow  Hill,  15  S  by  W  of  Salisbury,  on 
Wiccomico-  river,  and  48  SW  of  Lewis- 
town  in  Delaware,  containing  about  200 
inhabitants. 

Prince's  Island,  a  small  island  on  the  W 
coast  of  Africa,  250  miles  SW  of  Loan- 
go.    Lon.  6  40  E,  lat.  1  49  N. 

Prince's  Island,  a  small  island  of  Asia, 
at  the  SW  extremity  of  .he  s.  raits  of  Sun- 
da,  a  few  leagues  from  the  coast  of  .lava. 
It  is  very  woody,  and  not  much  cleared. 
The  inhabitants  are  Javanese,  whose  ra- 
jah is  subject  to  the  sultan  of  Bantam: 
and  their  customs  are  very  similar  to 
those  of  the  natives  about  Batavia.  The 
best  anchoring  place  is  in  lon.  105  17  E, 
lat.  0  36  S. 

Prince  of  Wales,  Cape,  the  most  west- 
ern extremity  of  all  America,  hitherto 
known,  discovered  bv  c;  ptain  Cook,  in 
1778.    Lon.  168  5  W,  "lat.  65  46  N. 

Prince  of.  Wales,  Fort,  the  most  north- 
ern settlement  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany, seated  on  the  W  side  of  Hudson's 
Bav,  at  the  mouth  of  Churchill  River. 
Lon.  94  7  W,  lat.  58  47  N. 

Princeton,  a  post  town  in  Middlesex 
county,  New  Jersey,  18  miles  SW  of  New 
Brunswick,  10  NE  of  Trenton,  and  40  of 
Philadelphia,  in  lat.  40  22  N,  and  lon.  74 
34  W.  This  town  contains  about  500  in- 
habitants, and  has  long  been  the  seat  of 
an  eminent  seminary  of  learning.  The 
college  erected  here,  called  Nassau-hall 
College,  is  a  handsome  stone  building, 
180  feet  wide,  by  54  deep,  placed  on  a 
small  eminence  that  commands  a  pleasing 
view  of  the  adjacent  country.  The  stu- 
dents are  generally  about  70  in  number  ; 
the  presidents  have  been'distinguished 
for  learning  and  piety,  and  the  institution 
has  produced^men  of  extensive  useful- 
ness in  church  and  state. 

Prince  William,  a  populous  county  in 
the  state  of  Virginia,  containing  11,311 
inhabitants  in  1810 ;  situated  between 
the  Potomac  and  Rappah&nnoc  rivers, 


P  R  I 


PRO 


about  40  miles  SW  of  the  city  of  "Wash- 
ington. 

Prince  William  Henry* s  Island,  an  island 
in  the  Eastern,  Ocean,  lying  WNW  oi 
Tench's  Island,  it  is  pretty  high,'  and 
70  miles  in  circuit.  It  is  well  wooded, 
and  had  something  growing-  on  it,  resem- 
bling in  appearance  Indian  corn  or  sugar 
cane,  and  has  a  luxuriant  and  picturesque 
appearance,  and  is  supposed  to  be  fertile 
and  well  peopled.  The  natives  are  quite 
naked,  and  seem  to  be  the  same  soi't  of 
people  as  those  on  Tench's  Island,  ant! 
their  canoes  of  the  same  construction.  It 
was  discovered  by  lieutenants  Ball  and 
Ki»g,  in  1790.  A  high  mountain  rising 
in  the  centre  of  it,  was  called  Mount 
Philip.    Lon.  149  30  E,  lat.  1  32  S. 

Prince  William  Henry's  Island,  an  island 
of  the  S  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by 
captain  Waliis,  in  1767.  Lon.  141  6  \V, 
lat.  17  0  S. 

Prince  William's  Sovnd,  a  gulf  on  the' 
l^iTW  coast  of  America,  so  named  by  cap- 
tain Co<»k,  in  1778.  The  men,  women  and 
children  are  here  all  clothed  in  the  same 
manner.  Their  ordinary  dress  is  a  sort 
of  close  robe,  which  sometimes  reaches 
only  to  the  knees,  but  generally  down  to 
the  ancles.  They  aie  composed  of  the 
skins  of  various  animals,  and  are  com- 
monly worn  wifh  the  hairy  side  outwards. 
The  men  often  paint  their  faces  of  a  black 
colour,  and  of  a  bright  red,  and  some- 
times of  a  bluish  or  leaden  hue  ;  but  not 
in  any  regular  figure.  The  women  punc- 
ture or  stain  the  chin  with  black,  Unit 
comes  ;o  a  point  in  each  of  their  cheeks. 
Their  canoes  are  of  two  sorls  ;  the  one- 
large  and  open,  the  other  small  and  co- 
vered. The  framing  consists  of  slender 
pieces  of  wood,  and  the  outside  is  com- 
posed of  the  skins  of  seals*  or  other  sea 
animals,  stretched  over  the  wood.  Their 
weapons  and  implements  lor  hunting  and 
fishing,  are  the  same  as  those  used  by  the 
(ireenlanders  or  Esquimaux.  Many  of 
their  spears  are  headed  with  iron,  and 
their  arrows  are  generally  pointed  witfv 
bone.  The  food  tljey  were  seen  to  cat, 
was  the  flesh  of  some  animal,  either 
roasted  or  bi  oiled,  and  dried  fish.  Our 
knowledge  of  the  animals  of  this  part  of 
the  continent  is  entirely  derived  from  the 
skins  that  were  brought  by  the  natives 
for  sale.  These  were  principally  of  bears, 
common  and  pine  martens,  sea  otters, 
seals,  racoous,  small  ermines,  foxes,  and 
the  whitish  cat  or  lynx.  The  birds  found 
here  were  the  halcyon,  or  great  king 
fisher,  which  had  fine  bright  colours'; 
the  white  headed  eagle,  and  the  hum- 
ming bird.  Pew  vegetables  of  any  kind 
were  observed  ;  and  the  trees  that  chief- 


ly grew  about  the  Sound,  were  the  Ca- 
nadian spruce  pine,  some  of  which  are  of 
a  considerable  size.  Lon.  147  21  W,  lat. 
59  33  N. 

Principalo,  a  province  of  Naples,  divi- 
ded into  Principato  Ulteriore,  and  Prin- 
cipato  Citcriore,  that  is,  the  Further  and 
Hither  Principality.  Principalo  Citeri- 
ore,  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Principalo 
Ulteriore  and  Tei-ra-di-Lavora,  on  the  W 
and  S  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the 
G  by  Basilicata.  It  is  60  miles  long  and 
30  broad  ;  the  soil  is  ft  rule  in  wine,  corn, 
oil,  and  saffron  ;  and  it  has  a  great  deal 
of  silk,  and  several  mineral  springs  Sa- 
lerno is  the  capital.  Principato  Ulteriore 
is  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Molise  and 
Terra-di-Lavom,  on  the  W  by  the  Medi- 
terranean, on  the  S  by  Principato  Citeri- 
ore,  and  on  the  E  by  Capitanata.  It  is  37 
miles  long  and  30  broad.  The  Appennine 
mountains  render  the  air  cold,  and  the 
soiljs  not  very  fertile,  either  in  corn  or 
wine  ;  but  it  produces  chesnuts,  and  has 
excellent  pastures.  Benevento  is  the  ca- 
pital 

Prisdenia,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Bosnia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and 
a  magnificent  church.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Drinn,  32  miles  NE  of  Albanapolis, 
and  195  N  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  21  3  E, 
lat.  42  0  N. 

Pnstina,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Servia.  It  was  pillaged  by  the  Aus- 
trians  in  1689;  and  is  seated  on  the  Rus- 
ca,  58  miles  NW  of  Nissa,  and  150  SE  of 
Belgrade.    Lon.  22  5  E,  lat.  42  43  N. 

Pjriinualk,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the, 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  marche  of 
Prignitz,  44  miles  X  of  Brandenburg-, 
and  54  NW  of  Berlin.  Lon.  12  13  E,  lat. 
53  9  N.  . 

Privas,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeche,  and  late  province 
of  Dauphiny.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  near 
the  confluence  of  three  small  rivers,  16 
infles  N  of  Viviers.  Lon.  4  41  E,  lat, 
44  45  N. 

PVocita,  an  island  of  Italy,  in  the  gulf 
of  Naples,  near  that  of  Is'chia.  It  is  8 
miles  in  circumference;  and  very  fertile 
and  populous!  The  capital  of  the  same 
name,  is  a  small  fortified  place,  on  a  hig'h 
craggy  rock,  by  the  sea-side.  Lon.  14  8 
E,  lat.  40  43  N. 

Prodo.no,  anciently  Sfracteria,  an  island 
in  the,  Mediterranean,  near  the  W  coast 
of  the  Morea.  It  is  36  miles  SSE  of 
Zante.    Lon.  21  £4  E,  lat.  37  15  N. 

P roil,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Bur- 
rrtah,  seated  nn  the'Menan,  200  miles  N 
VV  of  Pegu.    !>on.  94  0  E,  lat.  17  50  ST. 

Prospect,  a  post  town  in  Hancock  coun- 
ty, Maine  ,  situated  on  the  W  side  of  Pe- 
3  Z 


PUR 


P  U  Y 


nud  bastard  nutmegs.  The  animals  are 
hoi  s,  lizards,  and  guanas,  and  there  are 
birds  of  various  kinds,  not  known  in  o- 
ther  parts.  The  inhabitants  are  small  of 
stature,  of  a  dark  complexion,  with  small 
black  eyes,  thin  lips,  white  teeth,  little 
mou'.hs,  and  black  straight  hair.  Their 
chief  employments  is  to  get  tar  out  of 
larg-e  trees.  They  are  idolates,  and  have 
images  of  Elephants  in  their  temples. 
Lon.  107  20  E,  Jut,  8  40  N. 

Pido-JJindiyrr,  an  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  on  the  W  coas;  of  the  Peninsula 
of  Malacca.  It  belongs  to  the  Dutch. 
.  Pulo-Timon,  an  island  in  the  Indian  O- 
ce&n,  on  the  E  coast  of  the  peninsula  of 
Malacca.  It  is  often  touched  at  lor  tak- 
ing in  wood,  water,  and  other  refresh 
ments,  and  there  is  great  plenty  of  green 
tur'les.    Lon.  104  25  E;  lat.  2  0  N. 

Pido-Uby,  an  island  in  the  Indian  O- 
cean,  yielding  good  water  and  plent)  ol 
wood.  It  lies  at  the  entrance  of  the  ba\ 
of  Siam,  and  is  20  miles  in  circumference. 
Lon.  105  56  E,  lat.  8  25  N. 

Pido-JVay,  an  island  in  the  Indian  O- 
cean,  near  the  N  point  of  that  of  Sumatra. 
It  is  the  largest  of  the  islands  that  form 
the  entrance  of  the  channel  of  Achem, 
and  is  peopled  by  men  banished  from  A- 
chem.  Lon.  95  39  E,  Lit.  5  50  N. 

Pultausk,  a  town  of  Great  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Masovia,  seated  on  the 
Nareu,  20  miles  NE  of  Warsaw.  Lou.  21 
47 E.  lat.  50  SON. 

Pidtoioa,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Ukraine, 
famous  for  a  bai  ;ie  in  I7u9,  between  Pe- 
ter the  Great  and  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden, 
wherein  the  latter  was  totally  defeated, 
and  obliged  to  fly  into  Turkey.  It  is  100 
miles  SW  of  Belgorod.  Lon.  34  25  E,  Lt. 
49  26  N, 

Puna,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  .35 
miles  long,  and  12  broad,  lying  at'the  en- 
trance of  the  bay  of  GuiaquiL  115  miles  N 
of  Paita  L<m.  8*1  6  W,  lat  .'3  17  S. 

.  Pnnta-del-Guda,  the  capital  of  St.  Mi- 
chael, one  o'  the  Azores,  with  a  strong 
.castle,  and  a  harbour.  Lon.  25  42  \Yf  lat. 
•37  47  N. 

J'urbeclc,  Isle  of,  a  rough  and  heathy 
tract  in  Dorsetshire,  to  the  S  of  Poole 
Bay.  It  is  insulated  by  the  sea  and  rivet  s, 
and  is  famous  for  its  stone  quarries!  The 
principal  of  these  lie  at  its  eastern  ex- 
tremity, near  Suanwiek,  whence  the  tjto  ne 
is  exported.  It  is  of  the  calcareous  kind, 
but  distinguished  into  numerous  sorts, 
the  finest  of  which  take  a  polish,  and  de- 
serve the  name  of  marble.  These  arc 
nearly  black;  and  some  abound  in  shells, 
and  are  used  in  chimney  pieces,  grave- 
stones, hearths,  &c,  The  coapser  kinds 
arj  made  use  of  in  paving.  Tobacco  pipe 


clay  is  dug  up  in  several  parts  of  this  in- 
land ;  the  finest  near  Corse  Castle,  of 
which  much  is  exported,  particularly  for 

the  Staffordshire  potteries. 

Puvcliena,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Granada,  60  miles  \V  of  Cartha- 
gena.  Lon.  2  5  W,  lat.  37  19  N. 

Puvjleet,  a  village  in  Essex,  situated 
on  the  Thames,  noted  for  its  extensive 
lime  works,  and  a  large  magazine  of  gun 
powder. 

Pv.nmreiis,  a  town  of  New  Holland, 
so  called  frorh  a  brook  of  the  same  name 
on  wdiich  it  is  seated.  It  is  10  miles  N  of 
Amsterdam,  and  12  SE  of  Alcmaer. 

Purysburgh,  a  town  of  the  U.  States,  in 
Georgia,  built  by  a  colon)'  of  Swiss,  lt  is 
seated  on  the  river  Savannah,  30  nnles  N 
YV  of  the  town  of  Savannah.  Lon.  80  40 
W,  lat.  22  22  N. 

PuschicvQ,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
'.he  country  of  the  Grisons,  three  miles  X 
from  a  lake  of  the  same  name.  It  is  17 
miles  WSW  of  Bormio,  and  20  E  of  Clii- 
avenna.  Lon.  9  40  E,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Piitula,  a  mountain  of  Great  Thibet,  7 
miles  E  of  Lassa.  On  its  summit  is  the 
palace  of  the  grand  lama,  the  high  priest 
anel  sovereign  of  Thibet. 

Putney,  a.  village  in  Surry,  seated  on 
the  Thames,  five  miles  WSW  dfLondon. 
On  Putney  Common  is  an  obelisk, ei -ecu  d 
in  1786,  by  the  city  of  London  in  comme- 
moration of  Mr.  Hartley's  invention  cf 
fire  plates,  for  securing  buildings  from 
fire,  and  near  it  is  the  house  in  which 
that  gentleman  madehis  experiments,  one 
in  particular,  in  1776,  when  his  majesty, 
and  some  of  the  royal  family,  were  in  a 
room  over  the  ground  hem-,  perfectly 
safe,  while  the  room  under  them  was  fu- 
riously burning. 

Putney,  a  post  town  in  Windham  coun- 
ty, Vermont  ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  9  miles  N  of  Brattle- 
boro'  and  45  NE  of  Bcnnirvgton. 

Pvty  a  populous  town  of  Fi  ance,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Loire  and  fate  pro- 
vince "of  Velay,  sealed  on  the  mountain 
Anis.  near  the  river  Loire,  The  late  ca- 
nons of  Puy  have  had  kings  and  dauphins 
of  France  at.  their  head.  Puy  has  manu- 
factures of  bee  and  silk  stuffs,  and  is  45 
miles  XE  of  Mende. 

Puycsrda,  a  strong  and  considerable 
'own  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  and  capital 
of  Ccrdagna  seated  between  the  Curol 
and  Segra,  in  u  pleasant  plain,  at  the  foot 
of  the  Pyrenees,  53  miles  W  of  Perpignan, 
and  67  NW  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  1  50  E, 
hit.  42  36  N. 

Pwj-de-Dome,  a  department  of' France, 
containing  part  of.  the  late  province  i 
Auyerg-ne.   This  department  includes  .J 


P  Y  R 


P  Y  R 


most  all  Limagne,  a  territory  *bout  12 
leagues  long,  by  six  biead;  oneXof  the 
most  pleasant  and  fertile  in  Franfce  ;  in 
which  are  seen,  under  the  same  pdinl  of 
view,  orchards,  meadows,  vineyards,\ara- 
b!e  land,  in  a  word,  every  kind  or' cu liga- 
tion imaginable.  The  borders  of  this  bu- 
sin,  ot  circular  plain,  are  mountains  no>V 
covered  with  habitations,  herds,  and 
flucks,  but  once  son. any  volcanoes,  which 
exhibited  to  the  inspection  of  the  learn- 
ed the  most  extraordinary  phenomena. 
Clermont  is  the  capital  of  this  depart* 
ment. 

Pvy  cn~Anjouf  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Anjou,  10  miles  SW  of  Sau- 
mur,  and  160  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  13  W,  lat. 
47  6  N. 

Puylaurans,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Tarn,  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  eight  miles  SW  of  Castres, 
and  23  E  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1  57  E,  lat. 
43  35  X. 

PuzzoJiy  a  celebrated  but  now  inconsi- 
derable town  of  Italy,  on  the  bay  of  Na- 
ples. Here  is  a  temple  of  Jupiter  Sera- 
pis,  an  interesting  monument  of  antiqui- 
tv,  being  quite  different  from  the  Roman 
and  Greek  temples,  and  built  in  the  man- 
ner of  the  Asiatics  ;  probably  by  the  E- 
gyptian  and  Asiatic  merchants  settled  at 
PiiZzolt,  which  was  the  great  emporium 
of  Italy,  till  the  Romans  built  Ostia  and 
Antium.  Near  this  place,  was  Cicero's 
villa,  the  ruins  of  which  give  a  high  idea 
of  the  wealth  of  this  great  orator.  Puz- 
zoli  is  10  miles  W  of  Naples. 

Pxrfhely,  a  seaport  in  Carnarvonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  seated  at 
the  head  of  an  inlet  of  Cardigan  Bay,  be- 
tween two  rivers,  six  miles  S  of  Newin, 
ami  143  X\V  of  London.  Lon.  4  15  W,  lat. 
52  52  N. 

Pyramids  of  Egypt,  structures  formerly 
rounted  one  of  the  Seven  Wonders  of  the 
World.  They  are  built  upon  a  rock,  at 
the  foot  of  the  high  mountains  which  ac- 
company the  Nile  in  its  course,  and  sepa- 
rate Egypt  fromLybia.  Various  have  been 
the  conjectures  how  and  when  they  were 
built,  yet  no  two  authors  agree  exactly 
about  them  ;  however,  this  is  certain  that 
they  are  extremely  ancient,  and  that  there 
is  no  account,  in  any  author  of  credit, 
when  or  for  what  reason  they  were  found- 
ed: Most  imagine  they  were  designed 
for  tombs,  though  there  is  no  entrance  in- 
to two  of  them.  Thei'eare  many  of  these 
edifices  at  a  greater  distance  in  the  de- 
sert, of  which  very  little  notice  is  taken 
by  travellers.  The  principal  pyramids  are 
ESE  of  Gize,  a  village  seated  on  the  wes- 
tern shore  of  the  Nile.  There  are  four  of 


them  that  deserve  the  attention  of  the  cu- 
rious ;  for  though  there  are  seven  or  eight 
others  in  the  neighbourhood,  they  are 
nothing  in  comparison  of  the  former: 
The  two  largest  pyramids  are  five  hun- 
dred feet  in  perpendicular  height.  The 
plain  ihey  stand  on  is  a  continual  rock, 
almost  covered  with  a  moving  sand,  in 
which  are  great  numbers  of  shells  and 
Wtrified  oysters  ;  a  thing  the  more  sur- 
prising, as  tiie  Nile  never  rises  high  e- 
noWii  to  overflow  this  plain  ;  nor  are 
thei\  any  .shell  fish  in  that  river.  The 
most  Wthern  of  these  great  pyramids  is 
the  onKone  that  is  open  ;  and  "those  who 
enter  it,  and;  clamber  up  to  a  sort  of  room, 
find  a  tomL  or  sarcophagus.  The  exter- 
nal part  is  c\ieh\v  built  of  great  square 
-tones,  of  an  e<nial  size  ;  but  have  all  the. 
figure  of  a  prism,  that  they  may  adhere 
to  each  other  thV  closer  :  for  they  have 
neither  lime,  ncr\ramps  of  any  metal. 
This  pyramid  is  three,  hours  journey  from 
Old  Cairo,  and  the  entrance  into  it  is  on 
the  north  side.    The  opening  leads  suc- 
cessively to  five  different  Jvasfeages,  which 
though  running  upwards,  downwards  and 
horizontally,  tends  all  towards  the  S  and 
terminate  in  two  chambers,  t>e  one  un- 
derneath, and  the  other  in  the  Centre  of 
the  pyramid.    In  the  upper  chamber  is 
the  sarcophagus  just  mentioned;  it  is  of 
granite,  and,  if  you  strike  upon  it  wrh  a 
key,  it  sounds  like  a  bell.    The  asceiM.8 
to  the  top  of  the  pyramid  on  the  ouisidfe 
are  by  steps,  which  are  the  height  of  each 
stone,  the  lowermost  of  which  is  four  feet 
high,  and  three  broad,  but  they  were  not 
originally  designed  for  this  purpose.  The 
base  at  the  N  side  of  it  is  693  feet,  and  as 
the  pyramid  is  exactly  square,  the  other 
s'eks  must  be  of  the  same  length.    If  we 
imagine  four  equilateral  triangles,  mutu- 
ally inclining  till  ihey  all  meet  in  a  point 
at  the  top,  we  shall  then  have  a  true  no- 
tion of  the  dimension  and  figure  of  this 
pyramid  ;  the  perimeter  of  each  triangle 
comprehending  2079  feet,  and  the  peri- 
meter of  the  basis  2772  feet.  Whence  the 
whole  area  of  the  base  contains  480,049 
square  feet,  or  11  English  acres  of  ground 
and  somewhat  more.    However,  the  top 
does  not  end  in  a  point,  hut  in  a  little 
flat,  or  square,  where  some  imagine  the 
hgyptian  priests  made  their  astronomi- 
cal observations  ;  but  this  is  denied  by  o- 
thefsli^*  - 

Pyrencan  Mountains,  or  Pyrenees,  a 
large  ch  in  of  mountains,  the  principal  of 
which  are  in  the  kingdom  of  Spain,  which 
they  divide  from  France;  they  equal  the 
Alps  in  height,  and  extend  from  the  Me- 
diterranean Sea  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
200  miles  in  length,  and  108  in  breadth. 


QUA 

They  begin  near  the  harbour  of  Vendres, 
in  Boussillon  and  run  as  far  as  Fontar;  - 
bia.  Near  Roassillon,  they  divide  into 
two  principal  branches,  one  of  winch  se- 
parates Boussillon  from  Langucdoc,  :uv. 
is  called  An  .ipyrenee ;  and  the  otlie: 
which  separates  it  from  Catalonia,  is  d 
nominated  Col  de  Pertuise.  Over  them 
are  five  passages,  but  all  extremely  diffi- 
cult, and  between  them  several  fertile 
valleys. 

Pyrenees,  Eastern,  a  department  of 
France,  containing'  the  late  province  ot 
Roussillon.  Although  great  part  of  the 
country  is  mountainous,  it  is  fertue  :  pro- 
ducing corn,  excellent  wines,  olives,  oran- 
ges, and  leather  of  a  superior  quality. 
Perpignan  is  the  capital. 

Pyrenees,  Lower,  a  department  of 
France,  containing  the  Me  provinces  of 
Basques  and  Beam.  Van  is  the  capital. 
See  Navurre. 

Pyrenees,  Upper,  a  department  of 
France,  containing  the  Lite  province  of  Bi- 
gorre.  Here  aie  excellent  horses  and 
good  partridgts:  The  vailies  are  very 
fertile  ;  furnishing  rye,  millet,  Spanish 
corn,  and'  flax,  The  mountains  h:ive  mines 
of  lead,  ir-jn,  and  copper,  and  quarries  of 
slate,  marble  and  jasper.  Tarbes  is  the 
capital  \ 

Pirmantj  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  a 
coii'ity  of  the  same  name,  subject  to  the 
prince  of  VValdeck,  with  a  castle,  the  re- 
sidence of  the  governor.  Near  it  are  mi- 
neral waters,  well  known  to  all  Europe, 
and  often  frequented  by  persons  of  the 
highest  rank,  and  preferred  to  those  of 
Spa.  It  is  40  miles  SW  of  Hanover.  Lon. 
9  20  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Pyrna,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Saxony,  in  Misnia.  It  has  a  cas- 
tle, on  a  mountain  called  Sonnenstein, 
which  has  been  sometimes  used  as  a  state 
prison.'  Near  it  is  a  fine  quarry  of  stone, 
whieh  is  transported  to  different  places 
by  the  river  Elbe.  Pyrna  is  seated  on  the 
Elbe,  10  miles  SE  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13 
56  E,  hit.  51  6  N. 

Pyserk,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Prachin,  seated  on  the  Attoway, 
near -the  Muldaw,  50  miles  S  of  Prague. 
Lon.  14  46  E,  lat.  49  16  N. 


Q 


QU.9DLY,  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt, 
seated  on  the  Nile,  between  Elne  and 
Dander,  and  remarkable  f  r  a  great  num- 
ber of  valuable  and  ancient  monuments. 

Quakeiibrugge,  or  QuaLendurp-,  a  town 


QUA  m 

of  Westphalia,  in  the  bishopric  of  Osna- 
burg,  seated  on  the  Hase,  22  milee  W  of 
CLnaburg.     Lon.  8  20  E,  la' .  52  46  N. 

QyqjkvrtoTvn,  a  village  with  a  post-of- 
fice, in  Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  about 
35  miles  N  of  Philadelphia." 
■  Quang-pinrr-fou,  a'city  of  China,  in  the 
S  pari  of  Pe-tcheli,  between  the  provinces 
of  Chang-tong  and  Ho-nan.  It  has  nine 
cities  of  the  third  class  dependant  on  it; 
all  its  plains  are  well  watered  by  rivers. 
Among  its  temples,  there  is  one  dedicat- 
ed to  those  men,  who,  as  the  Chinese  pre- 
tend, discovered  the.  secret  of  rendering 
themselves  immortal. 

Quavv-si,  a  province  of  China,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Koei-tcheou  and  Hou-quang, 
on  the  W  by  Yunnan  and  the  kingdom  of 
Touquin,  on  the  S  by  the  gulf  of  Tonquin 
and  the  province  of  Quang-tong,  and  on 
the  E  by  the  same  and  Hou-quang.  Nei- 
ther its  extent  nor  commerce  is  equal  to 
rhat  of  the  other  provinces  ;  however,  it 
is  so  abundant  in  rice,  that  it  supplies, 
for  six  months  in  the  year,  the  province 
of  Quang-tong,  the  inhabitants  of  which 
without  this  assistance  could  not  subsist. 
The  mountains  with  w  hich  it  is  covered, 
especially  towards  the  N,  abound  with 
mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  tin.  A 
very  singular  tree  grows  in  this  province ; 
instead  of  pith,  it  contains  a  soft  pulp, 
which  yields  a  kind  of  flour:  the  bread 
made  of  it  is  said  to  be  exceedingly  good. 
Besides  paroquets,  hedge -hogs,  and  the 
rhinoceros,  a  prodigious  number  of  wild 
animals,  curious  birds  and  uncommon  in- 
sects are  found  here.  This  province  con- 
tains 12  villages  of  the  first  class,  and  80 
of  the  second  and  third.  Quei-lmg-fou  is 
the  capital.  ty*1{&m 

Quang-tong,  the  most  considerable  of 
the  southernprovinc.es  of  China;  bound- 
ed on  the  NE  by  Fo-kien,  on  the  N  by  Ki- 
ang-si,  on  the  W  by  Quang-si  and  the 
kingdom  of  Ton -king-;  the  rest  js  washed 
by  the  sea.  The  country  is  diversified 
with  plains  and  mountains,  and  the  land 
is  so  fertile,  that  it  produces  two  crops 
every  year.  Trade  and  the  fecundity  of 
the  soil  supply  this  province  with  every 
thing  that  can  contribute  to  the  pleasures 
of  life  :  it  furnishes  gold,  precious  stones, 
silk,  pearls,  eagle-wood,  tin,  quicksilver, 
sugar,  copper,  iron,  steel,  saltpetre,  ebo- 
ny, and  abundance  of  aromatic  woods, 
which  are  in  great  request.  All  the 
coasts  abound  with  fish,  and  furnish 
great  quantities  of  oysters,  crabs  and  tor- 
toises of  an  immense  size  ;  of  their  shells 
the  Chinese  make  several  pretty  toys.  A 
prodigious  number  of  tame  ducks  are 
raised  in  this  province ;  the  particular 
care  and  industry  employed  by  the  Chi- 


QUE 


QUE 


nese  in  breeding  them,  have  multiplied  I 
theip  here  exceedingly.  They,  load  a 
great  number  of  small  barks  with  them, 
and  carry  them  in  flocks  to  feed  on  the 
sea-shore,  where  at  low-w  ater  these  fowls" 
find  shrimps,  oysters,  and  other  kinds  of 
shell-fish.  These  small  fleets  generally 
go  in  company,  and  t;.e  ducks  soon  mix 
together  on  the  shore  ;  but  when  night 
approaches,  they  are  collected  together 
by  only  beating  on  a  bason  ;  they  imme- 
diately form  themselves  into  oHtiereiH 
flocks^  and  cacli  returns  to  the  vessel  it 
belongs  to.  Although  the  climate  of  this 
province  is  warm,  die  air  is  pure,  and  the 
people  are  robust  and  healthy.  They  are 
very  industrious  ;  and  it  must  he  allowed, 
that  they  possess,  ili  an  eminent  degree, 
the  talent  of  imitation:  if  they  are  only 
shewn  any  of  our  European  works,  the) 
execute  others  like  them  with  the  most 
surprising  exactness.  This  province  is 
divided  into  ten  districts,  which  contain 
leri  cities  of  the  first  class,  and  eighty- 
four  of  the  second  and  third.  Canton  is 
the  capital ;  but  the  viceroy  resides  at 
Chao-king. 

Quarten,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  near 
the  lake  H  allenstadt,  5  miies  E  of  Glaras. 

Quebec,  a  city  of  X  America,  capital  oi 
Lower  Canada,  situated  at  the  confluence 
i>t"  -  he  rivers  St.  Lawrence  anil  St.  Charles. 
|t  is  built  oil  a  rock,  and  is  divided  into 
the  tipper  and  lower  town.<  The  house  s 
in  each  are  of  stone,  and  the  fortifications 
strong,  though  not  regular-  The  govern- 
or resides  in  a  citaclt-1,  wrhich  covers  the 
town,  and  is  both  regular  and  handsome. 
The  river  St.  Lawrence  here  narrows  all 
of  a  sudden  to  the  breadth  of  a  mile  :  but 
from  hence  to  the  sea  it  is  four  or  five 
leagues  broad,  and  navigable  for  large 
men  of  war.  The  harbour  is  safe  and 
commodious,  and  flanked  by  two  bastions, 
that  arc  raised  25  feet  from  the  ground, 
which  is  the  height  of  the  tides  at  the 
time  of  the  equinox.  This  city  was  e- 
rected  by  the  French  in  1605.  The  En- 
glish reduced  it,  with  nil  Canada,  in 
1626 ;  but  it  was  restored  in  1632.  In 
1759,  it  was  again  taken  by  the  English, 
after  a  battle  memorable  for  the  death  of 
general  Wolfe,  in  the  arms  of  victory, 
and  confirmed  to  them  by  the  peace  of 
1763.  It  is  400  miles  by  tlve  river,  from 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  590  X\V  of  Bos- 
ton.   Lon.  69  48  W,  hit.  46  55  X. 

Queda,  a  kingdom  in  the  peninsula  be- 
yond the  Ganges,  tributary  to  Siani. — 
The  principal  town  of  the  same  name,  is 
subject  to  the  Dutch.  It  has  a  harbour, 
and  is  300  miles  X  of  the  city  of  Malacca. 
Lon.  100  5  E,  lat.  7  5  X. 

QuedUnbvrg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Up- 


per Saxony,  in  the  principality  of  Anhalt, 
with  a  famous  protesfant  Abbey,  whose 
abbess  is  a  princess  of  the  empire,  and 
whose  contingent  is  one  horseman  and  10 
footmen.  The  inhabitants  of  the  town 
subsist  by  brewing,  husbandry,  and  feed- 
ing of  cattle.  It  is  10  miles*  SE  of  Hal* 
berstadt.    Lon.  11  34  E,  lat.  52  1  X.  - 

Queenborough,  a  borough  in  Kent,  ill  . 
the  isle  of  Shtpey,  with  a  market  on  Mon- 
day and  Thursday.  It  had  once  a  strong 
castle,  he  remains  of  which  are  still  to 
be  seen.  The  chief  employment  of  the  in- 
habitants is  oyster-dredging,  oysters  be- 
ing here  in  great  plen'  v,  and  of  a  fine  fla- 
vour. It  is  15  miles  NW  of  Canterbury, 
and  45  E  of  London.  LcflK.  0  48  E,  lat. 
51  26  X. 

Qu^en  Charlotte's  Cape,  a  promontory 
of  the  island  of  Southern  Georgia.  Lon. 
36  11  W,  lat.  54  32  S. 
'  Queen  Charlotte's  Fore lent /,  .a  cape  of 
he  island  of  Xew  Caledonia.    Lon.  167 

Queen  Charlotte's  Island,  an  island  in  the 
S  Pacific  Ocean,  six  miles  long,  and  one 
broad,  discovered  by  captain  Wallfe  in 
1767.    Lon.  138  4  W,  lat.  19  18  S. 

Queen  Charlotte's  Sound,  a  sound  at  the 
N  extremity  of  the  S  island  of  Xew  Zea- 
land, near  Cook's  Strait.  The  country 
here  is  not  so  steep  as  at  Dusky  Bay,  and 
i he  hills  near  the  seaside  are  in  general 
of  afi  inferior  height,  but  covered  with 
forests  equally  intricate  and  impenetrable. 
The  dogs  herb  are  of  the  long  haired  sort, 
with  pricked  ears,  and  much  resemble 
the  common  shepherd's  cur,  but  they 
are  very  stupid.  Lon.  174  13  E,  lat.  4i 
5S.V-  1 

Queen's  County,  a  shire  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  Leinster,  30  miles  long^ 
.•.ml  29  broad ;  bounded  on  the  X  by 
King's  County,  on  the  E  bv  Kiidare,  on 
the  SE  by  Catherlough,  on  "the  S  by  Kil- 
kenny ,  and  on  the  W  by  King's  County 
:tml  Tipperary.  It  was  formerly  full  of 
woods  and  bogs  ;  but  it  is  now  much  im- 
proved. It  contains  39  parishes,  and 
sends  8  me  rafters  to  parliament.  Mary- 
borough is  the  capital. 

Queen' s-Ferry,  a  borough  in  Linlithgow* 
shire,  seated  on  the  l-'rith  of  Forth, 
where  it  is  not  more  than  two  miles  wide 
h  is  a  much  frequented  ferry,  and  is  nine 
miles  W  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  20  W, 
lat.  560'X. 

Queen  Ann,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
Maryland,  containing  16,648  inhabitants 
in  1810,  including  6,381  slaves.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  Eastern  shore  between  Kent 
and  Talbot  counties.  The  chief  tow^i 
Centreville. 

QueensburUf  a  township  of  Washington 


QUE 


<i  U  I 


county,  New  York,  containing-  1918  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  Situated  oil  the  £  side 
of  the  river  Hudson,  51  miles  N  of  Al- 
bany. 'Lt-'wT' 

Queens,  a  county  of  New  York,  con- 
taining- 19,336  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
situated  on  Long  Island  ;  being-  bovmded 
N  by  Long  Island  Sound  ;  E  by  Suffolk 
county ;  S  by  the  Ocean ;  and  W  by 
King's  county  and  East  river.  The  chief 
town  is  Hempstead. 

Queen  Anns*  a  post  town  in  Prince 
Geonrg-e  county,  Maryland;  lying  on  the 
\V  side  of  Patuxent  river,  10  miles  W  of 
Annapolis,  and  25  eastward  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Queen  $-town,  a  town  in  Queen  Ann's 
count) ,  Maryland  ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Chester  river,  near  its  entrance  into 
Chesapeak  bay,  and  about  18  miles  below 
Chestertown. 

Qneil-ling-fon,  a  city  of  China,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Quang-si.  It  has  its 
name  from  a  flower  called  quei,  which 
grows  on  a  tree  resembling  a  laurel,  and 
emits  such  a  sweet  and  agreeable  odour, 
that  the  whole  country  is  perfumed  by 
it.  Queil-ling-fou  is  situated  on  the 
banks  of  a  river,  which  throws  i'.self  into 
the  Ta-ho  ;  but  it  flows  with  such  rapidi- 
ty, and  amidst  so  narrow  valleys,  that  it 
is  neither  navigable  nor  of  any  utility  to 
commerce.  This  city  is  large,  and  the 
whole  of  it  is  ouilt  almost  after  the  mo- 
del of  our  ancient  fortresses  ;  but  it  is 
much  inferior  to  the  greater  part  of  the 
capitals  of  the  other  provinces.  A  great 
number  of  birds  are  found  in  the  territo- 
ries belonging  to  it,  the  colours  of  which 
are  so  bright  and  variegated,  that  tiie 
artists  of  this  country,  in  order  to  add  to 
the  lustre  of  their  silks,  interweave  with 
them  some  of  their  feathers,  which  have 
a  splendour  and  beauty  that  cannot  be 
imitated.  Queil  ling-fou  has  imdjt  r  its 
juridiction  two  cities  of  the  Second  class, 
and  seven  of  the  third,  and  is  18U  miles 
N  bv  W  of  Canton.  Lon.  109  55  E,  lat. 
25  30  X. 

Quemahoning,  a  township  of  Somerset 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1392  in- 
habitants in  1810. 

Quentin,  St.  a  strong  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Aisnc  and  late  pro- 
\ince  of  Picardy.  Here  is  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  lawns  and  cambrics.  The 
town  was  restored  to  Prance  in  1559. 
It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  river 
Somme,  21  miles  S  of  Cambray,  and  83 
N  bv  E  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  29  E,  lat.  49 

so  sr. 

Querci,  a  late  province  of  France,  boun- 
ded on  the  N  by  Limosin,  on  the  E  by 
Rouergue  and  Auvergne,on  the  S  by  Lam- 


guedoc,  and  on  the  \V  by  Perigord.  It 
was  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower,  and 
is  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits.  It  novi 
forms  the  department  of  Lot. 

Quevfurt,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Upper 
Saxon}-,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the 
same  name,  subject  to  the  prince  of  Saxc- 
Weissenfels.  It  is  12  miles  SE  of  Mans- 
feldt.  Lon.  12  20  E,  lat.  51  27  X. 

Queigenency,  an  island  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, on  the  coast  of  Tripoli.  It  has  a 
fort,  and  several  villages. 

Qnesnoy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  province 
of  French  Hahvault,  with  an  old  castle. 
It  was  taken  by  the  allies  in  1711,  and  re- 
taken the  same  year.  In  1793,  it  was  ta- 
ken by  the  Austrians,  and  retaken  the 
next  >ear.  It  is  seated  in  a  large  plain, 
on  the  little  river  lionelle,  9  miles  SE  of 
V  alenciennes,  and  122  NE  of  Paris.  Lon. 
3  40  E,  lat.  50  15  N. 

Quiberon,  a  peninsula  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Morbihan  and  lateprovince 
of  Bretagne,  to  the  N  of  Belleisle.  It  has 
a  village  of  the  same  name,  and  a  fort  on 
the  bay  of  Quiberon.  In  July  1795,  it  was 
taken  by  some  French  regimen1  s  in  the 
pay  of  Great  Britain ;  but  owing  to  the  de- 
sertion and  treachery  of  some  of  the  sol- 
diers, the  republicans  retook  it  by  sur- 
prise soon  afterward. 

Qtdbo,  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
lying  on  the  coast  of  Veragua,  in  New- 
Spain.  Here  are  a  great  number  of  mon- 
kies  and  fallow  deer. 

Quilleboneiif,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Seine  and  late 
province  of  Normandy,  seated  on  the 
Seine,  eight  miles  SW  of  Caudebec,  and 
22  W  of  Rouen. 

Quillmanci,  a  town  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Zanguebar,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Melinda.  It  is  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  and  belongs 
to  the  Portuguese.  Lon.  39  40  E,  lat 
3  30  S. 

Qnilou,  a  seaport  on  the  coast  of  Zan-  v 
guebar,  with  a  small  citadel.    It  is  tri- 
butary to  the  Portuguese  ;  and  is  seated 
in  a  fertile  country,  300  miles  N  of 
sambique.    Lon.  39  9  E,  lat.  9  30  S. 

Quylon,  or  Coylon,  a  Dutch  factory  on 
the  coast  of  Malabar,  in  Travaucore,  14 
miles  NNYV  of  Anjengo,  taken  bv  the 
English  in  1795.  Lon'.  76  32  E,  lat.  9 
2  N, 

Quimper,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Finisterre  and  late  province 
of  Bretagne,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Oder  and 
Uenaudet,  30  miles  SE  of  Brest,  and  332 
W  bv  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  2  V.',  lat.  4? 
58  N.    *m  ' 


QU  I 


R  A  B 


Quimperlay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Finisterre,  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Bretagne,  seated  on  the  Iso'tte, 
seven  miles  from  the  sea,  and  20  E  by  S 
of  Quimper.    Lon.  3  33  E,  lat.  47  52  N. 

Quincey,  a  post  town  in  Norfolk  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  ten  miles  S  of  Bosipn. 
It  has  about  1211  inhabitants  and  is  the 
peaceable  retreat  of  John  Adams,  Esq. 
late  president  of  the  United  States. 

Qwngey,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Doubs  and  late  province  ol 
Tranche  Comte,  seated  on  the  river  Lea- 
ve, 12  mdes  SW  of  Besancon.  Lon.  6  5 
L,  lat.  47  5  N. 

Qitinten,  a.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
pan  ment  of  the  Nor  h  Coast  and  laie  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  a  valley,  near  the  river  Goy,  and  a 
large  forest  of  the  same  name,  8  miles  SS 
\V  of  St.  Brteux,  and  200  VV  of  Faris. 
Lon.  2  40  VV,  lat.  48  25  N. 

Quiriqu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Lyonois,  seated  on  an  emin- 
ence, near  the  river  Rhone,  12  miles  S  of 
Lyons.  Lon.  4  55  E,  lat.  45  35  N. 

Quirhnbo,  the  name  of  several  islands 
(if  Africa,  on  the  coast  of  Zariguebar. 
They  are  all  fertile  in  fruit  and  pastures. 

Quisa?nai  a  maritime  province  of  Afri- 
ca in  the  kin gdom  of  Angola,  lying-  :dong 
the  river  Conza.  It  is  a  mountainous 
country,  and  very  little  cultivated  but  the 
Portuguese  get  abundance  of  salt  there. 

Quiteoa,  a  town  of  Morocco,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Drass,  with  a  castle.  Lon.  5  0 
W,  lat.  28  6  N. 

Qiiistello,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Mantua,  seated  on  the  Seccia,  3  miles 
from  its  confluence  with  the  Po.  It  is  fa- 
mous for  an  action  between  the  French 
and  Austrians  in  1734,  when  Marshal 
Brogho  was  surprised  in  his  bed.  It  is  15 
miles  SE  of  Mantua.  Lon.  11  1  E,  lat. 
45  ON. 

Quito,  an  audience  of  Peru,  lying  be- 
tween two  chains  of  the  high  mountains 
Called  the  Andes.  The  lands  are  gene- 
rally well  cultivated,  and  there  -re  a 
great  number  of  towns  and  villages  inha- 
bited by  the  Spaniards  or  native  Ameri- 
cans.    Every  village  is  adorned  wjth  a 

ifrge  square,  and  a  church  stands  on  one 
aide  of  it.  The  streets  are  generalh 
straight,  and  respect  the  four  quarters  of 
the  world  :  and  all  the  roads  are  laid  out 

n  a  line,  crossing  each  other,  that  the  as- 
pect of  die  country  has  the  appearance  of 
.i  large  garden.    Although  this  country 

i  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  equator, 
vet  it  lies  so  high,  and  so  near  the  moun- 
tains covered  with  snow,  that  the  air  is 


very  Temperate.  There  are  no  noxious 
animals;  for  the  tigers  and  serpents  are 
below  in  the  forests.  Several  districts  of 
this  country  are  occupied  almost  entirely 
by  Indians:  and  the  city  of  Quito  alone 
contains  between  50  and  60,000  of  all  the 
dilFerent  races.  This  is  the  only  province 
in  Spanish  America  that  can  be  called  a 
manufacturing  country.  Hats,  cotton- 
stuffs,  and  coarse  woollen  cloths,  are 
made  here  in  such  quantities,  as  to  be 
sufficient,  not  only  fur  the  consumption 
of  the  province,  but  to  furnish  a  conside- 
rable article  for  exportation  to  other 
parts  of  Spanish  America.  This  province 
is  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  new  vice- 
royalty  of  St.  Fe-de-Bogota,  the  capital 
of  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada. 

Quito,  a  city  of  Peru,  in  an  audience  of 
the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  in  a  pleasant  valley,  between  high 
mountains,  and  on  much  higher  ground, 
than  the  rest  of  Peru  that  is  habitable, 
being  300  yards  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
Here  are  several  religious  communities, 
and  two  colleges,  which  are  a  sort  of  uni- 
versity. It  is  820  miles  N  of  Lima  Loll. 
77  50" W,  lat.  0  13  S. 

Qtiixos,  a  province  of  Peru,  in  the  au- 
dience of  Quito. 

Qitizinu,  a  chain  of  mountains  in  the 
kingdom  of  Fez,  100  miles  in  length,  ex- 
tending from  the  desert  of  Gret  to  the  ri- 
ver Nocor. 

Quoja,  a  kingdom  on  the  coast  of  Gui- 
nea, which  reaches  from  Sierra  Leone  to 
the  Grain  Coast. 


R 


JRJMB,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
capital  of  Javerin,  with  a  castle,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  a  strong  frontier  bul- 
wark against  the  Turks,  and  has  two 
bridges,  one  over  a  double  ditch  and  an- 
other that  leads  toward  Albia  Regalia. 
It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  a^b 
and  Rabnitz,  not  far  from  the  Danube,  55 
miles  SE  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  25  E,  lat. 
17  48  N. 

Jiabasteins,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn  and  late  province  of. 
Languedoc,  with  a  decayed  castle,  seated 
on  the  Tarn,  18  miles  W  by  S  of  Aiby. 
Lon.  1  52  E,  lat.  43  46  N. 

Rabat,  a  seaport  of  Africa,  in  Treme- 
sen,  with  a  castle,    It  has  fine  mosques 

4  A  *lh 


RAD 


R  A  K 


and  handsome  palaces,  and  is  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Burigrig,  between  Fez 
and  Tangier.    Lon.  5  28  W,  lai.  34  40  N. 

Rachore,  or  Adorn- Rachore,  a  city  of 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  subject  to  the 
Nizam  of  the  Deccan.  It  is  seated  on  the 
S  bank  of  the  Kistna,  not  far  above  its 
confluence  with  the  Toombudra,  and  be- 
low that  of  the  Bcemah.  Lon.  78  15  E, 
lat.  16  SON. 

Rackersbwgh,  a  strong  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Stiria,  with  a  castle  on  a  moun- 
tain. It  is  seated  on  an  island,  formed 
by  the  Muehr,  22miksSE  of  Gratz,  and 
100  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  58  E,  lat.  46 
54  N. 

Raclia,  a  small  uninhabited  island  of 
the  Archipelago,  near  that  of  Nio. 

Raconi,  a  populous  town  of  Piedmont, 
seated  in  a  pleasant  plain,  on  the  rivers 
Grana  and  Macra.  It  belongs  to  the  prince 
of  Carignano,  who  has  a  castle  here.  It  is 
six  miles  from  Carignano.  Lon.  7  46  E, 
lat.  44  39  N. 

Radeberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  margravate  of  Meissen,  10 
miles  NE  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13  56  E,  hit. 
51  5  N. 

Radicofani,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  seated 
on  a  mountain,  and  defended  by  a  citadel 
on  an  adjacent  hill,  56  miles  SE  of  Sien- 
na. Lon.  11  40  E,  lat.  42  42  X. 

Radmandorf,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Car- 
niola,  near  the  source  of  the  river  Save, 
16  miles  Wof  Crainburg. 

Radnor,  a  township  of  Delaware  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  containing  925  inhabit- 
ants in  1810.  Situated  in  the  NE  corner 
of  the  county,  and  joins  Lower  Merion  in 
Montgomery  county. 

Radnor,  New,  a  borough  in  Radnor- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It 
was  formerly  the  county  town  ;  but  the 
assizes  are  now  held  at  Presteign.  It  is 
seated  near  the  source  of  the  Somergd,  in 
a  pleasant  valley  at  the  foot  of  a  hili, 
where  a  castle  formerly  stood.  It  sends 
one  member  to  parliament,  and  is  24 
miles  NW  of  Hereford,  and  156  WNW  of 
London.  Lon.  2  45  W,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Radnorshire,-  a  county  of  S  Wales,  30 
miles  long  and  25  broad  ;  bounded  on  tin 
E  by  Shropshire,  and  Herefordshire,  on 
the  NW  by  Cardiganshire,  on  the  S  and 
SW  by  Brecknockshire,  and  on  the  N  by- 
Montgomeryshire.  Its  principal  rivers 
are  the  Wye  and  the  Tend,  the  former 
dividing  it  from  Brecknockshire,  and  the 
latter  from  Shropshire.  It  contains  52 
parishes,  four  market  towns,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  The  air  of 
this  county  is  in  winter  cold  and  piercing. 


The  soil  in  general  is  but  indifferent,  yet 
s'ihk  places  produce  corn,  particularly 
the  eastern  and  southern  parts  ;  but  in 
the  northern  and  western,  which  are 
mountainous,  the  land  is  chiefly  stocked 
with  horned  i  attle,  sheep  and  goats. 

Radom,  a  town  of  Little  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Sandomir,  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  a 
brook  that  falls  into  the  Vistula,  30  miles 
N  of  Sandomir,  and  50  S  of  Warsaw.  Lon, 
21  1  E,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Ragivolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Man- 
tuan,  seated  between  Mantua  and  Reggio, 
42  miles  from  each. 

Ragusa,  an  ancient  town  of  Sicily,  in 
the  Val-di-Nota,  near  the  river  Maulo, 
12  miles  N  of  Modica.  Lon.  14  59  E, 
lat.  37  0  N. 

Ragusa,  a  city  of  Dalmatia,  capital  of 
the  Ragusan,  and  an  archbishop's  see. 
It  is  two  miles  in  circumference,  and 
strong  by  situation,  having  an  inaccessi- 
ble mountain  on  the  land  side,  and  a 
strong  fort  on  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  is  a 
republic,  and  has  a  doge  like  that  of  Ve- 
nice, but  he  continues  a  month  only  in 
his  office.  It  carries  on  a  considerable 
trade  with  the  Turks,  and  is  60  miles  X 
W  of  Scutari.  Lon  18  10  E,  lat.  42  50  X 

Ragusen,  or  Ragusian  Dalmatia,  a  ter- 
ritory of  Dalmatia,  lying  along  the  coast 
of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  about  55  miles  in 
length,  and  20  in  breadth.  It  is  a  repub- 
lic, under  the  protection  of  the  Turks 
and  Venetians,  to  each  of  whom  it  pays 
an  annual  tribute.   Ragusa  is  the  capital, 

Rajaponr,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  coast  of  Malabar,  seated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  50  miles  N  of  Goa.  Lon, 
73  50  E,  lat.  17  19  N. 

Rajemal,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  Bengal ;  formerly  a  place  of  great 
trade,  but  now  in  a  ruinous  state.  It  is 
seated  on  the  W  bank  of  the  Ganges,  in 
a  romantic,  but  not  pleasant  situation, 
190  miles  X  by  W  of  Calcutta. 

Rain,  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  seated 
on  the  Acha,  near  the  Lech,  five  miles 
E  of  Donawert.  Lon.  11  12  E,  lat.  48 
50  N. 

Row,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Styria, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Save, 
68  miles  S  c<f  Gratz.    Lon.  15  32  E,  lat. 

46  20  N. 

Rain  Lake,  or  Long  Lake,  a  lake  of 
North  America,  lying  to  the  W  of  Lake 
Superior,  and  to  the  E  of  the  Lake  of  the 
Woods,  with  which  it  communicates  by 
a  river.  It  is  nearly  100  miles  long,  but 
in  no  part  more  than  20  wide. 

Rakka,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in 


V 


RAM 


RAN 


Diarbeck,  seated  on  the  Euphrates.  It 
has  a  castle,  going1  to  decay,  and  is  an  in- 
different place ;  but  old  Rakka,  whose 
ruins  are  near  it,  was  a  magnificent  citv. 
It  is  100  miles  SW  of  Diarbekar.  Lou. 
38  55  E,  lat.  38  1  N. 

Rakonick,  a  lown  of  Bohemia,  capital 
of  a  circle  of  the  same  name    It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  river,  which  falls  into  the  Miza, 
30  miles  W  of  Prague.    Lon.  14  5  E,  la 
52  4  X. 

Raleigh,  a  post  town  of  Wake  county, 
and  capital  of  North  Carolina  ;  situated 
on  the  SW  side  of  Nuse  river,  71  miles 
N  by  E  of  Fayetteville,  and  109  NW  oi 
Newbern.  As  the  seat  of  governmeni 
was  fixed  here  so  lately  as  1791,  the  in- 
habitants are  few,  not  exceeding  670  at 
the  last  enumeration.  It  lies  in  lat.  35 
48  N,  and  lon.  79  25  W. 

Rama,  an  ancient  town  of  Palestine, 
now  called  Ramula  by  the  Turks.  The 
streets  are  narrow,  and  the  houses  con- 
temptible; but  there  are  many  fine  ruins 
of  Christian  churches  and  other  build- 
ings, which  indicate  its  former  magnifi- 
cence. It  is  20  miles  W  by  N  of  Jeru- 
salem.   Lon.  34  55  E,  lat.  32  0  N. 

Ramada,  a  seaport  of  South  America, 
in  New  Granada,  100  miles  E  of  St.  Mar- 
tha.   Lon.  72  20  W,  lat.  11  10  N. 

Ramancor,  an  island  of  Asia,  lying  to- 
ward Cape  Comorin.  It  is  23  miles  in 
circumference  ;  is  very  sandy,  and  has 
onlv  a  few  villages  and  a  temple.  Lon. 
79  45  E,  lat.  9  25  N. 

Rambert-le-Joug,  St.  a  town  of  France 
in  the  department  of  Ain,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bresse.  It  is  seated  near  a 
branch  of  Mont  Jura.  Lon.  5  30  E,  lat. 
45  53  N. 

Rambei-villiers,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Vosges,  and  late 
province  of  Lorrain,  3C  miles  SE  of  Nan- 
ci.    Lon.  6  44  E,  lat.  48  21  N. 

Rambouillet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Oise,  and  late 
province  of  the  Isle  of  France.  It  is  37 
miles  SW  of  Paris. 

Ramehead,  a  promontory  of  Cornwall. 
SW  of  Plymouth,  at  the  entrance  of 
Plymouih  Sound.  On  its  summit  is  a 
chapel,  belonging  to  the  village  of  Rame. 
which  serves  as  a  seamark.  Lon.  4  20 
W,  lat.  50  18  N. 

Ramera,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aube,  and  late  province  of 
Champagne,  seated  on  the  Aube,  18  miles 
NE  of  Troyes.  Lon.  4  30  E,  lat.  48  32  N. 

Ramillies,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
remarkable  for  the  great  victory  obtain- 
ed by  the  duke  of  Marlborough,' over  the 
French,  on  Whitsunday,  1706.    It  is  10 


miles  N  of  Namur,  and  24  SE  of  Brus- 
sels.   Lon.  4  50  E,  lat.  50  39  N. 

Rammekens,  a  seaport  of  the  isle  of 
Walcheren,  in  the  Dutch  province  of  Zea- 
land. It  was  one  of  the  towns  put  into 
.he  hands  of  the  English,  as  a  security 
tbr  a  loan  in  the  reign  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth. It  is  four  miles  S  of  Middleburgh. 
Lon.  3  40  E,  lat.  51  29  N. 

Rammelsberg,  a  lofty,  steep,  and  exten- 
sive mountain  of  Germany,  in  that  part  of 
he  Hartz  Forest,  which  lies  within  the 
principality  of  Grubenhagen.  On  this 
;uountain  are  12  silver  mines  ;  and  at  the 
foot  of  it.  is  seated  the  city  of  Goslar. 

Rampano,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  the  Morea.  Lon.  20  17  E,"lat.  56  54  N. 

Ramsbwy,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  noted 
tor  its  fine  beer.  It  is  46  miles  E  of  Bris 
tol,  and  69  W  of  London. 

Ramsey,  a  town  in  Huntingdonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
in  the  fens  near  the  meres  of  Ramsey  and 
Whitlesey;  and  had  formerly  a  rich  and 
elebrated  abbey.  It  is  12  miles  NE  of 
Huntingdon,  and  69  N  of  London.  l>on, 
0  19  W,  lat.  52-26  N. 

Ramsey,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Pem- 
brokeshire, two  miles  long,  and  one  and 
a  half  broad.  Near  it  are  several  dan- 
gerous rocks,  frequented  in  the  breeding 
season  by  vast  multitudes  of  scafowl, 
and  known  by  the  name  of  the  Bishop 
and  his  Clerks.  This  island  is  four  miles 
W  of  St.  David's,  and  17  NW  of  Milford 
Haven.    Lon.  5  20  W,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Ramsgate,  a  seaport  in  Kent,  in  the  Isle 
of  Thanet.  An  act  of  parliament  has 
lately  passed,  by  which  its  harbour  was 
considerably  improved,  and  new  piers 
erected,  capable  of  resisting  the  strong- 
est winds,  or  the  most  raging  sea  that 
rolls  in  from  the  Downs.  These  piers 
nave  cost  immense  sums ;  and  although 
the  harbour  which  they  form  is  still  an 
•^different  one,  on  account  of  the  accu- 
mulation of  mud,  it  has  been  unquestion- 
ably the  means  of  saving  a  great  number 
of  ships,  that  have  been  driven  in  here 
by  stress  of  weather,  when  they  could 
make  no  other  port.  Ramsgate  has  some 
trade  to  the  Baltic,  and  is  frequented  as 
a  bathing  place.  It  is  four  miles  S  of 
Margate,  10  ENE  of  Canterbury,  and 
73  ESE  of  London.  Lon.  1  30  E,  lat. 
51  22  :N.  ' 

Ranai,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in 
the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  SW  of  the 
passage  between  Mowee  and  Morotoi, 
about  three  leagues  from  each.  The  S 
part  i s  high  and  craggy  ;  but  the  other 
parts  have  a  better  aspect,  and  are  well 
inhabited.    It  produces  very  few  plarv 


RAO 


R  A  S 


tains  and  bread-fruit  trees,  but  abounds 
in  yams,  sweet  potatoes,  and  taro.  The 
inhabitants  are  computed  at  20,000,  as 
nearly  as  could  be  ascertained. 

Randerson,  or  Randers,  an  ancient  town 
of  Denmark,  in  North  Jutland,  seated 
near  the  moudi  of  the  Gude,  25  miles  E 
of  Wiburg.    Lon.  10  35  E,  lat.  56  20  N. 

Randolph,  a  counly  of  Hillsborough 
district,  N  Carolina,  containing  10,112 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween the  Yadkin  and  Cape  Fear  rivers, 
and  is  intersected  by  the  Caraway  moun- 
tain. The  number  of  slaves  in  this  coun- 
ty is  co'i.paratively  small,  a  considerable 
part  of  the  inhabitants  being1  Friends. — 
The  chief  town  is  Ashborough. 

Randolph,  a  county  of  Virginia,  con- 
taining 2854  inhabitants  in  1810.  This 
is  one  of  the  northern  counties,  and  joins 
the  state  of  Maryland.  It  is  a  mountain- 
ous country,  and  contains  the  head  sprin  gs 
of  .he  Potomac  and  Monongahela.  It  has 
no  town  worth  no-icing. 

Randolph,  a  post  tow  n  in  Orange  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  35  miles  N  by  W  of  AY  inci- 
sor, on  the  river  Connecticut,  and  about 
the  same  distance  N  by  E>of  Rutland. 

Randolph,  a  post  town  in  Norfolk  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  five  miles  S  of  Quin- 
cey,  15  S  of  Boston. 

Rahway,  a  village  in  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  where  there  is  a  post  of- 
fice ;  six  miles  SW  of  Elizabeth  town, 
and  14  NE  of  New  Brunswick.  It  has 
about  300  inhabitants. 

Rangniiz,  a  town  of  Eastern  Prussia, 
on  the  river  Niemen,  55  miles  E  of  Ko 
ningsberg.    Lon.  22  40  E,  lat.  55  6  N. 

Rannoch  Loch,  a  lake  in  the  N  part  of 
Perthshire,  11  miles  in  length.  It  re- 
ceives the  waters  of  Loch  EricTit  from 
the  N,  and  communicates  with  Loch  Tu- 
mel  on  the  E,  and  Loch  Lidoch  on  the 
W.  On  its  S  side  is  an  ancient  forest  of 
birch  and  pine. 

RantampQu:',  a  fortress  of  Hindpostai 
Proper,  very  celebrated  in  the  Indian  his- 
tories.   It  is  situated  in  the  E  quarter  of 
Agimere,  and  is  120  miles  from  Agra. 

Rantzoxv,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  ducliv  of  Holstein,  24  miles  N  of  Lu- 
bec.    Lon.  10  42  E,  Int.  54  16  N. 

Raolconda,  a  town  of  the  Deccan  of 
Hindoostan,  in  Golconda,  near  which  is 
a  rich  diamond  mine.  It  is  270  miles 
SW  of  Hvdrabad.  Lon.  75  40  E,  lat. 
14  39  N. 

Raon,  VEtape,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Meurthe,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lorraine,  sea'etl  at  the  foot  of 
the  Vosges,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Etape 
and  Marte,  30  miles  SE  of  Nanci.  Lon. 
6  47  E,  lat.  48  26  N.  ,fc 


Maphoe,  a  township  of  Lancaster  coun- 
ty,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  between 
Warwick  and  Mountjoy,  and  is  watered 
by  the  Chickisalungo  creek.  In  1810, 
the  inhabitants  were  stated  at  2814. 

Rappahannock,  a  river  of  Virginia, 
which  rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  runs  in  a 
SE  course  through  the  country,  and  falls 
into  Chesapeake  bay,  a  little  to  the  S  of 
Windmill  point. 

Rappallo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Genoa,  sealed  on  a  gulf  of  the 
same  name,  20  miles  E  of  Genoa.  Lon. 
9  11  E,  lat.  44  26  N. 

Rappersch-wyl,  a  republic  of  Swisser- 
land,  on  the  confii.es  of  the  canton  of 
Zuric,  whose  territory  is  six  miles  long 
and  three  broad.  Until  the  invasion  of 
Swisserland  by  the  French,  it  was  under 
the  protection  of  the  cantons  of  Zuric, 
Bern,  and  Glaurus,  and  was  governed  by 
a  great  and  little  council,  consisting  of 
48  members. 

Rapperschivyl,  a  town  of  Swisserhmd, 
capital  of  a  republic  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  strong  by  situation;  being  seated  on 
a  neck  of  land  which  advances  into  the 
lake  of  Zuric,  Over  which  is  a  wooden 
bridge  1850  feet  long.  The  inhabitants, 
5000  in  number,  are  all  catholics.  The 
harbour,  an  excellent  one,  is  within  the 
circuit  of  the  w  alls.  I? apperschwyl  is  12 
miles  SE  of  Zuric,  and  62  NE  of  Bern. 
Lon.  8  42  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Rapolj stein,  or  Riban- Pierre,  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  eight 
miles  N  of  Colmer.  Lon.  7  20  E,  lat. 
48  13  N. 

Rn polio y  a  town  of  NapK?s,  in  Basili- 
cata,  with  a  bishop's  see,  56  miles  YV  of 
Bari,  and  70  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  51  E, 
lat.  40  56  N.    -  /v;.'V." 

Raritan,  a  river  of  New-  Jersey,  which 
passing  by  Brunswick  and  Amboy,  en- 
ters Arthur  Kull  Sound,  and  helps  .to 
form  the  fine  harbour  of  Amboy.  It  is  a 
mile  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  is  navigable 
for  16  miles. 

Rascia.    See  Ratzia. 
Raseborgy  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  capital 
of  a  canton  in  Nyland.    It  is  seated  on 
the  gulf  of  Finland,  37 miles  SE  of  Abo. 
Lon.  23  18  E,  lat.  60  16  N. 

Rasen,  or  .Market  Rann,  a  town  in 
Lincolnshire,  with  a  market  on  Tuisday. 
It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Ankam, 
14  miles  NE  of  Lincoln,  and  150  N  of 
London.    Lon.  0  10  W,  lat.  53  23  IpKjlfi; 

Rasocahno,  a  cape  on  the  .N  coast  of 
Sicily,  near  a  town  of  the  same  name,  W 
of  Cape  Faro,  and  N  of  Messina. 

Rastadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Sahzburg,  sealed  on  the 


RAT 


R  A  V 


Ens,  48  miles  E  by  S  of  Saltzburg.  Lon. 
14  10  E,  lat.  47  31  N. 

Rastadt,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  mar- 
quitate  of  Baden,  with  a  castle.  It  is  re- 
markable for  a  treaty  concluded  here, 
between  the  French  and  Austrians,  and 
for  a  battle  in  which  the  Austrians  were 
defeated  by  the  French,  in  1796.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Merg,  near  the  Rhine,  four 
miles  N  of  Baden,  and  24  SW  of  Philips- 
burg-.  Lon.  8  14  E,  lat.  48  54  N. 
"  Rate  nan  %  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
middle  marche  of  Brandenburg-,  seated 
on  the  Havel,  15  miles  NW  of  Branden- 
burg.   Lou.  13  49  E,  lat.  52  46  N. 

Ratenburg^a.  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Tirol,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  river 
Inn.    Lon.  12  5  E,  lax.  47  30  X. 

Rathmines,  a  remarkable  place  in  Ire- 
land, near  two  miles  from  Dublin,  where 
the  duke  of  Ormond  was  defeated  by  the 
parliament  forces  in  1649. 

Ratibcr,  a  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle. 
It  has  been  twice  taken  by  the  Swedes  ; 
and  is  seated  on  the  Oder,  in  a  country 
fertile  in  corn  and  fruits.  15  miles  NE  of 
Troppaw,  and  142  E  of  Prague.  Lon.  17 
54  E,  lat.  50  11  N. 

Ratisbotiy  the  capital  of  Bavaria,  and 
the  only  free  imperial  city  and  sovereign 
state  in  this  electorate  ;  it  is  large,  popu- 
lous, and  fortified  with  a  double  wall, 
ditches,  and  ramparts,  pleasantly  situa- 
ted on  the  S  side  of  the  Danube.  Ratis- 
bon  is  governed  by  its  own  magistrates, 
who  are  Lutherans,  and  is  surrounded  by 
the  duke  of  Bavaria's  territories.  The 
city  is  plentifully  furnished  with  provi- 
sions, the  soil  round  it  abounding  with 
corn  and  pasture,  and  with  vines,  the 
grapes  of  which  yield  a  strong  palatable 
wine,  scarce  inferior  to  the  Rhenish.  It 
has  a  stone  bridge  of  15  arches  over  the 
Danube,  being  the  most  substantial  of  all 
the  structures,  either  on  this  river  or  on 
the  Rhine.  In  time  of  peace  it  has  a  con- 
siderable trade  by  the  Danube,  the  Nahe, 
and  the  Regen,  which  join  near  the  city, 
and  by  the  neighbouring  rivers.  Here  is 
a  famous  Benedictine  monastery,  with  se- 
veral ancient  and  curious  MSS.  particu- 
larly of  the  Gospel.  It  is  55  miles  SE  of 
Nuremburg,  £52  N  bv  E  of  Munich,  and 
195  W  by  N  of  Vienna.  Lon.  12  5  E,  lat. 
48  58  N. 

Ratolczel,  a  strong  town  of  Suabia,  on 
that  part  of  the  lake  of  Constance  called 
Boden  See.  It  belongs  to  the  house  of 
Austria,  and  is  12  miles  W  of  the  city  of 
Constance. 

Rattan.    See  Ruattan. 

Ratzebvrgy  a  fortified  town  of  Lower 
Saxcny,  in  the  duchy  ofSaxe-Lawenburg, 


:  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  castle,  noted 
for  its  excellent  beer.  It  is  seated  on  an 
isiand,  in  the  midst  of  a  lake  30  miles  in 
circumference.  The  buildings  are  of 
brick,  and  almost  every  house  is  shaded 
with  a  tree.'  The  town  belongs  partly  to 
the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg  Sirelitz,  «\\d 
partly  to  that  of  Saxe  Lawenburg.  From 
the  lake  of  Ratzeburg  issues  the  river 
Waknitz,  which  joins  the  Trave  near  Lu» 
bee,  and  thus  facilitates  the  communica- 
tion by  water  between  Lubec  and  these 
parts.  Ratzeburg  is  12  miles  SE  of  Lu- 
bec, and  12  N  of  "Lawenburg.  Lon.  10  49 
E,  lat.  53  43  N. 

Ruiz'.a,  or  Rasria,  the  eastern  division 
of  Sclavonia,  subject  to  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria. It  takes  its  name  from  the  river 
Rasca,  which  falls  into  the  Morave  ;  and 
its  inhabitants  are  called  Rascisns. 

Rava,  a  town  of  Great  Poland,  capi 
tal  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  fortified  castle,  where  state  prisoners 
are  kept.  The  town  is  built  of  wood, 
and  seated  in  a  morass  covered  with  wa- 
ter that  proceeds  from  the  river  Rava, 
by  which  it  is  surrounded.  It  is  55 
miles  SW  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  19  55  E,  lat. 
51  51  X. 

Ravello,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Prin- 
cipato  Citeriore,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
has  magnificent  palaces  and  fine  houses, 
and  is  10  miles  W  of  Salerno,  and  25  SE 
of  Naples     Lon.  14  41  E,  lat.  40  36  N. " 

Ravenglass,  a  seaport  in  Cumberland, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
on  an  inlet  of  the  Irish  Sea,  between  the 
.Mite  and  Esk,  which,  with  the  Irt,  fall 
into  this  inlet,  and  form  a  good  harbour. 
It  is  24  miles  S  of  Cockermouth,  and 
284  XNW  of  London.  Lon.  3  30  W,  lat. 
54  20  X. 

Ravenna,  an  ancient  and  archicpiscopal 
city  of  Italy,  capital  of  Romagna,  with 
several  colleges,  and  a  great  number  of 
religious  houses.  It  had  a  very  flourish- 
ing trade,  but  has  greatly  suffered  since 
the  sea  has  withdrawn  two  miles  from  it. 
The  fortifications  are  of  little  importance, 
and  the  citadel  is  gone  to  ruin.  It  is  most 
remarkable  now  for  the  excellent  wine 
produced  in  its  neighbourhood.  Theo- 
donc  king  of  the  Goths  resided  here,  and 
afterwards  the  exarchs  of  the  Greek  em- 
perors. I)i  the  sixth  century,  when  there 
Were  three  popes  at  the  same  time,  one 
lived  at  Ravenna.  The  mausoleum  of 
Theodorie  is  si  ill  to  be  seen,  remarkable 
for  being  covered  wWh  a  single  stone,  28 
feet  in  diameter,  and  15  thick.  Ravenna 
is  now  continually  going  to  decay  rnd  is 
seated  near  the  river  Man  tone-,  37  miles 
SE  of  Ferrara,  and  162  X  of  Rome.  Lon. 
12  5  E,  lat.  44  25  X. 


R  E  A 


R  EC 


Ravensberg,  a  county  of  Germany  in 
Westphalia,  lying  S  of  'he  bishoprics  of 
of  Min.de n  and  Osnaburgh.  It  belongs  to 
the  king  of  Prussia,  and  is  so  called  from 
a  castle  of  the  same  name.  Herford  is 
the  capital. 

Ravensburg,  a  free  imperial  town  of 
Germany  in  Suabia.  It  is  a  well  built 
town,  and  the  public  structures  are  hand- 
some, and  the  inhabitants  are  partly  pro- 
testams  and  partly  papists,  It  is  seated 
on  the  Cheuss,  15  miles  X  by  W  of  Lin- 
dau.    Lon.  9  40  E,  lat.  47  59  N. 

Ravenstein,  a  town  of  Dutch  Brabant, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
with  an  ancient  and  strong  castle.  It  be- 
longs to  the  elector  palatine,  but  has  a 
Dutch  garrison.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Maese,  on  the  confines  of  Guelderland, 
10  miles  SW  of  Nimeguen.  Lon.  5  35 
E,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Jlavitz,  a  small  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Polnania.  It  possesses  a  con- 
siderable manufacture  of  cloth,  24  miles 
S  of  Posen. 

Ranschenberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  Landgravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  four 
miles  N  of  Marpurg,  and  32  SSW  of  Cas- 
sel.   Lon.  8  46  E,  lat.  50  33  X. 

Rawa,  a  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  the 
palatinate  of  Rawa,  56  miles  SW  of  War- 
saw. 

Raway,  a  post  town  of  New  Jersey  ;  si- 
tuated in  Middlesex  county,  5  miles  SW 
of  Elizabeth  town,  and  about  the  same 
distance  NE  of  New  Brunswick. 

Rmoee,  a  river  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
one  of  the  five  E  branches  of  the  Indus, 
into  which  river  it  falls,  about  20  miles 
W  of  Moultan,  after  having  received  the 
«nited  waters  of  the  Chelum  and  Chu- 
naub.  The  Rawee  is  the  Hydraotes  of 
Alexander. 

Rayleigh,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday,  lying  upon  Hadley  bay, 
13  miles  SE  of  Chelmsford,  and  34  E  of 
London.  Lon.  0  40  E,  lat.  51  37  N. 

Raimham,  a  township  of  Bristol  county, 
Massachusetts,  containing  1154  inhabi- j 
tants  in  1810.    Situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Taunton  river,  between  Berkley  and 
Mansfield. 

Reading,  a  borough  and  the  county- 
town  of  Berkshire,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday,  and  three  churches.  It  is  plea- 
santly seated  on  the  river  Kennet,  near 
its  confluence  with  the  Thames,  and  is 
the  largest  and  best  town  in  the  county, 
with  three  parish  churches  and  large 
handsome  streets.  It  had  a  rich  abbey.] 
large  ruins  of  which  still  remain,  and  the  j 
body  of  Henry  I.  was  lately  found  in  a 
lead  coffin  in  it.  Reading  is  governed  byi 
a  mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to  par-' 


liament.  Its  chief  trade  is  in  malt.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Kennet,  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Thames,  26  miles  SSE  of  Ox- 
ford, and  39  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  52  W, 
lat.  51  28  N. 

Reading,  the  capital  of  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  NE  bank 
of  the"  river  Schuylkill,  54  miles  NW  of 
Philadelphia,  and  53  E  of  Harrisburg. 
This  town  is  conveniently  situated  for  in- 
ternal commerce,  being  the  entrepot  of 
vast  quantities  of  grain  and  lumber  that 
are  brought  hither,  and  rafted  or  convey- 
ed in  long  boats  to  Philadelphia  and  its 
vicinity.  Here  is  a  post-office.  The  inha- 
bitants were  reckoned  3462  at  last  enu- 
meration. 

Reading,  a  township  of  Fairfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  containing  1717  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  Situated  on  Aspatuck  ri- 
ver, between  Repton  and  Ridgefield. 

Reading,  a  township  of  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts,  about  14  miles  N 
of  Boston,  and  contains  2,228  inhabitants. 

Realmont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc,  Similes  NE  of  Tou- 
louse.   Lon.  2  0  E,  lat.  43  50  N. 

Realville,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot,  8  miles  NE  of  Montau- 
ban.    Lon.  1  24  E,  lat.  44  7  N. 

Reamstoron,  a  post  town  in  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylvania,  15  miles  NE  of 
Lancaster,  and  the  same  distance  SW  of 
Reading-.    The  inhabitants  are  about  300. 

Rebel,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of  Mecklen- 
burg, seated  on  the  lake  Muritz,  30 
miles  SE  of  Gustrow.  Lon.  12  36  E,  lat. 
53  32  N. 

Rebnick,  a  populous  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Walachia,  with  a  bishop's  sec, 
seated  on  the  river  Aluta,  45  miles  SW  of 
Targowisco. 

Re.ccan.    See  Aracan. 

Reccanata,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  marquisate  of  Ancona.  It  is  a  tra- 
ding place,  and  has  a  great  fair  in  Sep- 
tember, which  continues  15  days.  The 
tomb  of  Pope  Gregory  VII.  is  in  the  ca- 
thedral. It  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 
from  whence  there  is  a  very  fine  prospect, 
near  the  river  Munsone,  14  miles  S  of  An- 
cona, and  110  NE  of  Rome  Lon.  13  34 
E,  lat.  43  24  N. 

Recklinhavsen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
tiie  archbishopric  of  Cologne,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong 
citadel,  and  a  chapter  of  noble  ladies.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Lippe,  20  miles  W  of 
Ham.    Lon.  8  36  E,  lat.  51  27  N. 

Jieculvev,  a  village  in  Kent,  with  a  no- 
ted church,  which  was  anciently  collegi- 
ate.   It  has  two  spires,  which  serve  for 


REG 


RE  I 


seamark,  and  are  called  by  mariners, 
the  Two  Sisters.  This  place  was  the 
Regulbium  ot  the  Romans  and  is  12  miles 
W  of  .Margate. 

Redbum,  a  thoroughfare  town  in  Her  s, 
five  miles  NW  of  St.  Alban's.  It  former- 
ly belonged  to  t!  e  monastery  of  St.  Al- 
ban,  and  was  greatly  famed  for  the  pie- 
tended  relics  of  Amphibalus,  who  con- 
verted St.  Alban  to  Christianity. 

Redhead,  a  promontory  in  Angusshire, 
on  the  German  Ocean,  lying  four  miles  S 
of  Montrose.  It  is  a  noted  landmark  for 
vessels  trading  from  Sweden,  Denmark, 
and  Norway.  Till  the  year  1793,  this 
cape  was  the  point  beyond  which  coal 
was  not  permitted  to  pass  without  paying 
a  heavy  duty,  which  was  taken  oti'  by  a 
commutation  duty  on  spirits. 

Redon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isle  and  Vilaine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne.  It  serves  as  a  mart  for 
the  commerce  of  Rennes,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Vilaine,  225  miles  E  by  S  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  10  W,  at.. 3  7  48  N". 

Redondellu.  a  small  commercial  town 
of  Spain  in  Galicia,  with  a  castle.  It  was 
pillaged  by  the  English  in  1702,  it  is 
seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay  where 
there  is  a  fishery  for  anchovies,  eight 
miles  S  of  Ponte  Vedra.  Lon.  8  15  \\  , 
lat.  42  18  N. 

Redondo,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  ot  Beira,  with  a  castle,  and  a 
manufacture  of  cloth.  It  is  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Mondego,  17  miles  SW  of 
Coimbria.    Lon.  8  34  \Y,  lat.  40  4  N. 

Red  Russia.    Sec  Russia  Ri  d. 

Rudruth,  a  town  in  Cornwall,  whose 
market  is  disused.  It  is  seated  in  the 
very  heart  of  the  mining  country,  252 
miles  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  5  13  W, 
lat.  50  13  X. 

Red  Stone,  a  township  of  Fayette  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Monongahela  river,  and  is  watered  by 
a  creek  of  the  same  name.  It  contained 
1224  inhabitants  m  1810. 

Red  Sea,  a  sea  celebrated  in  holy  writ, 
extending  1300  miles  from  N  to  S,  and 
200  in  the  widest  part,  from  E  to  W.  It 
divides  Arabia  from  Africa  and  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  Mediterranean  Sea  on  the 
Ki  by  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  and  commu- 
nicates, by  the  straits  of  Babelmandel,  on 
the  S  with  the  Arabian  Sea  and  the  In- 
dian Ocean. 

Rees,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
cicle  of  Westphalia  and  duchy  of  Cleves, 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  10  miles  SE  of 
Cleves,  ar.d  10  NW  of  Wesel.  Lon.  6  4  E, 
lat.  51  40  N. 

Regen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  which  has  its  source  in 


Bohemia  and  falls  into  the  Danube.  It 
is  12  miles  NNE  of  Deckendorf,  and  40 
E  of  Rutisbon.  Lon.  13  2  E,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Regensberg,  a  handsome  town  of  Swis- 
serland,  in  the  canton  of  Zuric,  capital 
of  a  bailiwic  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
strong  castle.  It  is  seated  on  a  rock,  call- 
ed the  Lagerberg,  10  miles  NW  of  Zuric. 

Regenstein,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Halberstadt,  six  miles 
S  of  Halberstadt,  and  seven  W  of  Qued- 
lingburg.    Lon.  0  41  E,  lat.  51  26  N. 

Reggio,  an  ancient  and  archiepiscopal 
town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulte- 
riore,  with  a  woollen  manufacture.  It  is  a 
large  and  populous  {dace  and  is  seated  on 
the  strait  of  Messina,  12  miles  SE  of  Mes- 
sina, and  190  S  by  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  16 
0  E,  lat.  38  4  N. 

Reggio,  a  duchy  of  Italy,  included  in 
thai  of  Modena.  It  produces  a  great  deal 
of  silk.  It  is  all  subject  to  the  duke  oi 
Modena,  except  the  marquisate  of  St. 
Martin,  which  is  subject  to  a  prince  of 
i hat  name. 

Reggio,  an  ancient  episcopal  city  of  Ita 
lv,  in  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
citadel.  It  has  been  ruined  several  times 
by  the  Goths,  and  other  nations.  In  the 
cathedral  are  paintings  b}r  the  greatest 
masters  ;  and  in  the  square  is  the  statue 
of  Brcnnus,  chief  of  the  Gauls.  The  in- 
habitants are  about  22,000,  who  carry  on 
a  great  trade  in  silk.  It  was  taken  by 
prince  Eugene  in  1706,  and  by  the  king 
of  Sardinia  in  1742.  It  is  seated  in  a  fer- 
tile country,  15  miles  NW  of  Modena, 
and  80  SE  of  Milan.  Lon.  11  5  E,  lat. 
44  43  N. 

Regind,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Citeriore,  14  miles  N  of  Cosen- 
za.    Lon.  16  21  E,  lat.  39  34  N. 

Regnuno,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  Patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter.  It  is  thinly  inhabited 
and  is  seated  near  the  Tiber,  17  miles  N 
of  Rome.    Lon.  12  36  E,  lat.  42  11  N. 

RehobotH,  a  post  town  in  Bristol  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  42  miles  S  by  W  of 
Boston,  and  3  eastward  from  Providence, 
Rhode  Island.  It  contains  4,866  inhabi- 
tants. 

Reichenav,  an  island  of  Germany  in 
Suabia,  in  the  lower  lake  of  Constance. 
It  is  three  miles  long  and  one  broad ; 
contains  about  1600  inhabitants,  all  ca- 
tholics, and  three  parishes.  It  is  ex- 
tremely beautiful,  and  in  it  is  a  rich  Be- 
nedictine abbey,  of  which  the  bishop  of 
Constance  is  abbot,  with  a  library  and 
curious  manuscripts.  In  this  convent 
was  interred  the  emperor  Charles  lei 
Cros.  This  island  is  three  miles  W  of 
Constance,  and  belongs  to  the  bishop  of 
that  place. 


R  E  i 


REN 


Rcichenau,  a  town  of  Swisscrland,  in 
the  country  of  the  Orisons,  It  is  seated 
in  a  rich  and  fertile  valley,  upon  the  con- 
flux of  ;he  .wo  branches  winch  form  the 
Rhine.  At  this  place  are  two  carious 
bridges.  One  of  these  is  thrown  across 
the  lower  brunch  of  the  Rhine,  and  is 
1J5  feet  in  length.  The  other,  built, 
across  the  Rhine  below  the  point  of 
union,  forms  a  very  beautiful  object.  It 
is  a  wonden  bridge,  of  a  single  arch,  co- 
vered like  that  of  Schaffhausi-n,  and  con- 
structed upon  nearly  the  same  plan.  The 
span  of  the  arch  is  220  feet  in  length. 
Rcichenau  is  seven  miles  SW  of  Coir. 

Reichenbach,  a  river  of  Swisserland, 
which  has  its  source  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Weiterhorn,  and  rolls  its  numerous  ca- 
taracts down  the  steep  sides  of  mount 
Sheidec,  till  it  unites  with  the  river  Aar 
near  Meyringen.  It  conveys  into  the  Aar 
the  gold  dust  that  is  found  in  the  bed  of 
that  river. 

Iieichenbach,  a  town  of  Bohemia  in  Si- 
lesia, capital  of  a  circle  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  the  little  river 
Peii,  and  noted  for  the  peace  concluded, 
in  1790,  between  the  emperor  Leopold 
XI.  and  the  Turks. 

Reichenberg,  a  castle  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine  and  county  of 
Catzeneienbogen.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  near  the  Rhine,  and  belongs 
to  the  prince  of  Hesse  Rheinfeldt.  Lon. 
7  57  E,  lat.  50  4  N. 

RitchenfeUs,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Carinthia,  24  miles  E  of  Muh- 
rau.    Lon.  14  4  E,  lat.  47  9  X. 

Reichenall,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on  the  Sala, 
with  a  rich  salt  spring,  nine  miles  S\V 
of  Saltzburg,  and  64  SW  of  Munich. 
Lon.  13  2  E,  lat.  47  28  X. 

Reichenstein,  a  town  of  Bohemia  in  Si- 
lesia, famous  for  the  silver  mines  in  its 
neighbourhood.  It  is  12  miles  \V  ol 
Groteskaw. 

Reiclishnfen,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
departmcnt  of  Lower  Rhine,  with  a 
castle. 

Reifferscheid,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Rhine  and  arch- 
bishopric  of  Cologne,  capital  of  a  county 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  32  miles  SW  or 
Cologne,  and  42  W  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  6 
50  E,  lat.  50  20  N. 

Reisenbitrg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the 
province  of  Oberland,  near  which  is  an 
ancient  castle,  78  miles  SW"  of  Konings- 
berg.    Lon.  20  5  E,  lat.  53  52  X. 

Reistery8-tonony  a  town  in  Baltimore 
county,  Maryland,  where  there  is  a  post 
office,  15  miles  NW  of  Baltimore,  and 
63  X  by  E  of  Washington. 


RemirejQtmt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Yosges,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain.  It  had  lately  a  chapter 
of  ranontsses,  who  were  obliged  to  prove  I 
their  nobility,  and  whose  abbess  was  a 
princess  of  the  empne.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Moselle,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Vosagcs,  42  miles  S  by  E  of  Xanci.  Low. 
6  47  E,  lat.  48  3  X. 

Rerni/,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Mouths  of  the  Rhone.  Here 
are  the  remains  of  a  triumphal  arch,  . 
and  a  mausoleum,  in  the  neighbourhood, 
in  the  best  state  of  preservation.  St. 
liemy  is  10  miles  XE  of  Aries. 

Rendsburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of 
Holstein,  with  a  castle.  It  is  a  strong 
place  by  its  situation,  standing  on  an  is- 
land formed  by  the  river  Eyder,  12  miles 
SE  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  10  6  E,  lat.  54 
30  X. 

Renfrew,  the  county  town  of  Renfrew- 
shire. Robert  II.  had  a  palace  here,  of 
which  nothing  remains-but  the  ditch  that 
encircled  it.  It  is  seated  on  the  Clyde, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Cart,  10  miles  E 
by  S  of  Port  Glasgow,  and  45  W  of  Edin- 
burgh.   Lon.  4  26  W,  lat.  55  51  X. 

Renfrewshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  . 
which  has  for  many  years  been  called  a 
barony,  because  it  was  the  paternal  estate 
of  the  Stuarts,  before  they  were  advan- 
ced to  the  throne  of  Scotland,  and  at  pre- 
sent gives  the  title  of  Baron  to  the  Prince 
of  Wales.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S  by  Air- 
shire  ;  on  tte  E  by  Lanerkshire,  and  on 
the  X  and  W  by  the  Clyde  river,  which 
divides  it  on  the  W  from  Argyleshire, 
and  on  the  N  from  Dumbartonshire  ;  ex- 
tending 30  miles  from  X  to  S,  and  13 
where  broadest,  from  E  to  W.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  several  small  rivers,  the  chief 
of  which  are  the  White-cart  and  the 
Black-cart,  which  unite  and  fall  i-nto  the 
Clyde.  That  part  near  the  Clyde  is  fruit- 
ful and  pleasant,  with  but  few  eminences  ; 
but  thai  to  the  SSW,  and  W,  is  more 
barren  and  mountainous.  It  enjoys  a 
healthful  air,  and  abounds  with  all  ne- 
•  essarles  of  life.  Its  principal  towns  are 
Renfrew,  Paisley,  Greenock,  and  Port 
Glasgow.  Its  chief  manufactures  are  lin- 
en, gauze,  lawns,  &c.  Xear  Paisley  is  a 
Miring  which  ebbs  and  flows  with  the 
'ide,  yet  situated  many  miles  from  the 
Sea. 

Romcbov,  a  small  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Strasburg,  10  miles  E 
M  Strasburg. 

7?e?mes,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in 
he  department  of  Isle  and  Vilaine,  and 
late  province  of  Bretagne.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  computed  at  35,000.    The  fire 


RES 


REU 


itt  1720,  which  lasted  seven  days,  and 
consumed  850  houses,  contributed  great  - 
lv  to  the  beauty  of  the  town,  as  the  streets 
which  were  very  narrow,  were  made  wi- 
der and  straight.  In  the  great  square,  is 
the  Palace  of  .Justice,  and  the  Hotel  de 
A'ille.  Kennes  is  an  archbishopric,  and 
the  capital  of  the  department.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Vilaine,  which  .divides  it  into 
two  parts,  53  miles  N  by  W  of  Nantes, 
and  42  SB  of  St.  Malo.  Lon.  1  36  W, 
lat.  48  7  N. 

Renmllaer,  a  county  in  the  state  of  New 
York,  containing-  36,388  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  situated  between  Connecti- 
cut on  the  E,  and  the  river  Hudson  on 
the  W,  Columbia  county  on  the  S,  and 
Washing-ton  on  the  N.  The  chief  town 
is  Troy. 

Rend,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  seated  on 
the  river  Aa,  12  miles  SW  of  Aire,  and 
50  NW  of  Arras.  Lon.  2  20  E,  lat.  50 
36  X. 

Reole,  a  town  of,  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  seated  on  the  Garonne, 
20  miles  SE  of  ISourdeaux.  Lon.  0  4  W, 
lat.  44  30  N. 

Repaille,  a  town  of  Savoy,  inChablais, 
seated  on  a  river  which  falls  into  the 
lake  of  Geneva,  and  famous  for  the  re- 
treat of  Amadeus,  duke  of  Savoy,  in  1440, 
where  he  went  to  enjoy  the  pleasure  of  a 
country  life.  There  is  a  Carthusian  mo- 
nastery here,  remarkable  for  its  entensive 
prospects.  It  is  throe  miles  from  Tho- 
non.  and  20  XE  of  Geneva.  Lon.  6  21 
E,  lat.  46  26  X. 

Repeham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  and  has  two  church- 
es in  one  churchyard.  It  is  seated  in  a 
vallev,  15  miles  N\V  of  Norwich,  and 
109  XE  of  London.  Lon.  1  7  E,  lat.  52 
50  X. 

Reppeh,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  and  new  marche  of 
Rrandenbursr,  16  miles  SSE  of  Custrin. 
Lon.  14  28E,  lat.  52  SON. 

Bequena,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Xew  Cas- 
tile, with  a  .strong-  castle.  It  was  taken 
by  the  English  in  1706,  and  retaken  by 
the  French  the  next  year.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Ghana,  40  miles  W  of  Valencia,  and 
130  E  by  S  of  Madrid.  Lon.  0  40  W,  lat. 
39  24N.  BSft*'' 

Res/a,  a  town  of  Persia,  capital  of 
Ghilan.  It  is  seated  on  the  SW  coast  of 
the  Caspian  Sea,  in  a  fertile  plain,  sur- 
rounded with  high  «nountains,  110  miles 
K  of  Casbin.    Lon.  52  16  E,  lat.  37  18  N. 

Resolution  Island,  a  small  island  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  so  called  from  the  ship  Re- 
solution, in  which  captain  Cook  made  his 


second  vovage  to  that  Ccean.  Lon.  141 
45  W,  lat.  17  23  S. 

Retford,  East,  a  borough  in  Notting- 
hamshire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Idle,  30  miles  N  of  Notting- 
ham, and  144  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  48  W,  lat.  53  22  X. 

Retliel,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Ardennes,  and  late 
province  of  Champagne.  It  is  seated  on 
a  mountain,  near  the  river  Aisne,  20  miles 
XE  of  liheims,  and  ICS  NE  of  Pans.  Lon. 

4  26  E,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Retitio,  a  town  of  Candia,  with  a  bish- 
op's see,  and  a  harbour  defended  bv  a  ci- 
tadel, where  the  bashaw  resides,  ft  was 
tuken  in  1647,  by  the  Turks,  who  have 
kept  it  ever  since.  The  silk,  wool*  honey, 
wax,  laudanum,  and  oil,  are  preferred 
to  all  others.  It  is  seated  on  the  N  coast 
of  the  island,  in  a  pleasant  country,  45 
miles  from  Candia.  Lon.  24  45  E,  lat. 
35  22  N. 

Revel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc,  nine  miles  N  of  St.  Papoul. 
Lon.  2' 10  E,  lat.  43  26  N. 

Revel,  a  government  of  Russia.  See 
Esthonia . 

Revel,  a  strong  seaport  of  Russia,  ca- 
pital of  the  government  of  Esthonia,  with 
a  bishop's  see.  It  is  surrounded  by  high 
u  alls  and  deep  ditches,  and  defended  by 
a  castle  and  good  bastions.  The  houses 
are  well  built,  and  have  very  fine  gar- 
dens. There  is  a  college,  with  four  pro- 
fessors ;  and,  in  1753,  two  churches  were 
allowed  to  the  protestants.  It  is  become 
a  place  of  great  trade,  since  the  Russians 
obtained  possession  of  it ;  and  there  are 
two  great  fairs,  in  May  and  September, 
frequented  by  English  and  Dutch  mer- 
chants. The  Russians  took  this  import- 
ant place  in  1711.  most  of  the  inhabitants 
being  carried  off  by  the  plague.  It  is 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  partly  in 
a  pleasant  plain,  and  partly  on  a  moun- 
tain, 85  miles  SE  of  Abo,  and  133  W  by 

5  of  Petersburg-.  Lon.  23  57  E,  lat.  59 
20  N. 

Revello,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
in  the  marquisate  of  Saluzzo,  near  the 
Po.  It  is  seated  on  the  top  of  a  very 
high  mountain,  and  is  strongly  fortified 
both  by  nature  and  art.  It  is  three  miles 
NW  of  Saluzzo. 

Revero,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Mantuan,  sealed  on  the  river  Po,  oppo- 
site Ostiglia,  10  miles  NE  of  Mirandola, 
and  20  SE  of  Mantua.  Lon.  1  9  E,  lat. 
44  53N. 

Reus,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia. 
4  B 


RUE 


It  has  a  considerable  trade  in  wine,  bran- 
dy, and  nuts,  which  arc  carted  down  to 
Salo,  an  open  but  safe  road,  five  miles  oft". 
About  20,000  pipes  of  brandy  are  annu- 
ally exported.  It  is  seated  in  the  middle 
of  a  most  fruitful  plain,  35  miles  XE  of 
Tortosa,  and  60  WSW  of  Barcelona. 

Reuss,  a  river  of  Swisserland,  which 
rises  in  the  lake  of  Locendro,  between  the 
mountains  of  Petina  and  Locendro,  flows 
through  the  lake  of  Lucern  and  the  town 
of  that  name,  and  joining  the  Aar,  falls 
into  the  Rhine,  below  Zurzach. 

Reutlingen,  a  free  imperial  town  of 
Germany  in  Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
temburg.  It  is  adorned  with  handsome 
public  buildings  ;  and  has  a  well  frequent- 
ed college.  It  is  seated  on  the  Echetz, 
near  the  Neckar,  10  miles  E  of  Tubin- 
gen, and  37  S  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  10  E 
iat.  48  31  N. 

Reux,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Austrian  Hainault,  eight  miles 
NE  of  Mons. 

Reivah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  in  the 
province  of  Allahabad,  57  miles  SSW  of 
that  place.    Lon.  81  36  E,  lat.  24  35  N. 

Reyna,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalusia, seated  in  a  plain,  with  a  castle 
built  upon  an  eminence,  three  miles  from 
Lerna,  and  in  a  territory  abounding  in 
wine  and  cattle. 

Rezan,  a  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly a  province  of  the  government  of 
Moscow.  It  contains  12  districts,  and  is 
fertile  in  corn,  and  populous ;  and  had 
anciently  its  own  princes. 

Rezan,  a  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  go- 
vernment of  the  same  name,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  It  was  formerly  considera- 
ble for  its  extent  and  riches,  but  was  al- 
most ruined  by  the  Tartars,  in  1568.  It 
is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Tru- 
besh  and  Occa.  100  miles  SE  of  Moscow. 
Lon.  40  37  E,  lat.  54  55  N. 

Rhe,  an  island  on  the  W  coast  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Chare  nte. 
It  is  four  leagues  long  and  two  broad, 
and  very  populous.  Tts  products  are  hit- 
ter wine,  abundance  of  salt,  excellent 
o  randy,  and  the  liquor  called  aniseed.  It 
is  defended  by  four  forts,  and  is  eight 
miles  W  of  Rochelle.  St.  Martin  is  the 
capital. 

Rfieda,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  and  county  of  Lin  gen, 
10  miles  N  of  Lipstadt.  Lon  7  22  E, 
lat.  51  47  N. 

Rheims,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Maine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne,  with  an  archbish- 
op's see,  whose  archbishop  was  a  duke 
and  peer  of  France.  The  inhabitants  are 
computed  to  be  30,000.    The  principal 


church,  built  before  the  year  406,  is  a  ve- 
ry beautiful  Gothic  structure.  That  of 
St.  Nicaise,  is  remarkable  for  its  fine  ar- 
chitecture. It  is  about  4  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  contains  several  fine 
squares,  large  streets,  well  built  houses, 
and  magnificent  churches.  The  metro- 
politan church  is  considerable  for  its 
largeness,  fine  architecture,  and  the  beau- 
ty of  its  front,  being  full  of  figures  in  re- 
lievo. It  has  a  mint,  an  university,  and 
five  abbeys,  the  most  famous  of  which  is 
that  of  St.  Remy,  in  which  the  corpse  of 
the  archbishop  is  preserved  in  a  magnifi- 
cent shrine.  The  remains  of  an  amphi- 
theatre, a  castle,  and  a  triumphal  arch, 
are  among  the  ancient  monuments  of  the 
Romans.  Rheims  is  long  and  narrow, 
and  the  houses  are  low.  Here  are  ma- 
nufactures  of  flannel,  coverlets,  and  other 
woollen  stuffs  :  and  the  gingerbread  is 
famous.  Rheims  is  seated  in  a  plain,  sur- 
rounded by  hills  that  produce  excellent 
wine,  on  the  river  Vesse,  62  miles  N  of 
Troyes,  and  75  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  8  E, 
lat.  49  15  N. 

Rhinau,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  Thur- 
gau,  with  an  abbey,  on  an  island  formed 
by  the  Rhine,  between  Schaffenhausen 
and  Eglisau. 

Rheinbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  electorate  of 
Cologne,  53  miles  E  of  Leige.  Lon.  6  9 
E,  lat.  51  39  N. 

Rheinberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Cologne,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  40  miles  NYV  of  Cologne,  and  40 
SE  of  Guelderland.  Lon.  6  39  E,  lat 
51  29  W. 

Rheinec,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Cologne,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  34  miles  SSE  of  Cologne.  Lon.  7 
23  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Rheinec,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capital 
of  the  Rheinthal,  with  a  castle,  seated  on 
the  Rhine,  near  the  hike,  of  Constance. 
Lon.  9  23  E,  lat.  47  41  N. 

Rheivfehl,  a  castle  of  Germany  in  thn 
circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  county  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant places  on  the  Rhine,  with  re- 
gard to  strength  and  situation.  It  is  built 
on  a  craggy  rock,  at  the  foot  of  which  is 
the  town  of  St.  Goar,  and  was  taken  by 
the  French,  in  1794.  It  is  15  miles  S  of 
Coblentz. 

Rheinfdden,  a  strong  town  of  Suabia, 
the  best  of  the  four  forest  towns.  It  be- 
longs to  the  house  of  Austria,  and  has 
been  often  taken  and  retaken,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Rhine,  over  which  is  a  bridge 
of  several  arches,  eight  miles  E  of  Basle. 
Lon.  7  46  E,  lat.  47  36  N. 

Rheingau,  a  district  of  Germany,  on 


RH  I 


RH  I 


he  E  3ide  of  the  Rhine,  extending  from 
Neider  Wailauf,  to  Lorrich.  The  vine 
is  here  chiefly  cultivated.  Elfeld  is  the 
capital. 

Rheinhausen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
bishopric  of  Spire.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Rhine,  three  miles  SE  of  Spire. 

Rheinland,  a  port  of  South  Holland,  ly- 
ing1 on  both  sides  of  the  Rhine.  Ley  den 
is  the  capital. 

Rheinmagen,  or  Remagen,  a  town  of 
Westpnaha,  situated  near  the  Rhine,  19 
miles  NNW  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  6  30  E, 
lat.  50  38  N. 

Rheinsabem,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
bishopric  of  Spire,  with  a  castle,  i5  miles 
S  of  Spire. 

Rheinthal,  a  fertile  valley  of  Swisser- 
land  lying  along  the  Rhine,  which  di- 
vides it  from  a  territory  of  Austria,  till  it 
reaches  the  lake  of  Constance.  It  belongs 
to  the  eight  ancient  cantons,  and  to  that 
of  Appenzel.  The  protestant  inhabitants 
are  the  most  numerous. 

Rheinioald,  a  large  valley  in  the  country 
of  the  Grisons ;  so  called  from  the  Hin- 
der Rhine,  which  rises  at  the  distance  of 
12  miles,  and  runs  through  the  valley. 
Splugen  is  the  capital. 

Rhenen,  a  city  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Utrecht,  seated  on  the  Leek,  20  miles 
SE  of  Utrecht.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1672,  and  again  in  1795.  Lon. 
5  22  E,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Rhine,  a  celebrated  river  of  Germany, 
having  its  source  in  the  country  of  the 
Grisons  in  Swisserland,  and  in  the  very 
bosom  of.  the  Alps.  It  is  formed  of  two 
principal  streams,  the  Upper  or  Hinder 
Rhine,  to  the  E,  and  the  Lower  Rhine, 
(formed  by  two  small  streams,  called  the 
Middle  and  the  Further  Rhine)  to  the  W. 
The  Upper  and  Lower  Rhine,  uniting  at 
Reichenau,  form  a  fine  river,  over  which 
is  a  curious  bridge  of  one  arch,  the  span 
of  which  is  220  feet  long.  It  takes  its 
course  N  by  Coira,  and  continues  on  till 
it  forms  the  lake  of  Constance  in  Suabia ; 
thence  turning  W,  it  passes  by  the  cities 
of  Constance  and  Schaffhausen,  and  wa- 
tering Basil,  runs  from  thence  directly  N, 
dividing  Suabia  from  Alsace.  Leaving 
Alsace  and  Suabia,  the  river  gives  name 
to  the  two  German  circles  of  the  Upper 
and  Lower  Rhine,  waters  many  consider- 
able cities  and  towns,  and  receives  the 
streams  of  the  Neckar,  Maine,  and  Mo- 
selle, in  its  course  to  the  United  Pro- 
vinces. Below  Emmerick,  in  the  duchy 
of  Cleves,  it  divides  into  two  streams. 
That  which  bends  to  the  W,  and  flows 
by  Nimeguen,  is  called  the  Waal,  but 
loses  that  name  on  its  junction  with  the 


MaeSe,  at  Bommel.  Below  Worcum,  it 
divides  into  four  principal  branches,  for* 
mingthe  isles  of  Ysselmonde,  Voorn,  and 
Overflackee  :  the  most  northern  branch  is 
called  the  Merwe,  and  passing  by  Rotter- 
dam, and  Schiedam,  is  joined  by  the 
branch  from  the  S  side  of  Ysselmonde, 
and  enters  the  German  Ocean,  below  the 
Briel ;  the  other  two  branches  make  their 
exit  at  Helvoetsluys  and  Goree.  The 
other  stream  which  had  branched  off  to 
the  NW  below  Emmerick,  retains  its 
name  ;  but  another  soon  branches  oft"  to 
the  N,  takes  the  name  of  Yssel,  and  en- 
ters the  Zuider  Zee,  below  Campen. 
The  old  river  proceeds  W  by  Rhenen 
to  Wyck-by-Duerstede,  when  it  again  di- 
vides into  two  streams  :  that  to  the 
left  is  called  the  Leek,  and  enters  the 
Merwe  above  Rotterdam.  The  branch 
to  the  right,  which  retains  its  name,  but 
is  now  an  inconsiderable  stream,  passes 
on  to  Utrecht,  Woerden,  and  Leyden, 
and  is  literally  choked  up  by  mountains 
of  sand,  near  the  village  of  Catwyck. 

Rhine,  Lover,  a  circle  of  Germany, 
which  extends  from  the  circle  of  Suabia, 
on  the  S,  to  that  of  Westphalia,  on  the  N. 
It  contains  the  electorates  of  Mentz, 
Treves,  and  Cologne,  and  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine. 

Rhine,  Lower,  a  department  of  France, 
containing  the  late  province  of  Lower  Al- 
sace.   Strasburg  is  the  capital. 

Rhine,  Upper,  a  department  of  France, 
containing  the  late  province  of  Upper  Al- 
sace.   Colmar  is  the  capital. 

Rhine,  Upper,  a  circle  of  Germany, 
which  includes  the  territory  of  Hesse-Cas- 
sel,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Hesse-Rheinfeld, 
and  Hesse-Homburg;  the  counties  of 
Nassau,  Solms,  Hanau,  Spanheim,  Wied, 
Westcrburg,  and  Waldeck,  with  the  ab- 
bies  of  Fulda  and  Hirschfeld,  the  impe- 
rial towns  of  Francfort,  Friedberg,  and 
Wetzlar;  the  bishoprics  of  Spire  and 
Worms,  and  the  duchy  of  Deux-Ponts. 

Rhine,  Palatinate  of  the,  an  electorate 
of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Lower  Rhine  , 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  archbishoprics 
of  Mentz  and  Treves,  on  the  E  by  Fran- 
conia  and  Suabia,  and  on  the  W  and  S  by 
France.  It  is  100  miles  in  length,  and  70 
in  breadth,  and  the  principal  rivers  are 
the  Rhine  and  Neckar.  It  has  suffered 
more  by  the  wars  with  France,  than  all 
the  provinces  of  Germany  put  together; 
for,  in  the  last  century,  Lewis  XIV.  or 
dered  the  whole  country  to  be  laid 
waste  by  fire  and  sword.  Heidelberg  is 
the  principal  town,  but  Manheim  is  the 
electorate  residence.  This  electorate  is 
also  called  the  Lower  Palatinate  to  dis 


RHO 


H  1  B 


tinguish  it  fnm  he  Upfer  Palatinate  of 
Bavaria. 

Rhode  Inland,  one  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  bounded  on  the  N  and  E  b\ 
the  commonweal- h  of  Massachusetts,  on 
the  S  by  the  Atlantic  and  on  the  W  by 
Connecticut.  These  limits  comprehend 
what  has  been  called  Rhode  Island  and 
Providence  plairations.  It  is  as  health- 
ful as  any  part  of  North  America,  and  is 
principally  a  country  for  pasture.  This 
state  comprises  several  islands,  besides 
the  principal  one  from  which  it  derives  a 
name.  The  most  considerable  are  Co- 
nanicut,  Prudence,  Hope,  and  Patience. 
The  soil  of  these  islands  is  generally 
rich,  and  very  productive,  while  that  part 
of  ihe  state  which  lies  on  the  continent 
is  less  valuable.  But  the  whole  being- 
well  cultivated,  yields  a  produce  suffi- 
cient for  home  consumption,  and  of  some 
articles  a  considerable  quantity  for  ex- 
portation. The  country  is  famous  for  its 
cider  and  its  cheese.  It  is  well  watered, 
but  the  rivers  are  not  large  ;  the  most 
noted  are  Patucket,  Providence,  Patuxet 
and  Paucatuck.  The  exports  of  the  state 
amount  to  about  $2,000,000,  and  the  ton- 
nage of  shipping- about  27,000  tons.  The 
colony  was  first  settled  by  Baptists,  and 
this  relig'ious  society  is  still  the  most  nu- 
merous :  but  of  the  Friends,  Congrega- 
tionalists,  and  Episcopalians,  there  are 
many  respectable  congregations.  The 
state  is  divided  into  five  counties,  and 
thirty-one  townships ;  the  whole  contain- 
ing 76,931  inhabitants.  The  chief  town 
is  Providence. 

Rhode  Island,  an  island  of  North  Ame- 
rica, in  the  state  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  13  miles  long  from  N  toy  S,  and  four 
broad,  and  divided  into  three  townships 
This  island  is  a  noted  resort  of  invalids 
from  the  southern  climates,  being  ex- 
ceedingly pleasant  and  healthful,  and  is 
called  with  propriety,  the  Eden  of  A- 
mcrica. 

Rhodes,  an  island  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, on  the  S  side  of  Natolia,  40  miles 
long,  and  15  broad.  The  air  is  good, 
and  the  soil  pretty  fertile,  but  badly  cul- 
tivated. The  principal  town  of  the  same 
name,  is  an  archbishop's  see,  and  has  a 
good  harbour,  with  a  narrow  entrance  be- 
tween two  rocks,  on  which  there  are  tw  o 
lowers  to  defend  the  passage.  Here,  in 
all  probability,  stood  the  famous  Colos- 
sus, a  statue  in  bronze,  70  cubits  high, 
reckoned  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of 
the  world  ;  it  was  thrown  down  by  an 
earthquake  ;  and  when  the  Saracens  be- 
came masters  of  this  island,  in  665,  they 
knocked  it  to  pieces,  with  which  they 


loaded  900  camels.  It  is  inhabited  by 
Turks  and  Jews  ;  for  the  Christians  are 
obliged  to  live  in  the  suburbs,  they  not 
being  suffered  to  be  within  the  walls  in 
the  night-time.  Lon.  28  25  E,  lat.  36  24  N. 

Rhodez.    See  Rodez. 

Rlione,  a  large  river  of  Europe,  which 
rises  in  Swisserland,  from  the  glacier  of 
Furca,  between  the  two  rocky  mountains 
of  Glechterberg  and  Satzberg.  Crossing 
the  Vallais,  it  runs  through  the  lake  and 
city  of  Geneva,  and  there  receives  the 
river  Arve.  After  which  it  widens,  and 
becomes  navigable  near  Seissel ;  then  run- 
ning SW  to  Lyons,  and  receiving  several 
other  streams,  particularly  the  river 
Saone,  continues  its  course  due  S,  and 
passing  by  Orange,  Avignon,  and  Aries, 
it  falls  to  the  westward  of  Marseilles  in- 
to the  Mediterranean  by  three  mouths. 

Rhone,  JMouths  of  the,  a  department  of 
France,  containing  part  of  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Provence.    Aix  is  the  capital. 

Rhone  and  Loire,  a  department  of 
France,  including  the  late  provinces  of 
Forez  and  Lvonois.  The  capital  is  Lyons. 

Rhyaidergoivy,  a  town  in  Radnorshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  Near  it 
is  a  cataract  of  the  river  Wye.  It  is  20 
miles  WNW  of  New  Radnor,  and  177  of 
London.    Lon.  3  27  W,  lat.  52  17  N. 

Rhynbeck,  a  post  town  of  Duchess  coun- 
ty-, New  York,  containing  4486  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Hudson  river,  65  miles  S  of  Albany, 
and  30  S  of  Hudson. 

Rhynds,  or  Rinm  of  Galloway,  the  W 
division  of  Wigtonshire,  divided  from 
the  other  parts  of  the  county  by  Loch 
Ryan  and  the  bay  of  Luce. 

Rhyney.    See  Rumney. 

Rialexa,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in  Ni- 
caragua, seated  on  a  small  river  5  miles 
from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  where  there  is  a 
good  harbour.  The  air  is  unwholesome, 
on  account  of  the  morasses.  It  is  60 
miles  \V  of  Leon  de  Nicaragua.  Lon.  89 
10  W,  lat.  12  25  N. 

Ribadavia.    See  Rivadavia. 

Ribadeo,  a  seaporjt  of  Spain,  in  Gali- 
cia,  defended  by  two  castles.  It.  is  si- 
tuated at  the  mouth  of  the  Eo,  and  is  15 
miles  NE  of  Mondonedo.  Lon.  7  2  W, 
lat.  43  30  N. 

Ribas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
on  the  river  Xarroa,  eight  miles  from 
Mad  rid.  .Hfti^b^ij 

Rihau-Pierre.    See  RapoTft'in. 

Ribble,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  W 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  runs  across  Lanca- 
shire, and  falls  into  the  Irish  Sea,  below 
Preston. 

Ribeiva  Giumdc,  a  town  of  St  Jago, 


R  I  C 


R  I  C 


the  principal  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  Is- 
lands, with  a  good  harbour.  It  is  seated 
between  two  high  mountains.  Lon.  23 
C4  W,  lat.  15  0  N.    r  mfrfr 

R.bmont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  and  late  province  of 
Picardv,  seated  on  an  eminence,  near  the 
river  Oise,  10  miles  W  bv  S  of  St.  Quin- 
tin.    Lon.  3  21  E,  lat.  4948  N. 

RiberaCy  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  17  miles  E  of  Pe- 
rigiieux,  and  27  SSE  of  Angoulesme.  Lon. 
1  5  E,  lat.  45  15  N. 

Ribnik,  an  episcopal  town  of  Turkey, 
in  the  province-of  Wallachia,  44  miles  S 
of  Hermanstadt,  and  130  ESE  of  Temes- 
war.    Lpn.  23  40  E,  lat.  45  19  N. 

Ribnitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg-, 
with  a  nunnery  for  noble  women.  It  is 
seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  12  miles  N 
of  Rostock.  Lon.  12  35  E,  Lat.  54  10  N. 

Richelieu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Poitou,  with  a  fine  palace 
.and  extentive  park.  It  was  built  by  car- 
dinal Richelieu,  in  1637.  The  streets 
are  as  straight  as  a  line,  and  coniains  a 
handsome  square.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Amable  and  Vide,  27  miles  N  of  Poi- 
tiers, and  152  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  20  E, 
lat.  47  2  N. 

Richfield,  a  post  town  of  Otsego  coun- 
tyi  New  York,  75  miles  W  of  Albany,  and 
containing- 2083  inhabitants  in  1810.  Ifgjjtjg 

Richland,  a  county  in  South  Carolina, 
containing  9207  inhabitants,  inclusive  of 
5238  slaves  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
NE  side  of  the  Cong-aree  river.  The  ca- 
pital is  Columbia,  which  is  also  the  .seat 
of  the  state  government. 

Richland,  a  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  between  Hay- 
cock and  Lower  Milford,  and  is  watered 
by  the  streams  of  Tohickon  creek.  In 
1810  the  inhabitants  were  stated  at  1317. 

Richmond,  a  post  town  and  port  of  -en- 
try in  Henrico  county,  Virginia,  and  the 
capital  of  the  State  :  lying  on  the  NE  side 
of  James  river,  in  lat.  37  30  N,  and  lon. 
77  30  W.  This  city  is  divided  into  two 
parts  ;  the  lower,  which  is  nearly  on  a  le- 
te\  with  the  water's  edge,  is  rather  un- 
healthy ;  the  upper  is  on  a  considerable 
elevation,  and  enjoys  a  purer  air.  The  na- 
vigation for  topsail  vessels  does  not  reach 
the  town  within  less  than  20  miles  ;  and 
this  distance  goods  are  conveyed  in  ligh- 
ters. It  is  nevertheless  a  place  of  consi- 
derable domestic  and  foreign  trade.  The 
public  edifices  and  some  of  the  private 
houses  are  constructed  with  considerable 
etegance.    Here  is  a  bunk  and  a  pest  of- 


fice, as  well  as  all  the  principal  offices  of 
the  State.  The  inhabitants  are  9735,  in- 
cluding 3748  slaves,  and  1189  free  blacks 
and  mulattocs. 

Richmond)  a  post  town  in  Chittenden 
county,  Vermont  ;  on  the  S  side  of  Onion 
river,  18  miles  SE  of  Burlington  on  lake 
Champlain,  with  718  inhabitants. 

Richmond,  a  town  of  Siaten  Island,  in  . 
North  America,  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  chiefly  inhabited 
by  Dutch  and  French.    It  is  nine  miles  S 
W  of  New  York. 

Richmond,  a  borough  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  has  a  manufacture  of  woollen  stock- 
ings, caps,  Sec.  and  is  seated  on  the  Swale, 
over  which  is  a  stone  bridge,  40  miles  N 
W  of  York,  and  230  NN  VV  of  London. 
Lon.  1  35  W,  lat.  54  28  N. 

Richmond,  a  village  in  Surry,  with  a 
royal  palace  where  the  kings  of  England 
formerly  resided.  The  tide  of  the  Thames 
reaches  just  to,this  village,  which  is .60 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  it,  a  greater  dis  ■ 
tance  than  the  tide  is  carried  by  an}-  o- 
ther  river  in  Europe.  Over  the  Thames 
an  elegant  bridge  was  begun  in  1774, 
which  opens  a  communication  with  Isle 
worth,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  rive 
In  the  New  Park  is  a  little  hill  cast  call- 
ed King  Henry's  Mount,  from  which  there 
is  a  prospect  of  six  counties,  including 
the  city  of  London,  and  also  Windsor 
castle,  which  is  14  miles  off.  Richmond  • 
is  distinguished  by  its  beautiful  royal 
gardens,  which,  in  summer,  are  open 
every  Sunday,  and  in  these  is  a  noble  ob- 
servatory. Here  is  an  extensive  royal 
park,  called  Richmond,  or  the  New  Park, 
surrounded  by  a  brick  wall  built  by 
Charles  I.    <\  ^ 

Richmond,  a  county  of  Virginia,  con- 
taining 6214  inhabitants  in  1810;  one 
half  slaves.  It  is  a  small  county,  situa- 
ted between  Potomac  and  Rappahannock 
rivers,  and  between  King  George  and 
Northumberland  counties. 

Richmond,  a  county  of  North  Carolina, 
containing  6,695  inhabitants  in  1810.  It 
is  situated  on  the  north  border  of  South 
Carolina,  and  is  watered  by  the  Yadkin 
and  Little  Pedee  rivers.  The  chief  town 
is  Rockingham. 

Richmondahire,  a  district  in  the  N  rid- 
ing of  Yorkshire,  formerly  a  county  of  it- 
self. It  abounds  in  romantic  situation:-, 
and  is  noted  for  the  industry  of  its  inha- 
bitants, who  manufacture  knit  stockings 
and  other  coarse  goods.  Many  lead  mines 
are  in  this  district,  of  which  Richmond 
is  the  chief  town. 

RichienbergyQ.  town  of  Germany,  in  the 


R  I  G 


R  I  O 


duchy  of  Anterior  Pomerania,  28  miles  E 
NE  of  Rostock.  Lon.  12  50  E,  lat.  54 
10  N. 

Hickmansxoovtli,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire 
with  a  market  on  Saturday ,  sratcd  on  the 
l  iver  Coin,  eight  miles  S  W  of  St.  Alban's, 
and  18  WNW  of  London.  Lon.  0  16  W, 
lat.  51  42  N. 

Ridgejield,  a  post  town  in  Fairfield 
county,  Connecticut:  10  miles  S  of  Dan- 
bury,  and  47  forest  Ward  of  New  Haven, 
containing- 2025  inhabitants  in  1800. 

Ridley,  a  township  of  Delaware  county, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  N  side  of 
Delaware  river,  between  Lower  Darby 
and  Providence,  and  10  miles  SW  of  Phi- 
ladelphia. It  is  a  small  township*  and 
contained  but  996  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Riesberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia  and  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Ems,  12  miles  NNW  of  Paderborn. 
Lon.  8  50  E,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Rieti,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Spoleto,  seated  on  the  river  Ve- 
lino,  near  the  lake  Rieti,  27  miles  S  by  E 
of  Spoleto,  and  37  NE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13 

5  E,  lat.  42  23  N. 

Rieux,  a  late  episcopal  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Upper  Garonne,  and 
late  province  of  Lan^uedoc.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Rise,  25  miles  SW  of  Toulouse, 
and  83  W  of  Narbonne.  Lon.  1  17  E,  lat. 
43  16  N. 

Riez,  a  late  episcopal  town  of  France 
in  the  department  of  the  Lower  Alps,  and 
late  province  of  Provence.  It  is  populous, 
though  small,  but  was  formerly  much  lar- 
ger than  at  present.  It  is  seated  on  the 
rivulet  Auvestrein  a  plain  abounding  with 
good  wine  and  excellent  fruits,  35  miles 
NE  of  Aix,  and  50  NE  of  Toulon.  Lon. 

6  22  E,  lat.  43  51  N. 

Riga,  a  government  of  Russia.  See  Li- 
poma.., -  .iiLrf^^fi^^ii^y^^  'ibt.^*v,-r 

Riga,  a  strong  and  populous  town  of 
Russia,  capital  of  the  government  of  Li- 
poma. Next  to  Petersburgh,  it  is  the 
most  commercial  place  in  the  Russian 
empire.  The  principal  exports  are  com, 
hemp,  flax,  iron,  timber,  masts,  leather, 
and  tallow.  Within  the  fortifications  are 
9000  inhabitants,  and  in  the  suburbs 
15,000,  beside  a  garrison  of  1000  men. 
Here  is  a  floating  wooden  bridge,  over 
;l:c  Dwina,  2600  feet  long  and  40  broad  ; 
in  winter,  when  the  ice  sets  in,  it  is  re- 
moved ;  and  in  spring  it  is  replaced. 
This  bridge  rises  and  falls  with  the 
s  r^am,  and  when  heavy  laden  carriages 
pass  over,  it  plays  under  the  wheel  as  if 
actuated  by  a  spring.  Riga  is  five  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Dwina,  and  250 


SE  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  24  25  E,  lat.  56 

53  N. 

Rimini,  a  populous  town  of  Italy,  in 
Roma  .na,  with  a  bishop's  see,  an  old  cas- 
tle, a  strong  tower,  many  remains  of  anti- 
quity, and  fine  buildings.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  plain,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Marre- 
chi;t,  on  the  gulf  oi  Venice,  2a  miles  SE 
of  Ravenna,  and  145  N  by  E  of  Rome. 
Lon.- 12  39  E,  lat.  44  4  \. 

Rimmegen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, in  the  duchy  of  Julie rs,  seated  on 
die  Rhine,  and  remarkable  for  several  Ro- 
man ant  i  qui  lies. 

Rincolnng,  or  Rinkiobing,  a  town  of 
Denmark,  in  N  JutL  ml,  seated  en  the  W 
const,  50  miles  N  bj  W  of  Ripen. 

Rindge,  a  township  of  Cheshire  coun- 
ty, New  Hafnpshtrjfe,  containing  1226  in- 
habitants in  i.810.  It  is  situated  between 
JaffYey  and  Fitzwillikm  townships. 

Ringleben,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  principality 
of  Eisenach,  26  -mles  ENE  of  Eisenach. 
Lon.  11  25  E,  lat,  51  5  N. 

Ringo's,  a  post  town  in  Hunterdon 
county,  New  Jersey  ;  29  miles  W  by  S 
of  New  Brunswic,  and  19  N  by  W  of 
Trenton. 

Ringsted,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
isle  of  Zealand.  It  is  an  ancient  place, 
and  the  kings  of  Denmark  formerly  resi- 
ded and  were  buried  here.  It  is  30  miles 
SW  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  12  10  E,  lat.  55 
28  N. 

Ringivood,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday,  and  a  conside- 
rable manufacture  of  worsted  knit  hose  ; 
seated  on  the  Avon,  30  miles  SW  of  Win- 
chester, and  91  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
1  41  W,  lat.  50  49  N. 

Rintlen,  or  Rinteln,&to\vn  of  German}-, 
in  Westphalia,  in  the  county  of  Schawen- 
burg,  with  an  university.  It  is  subject  to 
the  landgrave  of  Hesse  Cassel,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  VVeser,  15  miles  SE  of  Minden. 
and  35  SW  of  Hanover.  Lon.  9  20  E,  lat 
52  1 3  N. 

Rio  de-la  Ha cha,  a  small  province  of 
Terra  Firma,  in  the  form  of  a  peninsula, 
between  the  gulf  of  Venezuela  on  the  E, 
and  a  bay  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  W. 
Rio-de-la-Hacha,  the  capital,  is  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
100  miles  Eof  St.  Martha.  Lon.  72  34  W, 
lat.  11  30  N. 

Rio-de-la-Madalena,  a  river  in  Terra 
Firma,  which  taking  its  rise  in  the  moun- 
tains N  of  Pppayan,  runs  N,  and  falls  in- 
to the  Caribbean  Sea,  between  Carthage - 
na  and  St.  Martha.  It  is  also  called  Rio 
Grande. 

Rio-de-la-Plata.    See  Plata 


RIP 


R  I  V 


Rio-de-Miranda,  a  river  of  Spain  I,  which 
vises  in  the  mountains  of  Asturias,  and 
separating  that  province  from  Galieia,  en- 
ters the  bay  of  Biscay,  at  Rivadeo. 

Rio-Grande,  a  river  of  Africa,  which 
runs  from  E  to  W  through  Negroland, 
and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  11° 
N.  lat. 

Bid-Grande,  a  river  in  Brasil,  which  ri- 
ses near  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  runs  W 
Into  the  Parana,  being  the  principal  branch 
of  that  river. 

Rio-Janeiro,  a  river  which  rises  in  the 
W  mountains  of  Brasil,  and  running  E 
through  that  country,  falls  into  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  at  St.  Sebastian. 

Rio-Janeiro,  one  of  the  richest  provin- 
ces of  Brasil,  lying  near  the  tropic  of  Ca- 
pricorn, on  a  river  of  the  same  name.  It 
produces  cotton,  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa, 
wheat,  rice,  pepper,  and  tobacco  in  great 
abundance.  Vines  grow  in  great  perfec- 
tion, but  the  grapes  are  not  suffered  to 
be  pressed  for  wine.  The  Portuguese  an- 
nually export  hence  gold,  silver,  and  pre- 
cious stones.  St.  Sebastian  is  the  capital. 

Riovi,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Puy  de  Dome,  and  iate 
province  of  Auvergne,  sealed  on  a  hill, 
in  a  pleasant  country,  eight  miles  NE  of 
Clermont,  and  115  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  13 
E,  lat.  45  54  N. 

Rions,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  and  late  province  o; 
Guienne,  seated  on  the  Garonne,  18  rriflcs 
SE  of  Bourdeaux. 

Ripa  Trannone,  a  populous  and  strong 
town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  the 
church,  and  marquisalc  of  Ancona,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  five  miles  W  of  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  and  eight  S  of  Fermo.  Lon. 
13.50  E,  lat.  42  59  N. 

Ripen,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N  Jut- 
land, capital  of  diocese  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  bishop's  see.  a  castle,  two 
colleges,  a  good  harb  >ur,  and  a  public 
library.  The  tombs  of  several  kings  of 
Denmark  are  in  die  cathedral,  which  is  a 
very  handsome  structure.  The  harbour 
which  has  contributed  greatly  to  the 
prosperity  of  the  place,  is  at  a  small  dis 
tance,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Nipsaa, 
in  a  country  which  supplies  the  beat 
beeves  m  Denmark.  It  is  55  miles  NW 
of  Sleswick,  and  60  S  by  W  of  Wiburg. 
Lon.  9  0  E,  bit.  55  25  N. 

Ripley,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday,  seated 
on  the  Nyd,  23  miles  WNW  of  York,  and 
221  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon  1  30  W, 
lat.  54  4  N. 

Jtippon,  an  ancient  borough  in  the  W 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on 
Thursday.   In  its  neighbourhood  is  the 


celebrated  park  of  Studley,  including  the 
venerable  remains  of  Fountain's  Abbeyr. 
Rippon  was  once  famous  for  its  religious 
houses.  It  is  at  present  a  large  well  built 
corporation,  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, and  lias  now  a  collegiate  church, 
adorned  with  three  lofty  spires.  It  is 
noted  for  iis  manufacture  of  hardwares, 
particularly  spurs,  and  the  market-place 
is  one  of  the  finest  squares  of  the  kind 
in  England.  It  is  seated  on  the  Urc,  28 
miles  NW  of  York,  and  218  NNW  of 
London.    Lon.  1  29  W,  lat.  54  11  N. 

Riquier,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Somme,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Picardy,  seated  on  the  Cardon, 
five  miles  NE  of  Abbeville,  and  95  N  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  59  E,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Risborongh,  a  town  in  Buckingham- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday,  20 
miles  S  of  Aylesbury,  and  37  WNW  of 
London.    Lon.  0  42  W,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Ritberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, capital  oft  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  theEmbs, 
12  miles  NW  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  8  42 
E,  lat.  51  52  p. 

Riva,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
ihe  bishopric  of  Trent.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1703,  but  soon  abandoned. 
It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river, 
on  the  lake  Garda,  17  miles  SW  of  Trent. 
Lon.  11  7  W,  lat.  46  4  N. 

Rivadavia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Gulicia.  It  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Minho  and  Avia,  and  the 
circumjacent  country  abounds  with  the 
best  wine  in  Spain,  it  is  15  miles  WSW 
of  Orense.    Lon.  7  55  W,  lat.  42  13  N. 

Rivadeo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galieia, 
with  a  good  harbour.  It  stands  on  a  rock, 
at  the  mouth  ot  the  Rio  de  Miranda, 
45  miles  NNE  of  Lugo.  Lon.  6  47  W, 
lat.  43  38  N 

Rivallo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  seated  on  a  mountain,  20  miles 
from  Naples. 

Rivalta,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
situated  on  the  Sangon,  six  miles  SW  of 
Turin. 

Rivalta,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mila- 
nese, situated  on  the  river  Adda,  15 
miles  E  of  Milan. 

Rivanna,  a  river  of  Virginia,  which 
rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  after  run- 
ning a  SE  course,  falls  into  James  river, 
near  the  town  of  Columbia. 

Jiivarolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
situated  on  the  river  Orio,  15  miles  N  of 
Turin,  and  12  NW  of  Carmagnola. 

River  Head,  a  township  of  Suffolk  coun- 
ty, on  Long  Island,  state  of  New  York, 
containing  1711  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Rivesalte^k  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 


ROB 


ROC 


partmcnt  of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  la'c 
province  of  Roussillon.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Egly*  eij^Jit  miles  X  of  Perpiguan, 
and  is  famous  for  its  fine  Mrihe. 

Rivoli,  a  txiwn  <»f  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
with  a  magnificent  castle,  9  miles  W  of 
Turin,    ton.  7  32  E,  lat.  45  4  X. 

ikv'oh,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Vero- 
nese, seated  on  the  lake  Garda,  20  miles 
NW  of  Verona.  Lon.  11  1  E,  lat.  45  34  X. 

Roa,  a  strong-  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  with  a  citadel  and  a  castle.  It 
is  stated  on  the  Douero,  in  a  country  fer- 
tile in  corn  and  wine,  10  miles  SW  of 
Aranda,  and  70  N  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  22 
W,  lat.  41  35  N. 

Roanne,  a  populous  and  commercial 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of 
Lyonois.  It  is  seated  on  the  Loire,  where 
it* is  first  navigable  for  barks.  Hence  the 
merchandise  of  Lyons,  Marseilles,  and 
the  Levant,  is  conveyed  down  the  Loire, 
and  by  a  canal  into  the  Seine,  and  thence 
to  Paris.  Roannc  is  50  miles  NE  of  Cler- 
mont, and  210  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  12 
E,  lat.  46  13  X. 

Roanoke,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  X 
Carolina,  in  Alhemarle  county.  Lon.  76 
0  W,  lat.  35  50  N. 

Roanoke,  a  long1  rapid  river,  of  Xorth 
America, formed  by  two  principal  branch- 
es, Stanton  river,  which  rises  in  Virgi- 
nia, and  Dan  river,  which  rises  in  Xorth 
Carolina.  This  river  is  subject  to  inun- 
dations, and  is  navigable  but  for  shallops, 
nor  for  these  but  about  60  or  70  miles, 
on  account  of  falls,  which  in  a  great  mea- 
sure obstruct  the  water  communication 
with  the  back  country.  It  empties,  by 
several  mouths,  into  the  SW  end  of  Al- 
bemarle Sound. 

Robben  Island,  sometimes  called  Pen- 
guin Island,  a  barren  sandy  island  lying 
at  the  entrance  of  Table  Bav,  near  the 
Cape  of  Good  Rope.  Lon.  18  22  E,  lat. 
33  50  S. 

Robertson,  a  county  of  Tennessee  state, 
containing  72"0  innabitants  in  1810.  It 
is  situated  on  the  N  side  of  Cumberland 
river,  in  the  district  of  Mero. 

Robescn,  a  township  of  Xorth  Carolina, 
situated  in  Fayette  district,  and  contain- 
ing 7528  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Robeson,  a  township  of  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  1807  inhabitants 
in  1810. 

Robil,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg, 
seated  on  the  river  Muretz. 

Robin-Hood's  Bay,  a  bay  on  the  coast 
of  the  N  riding  of  Yorkshire,  to  the  SE 
of  Whitby,  about  one  mile  broad,  where 
there  is  a  village  of  fisheri#n,  who  sup- 


ply the  city  of  York,  and  all  the  adja- 
cent country  with  herrings,  and  all  sorts 
offish  in  their  season;  and  they  have 
well  boats,  in  which  are  kept  large  quan- 
tities of  crabs  and  lobsters.  Lon.  0  18 
W,  lat.  54  25  X. 

tiocamadour,  a  petty  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Lot,  23  miles  X  of  Ca- 
hors.    Lon.  1  32  E,  lat.  44  48  X. 

Rocca~>t\  Info,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  territory  of  Venice,  seated  on  the 
lake  Idro,  25  miles  SE  of  Trent.  Lon.  11 
40  E,  lat.  45  50  X. 

Roccu-d\  innone,  and  Rocca-d-slbbazze, 
two  forts  of  Italy,  in  Montferrat,  both  of 
which  are  seated  on  a  mountain,  in  the 
road  from  Asti  to  Alessandria. 

Rocella,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Xaples,  near  which  is  a  celebrated  co 
ral  fishery,  10  miles  XE  of  Gierace.  Lon. 
16  47  E,  iat.  38  20  X. 

Rochdale,  a  small  but  flourishing  town 
in  Lancashire,  with  a  market  on  Monday 
and  Saturday.  It  carries  on  manufactures 
of  bays,  serges,  and  other  woollen  goods. 
It  is  seated  in  a  vale,  on  the  river  Roch, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Yorkshii'e  Hills,  55 
miles  WSW  of  York,  and  195  XX W  of 
London.    Lon.  2  18  W,  lat.  53  38  X. 

Roche,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  subject 
to  the  canton  of  Bern,  which  has  here  a 
director  of  the  salt  works 

Roche,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  duchy  of  Luxemburg,  with  a  strong 
casfle,  seated  on  a  rock,  near  the  river 
Ourte,  22  miles  S  of  Liege,  and  32  NW 
of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  5  40  E,  lat.  50  15  X, 

Roche,  Bernard,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Morbihan,  and  late 
province  of  Brittany,  seated  on  the  river 
Yilaine,  23  miles  E  of  Vannes. 

Roche  Chouart,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Vienne,  and  late 
province  of  Poitou,  with  a  castle  on  the 
top  of  a  mountain,  on  the  declivity  of 
which  the  town  is  seated,  near  a  small 
river  that  falls  into  the  Vienne,  60  miles 
S  by  E  of  Poitiers,  and  189  S  by  W  of 
Paris. .  Lon.  0  53  E,  lat.  45  46  N. 

Roche  JWachcran,  a  town  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, in  the  duchy  of  Luxemburg, 
with  a  strong  castle.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  the  present  war,  and  is  15 
miles  XE  of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  6  25  E, 
lat.  49  46  N. 

Roche  Possay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Touraine.  It  is  remarkable 
for  its  mineral  waters,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Creuse,  25  miles  S  of  Loches.  Lon. 
0  50  E,  lat.  46  45  N. 

Roche-sur-Yo7i,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Vendee,  and  late  prov.nce 
of  Poitou,  seated  near  the  Yon,  20  miles 


ROC 


ROC 


NW  of  Lucon,  and  202  S\V  of  Paris. 
Loii.  1  31  W,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Rochfort,  a  seaport  of  Fi  ance,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Charente,  and  late 
territory  of  Aunis  with  a-  commodious 
harbour,  one  of  the  most  famous  in 
France.  The  streets  are  broad  and 
straight;  the  li  aises  low,  but  regular, 
and  it  is  supposed  to  contain  30,000  in- 
habitants. It  is  a  department  of  the  ma- 
rine, and  has  large  magazines  of  naval 
stores.  They  cast  great  guns  here  ;  and 
there  are  also  stocks  for  building  men  of 
war,  rope-walks,  magazines  of  provisions 
•and  powder,  a  manufactory  of  sail  cloth, 
an  hospital  for  sailors,  and  proper  places 
to  clean  the  ships.  It  is  18  miles  SSE  of 
Rochelle,  and  127  SW  of  Paris.  Loft.  0 
53  W,  lat.  46  3  N. 

Roc!f->rt,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  duchy  of  Luxemburg,  with  a  cas- 
tle, said  to  have  been  built  by  the  Ro- 
mans. It  is  surrounded  by  rocks,  15  mile  s 
SE  of  Dinant,  and  50  NW  of  Luxemburg. 
Lon.  5  10  E,  lat.  50  12  N. 

Rochfort,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan,  and  late  province 
of  Brittanv,  40  miles  SWof  Rennes.  Lon. 
2  26  W,  lat.  47  4?  N. 

Bochefoucuult,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Charente,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Angoumois,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Tardonerc,  12  miles  NW 
of  Angouleme,  and  208  S  by  \V  of  Paris, 
Lon.  0  29  E,  lat.  45  46  N. 

RocJielle,  a  fortified  town  of  France, 
and  lately  an  episcopal  see,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Charente,  and  late  terri- 
tory of  Aunis,  with  a  commodious  and 
safe  harbour.  It  contains  16,000  inhabi- 
tants, and  lias  five  gates.  There  are  se- 
veral handsome  churches  and  other  struc- 
tures. The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  con- 
siderable trade  ;  especially  in  wines, 
brandy,  sugar,  salt,  paper,  linen,  and 
serges.  Rochelle  is  se  ated  on  the  bay  of 
Biscay.  67  miks  >J  by  E  of  Nantes,  ih.d  220 
S  \V  of  Paris.    Lon'.  1  4  W,  lat.  46  9  N. 

RocJifsiert  an  episcop:  1  city  in  Kent, 
vvith  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Fri- 
day. The  Inhabitants  are  chiefly  trades- 
men and  innkeepers;  no  soft  of  manufac- 
ture being  carried  on  here.  It  has  two 
free-schools,  and  an  alms-house  for  six 
poof  travellers',  who  are  supplied  with  a 
supper,  a  bed,  and  a  breakfast,  with  four 
bence  to  carry  them  forward  on  their 
journey  ,•  but  they  are  to  stay  no  longer 
than  one  night  ;  and  an  inscription  over 
the  door  intimates,  that  rogues  and  proc- 
tors are  excepted.  The  corporation  has 
jurisdiction  over  the  great  oyster-fishery 
in  the  several  creeks  of  the  Mcdway. 
Rochester  is  parted  from  Stroud  on  the 


W  by  its  bridge,  and  it  is  contiguous  to 
Chatham  on  the  E.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Medway,  27  miles  NW  of  Canterbury, 
and  30  SE  of  London.  Lon.  0  36  E,  lat. 
51  23  N. 

Rochester,  a  village  in  Northumberland, 
on  the  Watling-street.  NW  of  Otterbrun, 
and  near  the  source  of  the  Read.  It  has 
some  Roman  altars,  inscriptions,  and 
other  antiquities. 

Rricluisier,  a  township  of  Ulster  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  1882  inhabi- 
arits  in  1810  ;  situated  15  miles  W  of 
New  Paltz,  and  84  SW  of  Albany. 

Rochester*,  a  township  of  Plymouth, 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  2954 
inhabitants  in  1810  ;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Metapisset  river,  between  Ware- 
harn  and  New  Bedford. 

Rochester,  a  township  of  Strafford  coun- 
ty, J^ew  Hampshire  ;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Salmon  Fall  River,  25  miles  NW 
of  Portsmouth.  It  contained  2118  inha- 
bitants in  1810. 

Rochetta,  a  ioWn  of  Italy,  in  the  county 
of  Nice,  16  miles  NE  of  Nice.  Lon.  7  34 
E,  lat.  43  51  N. 

Rochford,  a  town  of  Essex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday,  16  miles  SE  of  Chelms- 
ford, and  40  E  by  N  of  London.    Lon.  0 

11  E,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Rvchilr,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  territory  of  Leipsic,  with  a  castle, 
copper  mines,  and  a  handsome  bridge 
over  the  Muldaw,  24  miles  SE  of  Leip- 
sic, and  36  W  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  46 
E5  lat.  51  10  N. 

Rockinviiy,  a  village  with  a  post  office, 
in  Morris  county,  New  Jersey,  seven 
miles  W  of  Boone  town,  and  36  Is  W  of 
Newark.  *f 

Rockbridge,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
Virginia,  between  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains and  the  Blue  Ridge,  which  receives 
its  name  from  a  curious  natural  bridge. 
It  contained  10.318  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Mack* Hilly  a  township  of  Pennsylvania* 
situated  between  Hilltown  and  Lower 
Milfoid,  in  Bucks  county,  and  contain- 
ing 1*08  inhabitants. 

JiocL.nq  'tum,  a  town  in  Northampton- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday,  and 
formeily  of  note  for  its  castle,  long  ago 
demolished.  It  is  seated  on  the  Wetland, 

12  miles  S  of  Oakham,  and  84  N  bv  W  of 
London!    Lon.  0  46  W,  lat.  52  32N. 

Rvckhip  Jium,  a  county  of  Y irginia,  con- 
taining 12,753  inhabitants  in  1810,  and 
situated  between  Shenandoa  and  Augusta 
counties,'  on  the  W  side  of  the  Blue 
Ridge.    Chief  town  Rockingham. 

R o eking in. in ,  a  populous  county  in  the; 
state  of  New  Hampshire,  containing 
50,175  inhabitants  in  1310.    It  is  bound- 

4  "c 


ROE 


R  O  M 


ed  on  the  S  by  the  Merrimack  river, 
which  separates  it  from  Massachusetts  ; 
on  the  E  by  Strafford  ;  on  the  N  by 
Grafton  ;  and  on  the  W  by  Hillsborough 
comity. 

Rockingham,  a  post  town  in  Windham 
county,  Vermont ;  lying  on  the  W  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  23  miles  N  of  Brat- 
tleboro'  and  six  miles  from  Walpole  in 
New  Hamp#$palar  'raH 

Rockinghunnen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  26  miles  W 
of  Worms. 

Rockland,  a  county  in  the  state  of  New 
York,  containing  7748  inhabitants.  It  is 
situated  on  the  W  side  of  Hudson  river, 
and  is  the  southernmost  county  in  the 
state.    The  chief  town  Clarkstown. 

Rockisavj,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Pilsen,  11  miles  E  of  Pilsen. 

Rocoux,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
near  Liege,  remarkable  for  a  victory 
gained  by  the  French  over  the  allies,  in 
1746. 

Rocroy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  seated  on  a  plain, 
surrounded  by  forests.  It  is  celebrated 
for  the  victory  which  the  prince  of  Conde, 
then  duke  of  Enghien,  gained  over  the 
Spaniards,  in  1643.  It  is  26  miles  N  of 
Rethel.    Lon.  4  27  E,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Rodach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  and  principality  of 
Coburg,  situated  on  a  river  of  tht  same 
lame,  six  miles  WNW  o*-  Coburg. 

Rodesto,  itadosto,  or  Rudi^to,  a  popu- 
lous seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Ro- 
mania, with  a  Greek  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  sea  of 
Marmora,  62  miles  SW  of  Constantino- 
ple.   Lon.  27  37  E,  lat.  41 -LN. 

Rodez,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the^  department  of  Avciron.  Here  are 
four  great  animal  fairs,  where  mules  are 
sold  for  Spain  ;  and  some  manufactures 
of  gray  cloths  and  serges.  It  is  seated 
in  the  midst  of  mountains,  on  a  hill,  at 
1  he  foot  of  which  flows  the  rapid  A  wiron. 
3D  miles  S"bv  W  of  Mcnde.  Lon.  2  39 
E,  lat.  44  21  N. 

Rodi/ij,  a  river  in  Essex,  which  rises 
near  Dunmow,  runs  S  to  Or.g-ar,  and  gives 
tlfe  name  of  Rollings  to  this  port  of  the 
i  rninty.  It  then  flows,  between  Epping 
and  Hainault  Forest,  to  Barking,  below 
which  it  falls  into  the  Thames. 

Rodok,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  Delhi,  60  miles  WNW 
of  Delhi.    Lon.  76  30  E,  lat.  29  10  N.v 

Roer,  a  river' of  Westphalia',  which  r}; 
ses  in  the  duchy  of  Juliers,  passes  by  the 
town  of  that  name,  and  falls  into  t|ie 
Maese,  above  Ruvemende. 

Razr,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  rises 


in  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  waters  A- 
rensburg,  and  falls  into  the  Rhine  below 
Diusburg. 

Roenx,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Austrian  Hainault,  eight  miles  NE  of 
M  ns.    Lon.  4  12  E,  lat.  50  31  N. 

Rogonattour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  country  of  Bengal,  106 
■niles  SW  of  Moorshedabad,  and  108  N 
W  of  Calcutta. 

Rochiiczjiv,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  capi- 
tal of  a  district  of  the  same  name;  seat- 
ed  at  the  confluence  of  the  Dneiper  and 
Ordrwa,  37  miles  NW  of  Rzeczica,  and 
158  N  of  Kiof.  Lon.  30  40  E,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Rochan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan,  seated  on  the 
Aoust,  20  miles  N  of  Vannes.  Lon.  2  42 
W,  lat.  48  0  X. 

Rochikwul,  or  RoliiUa,  a  territory  of 
Hindoostan  Proper,  whose  inhabitants  are 
called  Rohillas.  It  lies  to  the  E  of  Delhi, 
and  is  subject  to  the  nabob  of  Oude,  by 
whom  it  was  conquered  in  1774.  Beieil- 
i>  is  the  capital. 

Roldnc,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  duchy  of  Limburg,  capital  of  a  ter- 
ritory of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle, 
seven  miles  N  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  Lon. 
6  6  E.  lat.  50  55  N. 

Rollrich  Stones,  in  Oxfordshire,  N  of 
Stanton  Harcourt,  six  miles  W  of  Oxford. 
It  is  a  circle  of  stones  standing  upright^ 
which  the  vulgar  have  a  notion  were  men 
petrified.  Antiquaries  disagree  with  re- 
spect to  the  origin  and  intention  of  this 
ancient  monument. 

Rom,  or  Roem,  an  island  of  Denmark, 
on  the  E  coast  of  S  Jutland.  It  is  five 
miles  in  length,  and  half  as  much  in 
breadth,  and  contains  a  f  w  villages. 

Romagna,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the 
Ecclesiastical  State,  bounded  on  the  N 
by  the  Ferrarese,  on  the  S  by  Tuscany 
and  Urbino,  on  the  E  by  the  gulf  of  Yen 
ice,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Bolognese  and 
Tuscany.  It.  is  Kr.-tile  in  corn,  wine,  oil, 
and  fruits  ;  and  lias  also  mines,  mineral 
waters,  and  salt-works,  which  make  its 
principal  revenue.  Ravenna  is  the  capital. 

Romain  Motier ;  a  town  of  Swisserland, 
in  Pays  de  Vaud,  capital  of  a  bailiwic; 
with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  in  a  narrow  valley,  through 
which  fiows  the  river  Diaz. 

Romania,  a  province  of  Turkey,  in  Eu- 
rope, 200  miles  long,  and  150*  broad ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Bulgaria,  on  the  E 
by  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  S  by  the  Archi- 
pelago and  the  sea  of  Marmora,  and  on 
the  W  by  Macedonia  and  Bulgaria.  It 
was  formerly  called  Thrace,  and  is  the 
largest  of  all  the  Turkish  provinces  in 
Europe.    It  is  fruitful  in  corn,  and  has 


i 


ROM 


ROM 


mines  of  silver,  lead,  and  alum.  It  is  di- 
vided into  three  sangiacates  or  govern- 
ments ;  namely,  Kirkel,  of  which  Phili- 
poli  is  the  capital  ;  Gaiipoli,  whose  capi- 
tal is  of  the  same  name  ;  and  Byzantium, 
Byzia,  or  Viza,  of  which  Constantinople 
is  the  capital. 

Romano,  a  strong  and  populous  town  of 
Italy,  iu  Bergomosco.  It  carries  on  a 
great  trade  in  corn,  and  is  seated  on  a 
river  that  runs  between  the  Oglio  and 
Serio. 

Romans,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Drome,  seated  in  a  fine 
plain,  on  the  river  Isere,  22  miles  SW  of 
Grenoble,  and  30  S  of  Venice.  Lon.  5  12 
E,  lat.  45  2  N. 

Rome,  a  very  ancient  city,  formerly  the 
mistress  of  the  world,  and  seat  of  the 
Roman  empire,  lately  the  residence  of 
the  pope,  head  of  the  Roman  church ; 
none  can  compare  with  it  in  respect  to 
the  magnificence  of  its  buildings  and  an- 
tiquities, the  number  of  its  monuments 
and  curiosities,  and  the  singularity  of  its 
historical  events.  Before  it  was  plunder- 
ed by  die  French  in  1799,  it  was  the  cen- 
tre and  magazine  of  all  that  is  exquisite 
in  painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture. 
It  was  founded,  according  to  some,  753 
years  before  the  birth  of  Christ,  by  Ro- 
mulus the  first  king.  Its  form  and  site 
have  frequently  been  changed,  particular- 
ly after  the  seven  principal  devastations 
of  it  by  the  ancient  Gauls,  Vandals,  He- 
ruli,  East  and  West  Goths,  and  by  the 
Germans  under  Charles  of  Bourbon  In 
1527,  when  it  was  taken  and  miserably 
sacked,  and  the  pope  being  closely  be- 
sieged in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  was 
obliged  to  subriit  to  the  conqueror.  At 
present  it  stands  upon  12  hills,  but  great 
part  of  them  being  washed  down  in  the 
valley,  theTarpeian  rock,  once  a  terrible 
precipice,  from  which  malefactors  were 
thrown,  is  now  no  more  than  20  feet 
high.  The  city  is  surrounded  with  a 
wall  about  10  Italian  miles  in  circuit ;  but 
not  half  of  this  space  is  occupied  by 
houses,  as  many  places  where  statelj 
structures  once  stood,  are  now  gardens 
fields,  meadows,  and  vineyards.  Accor- 
ding to  an  account  taken  by  pope  Clement 
XI.  in  1714,  the  number  of  its  inhabitants, 
amounted  to  143,000,  and  are.  at  present 
computed  to  amount  to  170,000.  How 
far  short  of  what  old  Rome  was  in  Tra- 
jan's time,  when  the  wails  of  this  city 
were  50  miles  in  circuit,  and  the  number 
of  its  inhabitants  6,800,000  !  Some  of  the 
principal  streets  are  of  considerable 
length,  and  perfectly  straight.  That 
called  the  Corso  is  the  most  frequented. 
Here  the  nobility  display  their  equipages; 


during  the  carnival,  and  take  the  air  in 
the  evenings -in  fair  weather.  The  shops 
on  each  side  are  three  or  four  feet  higher 
than  the  street ;  and  there  is  a  path  for 
the  conveniency  of  foot  passengers,  on  a 
level  with  the  shops.    The  palaces,  of 
which  there  are  several  in  this  street, 
range  in  a  line  with  the  houses,  have  no 
courts  .  efore  them.    The  Strada  Felice, 
and  the  Strada  di  Porta  Pia,  are  also  ve- 
ry long  and  noble  streets.    There  are  no 
lamps  lighted  in  the  streets  at  night ;  and 
all  Rome  would  be  in  utter  darkness, 
were  it  not  for  the  candles  which  die  de- 
votion of  individuals  sometimes  places 
before  the  statues  of  the  Virgin  ;  these 
appear  glimmering,  at  vast  intervals,  like 
stars  in  a  cloudy  night.     The  footmen 
carry  dark  Lnterns  behind  the  carriages 
of  people  of  the  first  distinction.  This 
darkness,  it  may  be  supposed,  is  not  un- 
favorable to  assignations  among  the  infe- 
rior people  ;  and  when  a  carriage  with  a 
lantern  behind  it,  accidentally  comes  near 
a  couple  who  do  not  wish  to  be  known, 
one  of  them  calls  out,  volti  la  lanterria, 
turn  the  lantern ;  and  is  immediately  o- 
beyed.    Rome  exhibits  a  strange  mixture 
of  magnificent  and  interesting,  and  of 
common  and  beggarly  objects  :  the  for- 
mer consists  of  palaces,  churches,  foun- 
tains, and  the  remains  of  antiquity  ;  the 
latter  comprehend  all  the  rest  of  the  city. 
The  church  of  St.  Peter,  in  the  opinion  of 
many,  surpasses  in  size  and  magnificence, 
the  finest  monuments  of  ancient  architec- 
ture.   It  is  incrusted  without  with  mar- 
ble ;  its  length  is  730  feet,  the  breadth 
520,  and  the  height  from  the  pavement 
to  the  top  of  the  cross,  which  crowns  the 
cupola,  450.     A  complete  description  of 
this  church,  and  of  its  statues,  basso-re- 
lievos, columns,  and  various  other  orna- 
ments, would  fill  volumes.    Adjoining  to 
St.  Peter's  is  the  Vatican,  or  winter  pa- 
iace  of  the  pope,  with  the  richest  library 
of  the  choicest  books  and  manuscripts  in 
the  world.  The  Vatican  consists  of  seve- 
ral thousand  rooms  and  other  parts,  of 
which  the  most  admired  arc  its  grand 
staircase,  and  a  charming  garden,  called 
by  way  of  eminence  Belvidere,  having  the 
finest  collection  of  exotics  in  Europe. 
The  Pantheon  is  the  most  perfect  of  the 
lioman  temples  which  now  remain,  and 
notwithstanding  the  depredations  it  has 
sustained  from  Goths,  Vandals,  and  popes, 
is  still  a  beautiful  monument  of  Roman 
taste.    The  pavilion  of  the  great  altar, 
which  stands  under  the  cupola  of  St.  Pe- 
ter, and  the  four  wreathed  pillars  of  Co- 
nn, hian  brass  which   support  it,  were 
formed  out  of  the  spoils  of  the  Pantheon, 
which,  after  1800  years,  has  still  aproba- 


ROM 


RON 


bility  of  outliving  its  proud  capacious  ri- 
val. From  the  circular  form  of  tins  tem- 
ple, it  has  obtained  the  name  of  the  Ro- 
twndo.  Its  height  is  150  feet,  and  its 
breadth  nearly  the  same.  There  are  no 
windows;  the  central  opening  in  the 
dome  admitting  a  sufficiency  of  light. 
The  rain  which  falls  through  this  aper- 
ture, immediately  drains  through  holes, 
which  perforate  a  large  piece  of  porphy- 
ry, that  forms  the  centre  of  the  pavement 
Being  converted  into  a  christian  temple, 
the  Pantheon,  originally  erected  to  the 
honour  of  all  the  gods,  is  now  dedicated 
to  the  Virgin,  and  to  all  the  martyrs  and 
saints.  As  the  Pantheon  is  the  most  en- 
tire, the  Amphitheatre  of  Vespasian  is 
the  most  stupendous  monument  of  anti- 
quity in  Rome.  About  one  half  of  the 
external  circuit  still  remains  ;  from 
which  a  pretty  exact  idea  may  be  formed 
of  the  origin.  1  structure.  By  a  computa- 
tion of  Mr.  Byres,  it  could  contain 
85,003  spectators.  The  Campidoglio  is 
an  elegant  structure,  raised  on  part  of 
the  ruins  of  the  ancient  capitol.  But 
the  antiquities  of  Rome  are  too  numerous 
to  be  minutely  described.  We  shall, 
therefore,  pass  over  the  ancient  Forum, 
now  a  cow-market;  the  beautiful  Column 
of  Trajan,  120  feet  high,  on  the  top  of 
which  is  the  statue  of  St.  Peter,  instead 
of  that  of  Trajan,  &c.  The  church  of  St. 
John  Lateran,  the  Romans  say,  is  the 
most  ancient  of  all  the  churches  of  Rome 
and  the  mother  of  all  the  churches  in 
Christendom.  To  this  church,  every  new 
pope  constantly  goes  first,  in  a  magnifi- 
cent procession,  to  take  possession  of  the 
holy  see.  In  Rome,  the  connoisseur  will 
meet  with  innumerable  paintings  by  the 
greatest,  masters,  and  with  the  finest 
works  of  sculpture,  £cc.  The  castle  of  S;. 
Angelo  serves  more  to  keep  the  city  in 
awe,  than  to  repel  any  foreign  attack. 
War  was  declared  ag'iinst  the  pope  by 
the  French  in  1798,  in  conreqv.ence  of  a 
tumult,  in  which  their  general  Duphot 
was  killed.  The  city  was  entered  by 
them  in  February,  and  they  overturned 
the  papal  government.  They  likewise 
plundered  the  city  of  its  most  valuable 
monuments  of  antiquity,  its  ancient  sta- 
tues and  paintings,  and  leavied  heavy 
contributions  on  the  inhabitants.  How- 
ever, in  September,  1799,  the  city  was  re- 
taken by  the  allies,  and  the  new  French 
government  overi brown.  Rome  is  seated 
on  the  Tiber,  810  miles  SE  of  London, 
740  S  bv  E  of  Amsterdam,  410  SSW  of 
Vienna,  600  SE  of  Paris,  730  E  by  N  of 
Madrid,  and  760  W  of  Constantinople. 
Lorn  12  35  E,  lat.  41  54  N. 

Ram$>  a  post  town  in  Oneida  county. 


Xew  York,  situated  at  the  head  of  Mo- 
hock river,  11  miles  NW  of  Whitestown, 
and  about  20  E  of  lake  Oneida,  contain- 
ing 2003  inhabitants. 

Rrmelia,  the  general  name  given  by 
the  Turks  to  their  European  dominions. 

Rovienay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  der 
partment  of  Saone  and  Loire  and  late  pro- 
yince  of  Burgundy,  Smiles  SE  of  Tournu?, 
and  15  NNE  of  Macon.  Lon.  5  5  E,  lat. 
46  30  N. 

Romerstadt,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Mo- 
ravia, in  the  neighbourhood  of  which  are 
some  iron  mines.  It  is  20  miles  NKE  of 
Olmutz.  Lon.  17  45  E,  lat.  52  20  N. 

RomhiUbn,  a  town  of  Franconia,  with 
a  castle.  It  belongs  to  the  duke  of  Saxe 
Altenburg. 

Romna,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tchernigof,  28  miles  SSE  of 
Tchernigof.     Lon.  33  24  E,  lat.  50  36  X 

Ronmey,  JYenv,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a. 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  in  a  marsh  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  one  of  the  cinque- 
ports,  and  once  contained  five  churches 
and  a  priory;  but  since  the  sea  has  re- 
tired, it  is  reduced  to  a  small  place.  It 
is  71  miles  SE  of  London.  Lon.  1  5  E, 
lat.  51  0  N. 

Romney,  the  principal  town  of  Hamp- 
shire county,  Virginia  ;  situated  on  the  S 
branch  of  Potomac  river,  50  miles  we  .i  - 
ward  of  Winchester,  where  there  is  a  post 
office. 

Romney  Marsh,  a  vast  tract  of  rich,  wet 
land,  winch  occupies  the  most  southern 
part  of  Kent,  between  Dungencss  and 
Rye  haven.  Animals  arc  fattened  here  to 
an  extraordinary  size,  and  many  bullocks 
are  sent  hence  to  the  London  market.  It 
is  reckoned  very  unhealthy,  " 

Romont,  or  Rodmont,  a  strong  town  of 
Swisserland,  in  the  canton  of  Friburg, 
seated  on  a  mountain,  10  miles  from  Fri- 
burg and  12  from  Bern.  Lon.  7  1  E,  lat. 
46  50  N. 

Romorentin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Loir  arid  Cher,  with  a 
castle,  on  the  brook  Morentin,  which 
loses  itself  in  the  Saudre.  It  has  a  ma- 
nuhicture  of  serges  and  cloths  which 
serves  to  make  the  place  known.  It  is  45 
miles  E  of  Tours,  and  100  S  by  W  of  Pa- 
ris.    Lon.  1  47  E,  lat.  47  22  N. 

Romsdidy  a  town  of  Norway.  It  is  the 
capital  of  a  provostship,  in  the  diocese 
of  Drontheim,  and  is  100  miles  SSVv  of 
Drontheim.    Lon.  7  54  E,  lat.  62  28  % 

Romub/s,  a  military  township  of  Seneca 
county,  New  York,  It  is  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Seneca  lake,  and  between  that 
and  Cayuga  lake.  It  has  a  post  office 
and  contains  2766  inhabitants. 

Roncevalloa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Na- 


ROS 


ROS 


varre,  situated  in  a  valley  of  the  same 
name,  14  miles  NNE  of  Pampeluna.  Lon. 
1  25  W,  lat.  42  54  N. 

Roncirhoney  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  pa- 
trimony of  St.  Peter,  capital  of  a  small 
district  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Tereia,  near  the  lake  of  the  same 
name,  12  miles  S  of  Viterbo,  and  24  N 
NW  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  32  E,  lat.  42  18  X. 

Ronda,  a  strong-  town  of  Spain,  in 
Granada,  with  a  castle.  It  was  taken 
from  the  Moors  in  1485,  and  is  seated 
on  a  craggy  rock  near*  the  Rio  Yerde,  20 
miles  NW  of  Gibraltar,  and  62  SE  of  Se- 
ville.   Lon.  5  12  W,  lat.  36  40  N. 

Roniieburg,  a  town  in  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  principality 
of  Altenburg,  12  miles  SW  of  Alten- 
burg, and  60  W  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  7 
E,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Roque,  St.  a  large  village  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  isth- 
mus which  separates  Gibraltar  from  the 
continent.  It  is  seated  on  the  top  of  a 
hill,  overlooking*  the  bay,  and  has  seve- 
ral batteries,  and  a  fort  at  each  end,  to 
defend  the  lines  which  run  across  the 
isthmus. 

lioque  de  J^arsan,'  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Landes,  and  late 
province  of  Gascony,  seated  on  the 
Douese,  10  miles  XE  of  Monte  de  Mur- 
san. 

Roqitebrune,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
principality  of  Monaco,  with  a  castle, 
seated  near  the  sea,  three  miles  from 
Monaco.  1 

Roqvemavre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Gard,  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc,  seated  on  a  craggy  rock, 
near  the  Rhone,  22  miles  KE  of  Nismes. 
Lon.  4  48  E,  lat.  44  2  N. 

Jtcqvetas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Grann- 
da,  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  10 
miles  SW  of  Almeria,  and  52  SE  of  Gra- 
nada.   Lon.  2  5  W,  lat.  46  51  N. 

Roeana,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Novogrodec,  seated  near 
the  Zolva,  20  miles  S YV  of  Novogrodec. 
Lon.  25  45  E,  lat.  55  30  N. 

Rosbacli,  a  town  of  Saxony,  famous  for 
a  victory  obtained  by  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia, over  the  French,  and  the  army  of 
the  empire,  in  1757. 

Roschad,  a  trading  town  of  Swisser- 
land,  in  a  bailiwic  of  the  abbey  of  S. 
Gallen,  with  a  castle  on  a  mountain.  It 
is  seated  on  the  lake  of  Constance. 

Roschild,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
isle  of  Zealand,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and 
an  university.  It  was  formerly  the  metro- 
polis of  Denmark  and  the  residence  of 
its  kings  ;  it  stands  at  a  small  distance 
from  the  bay  of  Icefiord,  not  far  from 


Copenhagen.  In  its  flourishing  state  it 
was  of  great  extent,  and  comprised  with- 
in its  walls  27  churches  and  as  many 
convents.  Its  present  circumference  is 
scarcely  half  an  English  mile,  and  it  con- 
tains only  1620  souls.  The  houses  are 
of  brick,  and  of  a  neat  appearance.  The 
only  remains  of  its  original  magnificence 
are  the  ruins  of  a  palace  awd  a  cathedral, 
a  brick  bu  Idmg  with  two  spires  in  which 
the  kings  of  Denmark  are  interred.  A 
treaty  of  peace  was  concluded  here  in 
1658.  It  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of  a 
small  bay,  16  miles  W  of  Copenhagen. 
Lon.  12  15  E,  lat.  55  43  N. 

Roscommon,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Connaught,  50  miles  long 
and  28  broad ;  bounded  on  the  E  by 
Longford  and  \V  Meath,  on  the  N  by 
Sligo  and  Leitrim,  on  the  S  by  Galwav, 
and  on  die  W  by  Galwav  and  .Mayo.  It 
is  a  level'  fruit ful  country,  and  by  the 
help  of  good  husbandry  yields  excellent 
corn.  It  contains  59  parishes,  and  sends 
eight  members  to  parliament. 

Roscommon,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  ses- 
sions house  and  a  jail,  80  miles  W  of 
Dublin.    Lon.  8  2  W,  lat.  53  34  N. 

Roscrea,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Tippe- 
rary,  26  miles  NW  of  Kilkenny,  and  26 
N  of  Cashel. 

Roschrugge,  a  town  of  Flanders  in  the 
Netherlands,  lying  12  miles  NW  of  Ypres. 
Lon.  2  38  E,  hit.  50  49  N. 

Roseau.    See  Charlotte- tmen. 

Rosen,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, with  a  citadel,  seated  on  the  bay  of 
Roses,  in  the  Mediterranean,  15  miles 
XE  of  Gironna.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1693,  and  in  1795.  Lon.  3  1 
E,  lat.  42  36  N. 

Rosetto,  a  town  of  Egypt  seated  on  the 
W  branch  of  the  Nile.  1  he  Egyptians 
call  it  Raschid,  and  account  it  one  of 
the  pleasantest  places  in  the  country.  It 
has  a  great  manufacture  of  striped  and 
other  coarse  linens ;  but  its  chief  busi- 
ness is  the  carriage  of  goods  hence  to 
Cairo  ;  for  ail  European  merchandise  is 
brought  hither  from  Alexandria,  by  sea, 
and  carried  hence  by  boats  to  Cairo. 
The  Europeans  have  their  viceconsUls 
and  factors  here.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  their  expedition  to  Egypt.  It 
is  25  miles  NEof  Alexandria,  and  100  N 
W  of  Cairo.    Lon.  30  45  E,  lat.  31  30  N. 

Roshuon,  a  country  of  Asia,  lying  to 
the  W  of  the  kingdom  of  Burmah,  to 
which  it  is  subject. 

Rofienne,  a  town  of  Samogitta,  seated 
on  the  Dubisse,  70  miles  S  of  Mittau, 
and  388  NE  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  23  45  E, 
lat.  55  30  N. 


Rosiers-aux-Salines,  a  town  of  France, 
in  .the  department  of  Meurthe  and  late- 
province  of  Lorrain,  famous  for  its  salt- 
works. It  is  seated  on  the  Meurthe,  nine 
miles  SE  of  N.inci,  and  170  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  6  27E,  lat.  48  35  N. 

Rosieres  Cape,  a  cape  of  Lower  Cana- 
da, ut  the  mouth  of  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence.   Lat.  48  56  N,  lon.  63  40  \V. 

Roslin,  a  most  pleasant  village  near 
Edinburgh,  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Esk,  noted  for  its  beautiful  chapel  and 
castle,  the  former  of  which  is  the  most 
entire  specimen  of  Gothic  architecture 
in  Scotland. 

Rosoy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Marne,  and  late 
province  of  the  isle  of  France,  with  a 
magnificent  castle,  15  miles  S  of  Meaux. 
Lon.  2  59  E,  lat.  48  40  N.- 
Ross, a  town  in  Herefordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  owes  most  of 
jts  improvements,  and  charitable  institu- 
tions to  John  Kyrle,  commonly  called  the 
Man  of  Ross,  whose  benevolent  charac- 
ter is  so  interestingly  delineated  by  the 
pen  of  Pope.  It  is  seated  on  the  \\  vt-, 
12  miles  SE  of  Hereford,  and  115  W 
by  N  of  London.  Lon.  2  25  W,  lat.  51 
56  N. 

Rqss,  a  maritime  town  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Cork.  It  is  united  to  Cork 
as  an  episcopal  see,  and  is  seated  on  a 
bay  of  .lie  Atlantic,  20  miles  S\V  of  Kin- 
sale.    Lon.  8  58  W,  lat.  51  32  X. 

Ross,  JWw,  a  considerable  trading  town 
of  Ireland,  in  Wexford,  situated  on  the 
Barrow,  which  is  navigable  for  large 
vessels  up  to  the  quay.  It  exports  a 
great  quantity  of  butter  and  beef.  It  is 
11  miles  NE  of  Waterford,  and  17  W  of 
Wexford.    Lon.  6  58  W,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Ross,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ohio, 
containing  15,514  inhabitants  in  1810. 
The  chief  town  Chilicothe. 

Rosshire,  a  county  of  Scotland  in  gene- 
ral (including  Tain  and  Cromarty,  which 
last,  though  a  small  county  of  itself,  is 
also  considered  as  a  part  of  Rossbire),  is 
bounded  on  the  W  by  the  isle  of  Skye  aiui 
the  western  Sea;  on  the  NE  by  Suther- 
landshire  ;  on  the  E  by  the  Filths  ;  of 
.Murray  and  Cromarty,  and  on  the  S  by 
Inverncsshire.  The  form  is  very  irregu- 
lar, being  nearly  triangular,  each  side 
70  miles  long-,  exclusive  of  part  of  the 
isle  of  Lewis.  It  is  mountainous  and 
woody  towards  the  western  Ocean,  but, 
on  the  E  side  it  is  fruitful  in  corn,  fruit, 
and  herbs,  abounds  in  pastures,  and  has 
woods  of  fir  of  great  extent.  It  feeds 
great  numbers  of  black  cattle,  horses, 
glojats,  and  deer,  has  abundance  of  land 
..   I  sea-fov.  1,  and  is  well  supplied  with 


fish  from  the  rivers  and  coasts.  It  has  se- 
veral extensive  lochs  and  bays  on  the 
coasts  which  abound  with  herrings.  It 
is  subdivided  into  eastern  and  western 
Ross,  isles  of  Lewis,  Lochbroom,  Loch- 
carron,  Ardmena-ch,  R.  dcastle,  Ferrin- 
tosh,  Strashpasser,  and  Ferindonald,  and 
the  chief  towns  are  Tain,  Dingwell,  For- 
trose,  Rosemarkie,  and  New  Kelso. 

Rossano,  a  strong  and  populous  town 
of  Italy  in  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeriore, 
A-ith  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  a  pretty 
large  place  seated  on  an  eminence,  sur- 
rounded by  rocks,  three  miles  from  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  and  136  SE  of  Naples. 
Lon.  16  38  E,  lat.  39  48  N. 

Rostock,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg, 
with  an  university,  a  good  harbour,  a 
strong  citadel,  and  an  arsenal.  It  is  the 
best  town  in  this  county,  and  has  good 
fortifications.  Here  are  several  hand- 
some churches,  and  it  was  formerly  one 
of  the  hanseatic  towns.  It  is  divided  in- 
to three  parts,  the  Old,  the  New,  and 
the  Middle  Town.  It  is  still  imperial, 
•.aider  the  protection  of  the  duke  of 
Mecklenburg',  and  is  seated  on  a  lake, 
where  the  river  Varne  falls  into  it,  three 
miles  from  the  Baltic,  12  N  of  Gustrow, 
60  E  of  Lubec.  Lon.  12  15  E,  lat. 
54  8  N. 

Rostof,  a  large  and  archiepiscopal  town 
of  Russia,  in  the  government  of  Yaroslaf, 
which  communicates  with  the  Volga  by 
the  river  Kotorost,  95  miles  NE  of  Mos- 
cow. Lon.  40  25  E,  lat  7  5  N. 
.  Rota,  a  town  and  castle  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of 
Cadiz,  seven  miles  N  of  Cadiz.  Lon.  6 
16  \V,  lat.  36  35  N. 

Rota,  one  of  the  Ladrone  islands  in 
the  East  Indies. 

Rotas,  a  town  of  Bahar,  in  Hindoostan, 
65  miles  SE  of  Benares.  Lon.  83  50  E, 
lat.  24  50  N. 

Rtjtenbtirg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria  and  capital  of  a  terri- 
tory of  the  same  name,  12  miles  NE  of 
Nuremberg,  and  46  NW  of  Ratisbon. 
Lon.  11  2C  E,  lat.  49  35  N. 

Rotenberg,  a  small  town  of  Swisser- 
land,  in  the  canton  of  Lucern,  four  miles 
NT  of  Lucern. 

Rotenbuvg,  a  free  imperial  town  of 
Germany,  in  Franconia,  with  several 
nandsome  public  buildings,  seated  on 
the  Tauber,  15  miles  NW  of  Anspach. 
Lon.  10  23  E,  lat.  49  23  N. 

Rottnburg.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  and  county  of  Hoenburg, 
with  a  castle.  It  belongs  to  the  house 
«>f  Austria,  is  remarkable  for  its  mineral 
waters.,  and  is  seated  on  the  Neckar. 


ROT 


RO.U 


seven  miles  W  of  Tubingen.  Lon.  8  55  j 
B,  lat.  48  28  X. 

Rotenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
landgravate  of  Hesse-Cassel,  with  a  cas- 
tle seated  on  the  Fulde,  25  miles  S  of 
Cassel.    Lon.  9  30  E,  lat.  50  55  X. 

Rothbunj,  a  town  in  Northumberland, 
whose  market  is  discontinued,  nine  miles 
S\V  of  Alnwick,  30  X  by  W  of  Newcas- 
tle, and  302  N  by  W  of  London. 

Rather,  a  river  which  has  its  source  in 
Sussex,  divides  that  county  and  Kent,  for 
a  short  space,  and  enters  the  Channel  at 
Rye. 

' Rothevlicm,  a  town  in  the  W  riding-  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Monday,  the 
iron  works  in  its  neighbourhood,  which 
are  very  considerable,  render  it  very  fa- 
mous. See  Masbrough.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Don,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge,  31 
miles  X  of  Nottingham,  and  160  X  by  W 
of  London.  Lon.  i  24  W,  lat.  53  24  N. 

Rothsay,  a  town  in  the  isle  of  Bute*  of 
which  it  is  the  capital.  It  is  a  well  built 
town  of  small  houses,  and  about  200  fa- 
milies ;  and  is  within  these  few  years 
much  improved.  It  has  a  good  pier,  and 
i.s  seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  fine  bay, 
whose  mouth  lies  exactly  opposite  to 
Loch  Steven  in  Cowal.  Here  is  a  fine 
depth  of  water,  a  secure  retreat,  and  a 
ready  navigation  down  the  Frith  for  an 
export  trade.  Magazines  of  goods  for 
foreign  parts  might  be  advantageously 
erected  here.  The  women  of  this  town 
spin  yarn,  the  men  support  themselves 
by  fishing.  Rothsay  gives  the  title  of 
Duke  to  the  prince  of  Scotland,  a  Ltilt 
which  was  formerly  accompanied  with 
Suitable  revenues,  powers,  and  privileges 
It  is  70  miles  W  of  Edinburg.  Lon.  5  17 
W,  lat.  55  50  N. 

Rothvjell,  a  town  in  Northamptonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday,  seated  on  the 
side  of  a  hill,  15  miles  NNE  of  North- 
ampton, and  79  NNW  of  London.  Lon. 
1  7  W,  lat,  52  21  X. 

Rotterdam,  a  city  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, in  Holland,  with  one  of  the  finest 
harbours  in  the  Netherlands.  It  is- the 
most  considerable  place  m  Holland,  for 
size,  beauty  of  its  buildings,  and  trade, 
next  to  Amsterdam.  It  is  a  large  and 
populous  city,  of  a  triangular  figure, 
handsomely  built  of  brick,  the  streets 
wide  and  well  paved.  Its  port  is  very 
commodious  ;  for  the  canals  which  run 
through  most  parts  of  the  town,  bring 
the  ships  some  of  200  or  300  tons,  up  to 
the  merchant's  door  ;  a  conveniency  for 
loading  and  unloading  which  is  not  to  be 
found  in  other  places.  The  great  ships 
go  up  into  the  middle  of  the  town  by  the 
canal  into  which  the  Macsc  enters  by  the 


old  head,  as  it  comes  out  by  tl.e  new.  A 
stronger  upon  his  first  entering  this  place, 
is  astonished  at  the  beautiful  confusion 
of  chimneys  intermixed  with  tops  of 
trees  with  which  the  canals  are  planted, 
and  streamers  of  vessels  ;  insomuch  that 
he  can  hardly  tell  whether  it  be  fleet, 
city,  or  forest.  This  port  is  much  more 
frequented  by  the  British  merchants  than 
Ams  erdam,  insomuch,  that,  after  a  frost, 
when  the  sea  is  open,  sometimes  300  sail 
of  British  vessels  sail  out  of  the  harbour 
at  once.  There  is  always  a  large  number 
of  British  subjects  who  reside  in  this 
town,  and  live  much  in  the  same  manner 
as  in  Great  Britain.  The  reason  of  the 
great  traffic  between  this  place  and  Eng- 
land, is  because  the  ships  can  generally 
load  and  up. load,  and  return  to  England 
from  Rotterdam,  before  a  ship  can  get 
clear  from  Amsterdam,  and  the  Texei. 
Hence  the  English  merchants  find  it 
cheaper  and  more  commodious,  after 
their  goods  are  arrived  at  Rotterdam,  to 
sfend  them  in  boats  over  the  canals  to 
Amsterdam.  Another  great  advantage 
they  have  here  for  commerce,  is,  that  the 
Maese  is  open,  and  the  passage  free  from 
ice,  much  sooner  in  the  spring  than  in 
the  Y  and  Zuyder-sea,  which  leads  to 
Amsterdam.  Erasmus  was  born  in  this 
c:ty,  and  his  statue  in  bronze  stands  in 
an  open  place,  at  the  head  of  one  of  the 
canals;' and  in  a  narrow  street,  leading 
from  the  statue  to  the  great  church,  is 
the  house  in  which  he  was  born,  with  an 
inscription,  in  front,  to  his  honour.  Rot- 
terdam received  the  French  troops,  Ja- 
nuary 23,  1795.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Merwc,  (the  mos't  northern  branch  of 
the  Macsc,)  13  miles  SE  of  Hague,  and 
30  SSW  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  28  E, 
lat.  51  56  N. 

Rotterdam,  one  of  the  Friendly  islands, 
in  the  S  Sea,  said  to  have  been  discover- 
ed bv  Tasman  in  1643.  Lon.  174  30  \V, 
lat.  20  16  S. 

R'jtthireu,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  and  bishopric  of 
Wurtzhurg,  situated  on  the  Taubcr,.  9 
miles  NE  of  Mergenthcim.  Lon.  8  55 
E,  lat.  49  35  N. 

Rotv.-eil,  a  free  imperial  city  of  Germa- 
ny, in  Suabia,  in  alliance  with  the  Swiss 
cantons  since  the  year  1513.  A  mile  and 
a  half  from  this  place  is  a  famous  abbey, 
where  they  receive  none  but  noble  wo- 
men.  It  is  seated  oruthe  Neckar,  hear 
its  source,  and  also  near  the  Danube  j.  37 
miles  SSW*  of  Tubingen.  Lon.  8  44  E, 
lat.  48  9  N. 

Roiten,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Lower  Seine,  in  the  late 
j  province  of  Normandy,  with  an  archbish- 


R  O  V 


R  O  X 


op's  see.  Tt  is  seated  on  the  N  side  of 
the  Seine.  The  streets  are  narrow,  crook- 
ed, dirty,  and  consist  of  wooden  Houses ; 
notwithstanding  vvhich,  it  is  one  of  the 
most  opulent  and  important  places  in 
France.  It  is  seven  miles  in  circuit  in- 
eluding  its  six  suburbs,  and  contains 
70,000  inhabi  ants.  Amon;(  the  public 
buildings,  the  most  distmguisheel  are, 
the  Great  Hall  of  the^  palace,  in  which 
the  late  parliament  of  Rouen  met ;  the 
old  castle  ;  and  the  princi])al  church, 
which  has  a  very  handsome  front  with 
two  steeples,  whence  there  is  a  fine  view 
of  the  town  ;  in  one  of  the  streets  is  the 
great  bell,  which  beurs  the  name  of  car- 
dinal George  d'Amboise,  13  feet  high, 
and  11  in  diameter.  Near  this  church, 
which  is  not  the  only  remarkable  one,  is, 
the  public  library.  The  steeple  of  the 
late  Benedictines  of  St.  Owen  is  an  ele- 
gant Gothic  structure.  The  linens  of 
Rouen,  particularly  what  are  called*  the 
Sidmnse,  are  much  esteemed.  They  have- 
also  manufactures  of  clo'h,  and  one  ct 
oil  of  vitriol.  The  suburb  of  St.  Sever, 
communicates  with  the  city  by  a  bridge 
of  boats,  2/0  paces  long,  which  rises  and 
falls  with  the  tide,  and  is  made  to  open, 
so  as  to  admit  the  passage  of  ships;  it  is 
also  paved,  anel  there  are  ways  for  foot 
passengers  on  each  side.  Rouen  is  the 
birth  place  of  the  two  CbmeilHes;  anel  of 
Fontenelle.  It  is  50  miles  SW  of  Amiens, 
and  70  NW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  10  R,  lat. 
49  27  N. 

Roveredo,  or  JRovere,  a  town  of  Austria, 
in  die  Tiro!,  seated  on  the  Axligc,  at  the 
loot  of  a  mountain,  anel  on  the  sieie  of  a 
stream,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  defeneled 
by  two  large  towers  and  a  Strong  castle; 
the  French  took  possession  of  the  town 
in  1796,  after  having  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians  before  it,  but  they  we  re  obligee! 
to  abandon  it  soon  afterwards.  It  is 
eight  miles  S  of  Trent.  Lon.  11  27  K. 
lat.  46  0  N; 

Rovevbella,  a  te>wn  of  Italy,  in  the  Man- 
tuan,  12  miles  frcm  Mantua.  Lon.  10  42 
E,  la-t.  45  18  N. 

Rouergue,  a  late  province  of  France, 
in  the  government  of  Guierfne  ;  bounded 
on  the  E  by  the  Cevenh.es  anel  Gevau- 
dan,  on  the  W  by  Querci,  on  the  N  by 
the  same  anel  Auvergne,  anel  on  the  S  by 
Languedoc.  It  is  75  miles  long,  and  50 
broaii  ;  it  is  not  very  fertile,  but  feeds  u 
number  of  cattle,  anel  lias  mines  of  cop- 
per, iron,  alum,  vitriol,  and  sulphur.  It 
now  forms  the  elepartment  of  Aveiron. 

Rovigno,  a  populous  town  of  Italy,  in 
Istria,  with  two  good  harbours,  and  quar- 
ries of  fine  stone.  It  is  seated  in  aterri- 
-  which  produces  excellent  wine,  on 


;i  peninsula,  on  the  western  coast/eight 
miles  S  of  Parenzo,  anel  32  of  Capo  d'ls  - 
tria.    Lon.  14  2  E,  lat.  45  16  N. 

Jlovigo,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  Po- 
le-s'ino  eli  Rovigo,  lately  belonging  to  the 
Venetians,  seateel  on  the  Adige,  21  miles 
S  of  Padua,  and  37  SW  of  Venice.  Lon. 
12  14  K,  lat.  45  38  N.  See  Polesino  di 
Rovigo. 

Rousselart,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  French  Flandei .-,  10  miles  XE 
of  Ypres,  anel  20  SE  of  Ostend.  Lon.  3' 
0  E,  lat.  50  58  N. 

Rousillon,  a  late  province  of  France,  50 
miles  long,  anel  25  broad;  bounded  on 
the  E  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  W 
by  Cardagma,  on  the  N  by  Lower  Languc- 
eloc,  anel  on  the  S  by  Catalonia,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Pyrenees. 
See  Pyrenees,  Eastern.  It  is  a  fertile 
country,  and  remarkable  for  its  Olive 
•  rees. 

7?cwem,  a  county  of  North  Carolin?, 
situated  in  Salisbury  district,  on  the  S 
W  side  of  Yadkin  river,  being  bounded 
by  Cabarras  county  on  the  S,  and  Surry 
on  the  N,  and  containing  21,543  inhabi- 
tants.   The  chief  town  Rowan. 

Roivletf,  a  township  of  Essex  county, 
Massachusetts,  containing  1682  inhabi- 
tants in  1810  ;  situated  four  miles  NW  of 
Ipswich  anel  22  N  of  Salem. 

Roxburgh,  a  village  and  castle  of  Scot- 
lanel,  vvhich  gives  name  to  a  county,  si- 
tuated near  the  Tiviot,  19  miles  SW  of 
Berwick,  anel  32  SE  of  Edinburgh.  Lon. 
2  47  W,  lat.  55  46  N. 

Roxboroughy  a  township  of  Philadel- 
phia county,  Pennsylvania  ;  situated  on 
the  NE  side  of  Schuylkill*  eight  miles  X 
W  of  Philadelphia.  In  1810,  it  contain- 
ed  1252  inhabitants. 

Ro.vbury,  a  township  of  Norfolk  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  3699  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  one  mile  S\V  ol 
Boston. 

Roxburgshire,  a  county  of  Scotland, 
formerly  called  Tiviotdale,  is  bounded  on 
the  E  by  Northumberland.;  SK  b>r  P:l1 " 
of  Cumberland;  S3\V  by  Dumfriesshire  ; 
NW  by  Selkirkshire;  and'N  by  Berwick- 
shire. "  It  is  fruitful  in  pasture  and  cor;-, 
especially  oats,  and  abounds  with  sheep, 
horses,  and  black  cattle.  The  most  con~ 
s.derable  of' its  mountains  are  Cork-row. 
from  which  runs  a  tract  of  hills  \V,  di- 
viding Scotland  from  England,  in  many 
places  impassable.  Here  are  many  an- 
cient seats  of  the  nobility.  On  its  bor- 
ders are  these  called  Debatable  lands, 
that  were  formerly  claimed  by  the  bor- 
derers of  each  nation  ;  but  judged  te>  the 
Scots  by  King  James  VI.    In  this  shire 


RUD 


RUM 


are  great  remains  of  Roman  encamp- 
ments, and  a  military  Roman  way.  The 
(owns  of  chief  note  are  Jedburgh,  Kelso, 
Hawick,  Melross,  and  Roxburgh.  It  ex- 
tends 30  miles  in  length  from  E  to  W, 
and  15  in  breadth  ;  and  is  divided  into 
Tiviotdale,  Liddesdale,  Eusdale,and  Esk- 
dale.  It  has  plenty  of  lime  and  freestone. 
Through  this  country  is  the  new  road 
from  Edinburgh  to  Newcastle.  Its  prin- 
cipal rivers  are,  the  Tweed,  and  Tiviot, 
with  the  Ale,  Bothwick,  Rule,  Jed,  Beau- 
mont, Kail,  Ednam,  Liddle,  and  Kers- 
thorp  waters,  which  abound  with  fish. 

Roxent,  Cape,  or  Rock  of  Lisbon,  a  re- 
markable mountain  and  promontory  in 
Portugal,  lying  at  the  N  entrance  of  the 
Tajo,  22  miles  W  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  9  35 
W,  lat.  38  43  N. 

Roy  alt  on,  a  post  town  in  Windsor  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  24  miles  N  by  W  of  Wind- 
sor, and  21  S  by  E  of  Williamston. 

Roy  an,  once  a  large  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Lower  Charente,  and 
late  province  of  Saintonge,  famous  for 
a  siege  maintained  by  the  Huguenots  a- 
gainst  Lewis  XIII.  in  1622.  ft  is  now  al- 
most in  ruins,  and  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Garonne,  30  miles  S  of  Rorhelle. 
Lon.  0  57  W,  lat.  45  28  N. 

Roycs,  a  strong  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Somme,  and  late  province 
of  Picardy.  Some  mineral  waters  were 
lately  discovered  here.  It  is  12  miles  N 
W  of  Noyon,  and  60  N  by  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  51  E,  lat.  49  46  N. 

Royston,  a  town  in  Herts,  (part  of  which 
is  in  Cambridgeshire)  with  a  market  on 
Wednesday.  There  was  lately  discover- 
ed here  almost  under  the  market  place 
an  ancient  subterranean  chapel,  of  Saxon 
construction.  Royston  has  given  its  name 
to  a  species  of  crow,  called  also  the 
Hooded  or  Grey  Crow,  which  is  a  bird 
of  passage  in  this  neighbourhood,  and 
also  on  the  whole  eastern  coast.  It  is 
seated  in  a  fertile  vale,  15  miles  S  by  E 
of  Huntingdon,  and  57  N  of  London.  Lon. 
0  1  E,  lat.  52  G  N. 

Ruatan,  an  island  of  New  Spain,  in  the 
bay  of  Honduras,  ten  miles  from  the 
coast,  with  a  good  harbour,  formerly  re- 
sorted to  for  the  purpose  of  cutting  log- 
wood, but  it  is  now  abandoned. 

Rubiera,  a  small  but  strong  town  of 
Italy,  one  of  the  keys  of  the  Modenese,  I 
seated  on  the  Seccia,  eight  miles  NW  of 
Modena.    Lon.  11  14  E,  lat.  44  39  N. 

Rvda-io,  a  town  of  Prussia,  where  Kin- 
stud,  great  duke  of  Lithuania,  was  defeat- 
ed by  the  knights  of  the  Teutonic  Or- 
der ;  to  commemorate  which  a  stone  pil- 
lar was  erected.  It  is  12  miles  NWV  of 
Konigsberg,'  v 


Rmhdstadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tip* 
per  Saxony,  in  the  landgravate  of  Thur- 
mgia,  and  county  of  Schwartzburg,  with 
a  castle,  near  the  river  Sala. 

Rudesheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Mentz,  three  miles  from 
Bingen.    Lon.  7  56  E,  lat.  49  49  N. 

Rudisto.    See  Rodesto. 

Rudkiobing,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Laugeland,  with  a  good  har- 
bour, and  a  considerable  trade  in  corn 
and  other  articles.  Lon.  10  45  E,  lat. 
55  1  N. 

Rudolftverdy  a  strong  town  of  Germany, 
in  Carniola,  with  an  abbey.  It  belongs  to 
the  house  of  Austria,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Gurk,  in  a  country  fertile  in  good 
wine,  45  miles  SE  of  Laubach.  Lon.  15 
20  E,  lat.  46  8  N. 

Ruffac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Rhine,  and  late  province 
of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  Rotbach,  seven 
miles  S  of  Colmar,  and  17  NW  of  Basle. 
Lon.  7  27  E,  lat.  47  58  N.  , 

Ruffec,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Charente,  and  late  province 
of  Angoumois,  seated  on  the  Anche,  24 
miles  N  of  Angouleme. 

Rugby,  a  town  in  Warwickshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  has  a  famous 
freeschool,  and  is  11  miles  SE  of  Coven- 
try, and  85  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  1  12 
W,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Rngley,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesdav,  seated  on  the  S  of 
the  Trent,  10  miles'SE  of  Stafford,  and 
126  NW  of  London.  Lon.  1  48  W,  lat. 
52  57  N. 

Rvgen,  an  island  of  the  Baltic,  on  the 
coast  of  Swedish  Pomerania,  opposite 
Stralsund,  about  23  miles  long,  and  15 
broad.  It  is  strong  both  by  art  and  na- 
ture, and  abounds  in  corn  and  cattle. 
The  chief  town  is  Bergen. 

Rugenwald,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pome- 
rania, the  chief  place  of  the  duchy  of 
Wenden,  with  a  castle.  It  is  subject  to 
Prussia,  and  is  seated  on  the  Wipper, 
eight  miles  from  the  Baltic,  and  35  NE 
of  Colbcrg.    Lon.  16  27  E,  lat.  54  35  N. 

Rwnford,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a  mar- 
ket for  hogs  on  Tuesday,  and  for  corn 
on  Wednesday,  12  miles  ENE  of  London. 
Lon.  0  13  E,  lat.  51  36  N 

Rwnilly,  a  town  of  Savoy,  seated  on  an 
elevated  plain,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Serum  and'Nepha,  five  miles  from  Anne- 
cv.  The  French  demolished  the  fortifi- 
cations.   Lon.  6  10  E,  lat.  45  56  N. 

Ritmney,  or  Rhyney,  a  river  which  takes 
its  rise  in  Brecknockshire,  divides  the 
counties  of  Glamorgan  and  Monmouth, 
and  enters  the  Bristol  Channel  to  the  SE 
of  Cardiff. 
4  D 


R  US 


KU3 


Rumsey,  a  corporate  town  in  Hamp- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  car- 
ries on  a  manufacture  of  shaloons,  and 
several  paper  and  corn  mills.  It  is  eight 
miles  NNW  of  Southampton,  and  74  W 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  1  31  W,lat.  51  2  N. 

Rungpoitr,  a  town  of  Bengal,  in  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  73  miles  NE  of  Maul- 
dab,  and  106  NNE  of  Moorshedabad. 

Runkel,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  with  a  citadel  on  a  h  igh 
hill,  formerly  the  residence  of  the  counts. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Lahn,  14  miles  E  of 
Nassau.    Lon.  8  5  E,  lat.  50  23  N. 

Runiiymead,  a  celebrated  mead*  near 
Egham,  in  Surry,  where  king  John  was 
compelled  to  sign  Magna  Gharta,  and 
Gharta  de  Foresta,  in  1215.  See  Wrays- 
bury. 

RupeJ,  a  river  of  the  Austrian  Nether- 
lands, formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Sen- 
ile and  Demeu,  below  Mechlin.  It  runs 
from  E  to  W,  and  falls  into  the  Scheldt, 
at  Rupelmonde. 

Rupelmonde,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders, seated  on  the  Scheldt,  opposite  the 
moutli  of  the  Rupel,  eight  miles  S\V  of 
Antwerp,  and  22  NE  of  Ghent.  Lon.  4 
23  E,  lat.  51  7  N. 

Ruperdorf,  a  town  of  Koningratz,  in 
Bohemia,  four  miles  NNW  of  Braunau. 

Rupertij&a  township  of  Bennington 
county,  Vermont,  containing  1630  inha- 
bitants in  1810. 

Rupert,  Forty  a  fort  in  N  America,  be- 
longing to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company, 
seated  on  the  S  end  of  Hudson's  Bay. 
Lon.  80  0  W,  lat.  51  3  N. 

Rupin,  or  Rapin,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  marquisate  of  Brandenburgh,  ca- 
pital of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with 
an  ancient  castle.  It  is  become  a  consi- 
derable place  of  trade,  with  a  manufac- 
ture of  cloth.  It  is  likewise  noted  for 
brewers,  and  is  seated  on  a  lake  35  miles 
NW  of  Berlin.    Lon.  13  6  E,  lat.  53  3  N. 

R?tremo?ide,  a  strong  episcopal  town  of 
Austrian  Guelderland.  It  suffered  great- 
ly by  fire  in  1665,  and  has  been  i:ikt  n 
and!  retaken  several  times,  the  last  time 
by  the  French  in  1793 ;  but  they  were 
obliged  to  evacuate  it  soon  after,  but 
took  it  again  the  next  year.  It  is  seated 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Maese  and 
Roer,  12  miles  S'of  Vcnio,  and  70  NE 
of  Mechlin.    Lon.  5  50  E,  lat.  51  8  N. " 

Russ,  a  town  of  Prussian  Lithuania,  in 
Poland,  and  principal  place  of  a  district, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Russe, 
20  miles  NW  of  Tilsit.  Lon.  21  50  E, 
lat.  55  20  N. 

Mussel,  a  county  of  Virginia,  contain- 
ing 6,316  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  the 
Southwesternmos*  county  of  the  state, 


bordering  on  Tennessee  and  Kentucky^ 
It  is  a  very  broken  country;  yet  such 
parts  of  the  land  as  are  capable  of  culti- 
vation, produce  large  crops  of  grain. 

Rvsselsheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Maine,  13  miles  NW 
of  Darmstadt.  Lon.  8  16  E,  lat.  47  55  N. 

Russia,  a  large  empire,  partly  in  Asia, 
and  partly  in  Europe  ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  the  Frozen  Ocean  ;  on  the  S  by  Great.' 
Tartary,  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  Persia; 
on  the  E  by  the  sea  of  Japan  ;  and  on  the 
W  by  Sweden,  Poland,  and  the  Black 
Sea.  There  were  three  countries  that 
had  the  nam?  of  Russia:  namely,  Red 
Russia,  which  see  ;  White  Russia,  which 
comprehends  Lithuania;  and  Black  Rus- 
sia, which  comprehends  the  governments 
of  Kaluga,  Moscow,  Tula,  Rezan,  Volc- 
dimir,  and  Yaroslaf ;  and  hence  his  im- 
perial majesty  takes  the  title  of  empero7 
of  all  the  Russias.  This  empire,  exclu- 
sive of  the  late  acquisitions  from  the 
Turks  and  from  Poland,  (see  Poland) 
may  be  compared  to  a  square,  whose 
sides  are  2000  miles  each.  Russia  occu- 
pies more  than  a  seventh  part  of  the 
known  continent,  and  nearly  the  26th 
part  of  the  whole  globe.  Its  greatest 
extent  from  W  to  E,  viz.  from  the  39th 
to  the  207th  dcg.  of  lon.  is  168  degrees  ; 
and  if  the  islands  of  the  Eastern  Ocean 
be  included,  it  will  then  be  185.  Its 
greatest  extent  from  N  to  S,  that  is, 
from  the  78th  to  the  50th  dcg.  of  lat.  is 
27  degrees.  The  greater  part  of  this 
empire  lies  in  the  temperate  zone,  and  a 
part  of  it,  viz.  that  which  is  beyond  the 
66th  deg.  of  lat.  lies  in  the  frigid  zone, 
and  the  whole  surface  contains  above 
2,150,000  square  versts.  There  there- 
fore is  not  at  present,  and  never  ha3 
been  in  any  period,  an  empire,  the  ex- 
tent of  which  could  be  compared  to  that 
of  Russia.  The  seas  of  Russia  are,  the 
Baltic,  the  White  Sea,  the  Frozen  Ocean, 
the  Black  Sea,  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 
There  are  also  five  large  rivers  ;  namely, 
the  Dnieper,  Volga,  Don,  Dwina,  and 
Oby.  Its  lakes  are  Ladoga,  the  largest 
in  Europe,  Onega,  Tchude-Ilmen,  Bielo, 
Ozero,  Allin,  Baical,  and  many  others 
of  less  consequence,  most  of  them  abound- 
ing in  fish.  A  country  of  such  vast  ex- 
tent must  lie  in  different  climates,  and 
the  soil  and  products  must  be  as  differ- 
ent. The  most  fertile  part  is  near  the 
frontiers  of  Poland ;  insomuch  that  the 
inhabitants  are  able  to  supply  their 
neighbours  with  corn  ;  the  N  part  is  not 
only  more  cold,  but  very  marshy,  and 
overrun  with  forests,  inhabited  chiefly 
by  wild  beasts  Besides  domestic  ani- 
mals, there  are  wild  beeves,  reindeer, 


RUS 


RUS 


martins,  white  and  black  foxes,  weasels, 
ermines,  and  sables,  whose  skins  make 
the  best  furs  in  the  world,  as  also  hy- 
enas. Those  that  hunt  these  creatures 
for  their  skins,  use  no  fire-arms,  for  fear 
of  spoiling-  them.  The  seas,  the  lakes, 
and  the  rivers,  supply  the  inhabitanis 
with  large  quantities  of  fish,  part  of 
which  they  dry.  There  are  vast  quanti- 
ties of  sturgeons,  and  in  some  places 
they  have  melons  which  weigh  30  pounds, 
but  there  were  no  vines  till  Peter  the 
Great  caused  them  to  be  planted.  In 
Russia,  are  large  quantities  of  cotton 
and  silk,  (with  which  they  make  all 
sorts  of  stuffs)  skins*  furs,  Russia  lea- 
ther, talc,  tallow,  hemp,  Russia  cloth, 
honey,  was,  and  almost  all  the  merchan- 
dise of  China,  India,  Persia,  Turkey,  and 
some  European  countries.  This  vast  em- 
pire was  divided  by  the  late  empress  into 
41  governments ;  namely,  Petersburgh, 
Olonetz,  Wiburg,  Revel,  Riga,  Pskof, 
Xovogorod,  Tver,  Smolensko,  Polotsk, 
Mohilef,  Orel,  Kaluga,  Moscow,  Tula, 
Rezan,  Voiodimir,  Yaroslaf,  Vologda, 
Archangel,  Kostroma,  Nislmei-Novogo- 
rod,  Rasan,  Simbirsk,  Penza,  Tambof, 
Voronetz,  Kursk,  Novogorod-Severskoi, 
Tebernigof,  Kiof,  Kahrkof,  C  at  barmen  s- 
laf  Caucasus,  Saratof,  Usa,  Yiatka,  Perm, 
Tobolsk,  Kolyvan,  and  Irkutzk ;  all  which 
see.  T^e  inhabitants  in  general,  are  ro- 
bust, well-shaped,  and  of  pretty  good 
complexion.  They  are  great  eaters,  and 
very  fond  of  brandy.  They  use  bathing, 
but  smoke  no  tobacco,  lest  the  smoke 
should  dishonour  the  images  of  the 
saints,  which  they  have  in  great  venera- 
tion ;  however,  they  take  a  great  deal  of 
snuff*  made  of  the  tobacco  brought  from 
the  Ukraine.  They  were  formerly  the 
most  ignorant,  brutish  people  in  the 
world,  and  many  of  them  are  now  little 
better.  Formerly  no  Russians  were  seen 
in  other  countries,  and  they  seldom  or 
never  sent  ambassadors  to  foreign  courts ; 
but  now  the  gentlemen  are  more  polite, 
and  study  the  interests  of  different  na- 
tions. Their  armies  are  always  very  nu- 
merous. They  had  no  men  of  war,  nor 
merchant  ships  before  the  reign  of  Peter 
the  Great;  but,  in  the  late  reign,  pow-; 
erful  Russian  squadrons  appeared,  not' 
only  in  the  liait.c,  but  in  the  Black  Sea/ 
and  in  the  Mediterranean.  They  have 
images  in  their  churches ;  and  believe 
no  man  sure  of  salvation  in  this  life,  for 
which  reason  the  priests  give  a  passport 
to  those  that  are  dying,  addressed  to  St. 
Nicholas,  who  is  desired  to  entreat  St. 
Peter  to  open  the  gates  of  Heaven,  as 
they  have  certified  that  the  bearer  is  a 
{rood  christian.   The  church  is  governed 


by  a  patriarch,  under  whom  are  the  arch  - 
bishops, and  bishops.  Every  priest  is 
called  a  pope,  and  of  these  there  were; 
4000  in  Moscow  only.  Formerly  he  was 
thought  a  learned  man  who  could  read 
and  write  ;  but  Peter  the  Great  under- 
took to  introduce  the  arts  and  sciences ; 
and,  in  1724,  the  first  university  was 
founded  that  ever  was  in  Russia;  there 
is  also  an  academy  of  sciences  at  Peters- 
burgh, supplied  with  some  of  the  best 
professors  in  Europe.  With  respect  to 
dress  the  merchants  and  commonalty 
still  retain  their  beards,  and  regard  them 
with  the  utmost  veneration,  notwith- 
standing" the  edicts  of  Peler  I.  and  it  is 
only  those  depending  upon  government, 
in  the  army  and  navy,  who  have  yet  com- 
plied with  the  custom  and  the  wish  of 
the  court,  as  no  person  in  any  place  can 
retain  their  beards  and  ancient  dress. 
The  clergy  only  excepted,  none  can  pro- 
cure any  place,  or  favour  from  court, 
upon  other  conditions  than  banishing  the 
Asiatic  sheep-skin  robes.  The  worn-out 
veteran  retires  with  a  pension,  upon  the 
express  terms  of  never  again  assuming" 
the  habit  of  his  fathers.  But  so  zeal- 
ously attached  are  the  multitude  to  for- 
mer manners,  and  so  honourably  do  they 
esteem  them,  that  a  Russian  dressed  in 
his  beard  and  g-own,  tells  you  by  his 
looks,  that  he  has  not  prostituted  the 
memory  of  his  ancestors.  The  inhabi- 
tants in  general  may  be  divided  into  four 
orders.  1.  The  nobles  and  gentry  ;  2.  The 
clergy  ;  3.  The  merchants,  burghers  and 
other  freemen  ;  4.  Peasants.  The  three 
first  include  the  free  subjects  of  the  em- 
pire, and  the  latter,  the  vassals  or  slaves. 
The  first  comprehends  the  nobles  or  gen- 
tin,  who  are  the  sole  persons  that  have  a 
right  to  possess  land  in  Russia,  (the  con- 
quered provinces  excepted)  and  who  are 
obliged  to  furnish  recruits  in  proportion 
to  the  extent  of  their  estates.  The  se- 
cond are  divided  into  regular  and  secu- 
lar, the  latter,  who  may,  and  ought  to 
be  the  most  useful  members  of  society, 
are  generally  the  refuse  of  the  people. 
The  dignitaries  of  the  church  are  chosen 
from  the  first;  these  are  archbishops, 
and  bishops,  abbots  and  priors.  The 
third  comprehends  that  class  of  men  be- 
tween the  nobles  and  the  peasants,  who 
being  neither  gentlemen  nor  peasants, 
follow  the  arts  and  sciences,  navigation, 
commerce,  or  exercise  trades.  The  fourth 
comprehends  thepcasants,who  are  slaves, 
and  may  be  divided  into  peasants  of  the 
crown^  and  peasants  belonging  to  indivi- 
duals. 'The  former  inhabit  the  imperial 
lemesnes,  and  may  form  the  sixth  part  of 
peasants  in  Russia.    They  are  governed 


RUS 


KUS 


by  imperial  bailiffs,  and  although  subject 
to  great  exactions  from  these  petty  ty- 
rants, yet  they  are  much  more  secure  of 
their  property  than  peasants  belonging-  to 
individuals,  who  are  the  private  property 
of  the  land-holders,  as  much  as  imple- 
ments of  agriculture,  or  herds  of  rattle  ; 
and  the  value  ©f  an  estate  is  estimated  as 
in  Poland,  by  the  number  of  boors,  not 
by  the  number  of  acres.  The  Russian 
peasants  are  in  general  a  large  coarse 
barely  race,  and  of  great  bodily  strength. 
Their  dress  is  a  round  hat  or  cap  with  a 
very  ingh  crown,  a  coarse  robe  of  drug- 
get, (or  ii:  the  winter,  of  sheep-skin  with 
the  wool  turned  inwards)  reaching  below 
the  knee,  and  bound  round  their  waist 
by  a  sash,  trovvsers  of  linen,  almost  as 
thick  as  sack-cloth,  a  woollen  or  flannel 
cloth  wrapped  round  the  leg  instead  of 
stockings  ;  sandals  woven  from  strips  of 
a  pliant  Dark,  and  fastened  by  strings  of 
the  same  materials,  which  are  afterwards 
twined  round  the  leg,  and  serve  as  gar- 
ters to  the  woollen  or  flannel  wrappers. 
In  warm  weather  the  peasants  frequently 
wear  only  a  short  coarse  shirt  and  trow- 
sers.  The  dress  of  the  women  is  the  re- 
verse of  the  men,  both  in  fashion  and  co- 
lour ;  every  part  of  it  being  as  short  and 
tight  as  decency  will  allow,  and  very 
gaudy.  It  is  exactly  the  same  with  that 
of  the  Highland  women  in  Scotland; 
both  have  the  short  jacket,  the  striped 
petticoat,  and  the  tartan  plaid  ;  and  both 
too,  in  general,  have  a  napkin  rolled 
about  their  head.  The  Russian  women 
are,  however,  far  more  elegant  and  rich 
in  their  attire  ;  nor  is  gold  lace  and  paint 
wanting  to  set  off  their  charms.  The 
young  generation  are  modernizing  these 
antic  vestments ;  the  stiff  embroidered 
napkin  is  supplanted  by  one  of  flowing 
silk,  the  jacket  and  petticoat  are  of  mus- 
lin, or  other  fine  stuffs  ;  and  the  pkud  is 
exchanged  for  a  silk  or  satin  cloak,  in 
the  cold  season  lined  with  fur.  The  bet- 
ter class  of  females  wear  velvet  boots. 
The  dress  of  the  higher  ranks  is  after 
the  French  and  English  fashion  ;  and  ail 
wear  a  covering  of  far,  six  months  of  the 
year.  The  sovereign  of  Russia  is  abso- 
lute. He  was  formerly  called  grand 
duke,  which  is  now  the  title  of  the  hen- 
apparent;  he  afterwards  assumed  the 
title  of  czar,  which  the  natives  pro- 
nounce tzar,  or  zoar,  a  corruption  of 
Cesar,  emperor-,  from  some  fancied  re- 
lation to  the  Roman  emperors;  on  ac- 
count of  which  they  also  bear  the  eagle 
as  a  symbol  of  their  empire.  The  first 
who  bore  the  title  of  czar,  was  Basil, 
son  of  Basilides,  who  freed  his  country 
from  its  subjection  to  the  Tartars,  about 


the  year  1470.  In  1782,  the  populati 
of  Russia  and  the  conquered  provin 
was  reckoned  at  twenty-se-v  en  million 
souls:  the  revenue  7,000,000/.  and 
army  amounted  to  200,000.  In  1778, 
navy  consisted  of  28  ships  of  the  line, 
frigates,  and  109  galleys.  Perhaps  no 
country  ever  exhibited,  in  so  short  a^ 
time,  the  wonders  that  may  be  effected  * 
by  the  genius  anil  exertions  of  one  mm.  .s 
Njuch  has  been  written  concerning  the 
great  civilization  which  Peter  I.  intro- 
duced into  this  country  ;  that  he  oblig- 
ed them  to  relinquish  their  beards  and 
their  national  dress  ;  that  he  naturaliz- 
ed the  arts  and  sciences;  that  he  discip- 
lined his  army,  and  created  a  navy  ;  and  : 
that  he  made  a  total  change  throughout 
each  part  of  his  extensive  empire.  We 
may  readily  allow  the  truth  of  this  eulo-  ; 
gium  with  respeet  to  his  improvements 
in  the  discipline  of  his  army,  and  the 
creation  of  a  navy,  for  these  were  objects 
within  the  reach  of  the  persevering  ge- 
nius of  a  despotic  sovereign  ;  but  the 
pompous  accounts  of  the  total  change 
which  he  effected  in  the  national  man- 
ners, seem  to  have  been  the  mere  echoes 
of  foreigners,  who  have  never  visited  the 
country,  and  who  have  collected  the  his- 
tory of  Peter  from  the  most  partial  in- 
formation. The  bulk  of  the  people  still 
continue  in  the  grossest  barbarism.  The 
principal  nobles  indeed  are  perfectly  ci- 
vilized, and  as  refined  in  their  entertain- 
ments, mode  of  living,  and  social  inter- 
course, as  those  of  other  European  coun- 
tries. But  there  is  a  wide  difference  be- 
tween polishing  a  nation,  and  polishing 
a  few  individuals.  The  merchants  and 
peasants  still  universally  retain  their  ori- 
ginal manners,  and  resemble,  in  their 
general  mode  of  living,  the  inhabitants 
of  the  smallest  village.  The  greatest 
part  of  the  peasants,  who  form  the  bulk 
of  the  nation,  are  still  almost  as  defici- 
ent in  the  arts  as  they  were  before  Pe- 
ters time,  although  the  sciences  have 
flourished  in  the  capital.  But  the  civili- 
zation of  a  numerous  and  widely  dis- 
persed people  cannot  be  the  work  of  a 
moment,  and  can  only  be  effected  by  a 
gradual  and  almost  insensible  progress 
The  national  improvements  however, 
made  by  Peter  the  Great,  have  been  con- 
tinued since  his  time,  and  Russia  nov: 
holds  a  rank  among  the  nations  of  Eu- 
rope, of  which  human  foresight,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  eighteenth  centu- 
ry, could  have  formed  no  conception,  and 
perhaps  it  is  not  too  much  to  say,  that 
the  empire  of  Russia,  though  the  people 
are  but  just  emerging  from  barbarism,  is 
at  thi*  day  the  most  powerful  in  Europe, 


R  U  T 

IVtersburgh  is  the  capital  of  the  whole 
empire. 

Russia,  Tied.    See  Red  Russia. 

Rustgaden,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Dalecarlia,  23  miles  SSW  of 
Fahlun.    Lon.  16  30  E,  lat.  60  18  N. 

Rutchester,  a  village  in  Northumber- 
land, called  Vindobala  by  the  Romans. 
Sevcrus'  wall  runs  close  by  this  place, 
and  Adrian's  vallum  is  but  a  small  dis- 
tance S  of  it.  This  fort  has  been  very 
considerable,  and  the  ruins  of  it  are  very 
remarkable.  It  is  six  miles  N  of  Hex- 
ham. 

Rutherford,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
North  Carolina,  situated  in  the  SW  cor- 
ner of  the  state.  It  is  a  mountainous 
country,  and  contained  13,202  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  In  this  county  there  are 
comparatively  but  few  slaves.  The  chief 
town  is  Rutherfordtown. 

Ruthin,  a  town  in  Denbighshire,  with 
i  market  on  Monday.  It  is  seated  in  a 
vale,  on  the  river  Clwyd,  and  had  a 
strong- castle  now  in  ruins.  It  is  15  miles 
SW  of  Holywell,  and  206  NW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.' 3  30  W,  lat.  53  7  N. 

Rvtlam,  a  town  of  Malwa,  in  the  East 
Indies,  48  miles  W  of  Ougein.  Lon.  74 
58  E,  lat.  25  25  N. 

Rutland,  a  county  of  Vermont,  con- 
taining 29,486  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
situated  between  Addison  on  the  N,  and 
Bennington,  on  the  S,  and  joins  the  state 
of  New  York  on  the  W.  1'he  chief  to  wn 
is  Rutland. 

Rutland,  a  township  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  1231 
inhabitants  in  1810,  and  situated  9  miles 
NW  of  Worcester. 

Rutland,  the  capital  of  Rutland  coun- 
ty, Vermont:  and  alternately  with  Wind- 
sor, the  seat  of  State  Government :  it  is 
situated  on  the  E  side  of  Otter  river,  45 
miles  W  by  N  of  Windsor,  18  E  of  Fair- 
haven,  and  57  N  of  Bennington,  in  lat. 
43  34  N,  and  lon.  72  50  W.  It  contain- 
ed 2125  inhabitants  in  1800. 

Rutlandshire,  the  smallest  county  in 
England,  encircled  by  the  counties  of 
Lincoln,  Leicester,  and  Northampton, 
seeming  as  if  it  were  cut  out  of  the  two 
former.  It  is  of  a  roundish  figure,  in 
length  fifteen  miles,  and  in  breadth  ten. 
It  is  supposed  to  have  received  its  name 
from  the  red  colour  of  the  soil,  which,  in 
some  parts,  is  a  sort  of  ruddle,  staining 
the  fleeces  of  the  sheep.  Rutland  is  blest 
with  a  pure  air  and  a  fertile  soil,  and  is 
beautifully  varied  in  its  surface  with 
gentle  swells  and  depressions.  It  a- 
bounds  in  clear  soft  springs,  gushing 
from  the  sides  of  the  hills.  Its  products 
are  chiefly  corn  and  sheep.    Some  of  the 


RYE 

finest  seed-wheat  in  the  kingdom  i.= 
grown  in  its  open  fields  ;  and  it  is  pecu- 
liarly fit  for  sheep.  Oakham  is  the  coun- 
ty-town. 

Rutigliano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Bari,  five  miles  SE  of  Bari. 

Ruttunpour,  a  city  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan  in  Orissa,  and  the  capital  of 
one  of  the  Western  Mahratta  chiefs.  Lon. 
82  36  E,  lat.  22  16  N. 

Rvvo,  a  populous  episcopal  town  of 
Naples,  in  Terra  cii  Bari,  16  miles  W  of 
Bari.    Lon.  16  44  E,  lit.  41  26  N. 

Ruza,  a  town  of  Russia.  Lon  36  2  E, 
lat.  55  46  N. 

Ryaeotta,  a  town  of  the  Mysore  coun- 
try in  the  East  Indies,  75  miles  S  of 
Seringapatam.  Lon.  76  45  E,  lat.  30 
15  N. 

Ryan,  Loch,  a  lake  at  the  NW  angle 
of  Wightonshire.  The  sea  Hows  into  it 
through  a  narrow  pass  ;  and  it  was  for- 
merly crowded  in  the  season,  with  shoals 
of  herrings,  which  have  now  deserted  it. 

Rydal--water,  a  lake  in  Westmoreland, 
a  little  to  the  W  of  Ambleside.  It  is  one 
mile  in  length,  spotted  with  little  islands, 
and  communicates  by  a  narrow  channel, 
with  Grasmere  water  to  the  W,  and  by 
the  river  Rothay,  with  Windermere  wa- 
ter to  the  S. 

Rydrog,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
E  Indies,  128  miles  N  of  Seringapatam. 
Lon.  76  52  E,  lat.  14  40  N. 

Rye,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It  is 
governed  by  a  mayor  and  jurats,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  Its 
port  is  so  choaked  up  with  sand,  that  it. 
can  admit  small  vessels  only,  but  if  it 
were  opened  would  be  a  good  station  (h 
our  cruizers  on  the  French.  It  exports 
corn,  malt,  hops,  and  other  product^  o' 
die  county;  and  its  fishermen  send  con- 
siderable supplies  to  the  London  mar- 
kets. It  is  23  miles  SSE  of  Maidstone, 
and  63  SE  of  London;  Lon.  0  45  E,  lat. 
51  0  N. 

Rye,  a  township  of  Cumberland  coun 
ty,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1356  inha- 
bitants in  1810.    It  is  situated  on  the 
SW  side  of  Juniata  river,  between  Big 
iiuffaloe  and  Shermams  creek. 

Rye,  a  post  town  in  West  Chester 
county,  New  York  ;  situated  on  Long- 
Island  Sound,  36  miles  NE  of  New- York, 
containing  H74  inhabitants. 

Ryegate,  a  borough  in  Surry,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  hr.d  once  a  cas 
tie,  some  ruins  of  which  are  still  to  be 
seen  ;  particularly  a  long  vault,  with  a 
room  at  the  end,  large  enough  to  hold 
500  persons.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley,  cal- 
led Holinesdale,  and  sends  two  members 


SAB 


SAB 


to  parliament,  It  is  16  miles  E  of  Guil- 
ford, and  21  SW  of  London.  Lon.  0  15 
W,  lat.  51  16  N. 

Rymenaut,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
situated  on  the  river  Dyle,  live  miles  E 
of  Mechlin. 

Rysicick,  a  village  in  Holland,  seated 
between  Hague  and  Delft,  where  the 
prince  of  Orange  had  a  palace.  A  trea- 
ty was  concluded  here  in  1697,  between 
England,  Germany,  Holland,  France,  and 
Spain. 

Rzeczica,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Lithuania,  and  capital  of  a  ter- 
ritory of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Wyedszwck 
and  Dnieper,  and  is  25  miles  N  of  Kiof. 
Lon.  31  5  E,  lat.  50  32  N. 


S 


S A  AD  AH,  a  strong  and  populous  town 
□f  Arabia  Felix,  where  fine  Turkey  lea- 
ther is  made.  It  is  140  miles  WNW  of 
Sanna.    Lon.  44  55  E,  lat.  17  50  N. 

Saalefeld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  principality 
of  Altenburg,  where  there  are  manufac- 
tures of  cloth  and  silk  stuffs.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Saal,  20  miles  NNE  of  Coburg. 
Lon.  11  22  E,  lat.  50  31  N, 

Saatz,  or  Zatec,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in 
a  circle  of  the  same  name,  situated  on 
the  Eger,  44  miles  S  of  Dresden.  Lon. 
41  5  E,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Saba,  a  Dutch  island  near  St.  Eustatia, 
in  the  W  Indies.  It  is  a  steep  rock,  on 
the  summit  of  which  is  a  little  ground, 
very  proper  for  gardening.  Frequent 
rains,  which  do  not  lie  any  time  on  the 
soil,  give  growth  to  plants  of  an  exquis- 
ite flavour,  and  cabbages  of  an  extraor- 
dinary size.  '  Fifty  European  families, 
with  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  slaves, 
here  raise  cotton,  spin  it,  make  stockings 
of  it,  and  sell  them  to  other  colonies  for 
as  much  as  ten  crowns  a  pair.  T through- 
out America  there  is  no  blood  so  pure 
a3  that  of  Saba;  the  women  there  pre- 
serve a  freshness  of  complexion,  which 
is  not  to  be  found  in  any  other  part  of 
the  Caribbee  islands.  Lon.  63  17  W,  lat. 
17  39  N. 

Saba,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac-Age- 
mi,  seated  in  a  large  plain,  on  the  road 
from  Sultania  to  Kom.  Lon.  52  15  E,  lat. 
34  56  N. 


Sabandge,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
in  Xatolia,  where  all  he  roads  from  Asia 
to  Constantinople  meet.    It  is  situated  a 
on  a  lake  w  hich  abounds  in  fish,  60  miles  ' 
ESE  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  20  49  E,  lat.  " 
4v>  30  N. 

Sabatz,  or  Sabacz,  a  town  and  fortress 
of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Servia,  which  J 
surrendered  to  the  Imperialists  in  1789.  $ 
It  is  situated  on  the  Drave,  22  miles  S  of  }] 
Peterwaradin,  and  28  W  of  Belgrade. 
Lon;  20  2  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Saben,  or  Seben,  formerly  an  episcopal 
town  of  the  archduchy  of  Austria,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Brixen.  The  see  has  been 
since  removed  to  Brixen.  It  is  eight 
miles  SW  of  Brixen. 

Sabi.    See  Xavier. 

Sabia,  a  cape  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Tripoli,  at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf 
rif  Sidr#$$;i 

Sabina,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the  Ec- 
clesiastical State  :  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Umbria,  on  the  E  by  Naples,  on  the  S  by 
Campagna  di  Roma,  and  on  uie  W  by  the 
Patrimony  of  St.  Peter.  It  is  22  miles 
in  length,  and  almost  as  much  in  breadth, 
watered  by  several  small  rivers,  and  a- 
bounding  in  oil  and  wine.  Magliano  is 
the  capital. 

Sabioncello,  a  peninsula  of  Dalmatia,  in 
the  republic  of  Ragusa.  It  lies  xo  the  S 
of  the  gulf  of  Narenta,  and  to  the  N  of 
the  ehanntl  which  separates  the  islands 
of  Curzola  and  Melida. 

Sabioncello,  a  town  of  Dalmatia,  situa- 
ted on  the  pe  insula  of  the  same  name, 
45  miles  NW  of  Ragusa.  Lon.  17  40  E, 
lat.  43  20  N. 

Sabionetta,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Milanese,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  belongs  to 
the  house  of  Austria,  and  is  20  miles  E 
of  Cremona,  and  20  SW  of  Mantua.  Lon. 
10  30  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Sable,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  situated 
on  the  E  coast  of  N  Jutland,  and  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  23 
miles  NNE  of  Alburg.  Lon.  10  18  E,  lat. 
57  20  N. 

Sable,  an  ancient  and  populous  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Sarte, 
with  a  castle.  In  its  vicinity  are  wrought 
some  quarries  of  black  marble.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Sarte,  25  miles  NE  of  An- 
gers, and  135  SW  of.  Paris.  Lon.  0  24 
W,  lat.  47  50  N, 

Sable,  Cape,  the  most  southerly  point 
of  Nova  Scotia,  near  which  is  a  fine  cod- 
fishery.    Lon.  65  39  W,  lat.  43  23  N. 

Sable,  Isle,  an  isle  nearly  adjoining  to 
Sable  Cape  ;  the  coasts  of  both  are  mos* 
commoiliously  situated  for  fisheries.. 

Sables  d'Ohnne,  a  trading  town  oi 


SAG 


SAL 


France,  in  the  department  of  Vendee,  and 
late  province  of  Poitou,  with  an  excel- 
lent harbour.  It  is  sealed  on  the  bay  of 
Biscay;  31  miles  W  of  Lucon.  Lon.  1  36 
W,  kit.  46  30  N. 

Sablestan,  a  province  of  Persia,  bound- 
ed on  the  X  by  Candahar,  on  the  E  by 
Jlindoostan,  on  the  S  by  Makran,  and  on 
the  W  by  Segestan.  It  is  a  mountainous 
country,  little  known  10  Europeans. 

Saccui,  a  strong  city  and  seaport,  one 
of  the  most  famous  in  Japan,  with  seve- 
ral castles,  temples,  and  palaces.  It  is 
seated  on  the  sea,  and  has  a  mountain 
on  one  side,  which  serves  as  a  rampart, 
300  miles  SW  of  Jedo.  Lon.  134  5  E, 
lat  35  0  N. 

Saclisenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
county  of  Waldeck,  68  miles  E  of  Co- 
logne.   Lon.  8  27  E,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Sachsenhausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  county  of  Waldeck,  76  milt  s  E  of 
Cologne.    Lon.^8  40  E,  lat.  51  10  N. 

Suco,  a  considerable  river  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Maine,  which  rises  in  the  White 
Hills,  and  after  running"  through  York 
county  in  a  SE  course,  falls  into  the  O- 
cean  near  Biddeford. 

Sadsbury,  a  township  of  Chester  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  containing  1192  inha-. 
bitants  in  1810  ;  it  is  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Brandy  wine,  between  W  Cain, 
and  E  Fallowfield,  adjoining  Lancaster 
county. 

Sujffi,  a  trading  town  of  Morocco,  with 
a  castle.  The  Portuguese  were  long  in 
possession  of  it,  but  they  forsook  it  in 
1641.  It  is  surrounded  by  several  emi- 
nences which  command  the  town.  Lon. 
8  58  W,  Lit.  32  28  N, 

Sctgnn,  a  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  belonging 
to  prince  Lobkowhz.  It  has  double  walls, 
a  castle,  and  a  priory  of  the  Augustine 
order.  By  permission  of  the  emperor, 
in  1709,  a  Lutheran  school  was  founded 
here.  It  is  seated  on  the  Bober  and  Queis, 
62  miles  NW  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  15  22  E, 
lat.  51  42  N. 

Sagg-IIarbour,  a  port  of  entry,  and  a 
post  town  in  Suffolk  county,  New  York  ; 
situated  at  the  NE  end  of  Long  Island, 
58  miles  E  of  Smithtown,  and  108  E  by 
N  of  the  city  of  New  York,  containing 
about  800  inhabitants. 

Sahgalieji-oula,  a  river  of  E  Chinese 
Tavtary,  which  falls  into  the  sea  of  Kamt- 
scha  ka,  opposite  die  island  of Saghahen- 
oula-bata. 

Sagkalien-ovla-hata,  an  island  in  the 
sea  of  K  imtschatka.  in  about  145  deg.  E 
lon.  and  from  50  to  54  deg.  N  int.  belong- 
ing to  the  Russians. 

Saghalien-eula-hotun,  a  city  of  E  Chi- 


|  nese  Tartary,  in  the  department  of  Tcit- 
eicar,  on  the  S  side  of  the  Saghalien-oula. 
It  is  rich  and  populous,  and  very  import- 
ant on  account  of  its  situation,  .as  it  se- 
cures the  Mantchew  Tartars  the  posses- 
sion of  extensive  deserts  covered  with 
woods,  in  which  a  great  number  of  sa- 
bles are  found.  Lon.  127  25  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Sagrtrz,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Algarva,  with  a  harbour  and  a  fort,  four 
miles  W  of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  and  125  S 
of  Lisbon.  Lon.  9  4  W,  lat.  37  4  N. 
(  Sagitr,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  Malwa,  situated  near 
the  Bunnass  river,  87  miles  NW  of  Gur- 
rah,  and  112  S  of  Agra.  Lon.  78  53  E, 
lat.  23  45  N. 

Sahogim,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Leon,  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  on 
the  river  Sea,  17  miles  from  Placentia. 
Lon.  5  23  W,  lat.  42  33  N. 

Said,  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  seated 
on  the  Nile,  150  miles  S  of  Cairo.  Lon. 
31  20  E,  lat.  27  32  N. 

Said,  in  Palestine.    See  Sidon. 

Saintes,  three  of  the  Leeward  Caribbee 
islands,  in  the  W  Indies,  between  Gua- 
daloupe  and  Dominica. 

Samtes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charente,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see.  There  are  several  monuments 
of  antiquity,  of  which  the  most  famous 
ate  the  amphitheatre,  the  aqueducts,  and 
the  triumphal  arch  on  the  bridge  over 
the  Charente.  The  castle,  built  on  a 
rock,  is  deemed  impregnable  ;  and  the 
cathedral  has  one  of  the  largest  steeples 
in  France.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence, 
37  miles  SSE  of  Rochelle,  and  262  SW  of 
Paris.    Lon.  0  38  W,  lat.  45  54  N. 

Suintonge,  a  late  province  of  France, 
62  miles  long,  and  30  broad;  bounded  or: 
i.L  I,  by  Angoumois  and  Perigord,  on 
the  N  by  Poitou  and  Aunis,  on  the  W  by 
the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  S  by  Bordelois 
and  Giron.  It  now  forms,  with  the  late 
province  of  Aunis,  the  department  of 
►Lower  CUarente^HE^ 

Sal,  one  of  the.  Cape  de  Verd  Islands, 
42  miles  in  circumference,  lying  to  the 
E  of  St.  Nicholas.  It  has  its  name  from 
the  great  quantity  of  salt  made  here  from 
the  sea  water,  which  overflows  part  of  it, 
from  time  to  time.  It  is  300  miles  W  of 
the  coast  of  Africa.  Lon.  22  56  W,  lat. 
16  38  N. 

Sala,  or  Stilberg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
Westmania,  near  which  is  a  very  large 
ancient  silver  mine.  This  town  was  first 
built  by  king  Gust av us  Adolphus/*in 
1624,  and  destroyed  by  fire  in  1736.  It 
is  seated  on  a  river  30  miles  W  of  Upsal, 
and  50  NW  of  Stockholm.  Lon  17  45 
E,  lat.  59  50  N. 


4 


SAL 


SAL 


Salamanca,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
*'kh  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  famous  uni- 
versity, consisting  of  24  colleges.  Here 
.lie  magnificent  cjxurches,  a  large  public 
square,  fine  fountains,  and  every  thing 
tJiat  can  contribute  to  the  beauty  and 
conimodiousness  of  the  city.  The  struc- 
ture called  the  Schools,  where  the  sci- 
ences are  taught,  is  very  large  and  curi- 
ous. There  were  for 'iierly  7000  students, 
when  the  Spanish  monarchy  was  in  a 
flourishing  condition ;  and  there  are  now 
upwards  of  4000,  who  are  clothed  like 
priests,  having  their  heads  shaved,  and 
wearing  caps.  The  river  Tormes,  which 
washes  its  walls,  has  a  bridge  over  it  300 
paces  long,  built  by  the  Romans.  With- 
out the  walls  is  a  line  Roman  causeway. 
It  is  37  miles  SE  of  Miranda,  and  88  N 
W  of  Madrid.    Lon.  5  16  W,  lat.  41  N. 

Salamanca,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  Jucatan,  140  miles  S  of  Cam  - 
peachy.  Lon.  89  58  W,  lat.  17  55  N» 

Salanakem,  or  Salankenien,  a  town  of 
Sclavonia,  remarkable  for  a  battle  gain- 
ed by  the  prince  of  Baden  over  the 
Turks,  in  1691.  It  is  seated  on  the  Da- 
nube, 20  miles  NW  of  Belgrade,  and  25 
SE  of  Peterwaradin.  Lon.  20  53  E,  lat 
45  14  N. 

Salbach,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  the 
margravate  of  Baden,  two  miles  NE  of 
Baden.  Here  mareschal  Turenne,  while 
rcconnoitering  the  enemy,  received  a  mor- 
tal wound. 

Salberg.    See  Sala. 

Salcey,  a  forest  in  the  S  part  of  North- 
amptonshire. 

Salecto,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tu- 
nis, near  the  Mediterranean .  It  is  noted 
for  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle,  and  is 
2  2  miles  SSE  of  Monaster.  Lon.  11  3  E, 
lat*.  3.5  13  N. 

Salon,  the  capital  of  Essex  county, 
.Massachusetts,  being  a  post  town  as  well 
as  port  of  entry.  It  is  situated  on  a  small 
bason  of  the  sea,  13  miles  NE  of  Boston, 
and  about  two  to  the  W  of  Marblehead. 
This  is  the  second  town  for  trade  and  po- 
pulation in  Massachusetts,  the  inhabi- 
tants at  last  census  being  12,613.  It  was 
settled  by  the  English  as  early  as  1628, 
and  is  the  well  known  Naumkeag  of  In- 
dian history.  In  or  about  1692,  it  was 
rendered  famous  for  the  hanging  of  wiz- 
zards  and  witches;  but  the  present  inha- 
bitants are  more  honourably  distinguish- 
ed for  their  industry  and  enterprise  in 
commercial  pursuits.  It  lies  in  lat.  42  20 
NT,  and  lon.  71  W.  The  harbour  is  de- 
fended by  a  fort  and  citadel. 

Salem,  a  county  of  New  Jersey,  con- 
taining 12,761  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  S  and  W  by  the  bay  and 


river  of  Delaware;  on  the  E  by  Cum- 
berland, and  on  the  N  by  Gloucester 
county.    It  is  divided  into  nine  town-  ;j 
ships,  the  principal  of  which  is  Salem. 

Salem*,  a  town  of  Washington  county, 
New  York,  containing  2833  inhabitants  ■ 
in  1810.    It  is  situated  on  the  E  side  of  t 
Hudson  river,  51  miles  N  of  Albany. 

Salefn,  the  capital  of  Salem  county,  i 
New  Jersey  ;  lying  on  the  S  side  of  Sa- 
lem creek,  a  few  miles  above  its  entrance 
into  the  Delaware,  20  miles  NW  of 
Bridgetown,  and  40  S  by  W  of  Philadel- 
phia. It  has  a  post  office  and  about  700 
inhabitants. 

Salem,  a  post  town  in  Stokes  county, 
North  Carolina,  planted  and  inhabited 
principally  by  Moravians,  and  situated 
five  miles  E  by  S  of  Bethania,  and  about 
100  YV  by  N  of  Raleigh,  the  state  capi- 
tal.   It  contains  about  700  inhabitants. 

Salenche,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Upper 
Faucigny,  seated  near  a  small  lake,  on 
the  Arvo,  12  miles  S  of  Cluse. 

Salerno,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  capital 
of  Principato  Citeriore,  with  an  archbi- 
shop's see,  a  castle,  and  an  university, 
principally  for  medicine.  It  is  seated  at 
the  bottom  of  a  bay  of  the  same  name, 
27  miles  SE  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  53  E, 
lat.  40  35  N. 

Salers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cantal,  and  late  province  of 
Auvergne,  seated  among  the  mountains, 
nine  miles  N  of  Aurillac. 

Sal  ford.  Upper  and  Lo~ver,  two  conti- 
guous townships  of  Montgomery  county, 
Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Perkiomen  creek,  and  containing  to- 
gether 1496  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Stakes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Pyrenees,  and  late 
province  of  Gascony,  remarkable  for  its 
springs  of  salt  waters,  from  which  the 
white  salt  is  made.  It  is  seven  miles  VV 
of  Orthea. 

Saligyiac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Yienne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Perigord,  10  miles  S  by  W  of 
Limoges.    Lon;  1  18  E,  lat.  45  42  N. 

Sctlignas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay, 
seated  on  the  Deva,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  ei-ht  miles  N  by  E  of  Vitto- 
ria,  and  28  SSE  of  Bilboa.  Lon.  2  54 
\Y,  lat.  43  5  N. 

Saline,  one  of  the  Li  pari  islands,  in  the 
Mediterranean.  It  consists  of  two  high 
mountains  joined  together  at  the  base, 
and  lies  NW  of  the  island  of  Lipari. 

Satins,  a  considerable  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Jura,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Franche  Comte,  with  a  strong 
fort.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  salt  works, 
the  largest  of  which  is  in  the  middle  of 


SAL 


SAL 


the  town,  and  is  like  a  little  fortified 
place.    It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  valley, 
on  a  stream  that  has  its  source  in  ti, 
town,  29  miles  S  of  Bensancon,  and  20e 
SK  of  Paris.    Lon.  6  5  E,  lat.  46  56  N. 

Salisbury,  a  district  in  the  state  of 
North  Carolina,  containing1  seven  coun- 
ties and  90,534  inhabitants  in  1810.  The 
chief  town  is  Salisbury. 

Salisbury,  a  township  of  Lancaster 
count)",  Pennsylvania,  situated  in  the  N 
E  corner  of  the  couniy,  on  the  head  wa- 
ters of  Pequea  creek,  12  miles  E  of  the 
borotig'ii  of  Lancaster.  In  1810  it  con- 
tained 1841  inhabitants. 

Salisbury,  the  capital  of  Rowan  county, 
North  Carolina,  five  miles  SW  of  Yad 
.kin  river,  34  miles  from  Salem  in  the 
same  direction,  and  120  N  W  of  Fayette- 
ville  ;  containing  ahout  500  souls  with  a 
post  office. 

Salisbury,  a  post  town  in  Essex  county, 
ali  ssachusetts ;  situated  on  the  N  side 
of  Merrimack  river,  four  miles  N  of  New- 
buryport,  and  46  N  by  E  of  Boston. 

Salisbury,  a  post  town  in  Litchfield 
county,  Connecticut,  19  miles  NW  of 
Litchfield,  and  60  of  New  Haven,  with 
2266  inhabitants. 

Salisbury,  a  post  town  in.  Somerset 
county,  Maryland,  lying  oirthe  N  side  of 
"Wiccomico  river,  near  the  confines  of 
Delaware  s*. ate ;  20  miles  NW  of  Snow 
Hill,  and  S3  S  by  W  of  Lewistown  near 
Cape  HenLopen. 

Salisbury,  or  J\"ew  Sarum,  an  episcopal 
city  in  Wiltshire,  of  which  it  is  the  capi- 
tal, with  a  market  on  Tuesday  and  Sa- 
turday. It  is  a  well  built  town,  situated 
in  a  chalky  soil,  on  the  confluence  of  the 
Bourn,  Nadder,  Willey,  and  Avon,  by 
whose  waters  it  is  almost  surrounded, 
and  is  rendered  particularly  clean  by  a 
small  stream  flowing  thro'  every  street 
Jt  has  a  fine  cathedral,  which  was  finish- 
ed in  1258,  and  consecrated  in  presence 
of  Henry  HI.  and  many  of  th  nobility 
and  prelates!  This  fabric,  which  cost 
above  26,000/.  is  the  most  elegant  and 
regular  Gothic  structure  in  the  kingdom, 
Lr;ng  built  in  form  of  a  lantern,  with  its 
spire  of  free-stone  in  the  middle,  the 
Htftiest  in  England.  The  town-hall  is  a 
handsome  building,  and  stands  in  a  spa- 
cious market  place.  Salisbury  is  govern- 
ed by  a  mayor,  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  has  manufactures  of  flan- 
nels, linseys,  hardware,  and  cutler\  i; 
is  21  miles  NE  of  Southampton,  and  83 
Wby  S  of  London.  Lon.  1  42  W,  lat. 
51  3  N. 

Salisbury-Plain,  in  the  county  of  Wilts, 
extends  25  miles  E  to  Winchester,  and 
2S  W  to  We) mouth:  and  in  some  places 


;s  from  35  to  40  in  breadth.  There  are 
•o  many  cross  roads  in  it,  and  so  few 
louses  to  take  directions  from,  that  the 
late  earl  of  Pembroke's  father  planted  a 
r  e  at  the  end  of  every  mile,  from  hence 
)  Shaftesbury,  for  the  traveller's  guide. 
That  pari  of  it  about  the  city  is  a  chalky 
down,  like  Kast  Kent.  The  other  parts 
are  noted  ibr  feeding  numerous  Hocks  of 
-meep,  some  of  which  contain  from  3000 
to  5000  each;  and  several  private  far- 
mers hereabouts*  have  two  or  three  such 
Bocks,  By  folding  the  sheep  upon  the 
lands  here,  after  they  are  turned  up  with 
tiie  plough,  they  become  abundantly 
fruitful,  and  bear  very  good  wheat,  as 
well  as  rye  and  barley.  On  this  plain, 
besides  the  famous  monument  of  Stone- 
henge,  six  riffles  N  of  the  city,  there  are 
the  traces  of  many  old  Roman  and  Bri- 
tish camps,  and  other  remains  of  the 
battles,  fortifications,  sepulchres,  &c.  of 
the  ancient  inhabitants  of  this  kingdom. 

Salisbury  Craig,  a  hill  on  the  E  side  of 
the  city  oi  Edinburgh.  It' is  remarkable 
for  a  great  precipice  of  solid  rock,  about 
one  mile  long,  and  in  some  parts  100  feet 
high  .•  which  passes  with  some  regulari- 
ty along  its  brow. 

Sallee,  an  ancient  town  of  the  kingdom 
of  Pez,  with  an  harbour  and  several  forts. 
Its  harbour  is  one  of  the  best  in  the 
country,  and  yet,  on  account  of  a  bar 
that  lies  across  it,  ships  of  the  smallest 
draught  are  forced  to  unload  and  take 
out  their  guns,  before  they  can  get  into 
it.  There  are  docks  to  build  ships,  but 
they  are  seldom  used,  for  want  of  skill 
and  materials.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old 
and  New  Town,  by  the  river  Guero  ;  and 
lias  long  heen  famous  for  its  pirates4 
which  make  prizes  of  all  Christian  ships 
that  come  in  their  way,  except  there^is 
a  treaty  to  the  contrary.  It  is  100  miles 
W  of  Pez,  and  150  S  of  Gibraltar.  Lon. 
6  31  W,  lat.  34  0  X. 

Suhn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Luxemburg,  11  miles  SSE  of  Spa, 
and  38  N  of  Luxemburg.  Loh.  5  55  Es 
lat.  50  25  N. 

Sahn,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthc,  and  late  province  of 
Lorrain,  with  a  castle,  seated  at  the 
source  of,  the  Sat,  20  miles  W  of  Stras- 
burcr,  u'  d  55  SE  of  Nanci.    Lon.  7  15  E, 

Salo,  an  important  town  of  It;  lv,  in  the 
Brescia;  o  ;  seated  oh  the  lake  Digarpar 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1/96.  and 
is  17  miles  NE  of  Brescia.  Lon.  10  49 
E,  lat  45  38  $2fjf^&4 

Sulobrena,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Gra- 
nada, with  a  casth  -.  It  carries  on  a  great 
trade  in  sucrur  and  fish,  and  is  seated  on. 
4  E 


SAL 


SAL 


a  rock,  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  j 
same  name,  12  miles  E  of  Almunecar,  I 
and  36  S  of  Granada.  Lon.  3  30  W,  lat.  j 
36  31  N. 

Salon,  a  town  of  France,  in  tire  de-j 
partinent  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  I 
and  late  province  of  Provence,  seated  on  ! 
the  canal  of  Craponne,  20  miles  N\V  of 
Aix.    Lon.  5  5  E.  lat.  43  38  N. 

Scddna,  a  seaport  of  Venetian  Dalma- 
ti a,  seated  on  a  bay  of  ihe  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice. It  was  formerly  a  considerable 
place,  and  its  ruins  show,  that  it  was  ten 
miles  in  circumference.  It  is  18  miles 
N  of  -  Spalatro.  Lon.  17  29  E,  lat.  44 
lQ  N. 

Salone,  a  town  of  Livadia,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see.  The  inhabitants  are  Chris- 
tians and  Turks,  pretty  equal  in  num- 
ber ;  and  Jews  are  not  suffered  to  live 
here.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  on  the 
top  of  which  is  a  citadel,  20  miles  NE  ol 
Lepan  o.    Lon.  23  1  E,  lat.  38  50  N. 

Salanichi,  the  ancient  Thessalonica,  a 
seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  capital  of 
Macedonia,  with  an  archbishop's  see.  It 
is  -.en  miles  in  circumference,  and  a  place 
of  great  trade,  carried  on  principally  by 
the  Greek  Christians  and  the  Jews,  the 
former  of  winch  have  30  churches,  and 
the  latter  as  many  synagogues  :  the  Turks 
alsoh^ve  a  few  mosques.  It  is  surround- 
ed by  walls,  and  defended  on  the  land 
side  by  a  citadel,  and  near  the  harbour 
by  three  forts.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Venetians,  by  the  Turks,  in  1431.  It  is 
seated  at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf  of  the 
same  name,  partly  on  the  top,  and  part- 
ly on  the  side  of  a  hill,  near  the  river 
Vardar,  50  miles  N  of  Larissa,  and  240 
W  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  23  8  E,  lat. 
40  41  N. 

Salop.    See  Shropshire. 

Sulpe,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capita- 
nata,  situated  on  a  lake,  near  the  sea.  It 
is  noted  for  considerable  salt-works,  au<'. 
is  23  miles  S  of  Manfredonia,  and  92 
ENE  of  Naples.    Lon.  16  10  E,  iai.  41 

12  x.  ?*&iSfr'  *••»•<  h 

Salses,  a  strong-  castle  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  seat- 
ed on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  ambny 
mountains,  10  miles  Nof  Perpignan.  Lou. 
3  0  E,  lat.  42  53  N. 

Salsette,  a  fine  island  of  the  Deccan  of 
Ilindoostan,  lying  off  the  coast  of  Con- 
can,  to  the  NE  of  Bombay,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  strait  ford- 
able  at  low  water.  It  is  about  15  miles 
square,  and  fertile  in  rice,  fruits,  and 
sugar-canes.  It  has  subterraneous  tem- 
ples cutout  of  the  live  rock,  in  the  man- 
ner of  those  of  Elephanta,  which  appear 
to  be  monuments  of  a  superstition  ante- 


rior to  that  of  the  Hindoos.  In  1773,  Sal- 
sette was  conquered  from  the  Mali  rat  tas  f 
and  it  has  proved  a  valuable  acquisition 
to  Bombay,  which  formerly  depended  on  <3 
foreign  supplies  lor  its  subsistence.  J3 
Salsonna,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalo-J 
nia,  seated  on  the  Lobregat,  44  miles  N  V 
W  of  Barcelona.    Lon.  1  38  E,  lat.  41 
56  a. 

Salt  a  shy  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  with! 
a  market  on  Saturday,  for  horses,  oxen,j 
sheep,  cloth,  and  a  few  hops.  h  consists! 
of  three  streets,  which  are  washed  clean  1 
by  every  shower  of  rain,  is  governed  by 
a  mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament.   It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
steep  hill  six  miles  NW  of  Plymouth, 
and  220  W  by  S  of  London.    Lon.  4  17 
W,  lat.  50  25  N. 

Saltcoats,  a  seaport  of  Scotland,  in 
Ayrshire,  much  resorted  to  as  a  water- 
ing place.  It  has  a  considerable  trade 
;n  salt,  coal,  and  sail  cloth,  together 
with  a  ropc-vard.  It  is  situated  on  \he 
Frith  of  Clyde,  10  miles  NNW  of  Avr, 
and  22  SW'  of  Glasgow.  Lon.  4  45  W, 
lat.  55  39  N. 

Salt-Hill,  a  village  in  Berks,  noted  for 
us  fine  situation  and  elegant  inns  It  is 
on  the  road  to  Bath,  22  miles  W  of  Lon- 
don. 

Saltzay  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Magdeburg  It  takes  its  nunc 
from  the  salt  pits,  and  is  12  miles  SSE 
of  Magdeburg.  Lon.  11  54  E,  lat.  52  3  N. 

Saltzburgy  an  archbishopric  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  circle  of  Bavaria,  70  miles 
long  and  60  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Bavaria,  on  the  E  by  Austria,  on  the 
S  by  Carmthia  and  the  Tirol,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  Tirol  and  Bavaria.  It  is  a 
mountainous  country,  but  pretty  fertile, 
and  contains  mines  of  copper,  silver,  ;  rid 

Saltzburgy  an  ancient  and  populous 
city  of  Germany,  capital  of  an  archbi- 
shopric of  the  same  name.  It  is  well 
built,  and  defended  by  a  castle  on  a 
mountain,  and  near  it  are  some  consider- 
able salt  works  which  are  very  produc- 
tive. The  archbishop  who  is  a  sovereign 
prince,  has  two  noble  palaces  ;  the  one 
for  summer,  and  the  other  for  winter  ; 
the  latter  contains  163  apartments,  all 
richly  furnished,  without  reckoning  the 
halls  and  galleries.  The  university  de- 
pends on  the  Benedictine  monks.  The 
cathedral  is  very  fine,  and  contains  five- 
organs.  It  is  seated  on  both  sides  the 
river  Saltz,  45  miles  S  by  W  of  Passaw, 
and  155  W  by  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  13  5  E, 
lat.  47  37  N. 

Saltzioedely  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,   in  the  old 


S  A  M 


SAM 


marche  of  Brandenburg,  noted  for  its 
flourishing  manufactures  of  cloth,  serge, 
and  stockings.  It  was  fbrmei  ly  one  of 
the  Hanse  towns,  and  is  situated  on  the 
Jetze.  20  mdcs  NNW  of  Gardeloben, 
and  <*8  ENE  of  Zell.  Lon.  11  30  E,  lat. 
52  55  N. 

Salvador,  St.  one  of  the  Bahama  Is- 
lands.   See  Guanahami. 

Salvador,  St.  the  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  Cong  o,  with  a  large  palace,  where 
the  king-  and  a  Portuguese  bishop  reside. 
Jt  is  seated  on  a  craggy  mountain,  240 
miles  E  by  S  of  Loango.  Lon.  15  39  E, 
lat.  4  50  S. 

Salvador,  St.  a  populous  city  of  South 
America,  in  Brasil,  with  an  archbishop's 
see,  and  several  forts.  It  contains  many 
religious  houses  ;  the  inhabitants  are  vo- 
luptuous, and  carry  on  a  considerable 
trade.  The  houses  are  two  or  three  st-.- 
ries  high,  and  the  walls  thick  and  strong, 
being  built  of  stone.  The  principal 
streets  are  large,  and  there  are  many 
gardens,  full  of  great  variety  of  fruit* 
trees,  herbs,  and  Mowers.  The  chief 
commodities  are  sugar,  tobacco,  woad 
for  dyers,  raw  hides,  tallow,  and  train- 
oil.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the 
bav  of  All  Saints,  120-  miles  SW  of  Ser- 
gippy.    Lon.  40  10  W,  lat  13  30  S. 

Salvages,  small  uninhabi'ted  islands, 
lying  between  Madeira  and  the  Canaries, 
27  leagues  N  of  Point  Nago  in  Teneriff. 
Lon.  15  54  W,  lat.  30  0  X. 

Salvaterra,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Es- 
tremadura,  with  a  roval  palace,  seated 
on  the  Tago.    Lon.  7  51  W,  lat.  38  59  ST. 

Salvaterra,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Beira.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1704,  and  by  the  allies  in  1705.  It  is 
seated  on  theEiia,  12  miles  NE  of  Alcan- 
tara.   Lon.  6  14  W,  lat.  39  30  N . 

Salvatienya,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Gali 
cia,  seated  on  the  Minho,  56  miles  S  of 
Compostella.    Lon.  8  16  W,  lat.  41  48  N. 

Salvatierra,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Bis- 
cay, staled  at  the  foot  of  Mount  St.  A- 
drian,  30  miles  E  by  S  of  Vittoria.  Lon. 
2  17  W,  lat.  42  54  N. 

Saluda,  a  river  of  South  Carolina, 
which  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Green- 
ville county  and  runs  in  a  SE  course  till 
it  join  the  Congaree,  at  or  near  the  city 
of  Columbia. 

Sahtzzo,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  capital 
of  a  marquisate  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  and  a  castle.  The  cathe- 
dral is  magnificent  and  rich.  It  is  seat 
ed  on  an  eminence,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Alps,  near  the  river  Po,  22  miles  S  bv 
W  of  Turin.    Lon.  7  37  E,  lat.  44  44  N. 

Savmndrachi.    See  Samothracid, 

Sdmarcaftdf  an  ancient  and  populous 


city  in  the  country  of  the  Usbec  Tartars, 
with  a  castle  and  an  university.  It  was 
the  birth-place  and  seat  of  Tamerlane 
the  Great.  It  carries  on  a  trade  in  ex- 
cellent fruits,  and  is  pleasantly  seated 
near  theSogde,  which  runs  into  the  Amo, 
138  miles  E  by  N  of  Bokhara.  Lon.  65 
15  E,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Samar,  Pliilippina,  or  Tandago,  one  of 
the  Philippine  Islands,  in  the  Indian 
ocean  SE  of  that  of  Luconia,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  strait.  It  is  320 
miles  in  circumference,  and  is  full  of 
craggy  mountains,  among  which  are  fer- 
tile vallies. 

Samara,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Ufa,  situated  on  the  conflux 
of  the  rivers  Salmisch  and  Sakmara,  12 
miles  N  of  Orenburg.  Lon:  55  5  E,  lat! 
53  2  N. 

Samara,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Simbirsk,  not  far  from  the 
Volga.  '  Lon.  49  26  E,  lat.  53  20  N. 

Samarand,  a  populous  town  on  the 
eastern  part  of  the  island  of  Java. 

Samathan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  ofEure,  with  a  strong  castle 
on  a  mountain.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley, 
on  the  river  Save,  five  miles  N  of  Lom- 
bez.    Lon.  1  0  E,  lat.  43  34  N. 

Samballas,  islands  on  the  N  coast  of 
the  isthmus  of  Daricn,  not  inhabited  but 
claimed  by  the  Spaniards. 

Sambas',  a  town  of  the  island  of  Bor- 
neo, situated  near  the  W  coast.  It  is  - 
capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name, 
ami  in  its  vicinity  diamonds  are  found. 
Lon.  109  0  E,  lat.'a^ON. 

Sambre,  a  river  of  the  Netherlands, 
which  rises  in  Picardy,  a:.d  passing  by 
Landrecy,  Maubeuge,  Thun,  and  Char- 
leroy,  falls  into  the  Maese,  at  Namtir. 

Samogitia,  a  province  of  Poland,  175 
miles  long  and  125  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  "by  Courland,  on  the  E  by  Lithu- 
ania, on  the  W  by  the  Baltic,  and  on 
the  S  by  Western  Prussia,  being  about 
175  miles  long,  and  125  broad.  It  is  full 
of  forests  and  high  mountains,  which 
feed  a  great  number  of  cattle,  and  pro- 
duce a  great  quantity  of  honey.  Here 
are  also  very  active  horses,  in  high  es- 
teem. The  inhabitants  are  clownish,  but 
honest ;  and  they  will  not  allow  a  young 
woman  to  go  out  in  the  night  without  a 
candle  in  her  hand,  and  two  bells  at  her 
girdle.    Rosienne  is  the  principal  town. 

Samos,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
on  the  coast  of  Natolia.  and  to  the  E  of 
the  isle  of  Nicaria.  The  women  are 
clothed  in  the  Turkish  manner,  except 
a  red  coif,  and  their  hair  hanging  down 
their  backs,  with  plates  of  silver,  or 
block-tin,  fastened  to  the  ends.    It  is  3: 


S  A  M 


SAN 


subsistence.  Like  all  savage  nations  they 
great  their  wives  with  the  utmost  con- 
tempt, and  often  with  a  severity  abso- 
lutely inhuman. 

Sampson,  a  county  of  North  Carolina, 
situated  in  Fayette  district,  on  the  E 
side  of  Cape  Fear  river,  between  Duplin 
county  on  the  E,  and  Robeson  on  the 
W.  it  contained  6,620  inhabitants  in 
1810,  including  2,049  slaves.  It  has  no 
considerable  town. 

Samso,  or  Samsoi,  an  island  of  Den- 
mark on  the  E  coast  of  N  Jutland.  It  is 
eight  miles  long  and  three  broad,  and 
very  fert  ile.    Loir.  10  33  E,  lat.  56  2  N. 

Samson,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Eure  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  seated  on  the  river  llille,  five 
miles  from  Pontaudemer. 

Sana,  or  Zona,  a  town  of  Peru,  and 
capital  of  a  jurisdiction  in  the  bishopric 
of  Truxillo.  Its  situation  is  delightful, 
and,;  adorned  with  the  most  beautiful 
Rowers,  whence  it  receives  the  name  of 
mirafloris.  It  is  90  miles  N  of  Truxillo. 
Lori.  78  30  W,  lat.  40  35  N. 

Sanaa,  the  capital  of  Arabia  Felix  in 
Yemen  Proper.  It  is  seated  among  mouri- 
tains,  and  fine  orchards,  240  miles  NNE 
of  Mocha,  and  450  SE  of  Mecca.  Lon. 
46  35  E,  lat.  17  28  N. 

Sandbachf  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the  We- 
lock.  In  the  market-place  are  two  square 
stone  crosses,  adorned  with  images.  It 
is  26  miles  E  of  Chester,  and  161  NNW 
of  London.    Lon.  2  28  W,  lat.  53  8  N. 

SanboHon,  a  township  of  Strafford  coun- 
ty, Newhampshire,  containing  2884  in- 
habitants in  1810.    Situated  55  miles  N 


miles  long,  22  broad,  and  extremely  fer- 
tile, li  abounds  with  partridges,  -wood- 
cocks, snipes,  thrushes,  woodpigeons, 
turtle-doves,  v.heatears,  and  excellent 
poultry.  They  have  abundance  of  me- 
lons, lentils,  kidneybeans,  muscadine 
g.apes  and  vvhi  e  figs,  four  times  as 
big  us  die  common  sort,  but  not  so  well 
tasted.  Their  silk  is  very  fine,  and  the 
honey  and  wax  admirable.  They  have 
iron  mmes,  and  most  of  die  soil  is  of  a 
rusty  cuiour  ;  they  have  also  emery  sone, 
and  all  the  mountains  are  of  white  mar- 
ble. ,  The  inhabitants,  about  12.000,  are 
al'  >.>st  nil  Creeks,  and  have  a  bishop 
who  resides  at  Corea.  Lon.  27  13  E,  lat. 
3]  40  N. 

Somothracia,  now  called  Samandrachi, 
a  small  island  of  the  Archipelago,  be- 
tween  Stalimeni  and  the  coast  of  Roma- 
nia, and  to  the  N  of  the  is'c  of  Imbro. 
It  is  17  miles  in  circumference,  and 
pre  civ  well  cultivated.  Lon.  25  17  E, 
lat.  40  34  N. 

Scmoyedes,  once  a  numerous  and  pow- 
erful iiiiiion  of  Tartary.  They  inhabit 
the  coasts  of  the  Frozen  Sea,  from  the 
65  degrees  of  N  lat.  to  the  sea  shore. 
Ti.e  cou '.tries  they-  occupy  are  marshy 
and  full  of  rocks,  so  that  from  the  67  de- 
gree of  lat.  there  are  no  trees  of  any  kind; 
ancLfthe  cold  that  prevails  in  these  cli- 
mates prevents  vegetation  to  such  a  point, 
that  even  the  little  brush  wood,  here 
•and  there  to  be  seen,  dwindles  away  to 
nothing  as '  j'ou  advance  towards  the 
n  rih.  In  stature  the  Samoyedes*  are 
scarcely  of  a  middling  height ;  it  being 
rare  to  meet  with  a  man  of  more  than 
fiv  f  et,  though  it  must  at  the  same 
time  be  confc  sse. that  the  shortest,  J  W  of  Portsmouth. 

who  are  about  [our  feet,  are  equally  Sar>ccvre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
scarce.  They  seem  all  of  a  jheap  ;  have  partment  of  Cher,  and  late  province  of 
short  legs,  small  neck,  a  large  head,  ii.it  I  Berry.  In  its  neighbourhood  are  excel- 
nose  and  face,  with  the  lower  part  of  the  j  lent  wines,  equal  to  those  of  Burgundy. 


lace  projecting  outwards ;  they  have 
large  mouths  and  ears,  little  black  eyeSJ 
but  wide  eyelids,  small  lips,  and  little 
feet.  Their  winter  huts  are  made  half 
way  in  the  ground,  like  those  of  the  Os- 
t'aks,  and  i  re  seldom  more  than  two  or 
three  by  the  side  of  one  another.  Poles 
placed  so  as  10  lean  against  each  other, 
and  covered  with  the  skms  of  rein  deers, 
or  bark  of  birch,  make  the  whole  of  heir 
compositi  >n.  In  summer  they  travel 
from  lake  to  lake  for  the  purpose  of  fish- 
ing-; and  wherever  they  strip  for  a  time, 
there  they  build  temporary  hovels  upon 


the  ground.    Hunting,  fishing,  and  tent 
ing  their  rein-deer,  rmdte  the  whole  of 
their  employment.    The  two  former  ure 
the  common  business  of  all,  as  furritsh- 


It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
Loire,  22  miles  NW  ofNevers,  and  110 
N  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  59  E,  lat.  47  18  N. 

Sancian,  an  island  of  China,  on  the 
coast  of  Qtiang-tong,  40  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  famous  for  being  the  bury- 
ing-placc  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  whose 
tomb  is  to  be  seen  on  a  small  hill. 

Sancoins,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cher,  and  late  province  "f 
Perry,  seated  on  the  Argent,  15  mik-s  S 
W  of  Nevers. 

Sunda,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands,  m 
Scotland,  lying  NE  of  that  called  Main- 
land. \j5£«Kv 


Sandecz,  a  strong  'own  of  little  Poland, 
*in  the  palatinate  of  Cracow.  There  are 
mines  of  gold  and  copper  in  its  territory, 

thciii  with  the  principal  part  of  their  \  and  it  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  Mount 


SAN 


SAN 


Krapack,  32  miles  SE  of  Cracow.  Lon. 

20  32  E,  lat.  49  43  N. 

Sandersfeld,  a  township  of  Berkshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  1648 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween N  Marlborough  and  Mount  Wash- 
ington, and  near  the  Connecticut  line 

Sandersleben,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  princi- 
pality of  Anhalt  Dessau,  situated  on  the' 
Wipper,  16  miles  SE  of  Quedlingburg, 
and  31  S\V  of  Dcssaw.  Lon.  11  22  E,  lat. 
51  38  N. 

Sandersted,  a  village  in  Surry,  to  the 
S  of  Croydon,  and  in  an  elevated  situ- 
ation, which  affords  a  delightful  pros- 
pect over  the  adjacent  country. 

Sandgate  Castle,  a  castle  in  Kent,  SW 
of  Folkstone,  built  by  Henry  VIII.  here 
queen  Elizabeth  lodged  one  night,  when 
she  came  to  visit  this  coast  in  1588. 

Scndhamn,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Upland,  appointed  for  the 
examination  of  a.11  vessels  to  and  from 
Stockholm.  It  is  10  miles  E  of  Stock- 
holm.   Lon.  18  20  E,  lat.  59  20  N. 

Sando,  an  island  of  Japan  on  the  N 
cosat  of  Niphon ;  with  a  town  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  87  miles  in  circumference. 
Lon.  139  30  E,  lat-  58  35  N. 

Sandomir,  a  strong  town  of  Little  Po- 
land, capital  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  a  hill,  on 
the  Vistula,  75  miles  E  of  Cracow,  and 
112  S  of  Warsaw.    Lon.  22  0  E,  lat.  50 

21  N. 

Sandugal,  a  small  town  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province  of  Beira,  seated  on  the  Coa, 
12  miles  SSE  of  Guarda. 

Sandvilet,  a  town  of  Brabant,  seated 
on  the  river  Scheldt,  12  miles  NW  of 
Antwerp.    Lon.  1  12  E,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Sandusky,  a  considerable  river  of  In- 
,  diana  territory,  belonging  to  the  United 
States.  It  rises  near  the  head  water  of 
the  river  Sciota,  there  being  between 
them  a  portage  of  four  miles,  and  runs 
in  a  winding  NE  course,  till  it  falls  into 
lake  Erie,  at  the  bay  of  Sandusky. 

SamhvicJt,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It  is 
one  of  the  cinque  ports,  governed  by  a 
mayor  and  jurats,  and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  has  three  churches, 
and  about  1500  houses,  most  of  them 
built  with  wood,  others  with  brick  and 
flints,  and  6,000  inhabitants.  It  is  walled 
round,  and  fortified  with  ditches  and 
ramparts,  but  the  walls  are  much  decay- 
ed, though  four  of  the  gates  are  yet 
standing.  It  had  once  a  considerable 
trade,  but  is  now  much  decayed,  the  ri- 
ver Stour,  on  which  it  is  seated,  being 

choked  up  with  sand,  as  to  admit  only 


small  vessels.  It  is  13  miles  E  of  Can- 
terbury, and  67  E  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
1  25  E,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Sqiuhoich,  a  post  town  in  Barnstable 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  situated  on  Bain- 
stable  Bav,  12  miles  W  of  Barnstable, 
18  NE  of  'iV.irnomh,  and  64  SE  of  Bos- 
ton, containing  2382  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Sandwich,  a  town  of  New-Hampshire, 
in  Strafford  county,  a  few  miles  W  of 
Winninpiokue  lake,  with  2232  inhabi- 
tants in  1810. 

Sandwich  Islands,  a  group  of  islands 
in  the  S  Sea,  among  the  last  discoveries 
of  captain  Cook,  who  so  named  them,  in 
h.  nour  of  the  earl  of  Sandwich,  under 
whose  administration  these  discoveries 
were  made.  They  consist  of  eleven  is- 
lands, extending  in  lat.  from  18  deg.  54 
min.  to  22  deg.  15  min.  N,  and  in  lon. 
from  150  deg.  54  min.  to  160  deg.  24 
min.  W.  They  are  called  by  the  natives, 
Owhyhee,  Mowee,  Ranai,  Morotoi,  Ta- 
hoorowa,  Woahoo,  Atooi,  Neeheeheow, 
Oreehoua,  Morotinne,  and  Tahoora,  all 
inhabited  excepting  the  two  last.  An  ac- 
count of  all  the  inhabited  islands  w  ill  be 
found  in  their  proper  places  in  this  work, 
The  climate  of  these  islands  differs  very 
little  from  that  of  the  Wesi. Indies  in  the 
same  latitude,  though  perhaps  more  tem- 
perate ;  and  there  are  no  traces  of  tho  se 
violent  winds  and  hurricanes  which  ren- 
der  the  stormy  months  in  the  West  In- 
dies so  dreadful.  There  is  also  more  rain 
at  the  Sandwich  Isles,  where  the  moun- 
tainous parts  being  generally  envelope  d 
in  a  cloud,  successive  showers  fail  in  the 
inland  parts,  with  fine  weather,  and  a 
clear  sky,  on  the  sea  shore.  Hence  it  is, 
that  few  of  those  inconveniencies,  to 
which  many  tropical  countries  are  sub- 
ject, either  from  heat  or  moisture,  are 
experienced  here.  The  winds,  in  the 
winter  months,  are  generally  from  ESE 
to  NE.  The  vegetable  productions  are 
nearly  the  same  as  those  of  the  other  is- 
lands in  this  ocean  ;  but  the  taro  root  is 
here  of  a  superior  quality.  The  bread- 
fruit trees  thrive  not  in  such  abundance 
as  in  the  rich  plains  of  Otaheite,  but 
produce  double  the  quant  ity  of  fruit.  The 
sugar-canes  are  of  a  very  unusual  size, 
some  of  them  measuring  eleven  inches 
and  a  quarter  in  circumference,  and  hav- 
ing 14  feet  eatable.  There  is  also  a  root 
of  a  brown  colour,  shaped  like  a  am, 
and  from  six  to  ten  pounds  in  weight, 
the  juice  of  which  is  very  sweet,  of  a 
pleasant  taste,  and  is  an  excellent  sub- 
stitute for  sugar.  The  quadrupeds  are 
confined  to  the  three  usual  sorts,  hogs, 
dogs,  and  rats,  The  fowls  are  also  of 
the  common  sort;  and  the  birds  are  beau- 


SAN 


8  A 


tiful  and  numerous,  though  not  various. ! 
Goats,  pigs,  and  Bupbpean  seeds,  were 
let1,  by  captain  Cook;  but  the  possession 
of  ihe  goats  soon  gave  rise  to  a  contest, 
between  two  districts,  in  which  the  firmed 
was  entirely  destroyed.  The  inhabitants 
are  undoubtedly  of  tiie  sume  race  that 
possesses  the  islands  south  of  he  equa- 
tor; and  in  their  persons,  language,  cus- 
toms, and  manners,  approach  nearer  to 
the  New  Zealanders,  than  to  their  less 
distant  neighbours,  either  of  the  Society 
or  Friendly  islands.  They  are  n  general 
above  the  middle  size,  .md  well  made  ; 
they  walk  very  gracefully,  run  nimbly, 
and  are  capable  of  bearing  very  great  fa- 
tigue. Many  of  both  sexes  have  fine  open 
countenances,  and  the  women  in  parti- 
cular have  good  eyes  and  teeth,  with  a 
sweetness  and  sensibility  of  look  that 
render  them  very  engaging.  There  is 
one  peculiarity,  characteristic  of  every 
part  of  this  great  nation,  that  even  in  the 
handsomest  faces  there  is  a  fulness  of 
the  nostrils,  without  any  flatness  or 
spreading  of  the  nose.  They  suffer  their 
beards  to  grow,  and  wear  their  hair  after 
various  fashions.  The  dress  of  both  men 
and  women  nearly  resembles  those  of  N 
Zealand,  and  both  sexes  wear  necklaces 
of  small  variegated  shells.  Tattowing 
the  body  is  practised  by  every  colony  of 
this  nation.  The  hands  and  arms  of  the 
women  are  also  very  neatk  marked,  and 
they  have  the  singular  custom  of  tattow- 
ing  the  tip  of  the  tongue.  Like  the  New 
Zealanders,  they  have  adopted  the  me- 
thod of  living  in  villages,  containing 
from  100  to  200  houses  built  pretty  close- 
ly together,  without  any  order,  and  hav- 
ing a  winding  path  between  them.  They 
are  generally  flanked  towards  the  s<  a 
with  detached  walls,  which  are  meant 
both  for  shelter  and  defence.  Thest 
walls  consist  of  loose  stones,  and  the  in- 
habitants are  very  dexterous  in  shifting 
them  suddenly  to  such  places  as  the  di- 
rection of  the  attack  may  require.  In 
the  sides  of  the  hills  or  surrounding 
eminences,  they  have  also  little  holes  or 
caves,  the  entrance  to  which- is  also  se- 
cured by  a  fence  of  the  same  kind.  They 
serve  for  places  of  retreat  in  cases  of  px 
tremity,  and  may  be  defended  by  a  sin- 
gle person  against  several  assailants. 
Their  houses  are  of  different  sizes,  some 
of  them  being  large  and  corrmodi.  us, 
from  .40  to  50  feet  long,  and  from  20  tcj 
30  broad;  while  others  are  mere  hovel-. 
The  food  of  the  lower  class  consists  prin- 
cipally of  fish  and  vegetables,  to  which 
the  people  of  higher  rank  add  the  flesh 
qf  clogs  and  hogs.  The  manner  of  spend- 
ing their  time  admits  of  little  variety. 


They  rise  with  the  sun,  and,  after 
ing  the  cool  of  the  evening,  retire  to 
a  few  hours  after  sun  set.  The  m.»ki 
of  canoes,  mats,  &c.  forms  the  occu 
tions  oi  the  men  ;  the  women  are  empl 
ed  in  manufacturing  cloth,  and*the  ser- 
vants are  principally  engaged  in  the  plan- 
tations, and  fishing.  Their  idle  hours  arc 
fuled  up  with  various  amusements,  such 
as  dancing,  boxing,  wrestling,  &c.  Their 
agr:culture  and  navigation  bear  a  great 
resemblance,  to  those  of  the  South  Sea 
islands.  Their  plantations,  which  are 
spread  over  the  whole  sea  coast,  consist 
of  the  taro,  or  eddy  root,  and  sweet  po- 
tatoes, with  plants  of  the  cloth  tree  set 
in  rows.  The  bottoms  of  their  canoes  are 
of  a  single  piece  of  wood,  hollowed  out 
to  the  thickness  of  an  inch,  and  brought 
to  a  point  at  each  end.  The  sides  con- 
sist of  three  boards,  each  about  an  inch 
thick,  neatly  fitted  and  lashed  to  the  bot- 
tom part.  Some  of  the  r  double  canoes 
measure  70  feet  in  length,  three  and  a 
half  in  depth,  and  12  in  breadth.  Their 
cordage,  fish-hooks  ~nd  fishing  tat  kie, 
differ  but  little  from  those  of  the  other 
islands.  Among  their  arts  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  of  making  salt,  which 
they  have  in  great  abundance  and  of  a 
good  quality.  Their  instruments  of  war 
are  spears,  daggers,  clubs,  and  slings  ; 
and  tor  defensive  armour,  they  wear 
strong  mats  which  are  ,  not  easih  pene- 
trated by  such  weapons  as  theirs.  As 
i he  islands  are  not  united  under  one  so- 
vereign, wars  are  frequent  anions  them, 
which,  no  doubt,  contribute  greatly  to 
reduce  the  number  of  inhabitants,  which, 
according  to  the  proportion  assigned  to 
each  island  does  not  exceed  400,000. — 
The  same  system  of  subordination  pi"e- 
vails  here  as  at  the  other  islands,  the 
same  absolute  authority  on  the  part  of 
tiie  chiefs,  and  the  same  unresisting  sub- 
mission on  the  part  of  the  people.  The 
gover  ment  is  likewise  monarchical  and 
hereditary.  At  Owhyhee  there"  is  a  re- 
gular society  of  priests  living  by  them- 
selves, and  distinct  in  all  respects  from 
die  rest  of  the  people.    Human  sacrifices 

:re  here  frequent i  not  only  at  the  com- 
■nenrement  of  a  war,  or  any  signal  enter- 
prise, but  the  death  of  ever}'  consider- 

bie  chief  calls  for  a  repetition  of  these 
horrid  rites.  Notwithstanding  the  irre- 
parable loss  in  the  death  of  captain  Cook, 
who  was  here  murdered  through  sudden 
p  sent  ment  and  violence,  they  are  ac- 
knowledged to  be  of  the  most  mild  and 

ftectionate  disposition.  Theylive  in  the 
u  most    harmonv  and  friendship  with 
cli  other:  and  in  hospitality  to  stran- 
gers thev  are  not  exceeded  even  bv  the 


SAN 


SAN 


inhabitants  of  the  Friendly  Islands.  Their 
natural  capacity  seems  in  no  respect  be- 
low the  common  standard  of  mankind  ; 
and  tkeir  linprovcmenls  in  agriculture, 
and  the  perfection  of  their  manufactures, 
are  certainly  adequate  to  the  circum- 
stances of  their  siugkion.  and  the  natu- 
ral advantages  whiccTthey  eujo\ . 

Sandwich  Lund,  a  barren  and  desolate 
country  in  the  southern  Ocean.    Tins  is 
the  greatest  S  latitude  ever  yet  explored, 
and  the  most  southern  pari  that  was  sec 
lies  in  Ion.  27  45  W,  lat.  59  34  S. 

Sandy  Hook,  a  noted  point  of  land  in 
Monmouth  county,  New  Jersey,  on  which 
a  light  house  is  erected.  The  road  with- 
in the  hook  is  esteemed  a  safe  harbour 
for  large  vessels.  v- 

Sanen,  or  Gessenay,  a  town  of  Swisser- 
land,  in  Bern. 

Sangue'jsa,  a  town  of  Spain*  in  Navarre, 
Seated  on  the  Arragon,  20  miles  SE  of 
P^npelun*    Lon.  1  17  W,  lat.  42  34  N. 

Samp?.    See  Burrampooter. 

Sanore-B uncabour ,  a  town  of  the  My- 
sore country,  in  the  E  Indies,  H7  miles 
E  by  N  of  Goa.  Lon.  75  44  E,  lat.  15  39  N. 

Sanquhar,  a  borough  of  Dumfriesshire, 
Sc  otland  ;  with  a  ruined  caslle  a  coal 
trade,  and  a  manufacture  of  worsted  mit- 
tens and  stockings.  It  is  seated  on  the 
small  river  Nhh,  24  miles  N  of  Dum- 
fries.   Lon.  3  36  W,  lat.  55  30  N. 

Santa  Clara,  an  island  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean,  and  in  the 
bay  of  Guyaquil,  90  miles  W  of  Guvaquil. 
Lon.  82  36*  W,  lat  2  18  S 

Santa  Cruz,  a  seaport  on  the  E  side  of 
TenerbTe,  on  a  fine  bay  of  the  same  name 
defended  by  many  small  batteries,  and  s 
strong  fori.  It  has  a  welj  built  pier,  and 
an  excellent  quay,  on  which  is  a  hand- 
some mail,  shaded  by  several  rows  oi 
trees.  The  town  is  irregularly  built;  the 
principal  street  is  broad,  and  has  nunc 
the  appearance  of  a  square  than  a  strict : 
at  the  upper  end,  is  the  governor's,  house, 
and  at  the  lower  a  square  monument, 
commemorating  the  appearance  of  Niu  s- 
tra  Senora  (our  Lady)  to  the  Guanclws, 
the  original  inhabitants  of  the  island. 
Lon.  16  26  W,  lat.  28  27  N. 

Santa  Cruz,  a  seaport  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Morocco,  with  a  fort.  The  Moors 
took  it  from  the  Portuguese  in  1536.  It 
is  seated  at  the  extremity  of  Mount  At- 
las, on  Cape  Agner.  Lon.  10  7  W,  lah,, 
30  38  N. 

Santa  Cruz,  one  of  the  Caribbee  Is- 
lands.   Lon.  64  35  W,  lat.  17  45  N. 

Santa  Cruz,'  an  island  in  the  S  Pacific 
Ocean,  one  of  the  most  considerable  of 
those  of  Salonika,  beinsr  250  miles  m  ch 
cumference.    Lon.  130  0  W,  Lit.  10  21  S. 


Santa  Cmz,  a  seaport  on  the  N  side  of 
the  island  of  Cuba,  in  the  West  Indies, 
6 J  miles  E  of  Havannah.  Lon.  81  10  W, 
lat.  23  10  N. 

'  Santa  Cruz-de -la-Sierra,  a  town  of  S 
America,  in  Peru,  and  capital  of  a  go- 
vernment of  that  name,  in  the  audience 
of  Los-Charcos,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  at  the  toot  ot  a  moumain,  in  a 
■country  abounding  in  good  fruits,  on  the 
river  Guapv,  3'JO  miles  E  of  Plata.  Lon. 
59  55  W,  lac.  19  46  S. 

Santa  Fa,  the  capital  of  New  Mexico, 
in  N  America,  seated  among  mountains, 
near  the  Rio-del-Norte,  950  miles  N  of 
Mexico.    Lon.  106  35  W,  lat.  35  32  N. 

Said  a-Fe-de- Bogota,  a  town  of  South 
America,  and  the  capital  of  New  Grana- 
da, with  an  archbishop's  see,  and  an  uni- 
versity, jtt  is  the  seat  of  a  new  vice- 
royalty  established  in  the  present  cen- 
tury. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Madalena, 
in  a  country  abounding  in  corn  and  fruit, 
with  mine  s  of  silver  in  the  mountains, 
36'J  miles  Sot*  Carthagena.  Lon.  73  5  W, 

Santarem,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Es- 
tremadura,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near 
the  rivi  r  Tajo,  in  a  country  fertile  in 
wheat,  wine,  and  oil.  It  was  taken  from 
the  Moors  in  1447,  and  is  55  miles  NE  of 
Lisbon.    Lon.  8  25  W,  lat.  39  2  N. 

Suntee,  a  larg-e  navigable  river  of  South 
Carolina,  which  is  formed  by  the  junc 
tion  of  the  Watcreie  andCongaree  rivers, 
in  Cle  rmont  county.  Its  general  course 
from  thence  is  nearly  SE,  till  it  unites 
with  the  Ocean,  bv  two  mouths  or  chan- 
nels, called  the  North  and  South  Santee. 

Saiiien,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 

e  ui  Westphalia,  and  duchy  of  Cleves. 
It  has  a  handsome  church  belonging  to 
tiie  papists,  wherein  is  an  image  of  the 
V.rgin,  which,  they  pretend,  performs  a 
$reat  many  miracles.  It  is  seated  on  the 
"Rhine,  15  nv'.es  SE  of  Cleves.  Lon.  6  25 
E,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Santil/anu,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Astu- 
rias  de  Banti liana,  of  which  it  is  the  ca- 
pital ;  seated  on  the  liav  of  Biscay,  50 
miles  E  of  Oviedo,  and  200  NW  of  Mad- 
rid.   Lon.  4  32  W,  lat.  43  34  N. 

Santorini,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
to  the  N  of  Candia,  and  to  the  S  of  Nio. 
It  is  eight  miles  in  length,  and  nearly  ap 
much  iu  breadth  ;  and  near  it  are  three 
or  four  Other  small  islands,  each  of  which 
bears  evident  marks  of  a  volcanic  origin, 
being  all  covered  with  pumice  stone.  It 
produces  plenty-  of  barley,  cotton, "and 
wine,  in  winch,  and  the  cotton  manufac- 
ture's, ks  trade  consists.  Fruit  is  scarce, 
except  nVsy  and  it  has  neither  oil  nor 
wood.    The  inhabitants  are  all  Greeks, 


S  A  R 


S  A  R 


about  10,000  in  number,  and  though  sub- 
ject to  (lie  Turks,  they  choose  their  own 
magistrates..*  PyrgtJS  is  the  capital.  Lon. 
26  1  E,  lat.  36  10  N. 

Saonne,  Upper,  a  department  of  France, 
including  part  of  the  late  province  of  the 
Isle  of  France.  It  takes  its  name  from  a 
river,  which  rises  in  Mount  Yosges,  and 
falls  into  the  Rhone  at  Lyons,  The  capi- 
tal is  Vesoul. 

Sapniie  and  Loire,  a  department  of 
France,  including-  part  of  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy.  Macon  is  the  capital. 

Saoigis,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
situated  oi\  the  summit  of  a  rock  ;  taken 
by  the  French  in  1794.  Lon.  7  33  E,  lat. 
36  38  N.  • ;  -  ,  - 

Sapienza,  three  small  islands,  and  a 
cape,  near  the  S  coast  of  the  Morca.  The 
largest  island  was  anciently  called  Sphac- 
teria.  The  pirates  of  Barbary  conceal 
themselves  behind  it,  to  surprise  vessels 
which  come  from  die  gulf  of  Venice,  or 
the  coast  of  Sicily.  Lon.  21  35  E,  lat. 
36  50  N. 

Saracens,  a  people  celebrated  some 
centuries  ago,  who  came  from  the  deserts 
of  Arabia :  Surra  in  their  language  sig- 
nifying a  desert.  They  were  the  firsi 
disciples  of  Mahomet,  and  within  foi-n 
years  after  his  death,  conquered  a  great 
part  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  Europe.  They 
kept  possession  of  Spain  several  hundred 
y.  ars,  till  1511,  when  they  were  expelled. 
They  maintained  a  war  in  the  Holy  Land, 
a  long  time,  against  the  Western  Chris- 
tians, and  at  length  drove  them  out. — 
There  are  now  no  people  known  by  this 
name,  for  the  descend. m  s  of  those  who 
conquered  Spain  are  called  Moors. 

Saragossa,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
with  an  archbishop's  see,  an  university, 
and  a  court  of  inquisition.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  built  by  the  Phoenicians  ;  and 
the  Romans  sent  a  colony  hither  in  the 
reign  of  Augustus,  whence  it  had  the 
name  of  Ca-sar  Augustus,  which  by  coi- 
ruption  has  been  changed  into  Saragos- 
sa.  It  is  adorned  with  many  magnificent 
buildings,  and  there  are  17  large  church- 
es, and  14  handsome  monasteries,  Ik 
sides  others  less  considerable.  The  riv*  r 
Ebro  runs  through  the  city,  dividing  '. 
into  two  parts  ;  and  on  its  banks  is  a 
handsome  quay,  which  serves  for  a  pub 
lie  walk.  The  Holy  street  is  the  largest, 
and  so  broad,  it  may  be  taken  fir  a 
square  ;  and  here  they  have  their  bull 
fights.  The  cathedral  is  a  spacious  Go- 
thic building  ;  but  the  finest  church  is 
that  of  Nuestra  Senora  del  Pilar,  and  a 
place  of  the  greatest  devotion  in  Spain. 
They  tell  us,  that  the  Virgin,  while  yet 
living,  appeared  to  St.  James,  who  was 


preaching  the  gcspel,  and  left  him  her 
image,  with  a  handsome  pillar  of  jasper, 
still  shown  in  this  church,  which  they 
pretend  is  the  first  in  the  world  built  to 
her  honour.  This  image  stands  on  a  mar- 
ble pillar,  with  a  little  Jesus  in  her  arms, 
illuminated  by  50  lamps,  balustrades  and 
chandeliers  of  masTy siUer.  The  orna- 
ments of  this  image  are  the  richest  that 
can  be  imagined,  her  crown  being  full  of 
jewels  ot  an  inestimable  price,  and  scarce- 
ly any  thing  is  ;o  be  seen  but  gold  and 
jewels  ;  and  a  vast  number  of  people 
come  in  pilgrimage  hither.  The  town- 
house  is  a  sumptuous  structure  ;  in  the 
hall  are  the  pictures  of  all  the  kings  of 
Arragon,  and  in  the  corner  of  it  Saint 
George  on  horseback,  with  a  dragon  of 
white  marble  under  him.  Saragossa  is 
seated  in  a  large  plain,  where  the  Ebro 
receives  two  other  rivers ;  and  over  it 
are  two  bridges,  one  of  stone,  and  the 
other  of  wood,  which  last  has  been 
thought  the  most  beautiful  in  Europe. 
A  victory  was  obtained  here  over  the 
French  and  Spaniards  in  1710,  but  it 
was  abandoned  by  the  allies  soon  after. 
It  is  137  miles  W  of  Barcelona,  and  150 
NE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  0  28  W,  lat.  41 
53  N. 

Swaioft  a  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly a  province  of  Astracan.  It  contains 
11  districts,  of  which  that  of  the  same 
name  is  the  principal. 

Saratof,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of 
the  government  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Volga,  220  miles  S  of  Kasan, 
and  300  NW  of  Astracan.  Lon.  49  25  E, 
lat.  52  4  N. 

Saratoga,  a  populous  county  of  Xew 
York  sta.e,  containing  33,147  inhabitants 
in  1810.  It  lies  on  the  W  side  of  Hud- 
son river,  between  Washington  county 
on  the  Is,  and  Albany  on  the  S,  being  se- 
parated  from  the  latter  by  Mohawk  river. 
The  principal  town  is  Saratoga. 

Saratoga  Springs,  a  post  town  in  Sara- 
toga county,  New  York.  These  waters 
re  10  miles  N  of  Ballton  springe,  25  X 
of  Skenectady,  and  45  N  by  vVr  of  Alba- 
ny. They  are  esteemed  salutary  in  gra- 
velly complain's,  chronic  rheumatism, 
general  debility,  and  various  other  dis- 
eases that  "  flesh  is  heir  to,"  and  are 
therefore  much  frcquenteaj. ?S -J 

Sarbourg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves,  seated  on  the  Sare. 
eight  miles  S  of  Treves,  Lon.  5  40  E,  lat. 
49  37  N. 

Sarbourg,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthc,  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  seated  on  the  Sare.    Lon.  7  9 

E,  lat.  48  46  N. 


S  A  R 


S  A  R 


brucJc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle,  and  late  pwvince 
of  Lorrain,  seated  on  the  Sare,  14  miles 
ESl3  of  Surlouis,  and  40  E  by  N  of  Metz. 
Lon.  7  2  E,  lat.  49  14  X. 

Sardcan,  a  seaport  of  X  Holland,  where 
i  hi  re  are  vast  magazines  of  timber  for 
building-  ships,  and  naval  stores,  with  a 
great  number  of  shipwrights  ;  Peter  the 
Great  resided  in  this  town  while  he  work- 
ed as  a  shipwright  and  his  hut  is  still  to 
be  seen.  Sardam  is  seated  on  the  Wye, 
seven  miles  N\V  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4 
4$  E,  lat.  52  28  N. 

.Sardinia,  an  island  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 142  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  80  from 
E  to  W.  The  soil  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine, 
oranges,  citrons,  and  olives.  On  the  coast 
is  a  fishery  for  anchovies,  and  coral,  of 
which  large  quantities  are  sent  to  Genoa 
and  Leg-horn.  Beeves  and  sheep  are  nu- 
merous,  as  well  as  horses,  which  are  good 
for  labour  and  the  road.  Ttfey  are  fed 
in  the  little  islands  about  it,  which  a- 
bound  in  game  ;  and  in  that  of  Asmaria 
are  a  great  number  of  turtles.  The  air 
is  very  unhealthy,  from  the  marshy  land. 
Here  are  mines  of  silver,  lead,  sulphur, 
and  alum  ;  and  they  make  a  good  deal  of 
salt.  This  island  has  undergone  various 
revolutions  :  in  1708  it  was  taken  by  the 
English  for  the  emperor  Charles  VI.  and 
in  1720,  ceded  to  the  duke  of  Savoy,  as 
an  equivalent  for  that  of  Sicily,  and  e- 
rected  into  a  kingdom;  but  his  Sardinian 
majesty  keeps  his  court  at  Turin,  the  ca- 
pital of  his  jrifednfontcse  territories.  He 
has  a  viceroy  at  Cagliari,  the  capital  ol 
this  island. 

Sardo,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in 
Xatolia.  It  was  formerly  called  Sardis, 
and  was  the  capital  of  Lydia,  under  the 
famous  king  Croesus.  It  was  one  of  the 
seven  chflrehes  of  Asia,  celebrated  in  the 
bock  of  Revelation.  It  now  contains  only 
a  few  wretched  huts.  However,  here  is 
a  large  caravansery,  where  there  are 
handsome  lodgings  for  travellers,  it  be- 
ing on  the  great  road  from  Smyrna  to 
Aleppo  ;  and  tlie  Turks  have  a  mosque, 
formerly  a  Christian  church.  The  inha- 
bitants -are  now  almost  all  shepherds, 
who  feed  their  flocks  in  the  neighbour- 
ing plains.  There  are  also  a  few  Chris- 
tians, who  employ  themselves  in  garden- 
ing, but  they  have  neither  church  nor 
priest.  It  is  70  miles  E  of  Smvrna.  Lon. 
28  30  E,  lat.  28  44  X. 

§kire,  a  river  which  rises  at  Salm,  in 
F ranee,  runs  X  into  Germany,  and  falls 
into  the  Moselle,  a  little  above  Treves. 

Sarepta,  Coloin/  of,  a  flourishing  colony 
of  Moravian  brethren,  seated  en  the  banks 
of  the  little  river  Sarpa,  to  which  the 


founders  have  given  the  name  of  Sarepta, 
oorrowed  from  the  sacred  writers.  The 
>eginhihg  of  this  settlement  is  dated  in 
1765,  and  in  the  same  year  the  most  dis- 
tinguished privileges  were  granted  it  by 
the  Imperial  Court.  The  foundation  was 
laid  by  five  of  the  brethren,  d(  puted  10 
make  choice  of  a  spot  of  ground  proper 
for  a  colony,  and  'o  mark  out  the  scite 
of  the  chief  house;  since  which  time  it 
j  has  been  augmented  every  year  by  fami- 
j  lies  of  the  Unitas  Fratrurn,  who  have 
i  come  voluntarily  to  assemble  in  this 
j  place  in  quality  of  colonists.  They  a- 
mounted  in  1773  to  250  persons  of  both 
sexes,  and  it  is  annually  increasing  by- 
new  comers.  The  chief  house  is  not  yet 
entirely  finished,  at  least  according  to 
the  intended  plan  ;  but  there  are  a  con- 
siderable number  of  dwelling  houses  al- 
ready extremely  well  built,  partly  of  tim- 
ber, and  partly  of  carpentry  and  brick. 

Sarg-ans,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
canton  of  Zuric,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock, 
where  Andrew  Dori  -,  was  defeated  by 
Barb»rossa.  It  is  seated  on  the  top  of  a 
hill,  and  near  it  are  mineral  springs, 
good  for  various  diseases. 

SargcJ,  a  large  and  ancient  seaport  of 
the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  and  province  of 
Tretnesen,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
seacoast,  25  miles  SSW  of  Algiers.  Lon. 
2  15  E,  lat.  36.  30  X. 

Surgtiemine,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Moselle,  seated  on  the 
Sare,  nine  miles  from  Sat  buck.  Lon.  7  6 
E,  lat.  49  8  N. 

Sari,  an  ancient  town  of  Persia,  in  Me- 
sanderan,  20  miles  SW  of  P'erabad. 

Sark,  a  little  island  belonging  to  Great 
Britain,  on  the  coast  of  Normandy,  si. 
Luated  between  Guernsey  and  Jersey. 

Sark,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises 
in  the  E  part  of  Dumfriesshire,  and  toe 
many  m'iks  forms  the  boundary  with 
England. 

Sur/ut,  formerly  an  episcopal  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  ot  Dordogne, 
and  late  province  of  Perigord.  It  is  a 
poor  place,  seated  in  a  vallev,  surround- 
ed by  mountains,  27  miles  SE  of  Peri- 
gueux,  and  87  E  by  N  of  Bordeaux.  Lon. 
I  19  E,  hit.  44  5  N. 

Sartovis,  a  strong  town  of  France,  in 
Lhe  department  of  Moselle,  seated  on  the 
sthmns  of  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  ri- 

r  Sare,  20  miles  E  of  Thionville,  and 
32  NE  of  Metzv  Lon.  6  48  E,  iat.  49  21  X. 

Sarneii,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  TJndt  nvalden,  seated  on  a  lake 
of  that  name.  It  is  nine  miles  S  of  Lu- 
cern.    Lon.  8  7  E,  lat.  46  9  X. 

Sumo,  a  river  of  the  kingdom  cf  Xa- 
4F 


S  A  S 


S  A  V 


pies,  w  hich  uses  nearSarno,  and  fails  in- 
to the  bay  of  Naples. 

Samo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Sarno,  near  its  source,  12  miles 
NE  of  Salerno,  and  20  SE  of  Naples.  Lon. 
14  49  E,  lat.  40  46  N. 

Saros,  a  strong  castle  in  Upper  Hun- 
gary, in  a  county  of  the  same  name,  seat- 
ed on  the  Tariza,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Krapach,  5  miles  NNW  of  Eperies. 

Sarp,  or  Sarpen,  a  town  of  Norway,  in 
'he  province  of  Christiansand.  It  is  si- 
tuated in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  cata- 
ract, which  is  heard  at  a  great  distance, 
and  is  10  miles  WSW  of  Fredericstadt. 
Lon.  10  47  E,  lat.  59  9  N. 

Surreal,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
seated  on  the  Francoli,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  which  are  quarries  of  alabaster, 
so  transparent  that  windows  are  glazed 
with  it.    Lon.  2  0  E,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Sarsana,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
llomagna,  138  miles  NW  of  Rome.  Lon. 
12  14  E,  lat.  43  59  N. 

Sarsina,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
llomagna,  11  miles  WSW  of  Rimini. 
Lon.  12  32  E,  lat.  44  0  N. 

Sarte,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing the  late  province  ot  Maine.  It  takes 
its  name  from  a  river  which  joins  the 
Maine  and  the  Loire,  above  Angers.  The 
capital  of  the  department  is  Mans. 

Sarwn,  JWw.    See  Salisbury. 

Sarwn,  Old,  an  ancient  borough  in 
Wilts,  with  the  ruins  of  a  fort  that  be- 
longed to  the  ancient  Britons.  One  farm 
House  is  all  that  remains  of  this  town, 
which  yet  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. It  once  covered  the  summit  of  a 
steep  hill,  and  was  strongly  fortified  ; 
but  nothing  is  to  be  seen  except  the  ru- 
ins and  traces  of  the  walls.  It  is  two 
miles  N  of  Salisburv.  Lon.  1  42  W,  lat. 
51  7  N. 

Saver  den,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle,  sealed  on  the  Sare, 
18  miles  S  of  Sarbruck.    Lon.  7  7  E;  lat 

■3  58  X. 

Sarwar,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  seat- 
ed on  the  Raab,  at  its  confluence  with  a 
small  river.  It  is  50  miles  W  by  N  of 
Buda.    Lon.  16  48  E,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Sarzana,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  with  a  !  ishop's  see. 
It  was  given  to  the  Genoese,  by  the  great 
duke  of  Tuscany,  in  lieu  of  Leghorn.  It 
is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  thcMagra,  50 
miles  SE  of  Genoa.  Lon.  9  52  E,  lat. 
44  8  N. 

Saseram,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  Bengal,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, near  a  great  lake,  in  the  middle  of 


which  is  an  island  with  the  magnified; 
mausoleum  of  emperor  Shere  Shah,  and 
a  superb  mosque,  which  had  a  fine  bridge 
leading  to  it ;  but  both  have  fallen  to  de- 
cay.   It  is  50  miles  SE  of  Benares.  Lon. 

36  44  E,  lat.  26  10  N. 

Sassari,  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  Sar- 
dinia, capital  of  the  territory  of  Lugaria 
with  a  castle.  It  contains  30,000  inhabi- 
tants, and  is  famous  for  a  fountain  called 
liosscl,  which  is  said  to  be  more  magni- 
ficent than  the  best  at  Rome.  It  is  seated 
in  a  plain,  six  miles  N  of  Alghcr.  Lon. 
8  39  E,  lat.  4C  46  N. 

Sassebes,  a  strong  town  of  Transylva- 
nia, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name  ; 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  two  rivers, 
which  fall  into  the  Maroch.  Lon.  26  40 
E,  lat.  46  26  N. 

Sas  van  Ghent,  a  strong  town  of  Dutch 
Flanders.  It  has  fine  sluices,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  a  canal,  which  communicates  with 
Ghent,  about  eight  miles  N  from  it.  It 
was  built  by  the  inhabitants  of  Ghent,  as 
a  bulwark  to  that  town,  but  was  taken  in 
1644  by  the  Dutch,  and  bv  the  French  in 
1794.    Lon.  3  49  E,  lat.  51  11  N. 

Susmolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Modena,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated 
on  the  Seccia,  10  miles  SW  of  Modena. 
Lon.  11  11  E,  lat.  44  28  N. 

Satalia,  a  strong  seaport  of  Turkey,  in 
Asia,  and  in  Natolia,  on  the  coast  of  Ca- 
ramania.  It  is  divided  into  three  towns, 
and  has  a  superb  mosque,  which  was  for- 
merly a  church.  The  surrounding  coun- 
try is  very  fertile;  and  the  citrons  and 
orang-es  are  extremely  fine.  It  is  150 
miles  W  by  S  of  Cogni,  and  265  S  by  E 
of  Constantinople.    Lon.  32  21  E,  lat. 

37  1  N. 

Satgong,  or  Satagong,  a  village  of  Hin- 
doostan Proper,  in  Bengal.  In  1566,  and 
even  later,  it  was  a  large  commercial  ci- 
ty, in  which  the  European  traders  in  Ben- 
gal *ad  their  factories.  It  is  seated  on  a 
creek  of  the  Hpogly  River,  about  four 
miles  NW  of  Iloogly. 

Sattarah,  a  town  of  the  Dcccan  of  Hin- 
doostan, in  the  province  of  Visiapour, 
formerly  the  capital  of  the  Mahrattah 
s  ate.  It  lies  near  the  E  foot  of  the 
Ghauts,  and  near  the  most  distant  source 
of  the  river  Kistnah,  63  miles  S  of  Pco- 
nah,  and  77  W  of  Visiapour.  Lon.  74  8 
E,  lat.  17  45  N. 

Savage  Island,  an  island  in  the  S  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  so  named  by  captain  Cook, 
from  the  inhospitable  behaviour  of  its  in- 
habitants. It  is  about  35  miles  in  circum- 
ference.   Lon.  169  37  W,  lat.  19  1  S. 

Savannah,  a  river  of  N  America,  which 
forms  a  part  of  the  divisional  line  that 
separates  the  state  of  Georgia  from  that 


S  A  V 


S  A  V 


of  S  Carolina.  Its  course  is  nearly  from 
NW  to  SE.  It  is  formed  principally  of 
two  branches,  which  spring  from  the 
mountains.  It  is  navigable  for  large  ves- 
sels up  to  Savannah,  and  for  boats  of  100 
feet  keel  as  far  as  Augusta.  It  falls  into 
the  ocean  at  Tybee  Bar,  in  lat,  31  57  N, 
where  it  has  16  feet  water  at  half  tide. 

Savannah,  the  largest  town  in  Georgia, 
and  formerly  the  seat  of  government.  It 
is  situated  on  the  SVV  of  Savannah  river, 
in  Chatham  county,  in  lat.  32  deg.  5min. 
N,  and  Ion.  81  deg.  24  min.  W,  and  about 
15  miles  from  the  ocean.  The  town  is 
accounted  healthy  for  so  hot  a  climate, 
being  seated  on  a  bluff  in  a  bend  of  the 
river,  and  elevated  considerably  above 
the  surrounding  plantations.  Vessels  of 
large  burden  can  moor  close  to  the  town ; 
but  from  its  vicinity  to  the  ocean  they 
are  often  exposed  to  tremendous  floods. 
The  inhabitants  enumerated  in  1810, 
were  5215,  of  whom  2195  were  slaves. 
The  trade  is  great,  and  increases  rapid- 
ly. Iti  1803,  the  exports  amounted  to 
$2,370,875,  which  almost  doubled  those 
of  the  ancient  state  of  Connecticut.  Here 
is  a  bank  of  discount  and  deposit.  The 
town  is  115  miles  S\V  of  Charleston, 
(South  Carolina,)  100  SE  of  Louisville, 
and  653  S  by  W  of  Washington. 

Saucon,  tipper  and  Lower,  two  conti- 
guous townships  of  Northampton  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  They  are  situated  on 
the  S  side  of  Lehigh  river,  and  join  the 
NW  line  of  Bucks  county.  In  1810,  they 
contained  3430  inhabitants. 

Save,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  has 
its  source  in  Carniola,  runs  through  that 
country  from  W  to  E,  separates  Sclavo- 
niafrom  Croatia,  Bosnia,  and  Servia,  and 
falls  into  the  Danube,  at  Belgrade. 

Savenat,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Loire,  18  miles  NW 
of  Nantes.    Lon.  1  55  W,  lat.  47  23  N. 

Savendroog,  a  strong  and  almost  im- 
pregnable fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Mysore.  It  is  situated  on  the 
top  of  a  vast  rock,  rising  half  a  mile  in 
perpendicular  height,  from  a  base  of  a- 
bove  eight  miles  in  circumference,  and 
divided  at  the  summit  by  a  chasm,  that 
forms  it  into  two  hills  ;  these  having  each 
its  peculiar  defences,  serve  as  two  cita- 
dels, capable  of -being  maintained  inde- 
pendently of  the  lower  works,  which  are 
also  wonderfully  strong.  Notwithstand- 
ing this,  it  was  taken  by  the  English,  in 
December  1791,  after  a  siege  of  seven 
days.    It  is  18  miles  W  of  Bangalore. 

Saverdun,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Arrive,  seated  on  the  Ar- 
riege,  25  miles  SSE  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1 
35  E,  lat.  43 14  N. 


Saverne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  coun- 
ty of  Foix.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 
Mont  Vosges,  in  a  fertile  country,  which 
produces  plenty  of  wine,  18  miles  NW  of 
Strasburg,  and  130  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  7 
33  E,  lat.  48  51  N. 

Savigliano,  a  strong  town  of  Piedmont, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  rich  Benedictine  abbey.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Maira,  five  miles  W  of  Fos- 
sano,  and  26  S  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  44  E, 
lat.  44  30  N. 

Saulgen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Sua- 
bia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  which  belongs  to  the  baron  of 
Walburg. 

Saidieu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy.  It  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, 25  miles  W  of  Dijon,  and  142  SE 
of  Paris.    Lon.  4  7  E,  lat.  47  17  N. 

Saumur,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Anjou,  with  an  ancient  cas- 
tle; Here  is  a  famous  bridge  over  the 
Loire,  consisting  of  12  elliptic  arches, 
each  60  feet  in  diameter.  It  is  22  miles 
SE  of  Angers,  and  160  SW  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  4  W,  lat.  47  15  N. 

Saunders,  Cape,  a  cape  of  Sandwich 
Land,  in  the  Southern  Ocean.  Lon.  36  57 
VV,  lat.  54  6  S. 

Saunderr,  Isle,  an  island  near  S  Georgia, 
in  the  Southern  Ocean.  Lon.  26  38  W, 
lat.  58  0  S. 

Savona,  au  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  territory  of  Genoa.  It  is  a  place  of 
great  strength,  has  two  castles,  and  se- 
veral fine  churches.  The  Genoese,  fear- 
ing that  it  would  hurt  their  trade,  ruin- 
ed the  harbour,  and  rendered  it  unfit  for 
large  vessels.  It  was  taken  by  the  king 
of  Sardinia,  in  1746,  restored  in  1748, 
and  taken  by  the  French  in  1795.  The 
surrounding  country  is  well  cultivated, 
and  abounds  in  silks,  ;nd  all  sorts  of 
fruits.  It  is  seated  on  the.  Mediterranean, 
20  miles  SVV  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8  20  E,  lat. 
44  18  N. 

Savaniers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Touraiue,  five  miles  from 
Tours.  Near  it  are  caverns,  famous  for 
their  petrifications. 

Savoy,  a  duchy  of  Europe,  between 
France  and  Italy,  83  miles  long,  and  67 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  lake  of 
Geneva,  which  separates  it.  from  Swisser- 
land  ;  on  the  E  by  the  Alps,  which  di- 
vides it  from  Piedmont  and  Vallais  ;  on 
the  W  by  the  Pvhone,  which  parts  it  from 
Bresse ;  and  on  the  S  by  Dauphiny  and 
Piedmont.    The  air  is  cold  on  account  of 


SAX 


S  C  H 


high  mountains,  which  are  almost  always 
covered  with  snow ,  but  the  soil  is  pret- 
ty fertile.  The  mountains  which  are  not 
covered  with  snow  in  winter,  abound 
with  pastures  that  feed  a  vast  number  of 
cattle.  There  are  also  stags,  fallow  deer, 
roebucks,  wild  boars,  bears,  marmots, 
white  hares,  red  and  gray  partridges, 
woodcocks,  and  pheasants.  The  lakes 
are  fuil  of  fish,  and  the  principal  rivers 
are  th  1  .<  re,  Arc,  and  Arve.  This  coun- 
try wa^  subdued  in  1792,  by  the  French, 
and  the  National  Convention  decreed  that 
it  should  constitute  the  84th  department 
of  France,  by  the  name  of  Mont  Blanc. 
Chumberry  is  the  capital. 

Saurungponr,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Trope.,  in  ihe  province  of  .Walwa,  42 
miles  NNE  of  Indore,  and  43  NE  of  Ou- 
gein.    Lon.  76  32  E,  lat.  23  35  X. 

Saitves,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gard,  and  late  province  of 
Langueuoc,  seated  on  ihe  Vidotlre,  12 
miles  S\\  of  Alais. 

Sauveterre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Pyrenees,  and  late 
province  of  Bearne,  with  an  old  ruined 
castle,  20  miles  WNW  of  Pau. 

Sauveterre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aveiron,  and  late  province 
of  Bouergue,  12  miles  SE  of  Villefranche. 

Saxm,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
to  which  the  Dutch  formerly  had  an  ex- 
clusive trade,  having  entered  into  an  a- 
greement  with  the  rajahs,  that  their  sub- 
jects should  trade  with  no  ships,  but 
those  of  the  Dutch  E  India  Company. 
Lon.  122  30  E,  lat.  10  35  S. 

Saxenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Carinthia.  It  is  situated  on  the 
river  Drave,  38  miles  W  of  Clagenfurt 
Lon.  13  40  E,  lat.  46  52  N. 

Saxenhagen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Westphalia,  and  county  o\ 
Schawenburg,  20  miles  NW  of  Hanover. 
Lon.  9  36  E,  lat.  52  30  N. 

Saxmundham,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  a  hill, 
29  miles  NE  of  Ipswich,  and  89  NE  of 
London.    Lon.  1  40  E,  lat.  52  18  X. 

Saxony,  Upper,  one  of  the  circles  of 
the  German  empire,  bounded  on  the  E 
"by  Prussia,  and  part  of  Poland  and  Si- 
lesia ;  on  the  S  by  Bavaria,  Bohemia,  and 
Franconia;  on  the  W  by  the  circles  of 
Upper  Rhine  and  Lower  Saxony;  and  on 
the  N  by  the  Baltic  and  Lower  Saxony. 
The  elector  of  Saxony  is  the  director.  It 
comprehends  the  electorate  of  Saxony, 
or  Saxony  Proper,  the  principality  of  An- 
halt,  the  lamlgravate  of  Thuringia,  the 
mai  che  of  Brandenburg,  and  the  duchy 
of  Pomerania. 

Saxony,  Loiuer^  one  of  the  circles  of 


the  German  empire ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  the  Baltic  and  the  duchy  of  Sleswicky 
on  the  W  by  the  German  Ocean  and 
Westphalia,  and  on  the  S  and  E  by  the 
circles  of  Upper  Rhine  and  Upper" Sax- 
ony. The  directors  of  this  circle  are  the 
dukes  of  Magdeburg,  Bremen,  and  Brun- 
swick-Lunenburg. It  comprehends  the 
arch-bishopric  of  Magdeburg,  the  bisho- 
pric of  Hildeshei.n,  the  arch-bishopric 
of  Bremen,  the  bishoprics  of  Halberstadt, 
Schwerin,  Ratzburg,  Lubec,  and  Sles- 
wick  ;  the  duchies  of  Brunswick  Lunen- 
burg, Lawenburg,  and  Mecklenburg; 
the  principality  of  Verde n,  the  counties 
of  Reinstein  and  Blauberg,  and  the  free 
cities  of  Hamburg,  Lubec,  Goslar,  Mul- 
hausen,  and  No.thausen. 

Saxony  Proper,  or  the  electorate  of 
Saxony,  in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony, 
is  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  marche  of 
Brandenbuig,  on  the  E  by  Lower  Lu- 
saka, on  the  S  by  Misnia,  and  on  the  W 
by  the  principality  of  Anhalt.  It  is  75 
miles  in  length,  and  62  in  breadth.  The 
soil  s  exceedingly  rich  and  fruitful, 
yielding  corn,  fruits  and  pulse  in  abun- 
dance, together  with  hops,  flax,  hemp, 
tobacco,  aniseed;  various  sorts  of  beau- 
tiful marble,  serpentine  stone,  and  al- 
mos;  all  the  different  species  of  precious 
stones.  Jt  contains  besides,  valuable 
mines  of  silver,  copper,  tin,  lead  and 
iron.  It  is  cut  into  two  unequal  parts  by 
the  river  Elbe;  and  divided  into  three- 
principal  parts ;  namely,  the  duchy  of 
Saxony*,  of  w  hich  Wktemberg  is  the  ca- 
pital, Lusati;.,  of  which  Bautzen  is  the 
capital ;  and  Misnia,  the  capital  of  which 
(and  of  the  whole  electorate)  is  Dres- 
den. 

Saybrooh,  an  ancient  post  town  in  Mid- 
dlesex county,  Connecticut,  settled  by  a 
colony  directly  from  England,  under  the 
patronage  of  lords  Say  and  Brook,  as 
early  as  1634.  L  contains  3996  inhabi- 
tants, and  is  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  36  miles  E  of  New 
Haven,  and  45  S  bv  E  of  Hartford,  in  lat. 
41  15  N,  and  lon.  73  30  W. 

Saycock,  one  of  the  islands  of  Japan, 
divided  from  Niphon  by  a  narrow  chan- 
nel. The  Dutch  factors. are  permitted 
to  reside  in  the  little  island  of  Disnia, 
which  is  on  the  W  side  of  this.  Lon. 
132  28  E,  lat.  34  0  N. 

Sayn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Treves,  situated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  six  miles  N  of  Coblentz; 

Saypavy  one  of  the  La  drone  Islands  ; 
it  is  a  large  and  pleasant  island,  hing 
between  140  and  150  E  lon.  and  in  15  22 
N  lat. 

Schagen,  or  Scagenf,  a  promontory  of 


S  C  A 


S  C  H 


N  Jutland,  in  Denmark,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  passage  out  of  the  ocean  into  the 
Categate.  From  this  cape,  a  dangerous 
sand  bank  stretches  out  into  the  sea, 
upon  which  in  1715,  a  tower  was  erect- 
td  64  feet  high.    Lon.  10  6  E,  lat.  57 

16  N. 

Scala,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Principato  Citeriore.  It  was  a  Urge 
city  formerly,  but  is  now  greatly  decay- 
ed. It  is  six  miles  N  of  Amain.  Lon.  i4 
44  E,  lat.  40  34  N. 

Scalanova,  a  neat  maritime  town  of 
Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Natolia,  with  a  cas- 
tle and  harbour,  eight  miles  from  Ephe- 
sus.    Lon.  37  31  E,  lat.  37  54  N. 

Scalitz,  or  Scala,  a  town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  in  the  county  of  Poson.  There 
is  a  very  advantageous  passage  by  it,  from 
Moravia  to  Hungary,  and  it  is  seated  on 
the  Marck,  50  miles  N  of  Presburg.  Lon. 

17  17  E,  lat.  49  4  N. 
Scanderoon.    See  Alexandretta. 
Scanio.    See  Schonen. 

Scaro,  or  Scaren,  a  town  of  Sweden, 
ill  W  Gothland,  seated  on  the  lake  Wen- 
ner,  66  miles  N  of  Gottenburg.  Lon.  12 
42  B,  lat.  58  16  N. 

Scarborough,  a  seaport  and  borough, 
jn  the  N  riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday.  It  is  seated  on  a  steep 
rock,  near  which  are  such  craggy  cliffs 
that  it  is  almost  inaccessible  on  every 
side.  On  the  top  of  this  rock,  is  a  large 
green  plain,  with  two  wells  of  fresh  wa 
ter  springing  out  of  the  rock.  It  has  of 
late  been  greatly  frequented  on  account 
of  its  mineral  waters,  called  the  Scarbo- 
rough Spa,  and  also  for  sea-bathing  ;  on 
which  account  it  is  much  mended  in  the 
number  and  beauty  of  its  buildings.  The 
spring  was  under  the  cliff,  part  of  which 
fell  down  in  1737,  and  the  water  was 
lost ;  but  in  clearing  away  the  ruins  in 
order  to  rebuild  the  wharf,  it  was  reco- 
vered to  the  great  joy  of  the  town.  The 
waters  of  Scarborough  are  chalybeate 
and  purging.  Here  are  assemblies  and 
bulls  in  the  same  manner  as  at  Tun- 
bridge.  Scarborough  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  has  a  good  harbour, 
possesses  a  considerable  trade,  and  is 
much  engaged  in  the  fisheries.  It  is  36 
miles  NE  of  York,  and  237  N  of  London. 
Lon.  0  15  W,  lat.  54  18  N. 

Scarborough,  a  town  and  fort  on  the 
island  of  Tobago,  taken  by  the  English 
in  1793. 

Scarboro*,  a  post  town  in  Cumberland 
county,  Maine,;  situated  on  the  S  side 
of  Saco  river,  14  miles  S  by  W  of  Port- 
land, and  9NE  of  Biddeford,  containing 
2100  inhabitants  at  last  census. 

Scardona,  an  episcopal  town  r^f  Turk- 


ish Dalmatia,  seated  on  the  E  bank  of 
the  river  Cherca.  It  has  been  often  taken 
and  retaken  by  the  Turks  and  Venetians, 
and  these  last  ruined  the  fortifications, 
and  its  principal  buildings,  in  1537;  but 
the  Turks  have  since  put  it  in  a  state  of 
defence.  It  is  35  miles  NW  of  Spalatro. 
Lon.  17  1  E,  lat.  44  29  N. 

Scarlino,  a  maritime  town  of  Tuscan;. . 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  sea-coast, 
five  miles  S  of  Massa,  and  10  EXE  of 
Piombino.    Lon.  10  57  E,  lat.  42  58N. 

Scaro,  a  town  of  the  island  ofSanto- 
rini,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Lon.  25  58  E, 
lat.  36  10  N. 

Scarpanto,  an  island  of  the  Archipe- 
lago, 22  miles  long  and  eight  broad,  ly- 
ingSW  of  Rhodes,  and  NE  of  Candfa. 
There  are  several  high  mountains  ;  but 
it  abounds  in  cattle  and  game,  and  has 
mines  of  iron,  quarries  of  marble,  and 
several  good  harbours.  The  Turks  are 
masters  of  it,  but  the  inhabitants  are 
Greeks.    Lon.  27  40  E,  lat.  35  45  N. 

Scarpe,  a  river  of  France,  which  has 
its  source  in  Artois,  and  flowing-  past 
Arras,  Douav,  and  St.  Amand,  falls  into 
the  Scheldt. " 

Scarsdale,  a  fertile  tract,  in  the  NE 
part  of  Derbyshire,  surrounded  by  bar- 
ren rocks  and  mountains. 

Schaafitadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  eight  miles  W 
of  Mersburg,  and  26  \V  of  Leipsic.  Lon. 
11  36  E,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Schaffhaiisen,  the  smallest  canton  of 
Swisserland,  bounded  on  the  N  and  ^\ 
by  Suabia,  on  the  E  by  the  canton  of 
Zuric  and  the  bishopric  of  Constance, 
and  on  the  S  by  the  same  and  Thurgaw. 
It  is  but  five  laagues  in  length  and  three 
in  breadth,  and  contains  30,000  inhabi- 
tants. It  produces  all  the  necessaries, 
as  wine,  fish,  wood,  flax,  horses,  sheen, 
wool,  black  cattle,  and  deer.  Before 
the  invasion  of  Swisserland  by  the 
French,  who  completely  overturned  the 
ancient  and  long  established  government 
of  the  Swiss  cantons,  the  revenues  of 
this  state  were  not  very  considerable, 
the  salary  of  the  burgomaster  only  a- 
niounting  to  \50L  a  year.  The  ciergy 
were  paid  by  the  state,  but  their  reve- 
nues  were  too  scanty  for  their  mainten- 
ance. Sumptuary  laws  were  in  force 
here,  as  well  as  in  most  parts  of  Swis- 
serland ;  and  mi  dancing  was  allowed  ex- 
cept upon  particular  occasions.  The 
principal  article  of  trade  is  wine,  the 
coufttry  abounding  in  vineyards  ;  and  as 
the  canton  affords  but  little  corn,  it  is 
procured  fixm  Suabia  in  exchange  for 
wine. 

Schajfhauseri,  a  town  of  Swisserland, 


SC  H 


S  C  H 


capital  of  a  canton  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Rhine;  and  owes  its  ori- 
gin to  the  interruption  of  the  navigation 
of  that  river  by  the  cataract  at  Lauflen  , 
huts  being  at  first  constructed,  for  the 
conveniency  of  unloading  the  merchan- 
dise from  the  boats,  by  degrees  increas- 
ed to  a  large  town.  Though  a  frontier  ! 
town,  it  has  no  garrison,  and  the  fortifi- 
cations are  weak;  but  it  lately  had  a  fa  j 
mous  wooden  bridge  over  the  Rhine,  J 
which  was  burnt  by  the  French  in  1770. 
being  defeated  by  the  Austrians,  and  ob- 
liged to  evacuate  SchafF hausen.  This 
river  being  extremely  rapid  here,  had 
destroyed  several  stone  bridges  of  the 
strongest  construction,  when  Ulric  Gru- 
benman,  a  carpenter,  offered  to  throw  a 
wooden  bridge,  of  a  single  arch,  over 
the  river,  which  is  near  400  feet  wide. 
The  magistrates,  however,  required  that 
it  should  consist  of  two  arches,  and  that 
he  should,  for  that  purpose,  employ  the 
middle  pier  of  the  old  bridge.  He  did 
so ;  but  contrived  to  leave  it  a  matter  of 
doubt,  whether  the  bridge  was  supported 
by  the  middle  pier.  The  sides  and  top 
of  it  were  covered  ;  and  it  was  a  kind  of 
hanging  bridge  ;  the  road  which  is  al- 
most level,  not  being  carried,  as  usual, 
over  the  top  of  the  arch,  but  let  into  the 
middle  of  it,  and  there  suspended.  Schaff- 
hausen  contains  about  6000  inhabitants, 
and  is  22  miles  N  by  E  of  Zuric,  and  39 
E  of  Basil.    Lon.  3  41  E,  lat.  47  39  X. 

Schalholt,  an  episcopal  town  of  Ice- 
land, with  a  college.  Lon.  22  20  W,  lat. 
64  40  N; 

Schamachie,  a  town  of  Persia,  capital 
of  Schirvan.  It  was  formerly  very  large, 
but  is  now  decayed,  above  6000  houses 
having  been  thrown  down  by  an  earth- 
quake. It  has  manufactures  of  silk  and 
cottons,  and  is  seated  on  the  W  side  of 
t  he  Caspian  Sea,  250  miles  NE  of  Tau- 
rus.   Lon.  37  5  E,  lat.  40  50  X. 

Schantz  Sterney,  a  fortress  in  the  Rus- 
sian government  ofWiburgh,  seated  on 
the  Neva,  a  little  E  of  Petersburgh.  Lon. 
31  15  E,  lat.  60  0  N  ' 

Seliardmgt  a  town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
seated  on  the  Inn,  seven  miles  S  of  Pas- 
saw.    Lon.  13  36  E,  lat.  48  21  N. 

Schornitz,  a  fortified  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  Tirol.  It  is  a  passage  of  great 
importance,  on  the  confines  of  Bavaria, 
12  miles  N  of  lnspruc. 

Schanenbvrg,  a  territory  of  Westpha- 
lia, 22  miles  long  and  10  broad,  belong- 
ing to  the  landgravaie  of  Hesse  Oassel. 
*  Schannstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  and  jtrincipaluy  oi 
Cullembach,  18  miles  d^'CuUembach. 
Lon.  11  44  E,  lat.  54  35  X. 


Schaumberg,  a  town  and  castle  of  Ger- 
many, in  Lower  Rhine,  23  miles  NNW 
of  Menlz,  and  25  WSW  of  Wetzlar. 
Lon.  8  2  E,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Sheiberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  which  are'  mines  of  silver 
and  iron.  It  is  four  miles  NE  of  Schwartz - 
burg. 

Scheldt,  a  considerable  river  of  the 
Neiherlunds,  which  rises  in  France,  in 
die  late  province  of  Picardy.  It  passes 
through  Flanders,  and  divides  into  two 
branches  below  Fort  Lillo,  and  both 
forming  several  islands,  enter  the  Ger- 
man Ocean.  In  1647,  Philip  IV.  of  Spain 
acknowledged  the  independence  of  the 
Seven  United  provinces,  and  ceded  to 
them  the  sovereignty  of  the  Scheldt ;  sti- 
pulating, moreover,  that  no  large  ship 
should  go  directly  to  Antwerp,  but  should 
unload  its  cargo  in  Holland.  In  1792, 
when  the  French  took  Antwerp  they  in- 
sisted upon  opening  the  navigation  of 
this  river,  on  the  plea  thai  all  rivers  were 
free,  and  thai  the  consequent  right  of 
navigating  it  could  not  be  ced^d  by  any 
treaty  whatever.  This,  with  their  inva- 
sion of  Holland  drew  that  country  and 
Great  Britain  into  the  general  coalition 
against  them,  at  the  commencement  of 
1793. 

Scheie at a dt,  a  strong  town  of  France, 
in  the.  department  of  Upper  Rhine  and 
late  province  of  Alsace,  seated  on  the 
river  111,  20  miles  S  W  of  Strasburg.  Lon. 
7  40  E,  lat.  48  17  N. 

Schellay  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
seated  on  the  Waag,  25  miles  NE  of  Pres- 
burg.    Lon.  18  17  E,  lat.  48  32  N. 

Scliettenburg,  a  fortress  of  Germany,  in 
Bavaria,  remarkable  for  a  victory  obtain- 
ed here  by  the  allies,  over  the  French 
and  Bavarians,  in  1704.  It  is  22  miles 
W  of  lngolstadt.  Lon.  10  58  E,  lat.  48 
46  N. 

Schelling,  an  island  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Friesland,  lying  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Zuider-Zee.  Lon.  5  10  K, 
lat.  53  20  X. 

SchemhitZ)  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
one  of  the  seven  mountain-towns,  witli 
three  castles.  It  is  famous  for  mines  of 
silver  and  other  metals  ;  as  also  for  its 
hot  baths.  Near  it  is  a  high  rock  of 
shining  blue  stone^  mixed  with  green  and 
some  spots  of  yellow.  It  is  50  miles  XF 
of  Pre s burg. 

Schenck,  a  fortress  of  Dutch  Gueldcr- 
land,  -seated  on  the  point  where  the 
Rhine  divides  into  two  branches.  It  is 
the  centre  of  communication  between 
Holland  and  Germany.  Lon.  5  26  E,  la. 
51  55  N. 


S  C  H 


SCH 


jkhetiecfady.    See  Skctieciadv. 

Sefyeniiig,  a.  town  of  Sweden,  in  E  Goth- 
land, seated  in  a  fertile  country,  ten 
miles  SE  of  Wastena.  Lon.  15  47  E,  lat. 
;  58  12  ST. 

Schenivgen,  a  town  of  German}-,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  16  miles  N  of 
Halberstadt,  and  18  ESE  of  Watfenbut- 
tle.    Lon.  11  25  E,  lat.  52  22  N. 

Scher,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Suabia, 
belonging  to  the  baron  of  Walburg,  seat- 
ed on  the  Danube,  36  miles  SW  of  Ulm. 
Lon.  0  32  E,  lat.  48  3  N. 

Schertlingf  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the  river  Inn, 
eight  miles  S  by  W  of  Passaw. 

Scheve,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N  Jut- 
land,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  in 
the  gulf  of  Virk-Fund. 

Schiedam,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces in  Holland,  seated  on  a  canal, 
which  communicates  with  the  M-aese,  4 
miles  E  by  S  of  Rotterdam.  Lon.  4  30 
E,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Schilta,  a  strong  town  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary, in  the  county  of  Neitra,  seated  on 
the  river  Waag. 

Scliintznach,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
Bern,  remarkable  for  its  agreeable  posi- 
tion on  the  Aar,  and  its  waters,  which 
flow  warm  from  a  rock.  Near  it,  on  a 
lofty  eminence,  are  the  ruins  of  the  fa- 
mous castle  of  Hapsburg. 

Schirns,  a  famous  city  of  Persia,  in  Far- 
sistan,  and  the  capital  of  all  Persia,  ll 
is  three 'miles  in  length,  but  not  so  much 
in  breadth;  and  is  seated  at  the  end  of 
a.  spacious  plain,  siirroiirtded  by  high 
hills,  under  one  of  which  the  town  stands. 
The  houses  are  built  of  bricks  dried  m 
the  sun,  tiie  roofs  are  flat  and  terraced. 
There  are  15  handsome  mosques,  tiled 
With  stones  of  a  bluish  green  colour,  and 
lined  within  with  black  polished  marble 
There  are  many  large  and  beautiful  gar- 
dens, surrounded  by  walls  14  feet  high, 
and  four  thick,  containing  various  kinds 
of  fine  trees,  with  fruits  almost  of  every 
kind.  The  wines  of  Scluras  a>.c  not  only 
the  best  in  Persia,  but  some  think,  in 
the  whole  world.  The  women»arc  much 
addicted  to  gallantry,  and  it  is  cal>ed  an 
earthly  paradise  by  some.  In  1758,  the 
seat  of  government  was  'ransfcrred  from 
Ispahan  to  this  place.  It  is  225  miles  S 
of  Ispahan.  Lon.  54  20  E,  lat.  29  40  N. 

Schirvan,  a  province  of  Persia,  sur- 
rounded by  Daghestah,  by  the  Caspian 
Sea,  by  Erivan,  and  by  Georgia.  It  is  150 
miles  in  length,  and  90  in  breadth.  Scha- 
machie  >s  the  capital. 

Sddaden,  a  tvwn  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lowet  Saxony,  og  miles  ESE  of 
Hildeshcim.  Lon.  10  47  E,  lat.  52  10  N. 


Schleussinjfcn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Franconia,  and  county  of 
Henneburg,  seated  on  the  Schleuss,  ten 
miles  SE  of  Smalkald.  Lon.  11  2  E,  lat. 
50  43  N.  ; 

Schlieyden,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  40  miles  N  of 
Treves.    Lon.  6  40  E,  lat.  50  25  N. 

Schlits,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Suabia,  in  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  situated  on  a  small  river,  seven 
miles  NW  of  Fulda.  Lon.  9  40  E,  lat. 
50  45  sr. 

ScMmserburg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Riga,  on  ihe  river  Neva, 
near  lake  Ladoga.  It  has  a  fortress  which 
is  seated  on  an  island,  in  the  river,  and 
is  36  miles  E  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  30  55 
E,  lat.  59  55  N. 

Schlussalfteld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Franconia,  and  bishopric  of 
Wurtzburg.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  bi- 
shopric of  Bamberg,  and  lLs  13  miles  S 
E  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  10  58  E,  lat.  48  54  N. 

Schmidberg,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Si- 
lesia, in  the  duchy  of  Jauer.  Almost  all 
the  inhabitants  are  smiths,  whence  the 
place  takes  its  name.  It  is  seated  at  the 
Foot  of  a  mountain,  near  the  source  of 
the  Bauber. 

Schneebergi  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  with  considera- 
ble manufactures.  It  is  seated  on  the 
iVfulc  a,  aud  is  7  miks  NW  of  Schwartz- 

Schodack,  a  township  of  Renssallaer 
county,  New  York?,  containing  3166  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Hudson  river,  9  miles  from  Albany. 

Schohairie,  a  county  of  New  York,  con- 
taining 18,945  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
bounded  bv  Albany  county  on  the  E, 
Montgomery  on  the  N,  Otsego  and  Dela- 
ware on  the  W  and  S.  It  is  divided  into 
eight  townships,  the  principal  of  which 
s  Sharon. 

Scotnberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves,  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, 15  miles  from  Limbourg. 

Sckoneck,  or  ScJiocneck,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  with 
a  castle,  seated  on  the  Nvms,  27  miles  N 
of  Treves,    ton.  6  26  E|  lat.  50  12  N. 

Sehbnen,  Scania,  or  Sko?ic,  a  province 
of  Sweden,  bounded  on  the  V/  by  the 
Sound,  which  separates  it  from  Zealand; 
on  the  N  by  Halland  ana  Smoland  ;  and 
on  the  E  and  S  by  Blekingen  and*  the 
Baltic.  It  is  58  miles  long,  and  40  broad, 
and  is  a  fertile  country.  Lundcn  is  the 
capital. 

Schrmgaiv,  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria, 
seated  on  the  Lech,  30  miles  S  of  Augs- 
burg. 


sen 


SCH 


Sc'ioonhonen,  a  sU*o»g  town  ot  the  Uni- 
ted Provinces,  in  Holland,  with  a  com- 
modious haven,  seated  on  the  Leek, 
w  here  there  is  a  productive  salittOil-lishe- 
rv.  14  miles  E  of  Rotterdam.  Lon.4  54 
E,  lat.  51  58  X. 

ScfyrmhrL  a  town  of  Gertnany^  in  Sua- 
bia,  in  the  duchy  of  W  irU  mburg,  with 
a  strong  castle,  and  salt  springs,  from 
which  a  great  deal  of  salt  is  made.  The 
French  took  this  town  in  August,  1796. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Hems,  12  miles  NE  of 
Stutgard.    Lon.  8  54  E,  lat.  48  56  N. 

Schouten,  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
near  the  coast  of  Mew  Guinea.  They 
were  discovered  by  "William  Schouten,  a 
Dutchman,  in  1616.  Lon.  135  25  E,  lat. 
0  46  S. 

Shoiven,  an  island  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Zealand,  NE  of  the  isle  of 
Walcheren.  Ic  is  15  miles  long-,  and  six 
broad.    Ziriezee  is  the  capital. 

Schuyler,  a  township  of  Herkimer  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing-  2107  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  S 
side  of  Canada  creek,  84  miles  NW  of 
Albany. 

Schuylkill,  a  river  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
North  America,  which  rises  NW  of  the 
Kittatinny  mountains*  runs  120  miles 
from  its  source  before  it  falls  into  the 
Delaware,  three  miles  below  Philadel- 
phia. The  tide  rises  about  five  miles 
from  its  confluence  with  the  Delaware, 
where  it  is  stopped  by  a  considerable 
ledge  ot  rocks  ;  above  these  falls  it  is 
navigable  only  for  boats.  The  water  is 
generally  shallow,  and  in  most  places 
fordable  by  horsemen.  There  are  three 
bridges  built  over  this  river  ;  that  oppo- 
site the  cily  of  Philadelphia  is  the  most 
considerable  structure  of  the  kind  in  the 
United  States 

Schyoalbach,  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  and  county  of 
Nassau,  frequented  for  its  mineral  wa- 
ters, which  are  of  a  similar  nature  to 
those  of  Spa.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Aa,  nine  miles  N  of  Mentz. 

Schwartz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Tirol,  famous  for  its  mines  of  different 
metals.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  111,  14 
ntiies  NE  of  Inspruc.  Lon.  11  42  E,  lat. 
47  19  N. 

Sc  wurtsburgy  a  town  and  castle  of  Ger- 
ma:.y,  in-  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thuringia, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  be- 
longing to  a  prince  of  the  house  of  Saxo- 
ny. .  It  is  seated  on  the  Schwartz,  22 
niiles  SB  of  Erfurt,  and  35  N  of  Cul- 
Iembaeh.    Lon.  11  30  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 

SchwartzepJtexgi  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  Fra  .coma,  capit;'!  of  a  principality  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  sealed  on  | 


the  Lec,  25  miles  NW  of  Nuremburg. 
Lon.  10.44  K,  hit.  49  43  N. 

Hchrtvartzetiburg,  a  town  of  Swisserland; 
in  Hern,  17  miles  SSW  of  Bern.    Lon.  7% 
I  E,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Schwciitnitz,  a  strong  city  of  Bohemia,  % 
in  Silesia,  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  castle.    The  streets 
are  large,  and  the  fortifications  conside- 
rable, all  the  magistrates  are  catholics, 
but  most  of  the  inhabitants  are  protes- 
tants,  who  have  a  church  without  the 
town,  as  aiso  a  public-school.    Jn  1716,- 
the  greatest  part  of  this  city  was  burnt 
down,  but  was  rebuilt  in  an  elegant  man- 
ner.   It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  I 
river  Weistritz,  22  miles  SW  of  Breslaw,  I 
and  27  SE  of  Lignitz.  Lon.  16  54  E,  lat.  I 
50  46  N. 

Sc/nreinfurt,  a  strong,  free,  and  impe- 
rial town  of  Germany,  in  Franconia,  with 
a  palat  e,  where  the  senators  meet,  who 
are  twelve  in  number.  The  environs  are 
rich  in  cattle,  corn,  and  wine,  the  inha- 
bitants are  Protestants,  and  carry  on  a 
large  trade  in  wine,  woollen,  and  linen 
cloth,  goose  quills,  and  feathers  :  the 
French  took  this  town  in  July,  1796,  but 
th;  y  abandoned  it  in  September  follow- 
ing. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Maine,  25 
miles  W  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  10  25  E,  lat 
50  15  N. 

Sch-wcinmuuder,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  isle  of  \ 
Usedom.    Lon.  14  18  E,  lat.  54  3  N. 

Sckweitz,  a  canton  of  Swisserland,  which 
gives  name  to  them  all.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  W  by  the  lake  of  the  Four  Cantons, 
on  the  S  by  the  canton  of  Uri,  on  the  E 
by  that  of  Glarus,  and  on  the  N  by  those 
of  Zuric  and  Zug.  The  government  of 
Schweitz  and  Uri  is  entirely  democrati- 
cal,  and  nearly  the  same.  They  contain, 
including  their  subjects,  50,000  souls  • 
and,  in  case  of  necessity,  could  furnish 
above  12,000  militia.  The  same  kind  of 
soil,  and  the  same  productions,  are  com- 
mon to  the  two  cantons.  Luxury  is 
scarcely  known  in  these  cantons  ;  and  a 
purity  of  morals  prevails,  winch  can 
scarcely  be  imagined  by  the  inhabitants 
of  great  and  opulent  cities.  The  Roman 
catholic  religion  is  here  exclusively  es- 
tablished. The  canton  suffered  in  com- 
mon with  all  Swisserland  when  invaded 
by  the  French  in  1798,  being  dreadfully 
wasted  and  desolated 

Schivcitz,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  ca- 
pital of  the  canton  of  that  name,  seated 
near  the  Waldstsetter  See,  on  a  hill,  with 
u  large  and  magnificent  church.  It  is  10 
miles  SE  of  Lucern.  Lon.  8  30  E,  lat. 
46  55  N. 

ScheiveitZjLakeof.  See  Waldstzttcr  S?:e. 


SCI 


SCI 


Schewehn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  <be 
circle  of  Westphalia,  with  a  medicinal 
spring-  near  it.  Lon.  7  25  E,  fat.  51  10  N. 

ScnioSriri,  a  town  of  Germ  ally,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxon}',  and.  duchy  of 
AfeckienbWgh  Schwerin,  of  which  it  is 
? lie  capital.  It  is  nearly  surrounded  by  a 
beautiful  lake,  on  an  island  on  which 
s  lands  the  ducal  pahice  and  gardens, 
which  have  communication  with  the 
tow  n  by  a  drawbridge.  >  It  is  35  miles  W 
nl  Gustrow.  Lon.  il  48  E,  lat.  53  48  N. 

Schwcrte,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, 38  miles  NNE  of  Cologne.  Xon. 
1  15  E,  lat.  51  38  N. 

Schivinburg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  on 
the  S  toast  of  the  island  of  Funen,  23 
miles  SSE  of  Odensee.  Lon.  10  30  E, 
lat.'  55  10  N. 

Sciati,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
near  the  coast  of  Janna,  20  miles  to  the 
N  of  Negropont,  and  almost  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  gulf  of  Salonichi.  Jt  is  22 
miles  in  length,  and  8  in  breadth.  Lon. 
23  40  E,  tat.  39  26  N. 

Scigiie,  or  Scilla.    See  Scylla. 

Stilly,  a  cluster  of  islands  and  rocks, 
lying  almost  10  leagues  W  of  the  Land's 
End,  in  Cornwall,  and  are  easily  discern- 
ed from  it.  Of  these  only  five  or  six  are 
inhabited.  They  are  supposed  formerly 
to  have  produced  much  tin,  but  are  now, 
chiefly  known  as  a  resort  for  sea-fowl, 
and  a  place  of  shelter  for  ships  in  bad 
weather.  The  inhabitants  principally  sub- 
sist by  fishing,  burning  kelp,  and  acting 
as  pilots.  The  chief  of  the  islands  is  St. 
Mary's,  which  has  a  good  port,  is  the 
best  cultivated,  and  contains  more  inha- 
bitants than  all  the  rest  put  together.  In 
this  island,  and  in  two  or  three  others, 
are  various  antiquities,  particularly  the 
remains  of  a  temple  of  the  Druids,  and 
ancient  sepulchres  ;  'but  the  greatest  or- 
nament is  the  light-house,  which,  with 
the  gallery,  is  51  feet  high,  and  is  a  very 
fine  column.  The  SeiHy  rocks  have  been 
fatal  to  numbers  of  ships  entering  the 
English  Channel.  One  of  the  most  dis- 
astrous events'  of  this  kind  happened  in 
170/,  when  admiral  sir  Cloudesly  Shovel, 
with  three  men  of  war,  perished  with  all 
their  crews.    Lon.  6  46  W,  lat.  49  56  N. 

H/filhi  a  group  of  Islands  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  capt.  Wal- 
lis  in  1767.  Lon.  155  30  \Y,  lat.  16  28  S. 

Sciml.    See  Sindy. 

Suit,  anciently  called  Chios,  a  celebra- 
ted island  of  the  Archipelago,  near  the 
coast  of  Xatolia,  NW  of  Samos.  It  is  32 
miles  long,  and  15  broad,  and  a  moun- 
tainous country';  yet  fruits  of  various 
kinds  grow  in  the  fields,  such  as  oran- 
ges, citrons,  olives,  mulberries,  and  po- 


megranates, interspersed  with  myrtles 
and  jasmines.  The  wine  of  Scio,  so  ce- 
lebrated by  the  ancients,  is  still  in  great 
esteem  ;  but  the  island  is  now  principal- 
ly distinguished  by  the  profitable  culture 
of  the  n.aslich  ;  it  has  also  some  trade 
in  silk,  wool,  cheese,  and  figs.  The  wo- 
men are  belter  bred  than  in  other  parts 
of  tile  Levant,  and  their  dress  is  odd,  but 
very  neat*  Tncy  have  tame  partridges 
which  they-  send  every  day  into  the  fields 
to  feed,  and  in  the  evening  call  back  with 
a  whistle.  It  is  computed  that  there  are 
10,000  Turks,  10,000  Greeks,  arid  10,000 
Latins,  on  this  island.  The  Turks  be- 
came masters  of  it  in  1566. 

<SWy,  a  seaport,  the  capital  of  an  island 
of  t'ne  'same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  the  best  built  town  in  the  Archipela- 
go ;  the  houses  being  commodious,  some 
of  them  terraced,  and  others  covered 
with  tiles.  The  castle  is  an  old  citadel, 
built  by  the  Genoese,  in  which  the  Turks 
have  a  garrison  of  1400  men.  The  har- 
bour is  a  rendezvous  for  ships  that  goto 
or  come  from  Constantinople ;  it  will  con- 
tain 80  vessels,  and  is  protected  by  alow 
mole  and  two  light-houses.  It  is  seated 
on  the  E  side  of  the  island,  47  miles  W  of 
Smyrna,  and  210  SW  of  Constantinople. 

Scioto,  a  river  in  the  state  of  Ohio ;  it 
rises  in  the  Indiana  Territory,  within  a 
few  miles  of  the  head'  springs  of  the 
Sandusky,  and  after  running  nearly  due 
south  through  the  state,  falls  into  the 
river  Ohio  47  miles  below  Chilicothe, 
and  390  below  Pittsburgh.  This  is  a 
large  and  gentle  stream,  bordered  with 
rich  flats,  or  natural  meadows.  It  gene- 
rally overflows"  in  the  spring,  when  it 
spreads  about  half  a  mile.  It  is  passable 
by  small  craft  near  200  miles  to  a  port- 
age*, which  is  only  about  four  miles  from 
the  Sandusky.  At  its  mouth  it  is  large 
enough  to  receive  sloops. 

Scipio, -a  military  township  in  Cayuga 
county,  New  York;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Cavuga  lake,  where  is  a  post  office, 
18  miles  NW  of  Mdtoh,  30  miles  SW  of 
Marcellus,  30  miles  W  of  Tully,  and  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Po/npey,  Sempro- 
nius,  and  many  other  townships  designa- 
ted by  great  names  of  antiquity. 

ScituaU',  a  township  of  Providence 
county,  Rhode  Island,"  containing  2568 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
V  branch  of  Patuxet  river,  between  Glou- 
cester, and  Coventry. 

>Scituate,  a  post  town  in  Plymouth  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts ;  "eight  miles  N  by  W 
of  Marshfield,  and  28  SE  of  Boston,  with 
2969  inhabitants. 

Sciro,  or  Sciros,  an  island  of  the  Ar- 
chipelago, W  of  Metelian.  It  is  15  miles 

4  G 


SCO 


SCO 


long,  and  eight  broad,  and  a  mountainous  ; 
country,  but  has  no  mines.  The  vines 
make  the  beauty  of  the  island,  and  the 
wine  is  excellent;  nor  do  the  natives 
want  wood.  It  contains  only  the  village 
and  convent  ©f  Si.  George,  both  built  on 
a  conical  rock,  Id  miles  from  the  harbour 
of"  St.  George.  The  superior  of  the  con- 
vent exercises  despotic  sway  over  the  in- 
habitants, whose  superstition  is  more  ex- 
cessive than  thai  of  the  other  Greeks  in 
i  lie  Archipelago.  The  inhabitants  are  all 
Greeks,  but  the  Cadi  is  a  Turk. 

Skoiectady,  the  capital  of  Skenectady 
county,  New  York  ;  lying  on  the  S  side 
of  Mohock  river,  16  miles  NW  of  Alba- 
ny, and  the  same  distance  S  of  Ballstown. 
This,  though  comparatively  an  ancient 
town,  and  planted  on  navigable  water  in 
the  bosom  of  a  fertile  country,  has  but 
about  30u0  inhabitants,  the  descendants 
of  early  Dutch  emigrants.  Many  of  the 
dwelling  houses  are  built  in  the  old  Dutch 
style, 

Sclavo?ua,  a  country  of  Europe,  be- 
tween the  rivers  Save,  Drave,  and  Da- 
nube. It  is  divided  into  six  counties,  and 
belongs  to  the  house  of  Austria  ;  it  was 
formerly  a  kingdom,  and  is  not  above  75 
miles  in  breadth ;  but  it  is  300  in  length, 
from  the  frontiers  of  Austria  to  Bel- 
grade. The  eastern  part  is  called  Rat- 
zia,  and  die  inhabitants  Rascians.  These 
form  a  particular  nation,  and  are  of  the 
Greek  church.  The  language  of  Scla- 
vonia  is  the  mother  of  four  others,  name- 
ly, those  of  Hungary,  Bohemia,  Poland, 
and  Russia. 

Scone,  or  Sckoone,  a  village  in  Perth- 
shire, on  the  E  side  of  the  river  Tay,  N 
by  W  of  Perth.  Here  is  the  ancient  roy- 
al palace  (now  a  seat  of  the  earl  of  Mans- 
field) and  the  celebrated  stone  chair, 
now  in  Westminster  abbey,  in  which  the 
kings  of  Scotland  were  crowned.  It  is 
.10  miles  N  of  Edinburgh. 

Scopelo,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
five  miles  E  of  Sciati,  and  17  N  of  Ne- 
gropont.  It  lies  at  the  entrance  of  the 
gulf  of  Salonichi,  and  is  ten  miles  long 
and  five  broad.  It  is  very  fertile,  pro- 
duces plenty  of  good  wine,  and  contains 
12,000  inhabitants,  who  are  almost  al' 
Greeks. 

Scopia,  or  Uscapia,  an  archiepiscopal 
town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  in  Bulgaria, 
seated  on  the  Vardar,  over  which  is  a 
bridge  of  12  arches,  67  miles  WSW  of 
Sofia.    Lon.  22  25  E,  lat.  42  10  Ns 

Scotsbttrgh,  a  post  town  in  Halifax 
county,  Virginia;  256  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Scotland,  or  North  Britain,  the  north- 
ern of  the  two  kingdoms  into  which  the 


[islam!  of  Great  Britain  was  formerly  di- 
vided. It  is  bounded  on  the  W  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  .on  the  N  by  the  North 
Sea,  on  the  E  by  the  German  Ocean,  on  [ 
the  SE  by  England,  and  on  the  S  by  the 
Irish  Sea.  To  Scotland  also  appertain 
the  Hebrides,  or  Western  Islands,  the  1 
Orkney,  and  Shetland  Islands,  and  many 
others,  amounting  in  all  to  300.  From 
N  to  S  it  extends  270  miles,  and  its 
greatest  breadth  is  150,  but  in  some  pla- 
ces not  above  30.  Its  form  is  extremely 
irregular,  being  greatly  broken  and  in- 
deiU|d  by  arms  of  the  sea,  insomuch  that 
there  is  no  place  in  Scotland  above  50 
miles  distant  from  the  shore.  This  coun-  l 
try  may  be  divided  into  three  parts,  viz. 
the  North,  the  Middle,  and  the  South  di- 
visions. The  boundaries  of  these  are 
strongly  marked  by  the  hand  of  nature. 
The  first  is  cut  off  by  a  chain  of  lakes 
which  cross  the  island  in  an  oblique  di- 
rection from  NE  to  SW,  stretching  from 
Inverness  to  the  isle  of  Mull.  The  se- 
cond, or  middle  division,  is  separated 
from  the  southern  by  the  hollow  tract  be- 
tween the  Forth  and  the  Clyde,  through 
which  the  great  Canal  is  carried.  Yin 
face  of  the  country,  in  the  northern  divi- 
sion, exhibits,  in  general,  little  else  than 
an  assemblage  of  vast  dreary  mountains. 
On  the  northern  and  eastern  shores  of 
this  division,  however,  there  are  many 
vales  and  level  tracts  of  considerable  fer- 
tility. The  middle  division  contains  ma- 
ny great  ranges  of  mountains,  which  tra- 
verse this  part  of  the  island  in  various 
directions.'  The  most  southerly  ridge, 
called  the  Grampian  Hills,  extends  from 
Aberdeenshire  in  an  SW  direction,  ter- 
minating in  the  Great  mountain  Benlo- 
mond,  in  Stirlingshire.  In  this  division 
too,  cultivation  and  improvement  are 
chiefly  found  on  the  eastern  coast :  and 
one  of  the  finest  tracts  in  Scotland,  per- 
haps is  the  great  vale  called  Strathmore, 
stretching  along  the  southern  base  of  the 
Grampian  Mountains.  In  both  these 
divisions,  however,  which  comprehend 
more  than  two  thirds  of  Scotland,  the 
rable  ground  bears  but  a  small  propor- 
ion  to  the  mountainous  regions,  of  w  hich 
■  he  sterility  will  ever,  in  a  great  mea- 
sure, defy  the  efforts  of  human  industry. 
On  the  eastern  shores  of  the  middle,  and 
in  the  whole  southern  division,  the  coun- 
try bears  more  resemblance  to  England  ; 
and  the  proportion  of  cultivated  ground 
:s  very  considerable.  The  rivers  in  Scot- 
;and  are  in  general  rapid,  and  remarka- 
bly transparent.  In  so  narrow  a  country, 
ndeed,  we  cannot  expect  to  find  rivers 
qual  to  the  Rhine  or  the  Danube;  but, 
when  their  rapidity  and  the  shortness  of 


SCO 


SCO 


their  course  are  kept  in  view,  we  must 
allow  that  the  Scottish  streams  are  by  no 
means  inconsiderable :  half  the  water  they 
discharge,  would  in  a  level  country,  make 
very  broad  and  deep  rivers.  Though 
there  are  many  large  and  rapid  streams 
in  the  northern  ana  middle  divisions,  yet 
the  Spey  may  be  reckoned  .he  most  nor- 
therly great  river.  It  descends  IVom  the 
centre  of  Invernesshire,  with  all  the  fury 
of  a  mountain  torrent,  rushing-  along*,  im- 
petuous and  Irresistible.  The  Don  and 
the  Dee,  which  pass  through  Aberdeen- 
shire, are  large  rivers  ;  and  the  Tay  dis- 
charges into  the  sea,  two  miles  from  Dun- 
dee, the  greatest  body  of  water  perhaps 
of  any  river  in  Britain.  In  the  southern 
parts,  the  Tweed,  the  Clyde,  and  the 
Forth,  are  noble  rivers,  the  pride  of  the 
natives,  and  the  admiration  of  strangers 
After  these,  we  may  notice  the  Esk,  the 
Annan,  ihe  Nith,  and  the  Southern  Dee, 
which,  with  several  other7  line  streams, 
full  into  the  Solway  Frith.  The  lakes  ot 
this  country  are  numerous,  and  some  of 
them  very  extensive.  Any  attempt  to 
describe,  or  even  to  enumerate  these,  in 
this  place,  would  greatly  exceed  our  li- 
mits. The  climate  of  Scotland  is  vari- 
ous in  different  places.  The  northern 
extremity,  which  is  on  the  same  parallel 
of  lat.  with  some  parts  of  Norway,  is  very 
cold  :  but  the  frosts  are  much  less  in- 
tense here  than  in  any  part  of  the  conti-* 
nent  equally  far  X,  an  advantage  arising 
from  an  insular  situation.  The  whole  W 
coast  is  subjected  to  frequent  summer 
rains,  and  sudden  changes  in  the  atmos- 
phere, equally  unfavourable  to  the  ripen- 
ing and  gathering  in  of  the  products  of 
the  earth.  The  climate  in  many  places 
on  the  eastern  coast,  and  in  the  whole 
south  division,  is  not  inferior  to  that  of 
the  northern  part  of  England.  The  air 
in  Scotland  is  in  general  healthy;  nor  do 
we  here  find  any  such  extensive  fens  as 
those  of  Lincolnshire,  and  other  low  tracts 
in  South  Britain.  The  produce  of  the 
soil  in  the  northern  parts  of  Scotland  and 
its  isles  is  not  considerable,  but  lime- 
stone, shell-sand,  and  marl,  those  rich 
manures,  are  found  in  great  plenty  in 
different  places.  Even  the  rocky  shores 
produce  abundance  of  kelp",  an  article  of 
considerable  importance  in  several  ma 
nufUct  tires.  The  fisheries  in  the  sur- 
rounding seas  have  Jong  been  esteemed 
an  object  of  national  importance  ;  ami 
wh<  n  increasing  commerce  shall  enable 
the  inhabitants  to  form  roads,  erec 
towns,  and  open  canals,  in  those  remote 
parts  of  the  country,  these  fisheries  ma* 
bec  >me  a  real  source  of  wealth  to  the 
nation.  The  products  of  Scotland,  in  ge- 


neral, however,  are  multifarious  and  vr» 
luable.  It  feeds  vast  herris  of  cattle,  and 
its  hills  are  covered  with  sheep;  it  pro- 
duces much  grain  and  flax;  its  woods  of 
oak  and  fir  might  furnish  masts  and  tim- 
ber for  the  use  of  the  British  navv  ;  its 
mines  are  rich  in  coal,  lead,  and  iron  ; 
free  stone,  lime  stone,  and  slate  are  found 
in  abundance;  neither  Greece  nor  Italy 
can  boast  a  greater  store  of  beautiful 
marble;  fine  rock  crystals,  pearls,  and 
variegated  pebbles,  are  not  uncommon  ; 
and  its  rivers  and  lakes  are  richly  stored 
wi;h  salmon  and  trout,  and  a  variety  of 
other  fishes.  The  Scottish  mountains,  in 
former  times  were  infested  by  the  wolf 
and  the  bear ;  but  happily  those  feroci- 
ous animals  have  long  been  extirpr  ted. 
The  wild  ox  was  also  an  inhabitant  of  the 
Caledonian  forest :  herds  of  wdd  roes,  to 
this  day,  range  at  large  in  the  northern 
mountains;  and  the  stag  is  often  seen  in 
the  woods.  There,  too,  the  beautiful 
bird  called  capercailzie,  or  cock  of  the 
wood,  is  sometimes  found,  Th'e  lofty 
summits  are  the  haunt  of  the  ptarmigan 
and  the  Alpine  hare  and  black  game,  and 
grouse  swarm  among  the  heath,  and  of- 
ten become  the  prey  oi  the  eagle  and  fal- 
con. Among  i the  wild  animals  which 
Scotland  possesses  in  common  with  Eng- 
land,  are  the  fox,  the  badger,  the  otter, 
the  hedge -hog,  the  hare  and  rabbit;  the 
weazle,  the  mole,  and  other  small  quad- 
rupeds ;  the  partridge,  ihe  quail,  the 
snipe,  the  plover,  and  many  other  biris. 
The  cattle  and  sheep  are  email,  but  much 
valued  for  the  delicacy  of  thejr  hYsh  ; 
and  the  fleece  of  the  Scottish  sheep  often 
emulates  the  finest  Spanish  wool.  Even 
the  shepherd's  dog  peculiar  to  Scotland, 
so  hardy,  docile,  and  sagacious,  is  not 
unworth}'  of  mention.  Though  the  cat- 
tle in  the  high  grounds  be  diminutive, 
yet  in  many  parts  of  the  country  the  hor- 
ses and  cows  are  not  inferior  in  size  and 
beauty  to  those  of  the  English  breed. 
Scot hmd  is  divided  into  33  counties; 
namely,  Shetland  and  Orkney,  Bute, 
Caithness,  Sutherland,  Ross,  Cromarty, 
Xairne,  Inverness,  Murray,  Banff,  Aber- 
deen, Kincardine,  Angus,  Berth,  F  fe, 
Kinross,  Clackmannan,  Stirling,  Dumbar- 
ton, Arg\  le,  Renfrew,  Ayr,  Wigton,  Kirk- 
cudbright, Dumfries.  Roxburgh,  Selkirk, 
Peebles,  Lanerk,  Linlithgow,  Edinburgh, 
Haddington,  and  Berwick.  These  send 
one  member  each  to  parliament,  except 
Bute  and  Caithness,  Cromarty  and  Xairne, 
Kinross  and  Clackmannan,  which  send 
members  in  conjunction  ;  so  that  the 
unties  send  30  members,  which  with 
15  s>ent  by  the  boroughs,  make  the  45 
members  sent  by  Scotland.    The  esta- 


SEA 


SEC 


blished  religion  is  the  Presbyterian.  The 
trade  and  population  of  grea.1  towns  have 
considerably  increased  of  hue.  Some 
districts,  however,  on  the  western  shores 
especially,  have  been  greatly  thinned  by 
emigration  ;  the  spirit  of  which,  howe- 
ver, i&  .low  happily  subsided. 

Scott,  a  county  of  Ken'ucky,  contain- 
ing 12,419  inhabitants  in  ittto.  The 
chief  town  is  Georgeto^l^ji 

Scrivan,  a  s«  aport  of  Terra  Firma  Pro- 
pe. ,  50  miles  E  of  Porto  Uello.  Lon.  78 
•19  W,  .a..  9  40  X. 

Scutari ,  a  strong  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  capital  of  Upper  Albania,  with 
a  bishop's  see.  it  is  seated  on  the  lake 
Zeta,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Bocana, 
20  mil'.  s  NE  of  Anuvari,  and  47  N\V  of 
Albinopolis.  Lon.  19  25  E,  lat.  42  35  N. 

Scutari,  a  towr,  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in 
Natolia,  with  a  g^ood  harbour,  seated  on 
the  E  side  of  Constantinople,  of  which 
it  is  considered  as  a  suburb,  being  di- 
rectly opposite.  It  contains  a  handsome 
mosque,  and  is  built  on  the  side  of  a  hill. 
Lon.  29  4  E5  lat.  41  0  N. 

Scylla,  a  rock  near  the  Faro  of  Messi- 
na, on  the  coast  of  Calabria,  opposite  the 
celebrated  Charybdis.  It  is  about  a  mde 
from  the  entrance  of  the  Faro,  and  forms 
a  small  promontory,  which  runs  a  little 
out  to  sea,  and  meets  the  whole  force  ot 
the  waters  as  they  come  out  of  the  nar- 
rowest part  of  the  straits.  The  head  of 
this  promontory  is  the  famous  Scylla  ot 
the  ancient  poets.  It  does  not  come  up 
to  die  formidable  description  tlyit  lloni'  r 
gives  of  it,  nor  is  the  passage  so  extreme- 
ly narrow  and  difficult  as  he  represents 
it ;  but  ii  is  probable  that  its  breadth  is 
greatly  increased'  since  his  time,  by  the 
violent  impetuosity  of  the  current ;  and 
this  violence  must  always  have  diminish- 
ed, in  proportion  as  the  breadth  of  the 
ch.umel  increased.  There  are  many  small 
rocks  that  show  their  heads  near  the  base 
of  the  large  ones.  These  are  probably 
the  dogs  that  are  described  as  howling 
round  the  monster  Scylla.  There  are 
likewise  many  caverns  that  add  grcady 
to  the  noise  of  the  water,  and  tend  to  in- 
crease the  horror  of  the  scene.  The 
rock-is  nearly  200  feet  high  ;  and  thejre 
is  a  kind  of  castle  or  forton  its  summit. 

Scylla,  or  Scig-I/'o,  a  town  of  Sicily,  si- 
tuated on  the  side  of  the  rock  Scylla.  In 
the  terrible  earihquakc  of  178.3  (see  Ca- 
labria) a  wave  of  the  sea,  wJiich  had 
swept  the  country  for  three  miles,  carri- 
ed off,  on  its  return  2473  .of  the  inhabi- 
tants with  the  prince  at  their  head.  It  is 
10  miles  NE  of  Messina. 

Seafovd,  a  borough  and  seaport  in  Sus- 
seXj  which  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 


ment, but  has  no  market.  It  is  eight 
miles  SSE  of  Lewes,  and  59  S  by  E"  of 
London.    Lon.  0  10  E,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Seaton,  or  Port  Seaton,  a  seaport  in 
Haddingtonshire.  Here  is  a  ruinous  pa- 
lace, in  which  .Mary  queen  of  Scots  occa- 
sionally- kept  her  court  after  her  return 
from  France.  In  the  chapel  are  several 
curious  monuments  of  marble.  Seat  on 
has  considerable  trade  in  salt  and  cOal, 
and  is  situated  on  the  Frith  of  Forth, 
nine  miles  E  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  54 
VV,  lat.  56  O  N. 

Sebastia,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Pales- 
tine, said  to  be  the  remains  of  Samaria. 
It  is  34  miles  NNE  of  Jerusalem.  Lon. 
35  40  E,  lat.  32  15  N. 

Sebastian,  St.  a  populous  seaport  of 
Spain,  in  Guipuscoa.  It  is  seated  at  the 
mot  of  a  mountain,  on  the  top  of  which 
is  a  strong  citadel ;  and  the  harbour  is 
secured  by  two  moles,  and  a  narrow  en- 
trance for  the  ships.  The  town  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  double  wall,  and  is  fortified 
toward  the  sea.  It  carries  on  a  great 
trade,  particularly  in  iron,  steel,  and 
wool.  St.  Sebastian  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794,  It  is  50  miles  E  of  Bil- 
boa,  and  50  NW  of  Pampcluna.  Lon.  1 
56  W,  lat.  43  24  N.  I 

Sebastiaji,  St.  a  town  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, in  Mexico,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Chiametiau.  Lon.  105  5  E,  lat.  24  20  N. 

Sebastian,  St.  a  large  city  of  IJrasil,  ca- 
pital of  the  province  of  Rio  Janeiro,  and 
a  bishop's  see.  It  has  a  very  extensive 
and  commodious  harbour,  defended  by 
numerous  forts.  The  city  standsTm  low 
ground,  and  is  surrounded  by  high  hills, 
which  exclude  .the  benefit  of  the  refresh- 
ing sea  and  land  breezes  ;  so  that  it  is 
suffocatingly  hot,  and  unhealthy  in  the 
summer.  St.  Sei?as'.ian  is  seated  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Janeiro,  in  the  At- 
lantic.   Lon.  42  44  W,  lat.  22  54  S. 

Si'bastopolis,  a  town  of  Mmgrelia,  un- 
der the  protection  of  Russia,  260  miles 
NNW  of  Erivan.  Lon.  55  15  E,  lat.  40 
16  N. 

Scbcnico,  a  strong  seaport  of  Venetian 
Dalmatia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  bame 
name,  with  a  bishop's  see,  a  fort,  and  a 
-astle.  The  Turks  have  often  attempted 
m  $ain  to. take  it.  It  is  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Cherca,  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, 25  miles  SE  of  Zara.  Lon.  16  46 
E,  lat.  44  17  \T. 

Scb»w?,  a  town  of  France",  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  and  late  province 
of  Mainault,  12  miles  E  of  Valenciennes, 
and  12  SE  of  Co;  de.  Lon.  3  50  E,  m 
50  22  N.  > 

Sechura,  a  town  of  South  America,  In 
Peru,  in  the  bishopr-ic  of  Truxlilo,  30 


SEG 


S  E  G 


miles  SSE  of  Paita.  Lon.  31  10  E,  lat.  5 
55  vS. 

Seckau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Austria  and  in  Upper  Stiria,  with 
a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  on  the  Gayle,  nine 
miles  N  of  Judenburg,  and  90  SWof  Vi- 
enna.   Lon.  14  27  E,  hit.  47  19  N: 

Seckenheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Rhine,  four  miies  E  of  Man- 
he  im. 

Seckingen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Sua- 
bia,  one  of  the  forest  towns.  It  be- 
longs to  the  house  of  Austria,  and  is 
seated  on  an  isle,  formed  by  the  Rhine, 
six  miles  SE  of  Rheinfelden,  and  27  W 
of  Schaffhausen.  Lon.  7  57  E,  lat.  47 
34  N. 

Seeking  ton,  a  village  in  Warwickshire. 
On  the  N  side  of  its  church  are  the  ruins 
of  a  fort,  and  near  it  an  artificial  hill,  45 
feet  high. 

Sedan,  a  strong  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Ardennes,  and  late 
province  of  Champagne.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  important  keys  of  the  country ; 
and  has  a  strong  castle,  in  which  the 
famous  Marshal  Turenne  was  born,  an 
arsenal,  a  foundcry  of  cannon,  and  a 
manufacture  of  fine  black  cloths.  Sedan 
is  seated  on  the  Macse,  26  miles  SE  of 
Charlemont,  and  135  NE  of  Paris.  Lon. 
5  2  E,  lat.  49  42  X. 

Sedgemoor,  a  large  and  rich  tract  of 
land  in  Somersetshire,  where  the  duke 
of  Monmouth  was  defeated,  in  1685. 
It  lies  between  .3omerton  and  Bridge- 
water.  '  A$*ff 

Seeching,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  a  small 
navigable  river,,  four  miles  S  of  Lynn, 
and  93  NE  of  London.  Lon.  0  24  E,  lat. 
52  44  tiMffiffi 

Seer,  a  town  of  Asia  in  Arabia,  in  thr 
province  of  Oman.  Lon.  54  38  E,  lat.  25 
10  N. 

Seez,  an  ancient  and  considerable  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Orne, 
and  late  province  of  Normandy,  with  a 
bishop's  see  ;  seated  in  a  fine  country, 
near  the  source  of  the  Orne,  12  miles  N 
of  Alencon,  and  102  W  by  S  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  15  E,  lat.  48  36  N. 

>\  -j;eberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  with 
a  castle,  on  a  high  mountain,  consisting 
of  limestone,  large  quantities  of  which 
arc  carried  to  Hamburg  and  Lubec.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Trave,  22  miles  S  of 
Kiel,  and  28  N  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  10  9 
E,  lat.  54  0  N. 

Ser'edhi,-&  strong  town  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary, in  the  county  of  Czongrad,  with  a 
castle,  taken  from  the  Turks  in  1686.  It 
is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Teiff 


and  Mastroche,  50  miles  SE  of  Colocza. 
Lon.  20  35  E,  lat.  46  28  IS. 

Segestdn,  a  province  of  Persia,  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  Korasan  and 
Balck,  Canclaliar,  and^  Sablestan,  Mack- 
eran,  Kcrman,  Covhestan,  and  Farsistan, 

Segesivav,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  ca- 
pital of  a  counsyof  the  same  name.  It  is 
built  in  the'  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  on 
the  side  of  a  hill,  near  the  river  Kokel, 
47  miles  N  of  Hermanstadt.  Lon.  24  55 
E,  lat.  47  4  N. 

Segna,  a.  strong  seaport,  capital  of  Hun- 
garian Dalmatia,  with  a  fort,  and  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, 100  miles  NW  of  Spoletto.  Lon. 

15  11  E,  lat.  45  22  N. 

Segni,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,,  in 
Campagna  di  Roma,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  said  that  organs  were  first 
invented  here.  It  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, 12  miles  SE  of  Palestrino,  and 
32  E  of  Rome.    Lon.  11  15  E,  lat  41 

Segorbe,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in 
Valencia,  with  the  title  of  a  duchy.  It 
is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  between 
two  mountains,  in  a  soil  fertile  in  corn 
and  wine,  and  where  there  are  quarries 
of  fine  marble.  It  is  seated  near  the 
river  Morvedro,  27  miles  NW  of  Valen- 
cia, and  150  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  0  3  W, 
lat.  39  48  N. 

Segovia,  an  ancient  and  populous  city 
of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  and  a  castle,  called  the  Alcazar.  It 
is  surrounded  by  a  strong  wall,  flanked 
with  towers  and  ramparts;  and  is  sup- 
plied with  water  by  a  Roman  aqueduct, 
3000  paces  in  length,  and  supported  by 
177  arches  of  a  prodigious  height,  con, 
sisting  of  two  rows,  one  placed  above  the 
other.  Here  the  best  cloth  in  Spain  is 
made,  from  the  fine  Spanish  wool  so 
much  esteemed  in  other  countries.  This 
is  one  part  of  their  trade,  and  another  is, 
very  fine  paper.  The  cathedral  stands 
on  one  side  of  the  great  square,  and  con- 
tains the  statue  of  the  Virgin  Mary  iu 
massy  silver.  The  Alcazar  is  seated  in 
the  highest  part  of.  the  town,  and  has 

16  rooms  richly  adorned  with  tapestry, 
and  ornaments  of  marble  and  porphyry. 
The  royal  chapel  is  magnificently  gilded, 
and  embellished  with  very  fine  paintings. 
The  most  remarkable  structure  is  the 
Mint,  seated  in  a  valley,  surrounded  by 
a  river,  on  which  are  mills,  employed 
in  coining.  Segovia  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, near  the  river  Arayadda,  45  miles 
NW  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  44  W,  lat.  40 
57  N: 

Segovia,  a  town  of  S  America,  in  Ter- 
ra Firma,  in  the  province  of  Venezuela, 


S  E  I 

scaled  on  a  river,  near  a  high  mountain, 
wjiere  there  are  mines  of  gold.  Lon.  65 
30  W,  lat.  8  20  N. 

Segovia,  J\'ew,  a  town  of  N  America 
jn  New  Spain,  in  the  audience  of  Gua- 
timala,  seated  on  the  river  Yare,  on  the 
confines  of  the  province  of  Honduras. 
Lon.  84  20  W,  lat.  13  25  X. 

Segovia,  Naeva,  a  town  of  the  E  In- 
dies, in  the  isle  of  Luconia,  and  one  of 
the  largest  in  the  Philippines,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seal  eel  at  the  N  end 
of  the  ;siand,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ca- 
ravan, 240  miles  N  pf  Manilla.  Lon.  120 
59  E,  lat.  18  39  N. 

S'gra,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in. 
the  Pyrenees,  and  runs  S  AV  through  j3a- 
talonia,  passing-  by  Puy-Cerda,  Urgel,  Be- 
laguer,  Lerida,  and  Mequinenza,  ■  where 
it  falls  into  the  Ebro. 

Segura,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
with  a  castle  on  a  mountain.  It  is  near 
the  rivers  Elia'  and  Tajo,  eight  miles  S 
E  of  Castel-Branco,  and  30  NW  of  Al- 
cantara. , 

"  Scgura,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, and  territory  of  La  Mancha,  seated 
among  the  mountains  of  Segitra,  35 
miles  NE  of  Bacza.  Lcn.  2  39  W,  lat. 
37  56  N. 

Sigitra,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises 
in  the  mountains  of  Segttra,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, and  crossing  Murcta,  and  the  S  part 
of  Valencia,  falls  into  the  Mediterranean 
at  Guadamar. 

Seharavponr,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  syne 
name,  between  the  Jumna  and  the  Gan- 
ges, in  the  country  of  Delhi.  It  is  86 
miles  N  of  Delhi.  Lon.  77  15  E,  lat.  30 
4  N.  .  iWfc  f  : 

Seiks,  or  Sicques,  the  most  western, 
awd  a  very  powerful  nation  of  Hindoos- 
an;  they  do  not  firm  one  entire  state; 
but  a  number  of  small  ones,  independent 
of  each  other,  in  their  internal  govern, 
ment,  and  only  connected  by  a  federal 
union.  They  possess  the  whole  province 
of  Lahore,  the  principal  part  of  Moultan, 
and  the  W  part  of  Delhi  :  the  dimen- 
sions of  which  tract  are  about  400  miles 
from  NW  to  SB;';  and  from  150  to  200 
broad,  in  general:  although  the  part  be- 
tween Attock  and  Behker  cannot  be  less 
than  320  miles  in  extent.  We  know  but 
little  concerning  the  ^tate  of  their  gov- 
ernment and  politics  ;  but  the  former  is 
represented  as  being  mild.  In  their  mode 
of  making  war  they  are  unquestionably 
savage  and  cruel.  Their  ariny  consists 
almost  entirely  of  horse,  of  which  the  ; 
are  said  to  be  able  to  bring  at  least 
100,000  into -the  field.  The  founder  of 
their  sect  was  named  Xanock,  and  lived 


SEI 


in  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century. 
They  are  the  descendants  of  his  disci- 
pies:  the  word  seiks  in  the  Sanscrit 
language  signifying  disciples.  The  forces 
of  this  nation  are  very  numerous,  a  Sic- 
que  will  confidently  say,  that  his  country 
can  furnish  300,000  cavalry  ;  but  if  we 
admit  that  the  Sicques  when  united  can 
bring  200,000  horse  into  the  field,  their 
force  in  cavalry  is  greater  than  that  of 
any  other  state  in  Hindoostan.  The  civil 
and  military  government  of  the  Seiks, 
before  a  common  interest  had  ceased  to 
actuate  its  operations,  was  conducted  by 
general  assemblies.  The  army  met  in  a 
grand  convention  called  Goorimotta,  and 
transacted  the  most  important  affairs  ; 
such  as  declaring  war  or  peace,  forming 
alliances,  or  settling1  the  necessary  con- 
tributions; but  smce  their  dominions 
have  been  so  widely  extended,  the  grand 
assembly  is  now  rarely  summoned.  The 
Sicques  are  in  general  strong  and  well 
made  ;  accustomed  from  their  infancy  to 
he  most  laborious  life,  and  hardest  fare, 
'hey  make  marches,  and  undergo  fatigues 
that  really  appear  astonishing.  They  have 
commonly  two,  some  of  them  three  hor- 
ses each,  of  the  middle  size,  strong,  ac- 
tive, and  mild  tempered.  Though  they 
make  merry  on  the  demise  of  any  of 
their  brethren,  they  mourn  for  the  death 
of  a  horse  :  thus  shewing  their  love  of 
an  animal  so  necessary  to  them  in  their 
professional  capacity.  Their  dress  is 
extremely  scanty  :  a  pair  of  long  blue 
drawers,  and  a  kind  of  checkered  plaid, 
a  part  of  which  i«  fastened  round  the 
waist,  and  the  other  thrown  over  the 
showlder,  with  a  mean  turban,  form  their 
clothing  and  equipage.  The  chiefs  are 
distinguished  by  wearing  some  heavy 
gold  bracelets  on  their  wrists, and  some- 
times a  chain  of  the  same  metal  bound 
round  their  turbans,  and  by  being  mount- 
ed ort  better  horses  :  otherwise,  no  dis- 
tinction appears  amongst  them.  The 
chiefs  are  numerous,  some  of  whom  have 
the  command  of  10  or  12  thousand  cav- 
alry ;  but  this  power  is  confined  to  a 
sntall  number,  the  inferior  officers  main- 
taining from  1  to  2000,  and  many  not 
more  than  20  or  30  horses;  a  certain 
quota  of  which  is  furnished  by  the  chief, 
the  greater  part  being  the  individeai 
property  of  the  horsemen.  The  Seiks 
are  now  become  one  of  the  most  power- 
ful states  in  Hindoostan.  Their  capital 
is  Lahore. 

Seine,  a  river  of  Prance,  which  rises 
in  the  department  of  Cote  d'Or,  and  late 
province,  of  Burgundy,  and  flowing  by 
T roves,  Melun,  Paris,  and  Rouen,  falls  in- 
to the  English  Channel,  at  Havre  de  Grace. 


SEL 


SEN 


Seine,  Lower,  a  department  of  France, 
^eluding  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Normandy-    Rouen  is  the  capital. 

Settle  and  Marne,  a  department  ol 
"France,  including-  part  of  %nt  late  prov- 
ince of  the  Isle  of  France.  Meaux  is  the 
Capital.  • 

Sane  and  Give,  a  department  of  France, 
including-  part  of  the  late  province  of  the 
Isle  of  France.  Versailles  is  the  capital. 

Seinsheim,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Fran- 
conia,  with  a  castle,  33  miles  NW  of  Nu- 
remburgh.    Lon.  10  23  E,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Seir,  or  Jlor,  a  mountain  in  Arabia  Pe- 
trsea.  which  formerly  bounded  Judea  on 
the  .S,  and  separated  it  from  lduprea.  It 
is  now  called  Sardeny,  and  is  140  miles 
E  of  Cairo,  in  Egypt. 

Selum,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Mexico,  situated  near  the  sea-coast.  Lon. 
90  28  W,  lat.  39  12  N. 

Selby,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday,  seated 
on  the  Ouse,  12  miles  S  of  York,  and  182 
N  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  53 
47  N. 

Seleqftia,  anciently  Seleucia,  a  town  of 
Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Coram ania,  10  rniies 
from  the  sea,  and  38  W  of  Terasso. 

Seleucia,  Ilbtr,  an  ancient  episcopal 
town  of  Syria,  seated  on  the  sea-soast, 
eight  miles  N  of  Antioch. 

Seligenstadt,  formerly  an  imperial  town 
of  Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  Mcntz, 
seated  at  the  junction  of  the  Gernspentz 
and  Maine,  27  miles  E  of  Mcntz.  Lon. 
8  32  E,  lat.  41  4  N; 

Selivrea,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Romania  with  an  archbishop's  see.  It 
was  a  large  place  but  is  now  much  de- 
cayed. It  is  seated  on  the  sea  of  Mar- 
r.oia,  3.5  miles  W  of  Constantinople. 
Lon.  23  12  E,  lat.  49  54  N 

Selkirk,  a  town  of  Scotland,  and  the 
county  town  of  Selkirkshire.  It  has  been 
long  famous  for  a  manufacture  of  boots 
and  shoes,  and  is  seated  on  the  E: trick, 
30  miles  S  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  46  W, 
lat.  55  26  N. 

Selkirkshire,  a  county  of  Scotland, 
which  is  also  called  the  Sheriffdom  of 
Ettvick  Forest,  from  the  river  which  runs 
through  it,  which  with  the  Yarrow,  the 
Tweed,  and  Gallo-water,  are  the  chief 
rivers,  and  from  its  formerly  being  cov- 
ered all  over  with  woods.  It  is  bounded 
on  :he  N  and  NW  by  Peebleshire,  and  N 
by  Edinburghshire;  on  the  E  by  Rox- 
burgbshire  and  part  of  Berwickshire ; 
on  the  S  by  Roxburghshire  and  part  of 
D  umfriesshire  \  tnd  on  the  W  by  part  of 
Dumfriesshire.  Its  mountains  feed,  great 
flocks  of  sl  eep  and  black  cattle,  and  the 
ftrileys  on  the  rivers  produce  much  corn 


i  and  hay.  The  chief  places  are  Selkirk, 
Philiphaugh,  and  GaUashiells.  Its  chief 
manufactures  are  shoes  and  boots.  It  U 
the  seat  of  a  presbytery,  and  has  13  pa- 
rishes,   lis  chief  town  is  Selkirk. 

Selles,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loir  and  Cher,  and  late 
province  of  Berri,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Cher,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  12  miles  SE  of  Blois,  and  105 
SSYV  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  36  E,  lat.  47 
25  N. 

Seltz,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Rhine  and  late  province 
of  Alsace,  seated,  on  the  Rhine,  270 
miles  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  8  12  E,  lat.  4S 
53  N. 

Seltzer,  Leber,  a  village  of  Germany, 
with  a  spring  of  mineral  waters. 

Senien dria,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Servia,  with  a  citadel,  seated  on 
the  Danube,  20  milts  SE  of  Belgrade. 
Lon.  21  45  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Semigi.i'iu,  the  E  part  of  the  Duchy 
of  Courland,  separated  by  the  river  Mas- 
za,  from  Courland  Proper.  Mittau  is  the 
capital. 

Seminari,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Ulteriore,  22  miles  NE  of  Reg- 
gio.    Lon.  16  21  E,  lat.  38  20  N. 

Stminolus,  a  division  of  the  Creek  In- 
dians, in  North  America. 

Semliv,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  on  the  W 
side  of  the  Danube  and  Save,  opposite 
Ueig-rade,  and  70  miles  SE  of  Es^eck. 
Don.  21  0  E,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Setupach,  a  lake  of  Swisserland,  in  Lu- 
cern,  about  three  miles  in  length,  and 
one  in  breadth.  The  banks  on  each  side 
slope  gently  to  the  edge  of  the  water,  and 
are  checkered  with  wood. 

Sempach,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  th?i 
canton  of  Lucern.  Sempach  is  seated  on 
a  lake  of  the  same  name,  seven  miles  N 
W  of  Lucern.  Lon.  7  57  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Jiempronhu;,  a  military  township  of  New 
York,  cujitaining  3,137  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  a  post  town,  situated  in 
Cayuga  county,  between  Owasco  and 
Skanetelas  lakes. 

Semvr,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy  with  a  castle.  It  has  a  ma- 
nufacture of  cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Armancon,  over  which  are  two  bridges, 
37  miles  of  A  u  turn,  and  135  SE  of  Paris. 
Lon.  4  19  E,  lat.  47  28  N. 

Sentur,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Saone  and  Loire,  an  '. 
late  province  of  Burgundy,  40  miles  NW 
of  Lyons,  and  175  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  22 
E,  lat.  46  24  N. 

Seneca,  a  township  of  Ontario  eoyi 
New  York,  containing  3,431  inhabitant? 


SEN 


SE  R 


in  1810,  and  situated  on  the  W  bide  of 
Seneca,  lake. 

iSenejfc,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
four  miles  S  of  Niviilc;  famous  tor  a. 
battle  gained  by  tbe  French,  over  tbe 
prince  of  Orange,  in  1674. 

Senegal,  one  of  the  three  principal 
rivers  of  Africa,  formerly  supposed  to  be 
one  of  the  branches  of  the  Niger,  but  de- 
termined by  Mr.  Park  to  have  its  source 
80  geographical  miles  W  of  that  river. 
Pis  branches  are  very  numerous,  and  in- 
tersect the  country  for  about  200  miles 
from  E  to  W.  Below  the  falls  of  Felbw 
Mr.. Park  judged  that  it  migiit  be  equal 
in  size  to  the  Tweed  at  Alelross.  It  is 
by  no  means  a  capital  stream,  except 
in  the  rainy  season,  when  its  bed  is 
filled,  and  will  not  contain  the  addition- 
al waters. 

Senegal,  a  kingdom  of  Negroland, 
lying  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
which  overflows  like  the  Nile,  and  much 
about  the  same  time  of  the  year.  The 
French  once  sent  30  men  up  this  river, 
who  rowed  1000  miles,  undergoing  great 
hardships,  insomuch  that  only  five  re- 
turned back  alive.  The  kingdom  of  Se- 
negal was  formerly  considerable,  but  is 
now  reduced  into  a  v&ry  narrow  compass. 
It  is  populous  and  full  of  trees,  but  the 
soil  being  sandy,  they  never  sow  till  the 
rainy  season  comes  on,  jn  June ;  and  get 
in  their  harvest  in  September.  The 
Trench  had  a  fort  and  factory  in  an  is- 
land at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and 
were  entire  masters  of  the  gum-trade. 
It  is  called  Fort  Louis,  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  3758,  and  confirmed  to  them 
by  the  peace  of  1763 ;  but,  in  1783,  it 
was  restored  to  France.  Lon.  16  31  W, 
lat.  15  53  N. 

Senez,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Alps,  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Provence,  seated  in  a  rough  bar- 
ren country,  46  miles  NE  of  Aix,  and  49 
NW  of  Nice.  Lon.  60  40  E,  lat.43  59  N. 

'Senl/s,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
*he  department  of  Oise,  and  late  province 
of  the  Isle,  of  France,  lately  a  bishop's 
see.  The  cathedral  has  one  of  the  high- 
est steeples  in  France.  It  is  seated  on* 
the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  river  Nonette, 
almost  surrounded  by  a  large  forest,  2o 
miles  NW  of  Meaux,  and  27  NE  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  40  E,  lat.  49  12  N. 

Senmir,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name  in  Africa.  See  Mtbia.  It  is 
live  miles  in  circumference,  and  contains 
near  100,000  inhabitants.  The  houses 
are  ail  one  story  high,  with  flat  roofs  • 
but  the  suburbs  contain  only  cottages 
covered  with  reeds.  The  palace  is  sur- 
rounded by  high  walls,  of  bricks  dried  I 


in  the  sun,  but  is  only  a  confused  heap* 
of  buildings.  The  heats  are  almost  in- 
supportable in  the  day  time,  except  in 
the  rainy  season,  which  begins  in  April, 
and  continues  three  months,  at  which 
time  the  air  is  unwholesome.  The  corn- 
mo;'  .'  ies  are  elephant's  teeth,  tamarinds, 
civet,  tobacco,  and  gold  dust.  There  is 
a  market  near  live  palace,  where  slaves 
are  sold  ;  the  females,  sit  on  one  side, 
the  males  on  another,  and  the  Egyptian 
merchants  buy  great  numbers  of  them 
every  year.  The  women  of  quality  have 
slight  garments  of  silk,  and  wear  rings 
of  various  metals  on  their  hair,  arms, 
legs,  "#ars,  and  fingers.  Women  of  a 
low  rank,  and  girls,  have  clothes  wrapped 
round  them  from  the  waist  to  the  knees. 
The  men  go  almost  naked.  The  mer- 
chandise required  at  Sennar  are  spices, 
paper,  brass,  hardware,  glass  beads,  and 
a  black  drug,  with  which  they  colour 
their  eyelids  and  eyebrows.  It  is  seated 
on  an  eminence,  near  the  river  Nile 
Lon.  30  0  E,  lat.  15  4  N. 

Sens,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Yonne  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy.  The  metropolitan  church 
is  a  handsome  Gothic  structure.  The 
dauphin  and  dauphiness,  parents  of 
Lewis  XVI.  were  interred  in  this  church, 
and  here  was  lately  their  monument,  a 
masterpiece  of  Couston's,  crowned  by 
two  urns  united,  expressive  of  the  un- 
alterable affection  of  this  virtuous  pair. 
Sens  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Vanne  with  the  Yonne, 
25  miles  N  of  Auxerre,  and  60  SE  of 
Paris.    Lon.  3  22  E,  lat.  48  12  N. 

Sera,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  the  Mysore  country,  55  miles 
N  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  75  54  E,  lat> 
13  28  X. 

Seraio,  a  town  of  Turkev  in  Europe, 
110  miles  SW  of  Belgrade. 'Lon.  18  5  E, 
iat.  44  24  N. 

^Seramp&ur,  a  commercial  town  of  Ilin- 
doostan  Proper,  in  Bengal,  seated  on 
Uoogly  river.  It  is  a  Danish  settlement, 
not  far  from  Calcutta. 

Seravalle,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
:;f  Aldan,  24  miles  N  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8 
36  E,  lat.  44  44  N. 

SereeJli,  a  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  a  little  to  the  W  of  Algiers.  Lon. 
2  20  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Serchio,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  Appennines,  in  Modena. 
I  crosses  the  valley  of  Orsagnana,  in 
the  territory  of  Lucca,  and  falls  into  the 
Tuscan  Sea,  five  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Arno. 

Serfo,  or  Serfante,  an  island  of  the  Ar- 
I  chipelago,  50  miles  NW  of  Naxia.    It  is 


S  E  R 


SET 


eight  miles  long-,  and  five  broad,  and  full 
of  mountains  and  rocks,  iu  which  are 
mines  of  iron  and  loadstone.  Ihe  inha- 
*  bitants  are  all  Greeks,  and  have  but  oner 
town  called  St.  Nicholo,  which  is  a  poor 
place.    Lon.  25  10  E,  lat.  37  19  N. 

Ser-srao;  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Xiznei  Xovogoiod,  48  miles  SE 
of  Niznei  Xovogorod.  Lon.  45  20  E,  lat. 
56  50  X. 

Serefippy,  a  seaport  of  South  America, 
in  Brasii,  capital  of  a  government  of  the 
same  name.    It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
<  -the  Rey,  120  miles  XE  of  St.  Salvador. 
Eon.  39  46  W,  lat.  13  3u  S. 

Seringapatim,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  ca- 
pital of  Mysore,  situated  in  an  island  of 
the  river  Can  very.  The  Mausoleum  of 
llyder  Ally,  is  one  of  the  most  magnifi- 
cent objects  in  the  place  :  it  is  on  the  S 
angle  of  the  isl..nd,  surrounded  by  a  grove 
of  beautiful  cypress  trees.  This  city  is 
strongly  fortified.  It  was  closely  besieg- 
ed in  1792,  by  lord  Cornwallis,  and  was 
only  saved  from  being  captured,  by  Tip 
poo's  agreeing  to  sign  a  treaty  by  wh;<  h 
he  ceded  half  of  his  dominions,  and  a- 
greed  to  pay  a  vast  sum  of  money  to  the 
East  India  Company  and  their  allies.  A 
fresh  war  broke  out  in  1799,  when  the 
i  ity  was  taken  by  assault,  and  Tippoc, 
was  killed.  The  town  was  plundered  of 
every  thing  valuable,  and  an  immense- 
quantity  of  spoil  was  divided  among  the 
troops.  Seringapatam  is  290  miles  W 'S 
\V  of  Madras,"  and  35U  S  bv  E  of  Yisia- 
pour.    Lon.  76  46  E,  lat.  12  31  X.  i 

Seronge.    See  Strong-. 

V  rfw,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Alentejo,  seated  on  a  rugged  eminence, 
.  ith  a  castle,  tbree  miles  from  the  Gua- 
liana,  and  83  SE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  45 
W,  lat.  73  47  X. 

SeiTes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment  of  Upper  Alps,  15  miles  S  W  of  Gap. 

Senna,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, bounded  on  the  X  by  the  Danube 
and  Save,  which  separate  it  from  Hunga- 
ry ,  on  the  E  by  Bulgaria,  on  the  \V  h\ 
Ujsnia,  and  on  the  S  by  Albania  and  Ma- 
cedonia.   It  is  190.  miles  long,  and  95 
i  ,.d,  and  is  divided  into  four  san.ui 
v  ,.;U^;  two  of  -which  were  ceded  in  1718, 
.  i   he  Austrian*,  who  restored  them  'o 
vhe  Turks  in  1739,  by  the  treaty  of  Be; 
3  rade.  The  names  of  them  are  Belgrad< 
-  mendriah,  Scupia,  and  Cratowo.  Bei 
ra<  le  is  the  capital. 

Sei'vulo,  a  castle  of  Austrian  Ist.ia, 
neated  on  a  high  mountain,  four  miles- 
from  Triest.  X'ear  it  is  a  famous  cavern 
in  which  the  sparry  exudations  have 
formed  various  figures  of  blue  and  white 
colours.  i&* ; ** 


Sessa,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Nst 
pies,  in  Terra  di  Lavora.  It  was  formerly 
Very  considerable,  and  is  30  miles  X  of 
Naples.   Lon.  14  19  E,  lat.  41  20  N. 

Sesti-di-Plnente,  a  town  ot  Italy,  w.  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  fire  miles  W  of  Ge- 
noa.   Lon.  8  36  E,  lat.  44  24  N. 

Sesto,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
seated  on  the  Tesin,  where  it  pr.  c«ds 
from  lie  lake  Maggiore,  25  miles  "vVXW 
of  Miian.  ,    .  -  k  ji 

S&sfas,  a  strong  castle  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Romania,  seated  on  the  strait 
or  Galipoli.    See  Dardanelles. 

Sestri  di-Levantey  an  ancient  town  of 
I;aly,  in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  30  miles 
W  of  Genoa.  Lon.  9  2S  E,  lat.  44 
23  N. 

Se-tchuen,  a  province  of  China,  bound- 
ed on  the  X  by  Chen-si,  on  the  E  by  Hctt- 
qukng,  on  the  S  by  Koei-tcheou,  ami  on 
he  XV  by  Thibe',  and  other  neighbour- 
ing countries.  Besides  a  great  number 
of  forts  and  places  of  strength,  there 
:  re  reckoned  in  this  province  ten  cities 
of  the  first  class,  and  eighty-eight  of  the 
second  and  third.  It  is  watered  by  the 
.  reat  river  Yang-tse-kiang,  and  is  rich, 
not  only  on  account  of  the  great  quantity 
i  silk  it  produces,  but  its  mines  of  iron, 
t  in,  and  lead,  as  well  as  its  amber,  sugar- 
canes,  and  lapis  lazuli.  It  abounds  in 
musk,  rhubarb,  See.  This  province,  which, 
is  at  a  great  distance  from  the  sea,  gets 
dl  the  salt  it  consumes  from  its  moun- 
tains, where  the  inhabitants  dig  pits, 
which  furnish  them  with  it  in  abundance, 
i  ching-tou-fou  is  the  capital. 

Scttef,  a  town  of  Tunis,  in  the  king- 
dom ot  Algiers.  50  miles  SWof  Constan- 
tma.    Lon.  5  36  E,  lat.  35  58  N. 

Setimo,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  seated  on 
the  Po,  eight  miles  X  of  Turin.  Lon.  7 
47  E.  lat  45  f$|Ps1$,T 

Setines.    See  Athens. 

Setlcget  a  river  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
die  most  easterly  of  the  five  eastern 
branches  of  the  Indus.  About  midway 
between  its  source  and  the  Indus,  it  re- 
ceives the  Beyah,  and  die  collective 
stream  takes  the  name  of  Kera  ;  it  then 
joins  the  Indus,  a  great  way  to  the  S  of 

SeitefiiL  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada. 
Lon:  5  10  W,  lat.  36  48  X. 

$ettiat  an  e  piscopal  town  of  the  island 
f  C  ndia,  48  miles  ESE  of  Candia.  Lon. 
26  2  E,       35  3  X 

V  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ribble,  over  w  ich  is  a 
.stone  bridge,  28  miles  E  by  X  of  Lancas- 
er,  and  235  XNVv  of  Loudon.  Lon.  2 
15  W,  lat.  54  6  X. 
4  H  . 


S  E  V 


SE  V 


Settovitone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont, four  miles  N  of  Ivica. 

Setnvul,  or  Setubal.    See  Ubes,  St. 

Seven  Islands,  islands  to  that  number, 
in  the  Frozen  Ocean,  lying  in  Ion.  18  48 
E,  lat.  80  31  N.  Among  these  islands 
captain  Phipps  with  the  Race -horse  and 
Carcass,  were  surrounded  by  the  ice, 
from  the  15  h  of  July,  to  the  10th  of  Au- 
gust, 1773,  but  being  aided  by  a  brisk 
gale,  at  NNE,  effected  their  deliver- 
ance. 

Sevenoalcs,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  obtained  its  name 
from  seven  large  oaks  which  were  near 
it  when  it  was  first  built.  Here  is  an 
hospital  for  the  maintenance  of  aged  peo- 
ple, with  a  free-school.  Queen  Elizabeth 
having  augmented  the  revenues  of  the 
school,  it  was  called  Queen  Elizabeth's 
School ;  and  the  whole  was  rebuilt  oj 
stone  in  1727.  Near  this  town  is  Knole, 
an  ancient  palace  of  the  see  of  Canter- 
bury, which  archbishop  Cranmer  exchan- 
ged with  the  crown  for  otber  lands,  and 
queen  Elizabeth  gave  to  Thomas  lord 
Buckhurst,  afterward  earl  of  Dorset, 
from  whom  it  descended  to  the  preseiu 
duke  of  Dorset.  In  1450,  the  rebel  John 
Cade,  defeated  the  frbyai  army  near  this 
town.  It  is  six  miles  NVV  of  Tunbridge, 
and  23  SSE  of  London.  Lon.  0  18  E,  tat. 
51  19  N. 

Sever,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Landes,  seated  on  the  Adour, 
20  miles  E  of  D  x,  and  65  S  by  E  of 
Bourdeairx.  Lon  0  35  W,  hit.  43  45  N. 

Severino,  St.  a  fortified  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Caiabria  Citeriore,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  It  is  seated  on  a  craggy 
rock,  on  the  river  Nceto,  eight  miles 
from  the  sea,  and  45  SE  of  Rossano.  Lon. 
17  14  E,  lat.  39  15  X. 

Severino,  St-  an  episcopal  town  of  Ita- 
ly, in  the  inarquisate  of  Ancona.  It  has 
line  vineyards,  and  is  seated  between 
two  hills,  on  the  river  Fetenza,  six*miies 
NW  of  Tolentino.  Lor..  13  6  E,  lat. 
43  16  N. 

Severino,  St.  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Cite- 
riore, seated  on  the  river  Sarno. 

Severn,  a  river  of  England,  which  rises 
in  the  mountain  of  Plynlimmon,  in  Mont- 
gomeryshire, and  flowing  first  across  that 
county,  it  then  enters  Shropshire,  at  its 
confluence  with  the  Vyrncw,  or  Wirnew. 
It  is  navigable  in  its  whole  course  thro' 
this  county.  In  its  course  it  waters  L!a- 
nydlos,  Newton,  Welshpool,  Shrewsbury, 
Bridgenorth,  Bewdly,  Worcester,  Upton, 
Tewkesbury,  and  Gloucester  ;  and  enter- 
ing the  sea  its  mouth  is  called  the  Bris- 
tol Channel.    It  is  the  second  river  in 


England,  and  has  a  communication  with 
:he  Thames  by  a  canal.    See  Thames. 

Severn,  Vale,  an  extensive  and  fertile 
vale  in  Gloucestershire,  abounding  in  fer- 
tile pastures,  which  furnish  that  cheese  " 
for  which  that  county  is  so  famous.  See 
Ehetham,  Vale  of. 

Severn,  a  river  of  North  America,  in 
Maryland,  which  waters  Annapolis,  and 
enters  inio  Chesapeak  bay,  about  two 
miles  below  the  city. 

Severmlroog,  an  island  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  60  miles  S  of  Bombay,  on  which 
was  a  strong  fort  that  belonged, to  An- 
gria  the  pirate,  taken  by  commodore 
James,  in  1756.  See  Shooter's  Hill. 

Sevcro,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capita- 
nata,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  in  a 
plain,  75  miles  NE  of  Naples.  Lon.  15 
34  E,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Several  Watt,  commonly  called  Gra- 
ham's Dike,  in  the  W  of  Scotland.  It  is 
a  work  of  the  Romans,  supposed  to  be 
done  by  the  emperor  whose  name  it  bears, 
to  prevent  the  incursions  of  the  Picts  and 
Scots.  It  began  at  Abercorn,  on  the  frith 
of  forth,  four  miles  NE  of  Linlithgow, 
and  runs  W  to  the  frith  of  Clyde,  ending 
at  Kitkpatrick,  near  Dumbarton. 

Sevier,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ten- 
nessee. It  is  one  of  the  most  eastern 
counties  in  the  state,  and  joins  North 
Carolina  on  the  SE.  It  has  several  con- 
siderable mountains  :  the  principal  river 
is  French  Broad.  The  inhabitants  were 
stated  at  4595  in  1810,  among  whom 
there  were  not  many  slaves. 

Seviei  ville,  a  post  town,  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Sevier  county,  Tennessee,  25  miles 
E  by  S  of  Knoxvilie,  the  state  capital. 

Seville,  a  considerable  city  of  Spain, 
capital  of  Andalusia,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  in  a  large  plain,  on  the  Gua- 
dalquiver,  and  takes  more  ground  than 
Madrid,  although  it  has  not  so  many  in- 
habitants. The  Phoenicians  are  supposed 
!  lo  have  been  its  founders,  who  called  it 
IHispatis;  and  it  is  the  Julia  of  the  Ro- 
i  mans,  who  embellished  it  with  many 
:  magnificent  buildings.    It  is  of  a  round 
I  form,  fortified  with  strong  walls,  flanked 
j  by  high  towers.    The  Moors  built  an 
I  aqueduct,  still  to  be  seen,  six  miles  in 
|  length.    The  cathedral  is  the  largest  in 
|  Spain,  being  175  feet  long,  and  80  broad; 
the  steeple  is  of  curious  workmanship, 
and  extremely  high,  and  consisting  of 
three  .towers,  one  above  another,  with 
galleries  and  balconies.  Of  the  convents 
that  of  St.  Francis  is  the  most  curious, 
adorned  with  a.  handsome  public  squsfe, 
in  the  midst  of  which  is  a  fine  fountain. 
The  university  consists  of  many  colleges ; 
and  the  professors  enjoy  rich  pensions. 


S  E  Z 


S  H  A 


The  royal  palace  called  Alcazar,  was  part- 
ly built  after  the  antique  by  the  Moors, 
and  partly  in  the  modern  taste  by  kin  ; 
Pedro  ;  it  is  a  mile  in  extent,  and  flunk- 
ed oy  large  square  towers,  built  with 
stones,  tnken  from  the  ancient  temple  of 
Hercules.  Some  say  it  is  not  equalled  in 
Europe  ;  behind  the  Alcazar  is  a  mag- 
nificent snuff  manufacture,  erected  by 
Ferdinand  VI.  where  a  thousand  men 
are  constantly  employed.  The  exchanj  e 
is  a  square  building  of  the  Tuscan  or- 
der, each  front  100  feet  in  length,  and 
three  stories  high.  The  town-house  is 
adorned  with  a  great  number  of  statues, 
and  there  is  a  large  square  before  it, 
with  a  fine  fountain  in  the  middle.  There 
are  120  hospitals  richly  endowed,  the 
pleasant  situation  of  Seville  near  the  sea, 
makes  it  one  of  the  richest  and  most  tra- 
ding towns  in  Spain.  The  suburb  of  Tri- 
ana  stands  oo  the  other  side  of  the  river, 
over  which  is  along  bridge  of  boats.  In 
this  suburb  the  house  of  the  Inquisition 
is  placed  ;  and  there  are  public  walks, 
where  most  of  the  inhabitants  go  to  take 
the  air.  Formerly  the  trade  of  the  New 
World,  centered  in  this  port,  and  there 
were  16,000  looms,  and  130,000  persons 
employed,  but  there  are  now  only  400 
The  country  about  it  is  extremely  fertile 
in  corn,  wine,  Sec.  and  there  is  abundance 
of  oil ;  for  to  the  W  of  the  river  is  a 
grove  of  olive-trees,  50  miles  in  length. 
Seville  is  45  miles  from  the  Atlantic,  112 
W  of  Granada,  and  212  S  bv  W  of  Mad- 
rid.   Lon.  5  22  W,  lat.  37  32  N. 

Sevres,  Two,  a  department  of  France, 
including  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Poitou.  It  is  so  named  from  two  rivers, 
one  of  which  flows  W  by  St.  Maxient  and 
Niort,  into  the  bay  of  Biscay,  opposite 
the  isle  of  Ithe,  and  the  other  takes  a  N 
"NV  direction,  passes  by  Glisson,  and  en- 
ters the  river  Loire,  opposite  Nantes.  St. 
Maxient  is  the  capital. 

Seivnlick,  Jlovnt,  a  chain  of  mountains 
that  borders  on  the  level  country,  on  the 
N  of  the  province  of  Delhi,  in  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper.  At  Hndwar,  the  Ganges  for- 
ces its  way  through  this  ridge  into  the 
plains  of  Hindoostaii. 

Seivickly,  North,  a  township  of  Beaver 
county,  Pennsvlvania,  containing  1323  in- 
habitants in  1810. 

Sevzsol,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Am,  and  late  province  of 
Bresse,  divided  by  the  Rhone,  into  two 
parts,  where  it  is  first  navigable,  the  east- 
ern part  was  ceded  to  the.  king  of  Sar- 
dinia, by  the  treaty  of  Turin,  iii  1760.  It 
is  14  miles  NE  of  Bcliey.  Lon.  7  45  E, 
lat.  46  6  N. 

Sezanne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 


partment of  Marne,  and  late  province  of 
Champagne,  seated  on  a  little  river,  27 
mih  s  N\V  of  Troves,  and  65  SE  of  lVris. 
Lon.  4  10  E,  lat.  48  41  N. 

Sezza,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
Naples,  29  miles  NNW  of  Naples.  Lon. 
13  45  E,  hit.  41  19  N. 

Shabttr,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  Nile. 
Lon.  30  38  E,  hit.  30  47  N. 

Shackleford,  a  post  town  in  King  Wil- 
liam county,  Virginia,  15  miles  N\V  of 
Gloucester,  75  E  of  Richmond,  and  143 
S  by  E  of  Washington. 

Shaftsbury,  a  borough  in  Dorsetshire, 
villi  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
on  a  hill,  in  form  of  a  bow,  where  water 
is  so  scarce,  that  the  poor  get  a  live.g, 
by  fetching  it  from  a  great  distance ;  but. 
it  enjoys  a  serene  wholesome  air,  and  iias 
a  fine  prospect.  It  is  a  corporation,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
had  formerly  10  parish  churches,  which 
are  now  reduced  to  three.  It  is  25  miles 
NNE  of  Dorchester,  and  102  W  bv  S  of 
London.    Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Shaftsbury,  a  town  in  Bennington  coun- 
'v,  Vermont,  about  half  Way  between 
Bennington  and  Arlington,  or  nearly  10 
miles  from  each.  It  contains  1973  inha- 
bitants. 

S.'iahjehanpour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan, 
in  the  East  Indies.  Lon.  76  18  E,  lat 
23  26  N. 

Sham.    See  Damascus. 

Sluimokin,  a  township  of  "Northumber- 
land county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Snsquehannah,  and  contain- 
ing 2027  inhabitants  in  1810. 

ShamokiiiyH village  in  Northumberland, 
Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Susquehannah  river,  about  six  miles  be- 
low Northumberland. 

Shanandoahj  a  county  in  the  state  of 
Virginia.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  river 
winch  runs  through  it,  and  is  situated  on 
the  west  side  of  the  Blue  Ridge  ;  having 
Frederick  county  on  the  N,  and  Rocking- 
ham oil  the  S.  The  inhabitants  were  sta- 
led at  13,646  in  1810.  The  principal 
town  is  Woodstock. 

Shannon,  the  largest  river  of  Ireland, 
which  issues  from  Lough  Allen,  in  the 
province  of  Connaught,  and  running  S  di- 
vides the  provinces  of  Leinster  and  Con- 
naught  ;  it  then  turns  SW,  passes  by  the 
city  of  Limerick,  and  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  between  the  counties  of 
Clare  and  Limerick. 

Shap,  a  village  in  Westmoreland,  at 
the  source  of  the  Loder,  between  Orton 
and  Penrith.  It  had  once  a  famous  ab- 
bey, built  in  1119;  but  is  now  of  little 
note,  except  for  some  great  stones,  like 
pyramids,  placed  almost  in  a  direct  line, 


SHE 


SHE 


for  a  mile  together,  at  eight,  ten,  and 
twelve  yards  distance,  of  such  immens* 
weight,  that  carriages  now  in  use  could 
not  support  them.  The  abbey  stood  abour 
a  mile  W  from  the  church,  of  which  lit- 
tle remains,  except  the  tower  at  the  \V 
end  of  the  destroyed  church,  and  the 
ruins  of  an  old  bridge. 

Shapleigh,  a  post  town  in  York  county, 
Maine  ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Pis- 
cataqua  river,  about  49  miles  N  of  Ports- 
mo  i  h.  in  New  Hampshire. 

Sharon,  a  post  town  in  Litchfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut  ;  situated  on  the  border 
of  New  York  state,  51  miles  W  by  N  of 
Hartford,  and  20  NE  of  Poughkepsie,  on 
Hudson  river. 

Sharon,  a  township  of  Schohairie  coun- 
tv,  New  York,  containing  1363  inhabi- 
tants in  1810. 

Sharpsburg,  a  post  town  in  Washing- 
ton coiinty,  Maryland;  lying  on  the  E 
side  of  Potomac  river,  10  miles  above 
Harper's  ferry,  and  about  21  W  of  Fre- 
dericktown.  It  has  about  1500  inhabi- 
tants. 

Sha-ivangunh,  a  post  town  in  Ulster 
county,  New  York  ;  lying  on  the  E  side 
of  W.dkill  river,  26  miles  S  of  Kingston, 
and  20  N  of  Goshen,  containing  3062  in- 
habitants in  1310. 

Slu.ppinsha,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands, 
lying  NE  of  Mainland. 

Sheemess,  a  fort  in  Kent,  seated  on  the 
N  point  of  die  isle  of  Sliepey,  at  the  prin- 
cipal mouth  of  the  Medway,  three  miles  j 
N  of  Queenborough.  It  was  built  and 
fortified  by  Charles  II.  with  a  line  of  can- 
non facing  the- Medway,  after  the  insult 
of  the  Dutch,  who  burnt  the  men  of  war 
at  Chatham.  The  buildings  belonging  to 
it,  in  which  the  officers  lodge,  make  a 
little  neat  town,  and  there  is  also  a  yard, 
a  dock,  and  a  chapel  The  yard  and  gar- 
rison used  to  be  supplied  with  water  from 
Chatham  well,  till  an  excellent  spring 
was  discovered  here.  Lon.  0  48  E,  kit. 
51  28  N. 

Sheffield,  a  large  and  populous  town  in 
the  W  riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday.  This  town  has  been  no- 
te'd  several  hundred  years  for  cutlers  and 
smi'hs  manufactures,  which  were  encou- 
raged and  advanced  by  the  neighbouring 
mines  of  iron,  particularly  f  r  files  and 
knives,  or  whittles;  for  the  last  of  which 
especially,  it  has  been  a  staple  for  above 
300  \ears  •  and  it  is  reputed  to  excel  Bir- 
mingham in  these  wares,  as  that  does 
ihis  town  in  locks,  hinges,  nails,  and  po- 
The  first  mills  in  England 


"fished  steel. 

for  turning  grinding  stone  s  were  also  set  j  but  Mahometans.  It 
up  here.    Here  are  also  lead  works  and|Sallee. 


which  is  navigable  within  two  or  three 
.mles  of  the  town  ;  and  its  neighbour- 
hood abounds  with  coal.  It  has  two  large 
<  hurches,  and  a  spacious  market  place, 
furnished  with  neat  shops  for  butchers, 
&c.  It  is  54  miles  SSW  of  York,  and 
161  NNYV  of  London.  Lon.  1  29  W,  lat. 
53  20  N. 

Sheffield,  a  post  town  in  P»erkshire  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  50  miles  SE  of  the  ci- 
ty of  Hudson,  (New  York)  and  53  NW  of 
Hartford,  (Connecticut.)  It  has  2439  in- 
habitants. 

Shejford,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Friday,  commodiously  seat- 
ed between  two  rivulets,  which  unite 
their  streams  below  the  town,  and  fall 
into  the  Ouse.  It  is  eight  miles  SE  of 
Bedford,  and  41  N  bv  \V  of  London. 
Lon.  0  21  W,  lat.  52  8  N. 

SJiefnul,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  9  miles  NE  of  Bridge- 
north,  and  136  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2 
22  W.  lat.  52  42  N. 

Sheilds,  North,  a  dirty  place,  and  sea- 
port in  the  county  of  Northumberland.  It 
is  remarkable  for  being  the  mart  where 
ships  take  in  their  loading  of  coal,  seat- 
ed on  the  N  side  of  the  Tvne,  10  miles 
E  of  Newcastle.  Lon.  1  12  W,  lat.  55  4  N. 

Sheilds,  .South,  a  seaport  in  the  counts 
of  Durham,  where  there  are  upwards  of 
200  salt  puns.  It  is  seated  on  the  S  side 
of  the  Tvne,  10  miles  E  of  Newcastje. 
Lon.  1  12  W,  lat.  55  4  N. 

SheWitrve,  a  flourishing  new  town  of 
North  America,  in  the  British  province 
of  New  Brunswick.  It  is  situated  at  Port 
Roseway,  and  extends  two  miles  on  the 
water  side,  and  one  mile  back,  wiih  wide 
streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  an- 
gles. The  harbour  is  deep,  capacious, 
and  secure.  About  a  mile  from  Shel- 
burne,  and  separated  from  it  by  a  small 
river  is  the  Black  Town,  containing  about 
1200  free  blacks,  that  served  on  the  roy- 
al side  during'  the  late  war.  Lat.  43  46 
N,  lon.  65  0  YV. 

Shelhurne,  a  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  961 
inhabitants  in  1810;  situated  on  the  N 
side  of  Deerfield  river,  between  Plain- 
field  and  Colerain. 

Shelby,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky, bounded  by  Franklin  on  the  I"., 
Henry  on  the  N,  Bullet  on  the  W,  &ntj 
Washington  on  the  S  ;  and  containing 
14,877  inhabitants  in  1810.  The  chief 
town  is  Shelbyville. 

Sheila,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Moroc- 
co,  where   none  are  allowed  to  enter 
is  four  miles  E  of 


Ik  mill.    It  is  seated  on  the  Hon,  j     Shepherd's  Isles,  a  cluster,  of  islands 


SHE 


S  H  O 


in  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  168  42  E,  lat.  j 
16  58  S. 

Shepey,  an  island  of  Kent,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Thames,  separated  from  the  main- 
land by  the  East  Swale.  It  produces 
corn,  and  feeds  numerous  flocks  of  sheep. 
It  contains  ihe  borough  of  Queenbo- 
rough  and  the  fort  of  Sheerness. 
'  Sheperdstoton,  a  post  town  in  Berkley 
cou.ity,  Virginia;  lying  on  the  S  side 
of  Potomac  river,  opposite  to  Sharps- 
burg,  16  miles  NW  of  Harper's  ferry, 
and  34  NE  of  Winchester.  It  has  about 
1000  inhabitants. 

Shepton  Mullet,  a  town  in  Somerset- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  lias 
a  considerable  manufacture  of  cloth,  is 
seated  under  Mendir  Hills,  17  miles  SW 
of  Bath,  and  114  W  of  London.  Lon.  2 
30  W,  lat.  51  9  N. 

Slierborn,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday  and  Saturday.  It 
was  formerly  a  bishop's  see,  and  had 
three  churches,  though  now  but  one, 
which  was  the  cathedral.  It  had  also  a 
castle,  now  in  ruins.  Here  is  a  free- 
school,  founded  by  Edward  VI ;  two  large 
silk  mills;  and  a  conduit  of  excellent 
water,  which  is  continually  punning.  It 
is  computed  to  contain  2,000  inhabi- 
tants, 16  miles  N  by  VV  of  Dorchester, 
and  118  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  41 
W,  lat.  50  54  N. 

Sherbom,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Friday, 
seated  on  a  river,  which  soon  falls  into 
the  Ouse,  14  miles  SW  of  York,  and  181 
N  by  W  of  Lor  d  >n.  Lon.  1  15  W,  lat. 
53  49  N. 

Sherborovgh,  a  fort  of  Guinea,  in  Africa, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  Sherborough 
river.  It  belongs  to  the  English,  and  is 
100  miles  SE  of  Sierra  Leone.  Lon.  11 
0  W,  lat.  6  ON 

Sherburne,  a  town  of  North  America, 
in  the  island  of  Nantucket,  80  miles  S  of 
Boston.    Lon.  70  30  W,  lat.  41  0  N. 

Sherburn,  a  post  town  in  Chenango 
county,  New-York;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Chenango  river,  about  34  miles 
W  of  Cooper's-town,  and  20  S  of  Sanger- 
field,  with  2428  inhabitants. 

Sherijf'-Muir,  a  heath  in  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  between  the  Ochils  and  the 
Grampian  mountains;  famous  for  a  bloody 
but  undecisive  battle,  in  1715,  between 
the  royal  army  and  the  rebel  forces  under 
the  earl  of  Mar. 

Shetland,  the  general  name  of  about 
40  islands,  lying  100  miles  NNE  of  Caith- 
nesshire,  in  Scotland,  between  59  56  and 
61  11  N.  lat.  The  names  of  the  princ':- 
pal  are  Mainland,  Yell,  Unst,  and  Pula 
or  Thuie.     The  Aurora:  Bore  ales,  or 


Merry  Dancers,  as  they  are  called  iu 
these  islands,  are  the  constant  attendants 
of  clear  evenings,  and  prove  great  reliefs 
amid  the  gloom  of  the  long  winter  njghts. 
What  the  inhabitants  have  been  hitherto 
able  to  do,  their  natural  advantages  con- 
sidered, does  not  deserve  that  name,  not- 
withstanding they  export  large  quanti- 
ties of  cod,  tusk,  ling,  and  skate,  inso- 
much that  the  bounty  allowed  by  acts  of 
parliament  amounts  "from  1400/.  to  2000 
annually.  They  have  besides,  haddocks, 
whitings,  turbot,  and  a  variety  of  other 
fish.  In  many  of  the  inlets  there  are 
prodigious  quantities  of  excellent  oys- 
ters, lobsters,  muscle?,  cockles,  and  other 
shell-fish.  As  to  amphibious  creatures, 
ihcy  have  multitudes  of  otters  and  seals  ; 
add  to  these  that  amber,  ambergris,  and 
other  spoils  of  the  ocean,  are  frequently 
found  upon  the  coasts.  The  inhabitants 
are  stout,  well-made  and  comely ;  the 
lower  sort  of  a  swarthy  complexion,  a 
hardy,  robust,  and  laborious  people,  who, 
generally  speaking,  get  their  bread  by 
fishing  in  all  weathers  in  their  yawls, 
which  are  little  bigger  than  Gravesend 
wherries,  live  hardly,  and  in  the  summer 
season  mostly  on  fish.  Shetland,  with 
Orkney,  forms  one  of  the  counties  of 
Scotland. 

SltevagungftyA  town  of  the  East  Tndics 
in  Hindoostan,  25  miles  Tv'W  of  Banga- 
lore.   Lon.  77  18  E,  lat.  13  20  N. 

Shin,  Loch,  a  lake  in  the  mountains  of 
Sutherlandshire,  Scotland;  81  miles  in 
circuit.  From  which  issues  a  stream 
which  flows  into  the  frith  of  Dornoch. 

Shippenr.bnrg,  a  post  town  in  Cumber- 
land county,  Pennsylvania  ;  21  miles  S 
Wof  Carlisle,  11  NE  of  Chambersburg, 
and  136  W  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  situated 
in  the  heart  of  a  fertile  country,  and  con- 
tained 1159  inhabitants  at  the  last  enu- 
meration in  1 810. 

Shipton,  an  ancient  town  in  Worces- 
tershire, though  surrounded  by  Warwick- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  i; 
seated  on  the  Stour,  14  miles  W  of  Ban 
burv,  and  83  NW  of  London.  Lon.  125 
W,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Shoales,  Isles  of,  in  North  America,  on 
the  coast  of,  and  the  only  jslands  belong- 
ing to  New  Hampshire.  They  lie  con- 
venient for  the  cod  fishery,  which  was 
formerly  carried  on  here  to  great  advan- 
tage ;  but  the  inhabitants  are  now  few 
and  poor. 

Shogle,  a  town  of  Asia  in  Syria,  seat- 
ed on  the  Asia  anciently  called  Otoli- 
tes, over  which  is  a  bridge  of  1.3  ;s 
It  is  18  miles  S  by  E  of  A  ntiqch ,  and 
45  SW  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  36  40  E,  lat. 
35  20  N. 


S  H  R 


S  I  A 


Shoomska,  one  of  the  Kuriles  in  Kamts- 
chatka,  svhich  is  inhabiied  by  a  mixture 
of  natives  and  Kamtschadales.  See  Ku- 
riles. iWWH 

Shooters  Hill,  a  village  in  Kent,  situa- 
ted on  .v  lull  so  called,  eight  miles  ESE 
of  London.  From  this  hill  is  a  fine  ex- 
tensive prospect,  and  the  Thames  makes 
a  magnificent  appearance  from  it.  Lady 
James  built  a  lofty  tower  on  this  hill 
in  honour  of  her  husband  commodore 
."fames,  who  reduced  the  fort  of  Severn- 
droog  in  the  East  indies  in  1756.  It  is 
called  Severndroog  Castle,  is  of  a  tri- 
angular form,  and  contains  some  of  the. 
arms,  ornaments,  See.  taken  from  the 
enemy. 

Shoreham,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  with 
a  market  on  -Saturday.  It  sends  two  , 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  common- 
ly called  New  Shoreham,  to  distinguish 
it  from  the  old,  which  lies  near  it,  and  is 
now  of  little  account.  It.  is  seated  on  an 
arm  of  the  sea,  which  makes  it  a  place  of 
some  trade,  and  many  small  vessels  are 
built  here.  Ii  is  16  miles  XW  of  New 
Haven  and  56  S  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  15  W,  lat.  50  54  N. 

Shoreham,  a  township  of  Addison  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  containing  2033  inhabitants 
in  1810.  Situated  on  the  E  side  of  Lake 
Champlaine,  4  miles  N  of  Mount  Inde- 
pendence. 

Shrewsbury,  a  borough  in  Shropshire, 
and  the  capital  of  that  county,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  Thursday,  and 
Saturday.  It  is  beautifully  seated  on  a 
peninsula  formed  by  the  Severn,  over 
which  are  two  bridges,  and  is  surround- 
ed by  a  wall,  with  three  gates.  Here 
was  formerly  a  castle  and  abbey,  both 
now  in  ruins.  It  contains  five  churches, 
is  governed  by  a  maj  or,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  is  the  chief 
mart  for  a  coarse  kind  of  woollen  cloth, 
made  in  Montgomeryshire,  called  Welsh 
Webs,  and  for  all  sorts  of  Welsh  commo- 
dities, which  are  generally  bought  in  a 
rough  state  at  Welshpool,  and  finished 
here,  whence  they  are  exported  to  Ame- 1 
rica  and  Flanders.  It  is  also  famous  for 
its  excellent  brawn,  which  is  sent  to  va- 
rious parts  of  the  kingdom.  In  1283, 
Edward  I.  held  a  parliament  here,  when 
the  lords  sat  in  the  castle,  and  the  com- 
mons in  a  barn.  Another  parliament  was 
held  here  in  1397,  by  Richard  II.  Close 
to  this  town,  in  1403,  was  fought  the 
battle  between  Henry  IV.  and  Henry 
Percy,  surnamed  Hotspur,  in  which  the 
latter  was  defeated  and  slain.  Shrews- 
bury is  18  miles  E  of  Welshpool,  36  W 
of  Litchfield,  and  160  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  2  41  W,  laL  52  43  N. 


Shrewsbury,  a  township  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania.  It  bounds  on  Maryland  in 
the  S  and  has  a  branch  of  Codorus  creek 
in  lining  through  it.  The  inhabitants  were 
stated  at  1792  in  1810. 

Shrewsbury,  a  post  town  in  Monmouth 
county.  New  Jersey;  situated  on  a  high 
and  dry  soil,  near  the  sea  shore,  and 
therefore  resorted  to  in  summer  by  the 
gentry  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia, 
as  a  bathing  place.  It  lies  in  lat.  40  17  N, 
and  lon.  73  12  W,  at  the  distance  of  47 
miles  NE  from  Trenton,  28  E  by  S  from 
New  Brunswick,  and  77  NE  from  Phila- 
delphia. The  township  contains  about 
o77^  inhabitants. 

Shropshire,  or  Salop,  a  county  of  Eng- 
land, bounded  on  the  N  by  Cheshire  and 
,a  detached  part  of  Flintshire,  on  the  E 
by  Staffordshire,  on  the  SE  by  Worces- 
tershire, on  the  S  by  Herefordshire,  on 
the  SW  by  Radnorshire,  and  on  the  W 
by  the  counties  of  Montgomery  and  Den- 
bigh ;  it  is  about  50  miles  long,  and  40 
broad.  It  lies  partly  in  the  diocese  of 
Litchfield  and  Coventry,  and  partly  in  that 
of  Hereford  ;  contains  14  hundreds,  16 
market-towns,  and  170  parishes ;  and 
sends  12  members  to  parliament.  The 
air  is  salubrious,  and  not  very  sharp,  ex- 
cept on  the  hills.  Shropshire  has  a  va- 
riety of  soil,  but  in  general  is  Well  culti- 
vated, producing  large  quantities  of 
grain  of  all  sorts,  much  of  which  is  sent 
down  the  Severn  for  exportation.  Its 
level  parts  feed  many  cattle  ;  and  much 
of  the  cheese  sold  under  the  name  of 
Cheshire  is  made  in  this  county.  The 
sheep  of  its  hilly  tracts  afford  a  fine 
wool,  which  supplies  the  manufactories 
of  the  W,  there  being  none  of  any  con- 
sequence in  Shropshire.  The  neighbour- 
hood of  the  Wrckin  and  Bridgenorlh, 
and  that  of  Clunn,  in  the  SW  corner,  are 
reckoned  to  yield  wool  equal  to  that  of 
Lemster.  This  county  abounds  with  lead, 
copper,  iron,  limestone,  freestone,  pipe- 
clay, bitumen,  and  coal.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Severn  and  the  Tend.  The 
!  capital  is  Shrewsbury. 

Siam,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  China,  on  the  E  by  Laos  and 
Cambodia,  on  the  Shy  the  gulf  of  Siam, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  bay  of  Bengal  and 
Pegu.  It  is  550  miles  in  length,  and  250 
in  breadth,  though  in  some  places  not 
above  50.  It  is  divided  into  the  Higher 
and  Lower,  and  the  soil  produces  plenty 
of  rice,  cotton,  and  fruits,  but  different 
from  those  in  Europe.  The  inhabitants, 
both  men  and  women  go  almost  naked. 
The  better  sort  indeed  wear  rich  gar- 
ments ;  ond  yet  those  about,  the  court  are 
under  a  miserable  subjection  to  the  king. 


S  I  B 


S  I  G 


who  shows  himself  but  once  a  year  to  { 750  from  N  to  S,  The  south  part  is  a 
the  common  people,    lie  is  proprietor  of  j  fertile  country,  producing  all  the  neces- 


all  the  kinds  in  the  country,  and  no 
can  buy  any  merchandises   till  he 


the  refusal  of  them 
a  numerous  army, 


one 
lu.s  ! 

He  generally  keeps 
among  which  tlier« 
are  1000  elephants,  and  it  is  said  he  Can 
bring  250,000  men  into  the  field.  It  is 
a  flat  country*  which  in  the  rainy  sea- 
son is  overflowed ;  for  which  reasoi 
most  of  the  houses  are  built  oi\  pillars, 
and  they  have  no  communication  for 
some  months  but  by  boats.  The  women 
are  the  only  merchants  in  buying  goods, 
the  men  being  generally  maintained  b\ 
the  industry  of  their  wives.  The  inha- 
bitants are  well  shaped,  have  large  fore- 
heads,  little  noses,  handsome  mouths, 
plump  lips,  and  black  sparkling  eyes. 
Both  sexes  go  bare-headed,  and  the  men 
are  of  an  olive  colour,  with  little  beards, 
but  the  women  of  a  straw  complexion, 
and  some  have  their  cheeks  a  little  red. 
They  have  abundance  of  wild  animals  in 
the  woods,  as  elephants,  rhinocerosses, 
leopards,  and  tigers.  Their  tame  cattle 
are  beeves,  buffaloes  and  hogs,  (if  which 
they  have  plenty  about  their  farms.  Be- 
sides which,  there  are  large  and  dan- 
gerous crocodiles,  and  serpents  20  feel 
long.  Their  temples  and  priests  are- 
very  numerous  ;  tue  latter  distinguished 
from  the  laity  by  an  orange  coloured 
garment,  and  they  keep  their  heads, 
beards,  and  eye -brows  close  shaved. 
They  have  schools  for  the  education  of 
their  children,  and  there  is  .scarce  any 
among  them  but  what  can  read  and 
write.  Odiam,  Juthia,  or  Juda,  is  the 
capital  town. 

Sianii  a  capital  city  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Mencn3 
near  its  mouth  in  the  gulf  of  Siam,  400 
miles  SE  of  Pegu.  Lon.  101  20  E,  hit.  14 
20  N. 

Slara,  a  town  of  Soutli  America,  in 
BraSil,  capital  of  a  captainship  of  the 
same  name,  which  lies  between  those  of 
Maragnan  and  Bio-Grande,  on  the  N 
coast.  In  the  neighbourhood  is  a  fort,  on 
a  mountain,  near  the  river  Siara.  Lon.  39 
35  W,  lat.  3  15  S. 

Siashoi,  a  town  of  1'ussia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Petersburgh.  It  is  seated 
not  far  from  the  lake  Ladoga,  24  miles 
"  adoga.  Lon.  30  47  E,  lat.  60 


NEof  New 
16  N 

Siberia,  a  large  country  comprehend- 
ing the  most  northern  part  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire  in  Asia.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  E  by  "the  Eastern  Ocean,  on  the  9 
by  Great  Tartary,  on  the  W  by  Russia, 
atfld  on  the  N  by  tae  Frozen  Ocean.  It 
extends  2000  mike  from  E  to  W,  and 


saries  of  lite  ;  but  ihc  N  part  is  ex- 
tremely cold,  almost  uncultivated,  a>;d 
■  inn  of  people.  The  principal  riches  of 
Siberia  consist  in  fine  skins  and  lurs. 
The  inhabitants  are  of  three  sorts,  pa- 
.  ans,  or  the  naiives  of  the  country ; 
Mahometans,  and  Russians.  The  former 
dwell  in  forests  in  the  winter,  and  in  the 
summer  on  the  banks  of  rivers.  They 
*re  clothed  with  the  skins  of  wild  beasts, 
and  their  riches  consist  in  bows,  arrows, 
a  knife  and  a  kettle.  They  make  use  of 
reindeer  and  dogs,  instead  of  horses,  to 
draw  their  sledges.  They  ha\e  several 
idols,  which  they  are  sometimes  dis- 
pleased with,  and  will  either  beat  or  burn 
them.  They  all  live  in  wretched  huts, 
nhich  they  remove  from  place  to  place. 
Those  in  the  southern  parts  are  not  much 
more  polite  ;  but  they  have  horses  with 
which  they  go  a  hunting,  and  their  hou- 
ses, though  poor,  are  not  shifted  from 
place  to  place;  Nor  are  the  Mahometan 
Tartars,  who  dwell  in  these  parts,  so 
ugly  as  in  other  places.  The  Russians 
settled  here  are  much  the  same  as  in 
their  native  country.  Through  this  vast 
tract  the  Russian  caravans  travel  every 
year,  with  their  merchandise,  to  China. 
Tine  principal  rivers  are  the  Oby,  Lena, 
Irtysh,  Yenise,  and  Okota.  In  this  coun- 
try are  not  only  a  great  number  of  fresh 
water  lakes,  but  likewise  several  whose 
waters  are  salt ;  and  these  reciprocally 
change  their  nature,  the  salt  sometimes 
becoming  fresh,  and  the  fresh  changing" 
into  saline.  Some  lhkes  also  dry  up,  and 
others  appear  where  none  were  ever 
seen  before.  The  salt  lake  of  Yamusha, 
in  the  province  of  Tobolsk,  is  the  most 
remarkable  of  all,  for  it  contains  a  salt 
as  white  as  snow,  consisting  entirely  of 
cubic  crystals.  One  finds  also  in  Siberia 
saline  springs,  salt-water  brooks,  and  a 
hill  of  salt.  The  W  part  of  Siberia  is 
comprised  in  the  Russian  governments 
of  Tobolsk  and  Kolyvan;  the  E  part  in 
the  government  of  Irkutsk.  Tobolsk  is 
the  capital.  ^$s$mm 

Sic/iem,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
to  the  S  of  which  is  a  celebrated  mon- 
astery. It  is  seated  on  the  Demer,  18 
miles  E  of  Mechlin.  Lon.  5  0  E,  lat  51 
6  N. 

Sicily,  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  almost  in  the  form  of  a  t  riangle,  ter- 
minating in  three  points  or  capes;  that 
wnich.is  nearest  Italy  is  called  Cape  dei 
f'..ro  .  that  which  regards  the  Morea, 
Capo  Passaro;  and  the  third  which  points 
I  .  Africa,  Capo  di  B'oco.  As  Sicily  is  an 
island  it  can  be  only  bounded  by  the  sea  ; 


S  I  D 


S  I  E 


however  it  is  separated  from  the  king- 
dom of  Naples  by  a  narrow  stn.it,  cal.led 
the  Faro;  but  us  Messina  is  seated  on  it, 
it  is  culled  the  Faro  di  -Messina.  This 
is  about  live  miles  in  breadth,  and  in 
it  arc  the  famous  shelves  called  Scylla 
and  Chairybdis,  so  much  celebrated  by 
the  Latin  poets,  but  these  are  now  said 
to  have  been  removed  by  the  terrible 
earthquake  which  happened  here  and  in 
Calabria,  in  the  beginning  of  the  year 
1783,  and  which  destroyed  many  cities 
and  villages,  and  above  40,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  two  kingdoms  of  Naples  and 
Sicily,  are  under  the  same  climate,  and 
the  productions  are  mueb'the  same,  only 
Sicily  abounds  mucb  more  in  corn,  par- 
ticularly in  the  vallies  of  Noto  and  Ma- 
zara  ;  but  then  there  are  fewer  trees  and 
fruits  :  The  valley  of  Demons  has  more 
forest  and  fruit  trees  than  the  tw< 
others.  It  is  said  to  contain  one  mil- 
lion of  inhabitants,  who  in  general  have 
a  very  bad  character.  They  formerly 
cultivated  sciences  here,  and  there  was 
an  university  at  Cantara,  but  now  they 
are  greatly  neglected.  It  is  said  there 
are  mines  of  all  kinds,  but  it  does  not 
appear  that  they  derive  any  advantage 
from  them.  It  is  divided  into  the  val- 
lies just  mentioned,  called  by  them  Val 
di  Demona,  Val  di  Noto,  and  Val  di  Ma- 
zora,  which  are  taken  notice  of  in  their 
proper  places.  Don  Carlos  became  king 
of  the  two  Sicilies  in  1736,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  treaty  of  Vienna  ;  but  the 
king  of  Spain  dying  in  17*50,  he  suc- 
ceeded to  that  crown,  and  his  third  son. 
Ferdinand  became  king  of  the  two  Si- 
cilies. Mount  JEtna,  now  called  Gibellpj 
the  famous  volcano,  is  in  Val  di  Demo- 
na. It  is  about  165  miles  in  length,  and 
112  in  breadih  ;  and  its  produce  not  al- 
ready mentioned,  is  wine,  oil,  silk,  and 
excellent  fruits. 

Sicques.    See  Seiks. 

Sidaye,  a  strong  town  on  the  N  coast 
of  the  island  of  Java  in  the  East  Indies 
with  a  harbour.  Lon.  113  15  E,  lat.  6 
40  S. 

Siddington,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  handsome  chapel,  an  unfinished 
tower,  and  some  painted  glass.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Churn,  one  mile  SE 
of  Cirencester. 

Sideling  Hill,  a  range  of  mountains  in 
Bedford  county,  Pennsylvania.  It  lies 
between  the  Warrior  and  North  mountain, 
and  extends  through  this  county  and  a 
part  of  Huntingdon,  from  SW  to  N  E 
furnishing  springs  for  several  streams  of 
water.  , 

Siderocapsa,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Macedonia,  famous  for  a  gold 


mine  in  its  neighbourhood.  It  is  five 
miles  from  the  gulf  of  Conte?sa.  Lon. 
13  44  E,  lat  40  30  N. 

Sid?nouthy  a  fishing  town  in  Devonshire, 
much  frequented  in  the  bathing  season, 
and  was  formerly  pretty  considerable 
before  its  harbour  was  choaked  tip.  It 
is  12  miles  SE  of  Exeter,  and  158  W 
bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  15  W,  lat.  50 
38  N. 

Sidon,  or  Said,  a  seaport  of  Palestine, 
anciently  a  place  of  great  strength,  and 
extensive  trade.  It  is  still  of  some  note, 
has  a  good  castle  and  a  well  frequented 
harbour;  and  is  also  the  residence  of  a 
Turkish  bashaw.  It  is  45  miles  WSW 
of  Damascus.   Lon.  36  5  E,  lat.  33  33  N. 

Sidra,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
between  the  gulf  of  Napoli  ami  that  of 
Eofgia.    Lon.  24  0  E,  lat.  37  0  N. 

Sidra,  a  spacious  gulf  on  the  coast  of 
Baibary.  between  Tripoli  and  Barca, 
which  takes  its  name  from  a  small  island 
at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf. 

Siedenberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  and  county  of  Hoye, 
nine  miles  SSW  of  Hoye. 

Siegburg;  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  and  duchy  of  Berg, 
subject  to  the  elector  palatine.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Sieg,  15  miles  SE  of  Co- 
logne.   Lon.  7  22  E,  lat.  5C  43  N. 

Siegen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wete- 
ravia,  with  a  castle,  and  the  title  of  a 
principality,  which  it  gives  to  a  branch 
of  the  house  of  Nassau.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  of  the  same  name,  17  miles  N 
W  of  Dillemburgh,  and  37  E  of  Cologne. 
Lon.  8  5E,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Siegmaringen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Suabia,  and  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  26  miles 
N  of  Constance,  and  44  S  of  Stutgard. 
Lon.  9  10  E,  lat.  48  2  N. 

Siegstadt,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the 
province  of  Aggerhuys. 

Sienna,  a  celebrated  city  of  Tuscany, 
apital  of  the  Siennese,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's see,  an  university  and  a  citadel. 
It  is  about  four  miles  in  circumference, 
and  surrounded  by  a  wall.  The  architec- 
;ure  of  the  Gothic  metropolitan  church 
is  admirable,  and  much  esteemed  by  all 
tr.veil.MS;  it  is  built  with  black  and 
white  marble,  and  the  pavement  is  of 
Mosaic  work.  Sienna  is  not  very  popu- 
lous ;  but  the  women  have  more  freedom 
than  in  most  parts  of  Italy.  It  is  adorned 
with  a  great  number  of  palaces,  foun- 
tains, and  superb  churches.  The  great 
area  is  round,  and  the  houses  about  it 
are  of  the  same  height,  supported  by 
piazzas,  under  which  people  may  walk 
in  all  weathers.  In  the  middle  is.  a  basin, 


S  I  E 


S  I  F 


which  they  can  fill  with  water  at  any 
tunc,  and  represent  a  seufight  with  small 
vessels.  Tiie  Italian  language  is  taught 
here  with  such  purity,  that  many  fo- 
reigners frequent  it  on  that  account.  Ii 
is  seated  on  three  eminence  s,  36  miles  S 
of  Florence,  and  10 5  N  by  W  of  Home. 
Lon.  11  1L  E,  iat.  43  24  \". 

Siamese,  a  duchy  of  Italy,  bounded  on 
the  X  by  the  Florentine),  on  the  S  by  the 
"Mediterranean  and  the  duchy  of  Castro, 
on  the  E  by  the  Peregino  and  Orvietano, 
and  on  the  VV  by  the  Florentine  and  the 
Tuscan  Sea.  It  is  about  55  miles  in 
length,  and  as  much  in  breadth.  The 
soil  is  pretty  fertile,  especially  in  mul- 
berry trees;  which  feed  a  great  numbei 
of  silk-worms,  and  there  are  several  mi- 
neral springs.    Sienna  is  the  capital. 

Siennoi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Mohilef,  60  miles  NNTW  of 
Mohilef.    Lon.  29  45  E,  lat.  54  30  N. 

•Sierra  Leone,  a  country  on  the  W  coast 
of  Africa,  so  named,  according  to  sonic 
authors,  by  the  Portuguese,  on  account 
of  its  mountains  on  uiis  coast  abounding 


lieal ib,  were  all  put  into  possession  of 
small  lots  of  land,  and  a  new  town,  on  a 
regular  and  extended  scale,  was  begun 
to  be  built.  Besides  the  Nova  Scotia 
blacks,  a  large  party  of  the  natives  were 
at  work  for  the  company,  and  die  expe- 
;  intents  in  sugar,  cotton,  &c.  appeared 
to  be  promising.  The  native  chiefs  and 
people  appeared  ;o  be  extremely  friend- 
ly, ami  the  Company's  schools  were  re- 
gularly attended  by  300  children,  among 
whom  were  some  children  of  the  natives, 
But  this  cheerful  scene  was  soon  over- 
cast, and  this  beautiful  and  prosperous 
colony  overwhelmed  with  ruin,  In  Sep- 
tember, 1/94,  a  French  squadron  arrived 
at  Siena  Leone, fired  upon  the  town,  and 
did  much  damage.  In  the  afternoon  the 
enemy  landed,  finding  the  town  almost 
destitute  of  people,  but  rich  in  provi- 
sions, clothing  and  other  stores.  They 
began  immediately  to  break  open  the 
houses  and  to  plunder.  What  they  did 
not  w  ant  they  destroyed,  burnt,  or  threw 
imo  the  river.  They  killed  all  the  cat- 
le  and  animals  thej-  found  in  the  fields 


with  lions.  Some  extend  its  limits  from  !Or  streets,  yards,  or  elsewhere,  not  spar- 
the  Gram  Cc.ist  on  die  SE,  to  Cape  Ver-jing'  even  asses,  dogs,  and  cats.  These 

proceedings  they  :  continued  the  whole 


ga  or  Voga  on  the  NVV  ;  that  is,  between 
7  and  10  dev*.  N  lat.  Others,  however, 
confine  the  country  between  Cape  Verga 
and  Cape  Tagrin.  In  he  open  and  plain 
parts,  on  the  banks  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  the  heat  of  the  sun  before  any 
breeze  Arises,  is  almost  intolerable  ;  but 
as  a  refreshing  gale  constantly  springs 
up  about  noon,  it  renders  the  country 
supportable."  The  whole  tract,  on  each 
side  of  the  river,  is  rich  in  rice  and  mil- 
let, which  is  the  chief  sustenance  of  the 
inhabitants;  and  upon  tiie  whole  it  is 
one  of  the  best  conn  r  es  on  the  coast. 
In  1791,  an  act  of  Parliament  w.us  obtain- 
ed, incorporating  a  company  c.  lied  the 
Sierra  Leone  Company,  for  the  purpose 
of  cultivating  West  India,  and  other  tro- 
"-pioal  productions,  on  the  banks  of  this 
river.  The  first  settkvs  amounted  to  200 
white  persons,  besides  a  number  of  free 
blacks  from  Xova  Scotia.  The  natives 
appeared  to  be  extremely  friendly,  and  a 
few,  in  1792,  had  come  to  work  for  the 
colony.  On  the  setting  in  of  the  rains, 
about  the  latter  end  of  May,  the  same 
year,  a  considerable  degree!  of  sickness 


succeeding  week,  till  the\  had  entirely 
ruined  iliijs  beautiful  and  prospering  colo- 
ny ;  and  when  they  found  nothing  more 
worth  plundering,  they  set  fire  to  the 
public  buildings,  and  all  the  houses  be- 
longing to  tile  Europeans. 

Sierra  Leone,  a  river  of  Africa,  in  a 
country  of  the  same  name.  Itfc  source  is 
uncertain,  but  its  mouth,  in  lon.  12  30 
\Y,  lat  8  15  N,  is  nineties  wide. 

Sierra  Leone,  or  TJon  Mountains,  moun- 
tains of  Africa,  which  divide  Nigritia 
from  Gnmea,  and  extend  as  far  as  Abys- 
sinia. They  were  styled  by  the  ancients 
die  Mountains  of  God,  on  account  of 
then-  being  subject  to  thunder  and  light- 
ning. 

Sierra  JMorena,  mountains  in  Spain* 
which  divide  the  kingdoms  of  Estrema- 
dura  and  New  Castile  from  that  of  Anda- 
lusia. Cervantes-  has  placed  the  most  en- 
tertaining adventures  of  his  hero,  Don 
Quixote,  among  these  .Mountains, -which 
has  made  them  famous  all  over  Europe. 

Si-Juany,  the  name  of  it-people  subject 
to  China.    Tiie  country  is  only  a  eonti- 


i  mortality  prevailed,  occasioned  chief  i  nued  ridge  of  mountains,  bounded  by  th 


iy  by  tiie  insufficiency  of  the  temporary 
habitations,  which  could  not  be  comple- 
ted before  the  rains  set  in.  Thirty-five 
white  persons  (of  whom  fourteen  were 
soldiers)  and  many  of  the  blacks  died  of 
this  sickness1.  The  next  year  the  setting 
in  of  tiie  4t  ins  was  not  productive  of  the 
same  e fleets.  .Tiie  colonists  were  in  good 


rivers  Hoang-ho  on  the  N,Ya-longon  the 
VV,  and  Yang-tse-kk-.i-g  on  the  E,  between 
30  and  35  deg.  or  N  lat.  The, sweater 
pari  of  the  S:  hms  live  in  tents ;  but  seme 
afia&ltav  h aye  h o u se s  built  of  earth,  and 
even  brick.  Their  habitations  are  not 
contiguous;  they  form  at  most  but  small 
hamlets,  consisting  of  five  or  six  fami- 
4  I 


S  I  H 


S  I  L 


lies.  They  feed  a  great  number  of  flocks, 
and  are  m  no  want  of  any  of  the  ne«  essa- 
ries  ol  life.  The  principal  article  of  their 
trade  is  rhubarb,  which  their  country 
produces  in  i^reat  abundance.  These  peo- 
ple are  of  a  proud  and  independent  spi- 
rit, and  acknowledge  with  reluctance  tlu 
superiority  of  the  Chinese  government, 
to  which  ih«  y  have  been  subjected.  They 
have  lost  much  of  their  ancient  splen- 
dour ;  f  r  ihe  Si-fans,  who  at  present  are 
confined  in  a  wild  country,  where  they 
have  not  a  single  city,  enjoyed  formerly 
an  extensive  dominion,  and  formed  a 
powerful  and  formidable  empire.  The 
Chinese  annals  fix  the  epocha  of  the 
downfai  of  their  empire  about  the  year 
1227:  since  that  time,  the  Si-fans  have 
retired  to  their  native  mountains,  where, 
from  Being  a  c  uwuenng  and  polished 
people,  they  have  again  sunk  into  their 
original  barbarity.  - 

Sigelmessa.    See  Sugehnessa. 

Sigeth,  Or  Zigat,  a  town  of  Lower  Ilun- 
g-ary,  caphal  of  a  county  of, the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  in  a  morass,  has  a! 
triple  wall,  with  ditches  full  of  water.1 
and  is  defended  by  a  citadel,  being  one 
of  the  strongest  places  in  Hungary.  It 
was  retaken  from  the  Turks  in  1669,  af- 
ter it  had  been  blocked  up  two  years. 
It  is  50  miles  NW  of  Esseck.  and  38  W 
bv  S  of  Colocza.  Lon.  18  58  E,  lat.  46 
17  N.  * 

Signau,  a  town  of  Swisserland.  in  the 
canton  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  18  E,  lat.  46 
44  N, 

Sigtuna,  an  ancient  town  of  Sweden,  in 
Upland,  seated  on  the  lake  Maeter,  be- 
tween Stockholm  and  Upsal. 

Siguenza,  a  town  of  Spam,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, with  an  archbishop's  see,  an  univer- 
sity, and  a  casile,  in  which  is  an  arkehi*!, 
It  is  surrounded  with'  strong  Avails  and 
well  fortified.  The  university  consists 
of  several  colleges  :  but  the  most  consi- 
derable structure  is  the  cathedral.  It  is 
seated  oil  a  Iv.U,  at  the  foot  of  .Mount 
Atienca,  60  miks^NE  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
2  41  W,  lat. .41  6  N. 

SiicLexler,  a  village  in  Hampslure,*  Eng- 
land, w  here  tratiiliou  say  &  king-  Arthur 
was  crowned. 

Si-hout  a  beautiful  lake  of  China,  which 
washes  the  walls  of  I lang-tcheou-fou,  its 
water  is  pure  and  limpid,  and  its  banks 
are  almost  every  where  covered  with 
flowers.  Halls  and  open  galleries,  sup- 
ported by  pillars,  have  been  erected  here 
on  piles,  for  the  convenience  of  those 
who  are  fond  of  walking.  In  the  middle 
of  the  lalce  are  two  islands,  to  which 
company  generally  resort  after  having 
amused  themselves  with  rowing,  and  in 


which  a  temple  and  several  pleasure  hou- 
ses have  been  built  for  their  reception. 

Silesia,  a  duchy  of  Germany,  274  miles 
long,  and  100  broad  :  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Brandenburg  and  Poland,  on  the  S  by 
Moravia  and  Hungary,  on  the  E  by  Po- 
land, and  on  the  YV  by  Lower  Lusatia  and 
Bohemia.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Oder,  the  Vistula,  the  Neisse,  the  Bober, 
the  Queis,  the  Oppa,  and  the  Else.  There 
is  a  long  chain  of  mountains,  which  se- 
parate Silesia  from  Bohemia,  one  half 
belonging  to  the  one,  and  the  o  her  to 
the  other,  and  they  have  their  particular 
names.  On  the  top  of  the  mountain  of 
giants,  is  a  famous  spring  frequented  by 
a  great  number  of  people,  partly  out  of 
devotion,  and  partly  to  drink  the  waters. 
There  were  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and 
other  metals  ;  but  they  have  not  been 
worked  for  many  years.  There  are  also 
some  precious  stones,  but  too  much  time 
is  required  to  procure  them.  The  highest 
mountain  of  Silesia  is  called  Zotenberg, 
situated  in  the  principality  of  Schweid- 
nitz,  and  is  104  miles  in  circumference. 
The  most  considerable  silver  mines  at 
present,  are  at  Reitstein,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Breig.  There  are  also  mines  of 
led,  copper,  and  iron,  and  quarries  of  va- 
rious stones ;  besides  antimony,  salt-petrc, 
sulphur,  alum,  vitriol,  quick-silver,  seal- 
ed earth,  and  other  minerals.  The  prin- 
cipal manufactory  is  linen-cloth,  and  they 
have  also  some  woollen  manufactories,  and 
glass  houses.  They  feed  a  great  number 
of  cattle,  have  large  studs  of  horses,  and 
plenty  of  game  in  the  woods.  They  have 
but  few  lynxes  and  bears,  and  fewer 
wolves,  because  they  give  a  ducat  a  head 
for  every  one  that  is  killed.  They  have 
a  great  many  lakes  full  of  pikes,  carps, 
and  other  good  fish  ;  also  plenty  of  bees, 
w  hich  produce  a  great  deal  of  honey  and 
Wax.  They  have  wheat,  barley,  oats,  mil- 
let seed,  and  turnips,  sufficient  for  the 
use  of  the  inhabitants  ;  and  in  some  pla- 
(  es  tin  y  cultivate  vuTro'n;  but  their  w  ine 
is  very  bad,  and  therefore  they  turn  it 
mostly  into  vinegar,  cfilesia  is  divided 
into  the  Upper  and  the  Lower.  In  the 
Upper,  the  inhabitants  are  generally  lto- 
man  Catholics,  speaking  the  Polish  lan- 
guage, and  in  the  Lower,  almost  all  Pro- 
testants, and  speak  their  mother-tongue. 
Silesia  is. divided  into  17  small  duchies, 
and  seven  free  states,  without  compre- 
hending the  county  of  Glatz.  These  are 
taken  notice  of  in  their  proper  places. 
The  greatest  port  of  this  country  was 
ceded  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  in  1742, 
by  the  treaty  of  Bresh ■  v. 

SilJicty  a  town  of  Hindoos**?,  in  the 
East  Indies,  100  miles  XE  of  Dacca,  and 


S  I  N 


S  I  N 


JOO  ENE  of  Moorshedabad.  Lon.  91  57 
E,  Lt.  24  52  N. 

Sifistria,  or  JDorestro,  a  town  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  with  a  citadel, 
and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated  near 
the  confluence  of  the  Missovo  and  Da- 
nube, 97  miles  NE  of  Nicopoli,  and  170 
NE  of  Adnanople.  Lon.  37  31  E,  lai. 
45  0  N. 

Silkeburg,  formerly  a  strong-  'own  of 
Denmark,  in  N  Jutland,  18  miles  W  of 
Arhusen.    Lon.  9  30  E,  lat.  56  3  X. 

Sillebar,  a  seaport  on  the  W  coast  of 
Sumatra,  in  the  East  Indies,  a  little  S  of 
Bencoolen.    Lon.  101  0  E,  lat.  4  O  S.' 

Simancas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Leon,  with  a  strong"  castle,  si 
tuated  on  the  Douero,  c  ight  miles  S  W  of 
Yalladolid.    Lon  4  30  W,  lat.  41  45  N. 

Simbirsk,  a  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly  a  province  of  the  kingdom  of  Ka- 
san,  «rhich  contains  13  districts. 

Simbirsk,  a  capital  town  of  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Simbirsk.  It  is  seated 
on  tiie  Volga,  100  miles  S  by  W  of  Ka- 
san.    Lon.  48  34  E,  lat.  54  22  N.  . 

Simi  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
six  miles  N  of  Rhodes.  Lon.  27  33  E, 
lat  36  35  N. 

Simmeren,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  capital  of  a  duchy 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  be- 
longs to  the  elector  palatine,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Simmeren,  26  miles  W  of 
Afentz,  and  35  E  of  Triers.  Lon.  2  41 
E,  lat.  49  51  N. 

Simogu,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
East  Indies,  93  miles  NW  of  Seringapa- 
tam.    Lon.  75  30  E,  lat.  13  21  N. 

Simons,  St.  an  island  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, on  the  coast  of  Georgia,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  the  Alatamuba,  about  15  miles 
long,  and  four  broad.  The  chief  town  is 
called  Frederica. 

Simont/trjrna,  a  strong  town  of  Lower 
Hungary,  in  the  county  of  Tolna,  with  a 
castle.  It  was  taken  from  the  Turks  m 
16.86,  and  is  seated  on  the  Sarwigc,  eight 
miles  from  Tolna.    Lon.  18  16  E,  lat. 

f   -  •  •>..' 

Simsbury,  a  small  post  town  in  Hart- 
ford county,  Connecticut,  14  miles  NW 
of  Hartford,  and  eight  SE  of  New  Hart- 
ford.   It  contains  1966  inhabitants. 

Sinai,  a  mountain  of  Arabia  Petraea,  in 
the  peninsula  formed  by  the  two  arms  of 
the  Red  Sea.  Here  the  law  was  given  to 
Moses,  for  which  reason  the  Mahometans 
hold  it  in  great  veneration  ;  and  here  tht 
Christians  have  a  monastery,  which  for- 
merly contained  a  great  number  of  monks, 
and  i  here  were  many  little  chapels  and 
cells  for  hermits.  The  monastery  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  high  wall,  and  those  thai 


go  in  and  out,  are  drawn  up  and  let  down 
in  baskets.    Lon.  34  15  E,  lat.  29  2  N. 

Sincaponr,  an  island  and  town  at  the 
most  s.iuthern  extremity  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Malacca,  opposite  tiie  island  of 
Sumatra,  which  witii  the  Malacca  coast 
forms  the  strait  of  Sincapour.  It  is  100. 
miles  SE  of  the  cit\  of  Malacca.  Lon. 
104  10  E,  lat.  1  10  N. 

Sinde.    Set*  Indus  and  Tatia. 

Sindelfingen,  a  town  oi  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  six  miles  SW  of  Siut- 
gard.    Lon.  9  5  E,  lat.  48  45  NT. 

Sindy,  or  Scind,  a  province  of  Hindoos- 
uin  Proper,  bounded  on  the  W  by  Persia, 
on  the  N  by  the  territories  of  the  king 
of  Candahar,  on  the  NE  by  those  of  the 
Seiks,  on  the  E  by  a  sandy  dese  rt,  and 
on  the  SE  by  Cutch.  It  extends  along 
the  course  of  the  Indus,  from  its  mouth, 
to  the  froniers  of  Moultan,  300  miles; 
and  its  breadth,  in  the  Widest  part,  is 
16J.  In  many  particulars  of  soil  and  cli- 
mate, and  the  general  appearance  of  its 
surface,  it  resembles  Egypt ;  the  lower 
part  being  composed  of  rich  vegetable 
mould,  and  extended  into  a  wide  delta; 
while  the  upper  part  is  a  narrow  slip  of 
Country,  confined  on  the  Persian  side  by 
a  ridge  of  mountains,  and  on  the  other 
by  a  sandy  desert,  the  Indus,  equal  at 
least  to  the  Nile,  winding  through  the 
midst  of  this  level  valley,  and  annually 
oversowing  it.  During  great  part  of  the 
S  W  monsoon,  or  at  least  in  July,  August, 
and  part  of  September  (which  is  the  rainy 
season  in  most  other  parts  of  India)  tin; 
atmosphci*e  is  here  generally  clouded ; 
but  no  rain  falls  except  near  the  sea.  In- 
deed very  few  showers  fall  during  the 
whole  year.  Owing  to  this,  and  the  neigh- 
oourhood  of  the  sandy  deserts  on  the  E 
and  on  the  NW,  the  heais  are  so  violent, 
t.nd  the  winds  from  ^those  quarters  so 
pernicious,  that  the  houses  are  contrived 
so  as  to  be  occasionally  ventilated  by 
apertures  on  the  top,  resembling  the  fun- 
nels of  small  chimnies.  When  the  hot 
winds  prevail,  the  windows  are  closely 
shut,  by  which  the  hottest  current  of  air, 
n  ;.!•  the  surface,  is  excluded;  and  a 
cooler  part,  because  more  elevated,  de- 
scends into  the  house  through  the  fun- 
n  Is.  By  this  also  vast  clouds  of  dust 
.uv  excluded;  the  entrance  of  which 
would  alone  be  fufficienl  to  render  the 
houses  uninhabitable.  The  roofs  are  com- 
posed of  thick  layers  of  earth  instead  of 
■  eriaces.  Few  countries  are  more  un- 
wholesome to  European  constitutions, 
particularly  the  lower  part  of  the  Delta. 
The  Hindoos,  j^vho  were  the  original  in- 
habitants of  Sindy,  and  who  are  reckon- 
ed to  out-number  the  Mahometans,  a4; 


S  I  N 


S  I  P 


ten  to  one,  are  treated  with  g«eat  rigour 
by  their  Mahometan  governors,  and  art 
not  permitted  to  erect  any  pagodas,  or 
places  of  worship :  and  this  severity 
drives  vast  numbers  of  them  into  othej 
countries.  The  inland  parts  of  Smdv, 
produce  saltpetre,  sal-ammoniac,  borax, 
bezoar,  lapis-tazult,  and  raw  silk.  They 
have  also  manufactures  of  cotton  and  silk 
of  various  kinds;  and  hey  make  fine 
cabine's,  inlaid  with  ivory,  an  >  fmelx 
lacquered.  They  Also  export  great  quan- 
tities of  butter,  clarified  and  wrapped  up 
jn  duppas^  made  of  the  hides  of  cattle. 
The  ladies  wear  hoops  of  ivory  on  both 
their  arms  and  legs,  and  when  they  die 
they  are  burnt  with  them.  They  have 
large  black  cattle,  excellent  mutioni  and 
small  hardy  horses.  Their  wikl  game 
are  deer,  hares,  an. elopes,  and  foxes, 
which  they  hunt  with  dogs,  leopards, 
and  a  small  fierce  creature  called  « 
shiahgush.  The  prince  of  this  province 
is  tributary  to  the  sultan  of  Candahar. 
He  resides  at  llidrabad,  though  Tatta  is 
the  capital. 

Sinepuxen,  a  long,  narrow  bay: of  thi 
United  States,  which  lies  between  Wor- 
cester county,  .Maryland,  and  a  small  is- 
land called  Assatigue.  It  communicates 
with  the  ocean  by  Sinepuxen  inlet. 

Sines,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Estremadura.  Lon.  8  55  W,  lat. 
37  40  N. 

Sing,  a  strong  town  of  Dalmatia,  taken 
by  the  Venetians  from  the  Turks  in  1686. 
It  is  16  miles  N  of  Spalatro.  Lon.  17  30 
E,  lat.  47  10  N 

Si-ngnnfou,  a  large  city  and  capital  of 
the  province  of  Chen-si  in  China.  Njexl 
to  Pe-king  it  is  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful and  1  rgest  cities  in  China;  its  w  alls 
are  thick,  exceedingly  high,  and  four 
leagues  in  circumference?  '-hey  are  flank- 
ed with  a  great  number  of  towers,  a  bow 
shot  distant  one  from  the  <ther,  and  sur 
rounded  by  a  deep  ditch.  A  large  block 
of  marble  was  dug  up  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  this  city,  with  an  inscription, 
partly  in  Chinese,  partly  in  Syriac  cha 
racteis ;  the  substance  of  which  w:s, 
that  an  angel  had  declared,  that  the  Me«- 
sias  was  born  of  a  Virgin  in  judea,  ami 
th  :t  his  l)irth  was  indicated  by  a  ne\* 
star  in  the  heavens';  that  the  kings  o: 
the  East  observed  it ;  and  came  to  offer 
presents  to  this  divine  child  ;  its  district 
contains  six  cities  of  the  second,  and  .31 
of  the  third  class.  It  is  480  miles  SW  . 
Ppkin.    Lon.  108  43  E,  lat.  34  16  N. 

Shig-illes,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  fhe  #o- 
Ve'rnmpnt  of  Sim  brisk..  Lon..  43  34  E,  lat. 
54  }  X. 

_§ipgo,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 


Macedonia,  on  the  gulf  of  Monte  Sa 
Lon.  24  0  E,  lat.  40  13  N. 

Singor,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  the  peninsi 
la  of  Malacca,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
small  river,  in  the  bay  of  Patan.  Lon. 
101  25  E,  lat.  6  40  N. 

Siiugagha,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  marquisate  of  Ancona,  with  a  castle, 
and  two  harbours.  It  is  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Xigola,  in  the  gulf  of  Yen- 
ice,  in  an  unwholesome  situation,  17 
miles  SE.  of  Pesaro,  and  30  ESE  of  Ur- 
bino.    Lon.  13  29  E,  lat.  43  45  N. 

Sinob,  or  Shiape,  a  seaport  of  Turkey 
in  Asia,  in  Naioli: ,  surrounded  by  walls, 
with  -double  ramparts  ;  but  the  castle  is 
much  neglected.  It  is  greatly  decayed, 
being  nothing  like,  what  it  was.  The  in- 
habitants are  Turks,  who  will  not  admit 
any  Jews,  and  the  Greeks  are  obliged  to 
live  in  the  suburbs.  It  is  the  birth- place 
of  Diogenes  the  cynic  philosopher,  and 
seated  on  the  isthmus  of  a  peninsula,  in 
the  Black  Sea.  Lon.  33  59  E,  lat.  41  5N. 

Sinog%  a  town  cf  Hindoostan,  in  the 
East  Indies,  90  miles  N-W  of  Seringapa- 
tam.    Lon.  75  30  E,  lat.  13  30  N. 

Sintzkeim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  and  palatinate  of  the 
Rhine,  seated  in  a  morass.  12  miles  SE  of 
Heidelberg.    Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  49  15  N. 

Sion,  an  ancient  town  of  Swisserland, 
capital  of  the  Vallais,  and  an  episcopal 
see,  whose  bishop  is  a  prince  of  the  em- 
pire. It  is  situated  near  the  Rhone,  at 
the  foot  of  three  insulated  rocks,  that 
rise  immediately  from  the  plain.  The 
present  episcopal  palace,  an  edifice  of 
s.or.f,  built  in  1547,  stands  on  a  rock  ; 
lie  apartments  are  furnished  with  great 
plainness  and  simplicity.  Sion  was  for- 
merly the  capital  of  the  Sedtini,  and  some 
Roman  inscriptions  still  remain.  It  is  50 
miles  E  of  Geneva.  Lon.  7  12  E,  lat.  46 
6  N.    See  Vallais. 

Sion,  a  famous  mountain  of  Judea,  on 
i he  S  side  of  Jerusalem. 

Siout,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  po- 
pulous towns  in  Egypt.    It  has  several 
iiiosques,  and  is  the  see  of  a  Cophtic  bi^ 
shop.    Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient 
mphitheatre,  and  some  sepulchres  of 
v he  Romans.    It  is  surroimdcd  by  fine 
gardens,  and  palm  trees  that  bear  the 
r>.'st  dates  in  Egypt.    This  place  is  the 
endezyous  of  those  who  go  in  the  c;  i  .» - 
an  to  Sennar,  in  Nubia.    It  is  a  mile 
'••om  the  Xile,  and  185  S  of  Cairo.  Lrfn 
n  24  E,  lat.  27  2  N. 

SiphUnio,  an  ifcland  of  the  Archipelago 
about  36  miles  in  circumference.  The 
air  is  so  good,  thjtt  many  of  the  inhabi- 
nts  live  to  the  age  of  120;  and  the 
country  abounds  with  marble  and  granite, 


S  I  s 


S  IC  E 


excellent  grapes,  olives,  capers,  and  silk. 
Lon  25  15  E,  lat.  37  9  N. 

Siradia,  a  town  of  Croat  Poland,  capi- 
tal of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  castle.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain,  on  the 
river  Warta,  62  miles  Nt  of  Breslaw, 
and  105  NW  of  Cracow.  Lon.  18  55  E, 
lat.  51  32  N. 

Siraf,  a  town  of  Persia,  lying1  in  the 
Persian  gulf.  Lon.  52  25  E,  lat.  35 
20  N. 

Sirgian,  a  town  of  Persia  noted  for  its 
beautiful  pottery. 

Sirhind,  a  very  ancient  city  of  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper,  in  the  province  of  Delhi. 
vThe  art  of  weaving-  silk  was  brought 
back  to  Constantinople,  in  the  16th  cen- 
turv,  by  the  monks  who  returned  from 
Sirhind.  It  is  195  miles  NW  of  Delhi. 
Lat.  30  1  N,  lon.  75  35  E. 

Sir  Charles  Hardy's  Island,  an  island 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  dis  overed  by  cap- 
tain Carteret.  Lon.  154  20  E,  lat.  4  41  S. 

Sir  Charles  Saunder's  Island,  an  island 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  bv  cap- 
tain Wailis.    Lon.  151  4  W,  tat.  17  28  S. 

Sirik,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Moselle,  with  a  castle  on  a 
neighbouring  hill.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Moselle,  25  mites  N  of  Metz.  Lon.  6  38 
E,  lat.  49  36  N. 

Sirinagur,  a  large  rugged  country  of 
Asia;  bounded  on  the  N  and  NE  by  the 
Thibetian  mountains,  on  the  SE  by  Na- 
paul,  on  the  S  by  Ron  ilk,  on  the  SW 
by  Delhi,  and  on  the  NW  by  Lahore. 
The  capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  160 
miles  S  of  Delhi.  Lon.  77  38  E,  lat.  30 
59  X. 

Sirius  Island,- an  island  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean.    Lon.  162  30  E,  lat.  10  52  S. 

Sirmich,  or  Sirmium,  a  town  of  Sclavo- 
nia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Bosweth,  -.ear  the  Save,  42  miles  SE  of 
Esseck.    Lon.  20  19  E,  lat.  45  13  N. 

SircHizr,  or  Seronge,  a  large  town  of  flin- 
doostan  Proper,  in  the  province  of  Mal- 
wa.  It  is  121;  miles  NE  of  Ougein.  Lon. 
78  4  Ev  lat.  24  4  N.  . 

S;uzan,  a  seaport  on  the  E  coast  of 
Luconia,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands. 
.  It  is  situated  almost  immediately  oppo- 
site to  Manilla,  and  in  the  vicinity  ot 
very  high  mountains,  which  render  the 
air  extremely  moist.    Lon.  123  45  E,  lat. 

Sissuc,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Basil,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Sisgow.    It  is  17  miles  SE  of  Basil. 

Sitseg;  a  town  of  Austrian  Croatia,  with 
a  monastery,  seated  on  the  Save,  28  miles 
SE  of  Zagrad,  and  42  E  of  Carlstadt. 
L.on.  16  1?  E,  ht.  46  6  N. 


Sistek,  a  strong  town  of  Croatia,  situa- 
ted at  the  confluence  of  the  Save  and 
Kulpa,  40  miks  E  of  Carlstadt.  Lon.  22 
10  E,  lat.  45  48  N. 

Sissopoliy'A.  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
in  Romania,  with  an  archbishop's  see  ; 
seated  on  a  peninsula  of  the  Black  Sea, 
25  miles  S  of  Mesembria,  and  97  NW 
of  Constantinople.    Lon.  28  9  E,  lat.  42 

Sisteron,  a  town,  and  late  episcopal  see, 
of  Prance,  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Alps,  and  late  province  of  Provence,  with 
a  citadel  on  the  top  of  a  rock,  which  was 
the  prison  of  Casmir  V.  king  of  Poland. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Durance,  45  miles  NE 
of  Aix,  and  407  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  1 
E,  lat.  44  11  N. 

Siston,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  marufacture  of  brass,  and  another 
of  saltpetre  ;  and  tin  ore  has  likewise 
been  found  here.  ,' 

Sitia,  a  town  on  the  N  coast  of  the  isle 
of  Candia,  near  a  bay  of  the  same  name, 
58  miles  from  Candia.  Lon.  26  29  E,  lat. 
35  0  X. 

Sittardy  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers,  stated  near  the  Maese, 
10  miles  S  of  Ruremonde.  Lon.  5  50  E, 
lat.  50  58  N.  ' 

Sittingbwn,  a  small  corporate  town  in 
Kent,  15  miles  WN  W  of  Canterbury,  and 
40  ESE  of  London.  Lon.  0  48  E,  iat.  51 
19  X. 

Sivrai,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vienne,  seated  on  the  Cha- 
rente,  25  miles  S  of  Poitiers,  and  100 
SSW  of  Paris.    Lon.  0  23  E,  lat.j  46 

15  X. 

Sizun,  a  small  island  of  France,  on  the 
roast  of  Bretagne,  eight  mdes  from  the 
mainland.  It  is  almost  on  a  level  with  the 
water,  and  produces  onlv  barley. 

Skara,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W  Goth- 
land, with  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  palace, 
the  residence  of  the  Gothic  kings.  It  is 
seated  or.  the  Lida,  in  a  morass,  17  miles 
N  E  of  Falkoping.    Lon.  14  0  E,  lat.  58 

16  X.  • 

Sheen,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Aggerhuys,  remarkable  for 
its  mines  of  iron  and  copper.  It  is  seated 
near  the  Categate,  40  miles  W  of  Fre- 
dericstadt. 

Sufnectadi/,  a  county  of  Xew  York  ;  si- 
tuated on  the  SW  side  of  Mohawk  river. 
It.  is  bounded  on  the  W  by  Montgomery; 
on  the  N-by  Sar ■•<toga  and  M  diawk  river  ; 
and  on  the  E  and  S  by  Albany  county. 
In  1810  it  contained  10,247  inhabitants. 
The  chief  city  is  Skenectady. 

Skenectadif,  or  Schenectady,  a  town  of 
the  stat«  of  New  York.  The  French  and 
ladians,  surprised  and  massacred  the  in- 


SKY 


SLl 


habitants,  in  1690.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Mohawk  river.  16  miles  NW  of  Albany, 
and  contains  about  6000  inhabitants. 

Skiddaiv,  a  mountain  in  Cumberland, 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  England, 
being-  above  1000  yards  perpendicular 
height  from  the  surface  of  the  lake  oi 
Derwent-wafer,  to  the  N  of  which  it  is 
situat' d.  It  is  the  haunt  of  eagles  and 
other  birds  of  prey.  This  mountain  is 
not  difficult  of  access,  and  is  almost  co- 
vered with  grass,  which  gradually  grows 
coarser  in  the  ascent.  The  wholt  top  is 
covered  with  a  loose  brown  sla.ty  stone. 

Skipton,  a  town  in  the  VV  riding1  or' 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  a  handsome  place  seated  among  hills, 
near  the  river  Aire,  41  miles  S  by  E  of 
Richmond,  and  231  N  by  VV  of  London. 
Lou.  2  42  W,  Lat.  53  55  N. 

Skone.    See  Schonen. 

Skye,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the 
largest  of  the  Hebrides.  It  is  separated 
on  the  E  from  Scotland  by  averv  narrow 
channel,  but  its  western  part  is  at  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  Lewis.  It  is  not 
less  than  40  mles  in  length,  from  20  to 
.30  in  breadthi  and  almost  an  hundred  in 
circumference;  The  whole  island  is  very 
high  ground,  and  there  are  seven  high 
mountains  near  each  other,  almost  in  the 
centre.  The  soil  in  the  mountains  is  ge- 
nerally black,  though  there  are  some 
parts  of  a  red  colour*  which  the}-  derive 
from  iron.  The  arable  ground  is  for  the 
most  part  black,  yet  affords  clay  in  some 
places,  blue,  red,  and  white  ;  and  in  one 
or  two  places  they  have  fuller's  ear  h. 
The  island  of  Skye  is  excellently  pro- 
vided with  bays  and  harbours  ;  the  S  pe- 
ninsula, called  Oronsa,  has  an  excellent 
place  for  anchorage.  The  mountains  here 
are  of  considerable  height;  and  of  some 
the  tops  are  covered  with  snow  all  the 
year  round  ;  the  tops  of  others  are  cov- 
ered with  sand,  which  the  rains  wash 
down  ill  great  quantities.  All  of  them 
abound  with  heath  and  grass,  which  af- 
ford good  pasturage  for  cattle  and  sheep. 
The  arable  ground  is  generally  in  the 
vailies  betwixt  the  mountains,  and  which 
have  always  a  river  running  through  the 
middle.  The  soil  is  extremely  fertile, 
insomuch  that  some  places  are  said  to 
produce  constant  crops  without  manure 
for  forty  years.  When  manured  with 
seaweed,  the  general  produce  is  from  20 
to  30  fold,  an(d  instances  are  even  re- 
corded of  100  fold  produce.  Skye  abounds 
with  rivers,  all  of  which  afford  fish  of 
different  kinds.  Some  abound  with  sal-, 
mon,  and  some  with  the  black  muscles 
u'hi;  h  produce  pearl.  The  climate  of 
Skye  is  cold  and  moist,  the  S\V  wind 


blowing  over  a  vast  tract  of  sea,  brings 
abundance  of  rain;  but  the  E  wind  blow- 
ing over  the  northern  part  of  Scotland 
brings  fair  weather,  which  holds  good 
also  in  the  other  western  isles.  The  N 
wind  is  very  cold,  and  destructive  both 
to  corn  and  grass.  Portree  is  the  capital. 

Slaguen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Prus- 
sian Pomerania,  seated  on  the  Wipper, 
Id  miles  E  by  S  of  Rugenwald. 

Sluney,  decayed  town  of  Bohemia, 
with  a  castle,  18  miles  NW  of  Prague. 
Lon.  18  27  E,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Slate,  a  district  of  the  island  of  Skye, 
situated  on  the  SE  side  of  the  island.  It 
is  a  peninsula,  and  terminates  in  a  rug- 
ged promontory,  called  the  Point  of 
Slate. 

Slaivkaw,  or  Ansterlitz,  a  town  of  Mo- 
ravia, capital  of  a  circle  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  10  miles  E  of  Brinn.  Lon. 
16  57  E,  lat.  49  5  N. 

Steaford,  a  populous  town  in  Lincoln- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday.  It 
has  a  ruined  castle,  and  a  large  mar- 
ket-place, built  in  the  form  of  a  paral- 
lelogram. It  is  seated  in  a  valley,  on  a 
rapid  rivulet,  18  miles  S  of  Lincoln,  and 
115  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  21  W.  lat.  53 
1  N. 

Sleswick,  or  South  Jutland,  a  duchy  of 
Denmark,  separated  from  Holsteiu,  by 
the  river  Eydcr.  It  is  100  miles  iong 
and  60  broad,  and  a  fertile  and  populous 

country. 

Sleswick,  an  ancient  and  considerable 
town  of  Denmark,  capital  of  a  duchy  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  an  irregularly  built 
town  of  great  length,  and  contains  about 
5630  inhabitants.  The  homes  are  of 
bri<  k,  and  like  all  the  other  towns  in 
this  country,  resemble  those  of  Holland. 
The  inhabitants  dress  also  like  the 
Dutch  ;  and  many  of  them  speak  their 
tongue,  though  the  usual  lan^'iages  are 
the  German  and  Danish.  Close  to  Sles- 
wick, is  the  old  palace  of  Gottorp,  for- 
merly the  ducal  residence;  see  Gottorp. 
Sleswick  is  situated  near  the  bottom  of 
an  arm  of  the  Baltic,  called  the  Slev, 
60  miles  NW  of  Lubec,  and  125  SW  of 
Copenhagen.    Lon.  10  0  E,  lat.  54  39  N. 

iV%o,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Connaught,  25  miles  long  and 
nearly  as  much  broad  ;  bounded  on  the 
E  by  Leitrim,  on  the  SE  by  Roscommon, 
on  the  SW  and  W  by  Mayo,  and  on  the 
X  by  the  Atlantic.  It  contains  41  pa- 
rishes, and  sends  four  members  to  par- 
liament. 

Sligo,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  a  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name,  and  the  only  mar- 
ket town  in  it.  It  is  seated  on  the  bav 
of  Sligo,  26  miles  E  of  Kdlala,  and  100 


S  M  I 


SMO 


XW  of  Dublin.  Lon.  8  26  W,  Lit.  54 
13  X. 

Slimbridge,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, 11  miles  S\V  of  Gioueesier.  In 
this  parish,  which  is  20  miles  in  com- 
pass, 1U00  acres  of  land  have  been  gakutd 
from  the  Severn. 

Slonim,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Xovogroeleck,  with  a  castle. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Sezra,  40  miles  SW  oi 
Novogrodeck,  and  60  SE  of  Grodno.  Lon. 
23  57  E,  lat.  53  0  X. 

Slooten,  or  Sloten,  a  populous  town  of 
the  United  Provinces,  in  Fiiesland,  seat- 
ed on  a  lake  called  Slooten-mere,  thret 
miles  from  the  Zuider-Zee,  and  18  NW  of 
S  teen  wick.    Lon.  5  26  E,  lat.  52  55  N, 

Sluczk,  a  populous  town  of  Lithuania, 
capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  famous  for  three  batfies  gained  here 
over  the  Tartars  by  Cons. amine,  duke  of 
Ostrog,  in  the  reign  of  Sigismund  I.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Sluczk,  70  miles 
SE  of  Novogrodeck.  Lon.  27  44  E,  lat. 
53  2  X. 

Sluttdburg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Petersburg,  seated  on  the 
S  side  of  the  lake  Ladoga,  30  miles  E  oi 
Petersburg.    Lon.  31  20  E,  lat.  60  0  X. 

Slays,  a  town  of  Dutch  Flanders,  oppo- 
site the  island  of  Cadsand,  with  a  good 
harbour.  L  has  its  name  from  its  fine 
sluices,  by  which  the  whole  country  can 
be  inundated.  It  has  been  frequently 
takeu  and  retaken,  the  last  time  bv  the 
French,  in  1794.  It  is  10  miles  X  of 
Bruges.    Lon.  3  5  E,  lat.  51  19  X. 

Smalkald,  a  town  of  lYanconia.  yn  the 
county  of  flcnnebcrg,  subject  to  the  land- 
grave of  ilcsje-Ca.-sel.  it  is  famous  for 
a  confederacy  e  ntered  into  by  the  German 
pro'estants,  against  the  emperor,  in  1539, 
to  defend  their  religion  and  liberties,' 
commonly  called  the  Smalkaldic  league. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Werra,  25  miles  SW 
of  Erfurt,  and  50  NW  of  Bamberg  Lon. 
10  53  E.  lat.  SO  49  X. 

Smarden,  a  town  of  -Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday,  10 'miles  SSE  of  Maid- 
stone, and  56  SE  of  London.  Lon.  0  43 
E,  lat.  51  11  X. 

Smith,  a  county  of  the  state  of  Ten- 
nessee,  containing  11,649  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  situated  in  Mero  district, 
West  Tennessee. 

Smith,  a  township  of  Washington  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  containing  1646  inhab.- 
tants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  between 
Hanover  and  Hopewell  townships,  and 
joins  the  state  of  Ohio  in  the  West. 

Smith's  Island,  an  lslanct  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  d  scovered  in  1790,  bv  lieutenant 
Ball.    Lon.  161  54  E,  lat.  9  44 S. 

Smithfield,  a  post  town,  and  the  capital  J 


of  Johnston  county,  North  Carolina  : 
h  iiig  on  the  X  side  of  Xuse  river,  30 
miles  XW  of  Vv  aynesboro',  and  100  W 
by  N  ot  Xewbern,  and  322  from  Wash- 
ing tmt. 

SiH;thjiel4j$P9*i  town  in  Isle  of  Wight 
county,  Virginia;  situated  on  Pagan  creejk, 
a  branch  of  James  river,  38  miles  W  of 
Xoriolk,  about  55  SE  oi  Petersburg,  and 
218  S  by  E  of  Washington. 

Smithfiehh  a  township  of  Providence 
v.ountv,  Rhode  Island,  containing  3,828 
inhabitants  in  1810,  and  situated  on  the 
SW  side  of  Pautucket  river. 

Smithfield,  Upper,  ^Middle  and  Lower, 
three  contiguous  townships;  the  two 
former  belong  to  Wayne  county  and 
'.he  latter  to  Xorthampton.  They  are  si- 
>  uateel  on  the  W  side  of  the  river  Dela- 
ware, and  contained  2,528  inhabitants  i:i 
1810. 

SmithtOTvn,  a  post  town  in  Xew  York, 
situated  near  Crane's  Point,  in. Suffolk 
county,  Long"  Island,  50  miles  E  by  X  of 
the  city  of  Xew  York,  and  14  XW  of 
Brook-haven.  In  1800  the  township  con- 
tained 1592  inhabitants. 

Smoland,  a  province  of  Gothland,  in 
Sweden,  112  miles  long  and  62  broad. 
It  has  immense  forests  of  pine  and  fir  ; 
and  the  approach  to  the  villages  is  an- 
nounced by  t  roves  of  oak,  beech  and 
birch,  anel  numerous  plots  or  parterres 
of  arable  land  among  pastures  and  rocks. 
Mr.  Co-re  frequently  observed  an  acre  of 
iand  iakl  out  with  alternate  slips  of  rye, 
barley,  flax,  and  hemp  ,  the  intervals  be 
'\\cen  and  around,  sown  with  grass.  In 
many  parts  the  nets  are  cut  down,  and 
Imrnt,  in  oreler  to  manure  the  soil.  Cal- 
niar  is  the  capital. 

Smolensko,  a  eluchy  of  Russia,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Lithuania.  After  having  been 
an  o  ject  o;  contention,  anel  reciprocally  j. 
possessed  by  Polanel  and  Russia,  it  was 
i  onquered  by  Alexay  Michaelov itch  in 
1654,  anel  cedeel  to  Russia  by  the  peace 
of  Moscow  in  1666.  It  now  forms  one 
of  the  41  Russian  gorernmerttljjZ  / 

Smolenslco,  a  city  of  Russia,  capital  of 
a  government  the  same  name.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Dnieper,  and  stands  upon 
two  hills,  and  the  valley  between  them. 
It  is  surrounded  by  walls  30  feet  high 
and  15  thick;  the  lower  part  ot'  stone, 
the  upper  of  brick,  and  their  circumfer- 
ence four  miles  ai-.d  tluee  quarters.  The  j 
nouses  are  mostly  of  wood,  anel  little 
borer  than  cottages  :  they  are  only  of' 
one  storv,  except,  a  few  scattered  here 
and  there,  which  are  elignifieel  with  the 
Litle  of  palaces.  One  long  broad  street, 
which  is  psiVcd,  intersects  the  whole 
length  of  the  town  in  a  straight  line  ; 


S  M  Y 


S  N  O 


the  other  streets  generally  wind  in  cir- 
cular directions,  and  are  floored  with 
planks.  The  walls  stretching  over  the 
uneven  sides  of*  the  hills  till  they  re^ch 
the  batiks  of  the  Dneiper,  their  ancient 
style  of  architecture,  their  grotesque 
towers,  the  spires  of  churches  shoaling 
above  the  trees,  which  are  so  mimerous 
as  almost  to  conceal  the  buildings  from 
view,  the  appearance  of  meadows  and 
the  arable  groundj  all  these  objects 
blended  together;  exhibit  a  scene  of  the 
most  singular  and  contrasted  kind.  On 
the  farther  side  of  the  Dnieper  are  a 
number  of  straggling  wooden  houses  that 
form  the.  suburbs  of  the  town,  and  are 
joined  to  it  by  a  wooden  bridge.  Ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Coxe,  it  contains  aboui 
4,000  inhabitants  •  it  has  no  manufac- 
tures, but  carries  on  some  commerce 
with  the  Ukraine';  Dantzie,  and  Riga. 
.The  principal  articles  of  its  trade  are 
flax,  hemp,  hohey,  wax,  hides,  hogs 
bristles,  masts,  planks,  and  Siberian  furs. 
It  is  197  miles  NE  of  Novogrodeck, 
and  230  N  of  Kiof.  'Lon.  32  34  E,  lat. 
54  50  N. 

Snow,  a  noted  cavern,  on  the  N  coast 
of  Sutherlandshire,  between  Cape  Wrath 
and  Loch  Eribol.  It  runs  so  far  under 
ground,  that  its  extremity,  it  is  said, 
could  never  be  explored. 

Snowhill,  a  post  town  and  port  of  entry 
in  Worcester  county,  Maryland.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  SE  side  of  Pokoruoke  river. 

Smyrna,  a  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
in  Nalolia,  and  one  of  the  largest  and 
richest  cities  of  the  Levant.  The  good- 
ness of  the  harbour  has  caused  it  to  be 
rebuilt  several  times,  af  er  having*  brcn 
destroyed  by  earthquakes.  It  is  the  ren- 
dezvous of  merchants  from  almost  all 
parts  of  the  world,  and  the  magazine  of 
their  merchandise.  The  Turks  have  19 
mosques,  the  Greeks  two  churches,  the 
Jews  eight  synagogues,  the  Armenian* 
one  church,  and  the  Latins  three  con- 
vents. There  are  three  bishops,  one 
Greek,  the  other  Latin,  and  the  third 
Armenian.  The  streets  are  more  open, 
better  paved,  and.  the  houses  better 
built,  than  in  other  towns  of  the  conti- 
nent. The  street  of  the  Franks  is  the 
finest  in  Smyrna,  and  lies  all  along*  the 
harbour.  It  is  eight  days  journey  from 
Constantinople  by  land,  25  days  from 
Aleppo,  by  the  caravans,  six  from  Cogni, 
seven  from  Cat.aya,  and  six  from  Satalia, 
The  caravans  of  Persia  often  bring  200 
bales  of  silk  in  a  year,  besides  drugs  and 
cloths.  The  other  commodities  brought 
here,  are  .thread  made  of  goats  hair,  cot- 
ton yarn,  cqtton  in  bags,  various  kinds 
of  drugs,  and  all  sorts  of  carpets.  The 


English  and  Dutch  factors  have  protes- 
tant  chapels,  and  taverns  aie  as  open 
here  ;>s  in  Euiope.    The  fortifications 

consist  of  a  fort,  a  casile,  a  mountain, 
and  an  old  citadel,  it  is  seated  at  the* 
bottom  of  a  large  bay,  183  miles  W  by 
S  of  Constantinople.    Lon.  27  19  E,  lat. 

38  28  X. 

SuacLirbnrq\  a  commercial  town  of 
Lower  Saxony,  in  Brunswick-Lunen- 
burg, seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Utcht  with  the  Elbe,  35  miles  E  bv  S 
of  Danneberg.  Lon.  12  22  E,  lat."  53 
10  N. 

Snaith,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Fr  iday,  sealed 
near  the  Aire,  22  miles  S  of  York,  and 
174  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  2  YY, 
lat.  .53  39  X. 

Sneech,  a  town  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Frieslaud.  It  is  called  Snitz  by  the 
natives,  and  is  seated  on  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  in  marshy  land,  eight  miles 
S  of  Fraueker.  Lon.  5  26  E,  lat.  53 
2  X\ 

Snetsham%  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  seated  on  a  small 
inlet  of  the  sea,  12  miles  NNE  of  Lynn, 
and  111  X  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  32  E, 
ku.  52  55  XT. 

Sniatin,  a  trading  town  of  Little  Po- 
land, capital  of  Poketia,  seated  on  the 
Pruth,  eight  miles  E  of  Coloni,  and  45 
SE  of  Halitz.  Lon.  26  7  E,  lat.  48  44 
X". 

Snowdon,  a  famous  mountain  in  Car- 
narvonshire, generally  thought  to  be  the 
highest  in  Britain,  though  some  think 
that-  its  height  is  equalled,  and  even  ex- 
ceeded, by  mountains  in  Scotland.  Its 
name  signifies  literally,  the  Kill  of  Snow, 
from  snow  and  down.  This  is  the  most 
noted  eminence  in  the  whole  region  of 
the  Welsh  Hills,  and  may,  with  pro- 
priety, be  styled  the  British  Alps.  The 
height  of  this  mountain  was  measured 
in  1682,  When  it  was  computed  to  be 
3720  feet ;  but  more  modern  calcula- 
tions make  it  only  3568,  reckoning  from 
the  quay  of  Carnarvon  to  the  highest 
peak.  The  stone  that  composes  this 
mountain  is  excessively  hard.  Large 
coarse  crystals,  and  frequently  cubic 
pyrites  are  found  in  the  fissures.  An 
immense  quantity  of  water  rushes  down 
its  sides  in  numerous •  rivulets.  It  is 
boggy  on  the  top,  and  has  two  lakes  thai 
abound  with  fish,  particularly-  the  char 
and  the  g^Tuniard.  it  was  held  sacred  by 
the  ancient  Britons,  as  Parnassus  was  by 
the  Greeks.  From  its  summit  may  he 
seen  a  part  of  Ireland,  of  Scotland,  and 
of  Cumberland,  Lancashire,  Cheshire, 
and  all  North  Wales- 


soc 


SOF 


Snow  Hill,  the  capital  of  Worcester 
county,  Man  land  ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Pocomoke  river,  20  miles  E  of  Prin- 
cess Ann,  and  31  S  by  W  of  Dagbury  in 
Delaware  state.  This  is  a  post  town  and 
port  of  entry,  lying-  in  laf.  38  12  N,  and 
Ion.  75  15  W. 

Sonna,  or  Suane,  an  ancient  episcopal 
town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany.  It  is  now  re- 
duced to  a  village,  on  account  of  the  nn- 
foholesomeness  of  the  air.  It  is  seated 
on  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Flora,  30 
miles  SE  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  46  E,  lat. 
42  40  N. 

Sonne,  a  river  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
which  rises  on  the  S  confines  of  Allaha- 
bad, issuing  from  the  same  lake  which  is 
the  source  of  the  Xerbudda  ;  and  flow- 
ing in  an  opposite  direction  to  that  river 
1500  miles,  it  fall's  into  th£  Ganges  above 
f*atna.  This  river  in  conjunction  with 
the  Xerbudda  and  the  Ganges  makes  as 
it  were  an  island  of,.the  southern  part  of 
Hindoostan.  , 

Society  Isles,  islands  in  the  Pacific  O- 
cean,  discovered  by  Captain  Cook,  in 
1769,  situated  between  150  57  and  152  0 
W  lon.  and  16  10  and  16  55  S  lat.  They 
are  seven  in  number,  Huaheine,  Ulitea, 
Otaha,  Bala  bo  la,  Mourooa,  Toobaee,  and 
Tabooyamanoo,  or  Saunder's  island, 
which  is  here  included,  as  being  subject 
to  Huaheine.  The  soil,  the  productions, 
the  people,  their  language,  religion,  cus- 
toms, and  manners,  are  so  nearly  the 
same  as  of  Otaheile,  that  little  heed  be 
added  here  on  that  subject;  Nature  ban 
been  equally  bountiful  in  uncultivated 
plenty,  and  the  inhabitants  areas  luxuri- 
ous, and  as  indolent.  A  plantain  branch 
is  the  emblem  of  peace,  and  changing 
names  the  greatest  token  of  friendship. 
Their  dances  are  more  elegant,  their  dra- 
matic entertainments  have  something  of 
plot  and  consistency,  and  they  exhibit 
temporary  occurrence  s  as  the  objects  of 
praise  or  native  ;  so  that  the  origin  of  an- 
cient comedy  may  be  already  discerned 
among  them.  The  people  of  Huaheine 
'  in  general  stouter  and  fairer,  than 
those  of  Olahtito,  and  this  island  is  re- 
malleable  for  its  populousness  and  fer- 
tility. Those  of  Ulitea,  on  the  contrary, 
are  smaller  and  blacker,  and  much  less 
Orderly.  Captain  Cook  put  on  ghee  ; 
Tape  ewe  at  Balabola,  where  a  ram'  had 
been  left  by  the  Spaniards;  and  also  an 
English  boar  and  sow,  with  two  goats,  at 
;  itea.  If  the  valuable  animals  which  have 
been  transported  thither ■  from  Europe 
should  be  sniftered  to  multiply,  no  part 
of  the  World  will  equal  these  "islands  in 
variety  and  abundance  of  refreshments 
for  future  navigators. 


-  '  Soconiisdoi  a  province  of  New  Spain,  vti 
the  audience  of  Mexico,  88  miles  long, 
and  nearly  as  much  broad;  bounded  on 
the  N  bv  the  Chiupi/'on  the  E  by  Guati- 
mala,  on  the  S  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
on  the  \V  by  Ouaxaca.  It  is  sheltered 
from  the  N  winds  by  high  mourtains, 
which  render  the  air  exceeding  hot;  and 
the  soil  is  not  very  fertile.  There  are 
few  Spaniards  settled  here. 

Soconusco.  or  Giievctlan,  a  town  of  New 
Spain,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name,  440  miles  SE  of  Mexico.  Lon.  98 
16  W,  lat.  15  12  N. 

Socotora,  an  island  of  Asia,  between. 
Arabia  Feiix  and  Africa,  about  50  miles 
iong  and  22  broad.  It  abounds  in  fruit 
and  cattle,  and  is  particularly  noted  for 
its  fine  aloes,  known  by  the  name  of  So- 
cotrine  aloes.  The  natives  are  Mahome- 
tans,  with  a  mixture  of  Paganism,  and 
they  have  a  king  who  depends  on  Arabia. 

Socznivcii  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Moldavia,  seated  on  the  Seret,  32 
miles  S\V  of  Jassv.  Lon.  26  20  E,  lat. 
47  16  X. 

Sodbury,  or  Chipping'  Sddbury,  a  town 
in  Gloucestershire,  with  a  market  6\ 
Thursday,  a  id  noted  for  ils  fine  cheese. 
It  is  seated  in  a  bottom,  near  the  downs., 
15  miles  ENE  of  Bristol,  and  112  W  of, 
London.    Lon.  2  15  W,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Sodor,  a  \  illuge  in  Icolmkill,  one  of  the 
Western  Isles  of  Scotland.  The  bishop 
of  Man  is  still  called  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man,  on  account  of  its  once  having 
been  a  bishop's  see,  which  comprehend- 
ed all  the  islands,  together  with  the  isle 
of  Man. 

Soebprg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  is- 
land of  Zealand, 

Soest,  a  large  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  county  of  Marck,  formerly  free  and 
imperial,  but  now  belonging  to  the  king 
of  Prussia.  The  streets  are  watered  with 
s' reams  that  proceed  from  a  lake,  and 
the  inhabitants  are  generally  papists.  It 
Is  12  miles  S\V  of  Lipstadt,  and  30  SE 
of  Monster.    Lon.  8  11  E,  lat.  51  41  N. 

Sufalu,  a  kingdom  on  the  E  coast  of 
Africa,  extending  S  of  Zanguebar,  from 
the  river  Cuama  to  the  river  Del  Espirito 
Santo  ;  that  is,  from  17'to  25  deg.  S  lat. 
It  contains  nYjiVes  of  gold,  and  is  tributa- 
ry to  the  Portuguese. 

Sofula,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same,  name,  with  a  fort  built  by  the  Por- 
tuguese, which,  is  of  great  importance  to 
theii?  trade  to  the  E  Indies.  It  is  seated 
in  a  small  island,  near  the  mouth  of  a 
river.    L*n.  35  40  E,  lat.  20  20  S. 

Soffa,  or  Sophia,  a  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  capital  of  Bulgaria,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's see.    It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 

4  K 


S  O  I 


SOL 


the  mountains  of  Argentaro,  on  the  river 
Uogana,  135  miles  WNW  of  Adrianople, 
and  155  E  of  Scutari.    Lou.  23  58  E,  lat, 

42  36  N. 

Sofroy,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
noted  for  a  very  handsome  mosque.  It  is 
seated  on  a  hill,  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain of  the  same  name,  part  of  Mount 
Atlas,  and  between  two  rivers,  12  miles 
E  of  Fez.    Lon.  4  48  W,  lat.  33  40  N. 

Sogno,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Con- 
go, in  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
a  dry  sandy  country,  hut  yields  a  great 
deal  of  salt.  The  inhabitants  are  said  to 
be  Christians,  converted  by  the  Portu- 
guese, and  the  Capuchins  have  a  church 
here.  It  is  seaied  on  the  Xaire,  near  its 
mouth,  185  miles  WSW  of  St.  Salvador. 
Lon.  13  15  E,  lat.  5  50  S. 

Sohageponr,  a  town  of  Mindoostan  Pro 
per,  in  the  province  of  Allahabad.  Lon. 
82  20  E,  lat.  23  50  N. 

So/mm,  a  town  of  Cambridgeshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  a  fen  of 
the  same  name,  near  Sohammere,  which 
takes  up  1000  acres  of  land,  ft  is  five 
miles  SE  of  Ely,  and  70  N  by  E  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  14  E,  lat.  52  21  N. 

Soho,  a  viriage  in  Staffordshire,  two 
miles  NW  of  Birmingham.  This  village 
was  founded  by  Mr.  Bolton,  who  esta- 
blished a  manufacture  for  every  article 
common  to  the  Birmingham  trade,  th* 
plated  ware  usually  made  at  Sheffield, 
and  of  elegant  pieces  of  silver  both  ligh1 
and  massive.  Here  also  are  made  the 
improved  steam  engines,  now  adopted  in 
numerous  manufactures  and  other  con 
cerns  throughout  the  kingdom.  The 
copper  coinage  of  penny  and  two  penny 
pieces  issued  by  government  in  1797, 
were  stamped  here  ;  and  in  1799,  a 
coinage  of  half  penny  and  farthing  pie- 
ces were  manufactured  here  by  a  new  and 
very  ingenious  apparatus. 

Soignies,  a  town  of  Austrian  Hainatilt, 
seated  near  a  forest  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  river  Serine,  eight  miles  NE  oi 
Mons,  ami  17  W  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  14 
E,  lat  53  29  N. 

Sohsohtiis,  a  late  province  of  France 
bounded  on  the  X  by  Lyonnois,  on  the  E 
by  Champagne,  on  the  S  by  La  Brie,  and 
on  the  W  by  Valois.  It  abounds  in  corn, 
wood,  and  pastures  ;  and  with  the  late 
province  of  Yennandois,  now  forms  th<- 
department  of  Aisne. 

SoissofiSf  a  city  of  France,  in  the  de 
partment  of  Aisne,  and  late  province  of 
Soissonnois,  anciently  the  capital  of  i 
kingdom  of  the  same  name,  >inder  th** 
first  race  of  the  French  monarchs.  It  con 
tains  12,000  inhabitants,  and  is  a  bishops 
see.    Here  St.  Lewis,  Philip  the  Bold, 


and  Lewis  XIV.  were  crowned.  The  fine 
ca  hedral  has  one  of  the  most  conside- 
rable chapters  in  the  kingdom  ;  and  the 
bishop,  when  the  archbishop  of  Rheims 
was  absent,  had  a  right  to  crown  the 
king.  The  castle  though  ancient,  is  not 
that  in  which  the  kings  of  the  first  race 
resided.  Soissons  is  seated  in  a  fertile 
valley,  on  the  river  Aisne,  30  miles  W  by 
N  of  Rheims,  and  60  XE  of  Paris.  Lon. 
3  18  E,  lat.  49  23  Nv'» 

Solclania  Bay,  a  bay  on  the  SW  coast 
of  Africa;  a  little  to  "the  X  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  Lon.  18  4  E,  lat.  33  10  S. 

Solebary,  a  to"  nship  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania  ;  situated  on  the  SW  side 
of  the  river  Delaware,  between  Upper 
Makefield  and  Plumstead,  and  containing' 
1669  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Stoleii/wfen,  a\town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  and  principality  of 
Anspach.    Lon.  10  45  E,  lat.  44  46  X. 

Soleure,  or  Solot/mrn,  a  canton  of  Swis- 
serland,  which  holds  the  eleventh  rank 
in  the  Helvetic  confederacy,  into  which 
it  was  admitted  in  1481.  It  stretches 
partly  through  the  plain,  and  partly  along 
the  chains  of  the  Jura,  36  miles  in  length, 
and  35  in  breadth,  and  contains  50,000 
inhabitants.  The  soil,  for  the  most  part 
is  fertile  in  corn  ;  and  the  districts  with- 
in the  Jura  abound  in  excellent  pastures. 
It  is  divided  into  11  bailiwicks,  the  inha- 
bitants of  which  are  all  Roman  catholics, 
except  those  of  the  bailiwic  of  Buckeg- 
herg,  who  profess  the  reformed  religion. 
The  government  of  this  canton  was  en- 
virely  aristocratical  before  the  French  in- 
vaded Swisserland  ;  they  overturned  the 
ancient  government,  and  erected  a  demo- 
cracy in  its  place. 

Soleure,  or  Solotlmrn,  an  ancient  town 
of  Swisserland,  capital  of  a  canton  of  the 
same  name.  It  contains  4000  inhabitants, 
nd  is  seated  on  the  Aar,  which  here  ex- 
pands into  a  noble  river.  Among  \he 
most  remarkable  objects,  is  the  new 
church  of  St.  Urs;  finished  in  1772:  it  is 
a  noble  edifice  of  a  whitish  grey  stone, 
;;  awn  from  the  neighbouring  quarries, 
which  admits  a  polish,  and  is  a  species 
•f  rude  marble.  Soleure  is  surrounded 
bv  regular  stone  fortifications,  and  is  20 
-  files'  X  by  E  o1  Bern,  and  27  SSW  of 
Basle.    Lon.  7  20  E,  lat.  47  15  X. 

Solfatava,  a  lake  of  Italy,  in  the  Cam- 
oagna  of  Rome  near  Trivoli,  which  emp- 
'  »es  itself  by  a  whitish  muddy  stream 
•ntb  the  Teveronc,  the  ancient  Anio ;  a 
■  apour  of  a  sulphureous  smell  arising 
Jrom  it  as  it  flows.  The  waters  of  this 
iake  had  anciently  a  high  medical  re- 
futation, but  an  no  longer  in  esteem.  In 
die  middle  are  several  floating  islands, 


SOL 


S  O  M 


?brmed  of  matted  serge  and  herbage, 
springing  from  a  soil  of  dust  and  sand 
blown  from  the  adjacent  ground,  ant! 
glued  together  by  the  bitumen  which 
swims  on  the  surface  of  the  lake,  and 
the  sulphur  with  which  its  waters  are 
impregnated.  Some  of  these  islands  are 
15  yards  long,  and  will  bear  five  or  six 
people,  who,  by  a  pole,  may  move  to  dif- 
ferent par>s  of  the  lake.  From  this  lake 
issues  a  whitish  muddy  stream,  which 
emits  vapour  of  a  sulphureous  smell,  till 
it  reaches  the  Teverone. 

Solfaterra,  a  mountain  of  Italy,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  and  Terra  di  Lavo- 
ra.  This  mountain  appears  evidently  to 
have  been  a  vo  cano  in  ancient  times  ;  and 
the  soii  is  ye  so  hot,  that  the  workmen 
emploved  there  in  making  alum  need  no- 
thing else  besides  the  heat  of  the  ground 
for  evaporating  their  liquids.  In  the  plain 
within  the  crater,  smoke  issues  from  ma- 
ny parts,  as  also  from  its  sides  :  here, 
by  means  of  stones  and  tiles  heaped  over 
the  crevices,  through  which  the  smoke 
passes,  they  collect  in  an  awkward  man- 
ner what  they  call  sale  armoniaco ;  and 
from  the  sand  of  the  plain  they  extract 
sulphur  and  alum.  The  hollow  sound 
produced  by  throwing  a  heavy  stone  on 
the  plain  of  the  crater  of  theSolfaterra, 
seems  to  indicate  that  it  is  supported  by 
a  sort  of  arched  natural  vault  ;  and  one 
is  induced  to  think  that  there  is  a  pool  of 
water  beneath  this  vault  (which  boils  by 
the  heat  of  a  subterraneous  fire  still  deep- 
er), by  the  very  moist  stream  that  issues 
from  the  cracks  in  the  plain  of  the  Sol 
faterra,  which,  like  that  of  boiling  wa- 
ter, runs  off  a  s  word  or  knife,  presented 
to  it,  in  great  drops.  Near  it  is  a  small 
lake  full  of  black  thick  water,  which  seems 
to  be  always  boiling. 

Solfwitzborg,  a^town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Blekingen.    Lon.  14  31  E, 

Solihul,  a  town  in  Warwickshire,  near 
which,  to  the  W,  is  a  triangular  Danish 
camp,  on  an  eminence,  containing  about 
nine  acres.  It  is  20  miles  NE  of  Wor- 
cester, and  107  NW  of  London. 

Solingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  and  duchy  of  Berg, 
Seated  near  the  river  Wipprr,  15  miles 
SE  of  Dusseldorf.  Lon.  7  10  E,  lat.  51 
10  N. 

Solkamsk,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Perm.  In  its  vicinity  are 
some  salt  works.  It  is  seated  on  the  Us- 
solka,  430  miles  NE  of  Kasan.  Lon.  57 
25  E,  lat.  5  16  N. 

Solmona.    See  Subnona.  * 

Solms,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  in  the  circle 


of  Lo\Ver  Rhine.    It  has  a  strong  casl 
..elonging  to  a  branch  of  the  house  of 
Nassau,  and  is  seated  on  a  hill,  10  miles 
SE,  of  Herbcrn.  Lon.  8  31  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Solomon'' s  Islands.  See  Danger,  Isles  of. 
■  Solor,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  to 
the  S  of  Celebes,  governed  by  its  own 
king.    Lon.  123  55  E,  lat.  9  0S. 

Soltan,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  Saxony.  Lon.  10  2  E,  lat. 
53  10  N.' 

Salt-weld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  old 
marche  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  the 
Jetze,  40  miles  NW  of  Stendal.  Lon.  11 

36  E,  iai.  53  6  N. 

Soliuay  Frith,  an  arm  of  the  sea,  be- 
tween Cumberland  in  England,  and  Kir- 
cudbrightshire  in  Scotland. 

Sohvay  JIoss,  a  black  morass  in  Cum- 
berland ;  near  it  is  the  river  Esk,  on  the 
borders  of  Scotland,  which,  in  1771,  be- 
ing swoln  by  rains,  burst  through  the 
shell  of  turf  which  covered  it,  and  spread 
a  deluge  over  400  acres  of  cultivated 
land,  and  entirely  filled  up  the  valley  in 
its  vicinity. 

Sombrere,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
30  miles  N  of  Nicobar.  The  inhabitants 
are  mild,  timorous,  and  very  obliging  to 
strangers. 

Sombrero,  a  cluster  of  uninhabited  is- 
lands in  the  West  Indies,  belonging  to 
the  English.  The  most  remarkable  of 
them  is  a  league  long,  and  consist  of  an 
eminence,  to  which  the  Spanish  disco- 
verers, finding  some  resemblance  to  a 
hat,  gave  the  name  of  Sombrero.  It  is  80 
miles  NW  of  St.  Christopher.    Lon.  63 

37  W,  lat.  18  38  N. 

S'jmevs,  a  township  of  Tolland  county, 
Connecticut,  containing  1210  inhabitants 
when  die  census  was  taken  in  1810.  It 
is  situated  about  25  miles  NE  of  the  city 
of  Hartford. 

Somersetshire,  a  county  of  England,  65 
miles  long,  and  45  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  NW  by  the  Bristol  Channel,  on  the 
N  by  Gloucestershire,  on  the  E  by  Wilt- 
shire, on  the  SE  by  Doisetshire,  and  on 
the  SW  by  Devonshire.  It  lies  in  the 
dioceses  of  Bristol,  and  of  Bath  and 
Wells  ;  con;ains  42  hundreds,  three  ci- 
ties, 31  market  towns,  and  385  parishes  ; 
arid  sends  18  members  to  parliament. 
Tlie  air  in  the  lower  grounds,  is  univer- 
sally mild,  and  generally  wholesome. 
The  soil  in  the  NE  quarter  is  in  general 
stony,  and  possesses  a  lofty  mineral  tract 
called  the  Mendip  Hills.  Toward  the 
centre,  where  its  principal  rivers  unite, 
art  fens  and  marshy  moors  of  grearex- 
tentj  On  the  W  s.de  are  the  QuautOck 
Hills,  with  many  downs  and  opeji  heaths  ; 
and  in  the  NW  corner  is  the  black  stcril 


SOM 

region  of  Exmoor.  The  S  part  toward 
Dorsetshire,  is  high,  but  well  cultivate/! ; 
and  throughout  the  county,  especially  in 
its  SW  quarter,  vales  of  the  greatest 
fertility  are  huerspersed.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  P.uvet,  Ivel,  Thone,  Brent, 
and  Avon.  The  Meiuiip  Hills  afford  abun- 
dance of  coal,  lead,  calamine,  copper, 
manganese,  bole,  and  red  ochre.  Cattle, 
nearly  equal  in  s.ze  to  the  Lincolnshire, 
are  fed  in  fine  m<  adows  about  the  head 
of  the  Parret.  The  best  goose  feathers 
for  beds  come  from  the  marshes.  Cider 
is  a  common  product  of  this  county,  and 
it  has  a  considerable  share  in  the  wool- 
len manufactures.  Bristol  is  the  capi- 
tal of  this  county  with  respect  to  size, 
population,  and  commerce  ;  but  Bath  is 
the  great  place  of  resort  for  health  and 
pleasure. 

Somerset,  a  county  of  Maryland,  situa- 
ted on  the  E  side  of  Chesapeake  bay  ; 
bounded  on  the  X  by  the  state  of  Dela- 
ware ;  on  the  S  by  Chesapeak  bay  ;  on 
the  E  by  Worcester  county  ;  and  on  the. 
W  by  Dorchester.  It  contained  17, 195 
inhabitants  in  1810,  including  6975  slaves. 
The  chief  town  is  Princess  Anne. 

Somerset,  a  post  town  in  Bristol  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  43  miles  S  of  Boston, 
and  21  E  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

Somerset,  a  post  town  and  the  capital 
of  Somerset  county,  Pennsylvania,  36 
miles  SE  of  Greensburg,  and  39  W  of 
Bedford,  containing  1431  inhabitants. 

Somerset,  a  post  town  in  New  Jersey, 
the  principal  se.it  of  justice,  in  Somerset 
county,  10  mile's  W  of  New  1}  runs  wick, 
and  28  N  of  Princeton,  on  the  SW  side 
of  Millstone  creek. 

Somerton,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  was  for- 
merly a  considerable  place,  from  which 
the  county  took  its  name,  and  is  at  pre- 
sent pretty  large.  It  is  13  miles  S  of 
Weils,  and  123  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon 
2  40  W,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Sommu,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  its 
vicinity,  between  7000  and  8000  pounds 
weight  of  silk  of  the  best  quality,,  are 
annually  made.  It  is  10  miles  E  of  Na- 
ppies. 

Samme,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding the  late  province  of  Picardy.  ft 
takes  its  name  from  a  river  which  rises 
in  the  department  of  Aisue,  and  water- 
ing St.  Quentin,  Peronne,  Amiens,  and 
Abbeville,  enters  the  English  Channel. 
Amiens  is  the  capital. 

Somerfdd,  a  town  of  German}-,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  72  miles  distant 
from  Berlin. 

Simmirr-s,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de 
apartment  of  Gard,  and  late  province'  cf 


SOP 


I 


Languedoc,  which  carries  on  a  manuf; 
tureof  serges.    It  is  seated  on  the  Yi 
dourse,  10  miles  W  of  Nismes.    Lon.  4 
HE,  lat.  43  48  N. 

Soncino,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Cremonese,  seated  on  the  Oglio,  20  miles 
NW  of  Cremona.  Lon.  9  44  E,  lat.  45 
24  N. 

Sonderborg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Aisen.  It  has  a  royal  palace, 
and  its  harbour  is  said  to  be  the  best  in 
Denmark.  It  is  16  miles  ENE  of  Flendsh- 
burg.    Lon.  9  49  E,  lat.  54  57  N. 

Sondershausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  on  the  small 
river  Wipper.    Lon.  11  5  E,  lat.  48  25  N. 

So?ulrio,  a  town  in  the  country  of  the 
Grisons,  and  capital  of  the  Valteline, 
built  on  both  sides  of  the  Malenco,  a  fu- 
rious torrent.  It  is  34  miles  NE  of  Co- 
mo.    Lon.  9  40  E,  lai.  46  11  N. 

Sonergon,  or  Suriherganm,  a  village  of 
Hindoostan  Proper,  once  a  large  city,  the 
provincial  capital  ot  the  eastern  division 
of  Bengal  beiore  Dacca  was  built,  and 
famous  for  a  manufacture  of  fine  cotton 
cloths.  It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the 
Burrampooter,  13  miles  SE  of  Dacca. 

Song-klang-fov,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Riang-nan.  It  is  built  close 
to  the  water;  the  prodigious  quantity  of 
cotton  cioth  with  which  it  supplies  not 
only  the  empire,  but  also  foreign  coun- 
tries, renders  it  very  celebrated,  and 
causes  it  to  be  much  frequented.  This 
city  has  only  four  others  under  its  juris- 
diet  ion. 

Sonneberg.    See  Sumieberg. 

Sonora,  a  province  of  New  Navarre,  in 
South  America,  extending  along  the  E 
side  of  the  gulf  of  California.  It  lies  in 
the  most  delightful  part  of  the  temperate 
/.one,  in  lon.  6  deg.  W,  lat.  29  deg.  N« 
There  are  rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver 
in  this  province,  and  it  belongs  to  the 
Spaniards. 

Soobo,  an  island  of  the  Eastern  Ocean, 
situated  SW  of  Mindanao,  almost  mid- 
way between  that  island  and  Borneo.  It 
is  30  miles  long,  and  12  broad,  and  con- 
tains about  60,000  inhabitants.  It  is  go- 
verned by  a  king  or  sultan,  and  the 
natives  are  Malays,  and  consequently 
Mahometans.  The  populousness  of  this 
little  spot  is  caused  by  its  advantageous 
situation,  which  renders  it  a  great  mart. 
The  English  East  India  Company  have 
a  resident  here.  Lon.  121  25  E,  lat.  5 
58  N. 

SopHia.-  i )  ^flHHRk..^.;..;'!.'^ '    V    V  m 
Sophiania,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Ader- 
beitzan,  seafed  in  a  valley,  25  miles  NW 
of  T.uris.  Lon.  47  25  E,  lat.  38  35  N. 


sou 


sou 


Zealand  in  Denmark.    Lon.  12  40  E,  lat. 

55  54  N.  %  .;,  M  ^pJE 

Sopra  Selva,  a  valley  of  Swisserland 
in  the  country  of  the  Glisons. 

Sopron,  a  strong-  town  of  Lower  Hun- 
garv,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
Came,  seated  on  a  smail  river,  27  miles 
SW  of  P  res  burg,  and  30  SE  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  17  0  E,  lat.  47  46  X. 

Suva,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Lavora,  with  a  castle  and  a  bishop's  see  ; 
it  ated  on  the  Garigliano,  65  miles  NW  o; 
Naples.    Lon.  14  4  E,  lat  41  54  N. 

Sora,  a  strong  town  of  Denmark,  in 
Zealand,  with  a  college  for  the  nobdit\, 
nine  miles  W  of  liinssted.  Lon.  11  53 
E,  lat.  55  26  N. 

Sorrow t  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lusatia, 
seated  near  the  Bober,  25  miles  S  of 
Crossen,  and  32  NE  of  Gorlitz.  Lon.  15 
48  E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Sorento,  an  archiepiscopal  town  of  Italy 
in  Naples,  with  a  harbour  at  the  foot  of 
the  mountain  Sorento,  in  the  buy  of  Na- 
ples, 17  miles  SE  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  24 
E,  lat.  40  36  N. 

Soiia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
built  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Numan- 
tia,  near  the  source  of  the  Douero,  74 
miles  SE  ol  Burgos.  Lon.  2  2  W,  lat.  41 
48  N. 

Soriano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples. 

Sorock,  a  town  of  Poland,  sea  ed  on  the 
Dniester,  with  a  strong  castle.  The  Turks 
were  obliged  to  raise  the  siege  of  this 
place  in  1602. 

Soroe,  a  town  of  Denmark  in  the  island 
of  Zealand.  It  is  encompassed  by  thret 
fresh  water  lakes,  and  is  35  miles  SW  of 
Copenhagen.    Lon.  12  15  E,  lat.  55  5  N. 

Sospello,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the 
county  of  Nice.  It  has  a  trade  in  dried 
fruits,  particularly  figs  ;  and  is  seated  at 
the  foot  of  three  very  high  mountains,  on 
the  river  Bevera,  15  miles  NE  of  Nice. 
Lon.  7  34  E,  lat.  43  52  N. 

Sovtmo,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Tuscany,  in 
the  Siennese,  with  a  bishop's  see,  25 
m  les  W  of  Orvietto.  Lon.  11  48  E,  lat. 
42  42  X. 

Soubise,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charenie,  and  late 
territory  of  Saintonge,  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, on  the  river  Charente,  22  miles  S 
if  Kochelle.    Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  45  57  N. 

Sonillac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot,  and  late  territory  oi 
&'ierci,  seated  on  the  Borese,  32  miles 
N  of  Cahors.    Lon.  1  21  E,  hit.  44  55  N. 

Sound,  a  passage  or  strait,  lying  be- 
tween i  he  island  of  Zealand,  in  Denmark, 

(1  the  continent  of  Schonen,  in  Swfdi  v. 
through  which  vessels  pass  from  tl; 
^L~u  i;i".o  the  Baltic.    On  tlx-  Denmaik 


side  stands  the  town  of  Elsineur,  and 
the  strong  fortress  of  Cronenburg,  near 
which  is  a  tolerable  good  road;  and  on 
the  side  of  Sweden  stands  the  town  of 
Ilclsingburg,  with  only  one  old  tower  re- 
maining of  a  demolished  castle.  The 
Danes  take  toll  of  all  ships  that  pass 
through  the  strait;  which'  is  about  four 
miles  over.    See  Elsinore. 

Sour,  or  Stir,  a  seaport  of  Turkey  in 
Asia,  in  Syria.  Here  stood  the  famous 
city  of  Tyre,  of  which  there  is  now  noth- 
ing remaining  but  ruins.  Lon.  35  50  E, 
i at.  33  18  N.    See  Tyre. 

Sour,  or  Sur,  a  river  of  ihe  Nether- 
lands, wiiiciuuns  from  \V  to  E  through 
Luxemburg,  and  falls  into  Moselle,  a 
little  above  Treves. 

Souri,  a  town  of  Persia  in  the  province 
Laristan.    Lon.  55  30  E,  lat.  26  18  X. 

Soma,  or  Susa,  a  strong  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tunis,  in  Africa,  capital  of 
a  province  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
c  astle  and  a  good  harbour.  It  is  a  place 
of  some  trade,  and  seated  on  a  high  rock, 
near  the  sea,  65  miles  SE  or  Tunis.  Lon. 
11  15  E,  lat.  33  52  N. 

Sou-tcheou  fou,  a  city  in  China,  the  se- 
cond in  the  province  of  Kiaug-nan,  and 
one  of  the  most  agreeable  in  China ;  Eu- 
ropeans who  have  seen  it,  compare  it  to 
Venice,  with  this  difference,  that  the  lat- 
ter is  built  in  the  sea,  and  Sou-lcheou-fou 
is  intersected  by  canals  of  fresh  water 
There  is  not  perhaps,  in  the  universe,  a 
country  more  delightful,  either  by  the 
pleasantness  of  its  situation;  or  the  mild- 
ness of  its  climate  5  the  air  is  so  tem- 
perate, provisions  so  plentiful  and  cheap, 
the  soil  so  fruitful,  and  the  manners  oi' 
the  people  so  gentle,  that  this  city  is 
considered  as  the  paradise  of  China. 
Above  (say  the-  Chinese  authors)  is  the 
celestial  paradise  ;  but  t.'.r  paradise  of  this 
world  is  Son-tcheou.  To  see  the  continual 
motion  of  its  immense  number  of  inha- 
bitants, and  the  confusion  caused  even' 
wh  re  by  their  commercial  intercourse 
with  strangers,  one  would  be  induced  U 
bel  ievethat  the  trade  of  all  thes^provinecs 
centered  in  it.  The  brocades  and  env 
broideries  made  here  are  in  great  request 
throughout  the  whole  empire.  Its  juris- 
diction extends  over  only  eight  cities; 
one  of  which  is  of  the  second  class,  and 
the  rest  of  the  third  ;  but  all  these  cities 
are  beautiful  aud  abo\  e  two  or  three 
leagues  in  circumference  each.  Lon.  112 
20  R,  lat.  38  40  N. 

Soutcrra? 'no,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
lepartment  of  Creuse,  and  late  province 
of  Marc  he,  24  miles  X  of  Limoges. 

South  Sea.    See  Pacific  Oct  an. 

Southam,'x  town  in  Warwfcfcstiire,  with 


s  o  u 


sow 


a  market  on  Monday,  and  noted  for  its 
cider.  It  is  13  miles  S  of  Coventry,  and 
S3  NW  of  London.    Lon.  l  23  W,  "lat.  52 

36  N. 

South  Amboy,  a  township  of  Middlesex 
county,  New  Jersey,  containing-  3,071  in- 
habitants in  1810.  * 

South  Beaver,  a  township  of  Beaver 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing-  1,3.51 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
N  side  of  the  river. Ohio,  and  joins  the 
state  of  Ohio,  in  the  west. 

Southbury,  a  township  of  Litchfield 
county,  Connecticut;  situated  on  'he  Ej 
side  of  Southbury  river,  22  miles  NW  of 
the  city  of  New  Haven. 

Saidh  East,  n  township  of  Duchess 
county,  New  York,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Hudson  river  about  70  miles  S  of 
Albany,  and  containing  1,887  inhabitants 
in  1810. 

Southampton,  a  seaport  and  borough  in 
Hampshire,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday, 
Thursday,  and  Saturday.  It  is  commo- 
diously  situated  between  the  Itchen  and 
Test,  which  here  flow  into  an  inlet  of 
the  sea,  called  Southampton  Water  which 
is  so  deep  that  ships  of  1500  tons  have 
been  launched  here,  and  it  is  navigable 
almost  to  the  head  for  vessels  of  consi- 
derable burden.  Both  rivers  are  n  vi- 
gable  for  some  way  up  the  country,  from 
whence,  especially  from  the  New  Forest, 
vast  quantities  of  timber  are  brought 
down,  which  lie  on  the  shore  here  some- 
times for  two  miles  in  length,  and  are 
fetched  by  the  ship-builders  at  Ports 
mouth  deck,  few  ships  being  of  late  built 
at  Southampton.  It  was  formerly  a  port 
of  great  commerce,  still  possesses  a 
trade  in  French  and  port  wines,  and  has 
a  particular  connection  with  Guernsey 
and  Jersey.  It  is  a  large  and  well  built 
town,  and  contains  five  churches  ;  is  sur- 
rounded by  walls  and  several  watchtow- 
ers ;  and  had  a  strong  castle  now  in 
ruins.  It  is  a  county  of  itsctf,  governed 
by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to 
parliament.  P.  is  a  fashionable  place  of 
resort  for  sea-bathing  ;  and  it  was  on  this 
beach  that  the  Danish  king  Canute  gave 
that  striking  reproof  to  his  flattering 
courtiers,  when  the  disobedient  tide 
washed  his  feet.  Two  miles  from  this 
town  is  Woodmills,  where  is  a  very  cu- 
rious "manufacture  of  ship  blocks,  from 
which  all  the  king's  yards  are  supplied. 

nithampton  is  12  miles  S  by  W  of  Win- 
rhes'ter,  and.  75  V.  SW  bf^Lbndon.  Lon. 
1  26  W,  1^50  55  N...'.|.r- 

Shutha.ispton,  a  post  town  in  Suffolk 
eounty,  New  York,  containing  3,899  in- 
habitants.-  It  is  situated  on  the  SE  sUb 
Lonsr  Island,  near  the '  sea  shored  at 


the  distance  of  12  miles  SW  from  Sagg- 
harbour,  and  96  E  by  N  from  New  York. 

Southend,  JYew,  a  village  in  Essex, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  44 
miles  E  of  London,  the  nearest  place  to 
London  for  sea-bathing,  and  on  that  ac- 
count much  resorted  to. 

South  Jfadley,  a  town  in  Hampshire 
county  ,  Massachusetts ;  lying  on  the  E 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  nearly  oppo- 
site to  Northampton,  and  96  miles  W  of 
Boston,  Here  is  a  post  office,  and  the 
inhabitants  are  about  800. 

South  Hempstead,  a  township  of  Queen's 
county,  Long  isl. aid,  in  the  state  of  New 
York,  containing  3,804  inhabitants  in 

South  Jfiaiiingdon,  a  township  of  West- 
moreland count),  Pennsylvania,  situated 
on  the  E  side  of  Yoxhiogeny  river,  be- 
tween  Big  Sewickley  and  Jacob's  creek, 
and  containing  1656  inhabitants  in  1810. 

South  Kingston,  a  township  of  Wash- 
ington county,  Rhode  Island,  containing 
356'J  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  lies  on  the 
\V  side  of  Narraganset  bay,  about  10 
miles  t'rom  Newport. 

Southwark,  a  borough  in  Surry  which 
belongs  *o  the  metropolis,  being  under 
he  jurisdiction  of  the  corporation  of 
London,  who  have  an  officer  here  called 
the  bailiff  of  Southwark.  It  is  called 
the  Borough,  by  way  of  distinction,  and 
is  a  populous  place.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  contains  six  pa- 
rishes, a  Roman  catholic  chapel,  many 
places  of  worship  for  dissenters,  and  se- 
veral charitable  foundations,  particularly 
St.  Thomas'  Hospital,  Guy's  Hospital, 
and  the  Magdalen  Hospital :  also  the 
King's  Bench  and  Marshalsca  prisons, 
and  a  county  gaol.    See  London. 

South-well,  a  town  in  Nottinghamshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  an  an- 
cient place,  and  has  a  collegiate  church. 
It  is  10  miles  NE  of  Nottingham,  and 
139  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  0  51  W, 
lat,  53-6  N.  . 

Southtvold,  a  town  and  seaport  in  Suf- 
folk, with  a  market  on  Thursday.  «lt  is 
seated  on  a  cliff,  near  a  fine  bay,  with  a 
harbour  to  the  S,  and  the  river  Blythe, 
and  a  drawbridge  on  the  W,  is  strongly 
sealed,  being  almost  surrounded  with 
water,  especially  at  very  high  tides. 
Here  a  much  esteemed  salt  is  made,  and 

lias  also  a  trade  in  corn,  beer,  and  the 
herring  fishery  established  here  contri- 
butes to  the  advantage  of  the  town.  It 
;s    corporation  commonly  called  Strode 

oi\^,J/J^rr  >  *igRv  ■  • 

Sowlejbay,  or  Solebay,  a  bay  of  the  town 
of  So\\le,  where  was  fought  the  great 
seahVht  between  the  Dutch  admiral 


S  P  A 


SPA 


Ruyter,  and  James  duke  of  York,  In  j 
which  the  victory  was  undecided.  South - 
wold  is  20  miles  S  of  Yarmouth  and  104 
SE  of  London.  Lon.  1  54  W,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Souto  Mujor,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province,  of  Beira.  Lon.  6  48  \Y, 
lat.  41  5  N.  W 

Sovigiiy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire,  seated  on 
the  Quesne,  50  miles  SE  of  Bourges, 
and  167  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  21  E,  lat.  46 

"30  n.  ^miW 

Soutra  Hilly  the  most  elevated  hill  in 
the  mountainous  ridge  of  Lammermuir, 
in  the  N  part  of  Berwickshire  in  Scot- 
land. In  former  times  it  was  a  noted  sea 
mark.  In  this  dreary  part  of  the  country 
there  is  scarce  a  tree  or  a  bush,  and  few 
houses  or  villages  worthy  of  mention. 
Some  successful  exertions,  however,  have 
been  made  to  improve  the  southern  side 
of  this  mountain,  near  the  village  of 
Channelkirk. 

Soayotes,  or  Soyotes,  the  name  of  a  peo- 
ple in  Siberia,  subject  to  Russia  and  Chi- 
na. They  dwell  in  the  higher  part  of  the 
Sayane  mountains,  toward  the  S  W  border 
of  the  lake  Baikall,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Mongalia.  The  Soyotes,  both  Chinese 
and  Russian,  are  poor  herdsmen,  trav- 
ersing uncultivated  mountains,  and  draw- 
ing after  them  miserable  huts,  covered 
with  the  bark  of  the  birch  tree.  Some 
few  of  them  possess  a  small  number  of 
rein-deer;  but  with  the  greatest  pan 
dogs  are  the  favourite  animal.  They 
live  solely  by  the  ciiase,  fishing,  and  on 
wild  roots;  and  their  whole  method  of 
living  is  miserable  and  dirty.  They  are 
all  pagan  Schamanes  ;  and  differ  in  no 
respect  from  most  of  the  other  savages 
in  Siberia  as  to  dress,  ceremonies,  and 
national  manners. 

Sow,  a  river  in  Si  afford  shire,  which 
rises  near  Healy  Castle,  in  the  W  part  of 
the  county,  runs  parallel  lo  the  river 
Trent  till  it  falls  into  it  near  Stafford,  be- 
low which  it  receives  die  Pink. 

Spa,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Westphalia,  and  bishopric  of  Liege, 
famous  for  its  mineral  waters.  It  is  si- 
tuated at  one  end  of  a  deep  valley  on  the 
banks  of  a  small  rivulet,  and  is  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  high  mountains. 
The  sides  of  these  mountains  next  to  Spa 
are  rude  and  uncultivated,  presenting  a 
rugged  appearance  as  if  shuttered  by  the 
convulsions  of  earthquakes  ;  but  as  the} 
are  strewed  with  tall  oaks  and  abundance 
of  shrubs,  the  country  around  forms 
wild,  romantic,  and  'beautiful  landscape. 
Th^  access  to  the  tmvn  is  frery  beautiful. 
The  ijriad  winds  over  the  mountains  till 
it  descends  to  their  bottom,  when  it  runs. 


along  a  smooth  valley  for  a  mile  or  a 
mile  and  a  half.  The  town  consists  of 
four  streets  in  form  of  a  cross,  and.  con- 
\ains  about  400 'inhabitants.  Spa  has  no 
wealth  to  boast  of.  It  can  scarcely  fur- 
nish the  necessaries  of  life  to  its  own  in- 
habitants during  the  winter,  and  almost 
all  the  luxuries,  which  are  requisite  for 
die  great  concourse  of  affluent  visitors 
during  the  summer,  are  carried  from 
Liege  by  women.  Its  only  source  of 
wealth  is  its  mineral  waters.  The  names 
of  the  five  principal  wells  are  Potihon, 
Geronflerd,  Savimere,  Watpoiz,  andTun- 
nelet.  The  inhabitants  are  employed  in 
making  toys  for  strangers.  Spa  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1794.  It  is  seated  in 
a  valley,  surrounded  by  mountains,  17 
miles  SE  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  50  E,  lat.  50 
30  1ST.' 

Spain,  a  considerable  kingdom  of  Eu- 
rope ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  bay  of 
Biscay;  on  the  NE  by  the  Pyrenees, 
which  separate  it  from  France  ;  on  the  E 
SE,  and  S  by  the  Mediterranean  ;  on  the 
S\V  by  the  Atlantic  ;  and  on  the  W  by 
Portugal  and  the  Atlantic.  It  is  70*0 
miles  long,  and  500  broad  ;  and  contains 
the  provinces  of  Old  and  New  Cast'de, 
Andalusia,  Arragon,  Estremadura,  Gali- 
cia,  Leon,  Catalonia,  Granada,  Valencia, 
Biscay,  the  Asturias,  Murcia,  and  Upper 
Navarre,  some  of  which  have  been  sepa- 
rate kingdoms.  The  air  of  Spain,  during 
the  months  of  June,  July,  and  August, 
is  excessively  hot  in  the  day-time  ;  but 
he  rest  of  the  year  it  is  pleasant  and 
temperate.  Even  during  the  above  months 
it  is  very  cool  in  the  shade  ;  and  so  cold 
in  the-  night,  that  it  makes  a  traveller 
shiver;  and  in  the  day-time  the  violent 
heat  continues  only  for  about  four  or  five, 
hours.  In  the  N  on  the  mountains,  and 
near  the  sea  coast,  the  air  is  much  less 
sultry  in  summer  than  in  the  S,  espe- 
cially in  the  lower  parts  of  the  countrv, 
and  at  a  distance  from  the  sea.  It  sel- 
dom rains  here,  except  about  the  equi- 
noxes: the  frosts  arc  very  gentle  towards 
the  S  ;  but  on  the  mountains,  in  the  X 
and  NE,  the  air  is  very'sharp  in  winter. 
Though  there  are  some  sandy  barren 
des- rts  in  the  S,  and  many  barren  moun- 
tains in  the  N,  yet  in  the  greater  part  of 
the  country,  particularly  in  the  valleys 
«.nd  plains,  the  soil  is  good,  producing 
a  great  variety  of  lich  wines,  oil,  and 
fru its ;  such  as  oranges,  lemons,  prunes, 
itrons,  almonds,  raisins,  dates,  figs, 
chesnuts,  pomegranates,  capers,  pears, 
tnd  peaches ;  but  not  a  sufficiency  of 
grain,  which  is  chiefly  owing  10  tiui  ne- 
glect of  tillage.  Wheat  and  barley  avr 
the  most  common  grain  ;  the  former  of 


SPA- 


SPA 


which'  is  saicf  by  soir.c  to  he  the  best  in  j 
Europe.  There  is  not  nmc'i  Max,  hemp,  j 
oats,  or  hay,  in  Spain  ;  but  there  is  plen- 
ty of  honey,  salt,  fine  wool,  silk,  and 
cotton  ;  and  in  some  [/laces,  of  rice  and 
sugar-canes.  Here?  also  are  abundance 
of  mules,  and,  in  some  provinces,  of  hor- 
ses, toge her 'with  deer,  wild  fowl,  and 
other  game,  chamois  and  other  goats, 
but  few  horned  cattle.  Wolves  are  al- 
most the  only  wild  beasts  in  the  country. 
The  herb  kali  which  is  used  in  making 
salt,  soap,  and  glass,  grows  in  great  plen- 
ty on  the  sea  shore.  The  wild  bulls, 
used  in  their  bullfights,  are  bred  in  An- 
dalusia. The  seas  about  Spain  are  well 
stored  with  fish  ;  among  which  is  the  an- 
chovy, in  the  Mediterranean.  "We  may 
guess  at  the  number  of  sheep  here  by 
that  of  the  shepherds,  which  is  said  to 
be  about  40,000.  The  sl  eep  that  hear 
the  fine  wool  move  regularly,  every  sum- 
mer, from  S  to  N,  along  the  mountains, 
which  yield  a  great  variety  of  swetl 
herbs  and  plants,  and  return  again  to- 
wards winter.  During  this  progress, 
large  quantities  of  salt  are  distributed 
among  them,  and  all  possible  care  is  ta- 
ken both  of  their  health  and  fleeces.  The 
chief  mountains  are  the  Pyrenees,  which 
stretch  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  but  not  in  a  direct  line, 
lbr  near200  miles:  their  breadth  is,  in 
some  places,  not  less  than  80.  The  moun- 
tains yield  great  quantities  of  timber  for 
shipping,  which  are  conveyed  by  the  E- 
bro  and  other  rivers  to  the  Mediterra- 
nean. According  to  the  ancient  and  mo- 
dern writers,  they  abound  also  with  gold, 
silver,  iron,  lead,  tin,  cinnabar,  quick 
silver,  alum,  vitriol,  copperas,  lapis  cab 
minaris,  &c.  besides  gems,  and  mineral 
waters  both  hot  and  cold.  The  gold  and 
silver  mines  are  riot  worked  at  present; 
but  those  of  iron  are.  The  neglect  o 
the  former  is  owing  partly  to  the  indo- 
lence of  the  Spaniards,  and  partly  to  the 
gold  and  silver  imported  from  America 
i  he  principal  rivers  are  the  Douero.'Ta- 
jo,  Guadiana,  Guadaiquiver,  and  E'brb 
The  Spaniards  are  zealous  Horn. mists. 
No  where  is  there  mere  pomp, iarc'fe,  and 
parade,  in  what  regards  religion  •,  anil  fir 
where  less  true  Christianity.  Their  zeal 
and  their.superstitioh  exceed  that  of  any 
o  theft  Roman  Cabolie  country,  unless 
perhaps  we  should  except 1  Portugal. — 
There  are  eight  archbishops  in  Spain, 
.seven  in  America,  ai  i  one  m  Asia,;.; 
Manilla  j  each  of  which  jhas  hi.*  ixfprii- 
gan  bishops'.  44  episcopal  sees,  and. $4 
universities.  Though  the  res',  of  the  na- 
tion is  poor,  V:*a  clergy  arc  immensely 
rich,  and' their  revenues  of  all  kinds  very 


great.  The  chief  manufactures  of  Sp  . 
are  those  of  silk,  wool,  iron,  copper,  and 
other  har  dwares;  but  these  fall  far  short  of 
the  flourishing  condition  to  which  they 
might  he  brought :  hence  a  great  part  of 
the  treasures  of  America  go  to  the  fo- 
reign merchants,  who  supply  them  with 
goods  for  that  part  of  the  world.  How 
ever,  it  is  certain,  that  Spain,  since  it 
hath  had  princes  of  the  house  of  Bourbon 
upon  the  throne,  hath  improved  its  reve- 
nues, increased  its  forces  by  sea  and  land, 
and  applied  itself  more  than  it  did  before 
to  manufactures  and  husbandry  ;  having 
shaken  off,  in  some  measure,  that  idle,  in- 
dolent disposition  which  rendered  it  so 
contemptible  in  the  eyes  of  other  na- 
tions :  but  it  will  be  a  long  lime  before 
they  will  be  able  to  supply  the  wants  of 
their  own  country,  and  those  of  America, 
in  any  great  de  gree.  Spain  is  extremely 
well  situated  for  trade  ;  but  most  of  its 
produce  is  exported  b\'  foreigners,  ex- 
cept what  is  carried  to  the  Indies  ;  and 
even  with  regard  to  that  trade,  they  are. 
Little  better  than  factors  to  the  English, 
French,  Dutch,  and  Italians.  It  is  said 
to  have  contained  between  twenty  and 
thirty  millions  ;  whereas  now  it  does  not 
contain  above  nine ;  and  this,  among 
other  causes,  is  owing  to  the  pride  and 
laziness  of  the  inhabitants,  want  of  ma- 
nufactures, and  good  regulations,  neglect 
of  agriculture,  the  expulsion  of  the 
Moors,  the  peopling  of  America,  heavy 
axes,  the  great  number  of  convents,  ex- 
:e<*sive  venery,  and  the  consequent  infe- 
c nudity  of  both  sexes.  Their  debauche- 
ry and  sterility  are  partly  occasioned  by 
heir  way  of  living;  for  they  make  great 
se  of  spices,  and  drink  a  great  deal  of 
chocolate,  and  strong  wine  mixed  with 
brandy.  The  causes  assigned  for  tin- 
want  of  people  in  Spain  will  account  in 
:ome  measure  for  its  'poverty  ;  notwith- 
standing it  is  computed  that  it  receives 
•ne1  year  with  another,  setting  aside  other 
.urns,  above  26,000,000  of  pieces  of  eight, 
n  registered  gold  and  silver.  As  most 
if  the  manufactures  that  are  sent  to  A- 
■ru  i-ica  are  furnished  by  Britain,  France, 
I  al'y,  and  Holland,  so  a  great  part  of  the 
reasure  brought  home  by  the  galleons  is 
paid  to  the  merchants  of  those  nations! 
In  the  last  century,  the  revenues  of  Spain 
.  mounted  to  32  or  33  millions  of  livres  ; 
hu't  afterwards  they  were  so  reduced, 
•Lhat  they  did  "ot  exceed  seven  or  eight 
millions.  At  present,  die  revenues  of  the 
e.rowijj  arising  in  Spain,  are  computet!  at 
live  millions  sterling  per  turnum,  besides 
chat  arises  from  Americr..  The  silver 
mines  there  are  inexmurstible :  and  df the 
produce  of  these,  a  fifth  belongs  to  the 


SPA 


S  P  E 


king1.  The  taxes  in  Spain  are  numerous 
and  heavy.  The  land  forces,  in  time  of 
peace,  Itre  computed  at  about  80,000; 
and  in  time  of  war,  must  be  much  more 
numerous.  Their  navy  at  present  cannot 
he  ascertained.  The  language  of  this 
country,  especially  that  spoken, in  Cas- 
tile, winch  is  by  far  the  purest,  approach- 
es tile  nearest  10  the  Latin  of  any  lan- 
guage in  Europe,  mixed  with  Arabic 
■Words  and  terminations  introduced  by 
the  Moors.  The  Spaniards  in  general 
aire  tall,  their  complexions  swarthy,  theiF 
countenances  expressive.  As  to  what -r  e- 
gards the  character  of  the  Spaniards, 
'diey  do  not  want  either  an  inclination  or 
capacity  for  the  sciences ;  but  have  hard- 
ly an  opportunity  of  acquiring  any  trite 
learning-  or  knowledge,  at  least  in  their 
schools  and  universities.  They  are  ad- 
mired for  their  secrecy,  constancy,  gra- 
vity, patience  in  adversity,  and  loyalty. 
Tiiey  are  also  said  to  be  true  to  their 
■word,  great  enemies  to  lying,  and  so  nice 
and  jealous  in  point  of  honour,  that  they 
will  stick  at  nothing  to  wipe  off  any  stain 
that  is  cast  upon  it.  The  beauty  of  the 
iadies  reigns  chiefly  in  their  novels  and 
romances  ;  in  their  persons  they  are  small 
and  slender,  jealousy  is  no  longer  the 
characteristic  of  a  Spanish  husband;  the 
married  ladies  have  here  the  cortejo,  or 
male  attendant,  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  Italians  have  their  cicisbeos.  The  es- 
tablished religion  is  popery  ;  and  here 
the  inquisition  once  reigned  in  all  its 
horrors  :  but,  although  it  still  exists,  it 
has  been  lately  rendered,  by  the  inter- 
vention of  the  royal  authority,  compara- 
tively harmless.  Spain,  once  the  most 
free,  is  now  one  of  the  most  despotic  mo- 
narchies in  Europe.  They  had  once  their 
cortes,  or  parliaments,  which  had  great 
privileges:  but  though  Hot  absolutely 
abolished,  they  haw  no  part  in  the  go- 
verninent.  They  are  assembled  indeed, 
occasionally,  (as  at  the  accession  of  the 
monarch)  hue  merely  as  an  appendage 
to  tiie  royal  state,  without  power  or  any 
other  consequence  than  what  results 
from  their  individual  rank.  Madrid  is 
the  capital. 

'Spain,  JVew.    See  Mexico,  Old. 

apuitlu,  a  town  of  Tunis,  in  Africa.  In 
its  neighbourhood  there  are  some  mag- 
nificent ruins.  It  is  90  miles  SW  of  Tu- 
nis.   Lon.  9  15  E,  lat.  35  40  N. 

Spalatro,  or  Spnlatto,  a  strong-  town  of 
Venice,  capital  of  Venetian  lialmatia. 
with  a  good  harbour,  and  an  archbishop's 
fee.  It  is  built  upon  the  ruins  of  the  pa- 
lace of  Dioclesian,  the  walls  of  which 
male  two  thirds  of  those  of  the  city,  and 
of  which^  in  \  J(A,  Mr.  "Robert  Adam  pub- 


lished a  splendid  account.  It  1784,  Spa- 
latro  was  nearly  depopulated  by  the 
plague.  It  is  strongly  seated  on  a  penin- 
sula, in  (he  gulf  of  Venice,  3:>  miles  SE 
of  Sebenico,  and  102  NW  of  Itagusa. 
Lon.  17  31  E,  lat.  44  4  N. 

Spalding,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  a  very  heat 
town,  and  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of 
)  the  Weiland,  with  a  good  coasting  trade. 
Here  is  the  most  extensive  heronry  in 
Bhglandi  and  the  herons  build  together 
on  high  trees  like  rooks.  It  is  14  miles 
S  by  \V  of  Boston,  and  100  N  of  London. 
Lon.  0  2  E,  lat.  52  45  N. 

Spandau,  a  town  o?'  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  and  middle  marc  he 
of  Brandenburg,  surrounded  on  all  sides 
Ly  morasses,  and  close  to  it  is  a  fine  for- 
tress. The  arsenal  is  in  subterraneous 
vaults,  and  there  is  a  prison  for  state  cri- 
minals. It  is  seated,  on  the  Havel,  e.-ght 
miles  KW  of  Berlin,  jfnd  17  NE  of  Bran- 
denburg.   Lon.  13  23  E,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Spanish-Town.    See  Jugo,  Si. 

Sparta,  a  post  town  in  Sussex  count)', 
New  Jersey  ;  12  miles  NW  of  Rockaway, 
48  of  Newark,  and  48  NE  of  F.aston,  in, 
Pennsylvania. 

Sparta,  a  post  town  in  Hancock  coun- 
ty, Georgia;  25  miles  NE  of  Fort  Wil- 
kinson, and  39  NW  of  Louisville,  the 
state  capital. 

Sparta,  a  township  of  Ontario  county, 
New  York,  containing  1397  inhabitants 
in  1810. 

Spartanburg,  a  county  in  the  slate  of 
South  Carolina,  containing  14,259  inha- 
bitants in  1810;  situated  on  the  NE  side 
of  Ennoree  river,  between  Laurens  and 
Chester  counties.  It  has  no  considerable 
town. 

Spartd,  Cape,  a  promontory  ou  the 
coast  of  Barbary,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
straits  of  Gibraltar.  Lon.  5  56  W,  lat. 
35  50  N. 

Spartivento,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  at  the  SE  extremity 
of  Calabria  Ulteriore.  Lon.  16  40  E,  lat. 
37  50  N. 

Spean.    See  Lochy,  Loch. 

Spello,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Umbria.  Here 
are  the  ruins  of  a  theatre,  and  other  re^ 
mains  of  antiquity.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
•liMse  miles  NW  of  Foligni,  and  13  N  of 
Spoletto.    Lon.  12  24  E,  lat.  42  50  N. 

Speneer,  a  township  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  1453  inha- 
bitants in  1810,  II  lies  about  12  miles  S 
W  of  Worcester. 

8p$Hslntry,  a  village  of  Dorsetshire, 
viih  the  remains  of  a  Saxon  camp. 

Spey,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  has 
Ws  source  in  Invefnesshire,  divides  Mur- 
4  I. 


S  P  1 


ray shire  from  Banffshire  for  more  tlian 
20  miles,  and  discharges  itself  in  the 
German  Ocean,  at  the  village  of  Spey- 
moutl)',  eig-lit  miles  W  of  Cullen. 

Spezzia,  or  Spetia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  territory  of  Genoa,  with  a  good  har- 
bour, it  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  at 
the  bottom  of  a  gulf  ot"  the  same  name, 
47  miles  SE  of  Genoa,  and  65  XW  of 
Florence.    Lon.  9  37  E,  lat.  44  10  X. 

Spice  Islands.    See  JMolvccas. 

Spielberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  13  miles  SSE  of  Ans- 
pach. 

Spietz,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  seated  on  the  VV  side  of 
the  lake  Thun,  20  miles  SE  of  Bern. 

Spigelburg,  a  town  of  Cermany,  in  West- 
phalia, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  22  miles  SW  of  Hildesheim.  Lon. 
9  46  E,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Spigna,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Montferrat, 
with  a  castle,  15  miles  N  by  W  of  Savo- 
na,  and  40  SE  of  Turin.  "  Lon.  8  26  E, 
lat.  44  45  N. 

Spilemburg-o,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Vene- 
tian Friuli,  37  miles  NW  of  Aquileia, 
and  47  N  by  E  of  Venice.  Lon.  12  15  E, 
lat.  46  10  N. 

Spilsby,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  market  on  Monday,  seated  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  30  miles  E  of  Lincoln,  and  132 
N  bv  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  7  E,  lat.  53 
12  N. 

Spinalonga,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Can- 
d>a,  in  the  Mediterranean.  It  has  a  good 
harbour  and  a  citadel,  and  is  situated 
near  ihe  cape  of  Spinalonga,  30  miles  E 
of  Candia.    Lon.  25  58  E,  lat.  35  20  N. 

Spinie,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Inver- 
nesshire,  about  five  miles  long,  and  half  a 
mile  broad,  situated  in  a  flat  country. 
Daring  winter,  great  numbers  of  wild 
swans  migrate  hither,  and  even  breed 
here. ; 

Spire,  a  bishopric  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  50  miles  in  length, 
and  30  in  breadth,  where  broadest,  divi- 
ded into  two  parts  by  the  Rhine,  and  is 
a  fertile  countrv. 

Spire,  a  free  imperial  city  of  Germany, 
in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  and  capi- 
tal of  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name.  It 
was  burnt  by  the  French  in  16S9  ;  and, 
in  1693,  the  imperial  chamber,  which 
was  in  this  city,  was  removed  to  Wetzlar. 
It  w-s  taken  by  the  French  in  1794,  and 
is  seated  on  the  W  side  of  the  Rhine, 
seven  miles  N  of  Phdipsbuig.  Lon.  8  32 
E,  lat.  49  19  N. 

Spirebach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  eight  mile.^  N  of  Lan- 
dau.   Lon.  8  12  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 


Spiritu  Santo,  a  seaport  of  Brasil,  in  S 
America,  capital  of  a  government  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  casile.  Lon.  41  0  E, 
lat.  20  10  S. 

Spiritu  Santo,  a  town  of  the  island 'of 
Cuba,  155  miles  ESE  of  Havannah.  Lon. 
79  47  E,  lat.  22  15  N. 

Spital,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Carin- 
thia,  with  a  caslle,  seated  on  the  Liscr, 
near  the  Drave,  30  miles  W  of  Clagen- 
furt.  .  Lon.  13  37  E,  lat.  46  53  N. 

Spital,  an  ancient  village  in  Lincoln- 
shire, 11  miles  N  of  Lincoln,  noted  for 
two  springs,  one  called  Julian's  Well,  and 
the  other  Castleton  Well.  It  was  part  of 
the  Roman  causeway,  leading  from  Lon- 
don by  Lincoln,  to  the  Humber.  Great 
numbers  of  Roman  coins  have  been  dug 
up  in  this  village. 

Spithead,  a  famous  road  between  Ports- 
mouth and  the  isle  of  Wight,  where  the 
royal  navy  frequently  rendezvous. 

Spitzbergen,\he  most  northern  country 
of  Europe,  being  to  the  N  of  Norway, 
between  Greenland  to  the  W,  and  Nova 
Zembla  to  the  E.  The  coast  is  beset 
with  craggy  mountains,  and  in  the  win- 
ter it  is  continual  night  for  four  months. 
The  animals  are  large  white  bears  and 
white  Ibxes.  There  are  no  settled  inha- 
bitants, and  it  is  known  only  to  those 
who  go  on  the  coast  to  fish  for  whales. 
See  Greenland. 

Splugen,  a  town  of  the  country  of  the 
Grisons,  seated  near  the  source  of  the 
Hinder  Rhine.  It  is  the  capital  of  the 
valley  of  Rhinewald,  and  is  42  miles  SW 
of  Coire. 

Spoletto,  a  duchy  of  Italy,  55  miles 
long,  and  40  broad ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Ancona  and  Urbino,  on  the  E  by  Na- 
ples, on  the  S  by  Sabina  and,  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  and  on  the  Wr  by  Or- 
vieto  and  Perug'mo.  It  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Umbria.  • 

Spoletto,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  ca- 
pital of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  and  a  castle.  It  is  seated 
partly  on  a  hill,  and  partly  on  a  plain,  in 
a  country  noted  for  good  wine,  near  the 
river  Tessino,  40  miles  E  of  Orvicto, 
and  60  N  by  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  6  E, 
lat.  42  45  X. 

Sponheiin,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  ot  Upper  Rhine.  It  is  capital  of  a 
county  of  tve  same  name,  27  miles  W  of 
Mentz,  and  46  E  of  Treves.  Lon.  7  21  E, 
lat.  49  54  N. 

Spotsylvania,  a  county  of  Virginia, 
containing  13,296  inhabitants  in  1810,  of 
whom  7,135  were  slaves.  It  is  s'ruated 
on  the  E  side  of  the  South  West  Moun- 
tain, and  is  watered  by  the  Mattapony 
and  North  Anna  rivers. 


ST  A 


S  T  A 


Spotsylvania  Court-House,  the  principal 
scat  of  justice  in  Spotsylvania  county, 
Virginia,  18  miles  SW  of  Fredericks- 
burg1 on  the  Rappahannock,  and  78  SW 
of  Washington.    Here  is  a  post  office. 

Spree,  a  river  of  Germany,  winch  rises 
in  tne  mountains  of  Bohemia,  and  pass- 
ing- through  Lusatia,  into  the  marquisate 
of  Brandenburg-,  runs  by  Berlin,  and  falls 
into  the  Havel,  opposite  Spandaw. 

Spr.ngfield,  a  post  town  in  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts;  lying  on  the  E 
bank  of  Connecticut  river,  29  miles  SW 
of  Brookfield,  and  about  the  same  dis- 
tance N  by  E  of  Hartford,  containing 
2812  inhabitants. 

Springfield,  a  post  town  in  Essex  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey  ;  about  10  miles  NW  of 
Elizabeihtown,  and  about  the  same  dis- 
tance SW  of  Newark,  on  the  Wr  side  of 
Railway  river. 

Springfield,  a  post  town  in  Hampshire 
Qbunty,  Virginia;  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  the  south  branch  of  Potomac,  58  miles 
W  by  N  of  Winchester,  and  about  14  S 
W  of  Old-town,  Maryland. 

Springfield,  a  township  of  Bucks  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  containing  1287  inhabi- 
tants in  1810  ;  situated  between  Durham 
and  Richland,  and  joining  Upper  Baucon 
in  Northampton  county. 

Springfield,  a  township  of  Burlington 
county,  New  Jersey,  containing  1500  in- 
habitants in  1810,  and  situated  18  miles 
S  of  i  ronton. 

Spri7igfield,  a  township  of  Otsego  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  1859  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  has  a  post  office,  60 
miles  W  of  Albany. 

Sprottau,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  du- 
chy of  Glogaw,  with  walls  flanked  by 
towers,  and  a  strong  castle.  It  is  seated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Bobar  and  Sprot- 
ta,  20  miles  SW  of  Glogaw.  Lon.  15  38 
E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Spurn  Head,  a  long  sickle-sharped 
promontory  in  Yorkshire,  at  the  NE  en- 
trance  of  the  mouth  of  the  Humber,  on 
which  is  a  lighthouse.  Lon.  0  15  E,  lat. 
53  38  N.  ..vj»" 

Squilace,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Uheriore.  It  was  formerly  fa- 
mous, but  is  now  a  small  place,  seated  on 
the  Favelone,  near  a  gulf  of  the  same 
name,  30  miles  S  W  of  St.  Severino.  Lon. 
16  40  E,  lat.  39  3  N. 

Stablo,  or  Stavelo,  a  town  of  Germany-, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Liege,  with  a  cele 
brated  abbey,  whose  abbot  is  a  prince  of 
the  empire.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of 
leather,  which  is  sent  to  foreign  parts. 
It  a  seated  on  the  Recti*,  nine  miles  S  of 
Limburg.  Lon.  6  5  E,  lat.  50  29  N. 
Stade,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 


cle of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of  Rre* 
men,  with  a  fortress,  a  college  and  three 
churches.  It  is  the  principal  town  of  the 
duchy,  subject  to  the  elector  of  Hano- 
ver ;  Bremen,  the  capital,  being  a  free 
imperial  town.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  re- 
gency, and  chief  courts  of  justice  of  the 
duchies  of  Bremen  and  Verden  ;  and  is 
seated  on  the  Swingel,  near  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Elbe,  22  miles  W  of  Ham- 
Burg",  and  45  NE  of  Bremen  Lon.  9  17 
E,  lat.  53  36  N. 

Stadthageji,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  and  county  of 
Schauenberg.  Here  is  a  palace,  in  the 
garden  of  which  is  a  mineral  spring.  It. 
is  eight  miles  E  of  Minden.  Lon.  9  14 
E.  lat.  52  24  N. 

Stafarda,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the 
marquisate  of  Saluzzo,  sealed  on  the  Po, 
with  a  rich  abbey.  It  is  famous  for  a 
victory  gained  by  the  French,  in  1690, 
over  the  duke  of  Savoy.  Lon.  7  25  E,  lat. 
44  34  N. 

Staff  a,  a  famous  island  of  Scotland, 
one  of  the  Hebrides,  a  little  to  the  W  of 
Mull.  It  is  one  mile  long,  and  half  a  mile 
broad.   The  whole  SW  end  is  supported 
by  ranges  of  natural  pillars  mostly  above 
50  feet  high,  standing  in  colonades,  ac- 
cording as  the  bays  or  points  of  land 
form  themselves  upon  a  firm  basis  of  so- 
lid unformed  rock,  above  these,  the  stra- 
tum which  reaches  to  the  soil  or  surface 
of  the  island,  varied  in  thickness,  as  is 
the  island  itself  formed  into  hills  and 
vallies ;  each  hill,  which  hangs  over  the 
columns  below,  forming  an  ample  pedi- 
ment ;  some  of  these  above  60  feet  in 
thickness,  from  the  base  to  the  point, 
formed  by  the  sloping  of  the  hid  on  each 
side,  almost  into  the  shape  of  those  used 
in  architecture.    Here  is  also  a  cavern, 
called  Fin-ma-coul,  or  Fingal's  Cave, 
which  extends  250  feet  under  ground. 
I  s  entrance  is  a  natural  arch,  more  than 
100  feet  high  ;  it  is  supported  on  each 
side  by  ranges  of  columns,  and  roofed 
by  the  fragments  of  others  that  have 
been  broken  off  in  forming  it.  The  mind 
can  hardly  form  an  idea  more  magnifi- 
cent tiian  such  a  space,  supported  on 
each  side  by  ranges  of  columns  ;  and 
roofed  by  the  bottoms  of  tho.se,  which 
have  been  broken  ofF in  order  to  form  it; 
between  the  angles  of  which  a  yellow 
stalagmitic  matter  has  exuded,  which 
serves  to  define  the  angles  precisely. 
This  island  is  every  where  supported  by 
basaltic  rocks  and  pillars,  superior  in 
eauty  and  grandeur  to  those  which  form 
he  Giant's  Causeway  in  Ireland. 
Stuffehtein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  and  bishopric  of 


ST  A 


S  T  A 


Bamberg,  situated  on  the  Lanier,  16 
milts  NNE  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  11  12  E, 
lat.  50  15  N. 

Stafford,  a  borough,  and  the  county- 
town  of  Staffordshire,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday.  It  has  two  parish  churches, 
and  a  fine  square  market  place,  in  which 
is  the  shire  hall,  and  under  it  the  Biar- 
ket-house.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
sends  wo  members  to  parliament,  and 
is  sealed  on  a  plain  bounded  by  rising 
ground,  at  a  very  little  distance  from 
the  river  Sow,  over  which  there  i^  a 
bridge,  14  miles  NW  of  Litchfield,  atki 
135  NW  of  London.  Lon.  24  W,  lat.  52 
48  N 


system  of  canal  navigation,  of  which,  it 
is,  as  it  were,  the  centre,  and  which  is 
carried  through  its  whole  length.  The 
grand  trunk,  as  it  has  been  ingeniously 
termed,  enters  the  north  of  the  county 
from  Cheshire,  and  after  piercing  Hare- 
caslle-hili,  by  a  subterraneous  passage 
of  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length,  passes 
through  the  potteries,  and  thence  south- 
wards cross  the  Trent  almost  to  Litch- 
field, from  whence  it  turns  short  over 
tne  Trent  again,  and  over  the  Dove,  in 
its  way  to  mix  with  the  Trent  at  Wilden- 
ferry.  From  the  neighbourhood  of  Staf- 
ford it  sends  off  a  branch  which  rufls 
directly  southwards  bv  Pinkridge,  ami 


Staffordshire,  a  county  of  England,  55  near  Wolverhampton,  to  join  the  Severn 
miles  long,  and  42  broad.  This  is  a1  long  near  Kidderminster.  With  this  a  canal 
and  narrow  tract  of  country,  ending  in  a  !  from   Birmingham,    and   another  from 


point  at  the  N  and  S  extremities.  liuvtiM* 
to  the  W  the  counties  of  Chester  and 
Salop  ;  to  the  E  those  of  Derby  and  War- 
wick; and  to  the  S  Worcestershire.  The 
rivers  Dove  and  Trent'  form  a  natural 
boundary  on  the  Derbyshire  side ;  on  the 
other  sides  it  has  no  remarkable  limits. 
It  lies  in  the  diocese  of  Litchfield  ami 
Coventry;  contains  five  hundreds,  one 
City,  17  market-towns,  and  130  parishes  ; 
and  sends  10  members  to  parliament. 
The  N  part  of  Staffordshire,  called  the 
Moorlands,  is  a  wild  hilly  country,  re- 
sembling the  adjacent  Derbyshire.  The 
valley  along"  which  the  Trent  glides,  is 
for  the  most  part  very  fertile  and  beau- 
tiful, adorned  with  seats  and  plantations, 
and  affording  a  variety  of  beautiful  pros- 
pects. The  middle  and  south  parts  of 
the  county  in  general  are  agreeably  di- 
versified with  wood,  pasture,  and  arable. 
The  great  forest  of  Cank  or  Cannock,  in 
the  centre,  once  covered  with  oaks,  is 
now,  and  has  long  been,  a  wide  naked 
tract.  At  the  S  extremity  the  Clent- 
hills,  Hagley,  and  its  neighbourhood, 
are  well  known  for  the  more  romantic 
beauties  which  they  possess.  Coal  is 
abundant  in  various  parts  of  Stafford- 
shire; particularly  in  the  Moorlands,  and 
the  neighbourhood  of  Newcastle ;  and 
also  about  Wolverhampton,  at  Bilston 
and  Wednesbury,  whence  Birmingham  is 
chiefly  supplied  with  its  fuel.  The  N  and 
S  parts  also  contain  much  iron  ore.  This 
county  has  long  been  noted,  and  is  now 
particularly  famous  for  its  potteries  ;  the 
chief  seat  of  which  is  near  Newcastle, 
in  a  line  of  villages  extending  about  10 
miles.  The  S  extremity  of  the  county  is 
enlivened  by  various  branches  of  the  hai*d 
ware  manufacture,  in  which  it  partici- 
pates with  the  neighbouring  Birming- 
ham.   The  trade  of  this  county  is  in  a 


Stourbridge  communicate.  Thus  the 
great  ports  of  Bristol,  Liverpool,  and 
Hull,  are  ail  accessible  to  the  various 
products  and  manufactures  of  Stafford- 
shire. The  principal  rivers  are  the  Trent. 
Dove,  Sow,  Churnet,  Stour,  Peak,  and 
Manyfold. 

Stafford,  a  county  of  Virginia,  con- 
taining 9,830  inhabitants  in  1810,  inclu- 
ding 4,159  slaves.  It  is  situated  between 
King  George  and  Prince  William  coun- 
ties, on  tiie  W  side  of  Potomac. 

Stafford,  a  township  of  Tolland  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  containing  2,235  inha- 
bitants in  1810;  situated  on  the  Massa- 
chusetts line,  between  Somers  and  Union 
townships. 

Stafford,  a  township  of  Orange  county  > 
Vermont,  containing  1805  inhabitants  in 
1810.  Situated  between  Tunbridge  and 
Theiford. 

Staffurth,  a  town  of  Cermany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxon v,  and  principality 
of  Anhalt  Bernburg,  21  miles  SSW  of 
Magdeburg.    Lon.  11 ,40  E,  lat.  51  55  X. 

Stagira,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
in  Macedonia,  seated  on  the  milf  of  Con- 
tessa.  It  is  remarkable  for  being  the 
birth-place  of  Aristotle,  whence  he  is 
called  the  Stagiri'.e.  It  is  now  called 
Lyba  Nova,  and  is  16  miles  from  Conies-, 
sa.    Lon.  22  48  E,  lat.  41  15  N. 

Stagno,  a  seaport  of  Ra^usan  Dalnvi- 
tia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  pe- 
ninsula, in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  30  miles. 
NW  of  Kiigusa.  Lon.  17  50  E,  lat.  43 
12  N. 

Suiin,  a  town  of  Austria,  seated  on 
the  Danube,  over  which  is  a  toll-bridge. 
05  miies  W  of  Vienna.    Lon.  15  0  E,  lat. 

48  11  N. ' 

Stains,  a  town  in  Middlesex,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  seated  on  the  Thames, 
>ver  which  is  a  stone  bridge.    At  some- 


peculiar  manner  assisted  by  the  grand  distance  above  the  bridge,  at  Coin  Ditch, 


ST  A 

is  the  London  Mark  Stone,  which  is  the  j 
ancient  boundary  to  the  jurisdiction  to 
the  city  of  London  on  the  Thames,  and 
bears  "the  date  of  1239.  Stains  is  1" 
mites  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  0  25  W, 
lat  51  27  N. 

Stalbridje,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday,  and  a  manufac- 
ture of  stockings.  Here  is  an  ancient 
cross  of  one  stone,  21  feet  high,«on  a  base 
of  eight  feet.  It  is  20.  miles  N  by  E  of 
Dorchester,  and  111  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  2  18  W,  lat.  50  57  N. 

Stalimenc.    See  Letnnos. 

Stamford,  a  borough  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday  and  Friday, 
situated  on  the  most  southern  part  of 
the  county,  on  the  VVelland,  which  is 
navigable  hence.  It  is  a  large  old  town, 
which  formerly  possessed  an  university, 
and  has  a  good  trade,  particularly  in 
malt  and  free-stone.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  has  six  parish  churches.  It 
is  26  miles  N  of  Huntingdon,  and  89 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  31  W,  lat. 
52  42  N. 

Stamford,  a  post  town  in  Fairfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  on  a  small  stream  that 
runs  into  Long  Island  Sound,  20  miles  S 
W  of  Fairfield,  and  44  NE  of  New  York. 
The  township  has  4352  inhabitants. 

Stamfordy  a  post  town  of  Delaware 
county,  New  York,  containing-  1658  in- 
habitants in  1810  ;  being  60  miles  SW  o: 
Albany. 

Sta-.npalio,  an  island  of  the  Archipela- 
go, 60  miles  W  of  Rhodes,  and  37  from 
the  coast  of  Natolia.  It  is  15  miles  long, 
and  five  broad,  almost  without  inhabi- 
tants, and  wants  fresh  water. 

Stunchio,  a  fertile  island  of  the  Archi- 
pelago, near  the  coast  of  Xatolia,  12 
miles  NB  of  Stampalio,  and  40  NYV  of 
Rhodes.  It  is  the  ancient  Cos,  the  birth- 
place of  Hippocrates  and  Apelles  ;  and 
is  23  miles  long,  and  10  broad.  The  ca- 
pital, of  the  same  name,  .is  well  built, 
and  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  at 
the  bottom  of  a  bav,  and  near  a  good 
harbour.    Lon  26  54  E,  lat.  36  45  N. 

Standish,  a  small  post  town  in  Cumber- 
land county,  M.iinc,  on  the  E  side  of  Saco 
river,  25  miles  NW  of  Portland. 

Standon,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Friday,  eight  miles  N  of 
Hertford,  and  27  of  London.  Lon.  0  5 
E,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Stanmore,  a  dreary  district  in  the  E 
angle  of  Westmoreland,  of  the  most  sa- 
vage aspect,  and  which  has  been  descri- 
bed ;n  poetry  and  romance.  Here  is 
a  fragment  of  Rerecross,  set  up  as  a 


ST  A 

boundary  between  England  and  Scot- 
land, when  Cumberland  belonged  to  the 
latter. 

Etanfope,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham, with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  20  miles 
\V  of  Durham,  and  264  N  of  London. 
Lon.  2  0  W,  lat.  54  48  N 

Stanley^  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  12  miles  S 
of  Gloucester,  and  104  W  of  London. 
Lon.  2  16  Y\",  lat.  51  40  N. 

Stanmore,  Great)  a  village  in  Middle* 
sex  ;  here  is  a  bill,  which  is  so  rery  ele- 
vated, that  the  trees  upon  it  are  a  sea- 
mark from  the  German  Ocean. 

Stanmore,  Little.    See  Whitchurch. '< 
Stanton,  a  town  in  Lincoln  shire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday,  16  miles  E  of  Lin- 
coln, and  129  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  2  \V, 
lat.  53  18  N. 

Stantz,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capital 
of  the  canton  of  Underwalden.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  plain  at  the  foot  of  the  Stan  z  berg", 
near  the  lake  of  Lucern,  29  miles  S  of 
Zuric.    Lon.  8  22  E,  lat.  46  51  N. 

Stanwix,  a  fort  of  North  America,  in 
New  York,  seated  near  the  source  of  the 
Mehank  river,  60  miles  N\V  of  Albany. 
Lon.  75  15  W,  lat.  43  15  N. 

StaraSr  Jlussa,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Novogorrd,  seated  on  the 
river  Polish,  near  the  lake  Ilmen,  40 
miles  S  bv  E  of  Novogorod.  Lon.  33  2 
E,  lat.  57  40  N. 

Stargard,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Prussian  Pomerania,  with  a 
college,  and  the  ruins  of  a  castle.  It  has 
manufactures  of  serges,  shalloons,  tam- 
mies, druggets,  &c.  and  is  seated  on  the 
lima,  18  miles  SE  of  Stetin,  and  37  NW 
of  Landsperg.  Lon.  25  8  E,  lat.  53  32  3SF. 

Stargard,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  30  miles  distant 
from  New  Brandenburg. 

Start  Point,  a  promontory  of  Devon- 
shire, in  the  English  Channel,  14  miles 
S  bv  W  of  Dartmouth.  Lon.  3  51  W, 
lat.'50  9  N. 

Staten  Island,  an  island  of  North  Ame- 
rica, which  forms  the  county  of  Rich- 
mond in  the  state  of  New  York.  It  is 
18  miles  long,  and  six  broad,  and  con- 
tains upwards  of  3000  inhabitants.  On 
the  S  side  is  a  considerable  tract  of  level 
dand ;  but,  in  general,  this  island  is  rougb, 
and  die  hills  high.  Richmond  is  its  only 
town  of  any  note,  and  that  is  a  poor  in- 
considerable place,  the  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  French  and  Dutch. 

Staten  Land,  a  barren  craggy  island, 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  55  S  lat.  Between 
this  island  and  Terra  del  Fuego  is  the 
strait  of  Le  Maire. 


ST 


S  T  E 


Statesburg,  a  post  town  in  Claremont 
county,  South  Carolina,  34  miles  E  of  Co- 
lumbia, ail  J  about  six  due  east  of  San^te 
Fiver. 

Statesbnrg,  a  post  town  in  Dutche  ss 
county,  New  York;  342  miles-from  JVash- 
ington. 

Statesville,  a  post  town  in  Iredell  coun- 
ty, North  Carolina,  24  miles  W  by  S  of 
Salisbury,  and  58  of  Salem,  a  Moravian 
town  m  the  same  direction. 

Stavanger,  an  episcopal  town  in  Nor- 
way, in  the  province  of  Bergen,  capital 
of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
harbour.  It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula, 
near  the  fortress  of  Doswick,  75  miles  S 
of  Bergen.    Lon.  5  45  E,  1  t.  59  6  N. 

Stavaren,  an  ancient  seaport  of  the 
United  Provinces,  in  Priesland,  formerly 
a  considerable  town,  but  now  much  de- 
cayed, the  harbour  being  choaked  up 
with  sand.  It  is  seated  on  the  Zuider- 
zee, eight  miles  W  of  Slooten,  and  15 
NE  of  Enchuysen.  Lon.  5  13  E,  lat.  52 
54  N. 

Staubbach,  a  celebrated  cataract  of 
Swisserland,  near  the  village  of  Lauter- 
brunn,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  which  falls 
down  a  rock,  930  feet  high  with  such  im- 
petuosity, as  to  resolve  itself  ir/o  a  fine 
spray,  which,  viewed  in  some  particular 
situations,  resembles  a  cloud  of  dust 
The  roaring  noise  it  makes  is  accompa- 
nied by  a  tempest,  occasioned  by  the  vio- 
lent agitation  of  the  air,  excited  by  the 
rapidity  of  the  fall.  Hence  it  derives  its 
name:  the  word  Staubbach,  in  German, 
signifying  a  spring  of  dust.  The  brook 
which  forms  this  torrent  is  named  the 
Kupfer-Bachelin,  or  Rivulet  of  Copper. 

Stauefcn,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  and  subject  to  Austria. 
Lon.  7  44  E,  lat.  48  55  N. 

Stcmffcnburgy  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  10  miles 
from  Wctzlar. 

Staunton,  the  capital  of  Augusta  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  and  a  post  town  ;  situated 
on  a  branch  of  the  Shenantloa  River,  12 
miles  W  of  Waynesborough,  42  miles  of 
Monticello  in  the  same  course,  and  95  S 
W  of  Winchester.  It  is  seated  in  a  fer- 
tile valley,  and  distinguished  as  the  place 
of  exile  of  sundry  quakers  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary war. 

Stavropol,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Simbirsk.  Lon.  28  58  E,  lat. 
53  44  N. 

Stavropol,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Caucasus.  Lon.  41  50  E,  La. 
44  56  N. 

St.  Clair  y  a  township  of  Alleghem 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  3,080 


inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the 
S  side  of  Monongahela  river,  near  the 
borough  of  Pittsburg, 

St.  Clairsville,  a  post  town  in  Jeffer- 
son countv,  Ohio;  situated  eight  miles 
W  of  Wheeling,  and  34  SW  of  Mid- 
dletown,  in  Washington-  county,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Steele,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  is- 
land of  Meon,  with  a  harbour  38  miles 
SSW  of  Copenhagen.  ■  Lon.  12  20  E,  lat. 

55  5  N 

Steenbergcn,  a  strong  town  of  Dutch 
Brabant,  ik 'the  marquis  ate  of  Bergen-op- 
Zoqm.  It  has  a  communication  with  the 
Vlaesc,  and  is  seven  miles  N  of  Bergen- 
"^-Zoom,  and  17  W  of  Breda.  Lon.  4  28 
E,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Steenkeer,  a  sown  of  Nonvay,  in  the 
province  of  Drontheim.  Lon.  11  34  E, 
lat.  63  50  N. 

Steenkirk,  a  village  of  Austrian  Hain- 
au.lt,  famous  for  the  victory  obtained  over 
William  HI,  in  1692,  by  the  duke  of  Lux- 
emburg. It  is  15  miles  N  of  Mons,  and 
16  W  of  Brussels. 

Steen-wyck,  a  strong  town  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Overyssel,  seated  on  the 
river  Aa,  20  miles  SE  of  Slooten,  and 
52  N  of  Deventer.  Lon.  5  50  E,  lat.  52 
50  N. 

St.gebicrg,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  E 
Gothland,  seated  on  tbe  Baltic,  25  miles 
S  of  Nikoping,  and  82  SW  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.  16  40  E,  lat.  58  16  N. 

Stein,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Zuric.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  where  it  issues  from  the  lake  of 
Constance,  commanding"  a  delightful 
prospect,  and  is  15  miles  W  of  Con- 
stance, and  15  NE  of  Zuric.  Lon.  8  48 
E,  lat.  47  42  N. 

Steinau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Silesia, 
iud  capital  of  a  circle.  Lon.  16  50  E, 
lat  52  2.3  N. 

Steinfurty  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia.  It  has  an  academy, 
uid  is  seated  on  the  Vecht,  16  miles  N 
W  of  Monster.  Lon.  7  41  E,  lat.  12  15  X  . 

Steinheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Mentz,  seated  on  a  hill, 
ear  the  river  Maine,  with  a  castle,  nine 
miles  from  Prancfort.  Lon.  8  54  E,  lat. 
49  52  N. 

Stekey  a  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  N 
•  oast  of  the  isle  of  Mona,  with  a  castle. 
It  is  almost  surrounded  by  a  lake.  Lon. 
12  15  E,  lat.  55  4  N. 

Stenaif,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  in 
the  departme.  t  of  Meuse,  and  late  duchy 
v  Bar,  seated  on  the  river  Meuse,  24 
nT-es  \T  hv  Wof  Verdun.  Lon.  5  19  E, 
lat.  50  28  N.  ,  3 


S  T  E 


S  T  I 


Stendal,  a  town  of  German),  in  the 
marquisate  of  Brandenburg1,  and  subject 
to  Prussia.  Lon.  12  6  E,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Stennis,  a  village  in  the  island  of  Ork- 
ney. At  this  place,  between  Kirkwall 
and  Stromness,  is  a.  curious  bridge,  or 
causeway,  across  a  narrow  neck  of  land, 
between  two  lakes.  At  the  er.d  of  this 
causeway,  some  stones  of  astonishing 
magnitude,  and  20  feet  high,  have  been 
erected;  and  there  are  many  huge  masses 
of  stone  in  the  neighbourhood,  similar  to 
Stonehenge,  on  Salisbury  Plain. 

Steplientwn,  a  township  of  Kcnssellaer 
county,  New  York,  containing  2667  in- 
habitants in  1810.  Situated  on  the  E  side 
of  tiie  river  Hudson,  about  10  miles  from 
Albany. 

Stepney,  a  village  E  of  London,  and  al- 
most contiguous  to  it.  Its  parish  was  of 
such  extent,  that  it  was  divided  into  six, 
and  it  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  bills  of 
mortality. 

Sterling,  a  township  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  1472 
inhabitants  in  1810.  Situated  10  miles  N 
of  Worcester. 

Sternberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  marqui- 
sate of  Brandenburg.  It  carries  on  a 
great  commerce  in  cattle,  and  is  20  miles 
NE  of  Francfort  on  the  Oder.  Lon.  15 
11  E,  lat.  52  30  N, 

Sternberg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  16  miles  SE  ol 
Wismar.    Lon.  11  50  E,  lat.  53  45  N. 

Stertzingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  Tyrol,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, on  the  river  Eysoch,  12  miles  NW 
of  Brixen. 

Stetin,  or  Stettin,  a  seaport  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony, 
capital  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  and  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cas- 
tle. It  is  a  flourishing  place,  and,  car- 
ries on  a  considerable  trade.  In  1795> 
great  part  of  the  town  was  burnt  dowi. 
by  a  dreadful  fire.  It  is  seated  on  tin 
Oder,  70  miles  N  by  E  of  Berlin,  'and 
72  N  of  Francfort.  Lon.  14  38  E,  lat.  53 
35  N.  , 

Stevenage,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday,  12  miles  NNW 
of  Hertford,  and  31  N  bv  W  of  London 
Lon.  0  10  W.  lat.  51  59  N. 

Stevemburg,  a  post  iowii  in  Frederick 
county,  Virginia,  10  miles  NE  of  Stras- 
burg,  and  eight  SW  of  Winchester. 

Stevensburg,  a  town  in  Culpeppei 
county,  Virginia;  38  miles  NW  of  Fre- 
dericksburg on  the  Rappahannock,  and 
83  W  by  S  of  Washington  :  with  a  post 
office. 

Stevbe?i,  a  county  i^i  t^e  state  of  New 


York,  containing  7243  inhabitants-  in 
1810.  It  is  bounded  in  the  S  by  Penn- 
sylvania, and  situated  between  the  Ge- 
nessee  and  T.oga  rivers,  and  is  well 
watered  by  the  numerous  branches  of  the 
latter. 

SteubejiviUe,  a  post  town  in  Jefferson 
county.  Ohio ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Ohio  river,  23  miles  N  of  Wheeling,  and. 
64  W  bv  S  of  Pittsburg,  in  lat.  40  25  N, 
and  lon."  80. 

Stewart's  Islands,  five  islands  in  the  S 
Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  captain 
Hunter  in  1791,  and  named  by  him  in 
honour  of  admiral  Keith  Stewart.  Lon. 
163  18  E,  lat.  8  26  Si 

Stexvartstoivn,  a  small  town  of  Scot- 
land in  the  county  of  Ayr,  14  miles  NNE 
of  Ayr. 

S^varistG~u-n,  an  inconsiderable  town 
of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Tyrone,  five 
miles  NNE  of  Dungannon. 

Steyning,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  with  a 
maikei  on  Wednesday.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  15  miles 
VV  of  Lewes,  and  51  S  by  W  of  London. 
Lon.  0  15  W,  lat.  50  56  N. 

Steyre,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  and 
quarter  of  Traun.  It  carries  on  a  great 
trade  in  iron,  and  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Stevre  and  Ens,  20  miles 
SE  of  Lintz.    Lon.  1  23  E,  lat.  48  6  N. 

Steyrtggy  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
archduchy  of  Austria,  36  miles  ESE  of 
Paussau,  and  84  W  of  Vienna.  Lon.  15 
20  E,  lat.  40  15  N.  ' 

St.  George's,  a  post  town  in  New  Castle 
county,  Delaware,  on  the  N  side  of  St. 
George's  creek,  ten  miles  S  of  New  Cas- 
tle, and  nine  N'of  Cantwell's. 

StsUtausen,  a  town  and  citadel  of  Ger- 
man; in  Westphalia,  and  county  of  E 
Frie'sland,  18  miles  ESE  of  Embden. 
Lon  713  E,.  lat.  53  14  N. 

Stiligiano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basi- 
licata,  famous  for  its.  baths,  and  £eateti 
near  the  river  Salandrella. 

Stillvjuter,  a  post  town  in  Saratoga 
county,  New  York;  situated  on  the  W 
sichj  of  Hudson  river,  16  miles  N  of 
Troy,  15  E  of  Ball-town,  antftf&l  N  of 
Albany. 

Stilton,  a  town  in  Huntingdonshire, 
which  gives  names  to  a  rich  kind  of 
cheese.  It  is  14  miles  S  by  E  of  Stam- 
ford, and  75  N  by  E  of  London. 

S/iria,  a  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Austria,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
the  archduchy  of  Austria,  on  the  E  by 
Hungary,  on  the  S  by  Carniola,  and  on 
the  W  by  Carinthia  and  Saltzburg.  It  i$ 
125  miles  long,  and  contains  200,000  in- 
habitants. Though  a  mountainous  coun- 
try, there  is  much  land  fit  for  tillage,  uv.d 


S  T  I 


S  T  O 


the  soil  is  fertile.  The  mountains  arc  j 
clothed  with  oak,  beech,  and  pine  ;  evi-j  y 
kind  of  grain  is  well  cultivated,  and  the 
white  wine  is  very  pleasant.  Ir  contains 
mines  of  very  good  iron,  whence  du 
arms  made  here  are  in  gre.it  e<t«Mem. 
The  inhabitants  arc  zealous  worshippers 
of  the  Virgin  Mary,  Gratz  is  the  capita!. 

Stirling^  the  capital  of  Stempgshtre, 
situated  on  the  S  side  of  the  Forth,  on(^ 
hill,  which  rising  from  the  E,  terminates 
abruptly  in  a  steep  rock,  the  site  of  the 
castle,  resembling,  on  a  smaller  scale,  the 
appearance  of  Edinburgh.  The  castle  is  < 
of  great  antiquity,  but  its  origin  is  not 
exactly  known.  Trie  Scottish  kings  often 
resided  here,  and  almost  the  whole  mi- 
nority of  James  VI.  was  spent  here, 
under  his  tuior  Buchanan.  In  the  last 
rebellion,  it  was  successfully  defended 
by  general  Bh.ckeney.  The  outside  of 
the  palace  is  curiously  encircled  with  va- 
rious grotesque  figures.  The  church  is  a 
magnificent  Godiic  structure,  and  serves 
for  two  separate  places  of  worship.  The 
view  of  the  river  Forth  from  the*  castle 
is  remarkable  on  account  of  its  windings, 
for  though  the  distance  between  Stirling 
and  Alloa  be  only  four  miles  by  land,  yet 
by  water  it  is  above  twenty.  In  the  town 
and  its  neighbourhood  are  manufactures 
of  carpets,  shalloons,  and  other  woollen 
stuffs;  that  of  tartans,  formerly  very 
flourishing,  is  now  on  the  decline.  Stir- 
ling, from  its  commodious  situation, 
commands  the  pass  between  the  N  and  S 
part  of  Scotland.  It  is  30  miles  XW  of 
Edinburgh.    Lon.  4'59  W,  lat.  56  6  X. 

Stirlingshire,  a  county  of  Scotland, 
bounded  on  the  X  by  the  river  Forth, 
which  divides  it  from  Perthshire,  and 
Clackmannanshire ;  on  the  XE  by  the 
mouth  of  the  Forth  ;  on  the  SE  by  Lin- 
lithgowshire, on  the  S  by  Lanerkohire ; 
and  on  the  S\V  and  W  by  Dumbarton- 
shire. It  is  about  25  miles  from  E  to  W, 
and  15  from  X  to  S.  The  S  part  of  this 
county  is  mountainous,  but  that  part 
which  is  near  the  Forth  is  fertile,  and 
abounds  with  coal.  This  county  produces 
corn,  pasture,  black  cattle,  sheep,  and 
horses;  besides  salmon  and  other  fish 
from  the  rivers.  The  Forth,  which  is 
the  most  famous,  though  not  the  largest 
river  in  Scotland,  runs  from  W  to  E  into 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  receiving  a  great! 
number  of  smaller  streams;  besides 
which,  this  county  is  watered  by  the  j 
Garron,  Clazert,  and  Avon  waters;  and) 
has  the  advantage  of  the  new  canal  from 
Glasgow  running  through  it,  to  the  Car-  j 
ron  mouth.  I  s  principal  towns  are,  Stir- 
ling with  its  fine  castle,  Falkirk,  Kilsyth, 
and  KirkintuUoch 


Stiram,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Berg,  seated  on  the'  Boer,  %2 
miles  N  of  Dusseldorp.  Lon.  6  52  E,  hit. 
41  24  X. 

St.  Leonard's,  a  postj  town  in  Calvert 
county,  Maryland,  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Chesapeak  Lay,  about  ten  miles  NW 
nf  Drumpoint,  12  XE  of  the  town  o 
Benedict  on  I'otomac,  and  53  from  Wash- 
ington. 

St.  Michael's,  a  post  town  in  Talbot 
county,  Maryland,  on  the  W  side  of  St. 
Michael's  river,  ten  miles  W  of  Easton, 
25  SE  of  Annapolis,  and  69  from  Wash- 
ington. 

St.  JTarij's,  a  post  town  in  Camden 
county,  Georgia,  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Ma- 
ry's river,  and  on  the  line  that  separates 
this  state  from  East  Florida,  in  lat.  30  44 
X,  and  lon.  79  30  W. 

Stochcm,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, and  bishopric  of  Liege,  seated  on 
the  Mar  se,  12  miles  N  of  Maestricht. 
Lon.  5  42  E,  lat.  514  X. 

Slockach,  a  t/nvn  of  Germany,  in  Sua- 
bia,  in  the  landgravate  of  Xellenburg.  In 
the  neighbourhood  of  this  town  on  March 
25,  1796,  the  archduke  Charles  totally 
defeated  the  French  under  general  Jour- 
dan,  and  dispersed  their  army.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  12  miles 
X  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  10  E,  lat.  47 
50  X.  • 

Stbckbridge,  a  boron gh  in  Hampshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  gov- 
erned by  a  jnayor,  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  is  nine  miles  NW  of 
Winchester,  and  67  W  bv  S  of  London. 
Lon.  130  W,  lat.  51  9.  X.' 

Stockbridge,  a  post  town  in  Berkshire 
countv,  Massachusetts,  14  miles  X  of 
Sheffield,  and  67  XW  of  Hartford  in 
Connecticut;  and  has  1261  inhabitants. 

Stockerau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archduchy  of  Austria.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Danube,  and  is  six  miles  XW  of 
Xeuburg. 

Stockholm,  the  capital  of  Sweden,  in  a 
situation  remarkable  for  its  romantic 
scenery.  This  capital  which  is  very  long 
and  irregular,  occupies,*besides  two  pe- 
ninsulas, seven  small  rocky  islands,  scat- 
tered in  the  Maeler,  in  the  streams  which 
issue  from  that  lake,  and  in  a  bay  of  the 
Baltic:  A  variety  of  contrasted  views 
are  formed  by  numberless  rocks  of  gra- 
nite, rising  boldly  from  the  surface  of 
the  water,  partly  bare  and  partly  craggy, 
and  partly  dotted  with  houses,  or  feath- 
ered with  wood.  The  harbour  is  an  inlet 
of  the  Baltic  ;  the  water  is  as  clear  as 
crystal,  and  of  such  depth,  that  ships 
of  the  largest  burden  can  approach  the 
quay,  which  is  very  large,  and  lined 


TO 


T  O 


w\Xh  spacious  buildings.  Towards  the 
«ea,  about  two  or  three  miles  f  rom  the 
town,  the  harbour  is  contracted  into  a 
!UUTOttf  strait,  and  winding'  among  high 
rocks  disappears  from  the  sight;  and  the 
prospect,  is  terminated  by  distant  hills 
overspread  with  forest.  It  is  far  beyond 
the  power  of  words,  or  of  the  pencil,  to 
delineate  these  singular  views.  The  cen- 
tral island,  from  which  the  city  derives 
its  name,  and  the  Hitterholm,  are  the 
"handsomest  parts  of  the  town.  At  the 
■extremity  of  the  harbour,  several  streets 
rise  one  above  another,  in  the  form  of  an 
amphitheatre;  and  the  royal  palace,  a 
magnificent  building',  crowns  tiie  sum- 
mit Except  m  the  suburbs,  where  se- 
veral houses  ate  of  wood,  painted  red, 
the  generality  .of  the  buildings  are  of 
brick..  There  are  here  an  academy  of 
sciences,  and  an  arsenal.  Stockholm  is 
200  miles  NE  of  Copenhagen,  and  90(3  A" 
E  of  London.  Lon.  18  9  E,  lat.  59  20  N. 

Stockport,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  withy 
market  on  Friday.  It  has  a  considera- 
ble manufacture  of  cotton  and  printed 
goods,  and  is  seated  on  the  Mersey,  six 
miles  S  of  Manchester,  and  175  NNW 
of  London.  Lon.  2  18  W,  lat.  55  3o  N. 

Stockton,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham, with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It 
lias  a  large  manufacture  of  sailcloth,  a 
trade  in  lead,  corn,  and  butter,  and  is 
noted  for  its  good  ale.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Tees,  not  far  from  its  mouth, 
18  miles  SSE  of  Durham,  and  244  N 
bv  W  of  London.   Lon.  1  6  W,  lat.  54 

38  N.  IfcR?^ 

Siockzo-zv,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Sile- 
sia, hi  the  principality  of  Teschen,  sealed 
on  the  Vistula,  12  miles  SE  of  Teschen. 
Lon.  18  32  E,  lat.  49  45  X.  ' 

Stoddavt,  a  township  of  Cheshire  coun- 
ty\  New  Hampshire,  containing  1132  in- 
habitants in  1810. 

Siokc,  a  village  in  Dorsetshire,  near 
which  in  1/50,  some  antiquities  were 
dug  up.  .  ■• 

Stoke,  a  village  in  Norfolk,  SE  of  Down- 
Lam,  with  a  fair  in  December,  and  a  Ferry 
oil.  the  Stoke,  which  is  navigable  to  it 
from  the  Ouse. 

Stoke.,  a  village  in  Suffolk.  It's  church 
■which  is  situated  on  a  hill,  has'  a  tower 
Y.1')  feet  high,  and  is  a  land  mark  to 
ships  that  pass  the  mouth  of  the  harbour 
o'f  Harwich,  at  13  miles  distance. 

'■'.V  f,  or  Stoke  Pages,  a  village  in  IJuck- 
mghamsh  ire,  four  miles  XXE  of  Windsor. 
Its  churchyard  was  the  scene  of  Gray's 
celebrated  Elegy. 

Stokecomer,  a  town  in  Somersetshire. 
26  miles  W^of  Wells,  aud  152  W  by  S  of 
London.  ■ 


Stoke  Dabernon,  a  village  in  Surry  > 
with  sulphureous  springs. 

Stoka;,  a  county  of  Salisbury  district, 
North  Carolina,  containing  11,645  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  a  mountainous 
county,  situated  in  the  NW  part  of  the 
state,  and  joins  the  state  of  Virginia. 
The  chief  town  is  Germantown. 

Stokesley,  a'  town  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday, 
36  miles  X  of  York,  and  239  X  bv  W  of 
London.    Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  54  29  X. 

Stolberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Up- 
per Saxcfny,  in  Thuringia,  capital  of  it- 
count  y  of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  cas- 
tle, where  the  count  resides,  and  is 
sealed  in  a  valley  between  two  moun- 
tain's, 10  miles  X  of  Xordhausen,  and 
58  NW  of  Leipsic.    Lon.  11  8  E,  lat. 

Sloiliojfen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Sua- 
bia,  in  the  maiquisate  of  Baden,  seated 
in  a  morass,  near  the  Rhine,  eight  miles 
SW  of  !}..dei>j  and  12  NE  of  J£ trash urg.. 
Lon.  8  10  E,  lat.  48  41  N. 

Stolffen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Prussian  Pom  erania,.  seated  in 
a  valley,  on  a  river  of  the.  same  name,  50 
miles  NE  of  Colbcrg,  and  66  NW  of 
1)  .n! zie.    Lon.  16  35  E,  lat.  54  32  N. 

Stone,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  the  Trent, 
seven  miles  X  bv  W  of  Stafford,  and  140 
N  Y\  of  Loudon.  Lon.  2  6  W,  lat.  52  54  X. 

Stoiiehnm,  J\"orth,  a  village  in  Hants, 
seated  on  the  Itchen,  three  miles  XE  of 
Southampton.  In  its  church  is  an  elegant 
monument  erected  in  1783  to  the  memoiy 
of  Admiral  Uawke. 

Stonehexge,  a  remarkable  heap  of  stones, 
on  Salisbury  Plain,  s  x  miles  NE  of  Salis- 
bury.  It  consists  of  several  very  large 
stones,  placed  on  one  another;  and  is 
supposed  to  have  been  a  temple  of  the 
ancieni  Druids,  because  it  is  in  a  circular 
form,  aud  seems  to  have  been  much  more 
regular  than  it  appears  to  be  at  present. 
It  has  puzzled  many  dili  em  inquirers 
to  account  for  the  laying  of  those  tnor- 
mous  stones  one  upon  another,  for  they 
are  so  heavy,  that  it  is  thought  no  method  \ 
now  known  is  sufficient  to  have  raised 
those  that,  lie  across,  to  that  height. 

Stonthaveify  the  county  town  of  Kincar- 
dineshire, Scotland,  with  a  good  harbour 
secured  by  a  stone  pier.  Near  it  stands 
btinftotcr  castle  on  a  lofty  perpendicular 
rock,  almost  surrounded  by  the  sea.  Xot 
far  hence,  is  a  precipitous  cliff,  called 
Fowl's  Heugh,  remarka  le  for  the  resort 
of  the  birds  called  kittiwakes,  the  young 
of  which  are  thought  a  delicacy  and  are 
much  sought  after  in  the  hatching  sea- 
son. In  this  town  is  a  manufacture  of 
4  M« 


STO 


STR 


canvass  and  some  trade  in  dried  fish  and 
oil.    It  is  14  miles  S  by  W  of  Aberdeen. 

Stonington,  a  post  town  in  New  London 
counly,  Connecticut;  lying-  on  Long-  Is- 
land Sound,  15  miles  eastward  of  New 
London,  and  hear  the  W  line  of  Rhode 
Island ;  in  lat.  41  30  N,  and  Ion.  72  W. 
The  township  contained  3043  souls  at 
last  enumeration. 

Storkau.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  24  miles  ESE  of 
Berlin,  and  26  WSW  of  Francforton  the 
Oder.    Lon.  13  35  E,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Stormaria,  a  principality  in  the  duchy 
of  Holstein,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Hol- 
stein  Proper,  on  the  E  by  \>  agerja  and 
Lawenburg,  and  on  the  S  and  W  by  Lu- 
nenburg- and  Bremen,  fiom  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Elbe.  Gluckstadt  is  the 
capital. 

Stonunoav,  a  town  of  Scotland  in  the 
isle  of  Lewis.  It  has  a  harbour  called 
Loch  Stornaway,  on  die  E  side  of  the  N 
division  of  the  island. 

Stortford,  or  Bishop's  Stortford,  a  town 
in  Hertfordshire,  with  a  market  on  Thurs- 
day. It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill, 
on  the  river  Stort,  which  has  been  made 
navigable  hence  to  the  Lea.  On  the  E 
side  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle, on  an  arti- 
ficial mount.  It  is  12  miles  NE  of  Hert- 
ford, and  30  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  12  E, 
lat.  51  55  N. 

Stossen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Upper 
Saxony,  six  miles  S  of  Weissensels,  and 
six  SE  of  Namburg. 

Stoughtcn.,  a  township  of  Norfolk  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts^  containing  1134  inha 
bitants  in  1810,  and  situated  16  miles  S 
W  of  Bosion. 

Stow,  a  river  which  rises  on  the  most 
northerly  point  of  Dorsetshire,  on  the 
edge  of  Wiltshire,  and  after  washing 
Stourminster,  and  Bland  ford,  flows  to  the 
Hampshire  border,  and  enters  the  sea  at 
Christ-church. 

Stour,  a  small  stream  in  Kent,  which 
rises  in  the  Wealk,  flows  by  Canterbury, 
and  empties  itself  into  the  sea  below 
Sandwich. 

Stoiir,  the  most  considerable  river  in 
Suffolk,  which  forms  the  entire  boundar) 
between  Essex  and  Suffolk,  watering 
Clare,  Sudbury,  Nay  land,  and  Manning- 
tree,  and  being  joined  by  the  Orwell 
an  arm  of  the  sea  from  Ipswich,  at  which 


place  it  receives  the  Gipping,  it  falls  in- 
to the  sea,  and  forms  the  harbour  of  Har 

wich. 

Stour,  a  river  in  Staffordshire,  which 
runs  through  the  S  angle  of  that  county 
in  its  course  to  meet  the  Severn,  in  Wor- 
cestershire. 


Stourbridge,  a  town  in  Worcestershire, 
with  a  maiket  on  Friday.  This  town  is 
noted  for  its  glass  and  iron  works;  and 
is  seated  on  the  Stour,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  21  miles  N  of  Worcester,  and 
124  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  0  W,  lat 
52  32  N. 

Stourbridge,  or  Sturbichf  a  field  near 
Cambridge,  famous  for  an  annual  fail- 
on  the  7th  of  September,  which  conti- 
nues a  fortnight.  This  fair  is  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge :  and  the  commodities  are  horses, 
hops,  iron,  wood,  leather,  cheese,  &c. 

Stourminster,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire, 
with  a  mai  ket  on  Thursday,  noted  for  the 
ruins  of  an  ancient  castle,  in  its  vicinity, 
which  was  the  seat  of  the  W  Saxon 
kings.  It  is  seated  on  the  Stour,  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge,  20  miles  NE  of 
Dorchester,  and  111  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  2  37  W,  lat.  50  56  N. 

Siourport,  a  considerable  village  in  Wor- 
ct  stershire  where  the  Staffordshire  and 
Worcester  canal  joins  the  Severn,  is  a 
place  in  a  manner  created  and  from  a 
plain  field  is  become  a  thriving  and  very 
busy  centre  of  inland  water  carriage. 
L  has  a  stone  bridge  over  the  Severn 
finished  in  1775,  and  is  four  miles  S  of 
Kidderminster. 

Stoxv,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday.  Some  call  it  Stow 
on  the  Would  ;  and  it  is  not  only  seated 
on  a  bleak  hill,  but  is  destitute  of  wood 
and  water.  It  is  11  miles  S  of  Campden, 
and  77  WT  bv  N  of  London.  Lon.  1  50 
W,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Stoioey,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday,  seven  miles  W  by 
N  of  Bridgewater,  and  145  W  bv  S  of 
London.    Lon.  3  9  W,  lat. 51  10  N. 

Stow  Mqrket,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seated  be- 
tween the  branches  of  the  Gipping  and 
Orwell,  and  has  a  navigable  cut  to  Ips- 
wich, lis  cherries  are  thought  to  be  the 
finest  in  England,  and  it  has  a  large  ma- 
nufacture of  woollen  stuffs.  It  is  12 
miles  NW  of  Ipswich,  and  75  NNE  of 
London.    Lon.  1  6  E,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Strabune,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Tyrone,  situated  on  the  Moun- 
ne,  11  miles  SSW  of  Londonderry.  Lon. 
719W,  lat.  54  50  N. 

Strabune,  a  township  of  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania ;  situated  on  the 
head  waters  of  Chartieres  creek,  5  miles 
«(NE  of  Washington.  In  1810  it  contained 
2395  inhabitants. 

Strafford,  a  county  of  New  Hampshire, 
containing  41,595  inhabitants  in  1810.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  E  by  the  district  of 


STR 


STR 


Maine ;  on  the  N  by  Grafton  ;  on  the  W 
ami  S  by  Rockingham.  It  is  divided 
into  31  townships,  the  chief  of  which  is 
Gilmantown. 

Stratford,  a  post  town  of  Fairfield 
county,  Connecticut ;  situated  on  the  VV 
side  of  Stratford  river,  near  its  entrance 
into  the  Sound.  In  1810  it  contained 
2895  inhabitants. 

Stradella,  a  strong-  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Milanese,  with  a  castle,  seated  on 
the  Versa,  near  the  Po,  10  miles  SE  of 
Ravin,  and  47  NW  of  Parma.  Lon.  9  12 
E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Straits  of  Calais.    See  Pan  dt>  Calais. 

Straelen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Prussian  Guelderland,  five  miles  SW  of 
Gueldres.    Lon.  5  57  E,  lat.  51  23  N. 

Stralsuud,  a  strong  seaport  of  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Swedish  Pomerania.  In  1678 
it  surrendered  to  the  elector  of  Branden- 
burg, after  1800  houses  had  been  burnt 
in  one  night.  Charles  XII.  in  1718,  came 
hither  after  his  return  from  Turkey ; 
but  Sweden  not  being  able  to  hold  out 
against  five  great  powers,  it  was  forced 
to  submit  in  1715.  In  1726,  it  was  restored 
to  Sweden,  but  in  a  very  poor  condition. 
It  is  almost  surrounded  by  the  Baltic, 
and  the  lake  Francen,  and  has  a  harbour 
separated  from  the  isle  of  Rugen  by  a 
narrow  strait.  It  is  15  miles  NW  of  Grips- 
wald,  and  40  NE  of  Gustrow.  Lon.  13 
28  E,  lat.  54  17  N. 

Strangford,  a  maritime  town  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Down,  seated  on 
the  narrow  channel  that  connects  Lough 
Strangford  with  the  Irish  Sea,  seven 
miles  E  of  Down.  Lon.  5  30  W,  lat. 
54  31  N. 

Strangford,  Lough,  a  deep  inlet  of  the 
sea,  in  the  county  of  Down,  on  the  E 
coast  of  Ireland.  It  contains  54  islands 
that  have  names,  and  many  others  that 
are  nameless.  The  burning  of  Kelp  pro- 
fitably employs  a  great  number  of  hands 
in  these  islands.  Four  of  them  are  called 
Swan  Islands,  from  the  number  of  Swans 
that  frequent  them.  It  is  17  miles  long 
and  five  broad,  and  abounds  with  excel- 
lent fish,  particularly  smelts  ;  and  off  the 
bar,  about  August,  is  a  periodical  herr- 
ing fishery.  The  bar,  or  entrance  into 
it  from  the  Irish  Sea,  is  three  miles  be- 
low Strangford. 

Stranraiver,  a  borough  in  Wigtonshire, 
situated  on  Loch  Ryan.  It  has  a  manu- 
facture of  linen,  and  is  eight  miles  W  of 
Glenluce.    Lon.  5  15  W,  lat.  35  0  N. 

Strasberg,  a  town  and  lordship  of  Su;;- 
bia,  18  miles  E  of  Rotwell,  and  19  W  of 
Buchau. 

Strasburg,  a  commercial  city  of  France, 


in  the  department  of  Lower  Rhine,  and 
late  province  of  Alsace.  It  is  situated  a 
quarter  of  a  league  from  the  Rhine  ;  and 
the  river  111  runs  through  it,  and  forms 
many  canals.  There  are  six  bridges  of 
communication  between  the  different 
quarters  of  the  city;  and  the  inhabitants, 
exclusive  of  the  garrison,  are  computed 
to  he  46,000.  The  prim  ipal  structures 
are  made  of  a  red  stone,  dug  from  the 
quarries,  which  are  along  the  Rhine.  This 
town  formerly  imperial,  was  taken  by 
Lewis  XIV.  in  1681.  The  citadel  and 
fortifications,  which  he  constructed,  have 
been  so  much  augmented,  that  Sirasburg 
mi.  y  be  considered  as  one  of  the  strongest 
places  in  Europe.  It  was  confirmed  to 
France  by  the  peace  of  Ryswick  in  1697. 
The  town  is  entered  by  six  gates.  Be- 
fore the  French  revolution  it  was  an 
archiepiscop;d  see.  In  the  cathedral  is 
a  clock  which  shews  the  motions  of  the 
i  onstellalions,  the  revolutions  of  the  sun 
and  moon,  the  days  of  the  weeks,  the 
hours,  &.c.  Another  remarkable  circum- 
stance in  this  cathedral  is  its  pyramidical 
tower,  which  is  549  feet  high.  Here  is  a 
school  of  artillery,  and,  in  one  of  the  Lu- 
theran churches  the  mausoleum  of  Mar- 
shal Saxe.  Strasburg  is  55  miles  N  of 
Brasll,  and  255  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  7  51  E, 
lat.  48  35  N. 

Stranburg,  a  strong  town  of  Western 
Prussia,  in  Culm,  with  a  castle  It  was 
often  taken  and  retaken  in  the  war  be- 
tween the  Swedes  and  Poles,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Drigentz,  30  miles  from  Thorn. 
Lon.  18  23  E,  lat.  53  5  N. 

Strasburg-,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  dicker  marche  of  Brandenburg, 
12  miles  N  of  Prenzlo,  and  56  N  of  Ber- 
lin.   Lon.  13  43  E,  lat.  53  38  N. 

Strasburg,  a  post  town  in  Franklin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  10  miles  NW  of 
Chambersburg,  13  W  of  Shippensburg, 
and  53  E  of  Bedford. 

Strasburg,  a  post  town  in  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylvania;  eight  miles  SE  of 
the  borough  of  Lancaster,  and  55  W  of 
Philadelphia. 

Strasburg,  a  post  town  in  Shenandoah 
county,  Virginia;  situated  on  a  branch 
of  Shenandoah  river,  18  miles  S  by  W 
of  Winchester,  and  32  NE  of  New- 
market, containing  about  500  inhabi- 
tants. 

Stratford,  a  considerable  village  in 
v,sscx,  four  miles  ENE  of  London.  It 
s  separated  from  Bow,  in  Middlesex, 
by  the  river  Lea,  over  which  is  a  bridge, 
s.dd  to  be  the  most  ancient  stone  one  in 
England. 

Stratford  on  Avon,  a  corporate  town  in 


ST  K 


STR 


Warwickshire,  with  a  market  on  Thurs-1 
day,  chiefly  memorable  for  the  birth  o 
ShaRespcare,  who  uas  interred  here  i 
1616.    It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  am 
seated  on  the  Avon,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridgv,  eight  miles  SW  or'  War- 
wick, and  94  NVV  of  London.   Lon.  1  44 
W,  lat.  5215  N. 

Stratford,  Fenny,  a  town  in  Bucl|ing- 
h:  mshire,  vVith  a  market ofi  Monday, 
ed  on  the  Roman  Wathng  street,  12 
miles  E  of  Buckingham;  11  from  bun- 
Stable,  and  45  .NW  of  London.  Lon.'u 
42  W,  lat.  51  58  X. 

Stratford,  St.  MqictfX,  a  considerable 
village  in  Suffolk,  which  has  a  share  in 
the  woollen  manufacture.  It  is  12  miles 
SW  of  Ipswich.  • 

Stratford,  Stony,  a  large  town  in  Buck- 
inghamshire; stands  w  ith  a  stone  bridge 
on  ttie  river  Ouse,  to  which  the  Walling 
street  comes,  crosses  the  country  from 
Dunstable,  six  miles  from  Fenny  Strat- 
ford, and  52  from  London,  in  the  road  to 
Chester.    Lon.  0  50  W,  lat.  52  3  N. 

•  Strathavon,  a  town  in  Lanerkshiro,  to 
the  S  of  Hamilton,  surrounded  by  the 
fertile  tract  of  Strathmore,  from  which 
it  takes  its  name. 

Strathbogie,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in 
Aberdeenshire,  13  miles  SW  of  Banff', 
and  56  NW  of  Aberdeen.  Lon.  2  25  W, 
lat.  57  25  N. 

S/rathern,  a  beautiful  vale  in  Perth- 
shire, about  30  miles  in  length,  full  of 
rich  meadows  and  cornfields,  divided  by 
the  river  Earn,  which  serpentines  finely 
through  the  middle,  falling  into  the  Tax, 
of  which  there  is  a  sight  at  the  E  end  of 
the  vale.  It  is  prettily  diversified  with 
groves  of  trees  and  gentlemen's  houses. 

Strathmore,  a  valley  in  Kincardineshire, 
one  of  the  finest  tracts  in  Scotland.  L 
begins  near  Stonehaven,  extending  SW 
almost  as  far  as  Ben  Lomond,  and  is  shel- 
tered to  the  NW  by  the  Grampian  moun- 
tains. 

Strathmore,  a  river  in  Suthorlandshire. 
that  falls  into  Loch  Hope.  On  this  river 
are  the  ruins  of  a  curious  ancient  fort, 
called  Dornadilla. 

Stratknaver,  a  district  in  Sutherland  - 
shire,  which  comprises  the  NE  part  of 
that  county.  It  takes  its  name  from  the 
yiver  Nayjer. 

Strathspey,  a  fertile  vale  in  Murray- 
shire,  famous  for  giving  name  to  a  popu- 
lar species  of  Scotch  music.  Tulloch- 
gorum,  liothiemerches,  and  several  other 
places,  cel-brated  in  song,  are  met  with 
in  this  vale. 

Strathy,  a  river  in  Sutherlandshire, 
which  flows  into  an  extensive  bay  of  the 


NbrthrtSea,  sheltered  by  a  large  promon- 

ory  lp  which  it  gives  name. 

Stvutton,  a  town  in  Cornwall,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  between 
•wo  rivulets  which  here  unite  and  fall 
into  the  Bristol  Channel  at  a  small  dis- 
ance.  It  is  18  miles  NW  of  Launceslon, 
nut  221  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  43 
W,  lat.  50  55*N. 

Straubingen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  capital 
of  a  territory  of  the  same  name.  I  is  a* 
large  place,  with  broad  streets,  handsome 
churches,  and  fine  convents.  It  was  ta- 
ken in  1743,  by  the  Austrians,  who  de- 
molished the  fortifications  ;  but  it  was 
restored  in  1745.  It  is  seated  on  the  Da- 
nube, 22  miles  SE  of  Katisbon,  and  65  N 
E  of  Mu.ich.  Lon.  12  35  E,  lat.  48  54  N. 

Streatham,  a  village  in  Surry,  five  miles 
S  of  London.  A  mineral  water  of  a  ca- 
thartic quality  Was  discovered  in  this 
parish  in  1660,  quantities  of  which  are 
sent  to  sor  -e  London  hospitals. 

Stvebla,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  seated  on  the  Elbe,  14  miles  N 
W  of  Meissen,  and  18  NW  of  Dresden. 
Lon.  23  15  E,  lau  51  30  N. 

Slrelitz,  Old,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg  Strelitz.  Its  palace  was 
burnt  down  in  1712;  duke  Adolphus 
Frederick  III.  and  his  family  narrowly 
escaping:  upon  the  destruction  of  this, 

Strelitz,  J\exv,  a  town  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg  Strelitz,  was  founded  by 
Adolphus  Frederick  III.  who  began  to 
erect  a  magnificent  palace,  two  miles 
from  the  site  of  the  old  or  e,  and  in  17:;3, 
he  founded  a  new  town  adjoining  to  the 
palace,  and  ordered  it  to  be  called  New 
Strelitz.  It  is  regularly  planned  in  the 
form  of  a  star,  the  streets  branching  out 
from  the  centre  which  is  a  spacious  mar- 
ket-place. The  chief  street  leads  to  the 
palace,  and  the  next  to  a  pleasant  lake. 

Strevg,  or  Streng-ves,  a  town  of  Sweden 
in  Sudermania,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and 
a  college.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake  Mae- 
ler,  30  miles  W  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17 
40  E,  lat.  59  20  N.. 

Streigan,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Sile- 
sia, nine  miles  NW  of  Schweidnilz.- rj 

Stroemsholm,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  West- 
manland.  Here  is  a  royal  palace,  prettily 
situated  on  a  small  island,  encircled  b) 
two  rapid  currents.  It  is  situated  on  the 
lake  Maeler,  45  miles  SW  of  Upsal.  Lo;:. 
16  24  E,  lat.  59  30  N. 

Stroma,  a  small  island  on  the  coast  of 
Cai'hnesshire,  once  used  as  a  place  of 
interment,  by  the  inhabitants  of  several 
of  the  neighbouring  islands.  In  the  ca- 
verns of  this  island,  v»n corrupted  human 


S  T  R 


SUA 


".ies  that  had  been  dead  sixty  years  or 
more,  were  formerly  to  be  found.  This 
Ud  nd  is  fertile  in  corn,  and  is  inhabited 
by  about  40  families,  who  do  not  plough, 
but  dig"  their  corn  land. 

Strombetg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
ph.Jia,  capital  of  a  small  district,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Minister.  It  is  20  miles  S 
E  of  Minister,  and  20  NW  of  Padeiborn. 
Lon.  7  43  E,  lat.  51  45  N. 
♦  Stromberg,  a  town  of.  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  26  miies  W  of 
Mentz,  and  48  E  of  Treves.  Lon.  7  21 
E,  lat.  49  57  X. 

Stromboli,  the  most  northern  of  the  Li- 
pari  islands.  It  is  a  volcano,  which  rises 
in  a  conical  form  above  the  surface  of  the 
sea.  On  the  E  side,  it  has  three  or  four 
little  craters  ranged  near  each  other,  not 
at  the  summit,  but  on  the  declivity,  near- 
ly at  two  thirds  of  its  height.  It  is  in- 
habited, notwithstanding-  its  fires  ;  but 
care  is  taken  to  avoid  the  proximity  of 
the  crater,  which  is  yet  much  to  be  fear- 
ed. Of  all  the  volcanoes  recorded  in  his- 
tory, Stromboli  seems  to  be  the  only  one- 
that  burns  without  ceasing.  iE'.na  and 
Vesuvius  often  lie  quiet  for  many  months, 
and  even  years,  without  the  least  ap- 
pearance of  fire  ;  but  Stromboli  is  con- 
tinually flaming,  and  for  ages  past,  has 
been  looked  upon  as  the  great  lighthouse 
of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Lon.  15  45 
E,  lat.  38  40  N. 

Stromuess,  a  town  on  th*  W  side  of  the 
island  of  Orkney,  with  an  excellent  har- 
bour, nine  miles  W  of  Kirkwall. 

Stromsoe,  a  town  of  Norway,  18  miles 
SW  of  Christiania.  Lon.  10  20  E,  lat. 
59  43 

Stromsttult,  a  town  of  Sweden,  celebra- 
ted for  its  shell  fish.  Lon.  11  4  E,  lat. 
59  43  N. 

Strongoli,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  sec. 
It  is  seated  on  a  high  rock,  surrounded 
by  others,  three  miles  from  the  sea,  and 
seven  N  of  St.  Severino.  Lon.  17  2o  E, 
lat.  39  20  N. 

Stronsa,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  of 
the  Orknies,  situated  NE  of  that  called 
Mainland. 

Stroud,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  with 
a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
brook,  whose  waters  being  peculiarly 
adapted  to  the  dying  of  scarlet,  its  banks 
are  crowded  with  the  houses  of  clottyers ; 
and  a  navigable  canal  accompanies  its 
progress  to  the  Severn.  This  town  has 
likewise  a  manufactory  of  broad  cloth, 
and  the  canal  has  been  lately  extended 
fo  join  the  Thames  at  Lechlade.  See 
U'hame?.    Sfroud  is  3 1  miles  SE  of  Glou- 


cester, and  102  W  by  X  of  London.  Lon. 
2  8  W,  lat.  51  42  X. 

Stroiid,  a  large  village  in  Kent,  joining 
the  X  end  of  Rochester  bridge,  being 
parted  from  the  city  by  the  river  Med- 

War.      .  ~f 'ilMff.lLl 

Stulihveisseiibvrg,  a  strong  town  of  Low- 
er Hungary,  capital  of  Ekekersedgewar. 
It  had  the  title  of  regalis,  or  royal,  be- 
cause formerly  the  kings  were  crowned 
and  buried  here.  It  has  been  several 
times  taken  by  the  Turks,  but  has  been 
in  the  hands  of  the  house  of  Austria 
ever  since  1688.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rau- 
siza,  20  miies  SW  of  Buda,  and  162  X 
bv  W  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  18  40  E,  lat. 
4*7  19  X. 

Stulingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  with  a  castle,  35  miles 
W  of  Constance.  Lon.  8  24  E,  lat.  47 
45  X. 

Stvrbridge,  a  township  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  1927 
inhabitants  in  1810.  Situated  20  miles 
■SW.  of  Worcester,  near  the  Connecticut 
Hue;     .  ;  ft        \      ^ , . 

Stutgurd,  a  city  of  Germany,  in  Suabia, 
capital  of  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg.  It 
is  surrounded  by  walls  and  ditches,  and 
has  an  ancient  castle,  with  a  rich  cabinet 
of  curiosities,  a  ducal  palace,  an  orphan 
house,  and  a  college^  The  streets  are 
narrow  in  the  city,  and  the  houses  gene- 
rally of  wood;  but  there  are  fine  houses., 
and  straight  streets  in  one  of  the  suburbs. 
It  stands  so  low,  that  it  is  impossible 
ever  to  make  it  a  strong  place.  The 
French  took  Stutgard  in  1796.  It  is 
seated  in  a  plain  among  mountains,  near 
the  river  Neckar,  36  miles  E  of  Baden, 
and  52  NE  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  9  10  E, 
lat.  48  50  X. 

Suabiiiy  a  circle  of  Germany,  bounded 
on  the  X  by  Fianconia  and  the  circle  of 
Lower  Rhine,  on  the  W  by  that  circle 
and  Alsace,  on  the  S  by  Swisserland, 
and  on  the  E  by  Bavaria.  It  contains  the 
duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  the  margravate  of 
I'adcn,  the  principality  of  Hoen-Zollern, 
Oetingen,  and  Mindleheim,  the  bishop- 
rics of  Augsburg,  Constance  and  Coire3 
with  several  abbies,  and  imperial  townV 
In  1796,  the  French  army  entirely  over  - 
run this  country,  but  evacuated  it  before 
the  end  of  tire  year. 

Suunc.    See  Soana. 

Snanest  Suatii,  or  Suflneti,  a  poor  anil 
simple  people  of  Asia,  who  inhabit  one 
of  the  four  divisions  of  Imeritia.  They 
snbsist  by  raising  cattle,  and  by  a  little 
agriculture. 

Suaquam,  a  seaport  of  the  country  of 
Abex  in  Africa,  seated  on  a  small  island 


S  U  D 


SUF 


of  the  same  name,  on  the  W  side  of  the 
Red  Sea.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  Turk- 
ish governor  under  the  bashaw  of  Cairo, 
and  was  once  a  very  flourishing-  place, 
but  is  now  gone  to  decay.  Loji.  37  55 
E,  lat.  19  56  N. 

Subiacu,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 
di  Roma,  wi  h  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Te- 
verorte,  33  miles  E  of  Rome. 

Success  Bay,  a  buy  of  the  island  o: 
Terra  del  Fuego,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  S  promontory,  at  its  entrance,  cal- 
led Cape  Success,  is  in  Ion.  65  27  W, 
lat.  55  1  S. 

Suchtelen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, 12  miles  E  of  Ruremondt,  and  21 
N  of  .Tuliers.    Lon.  6  2  E,  lat.  5\  18  N. 

Sudbury,  a  borough  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  has  three  church- 
es, is  governed  bv  a  mayor,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  It  was  one 
of  the  first  seats  of  the  Flemings,  who 
were  brought  over  by  Edward  III.  to 
teach  the  English  the  art  of  manufactur- 
ing their  own  wool.  Its  trade  is  now  di- 
verted, in  great  part,  into  other  channels ; 
but  many  kinds  of  thin  stuffs  are  still 
made  here,  particularly  says,  bunting-, 
and  crapes.  It  contains  5000  souls,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Siour  (which  is  naviga- 
ble hence  to  Manningtr.ee)  14  miles  SE 
of  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  and  56  XE  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  50  E,  lat.  52  11  X. 

Suderhamn,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Helsing-land,  which  carries 
on  a  considerable  trade  in  linen,  butter, 
timber  and  flax.  It  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  near  the  gulf  of  Both- 
nia, 20  miles  N  of  Gesle.  Lon.  17  5  E, 
lat.  63  20  X. 

Suderkoping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  E 
Gothland,  10  miles  S  of  Nordkoping,  and 
90  SW  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  15  56  E,  la.. 
58  19  N. 

Sudermauia,  or  Sudennanland,  a  pro- 
vince of  Sweden  Proper,  62  miles  long, 
and  42  broad;  bounded  on  the  X  by  Up- 
land and  Westermania,  on  the  E  by  the 
peninsula  of  Tarin,  on  the  S  by  the  Bal- 
tic, and  on  the  W  by  Xericia.  It  is  the 
most  populous  part  in  Sweden,  and  a- 
bdunds  in  corn,  and  mines  of  divers  me- 
tals.   Nikoping  is  the  capital. 

Sitdertelge,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Sudermania,  with  a  manufac- 
ture of  worsted  and  silk  stockings.  Il  is 
16  miles  WSW  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  18  0 
E,  lat.  59  10  X. 

Sudoree,  one  of- the  Faro  Islands,  in 
the  Northern  Ocean  ;  remarkable  for  a 
dangerous  whirlpool  near  it,  which  is 
occasioned  by  a  crater,  61  fathoms  deep 
in  the  centre.    The  danger,  especially 


m  storms,  is  very  great ;  but  at  the  re- 
flux, and  in  very  still  weather,  the  inha- 
bitants venture  in  boats,  for  the  sake  of 
fishing.  Tji^^ 

Svenborg,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Funen,  with  the  best  harbour 
in  the  island.  Here  are  manufactures  of 
woollen  and  linen.  It  is  22  miles  S  of 
Odensee.    Lon.  10  37  E,  lat.  55  9  N. 

Suez,  a  seaport  of  Egypt,  with  a  cas- 
tle, seated  at  the  N  end  of  the  W  gulf 
of  the  Red  Sea,  called  the  gulf  of  Suez. 
This  guif  is  separated  from  the  Medi- 
terranean, by  an  isthmus,  125  miles  over, 
which  joins  Asia  to  Africa.  The  town 
is  surrounded  by  a  sandy  country,  and 
is  without  water.  It  is  crowded  with 
people,  when  the  Turkish  gallies  arrive 
there,  but  at  other  dines  is  almost  de- 
serted ;  and  the  harbour  is  too  shallow 
to  admit  ships  of  great  burden.  It  is 
65  miles  E  of  Cairo.  Lon.  32  45  E,  lat. 
30  2  X. 

Sujfield,  a  post  town  in  Hartford  coun- 
ty, Connecticut  ;  situated  on  the  W  bank 
of  Connecticut  river,  18  miles  X  of  Hart- 
ford, and  55  X  by  E  of  Xew  Haven.  In 
1800  the  township  contained  2686  inha- 
bitants. 

Suffolk,  a  county  of  England,  58  miles 
long,  and  28  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  W 
by  Cambridgeshire,  on  the  X  by  Xorfolk, 
on  the  S  by  Essex,  and  on  the  E  by  the 
German  Ocean.  It  lies  in  the  diocese  of 
Norwich  :  contains  22  hundreds,  28  mar- 
ket towns,  and  575  parishes  ;  and  sends 
16  members  to  parliament.  Suffolk  is  in 
general  a  level  country,  without  any  con- 
siderable eminences.  In  respect  to  soil 
it  may  be  divided  into  three  portions. 
The  seacoast,  to  some  distance  inland,  is 
for  the  most  part  sandy,  and  is  distribu- 
ted into  arable  land,  heaths  and  marshes. 
The  arable  produces  excellent  barley ; 
and  towards  the  SE  great  quantities  of 
carrots  arc  grown.  The  heaths  afford 
extensive  sheep-walks  ;  and  the  marshes 
feed  numbers  of  cattle.  The  soil  has  in 
many  parts  be?n  much  improved  by  shell- 
marl,  (called  here  crctng)  of  which  vast 
beds  have  been  discovered,  particularly 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  AVoodbridge. 
The  sea  shore  is  chiefly  composed  of 
loamy  cliffs,  which  are  continually  falling 
down,  undermined  by  the  waves.  Hence 
great  changes  have  been  effected  on  this 
coast ;  and  some  towns,  once  considera- 
ble, as  Dunwich  and  Aid  borough,  have 
been  almost  washed  away  by  the  sea. 
A.bout  Orfordness  there  are  various  salt- 
water creeks  and  inlets,  which  form  ex- 
ensive  marshes.  The  internal  part  of 
the  county,  from  X  to  S,  and  across  quite 


SUG 


SUM 


to  the  SW  angle,  is  in  general  a  strong- 
clayey  soil,  fertile  to  a  great  degiee in 
all  the  objects  of  husbandry.  A  part  ot 
it  called  high  Suffolk,  has  a  soil  so  s  ifi 
and  tenacious,  that  its  roads  in  wet  sea- 
sons are  scarcely  passable.  The  great 
product  of  this  traet  is  butter,  which  is 
exported  to  London  and  other  parts  in 
great  quantities.  Much  cheese  too  is 
made  here  ;  but  as  it  is  only  supplemen- 
tary to  die  butter,  it  has  gained,  almost 
proverbially,  the  character  of  the  worst 
in  England.  Besides  grain  of  all  sorts, 
be  ns  arc  grown  abundantly  in  the  mid- 
dle parts  of  Suffolk.  Hemp  is  likewise 
cultivated  to  a  considerable  extent,  and 
spun  and  woven  on  the  spot  into  cloth  of 
various  degre.  »  of  fi.  eness  Some  hops 
are  grown  not  far  horn  Sudbury.  The  N 
W  portion  of  Suffolk  is  i.n  open  country, 
and  forms  a  considerable  part  of  {he  wide 
tract  of  barren  heath  which  occupies  so 
much  of  this  quarter  of  the  kingdom.  It  is 
chiefly  in  warrens  and  sheep  walks, but  in- 
terspersed wnh  poor  arable  land.  The  ex- 
treme angle,  bordering  on  the  Ely  fens, 
partakes  of  their  nature.  On  the  whole, 
this  county  \*  one  of  the  most  thriving 
with  respect  to  agriculture,  and  its  da- 
rners are  opulent  and  skilful.  The  cul- 
ture of  turmps  prevails  here  almost  as 
much  as  in  Norfolk.  They  have  a  very 
excellent  breed  of  draught  horses,  mid- 
dle sized,  and  remarkably  short-made, 
capable  of  vast  exertions.  Tlie  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Stour,  Waveny,  Little 
Ouse,  Larke,  Deben,  Gipping,  and  Or- 
well. Ipswich  is  the  principal  town ; 
but  die  assizes  are  held  at  Bury  St.*  Ed- 
mund's. 

Suffolk,  a  county  of  Long  Island,  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  containing  21,116  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  bounded  on  ihe 
N  by  Long  Island  Sound;  E  and  S  by  tin 
Ocean  ;  and  W  by  Queen's  bounty.  The 
chief  town  is  East  Hampton. 

Suffolk,  a  county  of  Massachusetts, 
containing  34,381  inhabitants  in  181<J  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  and  NE  by  tin  har- 
bour of  Boston  ;  S  by  Norfolk  ;  and  W 
by  Middlesex.  Boston  is  the  chief  town, 
as  well  as  the  capital  of  the  state. 

Suffolk,  a  post  town,  and  the  principal 
seat  of  justice  in  Nansemond  county, 
Virginia;  lying  on  the  SE  sub  of  Nan- 
semond river,  29  miles  SW  of  Norfolk, 
and  65  SE  of  Petersburg  on  tue  Appo- 
mattox.   It  has  about  35u  inhabitants. 

Sugelmessa,  or  Sigelmessa,  a  province 
of  Barbary  bounded  on  the  S  by  the 
kingdom  of  Tafilet,  and  on  the  N  by 
Mount  Atlas.  It  is  aboui  100  miles  in 
lengdi ;  abounds  in  corn,  dated,  and  other 
fruits,  and  has  mines  of  iron,  lead,  and 


antimony.  The  government  is  a  republic. 
The  capital  of  the  same  name,  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Z  g,  150  nubs  N NE  of  Tafilet. 
Lou.  5  5  W,  lat.  29  40  N. 

Sullivan,  a  post  tow  n  in  Hancock  coun- 
ty ,  Maine  ;  situated  at  the  head  of  French- 
man's bav,  35  miles  E  of  Castine,  in  lat. 
44  o0  N,  "and  Ion.  68  23  YV. 

SuUivon,  a  count)  of  Washington  dis- 
trict, E  Tennessee,  containing  6847  inha- 
bitants in  1S10.  It  is  situated  between 
the  upper  branches  of  Holstein  river  and 
the  sta;e  of  Virginia.  The  chief  town  is 
Blouiu&ville. 

Sulh;,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret,  and  late  province  of  Or- 
leMiois,  sealed  on  the  Loire,  20  miles  S 
E  of  Oi  leans.    Lon.  2  26  E,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Sulmo?ia,  an  episcopal  tow  n  of  Naples, 
in  Abruzzo  Citeriore,  anciently  called 
?ulmo.  It  is  remarkable  for  being  the 
birth-place  of  Ovid  It  is  seated  on  the 
Sora,  26  miles  SW  of  Cheiti.  Lon.  14  55 
E,  lat.  42  0  N.  ■ 

Sultaniu,  a  considerable  town  of  Per- 
sia, in  lrac  Agemi.  Here  is  a  magnifi- 
cent mosque,  which  contains  the  tomb 
of ,  sultan  Chodabend.  l\  is  50  miles  NW 
of  Oasbin     Lon.  51  53  E,  lat.  36  16  N. 

Sultampour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  the  province  of  Lahore.  Lon.  73 
50  E,  lat.  30  25  N. 

Sultampour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Pre. per,  m  the  province  of  Oude,  five 
miles  N  of  Alfchdbad.  Lon.  82  30  E,  lat. 
29  5  N. 

Sultz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Suabm.  ;  nd  duchy  of  Wlrtemburg, 
near  the  Neckar,  where  there  are  some 
salt-woiks  sufficient  to  supply  the  duchy 
wi  h  salt.  It  is  12  miles  SE  of  Freuden- 
Btadt,  and  12  N  of  liothweil.  Lon.  8  35 
E,  lat.  48  18  N. 

Sultz,  a  own  of  Fiance,  in  the  depart- 
ing ot  Upper  Rhine,  with  a  medicinal 
sprmg,  12  miles  S3W  oi  Colmar. 

Suitzhach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Bavaria,  wdh  a  castle,  sub- 
ject to  the  duke  of  Neuburg-Sultzbach. 
It  is  10  miles  NW  of  Amberg,  and  32  N 
of  Ratisbon.    Lon.  11  56  E,  lat.  49  38  N. 

Sulttburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  and  in  the  margravate 
of  Baden-Durlach,  with  a  fine  palace.  It 
is  seated  in  a  territory  f  rtile  in  good 
wine,  eight  miles  SW  of  Friburg.  Lon. 
7  3U  E,  lat.  47  54  N. 

Sumatra,  an  island  of  Asia,  the  most 
western  of  the  Sunda  Islands,  and  con- 
stituting on  that  side  the  boundary  of 
the  Eastern  Archipelago.  Its  general  di- 
rection is  nearly  NW  and  SE.  The  equa- 
tor divides  it  into  almost  equal  parts,  the 
one  extremity  being  in  5  33  N,  and  the 


SUM 


S  U  M 


other  in  5  56  S  lat.  Achecn  Head,  al 
the  X  extremity  of  the  island,  is  in  Ion 
95  34  E.  It  lies  exposed  on  the  S\V  s'id$ 
to  the  Indian  Ocean;  the  N  point  stretch- 
es into  the  hay  of  Bengal;  to  the  XL",  it 
is  divided  from  the  peninsula  of  Malacca 
by  the  -straits  of  that  name  ;  to  the  E  by 
the  straits  of  Banca,  from  the  island  of 
that  name  ;  to  the  SE  by  the  commence- 
ment of  -what  are  called  the  Chinese 
Seas ;  and  on  the  S  by  the  straits  of 
Sunda,  which  separate  it  from  the  island 
of  Java.  It  is  about  900  miles  in  length, 
but  from  100  to  150  only  in  breadth. 
Xo  account  hud  been  given  of  this  is- 
land by  any  Englishman  till  the  year 
1778,  when  Mr.  Charles  Miller  (son  of 
the  late  botanical  gardener)  published 
an  account  of  the  manners  of  a  particu- 
lar district.  These  were  the  Battas,  a 
people  who  live  in  the  interior  parts, 
called  the  Cassia  Country.  They  differ 
from  all  the  other  inhabitants  in  lan- 
guage, manners,  and  customs.  They  eat 
the  prisoners  whom  they  take  iu  war, 
and  hang  up  their  skulls  as  trophies  in 
their  houses.  He  observes,  however,  thai 
human  flesh  is  eaten  by  them  in  terrovem, 
and  not  as  common  food,  though  they 
prefer  it  to  all  others,  and  speak  with 
peculiar  raptures  of  the  soles  of  the  feet 
and  palms  of  the  hands.  They  expressed 
much  surprise  that  the  white  people  did 
not  kill,  much  less  eat  their  prisoners. 
From  this  country  the  greatest  part  of 
the  cassia  that  is  sent  to  Europe  is  pro- 
cured. It.  ahounds  also  with  the  cam- 
phire  trees,  which  constitute  the  com- 
mon timber  in  use;  and  in  these  trees  | 
the  camphire  is  found  native,  in  a  con- 
crete form.  In  1783,  Mr.  Marsden,  who 
had  heen  secretary  to  the  president  and 
council  of  Fort  Marlborough,  published 
a  history  of  Sumatra,  with  very  copious 
particulars  of  the  island.  He  represents 
it  as  surpassed  by  few  in  the  beautiful 
indigencies  of  nature.  A  chain  of  high, 
mountains  runs  through  its  whole  extent, 
the  ranges  in  many  parts  being  double 
and  treble  ;  their  altitude,  though  great, 
is  not  sufficient  to  occasion  their  being 
covered  with  snow^during  any  part  of 
the  \v:a\  Between  these  ridges  are  ex- 
tensive plains,  considerably  elevated 
above  the  surface  of  the  maritime  lands: 
In  these  the  air  is  cool  ;  and  from  this 
advantage  they  are  esteemed  the  most 
eligible  portion  of  the  country,  are  the 
best  inhabited,  and  the  most  cleared 
from  woods,  wh"<h  elsewhere,  in  gene- 
ral throughout  Sumatra,  cover  both  hills 
and  valleys  with  an  eternal  shade.  Here 
too  are  found  many  large  and  be  utife: 
lakes,  that  facilitate  much  the  commu- 


j  nicaiion  between  the  different  parts. 
TJie  heat  of  the  air  is  far  from  being 
sq  intense  as  might  be  expected  from 
...  country  occupying  the  middle  of  the 
Torrid  Zone  ;  and  it  is  more  temperate 
than  many  regions  within  the  Tropics  . 
the  thermometor,  atjtthe  most  sultry 
hour,  about  two  in  the  afternoon,  ge- 
m-rally fluctuating  between  82  and  85 
degrees.  Mr  Marsden  divides  the  inha- 
bitants into  Malajs,  Achenese,  Battas* 
Lampoons,  and  llejangs ;  and  he  takes 
the  latter  as  his  standard  of  description, 
with  respect  to  the  persons,  maimers, 
and  customs  of  the  inhabitants.  They 
are  rather  below  the  middle  stature ; 
their  bulk  in  proportion ;  their  limbs 
for  the  most  part  slight ;  but  well 
shaped,  and  particularly  small  at  the 
wrists  and  ancles  ;  and,  upon  the  whole, 
ihey  are  gracefully  formed.  Their  hair 
is  strong,  and  of  a  shining  black.  The 
men  are  beardless,  great  pains  being 
taken  to  render  them  so  when  boys,  by 
rubbing  t  heir  chins  with  a  kind  of  quick- 
lime. Their  complexion  is  properly 
yellow*  wanting-  the  red  tinge  that  con- 
stitutes a  copper  or  tawny  colour.  They 
are  in  general  lighter  than  the  Mestees, 
or  half-breed,  of  the  rest  of  India;  those 
of  the  superior  class,  who  are  not  ex- 
posed to  the  rays  of  the  sun,  and  parti- 
cularly their  women  of  rank,  approach- 
ing to  a  degree  of  fairness.  If  beauty 
consisted  in  this  one  quality,  some  of 
thetn  would  surpass  our  brunettes  in 
Europe.  The  major  part  of  the  females 
are  ugly,  many  of  them  even  to  disgust; 
yet  among  them  are  some  whose  appear- 
ance is  strikingly  bcaut'dul,  whatever 
composition  of  person,  features,  and 
complexion,  that  sentiment  may  be  the 
result  of.  Some  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  hilly  parts  are  observed  to  have  the 
swelled  neck  or  goitre,  but  they  attempt 
no  remedy  for  it,  as  these  wens  are  con- 
sistent with  the  highest  health.  ,The^ 
rites  of  marriae  among  the  Sumatra;  > 
consis  simply  in  joining  the  hands  of 
the  parties,  and  pronouncing  them  man 
and  wife  ^.without  much  ceremony,  ex- 
cepting ihe  entertainment  which  is  given 
upon  the  occasion  by  the  father  of"  the 
girl.  The  customs  of  the  Sumatrans 
permit  their  having  as  many  wives  as 
they  can  purchase,  or  afford  to  maintain, 
but  it  is  extremely  rare  that  an  instance 
occurs  of  their  having  more  than  one,, 
and  that  only  among  a  few  of  the  chiefs. 
This  continence  they  owe,  in  some  mea- 
sure to  their  poverty.  The  dictates  of 
frugality  are  more  powerful  with  them 
than  the  irregular  calls  of  appetite,  and 
make  them  decline  an  indulgence  from 


S  U  M 


SUM 


which  their  law  does  not  restrain  them. 
MotJiefei  carry  their  children,  not  on  the 
arm  as  our  nurses  do,  but  straddling  on 
the  hip,  and  usually  supported  by  a  clotii 
which"  ties   in  a  knot  on  the  opposite 
shoulder.    The  children  are  nursed  but 
iijtile ;  are  not  confined  by  any  swathing 
or  bandages  ;  and  being  suffered  to  roll 
about  the  fi  -or,  soon  learn  to  walk  and 
shift  for  themselves.    When  cradles  are 
used,  they  swing1  suspended  tVom  the 
ceiling's  of  the  rooms.    The  Su mat  raps 
are  so  fond  of  cqek-ftghting,  that  a  father 
on  liis  deathbed  has  been  known  to  de- 
sire Ids  son  to  take  the  first  opportunity 
of  matching  a  cock  for  a  sum  equal  to 
liis  whole  properly    under  a.  blind  con- 
viction of  its  being  invulnerable.  When 
a  cock  is  killed  or  runs,  the  other  must 
have  sufficient  spirit  and  vigour  left  10 
peck  at  him  three  times  on  his  being 
held  up  to  him  for  lhat  purpose,  or  it  be- 
e  ime*  a  drawn  battle  ;  and  sometjmes  an 
experienced  cocker  will  place  the  head 
of  his  vanquished  bird  in  such  an  un- 
couth  situation  us  to  terrify  the  other, 
and  render  him  unable  to  give  this  proof 
of  victory.    The  wild  beasts  of  Suniatia 
ate  tigers,  ele  phants,  rhinoceroses,  bears, 
and  monkeys.    The  tigers  prove  to  the 
inhabitants  both  in  their  journeys  and 
even  their  domestic  occupations  most 
destructive  enemies.     The  number  of 
people  annually  slain  by  these  rapacious 
tyrants  of  the  woods  is  almost  incredible. 
Whole  villages  have  been  depopulated 
by  them  ;  yet  from  a  superstitious  pre- 
judice, it  is  with  difficulty  they  are  pre- 
vailed upon,  by  a  large  reward  which  the 
India  Company  offers,  to  use  methods  of 
destroying  them,  till  tluy  have  sustained 
some  particular  injury  in  their  own  fa- 
mily or  kindred.    The  size  and  strength 
of  the  species  which  prevails  on  this 
island  is  prodigious.    They  are  said  to 
break  with  a  stroke  of  their  fore  paw  the 
leg  of  a  horse  or  a  buffalo  ;  and  the 
largest  prey  they  kill  is  without  difficulty 
dc  igged  by  them  into  the  woods.  Tins 
they  usually  perform  on  the  second  night, 
being  supposed  on  the  first  to  gratify 
themselves  with  sucking  the  blood  only. 
Time  is  by  this  delay  afforded  to  prepare 
for  then*  destruction,  either  by  sliootinr^ 
them,  or  placing  a  vessel  of  water  strong- 
ly impregnated  with  arsenic  r.eur  the 
carcass,  which  is  fastened  to  a  tree  to 
prevent  its  being  carried  off.    The  tiger 
having  satiated  himself  with  the  flesh, 
is  prompted  to  assuage  his  thirst  with 
the  tempting  liquor  at  hand,  and  perish- 
es in  the  indulgence.  Alligators  likewise 
occ.  sum  the  loss  of  many  inhabitants, 
frequently  destroying  the  people  as  they 


bathe  in  the  river,  according  to  their  re* 
gular  custom,  and  which  the  perpetual 
evidence  of  the  risk  attending  it  cannot 
deter  them  from.    A  superstitious  idea 
of  their  sanctity  also  preserves  them 
from  molestation,  although  with  a  hook 
of  sufficient  strength,  they  maybe  taken 
without  much  difficulty.    The  other  ani- 
mals of  Sumatra  are  buffaloes,  a  small 
kind  of  horses,  goats,  hogs,  deer,  bul- 
locks, and  hog-deer.    This  last  is  an 
animal  somewhat  larger  than  a  rabbit, 
die  head  resembling  that  of  a  hog,  and 
its  bhanks  and  feet  like  those  of  the  deer. 
The  bczoar  stone  found  on  this  animal 
j  has  been  valued  at  ten  times  its  weight 
!  in  gold  ;  it  is  of  a  dark  brown  colour, 
!  smooth  on  the  outside ;  and  the  coat 
!  being  taker,  off,  it  appears  still  darker, 
villi  strings   running   underneath  the 
coat  :  it  "Aiil  swim  on  the  top  of  the 
Water.    If  it  he  infused  in  any  liquid,  it 
makes  it  extremely  bitter;  the  virtues 
usually  ;.v.  ributed  to  this  stone  are  cleans- 
ing the  stomach,  creating  an  appetite, 
ami  sweetening  the  blood.  Of  birds  they 
have  a  greater  variety  than  of  beasts. 
The  coo-ow,  or  Sumatran  pheasant,  is  a 
bird  of  uncommon  beauty.    They  have 
storks" of  prod;guot:s  size,  parrots,  dung- 
hill fowls,  ducks,  the  largest  cocks  in  the 
world,  wcodpigeohs,  doves,  and  a  great 
variety  of  small  birds,  different  from 
ours,  and  distinguished  by  the  beauty  of 
their  colours.    Of  their  reptiles,  they 
have  lizards,  flying  lizards,  and  came- 
leons.    The  island  swarms  with  insects, 
and  their  varietie  s  are  no  less  extri  o  di- 
nary  than  their  numbers.    Rice  is  die 
6hiy  gr»in  that  grows  in  the  country  j 
•hey  have  sugar-canes,  beans,  peas,  rad- 
shes,  yams,  potatoes,  pumpkins,  and  se- 
veral kinds  of  pot-herbs  unknown  to  Eu- 
rope ;  and  here  are  to  be  found  most  of 
.'ne  fruits  to  be  met  with  in  other  parts  - 
of  the  East  Indies,  in  the  greatest  per- 
fection.   Indigo,  Brasil-wood,  two  spe- 
cies of  the  bread-fruit  tree,  pepper,  ben- 
iamin  ;  coffee,  and  cotton  are  likewise, 
the  produce  of  this  island,  as  well  as 
cassia  and  camphire  mentioned  above, 
rfere  also  is  the  cabbage  tree  and  silk 
cotton  tree;  and  the  forest  contains  a 
great  variety  of  valuable  species  of  wood, 
as  ebony,  pme,  sandal,  eagle  or  aloes, 
teek,   manchinegl,  and  iron-wood,  and 
also  the  banyan  tree.    Gold,  tin,  iron, 
copper;  and  lead,  are  found  in  the  coun- 
try ;  and  the  fofrner  is  supposed  to  be  as 
plentiful  here  as  in  Peru  or  Mexico.  The. 
finest  gold  and  gold-dust  are  found  in  the 
country  of  Limong,  immediately  conti- 
guous to  the  presidency  of  Fort  Marlbo- 
rough, to  which  the  merchants  repair 
4  N 


s  u  m 


S  U  N 


ammally  for  the  purchase  of  opium,  and 
such  other  articles  as  ihey  may  be  in 
Want  of,  and  give  for  them  gold  of  so 
pure  a  nature,  us  to  contain  little  or  no 
alloy.  The  native  indolence  of  the  Ma- 
lay disposition  prevents  them  from  col- 
lecting- more  than  is  sufficient  to  supply 
the  few  and  simple  wants  of  a  race  of 
men  as  yet  unenlightened  by  civilization 
and  science,  and  ignorant  of  the  full  ex- 
tent of  the  advantages  of  the  country 
they  inhabit.  The  roads  leading  to  this 
golden  country  are  almost  impervious  ; 
alTording  only  a  scanty  path  to  a  single 
traveller,  where  whole  nights  must  be 
passed  in  the  open  air,  exposed  to  the 
malignant  influence  of  a  hostile  climate, 
in  a  country  infested  by  the  most  feroci- 
ous wild  beasts.  These  are  circumstan- 
ces that  have  hitherto  checked  curiosity; 
but  perseverance  and  studied  precaution 
will  surmount  the  obstacles  they  furnish, 
and  such  discoveries  might  be  made  as 
would  amply  compensate  for  the  difficul- 
ties leading  to  them.  The  gold  mer- 
chants who  come  from  the  neighbouring 
and  less  rich  countries,  give  us  such  ac- 
counts of  the  facility  of  procuring  gold : 
as  border  nearly  on  the  marvellous,  and 
would  be  altogether  incredible,  if  great 
quantities  of  that  metal  produced  by 
them  did  not  in  some  degree  evince  the 
certainty  of  their  accounts.  The  Eng- 
lish and  Dutch  have  factories  on  this 
island ;  the  principal  one  of  the  former 
being  Fort  Marlborough,  on  the  SW 
coast.  The  original  natives  of  Sumatra 
are  Pagans ;  but  it  is  to  be  observed, 
that  when  the  Sumatrans,  or  any  of  the 
natives  of  the  eastern  islands,  learn  to 
read  the  Arabic  character,  and  submit 
to  circumcision,  they  are  said  to  be- 
come Malays  ;  the  term  Malay  being 
understood  to  mean  Musselman.  See 
Ac  keen. 

Sutnbvl,  a  town  of  Hindoo stan  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  Oude,  45  miles  WNW 
of  Bereillv,  and  65  E  of  Delhi.  Lon.  78 
55  E,  lat.  21  25  X. 

Sumbuipour,  or  .S?miipow',a.to\vn  of  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Orissa,  280  miles  W  of  Calcutta.  Lon. 
83  40  E,  lat.  21  25  N. 

Sumeh,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Asia,  in 
the  province  of  Natolia,  14  miles  E  of 
Pe"'_7amo. 

Sunierein,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
seated  in  the  island  of  Schut,  made  by 
l  lie  river  Danube.  It  is  16  miles  S  of  Pres- 
burg.  Lon.  17  23  E,  lat.  48  4  X. 

Simmer,  a  county  of  Mero  district, 
W  Tennessee,  containing  13,792  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  bounded  by  ti,, 
Cumberland  mountains  in  the  SE  ;  by 


the  state  of  Kentucky  in  the  X;  and  by 
Davidson  county,  in  the  W.  It  is  well 
watered  by  the  river  Cumberland  and  its 
various  branches. 

Sumpter,  a  district  of  South  Carolina, 
containing  three  counties,  and  a  popula- 
tion of  19,054  inhabitants,  of  whom  11,638 
were  slaves  in  1810.  The  capital  States- 
burg. 

Sunart,  a  district  in  Argyleshire,  in 
the  peninsula  at  the  NW  end  of  that 
county.  It  is  remarkable  for  numerous 
veins  of  lead,  which  however  are  not  very 
productive. 

Sunart,  Loch,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  in 
Argyleshire,  which  divides  the  island  of 
Mull  from  the  district  of  Morven. 

Sunbury,  a  post  town  in  Xorthumber- 
land  county,  Pennsylvania;  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Susquehannah  river,  two 
miles  below  Northumberland,  56  N  of 
Harrisburg,  and  164  NW  of  Philadelphia, 
containing  about  700  inhabitants. 

Sunbury,  a  post  town  and  port  of  entry, 
in  Liberty  county,  Georgia;  lying  on  the 
S  side  of  N.  Newport  river,  45  miles  S 
by  E  of  Savannah,  in  lat.  31  43  X,  and  ion, 
81  18  W.  The  harbour  is  formed  and  de- 
fended from  the  weather  by  the  interpo- 
sition of  Catherine  Island,  which  lies  off 
its  entrance. 

Simk  Island,  an  island  within  the  mouth 
of  the  Humber,  about  9  miles  in  circuit, 
separated  from  Yorkshire  by  a  channel, 
near  two  miles  broad. 

Sunning,  a  village  in  Berkshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Thames,  two  miles  NE  of 
Reading.    It  was  once  an  episcopal  see. 

Sunning  Hill,  a  village  in  Berkshire,  in 
Windsor  Forest.  It  is  noted  for  its  me- 
dicinal wells,  which  are  efficacious  in  pa- 
ralytic cases,  and  is  six  miles  SSW  of 
Windsor. 

Sunda  Islands,  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  near  the  straits  of  Sunda.  The 
chief  of  them  axe  Borneo,  Java,  and  Su- 
matra. 

Sunderbrrnds,  or  The  Woods,  a  tract  of 
country,  consisting  of  that  part  of  the 
Delta  of  the  Ganges,  in  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, and  in  the  soubah  of  Bengal,  which 
borders  on  the  sea.  It  is  composed  of  a 
labyrinth  of  rivers  and  creeks,  all  of 
which  are  salt,  except  those  that  imme- 
diately communicate  with  the  principal 
arm  of  tiie  Ganges.  In  extent  it  is 
equal  to  the  principality  of  Wales.  "  It 
is  so  completely  enveloped  in  woods  and 
infested  with  tigers,"  says  major  Rennell, 
"  that  if  any  attempts  have  ever  been 
made  to  clear  it  (as  is  reported  )  they 
Save  hitherto  miscarried."  Here  salt,  in 
quantities  equal  to  the  whole  consump- 
tion of  Bengal  and  its  dependencies,  is 


SUP 


SUR 


made  and  transported  with  exjual  Facility; 
and  here  also  is  found  an  inexhaustible 
store  of  timber  for  boat-building.  The 
breadth  of  the  lower  part  of  this  Delta 
is  upwards  of  180  miles,  to  which,  if  we 
Add  that  of  the  two  branches  of  the  river 
that  bound  it,  we  shall  have  about  200 
miles  for  the  distance  to  which  the 
Ganges  expands  its  branches,  at  its  junc- 
tion with  the  sea. 

Simderbvrg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Alsen,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  strait,  called  Sunderburg  Sound, 
12  miles  E  of  Flensburg.  Lon.  10  0  E, 
lat.  54  51  N. 

SunderdooyOV jyielundifyH  fortified  island 
and  seaport  of  the  Deccan,  on  the  Concan 
coast,  reduced  by  commodore  James,  in 
1756.  It  is  about  10  miles  NE  of  Vingor- 
la  Kocks,  and  36  NNW  of  Goa.  Lon.  73 
20  E,  lat.  16  3  N. 

Sunderland,  a  seaport  in  the  bishopric 
of  Durham.  It  is  a  large  and  thriving 
town,  which,  for  the  exportation  of  coals, 
is  next  in  consequence  on  this  side  of 
the  kingdom  to  Newcastle.  Its  port,  on 
the  mouth  of  the  Were,  though  im- 
proved from  its  former  state,  will  not 
admit  the  largest  ships  ;  but  vessels  can 
get  out  to  sea  from  hence  much  more 
readily  than  from  theTyne.  The  coals  are 
brought  down  the  Were  from  numerous 
pits  near  its  banks.  There  are  several 
glass-houses  at  Sunderland ;  and  it  also 
exports  grindstones  and  other  articles. 
It  is  13  miles  NE  of  Durham,  and  264 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  14  W,  lat. 
54  56  N. 

Sunderland,  a  town  of  the  United  States, 
in  Massachusetts;  seated  on  Connecticut 
river,  100  miles  W  of  Boston. 

Sundiy  a  province  of  Congo,  in  Africa, 
which  lies  along  the  river  Zaire.  Its 
rivers  render  it  extremely  fertile,  and  in 
the  mountains  are  mines  of  several  me- 
tals. The  capital  is  of  the  same  name 
Lon.  17  55E,  lat.  4  50  S. 

Sundsivall,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Medelpadia.  It  carries  on  a 
trade  in  tar,  bark  of  birch  trees,  deals 
and  linen,  and  is  seated  near  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia.    Lon.  18  5  E,  lat.  62  45  N. 

Sunneberg,  or  Soivieberq-y  a  town  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Saxony,  and 
territory  of  Sternburg,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Darta,  50  miles  E  by  N  of 
Berlin.    Lon.  15  10  E,  lat.  52  41  N, 

Superior,  Lake,  a  lake  of  North  Ame- 
rica, one  half  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  and  one  half  to  Great  Britain, 
so  called  from  its  being  the  largest  on 
that  continent.  According  to  the  French 
charts  it  is  1500  miles  in  circumference. 
It  contains  many  islands  ;  two  of  them 


very  large,  especially  Isle  Royale,  which 
is  100  miles  long,  and  in  many  places, 
40  broad.  Upward  of  30  rivers  enter  it, 
some  of  which  are  of  considerable  size. 
It  abounds  with  trout  and  sturgeon. 
Storms  affect  it  as  much  as  they  do  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  It  discharges  its  water 
from  the  SE  corner,  through  the  straits  of 
St.  Marie,  into  Lake  Huron.  The  Indians 
suppose  the  islands  in  it  to  be  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Great  Spirit. 

Supinoy  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Molise,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  at  the 
source  of  the  Tamara,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Appennines,  17  miles  N  by  W  of  Bene- 
vento. 

Sur.    See  Sottr. 

Sura,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westmanland. 

Surat,  a  city  and  seaport  of  the  Dec- 
can  of  Hindoostan.  It  is  said  to  have 
200,000  inhabitants,  and  its  trade  is  very 
considerable.  In  this  citj'  are  many 
different  religions,  for  there  are  Maho- 
metans of  several  sects,  many  sorts  of 
Gentoos,  and  Jews  and  Christians  of  va- 
rious denominations.  The  Mahometans 
at  Surat  are  not  by  far,  so  strict  as  they 
are  in  Arabia,  or  in  other  Turkish  coun- 
tries, nor  are  the  distinctions  of  tribes 
among  the  Hindoos  who  reside  here, 
strictly  observed.  Towards  the  middle 
of  the  last  century  this  place  was  only 
ihe  resort  of  a  few  merchants,  who, 
under  the  shelter  of  an  old  insignificant 
castle,  laid  the  first  foundations  of  a  city, 
now  almost  as  large  and  fully  as  popu- 
lous as  London  within  the  walls,  and 
.  ontaining  many  fine  buildings  of  Indian 
architecture,  which  is  partly  Gentoo  and 
partly  Morisque.  Those  of  the  greatest 
note  are  so  contrived,  that  the  gateway 
is  defensible  against  any  sudden  irrup- 
tion of  a  few  armed  men.  The  private 
apartments  lie  backwards  for  the  con- 
veniency  of  the  women,  of  whom  the 
Moors  arc  remarkably  jealous.  During 
the  intense  heats  of  summer  they  .have 
country  retirements  a  little  way  out  of 
town,  where  they  reside,  or  go  in  parties 
to  amuse  themselves.  The  streets  are 
irregularly  laid  out ;  but  have  one  pro- 
perty which  renders  it  agreeable  to  walk 
in  them,  viz.  that  a  competent  width 
being  left  at  bottom,  the  upper  stories 
of  the  houses  project  o"cr  one  another  in 
such  a  manner,  that  people  may  with 
ease  converse  from  them ;  by  which 
means  the  street  is  agreeably  shaded,  at 
the  same  time  that  a  proper  ventilation 
is  not  impeded,  but  rather  promoted. 
The  shops,  notwithstanding  the  vast 
trade  carried  on  in  this  great  and  popu- 
lous city,  have  a  very  mean  appearance., 


S  U  ft 


SUR 


owing  to  the  dealers  keeping  their  goods 
in  warehouses,  and  seihng  by  samples. 
No  place  is  better  supplied  vviili  pYovi- 

tothi  re  its 
re- 


adjaccnt  lands,  and  the  taxes  levie  d  at 
Surat.  The  tyranny  of  this  officer  to- 
wards the  merchants,  induced  the  East 
India  Company,  in  tfSV  to  lit  out  an 
[armament,  which  iuUposst  .-.seel  the  ad- 
i  miral  of  the  castle;  and  soon  utter,  the 
!  possession  of  this  c;.s  1c  v.  ;  s  confirmed 
Mo  them  by  the  court  of  Delhi.  Tfte-y 
!  obtained,  nuhvovei,  the  appointment  to 
j  Lite  post  oft.dm.rai,  and  were  constituted 
receivers  of  he  tanka, '  by  whhh  their 
■  authority  in  this  pia'c  became  supreme, 
j  Surat  is  situated  on  the  confines  of  (jii- 
zcrat,  20  miles  up  the  river  Taplv,  and 
177  N  of  Bombay.    Lon.  72  48  E,  lat. 


sions,  than  the  city  of  Surat, 
communication  with  the  country 
mains  open.  Resides  the  m  hound,  d 
importation,  by  which  every  article  is 
brought  here  in  great,  abundance,  the 
natural  nroducLions  of  the  soil  an'  ex 
cedent,  though  less  cheap  than  in  other 
parts  of  India,  as  at  Bengal  especially; 
yet  in  that  place,  though  the  cattle  and 
poultry  are  bought  originally  at  a  very 
low  rate,  they  turn  out  veiy  dear  by 
the  time  they  are  fed  for  the  table. 
Here,  however,   all  kinds  of  eatables  1 21  10  .N; 

may  be  had  at  a  reasonable  price,  read}  !     «S'»/re,  a  river  of  Ireland  in  Tipperary, 
for  immediate  use,  and  as  good  as  can  j  which  flows  into  SU  George's  Channel, 
be  found  any  where.     The  wheat  of;     tivvgoojn,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Surat  is  famous  all  over  India  for  its  Hindoosian,  180  miles  SSW  of  Patn.-i. 
singular  substance,  whiteness,  and  taste;      Surinam,  a  country  of  South  America, 
and  its  sallads  and  roots  are  likewise!  in  Guiana,  .  xtending  75  miles  along  a 


of  an  excellent  quality.  There  are  also  !  river  of  the  same  name.  It  abound': 
many  kinds  of  wild-fool,  and  other  game  j  with  game  and  singular  animals  of  dif 


to  be  had  at  an  easy  rate  ;  but  for  wines 
and  spirituous  liquors  they  depend  most 
on  importation.  Surat  was  surrounded 
with  a  wall  in  a  short  time  after  it  had 
assumed  the  form  of  a  town.  The  for- 
tification, however,  was  meant  only  to 
prevent  the  incursions  of  the  Mahrattas, 
who  had  twice  pillaged  it;  so  that  the 


ferent  kinds;  the  toad,  in  particular, 
being  remarkable  for  its  enormous  » 
and  ugly  form.  It  produces  fruits,  in<- 
digo,  sugar,  cotton,  tobacco,  gums,  aim 
wood  for  dyeing.  The  woods  arc  full  of 
monkies,  and  it  is  said,  there  are  ser- 
pents 30  feet  long.  This  country  was 
ceded  bv  the  English  to  the  Dmch,  for 


place  was  by  no  means  capable  of  stand- ;  the  province  of  New  York, 


1674,  and 


i:ig  any  regular  siege.  Even  the  castle 
appears  but  a  poor  defence,  being  mount- 
ed with  cannon  here  and  there,  without 
any  order,  or  without  any  thing  like  an 
attempt  towards  military  architecture. 
One  thing  singular  in  Surat  is,  that, 
though  there  is  no  hospital  for  human 
beings,  there  is  an  extensive  establish- 
ment of  this  nature  for  sick  or  maimed 
animals.  When  the  Europeans  turn  out 
an  old  horse,  or  any  other  domestic  ani- 


mal to  perish,  as  useless,  the  H-ndoos  j  shire  and  Berks, 
voluntarily  assume  the  care  of  it,  and f of  Winchester; 


was  taken  again  by  the  English  in  August 
1799.    The  capital  is  Paramaribo. 

Surlvoia,  a  commercial  town  of  Japan, 
in  tlie  island  of  Niphon,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  with  a  casclc, 
where  tlie  emperors  formerly  resided. 
Lon.  139  5  E,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Suwy,  a  county  of  England,  37  miles 
long,  and  27  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Middlesex,  on  the  E  by  Kent,  on  the 
S  by  Sussex,  and  on  the  W  by  Hamp- 


place  it  in  this  house,  which  is  fu'l  of 
infirm  decrepid  cows,  sheep,  r:. obits, 
liens,  pigeons,  &c.  The  charitable  Hin- 
doos keep  a  physician  to  look  after  these 
animals.  The  country  round  Surat  is 
fertile,  except  toward  the  sea,  which  is 
sandy  and  barren.    Before  the  English 

East  India  Company  obtained  possession  parts  barren.     On  the    hanks  of  tbe 


It  lies  in  the  diocese 
contains  13  hundreds, 
11  market  towns  (including  Southwark) 
and  140  parishes  ;  and  sends  14  mem. 
bers  to  parliament.  The  air  is  generally 
temperate  and  healthy.  Surry  has  been 
compared  to  a  piece  of  coarse  cloth 
w'.th  a  fine  border;  its  circumference 
bein-r  in  general  fertile,  but  its  middle 


of  Bombay,  the  presidency  of  their  af- 
fairs on  the  coast  of  Malabar  was  a1 
Surat;  and  they  had  a  factory  established 
there.  Even  after  the  presidency  was 
transferred  to  Bombay,  the  factory  was 
continued.  The  Great  Moguil  had  then 
an  officer  here,  who  was  styled  his  admi- 
ral, and  received  a  revenue  called  the 
tanka,  of  the  annual  value  of  three  lacks 
of  rupees,  arising  from  the  rents  p' 


Thames  it  has  a  range  of  beautiful 
meadows  interspersed  with  numerous 
villa  ,  and  pleasure  grounds.  Across  the 
middle  of  the  county,  E  to  V/,  runs  a 
ridge  of  irregular  hills,  abounding  in 
chalk,  and  intermixed  with  wide  open 
downs  and  sandy  heaths.  The.  Banstead 
downs  in  this  tract  are  noted  for  feeding 
the  sweetest  mutton.  It  produces  corn, 
boxwood,    walnuts,  hops,  and  fuller';* 


sus 


sus 


earth.  The  principal  rivers  besides  the 
Thames  (which  is  the  boundary  of  ihis 
county  on  the  N)  are  the  Mole,  Wev,  and 
Wandie.  The  lent  assizes  are  held  at 
King's  on,  and  the  summer  assizes  at 
•  rutltord  and  Croydon  alternately. 

tstiirry,  a  county  of  Virginia,  containing- 
6355  imiubitants,  including  3440  slaves, 
in  181 0.  It  is  situated  between  Black 
Water  and  James  rivers,  and  between 
Prince  George  county  in  the  NW,  and 
the  Isle  of  Wight  in  "the  SE.  It  has  no 
considerable  town. 

Surry,  a  county  in  the  district  of  Salis- 
bury, North  Carolina,  containing  10,366 
Inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  a  mountainous 
country,  being-  watered  by  the  upper 
branches  of  the  river  Yadkin.  The  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Bethany  and  Salem,  two 
Moravian  settlements. 

Stirsee,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Lucern,  seated  near  the  lake 
of  Sempach,  five  miles  S  of  Lucern. 

Sursooty,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
114  miles^NW  of  Delhi. 

Sus,  a  river  of  Morocco,  which  forms 
the  S  boundary  of  the  empire  of  Mo- 
rocco and  enters  the  Atlantic  at  Mezza. 
It  fertilizes  its  banks  by  annual  inunda- 
tions. 

Sus,  one  of  the  three  grand  divisions 
of  the  empire  of  Morocco,  bounded  on 
the  \V  by  the  Atlantic,  on  the  N  by 
Mount  Atlas,  on  the  E  by  Gesula,  and  on 
the  S  by  the  river  Sus.  It  is  aflat  coun- 
try, abounding  in  corn,  sugar-canes,  and 
dates.  The  inhabitants,  who  are  chiefly 
Archers,  Berebers,  or  ancient  natives, 
are  distinguished  by  their  industry  ;  and 
many  of  them,  who  live  in  towns,  become 
opulent  and  are  much  more  polite  than 
the  natives  of  Fez  and  Morocco.  In  the 
mountainous  part  they  are  entirely  free, 
and  are  governed  by  their  own  chiefs. 

Susuy  a  seaport  of  Tunis.    See  Sovsa. 

Susa,  a  strong  town  of  Piedmont,  ca- 
pital of  a  marquisate  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  fort.  Here  is  a  rich  convent, 
called  the  abbey  of  St.  Just,  and  a  tri- 
umphal arch  to  the  honour  of  Augustus 
<  ,jsar.  It  is  seated  on  the  Doria,  among 
pleasant  mountains,  and  is  called  the 
key  of  Italy,  being  the  principal  passage 
out  of  Prance  into  Italy.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1704,  but  restored  to 
the  duke  of  Savoy  in  1707.  It  is  30 
miles  NW  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  24  E,  lat. 
45  20  N. 

Susdal,  an  archiepiscopal  town  of  Rus- 
sia, in  the  government  of  Volodimir,  ca- 
pital of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  built  of  wood,  and  seated  on  the 
Kbasma,  90  miles  NE  of  Moscow.  Lon. 
40  25  Ej  lat.  56  26  N 


Svsquehammh,  a  river  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, which  has  its  source  in  Lake  Otsego, 
crosses  three  times  the  lines  which  di- 
vides the  state  of  New  York  from  Penn- 
sylvania, and  empties  itself  into  the  head 
of  the  bay  of  Chesapeak.  it  enters  Penn- 
sylvania in  two  large  brandies,  about  10 
miles  southward  of  the  divisional  line. 
At  the  confluence  of  these  branches  is 
seated,  in  a  very  convenient  situation 
for  trade,  the  flourishing  town  of  Tyoga. 
Thence  the  united  stream  Hows  SE,  un- 
til it  is  joined  by  the  Lahawannock ;  but 
ir  afterwards  turns,  suddenly,  to  the  SW, 
running*  in  the  same  direction  to  the 
town  of  Northumberland.  Here  it  is 
greatly  enlarged  by  what  is  called  the 
West  branch,  and  runs  nearly  due  south, 
until  it  is  joined  by  the  Juniata,  another 
considerable  tributary  stream.  From  the 
Juniata  to  its  entrance  into  the  Chesa- 
peake, the  course  is  about  SE.  The  Sus- 
quehannah  is  wide  and  deep  at  its 
mouth;  but  it  is  navigable  by  sea  ves- 
sels only  about  five  miles  upwards ;  ow- 
ing to  the  numerous  rocks  and  shallows, 
by  which  the  channel  is  interrupted ; 
though  it  is  passed  through  by  boats 
more  than  300  miles. 

Susse.v,  a  county  of  England,  70  miles 
in  length,  and  28  where  broadest:  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Surry,  on  the  NE  and  E 
by  Kent,  on  the  S  by  the  English  chanrel, 
and  on  the  W  by  Hampshire.  It  lies  hi 
the  diocese  of  Chichester  •  contains  65 
hundreds,  one  city,  16  market-towns  and 
142  parishes;  and  sends  IB  rrfembers  to 
parliament.  The  N  pa?t  of  Sus.se:;,  a 
tract  continued  from  the  Weald  of  Kent, 
and  of  the  same  nature  with  it,  was  for- 
merly entirely  covered  With  forests;  and 
though  many  of  these  have  been  cut 
<lown,  it  is  still  well  furnished  with  tim- 
ber both  of  large  and  small  growth. 
The  middle  line  of  the  county  is  a  rich 
tract  of  arable  and  meadow.  To  it  suc- 
ceed the  Downs,  a  ramre  of  greet)  open 
hills  of  a  chalky  soil,  affording  excellent 
pasturage  for  sheep,  and  in  many  parts 
fertile  in  corn.  The  birds  called  wheat- 
ears  are  particularly  numerous  and  ex 
ccllcnt  on  these  Downs,  and  are  caught 
by  the  shepherds  in  great  numbers;  The 
tract  from  Lewes  and  its  neighbourhood 
to  the  sea  is  peculiarly  famous,  tinder 
the  name  of  the  South  Downs,  for  its 
fine  vc'Vet-hke  turf,  and  the  goodness  of 
i* s  wool  and  mutton.  Towards  the  sea 
the  land  in  general  declines,  and  in  some 
parts  is  marshy.  This  county  was  for- 
merly famous  for  iron-works,  in  which 
great  quantities  of  charcoal  were  used 
for  smelting  the  ore,  and  thus  the  woods 
came  to  be  gradually  wasted.  The  works 


S  U  T 


SWA 


arc  noW  almost  or  entirely  abandoned; 
this  business  from  the  late  improve- 
ments in  smelting-  iron  with  pit-coal, 
having  migrated  to  the  counties  which 
abound  in  that  cheaper  article,  as  well 
as  in  iron  ore.  The  products  for  which 
Sussex  is  at  present  distinguished  are 
chiefly  corn,  hops,  wool,  cattle  and  tim- 
ber. It  is  not  distinguished  for  any 
manufacture,  but  that  of  gunpowder  ;ii 
Battel,  and  of  needles  at  Chichester. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Arun,  A  dun 
Ouse,  and  Bother.  Chichester  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Sussex,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Dela- 
ware ;  bounded  E  by  the  Atlantic  and 
bay  of  Delaware  ;  N  by  Kent  county  ;  Wr 
and  S  by  the  state  of  Maryland.  In  1810 
the  inhabitants  were  stated  at  72,674. 
The  principal  town  is  George -town. 

Sussex,  a  county  of  Virginia,  contain- 
ing 11,362  inhabitants  in  1810,  of  whom 
6344  were  slaves.  It  lies  on  both  sides 
of  the  river  Blackwater;  having  Surry 
in  the  NE,  and  Southampton  in  the  S. 
It  has  no  considerable  town,  but  a  court- 
house and  post-office  60  miles  S  of  Rich- 
mond. 

Sussex,  a  mountainous  county  in  the 
state  of  New  Jersey  ;  bounded  E  by  Ber- 
gen and  Morris  counties;  N  by  the  state 
of  New  York  ;  W  by  the  river  Delaware, 
which  separates  it  from  Pennsylvania  ; 
and  S  by  Hunterdon.  In  1810  it  con- 
tained 25,549  inhabitants.  The  chief 
town  is  Newtown. 

Suster,  an  ancient  and  celebrated,  but 
now  decayed  town  of  Persia,  capital  of 
Kusistan.  It  is  seated  on  the  caron,  105 
miles  SW  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  51  19  E,  lat. 
31  15  N. 

Smteren,  a  town  of  Germany  in  West- 
phalia, in  the  duchy  of  Juiicrs,  two 
miles  from  the  river  Maese,  and  12  S 
of  Ruremonde.  Lon.  5  50  E,  lat..  50 
56  N. 

Snthcrlandshire,  includes  the  divisions 
of  Sutherland  and  Strathnavershire,  it  is 
bounded  on  the  N  and  part  of  the  W  by 
the  Northern  ocean  ;  on  the  SW  by  Ros- 
shire,  on  the  S  and  Si*,  by  the  Frith  of 
Dornock,  and  on  the  E  by  Caithnesshire. 
It  is  about  50  miles  long  from  N  to  S,  and 
46  in  its  broadest  part  from  E  to  W,  ter- 
minating at  the  S  to  not  more  than  12 
miles  broad.  It  is  mountainous,  but  the 
valiies  are  fertile  ;  abounding  wit.'  black 
cattle  and  wild  fowl.  It  has  three  re- 
markable forests,  and  many  woods.  The 
hills  produce  marble,  freestone,  lime- 
stone, ironstone,  slate,  See.  The  country 
is  full  of  bays,  rivers,  and  lakes,  which 
abound  with  salmon,  shell-fish,  swans, 
geese,  ducks,  &.c.    They  have  plenty  of 


deer,  8tc.  The  chief  towns  are  Dornoch, 
Strathy,  Galspey,  and  Brora. 

Sutri,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony 
of  St.  Peter,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated 
on  the  Puzzulo,  22  miles  NW  of  Rome 
Lon.  1  25  E,  lat.  42  10  N. 

Sutton,  a  villag-e  in  Cambridgeshire, 
six  miles  SW  of  Ely.  In  1604.  heie  were 
ploughed  up  several  old  small  coins, 
ihree  silver  plates,  with  a  Saxon  in  scrip- 
lion,  but  unintellig-ible,  three  twisted 
rings,  and  a  ph. in  one.  There  was  a 
Saxon  inscription  on  the  plates,  but  not 
legible. 

Sutton,  a  township  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  2660  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  between 
Mendon  and  Grafton,  40  miles  SW  of 
Boston. 

Sutton  Colefiela,  a  town  in  Warwick- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  is  a 
small  place,  and  is  24  miles  NNW  of 
Warwick,  and  111  NW  of  London.  Lon. 
1  40  W,  lat.  52  39  N. 

Suzanne,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  and  late  province  of  Maine, 
with  a  considerable  paper  manufacture, 
24  miles  W  of  Mans. 

Sivciff'ham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  a  hill,  34 
miles  NNE  of  Newmarket,  and  94  NE  of 
London.    Lon.  0  46  E,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Sxvale,  a  river  in  Yorkshire,  which  rises 
on  the  confines  of  Westmoreland,  and 
I  running  SE,  by  Richmond  and  Thirsk, 
j  falls  imo  the  Ouse. 

StaaVy,  a  town  of  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  Cambaya.    It  has  a  harbour, 
iwhere  ships  receive  and  deliver  their 
cargoes  for  the  merchants  of  Sural,  be- 
I  ihg  12  miles  NW  of  that  place.  Lon.  72 
15  E,  lat.  21  18  N. 

j  Sxvanscomb,  a  village  of  Kent,  two  miles 
|  W  by  S  of  Gravesend.  Here  are  the  re- 
|  mains  of  camps  and  forts,  supposed  to  be 

i  Danish. 

Stoanzey,  a  post  town  in  Bristol  coun- 
jty,  Massachusetts;  lying  50  miles  S  of 
Boston,  containing  1839  inhabitants  at 
|  last  census. 

j  S\eanzeu>,  a  maritime  town  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday,  an  old  castle,  and  two 
churches.  It  is  a  corporate  town,  and  is 
sjeated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tawy,  and  is 
governed  by  a  portreve.  The  neighbour, 
ing  country  abounds  with  coal  of  which 
it  sends  great  quantities  to  Ireland  and 
the  S  coast  of  England.  Many  ships 
have  been  built  here,  and  it  is  resorted  to 
for  sea-bathing.  Here  are  great  works 
for  the  smelting  of  copper  and  lead  ore, 
and  it  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  to 
Bristol.   It  is  24  miles  WN1V  of  Cow- 


S  Vvr  E 


S  W  E 


bridge,  and  205  \V  of  London.  Lon.  4  0 
W,  lat.  51  33  N.  E^'l^a 

Swunshules,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W 
Gothland,  25  miles  WSW  of  Lindkoping. 

Swanrwich,  a  village  in  Dorsetshire,  seal- 
ed on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
English  Channel.    It  has  quarries  of  fine 


stone,  ot  whic 
shipped  here 
Isle  of. 


h  many  thousand  tons  arc 
annually.    See  Pw.beck, 


Swurteburg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W 
Gothland,  IB  miles  NW  of  Uddevalla. 

S-^artchufs,  a  town  and  fortress  of  the 
United  Provinces,  in  O  .eryssel,  seated  on 
fche  Vech',  four  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  five  NNW  of  Hasselt. 

Sioatara,  a  township  of  Dauphin  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  Swa- 
t'tra  creek,  and  containing  2291  inhabi- 
tants in  1810. 

Sweden,  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  bound- 
ed on  the  X  by  Danish  Lapland  and  the 
Ocean,  on  the  E  by  Russia,  on  the  S  by 
the  Baltic  and  the  gulf  of  Finland,  and 
on  the  W  by  Norway,  the  Sound,  and  the 
Catenate.  It  extends  800  miles  from  N 
to  S,  and  350  from  E  to  W.  The  whole 
kingdom   is  divided  into  five  general 


parts 


namely,  Sweden  Proper,  Goth 
land,  Norland,  Lapland,  and  Finland 
and  each  of  these  is  subdivided  into  se 
veral  provinces.  Sweden  Proper  contains 
Upland,  Sudermania,  Nericia,  Westma- 
nia,  and  Dalecarlia.  Gothland  contains 
Ostrogothia  or  E  Gothland,  Smoland, 
Westrogothia  or  W  Gothland,  the  isles 
of  Gothland,  and  (Eland,  Wermeland, 
Bonus,  Dalia,  Scania  or  Schonen,  Hal- 
land,  and  Blekingen.  Norland  includes 
Gestrike  or  Gestrikelaud,  Helsingland, 
Medelpadhi,  Heimtland,  Kerjedalia,  On- 
germania,  and  W  Botiinia  Swedish  Lap- 
laud  comprises  Ascia,  Heimtland,  Umeo, 
Pithco,  Luleo,  Torneo,  and  Kemi.  Fin- 
land contains  Finland  Proper,  E  Both- 
nia, Tava-.te.and,  Nyland,  Savolak,  and 
tiiat  part  of  ivymeue  and  Carelia,  winch 
Sweden  has  preserved.  The  face  of  Swe- 
den is  in  general  similar  to  that  of  the 
neighbouring  countries,  only  it  is  well 
■watered  by  rivers,  numerous  lakes  and 
inland  pieces  of  water,  on  the  banks  of 
which  the  palaces  and  villas  are  usual- 
ly built.  The  same  may  be  said  with  re- 
gard to  its  climate,  soil,  &c.  Summer 
bursts  from  winter;  and  vegetatioi  is 
more  speedy  than  in  southern  climates. 
Stoves  and  warm  furs  mitigate  the  cold 
of  winter,  which  is  so  intense,  that  the 
noses  and  extremities  of  the  inhabitants 
are  sometimes  mortified.  The  Swedes, 
since  the  days  of  Charles  XII.  have  been 
at  incredible  pains  to  correct  the  native 
barrenness  of  their  country,  by  erecting 


colleges  of  agriculture,  and  in  .some  pla- 
ces with  great  success.  The  soil  is  much 
the  same  with  that  of  Denmark  and  some 
places  of  Norway,  generally  very  bad, 
but  in  some  valleys  surprisingly  fertile. 
The  Swedes  till  of  late  years,  had  not 
industry  sufficient  to  remedy  the  one, 
nor  improve  the  other.    The  peasants 
now  foilovv  the  agriculture  of  France  and 
England  ;  and  some  late  accounts  say, 
that  they  rear  almost  as  much  grain  as 
maintain  the  natives.  Gothland  produces 
wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  peas  at, d  beans  ; 
and  in  case  of  deficiency,  the  people  are 
supplied  from  Livonia  and  the  Baltic 
provinces.    In  summer,  the  fields  are 
verdant,  and  covered  with  flowers  -,  and 
produce  strawberries,  raspberries,  cur- 
rants, and  other  small  fruits.    The  com- 
mon people  know,  as  yet,  little  of  the 
cultivation  of  apricots,  peaches,  necta- 
rines, pint-apples,  and  the  like  high-fla- 
voured fruits  ;  but  melons  are  brought 
to  great  perfection  in  dry  seasons.  The 
animals  are  horses,  cows,  hogs,  goats, 
sheep,  elks,  reindeer,  bears,  wolves,  fox- 
es, wild  cat?,,  and  squirrels.    In  winter, 
the  foxes,  and  squirrels,  become  grey  ^ 
and  the  hares  ajj  white  as  snow.  Here 
are  several  sorts  of  fowls,  and  partridges, 
woodcocks,  and  falcons,  in  great  plenty. 
Sweden  produces  crystals,  amethysts,  to- 
pazes, porphyry,  lapis  lazuli,  agate,  cor- 
nelian, marble,  and  other  fossils.  The 
chief  wealth  of  the  country,  however, 
ar  ses  from  her  mines  of  silver,  copper, 
lead,  and  iron.    The  last  mentioned  me- 
tal employs  no  fewer  than  450  forges, 
hammering-mills,  and  smelting-houses. 
The  first  gallery  of  one  siiver  mine  is 
100  fathoms  below  the  surface  of  the 
earth  ;  the  roof  is  supported  by  prodi- 
gious oaken  beams,  and  from  thence  the 
miners  descend  about  40  fathoms  to  the 
lowest  vein.    The  articles  of  export  are 
boards,  gunpowder,  leather,  iron,  copper, 
tallow,  skins,  pitch,  rosin,  and  masts; 
and  it  imports  salt,  brandy,  wine,  linen 
'doth,  stuhs,  tobacco,  sugar,  spice,  and 
paper.   The  peasants  seem  to  be  a  heavy- 
plodding  race  of  men,  strong  and  hardy  i 
but  without  anv  other  ambition  lhan  that 
of  subsisting  themselves  and  their  fami- 
lies as  well  as  they  can  :  they  are  honest, 
simple,  and  hospitable  ;  and  the  mercan- 
tile classes  are  much  of  the  same  cast ; 
but  great  application  and  perseverance  is 
discovered  among  them  all.    The  prin- 
cipal nobility  and  gentry  of  Sweden  are 
naturally  brave,  polite,  and  hospitable  ; 
they  have  high  and  warm  notions  of  ho- 
nour, aiid  are  jealous  of  their  national  in- 
terests.   The  dress  of  their  common 
people  is  almost  the  same  with  that  of 


S  W  E  S  W  I 


Denmark;  the  belter  sort  arc  U^atuat^d, 
with  French  modus  and  fashion.  1  he 
comma  >  diversions  ot"  the  Swedes  arc, 
sk..ting,  running  races  in  sledges,  and 
sailing  in  yachts  upon  the  ice.  Their 
houseware  {generally  of  wood,  with  very 
iitiie  art  in  their  construction.  The  roofs, 
in  many  places  are  covered  with  turf, 
on  wluch  i heir  goats  often  feed.  There 
is  no  country  in  the  world  where  tile  wo- 
men do  so  much  work  ;  for  they  till  the 
ground,  thresh  the  corn,  and  row  the 
boats  on  the  sea.  The  revenues  of  Swe- 
den amount  to  something-  more  than 
1,000,000/.  sterling1,  but  may,  on  an  aver- 
age, lie  taken  at  l,O50,000Z.  a  year  :  they 
have  been  much  augmented  since  the  re- 
volution in  1772,  as  they  did  not  then 
amount  to  more  than  750,000/.  or  at  most 
837;5dQL  The  form  of  the  Swedish  go- 
vernment, has  frequently  varied,  lit  fore 
the  accession  of  Gustavus  1.  it  was  an 
elective  monarchy.  By  the  union  of  Cal- 
mar,  in  1397,  it  was  stipulated  that  the 
same  monarch  should  ride  over  Den  mark, 
Siv\  den  and  Norway,  to  he  chosen  by  the 
deputies  from  the  states  of  those  three 
kingdoms  assembled  at  Calmar.  By  this 
regulation'  Sweden  became  a  mere  tribu- 
tary kingdom  to  Denmark.  From  this 
stale  of  subjection  to  a  tyrannical  foreign 
yoke,  it  was.  rescued  by  Gustavus  Vasa, 
on  whom  the  Swedes,  in  1523,  conferred 
the  sovereignly,  and  made  the  crown 
hereditary  m  his  male  issue,  with  this 
reservation,  that  in  default  ot*  such  issue, 
the  right  of  election  should  return  to  the 
st  ales,  li  it  que-n  Christina,  the  last  of 
Gustavus's  descendants  abdicating  the 
crown,  she  persuaded  the  states  to  con- 
,  iirm  the  right  of  succession  on  the.de- 
■ttteiidanis  of  her  cousin  Charles'  Gttsta- 
vus,  count  palatinate  of  the  Rhine.  In 
1682,  the  states  agreed  that  the  daugh- 
ters -shoald  succeed  in  Cuse  the  male 
heirs  faded.  Toe  kingdom  became  here- 
duary,  and  soon  after  absolute  by  Charles 
XI.  whose  son  Charles  XII.  carried  his 
authority  to  the  hi  ;hest  pilch  of  despo- 
tism ;  upon  I* is  death,  Ids  sister  Ulrica 
Eieonora  renounced  for  ev^r  all  absolute 
power  for  herself  «.nd  her  successors,  de- 
termining to  re-establish  the  government 
it:  liic  a.:c:e'\L  form  it  happiiy  enjoyed  in 
former  tunes.  Upon  her  recommenda- 
tion, her  consort,  the  hereditary  prince 
of  Iiejsc,  was  elected  king,  and  it  con- 
tinued in  the  same  manner  till  1772, 
when  tlyj  States,  who  had  obtained  the 
v.  hole  power  since  the  death  of  Charles, 
~nd  made  very ■  imliiferent  use  of  it, 
were  entirely  subjected  by  a  dexterous 
manoeuvre  of  Custavus,  the  late  king,  so 
th:  I  the  government  is  ng^v  IjMgether 


1  as  despotic  as  it  was  during  the  reign  < 
Charics  XI.  and  XI I.  He  was  assassiua 
ted  in  1792,  leaving  his  son  Gust  ay  us 
Adolphus  a  minor,  who  attained  Ins  ma- 
jority in  1796.  The  established  religion 
is  the  Lutheran,  and  they  have  one  arch- 
bishop, and  seven  bishops.  The  capital 
is  Stockholm. 

Svsedesburo\  a  post  town  in  Gloucester 
county,  New  Jersey  ;  situated  on  the  S 
side  of  Raccoon  creek,  8  miles  S  of  "Wood- 
bury, and  16  from  Philadelphia. 

Sweet  Springs,  a  village  with  a  post  of- 
fice, in  Boutetout  county,  Virginia  ;  si- 
tuated 43  miles  SYV  of  Bath  court  house, 
and  93  in  the  same  course  from  Staunton. 
These  waters  have  long  been  famous  for 
their  medicinal  virtues,  and  attract  a 
numerous  company  of  valetudinarians 
yearly. 

Swenrick,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
on  the  confines  of  Servia  and  Bosnia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Drino,  70  miles  SW  of  Bel- 
grade.   Lon.  19  32  E,  lat.  44  42  X. 

Swindon,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday,  sealed  on  the  top  of 
a  hill,  near  a  rich  vale,  28  miles  N  of  Sa- 
lisbury, and  83  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  45 
\V,  ha.  51  30  N. 

Swinna,  a  little  island  of  Scotland,  one 
of  the  Orknies,  situated  to  the  NE  of 
that  called  Mainland.  Here  are  two  whirl- 
pools, that  have  been  known  to  draw  in 
boats  ana  light  vessels,  which  are  in- 
stantly swallowed  up. 

Stvinton,  a  village  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  nine  miles  SW  of  Doncaster. 
Here  is  a  navigable  canal  to  the  river 
Don,  a  considerable  manufacture  of  earth- 
en w«re,  and  a  large  iron  forge. 

.  S-wisxcrluml,  or  Switzerlcmd,  a  country 
of  Europe,  bounded  on  the  E  by  Tyrol, 
on  die  W  by  France,  on  the  N  by  Suabia, 
;:nd  on  the  S  by  Savoy  and  Italy.  It  is 
225  miles  long,  and  83  broad,  separated 
from  the  adjacent  countries  by  high 
.mountains,  called  the  Alps.  Though 
Swisserland  lb-s  between  45  and  40  deg. 
S  lat.  yet  being  situated  among  the 
Alp.:,  the  highest  mountains  in  Europe, 
j  and* whose  tops  art  covered  with  sru>u 
most  part  of  the  year,  the  air  is  much 
sharper  than  in  more  northerly  latitudes 
As  S w is  ,e viand  is  sequestered  as  it  were 
fr;.m  other  neighbouring  countries  by 
high  mountains,  so  almost  eirery  canton 
is  u'.vid.d  from  the  rest  by  a  ridge  of 
hills,  which  afford  good  pasture  in  sum- 
mer, and  on  some  of  them  are  corn  fields, 
particularly  Bern,  two  thirds  of  which 
canton  is  a  plain  country,  abounding  in 
corn.  But  the  soil  in  general  docs  not 
pro'hice  it  in  great  quantities;  besides 
t$fe  fruits  of  the  earth  are  frequently  de- 


S  W  I 


SYR 


stroyed  by  storms  or  cold  rains  ;  so  that 
In  plentiful  years  they  lay  up  corn  in 
granaries,  to  prevent  a  general  famine. 
Swisserland  is  divided  into  13  cantons, 
exclusive  of  their  allies ;  namely,  Lucern, 
Uri,  Schweitz,  Underwalden,  Zug,  Fri- 
burg,  and  Soleure,  which  are  catholics. 
The  protestant  cantons  are  Zuric,  Kern, 
Basle,  and  Schaffhausen.  Glarus  and 
Appenzel  contain  both  religions.  There 
are  four  passages  over  the  Alps  into  Italy 
from  Swisserland ;  the  first  of  which  is 
beyond  the  lake  of  Geneva  over  Mount 
Cenis,  which  leads  to  Savoy;  the  second 
begins  in  the  country  of  the  Orisons,  and 
crosses  Mouni  St.  Bernard,  leading  to  the 
valley  of  Aousta,  which  belongs  to  Pied- 
mont; the  third  begins  in  the  country  or 
the  Orisons,  crosses  Mount  Simpleberg, 
and  leads  to  the  duchy  of  Milan  ;  the 
fourth  crosses  Mount  St.  Gothard,  and 
the  bailiwies  of  Italy,  and  terminates  in 
the  Milanese.  The  principal  lakes  are 
those  of  Constance,  Geneva,  Lucern,  Zu- 
ric, and  Neuchatel.  The  most  conside- 
rable rivers  are  the  llhine,  lihone,  Aar, 
Arve,  Reuss,  and  Inn.  The  chief  riches 
of  Swisserland  consist  of  excellent  pas- 
tures, in  which  many  cattle  are  bred  anil 
fattened,  and  the  goats  and  chamois, 
feed  on  the  mountains,  and  in  the  woods. 
The  .Swiss  are  a  brave,  honest,  hospita- 
ble, hardy  people  :  very  true  to  their  en- 
gagement, friendly,  and  humane.  In 
short,  there  is  not  a  people  in  Europe, 
whose  national  character  is  better.  In 
their  persons  they  are  generally  tall,  ro- 
bust, and  well  made;  but  their  complex^ 
ions  are  none  of  the  best,  and  those  that 
live  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  moun- 
tains are  subject  to  wens.  The  women 
are  said  to  be  generally  handsome  and 
well-shaped,  sensible  and  modest,  yet* 
frank,  easy,  and  agreeable  in  conversa- 
tion. Few  of  the  peasants  are  miserably 
,)oor  ;  many  of  them  are  rich,  especially 
in  the  protestant  cantons,  and  that  of 
Berne  in  particular.  In  1797,  the  French 
having  long  endeavoured  to  excite  intes- 
ine  commotion  and  discord  in  Swisser- 
land, succeeded  but  too  well  in  their 
mischievous  designs.  Being  favoured  by 
the  disturbances  they  had  excited,  their 
'roups  entered  Swisserland,  and  defeated 
the  Swiss  troops,  who  opposed  them  with 
great  courage  and  resolution  in  several 
desperate  engagements.  The  whole  coun- 
try was  subdued  and  obliged  to  submit 
to  the  galling  yoke  of  the  French,  who 
completely  overturned  the  constitution 
of  the  principal  cantons,  and  imposed 
upon  them  what  they  called  the  Helvetic 
republic,  with  a  farm  of  government  like 
that  of  France,  composed  of  a  legislative 


body,  consisting  of  two  councils,  and  a 
directory:  On  the  recommencement  of, 
fhe  war  with  the  emperor  of  Germany  in 
1799,  the  archduke  Charles  entered  Swis- 
serland, and  having  defeated  die  hrench, 
he  made  himself  master  of  SchafThausen 
and  Zuric ;  but  in  the  close  of  the  cam- 
paign, he  met  with  a  check  which  obli- 
ged him  to  relinquish  part  of  his  con- 
quests. This  formerly  peaceful  and  hap- 
py country,  distracted  by  the  conflicts  of 
contending  armies,  is  at  present  in  a  very 
exhausted  and  impoverished  situation. 
See  Glaciers  and  Schiveiiz. 

Sya,  a  tow  n  of  Sweden,  in  TV  Gothland., 
13  miles  SW  of  Lindkoping. 

Sydenham,  a  village  in  Kent,  on  the  de- 
clivit)  of  a  hill,  eight  mile*  S  by  E  of 
London.    It  is  noted  for  medicinal  wells, 

Sydney',  a  township  of  Kennebcck  coun- 
ty, in  the  district  of  Maine,  containing 
1558  inhabitants  in  1810  ;  situated  ou 
the  XV  side  of  Kennebeck  river 

Sydney  Bay,  a  bay  on  the  S  side  of  Nor- 
folk island,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  formed 
by  Point  Hunter  and  Point  Boss,  which 
are  near  two  miles  asunder.  On  this  bay 
a  settle  men  t  of  convicts  is  formed  from 
England.    Lon.  168  12  E,  lat.  29  4  S. 

Sydney  Cove,  the  town  or  settlement  of 
convicts,  founded  at  Port  Jackson,  in  New 
S  W  ales,  in  February,  1788.  The  ground 
about  it  was  then  covered  by  a  thick  fo- 
rest ;  but,  in  1790,  some  good  buildings 
had  been  erected,  and  the  greatest  part 
of  the  civil  and  military  officers  com- 
fortably lodged.  The  governor's  house 
is  built  of  stone,  and  has  a  very  good 
appearance,  being  70  feet  in  front.  The 
lieutenant-governor's  house  is  of  brick,  as 
are  also  those  belonging  to  the  judge, 
and  the  commissary.  The  rest  of  the 
houses  are  built  of  logs  and  plaistered, 
and  all  the  roofs  are  either  covered  by 
shingles,  or  thatched.  Sydney  Cove  lies 
on  the  S  side  of  the  harbour,  between 
five  and  six  miles  from  the  entrance. 
The  neck  of  land  that  forms  this  cove 
is  mostly  covered  with  wood,  yet  so> 
rocky,  that  it  is  not  easy  to  comprehend 
bow  the  trees  could  have  found  sufficient 
nourishment  to  bring  them  to  so  consi- 
derable a  magnitude.  Lon.  151  28  E,  lat. 
33  50  S.    . .  ;:y  •  ;    ■  :{  ' 

Syracuse,  a  strong  city  of  Sicily,  in  Val- 
di-Noto,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  fine 
harbour,  defended  by  a  castle.  It  was 
aimost  ruined  by  an  earthquake  in  1693. 
Near  this  place,  in  1718,  there  was  a  sea- 
fight  between  the  Spaniards  and  English, 
in  which  the  former  were  Beaten.  It  is 
seated  near  the  sea,  72  miles  S  by  W  of. 

lessina,  and  110  SE  of  Palermo.  Lon. 
15  30  E,  lat.  37  5  N. 
40 


>     T  A  A 


T  A  D 


Syria,  or  S  avis  tan,  a  province  of  Tur- 
key in  Asia,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Diar- 
beck  avid  N'atolia,  on  the  E  by  Diarbeck 
and  the  deserts  of  Arabia,  on  the  S  by 
the  same  deserts  and  Judea,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  Mediterranean.  Under  the  ge- 
neral name  of  Syria,  was  included  the 
ancient Thoenicia,  lying  S  of  Syria  Pro- 
per. This  province  abounds  in  oil,  corn, 
and  several  sorts  of  fruits,  as  well  as 
peas,  beans,  and  all  kinds  of  pulse  and 
garden-stuff;  but  it  would  produce  much 
more  than  it  does,  if  it  were  well  culti- 
vated; lor  there  are  the  finest  plains  and 
pastures  in  the  world.  The  inhabitants 
have  a  trade  in  silk,  camlets,  and  salt. 
Damascus  is  the  capital. 

Syrian,  a  town  of  Pegu,  seated  near 
the  bay^of  Bengal,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  which  is  one  of  the  extreme 
branches  of  the  Ava.  Lon.  96  40  E,  lat. 
16  50  N. 

Szcbcn,  a  town  of  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  river  Tareza,  30  miles  N  of  Cas 
sovia.    Lo:i.  21  25  E,  lat.  44  20  N. 

Szekely,  a  town  of  Hungary,  18  miles 
ESK  of  Debreczen.  Lon.  22'  15  E,  lat. 
47  26  X.  \Vvy. 

Siucca,  a  town  of  Western  Prussia,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Culm,  seated  on  the  Vis- 
tula.   Lon.  18  24  E,  lat.  53  14  N. 


T 


TAAFE,  or  Tave,  a  rapid  river  in  Gla- 
morganshire, which  enters  the  Bristol 
Channel  at  Cardiff.  On  this  river,  near 
Caerphilly,  is  a  stone  "bridge  called  Pont 
y  Pryddal ;  of  a  single  arch,  supposed 
one  of  the  widest  in  the  world,  140  feel 
in  the  span,  and  54  high,  planned  and 
executed  by  the  self-taught  genius  of  a 
.  Common  mason  in  this  county. 

Taaif,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Hedjas.  It  lias  a  considerable 
trade  in  dried  fruits,  and  is  situated  on  a 
lofty  mountain,  60  miles  SE  of  Mecca. 
Lon.  41  35  E,  lat.  21  5  N. 

Thus,  a  city  of  Arabia,  in  the  province 
of  Ye  man,  where  is  the  tomb  of  a  saint, 
who,  according  to  tradition,  was  king  of 
the  country.  When  M.  Niebuhr  was 
here  it.  had  a  garrison  of  600  men.  It  is 
48  miles  EXE  of  Mocha.  Lou.  44  10  E, 
lat.  13  45  S. 

y  Tuata,  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  one 
mile  fro  nil  the  Nile.  It  is  the  residence 
of  a  governor,  has  many  curious  remains 


of  antiquity,  and  is  200  miles  S  of  Cairo. 
Lon.  31  25  E,  lat.  26  56  N. 

Tabaga,  an  island  of  America,  in  the 
S  Sea,  and  bay  of  Panama,  four  miles 
long,  and  three  broad.  It  is  a  mountain- 
ous place,  abounding  with  fruit  trees,  and 
belongs  to  the  Spaniards.  Lon.  80  16  \V, 
lat.  7  50  S. 

Tabarca,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Bar- 
bary,  belonging  to  the  Genoese,  who 
have  a  garrison  of  200  men  to  protect 
their  coral  fishing  here.  It  is  50  miles 
W  of  Tunis.    Lon.  9  16  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Taburia,  the  ancient  Tiberias,  a  town 
of  Palestine,  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
a  lake,  formerly  railed  the  sea  of  Tibe- 
rias, 50  miles  NNE  of  Jerusalem,  and 
70  SSW  of  Damascus.  Lon.  35  45  E,  lat. 

32  40  n: 

Tabasco,  a  province  of  New  Spain,  in 
the  audience  of  Mexico;  bounded  on  the 
N"  by  the  bay  of  Campeachy,  on  the  E  by 
Yucatan,  on  the  S  by  Chiapa,  and  on  the 
W  by  Guaxaca.  li  is  about  100  miles 
in  length,  and  nearly  as  much  in  breadth, 
and  its  chief  riches  consist  in  cocoa  nuts. 
The  air  is  extremeh  moist,  and  there  are 
showers  every  day  for  nine  months  in  the 
year. 

Tabasco,  an  island  of  New  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  Tabasco,  about  30  miles 
long,  and  ten  broad,  formed  by  the,  river 
Tabasco,  and  the  rivers  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul. 

Tabasco,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Tabasco.  Cortez  ob- 
tained a  victory  here  on  his  first  arrival. 
It  is  situated  in  the  island  of  the  same 
name.    Lon.  58  15  E,  lat.  17  40  N. 

Tuble.hland,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
in  the  South  Sea.  Lon.  16  77  E,  lat. 
15  38  S. 

Table  Mountain,  a  promontory  of  Afri- 
ca, near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  being 
the  most  southern  promontory  in  the  Old 
World.  The  bay  at  the  foot  of  it  is  cal- 
led Table-Bay. 

Tabor,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Bechin,  on  a  mountain,  which  the 
Huslites,  under  their  celebrated  general 
Zisca,  fortified  and  made  their  principal 
retreat.  It  is  25  miles  N  by  E  of  Bud- 
weis,  and  45  S  bv  E  of  Prague.  Lon.  14 
56  E,  lat.  49  23  N. 

Tabristan,  a  province  of  Persia,  on  the 
South  shore  of  the  Caspian  sea,  bound- 
ed by  Astrabad  on  the  E,  and  Ghilan  on 
the  W. 

Tachau,  or  Tachoxu,  a  town  of  Bohe- 
mia, in  the  circle  of  Pilsen,  28  miles  W 
of  Pilsen.    Lon.  13  27  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Tadcaster,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Thursday. 
Great  plenty  of  limestone  is  dug  up  near 


T  A  H 


T  A  I 


it ;  and  there  is  a  large  stone  bridge 
over  the  river  Wharf.  It  is  nine  miles 
SW  of  York,  and  188  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  12  W,  lat.  53  52  N. 

Tadivan,  or  Taduan,  a  town  of  Persia, 
in  the  province  of  Farsistan,  60  miles  S 
of  Schiras.    Lon.  54  15  E,  lat.  2d  45  N 

Tadmor.    See  Palmyra. 

Tudousac,  a  town  of  Lower  Canada,  in 
X  America,  which  is  a  place  of  great 
resort  for  trading  with  the  Indians,  who 
bring  thither  furs  to  exchange  for  cloth 
and  other  European  goods.  It  is  situa- 
ted t  the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay,  98 
miles  NE  of  Quebec.  Lon.  69  35  W,  lat. 
48  5  N. 

Tafala,  or  Tqfalla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Navarre,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Ci- 
dazzo,  in  acountry  producing  good  wine, 
18  miles  S  of  Pampeluna.  Lon.  1  36  W, 
las.  41  29  N. 

Tafilct,  a  kingdom  of  Barbary,  in  the 
empire  of  .Morocco  ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Fez  and  Tremesen,  on  the  E  by  the 
Beriberics,  on  the  S  by  the  deserts  of 
Barbary,  and  on  the  W  by  Sus,  Morocco, 
and  Fez.  It  is  divided  into  three  pro- 
vinces, Dras,  Saro,  and  Tuet.  It  is  a 
mountainous  sandy  country,  but  produces 
Wheat  and  barley  by  the  sides  of  the  ri- 
vers. The  inhabitants  live  upon  camels' 
flesh  and  dates,  and  they  breed  horses  to 
sell  to  foreigners.  The  Arabs  live  in 
tents,  and  the  Beriberies,  the  ancient  in- 
habitants, dwell  in  villages.  Tafilet,  the 
capital,  is  a  trading  place,  with  a  castle, 
and  seated  on  a  river,  275  miles  SE  of 
Morocco.    Lon.  5  45  W,  lat.  28  2  N. 

Tagasta,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Algiers, 
in  the  province  of  Constantina,  formerly  a 
considerable  place,  but  now  greatly  re 
ducqd.  It  is  famous  for  being  the  birth 
place  of  St.  Augustin. 

Tage>  a  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  with  a 
castle  on  a  mountain,  60  miles  E  of  Mec- 
ca.   Lon.  42  5  E,  lat.  21  45  N. 

Taghmon,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Wexford. 

Tagliacozzo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples, 
18  miles  SWof  Aquila,  and  33  EXE  of 
Rome.    Lon.  12  57  E,  lat.  45  50  N. 

Tagost,  a  town  of  African  Morocco, 
the  largest  in  the  province  of  Sus.  A 
great  many  Jews  live  here,  who  carry  on 
a  considerable  trade.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  plain,  97  miles  S  of  Tarodant. 
Lon.  8  5  W,  lat.  23  23  N. 

Taipnnndtvt,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Tafilct  in  Africa,  with  a  strong  castle  on 
a  mountain,  seated  on  the  river  Dras. 
Lon.  6  43  W,  lat.  27  10  N. 

Tahb'oroxva;  one  of  the  smallest  of  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  lying'  off  the  SW  part 
of  Mowee,  from  which  it  is  distant  three 


leagues.  It  is  destitute  of  wood,  and  the 
soil  seems  to  be  sandy  and  barren. 

Tajo,  anciently  Tagus,  a  river  which 
has  its  source  on  the  confines  of  Arragon, 
in  Spain,  runs  through  New  Castile,  by 
Toledo  and  Talavera,  whence  it  proceeds 
to  Alcantara,  in  Estremadura  ;  when  er> 
tering  Portugal,  it  washes  Santaren,  be- 
low which  it  forms  the  harbour  of  Lis- 
bon, and  then  falls  into  the  Atlantic  O- 
cean.  This  river  was  formerly  frmous 
for  its  golden  sands,  and  is  called  Tejo 
by  the  Portuguese. 

Tai-mirig-fov,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province- -of  Pe-Tche)i,  with  one  city  of 
the  second  class,  and  eighteen  of  the 
.bird,  in  its  district. 

Tain,  a  borough  and  seaport 'in  Ross- 
siiire,  remarkable  for  a  larg'e  square  tow- 
er, adorned  with  five  spires,  and  for  a 
collegiate  church,  still  pretty  entire, 
founded  by  the  bishop  of  Ross,  jn  1481. 
It  is  seated  on  the  frith  of  Dornoch,  12 
miles  N  of  Cromarty, ffid 

Tainton,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
seven  miles  W  of  Gloucester.  In  1700, 
an  ore  was  found  here,  from  which  was 
extracted  a  lit  tie  gold,  but.  not  'sufficient 
to  defray  the  expense  of  separating. 

Tai-ouang,  the  capital  of  the  island  of 
Formosa,  in  the  China  Sea.  It  is  a  large, 
well  peopled  place,  and  carries  on  a  great 
trade.  The  greater  part  of  the  streets 
are  as  straight  as  if  laid  out  with  a  line, 
and  are  all  covered  during  seven  or  eight 
months  in  the  year  to  moderate  the  ex- 
cessive  heat  of  the  sun.  These  streets  are 
30  or  40  feet  broad,  and  several  of  them 
ire  about  a  league  in  length  ;  they  are 
almost  all  bordered  with  houses  belong- 
ing to  the  merchants,  or  rich  shops,  in 
which  are  displayed  silk  stuffs,  porce- 
lain, lacquer-ware,  and  other  kinds  of 
merchandise,  all  ranged  with  great  order 
and  symmetry;  they  have  the  appearance 
of  so  many  galleries  ornamented  in  the 
same  manner ;  and  one  might  walk 
through  them  with  much  pleasure,  were 
not  the  pavement  bad,  and  the  crowd  of 
passengers  so  p^reat.  The  houses  for  the 
most  part  are  built  of  clay  and  bamboo- 
reeds,  and  are  only  thatched  with  straw  ; 
but  the  awnings  with  which  the  streets 
are  covered  leave  nothing  to  be  seen  but 
the  shops.  This  capital  has  neither  walls 
nor  any  kind  of  works  ;  its  harbour  is 
good,  and  shelters  vessels  from  every 
wind  ;  but  the  entrance  of  it*  becomes 
every  day  more  difficult.  This  port  for- 
merly could  be  entered  by  two  passages; 
one  of  which  had  water  sufficient  to  float 
the  largest  vessels  ;  but  it  has' now  only 
four  or  five  feet  of  water,  and  seldom 
above  scvon  or  eight  :  the  sand  that  is 


T  A  L 


TAM 


continually  washed  into  it  by  the  sea 
must  soon  choak  it  up  entirely.  Lon.  120 
30  E,  lai.  23  25  N. 

Tai-ping-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-nan.  It  is  built  upon 
the  banks  of  the  river  Kiang,  and  its 
plains  are  watered  by  a  number  of  navi- 
gable rivers,  which  render  it  very  opu- 
lent. Its  jurisdiction  extends  over  only 
three  cities.  Lon.  107  15  E,  lat  32  20  N, 

Tai-tcheou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Tchse-kiang.  It  has  six  ci- 
ties in  its  district.  Lon.  121  2  E,  lat. 
28  55  X 

Tailebourg;  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Charente,  and  la'e 
territory  of  Saintonge,  seated  on  the 
Charente,  30  miles  SE  of  Rochelle.  Lon. 
0  40  W,  lat.  45  46  N. 

Tai-tongfon,  a  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chan-si.  It  is  a  place  of  strength, 
built  near  the  great  wall,  rendered  im- 
portant by  its  situation,  because  it  is  the 
only  place  exposed  to  the  incursions  of 
the  Tartars  ;  it  is,  besides  strongly  for- 
tified, and  the  troops  kept  for  its  defence 
compose  a  numerous  garrison.  The  ju- 
risdiction of  Tai-tong-fou  is  very  exten- 
sive ;  it  comprehends  four  cities  of  the 
second  class,  and  seven  of  the  third. 

Tai-ynen-fou,  a  city  of  China,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Chan-si.  It  is  an  an- 
cient city,  and  above  eight  miles  in  cir- 
cumference ;  but  it  has  lost  much  of  that 
splendour  which  it  formerly  had  when 
the  princes  of  the  blood  of  the  last  im- 
perial family  of  Tai-ming-chao  resided 
in  it ;  nothing-  remains  of  their  palaces 
but  heaps  of  rubbish  and  a  few  melan- 
choly ruins.  Tiie  only  monuments  en- 
tire are  the  tombs  of  these  princes,  which 
are  seen  on  a  neighbouring  mountain. 
Tai-yuen-fou  has  under  its  jurisdiction 
five  cities  of  the  second  class,  anel  twen- 
ty of  the  third.  The  principal  articles 
of  its  trade  are  hard-Wore,  stuffs  of  dif 
ferent  kinds,  particularly  carpets  in  imi- 
tation of  those  of  Turkey.  It  is  160  miles 
SWoF  Pekin. 

Talamove,  a  seaport  of  Tuscany,  in  Ita- 
lv,  15  miles  N  of  Orbitello.  Lon*  11  6  E, 
lat.  42  30  N. 

Taluvera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, with  a  fort.  It  belongs  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  Toledo,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Tajo,  in  a  valley  abounding  in  corn,  fruits, 
and  •  xcellent  wine,  58  miles  SW  of  Mad- 
rid.   Lon.  4  1  W,  lat.  39  41  N. 

Talaveniela,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tremadura.  seated  on  the  Guadiana,  14 
miles  E  of  Badajoz.    Lon.  6  34  W,  lat.  i 
58  34  N.  *]p 

Talbot,  a  populous  county  on  the  East- 
ern Shore  of  Maryland,  containing  14,230  j 


inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
E  by  Caroline  and  Dorchester  counties  ; 
on  the  S  by  Choptank  river,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Dorchester  county  ;  on  the 
W  by  Chesapeak  bay ;  anel  on  the  N  by 
Queen  Ann  county.  The  principal  town 
is  Eastern,  at  the  head  of  Third  Haven 
river. 

Talgagmma,  a  town  of  S  America,  in 
Chili.  It  is  now  the  only  Spanish  settle- 
ment in  the  bay  of  Conception,  and  is 
seated  on  the  SE  shore,  near  the  ruins  of 
the  old  city  of  Conception,  .nine  miles 
from  the  new  citv  of  Conception.  Lon. 
73  0  YV,  lat.  36  42  S. 

Tallach,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Waterford,  23  miles  WNW  of  Cork, 
and  32  WSW  of  Waterford. 

Tallano,  a  seaport  of  Corsica,  situated 
on  the  gulf  of  Tallano,  30  miles  SSW  of 
Cortes.    Lon.  9  18  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Tallard,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Alps,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  the  Durance, 
47  miles  S  of  Grenoble.  Lon.  6  20  E,  lat. 

44  28  N. 

Talmont,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Charente,  anel  late 
territory  of  Saintonge,  seated  on  a  penin- 
sula of  Gironde,  20  miles  SE  of  Saintes, 
and  260  SW  of  Paris.    Lon.  0  50  W,  lat. 

45  32  N 

Tamalam?ca,  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  Terra  Firma,  and  government  of  St. 
Martha,  seated  on  the  Rio-de-la-Madale- 
na.    Lon.  74  45  W,  lat.  9  6  N. 

Taman.    See  Phanagoria. 

Tamar,  a  river  of  England,  which  runs 
from  N  to  S,  anel  divides  Cornwall  from 
Devonshire,  and  after  forming  the  har- 
bour of  Hamoze,  enters  Plymouth  Sound. 

Tamara,  a  seaport  on  the  N  coast  of 
the  island  of  Socotora,  in  the  East  Indies, 
near  the  strait  of  Babelmandel.  Lon.  52 
25  E,  lat.  11  20  N. 

Tarn,;,  a  river  which  rises  in  Stafford- 
shire, and  entering  Warwickshire,  runs 
first  E,  and  then  X,  till  it  re-enters  Staf- 
fordshire at  Tarn  worth,  and  soon  after 
falls  into  the  Trent. 

Tame,  an  inconsiderable  rivulet  in  Ox- 
fordshire, which  flows  into  the  Thames 
at  Dorchester,  and  has  been  erroneously 
supposed  to  give  name  to  the  Thames. 
See  Thames. 

Tame,  a  town  of  Oxfordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  a  famous  free  school, 
anel  a  small  hospital.  It  is  seated  on  a 
rivulet  of  the  same  name,  12  miles  E  of 
Oxford,  and  45  W  bv  N  of  London.  Lon. 
0  55  W,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Tamieh,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  one  of 
the  canals  which  runs  into  the  Nile;  JK; 

Tamiaovtk,  a  borough  in  Staffordshire, 


TAN 


TAG 


with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Tame,  eight  miles  SE  of*  Litchfield, 
and  114  NW  of  London.  Lon.  1  38  W, 
lat.  52  49  N. 

Tamwortb,  a  post  town  in  Strafford 
county,  New  Hampshire ;  situated  on  the 
X  side  of  Ossippee  river,  and  joining 
Grafton  county  on  the  NW.  The  inha- 
bitants were  stated  at  1134  in  the  census 
of  1810. 

Tanaro,  a  river  of  Piedmont,  which 
rises  in  the  Appennines,  and  flows  by  Che- 
rasco,  Alba,  and  Asti,  to  Alessandria,  in 
the  Milanese,  and  falls  into  the  Po. 

Tanasserim,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Siam,  in  Asia,  capital  of  a  province  of 
the  same  name,  220  miles  SW  of  Siam. 
Lon.  98  0  E,  lat.  11  50  N. 

Tanbof,  a  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly a  part  of  the  government  of  Vo- 
ronetz,  containing  13  districts. 

Tanbvfy  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of 
a  government  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Zna,  which  falls  into 
Mockcha. 

Tancos,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estre- 
madura,  seated  on  the  Zezara,  near  its 
fall  into  the  Tajo,  60  miles  NE  of  Lisbon 
Lon.  8  30  \V,  lat  39  20  N. 

Tancro-tvall,  a  town  of  Africa,,  in  Ni- 
gritia,  seated  on  the  Gambia,  where  tbe 
English  have  a  fort,  30  miles  E  of  James 
River. 

Tanda,  or  Tanrah,  a  town  of  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper,  in  Bengal,  of  which  soubah 
it  was  the  capital  in  the  17th  century. 
There  is  little  remaining  of  it  but  the 
rampart;  and  the  period  when  it  was  de- 
serted is  not  certainly  known.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Ganges,  120  miles  NW  of  Dac- 
ca.   Lon.  87  56  E,  lat.  23  25  N. 

Tandago.    See  Savior. 

Taneytotvn,  a  post  town  in  Frederick 
county,  Maryland;  situated  on  a  branch 
of  Monacasy  creek,  20  milt  s  N  by  E  of 
Frederickto'wn,  12  N  by  W  of  West- 
minster, and  40  of  Baltimore. 

Tangataboo,  one  of  the  Friendly  Is- 
lands in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  the  re- 
sidence of  the  sovereign  and  the  chiefs. 

Tangermnnde,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  old  marche  of  Brandenburg,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  the  Tanger,  where  it 
falls  into  the  Elbe,  24  miles  NW  of  Bran- 
denburg, and  28  NE  of  Magdeburg.  Lon. 
13  30  B,  lat.  52  46  N. 

Tangier,  a  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of 
Fez  in  Africa.  It  was  taken  by  the  Por- 
tuguese, in  1441,  and  given  as  a  dower 
to  the  princess  Catharine,  on  her  marri- 
age with  Charles  II.  of  England  ;  but  he 
did  not  think  it  worth  the  expense  of 
keeping,  and  therefore,  in  1683,  caused 


the  works  to  be  blown  up,  and  withdrew- 
the  garrison.  It  is  130  miles  N  of  Fez. 
Lon.  5  50  W,  lat.  35  49  N. 

Tanjore,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  coast  of  Coromandel,  bounded  by 
Gingi  on  the  N,  by  the  mountains  of  Gate 
on  the  W,  by  Madura  and  the  fishing 
coast  on  the  S,  and  by  the  sea  on  the  E, 
being  separated  from  the  island  of  Ceylon 
by  a  narrow  strait.  It  is  an  appendage  of 
the  Carnatic,  but  subject  to  its  own  ra- 
jah, who  pays  an  annual  subsidy  to  the 
English  East  India  Company. 

Tanjore,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Carnatic^  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Cauvery, 
156  miles  S  by  W  of  Madras,  and  166  S 
E  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  79  12  E,  lat.  10 
46  N. 

Tankia,  or  Tinkia-ling,  a  town  and  for- 
tress of  Thibet,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Langur,  275  miles  W  by  S  of  Lassa. 

Tanna,  a  fertile  and  considerable  is- 
land in  the  South  Sea,  and  one  of  the 
New  Hebrides.  Captain  Cook  lay  here 
some  time  in  his  second  voyage  to  the 
South  Sea,  the  inhabitants  are  a  brave 
people,  and  not  inhospitable.  Their  arms 
are  bows  and  arrows,  slings,  spears  and 
clubs.  There  is  a  volcano  in  the  islands, 
and  the  soil  is  very  fertile  in  the  tropical 
fruits  and  forest  trees.  The  coast  also 
abounds  in  fish.  Lon.  169  46  E,  lat.  19 
30  S. 

Tanore,  a  seaport  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  coast  of  Malabar.  Lon.  75  50E,  lat. 
10  55  X. 

Tantallan,  a  ruinous  castle  in  Hadding- 
tonshire, two  miles  E  of  N  Berwick. 
It  is  seated  on  a  high  rock,  washed 
on  three  sides  by  the  German  Ocean 
It  was  destroyed  by  the  Covenanters  in 
1639. 

Taoo,  the  most  southern  of  the  Friend- 
ly Islands,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
about  10  leagues  in  circuit.  It  has  seve- 
ral springs  inland,  and  a  small  stream  of 
good  water,  which  reaches  the  sea  when 
the  springs  are  copious.  The  SE  side 
rises .  with  great  inequalities  immedi- 
ately from  the  sea;  so  that  the  plains 
and  meadows,  of  which  there  are  some 
of  great  extent,  lie  all  on  the  NW  side  ; 
and  are  adorned  with  tufts  of  trees,  in- 
termixed with  plantations,  and  inter- 
sected by  paths  leading  to  ever)'  part  of 
the  isle. 

Taormina,  a  seaport  of  Sicily,  in  Val 
di  Demona,  seated  on  a  rock,  <S8  miles 
S  of  Messina,  famous  for  its  costly  mar- 
ble and  excellent  wine.  Ldh.  15,34  E, 
lat.  38  21  N. 

Taopkaa,  an  island  of  the  South  Pa- 
cific  Ocean.    Lon.  145  9  W,  lat.  14  30  S.. 


TAR 


TAR 


Tappahannockf  a  post  town  in  Esses 
county,  Virginia;  situated  on  the  S  side 
of  Rappahannock  river,  57  miles  NE  of 
R  chmond,  53  SE  of  Fredericksburg, 
and  117  from  Washington.  It  is  a  low 
unhealthy  situation,  but  a  place  of  con- 
siderable trade,  and  has  about  GOO  inha- 
bitants. 

Taploet  a  village  in  Buckinghamshire, 
one  mile  from  Maidenhead.  It  is  seated 
on  a  hill,  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames, 
and  distinguished  by  its  majestic  wood- 
lands, handsome  villas,  and  picturesque 
appearance. 

Tapoor,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindocstan,  15  miles  S5YV  of  Dararn- 
poory,  and  83  ESE  of  Seringapatam. 

Tapty,  a  river  of  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan  which  rises  at  Maltoy,  84  miles 
to  the  N\V  of  Nagpour,  and  fulls  into 
the  gulf  of  Cambay,  about  20  miles  be- 
low Surat. 

Tar,  or  Pamlico,  a  river  of  North  Caro- 
lina, which  flowing  by  Tarborough  and 
"Washington,  enters  Pamlico  Sound,  40 
miles  SE  of  the  latter  town. 

Taransa,  one  of  the  Hebrides  or  W 
Islands  #f  Scotland.  Lon.  8  55  W,  lat. 
53  2.N. 

Taranto,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
d'Otranto,  with  an  archbishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  on  a  peninsula,  and  defended 
by  a  strong  castle  ;  but  the  harbour  is 
choaked  up,  which  has  hurt  it  very 
much.  This  town  gave  name  to  the 
venemous  spiders  called  tarantulas.  It 
is  55  miles  NW  of  Otranto,  and  150  E 
bv  S  of  Naples.  Lon.  17  29  E,  lat.  40 
35  N. 

Taragolla,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Tafilet,  in  Africa,  with  a  castle  seated 
on  the  Dras,  275  miles  SW  of  Tafilet. 
Lon.  6  3  W,  lat.  27  40  X. 

Tarure,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Lyonnois  seated  on  the  Tor- 
dive,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  of  the 
yamc  name.,  25  miles  X  W  of  Lyons.  Lon. 
4  43  E,  lat.  45  52  X. 

Tarascon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone, 
and  late  province  of  Provence,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  the  Rhone,  Opposite 
Reaucnire,  with  which  it*  communicates* 
by  a  bridge  of  boats.  It  has  some  trade! 
in  oil,  brandy,  starch,  and  stuffs  of  coarse  J 
silk,  and  wool.  It  is  10  miles  X  of  Aries, 
and  375  S  bv  E  of -.Paris.  Lon.  4  39  E, 
lat.  43  48  N.  j 

7\irasco:iy  a  town  of  France,  in  the  dc-J 
partment  of  Arrieio-,  and  late  province 
of  Provence,  seated  on  the  river  Arriege, 
7  miles  SE  of  Foix.  fc^fc 

Tarazona,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 


Arragon,  with  a  bishop's  sec.  It  is  seated 
partly  on  a  reck,  and  partly  in  a  fertile' 
plain,  on  the  river  Chiles,  13  miles  SW 
of  Tudella,  and  127  XE  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
1  26  W,  lat.  41  55  X. 

Tarbat,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the 
county  of  Cromarty,  six  miles  E  of 
Tain. 

Tarbat,  East,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in 
the  county  of  ArgyJe,  25  miles  X  of 
Campbelltown. 

Tarbes,  a  populous  town  of  France, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Gaseony,  nnw 
capital  of  the  department  of  Upper  Py- 
renees, with  a  bishop's  see,  an  ancient 
castle,  and  a  college.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Adour,  42  miles  SW  of  Auch,  and 
112  S  by  E  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0  3  E, 
lat.  43  i4  X. 

Tarborough,  a  post  town  in  Edgecombe 
county,  North  Carolina;  lying  on  the  S 
side  of  Pamlico  river,  34  miles  S  of  Ha- 
lifax, 44  W  by  N  of  Washington,  and  83 
NW  of  Newbern.  It  has  about  600  in- 
habitants. 

Tarentesia,  a  province  of  Savoy,  which 
is  a  disagreeable  barren  country,  full  of 
dreadful  mountains.  Moutier  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Targa,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Fez,  on  the  Mediterranean,  with 
a  castle  built  on  a  rock.  It  is  seated 
on  a  plain  surrounded  by  mountainous 
and  thick  forests,  which  is  considered 
as  a  desert;  but  there  are  good  wells 
and  fine  pastures.  Lon.  4  56  W,  lat.  35 
20  N.  Tjgg 

Trrgorod,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
in  Moldavia,  50  miles  SW  of  Jassv.  Lon. 
26  29  E,  lat.  46  49  X. 

Tariffa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
with  a  castle  seated  on  an  eminence,  on 
the  straits  of  Gibraltar,  17  miles  WSW 
of  Gibraltar.    Lon.  5  40  W,  lat.  30  0  N. 

Tarkn,  the  capital  of  Da^hestan,  seated 
on  the  W  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  51 
miles  SE  of  Terki,  and  300  NE  ofTauris. 
Lon.  47  5  E,  lat.  45  50  N. 

Tarn,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing part  of  the  late  province  of  LangUe- 
doc.^Castres  is  the  capital. 

Tarn,  a  river  of  France,  which  gives 
name  to  the  above  department.  Tt  has 
its  source  in  the  department  of  Lozh'-ic, 
and  having  watered  Mithud,  Alby,  GuiL 
be.  M;  r.tauban,  and  Moissac,  falls  into 
(he  Garonne. 

Tarnoioitz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
principality  of  Oppelen,  in  t lie  vicinity 
of  which  is  a  silver  mine.  It  is  38  miles 
$t*£wpr*  Oppelen.  Lon.  8  15  Ey  lat.  50 
20  N.     :  '  \     '  t 

Taro,  or  Borgo-di-Yal-di-Taro,  a  town 
of  Jtakr,  in  the  duchy  of  Parma,  capi- 


f  A  R 


T  A  S 


ud  of  the  territory  of  Val-di-Taro.  Ii 
is  sealed  on  the  river  Taro,  25  ■  miles 
SVY  of  Parma.  Lon.  19  9  E,  lat.  44 
36  X. 

Turodant,  or  I'arudant,  a  town  of  Mo 
rocpo,  in  the  province  ot  Sus,  seated  near 
the  Atlantic,  120  miles  SSW  of  Morocco. 
Lou.  8  lu  \V,  lat.  30  0  N. 

Tarragu,  or  Tarrecu,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Catalonia,  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the 
river  Cervera,  15  miles  E  by  S  of  Lerida, 
and  60  W  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  1  3  E,  lat. 
41  28  N. 

Tarragona,  a  strong"  seaport  of  Spain, 
in  Catalonia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  in 
university.  It  was  built  by  the  Phoeni- 
cians, was  very  powerful  in  the  time  of 
the  Rjmans,  and  has  many  noble  monu- 
ments of  antiquity.  It  is  surrounded 
by  walls  built  by  the  Moors,  and  is  de- 
fended also  by  regular  works.  It  is  nei- 
ther so  large,  nor  so  populous  as  it  was, 
formerly  ;  for  though  there  is  room  for 
2000  houses  within  the  walls,  there  are 
not  above  500,  which  are  all  built  with 
larg"c  square  stouts.  It  carries  on  a  great 
trade,  and  is  seated  on  hill,  on  the  Me- 
diterranean, 35  miles  NE  of  Tortpsa,  and 
220  miles  E  by  N  of  Madrid.  Lon.  1  13 
E,  lat.  41  5  X. 

Tarring,  a  town  in  Sussex,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  the  Downs* 
not  far  from  the  sea,  24  miles  E  of  Chi- 
chester, and  53  S\V  of  Loudon.  Lon.  0 
21  W,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Tartan/,  a  very  large  country  of  Asia, 
situated  between  57  and  160  of  E  lon. 
reckoning  from  the  west  end  of  the  isle 
of  Ferro,  and  between  37  and  55  of  lat. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Siberia,  or 
that  part  of  Asia  which  belongs  to  Rus- 
sia ;  on  the  W  by  the  rivers  Don,  Wolga. 
and  Kama,  which  separate  it  1'rom  Russia; 
on  the  S  by  the  Euxine  and  Caspian  Seas, 
the  Karazin,  the  two  Buckharias,  China, 
and  Korea;  on  the  E,  by  the  Oriental 
or  Tartarian  ocean.  It  extends  from  E 
to  W,  the  space  of  104  degrees  in  lon- 
gitude, or  4145  geographical  miles  ;  but 
its  breadth  is  not  proportionable,  being- 
not  above  960  miles  where  broadest,  and 
v.  here  narrowest  330.  This  vast  region 
is  divided  into  two  great  parts  ;  the  one 
called  the  Western,  the  other  the  Eas- 
tern Tartary.  Western  Tartary,  which 
is  much  more  extensive  than  the  Eas- 
tern, containing  139  degrees  of  long,  out 
of  161,  is  inhabited  b)  a  great  number 
of  nations,  or  tribes  of  people,  called 
Moguls  or  Tartars.  In  all  this  vast  re- 
gion there  are  but  few  towns,  most  of 
the  inhabitants  living  under  tents,  espe- 
cially in  summer,  and  moving  from  place 
to  place  with  their  flocks  and  herds. 


They  generally  encamp,  near  some  river 
tor  the  convenience  of  water.  The  ai.JP, 
of  tins  country  is  temperate,  wholesome, 
and  pleasant,  being  equally  removed 
from  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  As 
to  the  soil,  though  there  are  many  moun- 
tains, lakes,  and  deserts  in  it,  yet  the 
banks  of  the  rivers,  and  the  plains,  some 
of  which  are  of  great  extent,  are  exceed- 
ing fertile.  The  mountains,  woods,  and 
deserts',  abound  with  venison,  game,  and 
w  dd  fowl ;  and  the  rivers  and  lakes 
both  with  fish  and  fowl.  Eastern  Tartary, 
according  to  the  limits  usually  assigned 
it  by  historians,  and  geographers,  is 
hounded  to  the  W  by  Western  Tartary, 
or  by  that  part  possessed  by  the  proper 
Moguls  undKalkas;  on  the  N  by  Sibe- 
ria ;  On  the  E  by  that  part  of  the  Ori- 
ental Ocean  called  the  Tartarian  Sea.; 
and  on  the  S  by  the  same  sea,  the  king- 
dom of  Korea,  and  the  Yellow  Sea,  which 
separates  it  from  China.  It  is  situated 
between  the  137th  and  150th  degrees  of 
lon.  being  about  900  miles  long  from  S 
to  X,  and  near  as  many  in  breadth  from 
W  to  E,  yet  but  thinly  peopled.  This 
large  region  is  at  present  divided  into 
three  great  governments,  all  subject  to 
tile  Chinese,  viz.  Shingyang or  Mugden, 
KuFinula,  and  Tsitsikar. 

Turtas,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Landes,  and  late  province  of 
Cascony.  The  Midouse  runs  through 
it ;  and  on  one  side  of  this  river  it  rises 
in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre  ;  the 
other  is  seated  on  a  plain  It  is  12  miles 
N.E  of  Dax.  Lon.  0  48  E,  latr43  ^0  A  Jfe 
'  Tarvis,  or  Tar-cvis,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  Carinthia,  46  miles  XXW  of  Trieste. 
Lon.  13  40  E,  lat.  46  34  N. 

Tassacorta,  a  maritime  town  of  the 
isle  of  Palma,  one  of  the  Canaries.  It  ' 
lies  SW  of  St.  Cruz,  and  being  exposed 
to  westerly  winds  is  little  frequented, 
but  by  boats.  Lon.  17  58  W,  lat.  28 
38  X. 

Tassasttdon,  the  capital  of  Bootan,  260 
miles  S  bv  W  of  Lassa.  Lon.  89  0  E, 
lat.  27  43  X. 

Tussing,  an  island  of  Denmark,  be- 
tween Fujien,  Langeland,  and  Arroe. 
It  is  separated  from  .he  former  by  a 
strait,  and  contains  a  few  towns  and  vil- 
lages. 

Tdsso\  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
near  Romania,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
gulf  of  Contesia.  It  is  35  miles  in  cir- 
cumference and  was  formerly  famous 
for  mines  of  gold,  and  quarries  of  beau- 
tiful marble.  The  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  has  a  good  harbour,  and  several 
castles. 

Tasso,  a  mountain  of  Italy,  between  . 


T  A  V 


T  A  U 


Bergamo  and  Comn,  from  which  the  il- 
lustrious family  of  the  poet  Tasso  took 
th^jf  nam  e. 6     W ( v 

Tatta,  or  Sindet  a  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  capital  of  the  province  of  Sindy 
It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  tlae  river 
Sindc  or  Indus,  which  admits  of  an  un- 
interrupted navigation  to  Moultan  and 
Lahore,  for  vtsse  Is  of  200  tons,  and  a 
very  extensive  trade  was  carried  on  be- 
tween these  places  in  the  time  of  Aurung- 
zebe  but  at  present  very  little  remains, 
owing-  to  a  bad-government  in  Sindy,  and 
to  a  hostile  disposition  of  the  Seiks  the 
present  possessors  of  Moultan  and  La- 
hore. In  the  17 Lh  century,  it  was  very 
extensive  and  populous,  and  was  a  place 
of  greai  trade,  possessing-  manufactures 
of  silk,  wool,  and  cotton  ;  and  it  was  ce- 
lebrated for  its  cabinet  ware.  Little  of 
these  now  remain,  anil  the  limits  of  the 
city  are  very  circumscribed.  On  the 
shores  of  the  Indus,  above  'he  Delta, 
considerable  quantities  of  salt-petre  are 
made  :  and  within  the  hilly  tract,  which 
commences  within  three  miles  of  the  X 
W  of  Tatta,  are  found  mines  of  iron  and 
salt.  Tatta  is  741  miles  NW  of  Bombay. 
Lon.  6737  E,  lat.  24  50  N. 

Tattah,  a  small  town  on  the  common 
frontiers  of  Morocco,  Drah,  and  Zang- 
hag-a,  and  in  the  route  from  Morocco  and 
Sus  to  Tombuctou.  It  is  170  miles  SSE 
of  Morocco. 

TcUtershatti  a  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Bane,  near  iis  confluence  with  the 
"Witham,  and  was  formerly  of  note  for  its 
castle.  It  is  20  miles  SE  of  Lincoln,  and 
127  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  8  W,  lat.  53 
6  N> 

Tavastfis,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Fin 
land,  capital  of  the  province  of  Tavaste- 
land,  seated  on  a  river  which  falls  into 
the  lake  Wana,  62  miles  XE  of  Abo. 

Tuuchcl,  a  town  of  Poland  in  Ponurel- 
lia,  seated  on  the  Verd,  30  miles  NW  oi 
Culm.    Lon.  18  5  E,  lat.  53  38  X. 

Tavcvna,  h  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Uheriore,  seated  on  theCoraca,  20  miles 
E  of  Nicasuo,  and  70  XE  of  Reggio.  Lon. 
16  44  E,  lat.  39  11  N. 

Tavira,  or  Tavila,  a  considerable  town 
of  Portugal',  capital  of  Algarva,  with  a 
castle,  and  one  of  the  best  harbours  in 
the  kingdom  defended  by  a  fort.  It  i> 
seated  in  a  fertile  country,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Gilaon,  between  Cape  Vincent  and 
the  straits  of  Gibraltar,  100  miles  W  by 
X  of  Cadiz.    Lon.  7  46  W,  lat.  37  18  X. 

Tavistock;  a  borough  in  Devonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  rivet  Tavy,  and  was  once  famous 


for  a  stately  abbey,  now  divided  into  te- 
nements. It  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, has  a  brook  running  through 
every  street,  and  a  stone  bridge  of  five 
arches  over  the  river.  It  is  32  miles  W 
by  S  of  Exeter,  and  206  of  London.  Lon. 
4"  12  W,  lat.  30  35  X. 

Tu.uma.go>  an  island  of  the  South  Paci- 
fic Ocean,  discovered  by  Quiros  in  1606. 
Lon.  176  45  W,  lat.  13  0  S. 

Taunton,  a,  river  of  Massachusetts  in 
North  America.  It  rises  in  the  Blue 
Mountains,  and  running  SE  falls  into 
Narraganset  Bay,  on  the  E  side  of  Rhode 
Island. 

Taunton,  a  borough  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day. It  is  situated  on  the  Thone,  which 
is  navigable  hence  to  the  Parret.  It  has 
a  large  manufacture  of  silk,  and  a  con- 
siderable one  of  woollen  goods,  such  as 
serges,  duroys,  druggets,  &.c.  Large 
quantities  of  malt  liquor  are  also  sent  to 
Bristol  for  exportation.  Taunton  is  gov- 
erned by  a  mayor  and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  had  once  a  castle, 
now  in  rums,  and  is  a  populous  place, 
with  spacious  streets,  and  two  churches. 
Its  market  place  is  one  of  the  most  spa- 
cious and  handsome  in  the  kingdom, 
and  no  less  celebrated  for  cheapness  and 
abundance  of  provisions  of  every  kind. 
It  was  the  scene  of  many  bloody  execu- 
tions, in  the  reign  of  James  II.  after  the 
defeat  of  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  at 
rfedgemoor,  near  this  town.  It  is  31  miles 
XE  of  Exeter,  and  140  W  bv  S  of  London. 
Lon.  3  17  W,  lat.  50  59  X." 

Taunton,  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Bristol  county,  Massachusetts;  lying  on 
the  W  side  of  Taunton  river,  25  miles 
X  of  New  Bedford,  and  35  S  of  Boston 
The  township  contains  3,900  inhabi- 
tants. 

Tawiton-Dsan,  or  Vale  of  Tannlon,  an 
extensive  tract  of  land  in  Somersetshire, 
famous  for  its  fertility^^^K 

Tavreau,  an  isle  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Finisterre,  and  late  province, 
of  Bretagnc,  lying  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Morlaix.  On  this  island  is  a  castle, 
which  defends  the  port  of  Morlaix.  Lon. 
3  51  W,  lat.  48  40  X. 

Taurica,  or  Taurida.    See  Crimea. 

Tanris,  a  city  of  Persia,  capital  of 
Aderbeitzan,  and  formerly  the  capital 
of  Persia.  It  is  about  five  miles  in  cir- 
cumference and  carries  on  a  prodigious 
trade  in  cotton,  cioth,  silks,  gold  and 
silver  brocades,  fine  turbans,  and  sha- 
green leather.  There  are  300  caravan 
aries,  and  250  mosques.  It  is  seated  in 
a  delightful  plain,  surrounded  by  moun- 


T  A  Y 


TCH 


tains,  95  miles  SE  of  Xaksivan,  and  320 
NW  of  Ispahan.    Lon.  47  50  E,  lat.  38 

UK*-  VWf*'.' 

Tuants,  a  great  chain  of  mountains  in 
Asia,  Which  begin  in  the  E  part  of  Little 
Caramania,  and  extend  far  into  India. 
In  different  places  they  have  different 
names. 

Tank,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Pilsen,  26  miles  SW  of  Pilscn, 
and  50  S  of  Saatzi  Lon.  13  45  E,  lat.  49 
25  N. 

Tut;/,  a  river  in  Devonshire,  which  ris- 
ing in  Dartmoor  Forest,  waters  Tavi- 
stock and  then  enti  rs  the  harbour  of  lia- 
mouze, above  Plymouth. 

Tax:;  a  river  in  Devonshire,  which  rises 
In  the  centre  of  the  county,  flows  to 
Barnstaple,  and  then  turns  YV  to  join  the 
Trowbridge,  at  Us  mouth  in  tiie  Bristol 
Channel. 

Ta-.vj,  a  river  in  Glamorganshire  in  S 
Wales,  which  flows  payallcl  to  the  Neath, 
and  enters  the  Bristol  Channel,  at  Swan- 
sey  Bay. 

Tdi;  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  Scot- 
land, dividing  it  into  S  and  X.  It  rises 
out  of  the  mountains  of  Breadalbane,  and 
after  spreading  into  a  lake  of  the  same 
name,  15  miles  long, and  about  two  broad, 
runs  E  through  Athol,  then  turning  to 
the  SE  in  a  course  of  near  40  miles,  ex- 
clusive of  windings,  falls  into  the  frith  o! 
Tay. 

Tu\  ,  Frith  of,  an  arm  of  the  sea,  which 
divides  Fifeshire  from  the  counties  o1 
Perth  and  Angus.  The  space  between 
the  N  and  S  sands  may  be  near  a  mih 
with  about  three  fathoms  water,  but 
within  the  Frith,  it  grows  deeper,  ano 
in  the  road  of  Dundee  is  full  six  f..- 
thoms. 

7W,  Loch,  a  lake  in  Perthshire,  thro; 
which  flows  the  river  Tay,  It  is  15  mile.-, 
long,  and  in  many  parts  above  one  broad 
On  the  12th  of  September,  1784,  this 
lake  was  seen  to  ebb  and  flow  so  vera', 
times  in  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  when  all 
at  once  the  waters  rushed  from  E  to  YY 
in  opposite  currents,  so  as  to  form  a 
ridge,  leaving  the  channel  dry  to  the  dis- 
tance of  almost  tOO  yards  from  its  usual 
boundary.  When  the  opposing  waves 
meet,  they  burst  with  a  clashing  noise 
and  much  foam  :  the  waters  then  flowed 
out  at  least  five  }  ards  beyond  their  or- 
dinary limits.  The  flux  and  reflux  con 
sinned  gradually  decreasin  •  for  two 
nours.  A  similar  motion  was  observed 
several  da\s,  but  in  a  less  decree.  The 
banks  of  this  lake  are  finely  wooded  : 
and  it  has  a  small  tufted  island,  on  which 
are  the  ruins  of  a  priory,  built  by  Alex- 
ander r. 


Ten/cot,  a  village  of  Pegu,  situated  on 
the  "U  side  of  the  river  lrrawaddy.  It 
is  a  long  and  straggling  town.  Lon.  95 
35  E,  hit.  18  30  N. 

Tatexvdlt  a  county  in  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia, containing  30u7  inhabitants  in 
1810. 

Tchang--tcha-foti,  a  city  of  China,  the 
capital  of  the  S  part  of  the  province  of 
Hou-quang.  It  is  seated  on  a  large  river, 
which  has  a  communication  with  an  ex- 
tensive lake,  called  Tong-ting-hou.  It 
has  one  city  of  the  second  and  11  of  the 
third  class  under  its  jurisdiction,  and  is 
i>25  miles  S  by  W  of  Pekin.  Long.  112 
25  E,  lat.  28  11  X. 

j     Tchuirg'-tcheoii-fiv,  a  city  of  China,  in 
,  the  province  of  Fo-kien.    It  is  very  con- 
siderable, on  account  of  its  trade  with 
I  Emeuv,  Pong-hou.  and  Formosa.  Lon. 
Mr  35  E,  lat.  24  32  N. 

Tdwng  Itt-fin,  one  of  the  most  north- 
ern cities  of  the  province  of  Honan,  in 
China.  It  is  remarkable  for  a  fish,  like 
a  crocoviile,  the  fat  of  which,  when  once 
kindled,  cannot  be  extinguished.  In  its 
neighbourhood  is  a  mountain  so  steep 
and  inaccessible,  that  in  time' of  war  it 
affords  a  safe  asvlum  to  the  inhabitants. 
Lon.  1115E,  lat.  29  2  N\  ' 

Tche  kuingy  a  province  of  China,  one 
of  the  most  considerable  in  that  empire, 
on  account  of  its  maritime  situation,  its 
extent,  riches,  and  population.  It  is 
oounded  on  the  N  and  W  by  Kiang-nan, 
on  the  SW  by  Kiang-si,  and  on  the  S  by 
Fokien,  and  on  the  E  by  the  Ocean.  The 
air  of  this  country  is  pure  and  healthful ; 
tiie  plains  are  watered  by  a  number  of 
rivers  and  canals,  kept  in  good  order  ; 
unci  the  springs  and  lakes  wdh  which  it 
abounds,  contribute  greatly  to  its  ferti- 
I  y.  The  natives  are  mild  and  lively, 
lid  very  polite  to  strangers;  but  they 
re  said  to  he  extremely  superstitious* 
In  this  province  whole  plains  may  be 
seen  covered  with  dawrf  mulberry  trees, 
purposely  checked  in  their  growth  ; 
and  prodigious  quantities  of  silk  worms 
are  bred  here  Their  silk  stuffs,  in 
which  gold  and  silver  are  intermixed, 
are  the  most  beautiful  in  China.  The 
tallow  tree  grows  here,  and  here  are 
found  the  small  gold  fish,  with  which 
ponds  are  stocked. 

Tchernigof,  a  government  of  Russia, 
Ibrmerlv  a  part  of  the  Ukraine,  contain- 
i  ig  11  districts.  Us  can:  at,  of  the  same 
name,  is  seated  on  the  Desne,  '-ffc' 

Trfiiug-kiurig-fou,  u  strong  city  of  Chi- 
na, in  the  province  of  Kiajiig^nan,  the 
key  of  the  empire  on  the  sea  coast.  Its 
situation  and  trade,  md  the  be  nt;  of 
its  wrli>,  give  it  a  pre-eminence  over 
i  P 


T  C  I 

the  other  cities  of  the  province,  but 
its  jurisdiction  is  confined  to  three  ci 
ties  of  the  third  class.  It  is  25  miles 
E  by  N  of  Nan-king.  Lon.  118  55  E,  kit 
32  U  N. 

Tcliing-tcheou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Hou  quang",  seated  near 
the  canal  through  which  all  barks  must 
pass  in  going  from  Sou-tcheou,  to  Ki-ang. 
Under  it  are  five  cities  of  the  third  class, 
in  which  a  kind  of  plain  earthen  ware  is 
prepared,  highly  valued  by  the  Chinese, 
who  prefer  it  to  the  most  elegant  porce- 
lain. It  is  640 miles  S'SWof  Pekin.  Lon. 
109  40  E,  hit.  28  23  N. 

Tchtng-ting-fuu,  a  large  city  of  China, 
in  the  province  of  Pe-icheh.  Its  district 
contains  five  cities  of  the  second  and  27 
of  the  third  class;  and  it  is  110  miles 
S  by  W  of  Pekin.  Lon.  114  21  E,  hit. 
38  9  N. 

Tching-ton-foii,  a  city  of  China,  the  ca- 
pital of  Se-tcheuen,  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  the  emperors,  and  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  beautiful  cities  in  the 


TED 


the  palisades  and  the  earthen  wall  is  oc- 
cupied by  the  soldiers  of  the  Tartar  gar- 
rison, merchants  and  tradesmen,  the 
greater  part  of  whom  are  Chinese  invited 
thither  by  the  hopes  of  gain,  or  con- 
demned to  exile  :  their  houses  are  only 
of  earth,  and  form  pretty  large  streets. 

Teaki,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
20  miles  long,  and  four  broad.  It  is  the. 
ancient  Ithaca,  the  kingdom  of  Ulysses. 
Lon.  20  54  E,  lat.  38  47  N. 

Tebessa,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tu- 
nis, with  several  remains  of  antiquity 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain. 
Lon.  8  5  E,  hit.  34  51  X. 

Tebza,  a  strong  town  of  the  kingdom 
of  -Morocco,  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name.  It  carries  on  a  good  trade, 
and  is  seated  on  the  side  of  one  of  the 
mountains  of  Atlas.  Lon.  4  55  W,  lat. 
32  50  X. 

Ttceut,  a  town  of  Morocco,  in  the 
province  of  Susj  seated  on  the  river  Sus, 
in  a  country  abounding  in  dates  and 
sugar-canes,  four  miles  E  of  Messa.  Lon. 
empire:  but,  in  1616,  it  was  almost  en-  j  8  25  E,  lat.  29  10  N. 

tirely  destroyed,  during  the  civil  wars  j  •  Tcdclenburg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  ca- 
that  preceded  the  last  invasion  of  the  ]  pital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with 
Tartars.    Its  district  contains  six  cities  j    castle  on  a  hill.    It  was  bought  by  the 


of  the  second  and  15  of  the  third  class,  j  king  of  Prussia  in  1707,  and  is  12  miles 
Lon.  103  44'  E,  lat.  30  40  N.  |  SW  of  Osnaburg,  and  25  XE  of  Munster. 

Tchi-tcheou-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  thej  L<>n.  8  2  E,  lat.  52  20  N 


province  ot  Kiang-nan.    It  is  seated,  on 
the  river  Kiang,  and  has  under  it  six  ci 
ties  of  the  third  class.    Lon.  117 
Jut.  30  45  N. 

Tchoiig-king-fou,  a  city  of  China,  and 
one  of  the  most  commercial  iu  the  prov- 
ince of  Le-Schuin.  It  is  in  a  great  mea- 
sure indebted  for  its  trade  to  its  situation 
at  the  confluence  of  two  large  rivers; 
the  Hin-cha-kiang,  and  the  Yang-tse-ki- 
ang.  It  is  Luilt  upon  a  mountain,  and 
rises  in  the,  form  of  an  amphitheatre : 
the  air  round  it  is  wholesome  and  tem- 
perate. This  city  is  celebrated  for  its 
fish,  and  a  particular  kind  of  trunks 
made  of  canes,  interwoven  in  the  manner 
of  basket -Work.  Under  it  are  three  cities 
of  the  second,  and  11  of  the  third  class. 
It  is  637  miles  SW  of  Pekin.  Lon.  106 
$0.  E,  lat.  29  42  X. 

Tcitciciir,  the  most  -northern  of  the 
thifc-e  departments  of  Eastern  Chinese 
Tartary,  occupied  by  different  Tartar 
tribes. 

Tcitcicar,  a  modern  city  of  E  Chinese 
Tartar)*,  built  by  the  emperor  of  China 
to  sectrfle-his  frontiers  against  the  Mus- 
covites. K  is  fortified  by  close  pali- 
sades aJxTa  wall  constructed  of  earth. 
The  space  enclosed  by  the  former  con- 
tains the  tribunals  and  the  house  of  the 
Tartar  general ;  that  which  is  between 


Tecouiitepeca,  a  considerable  seaportof 
New  Spain,  in  the  audience  of  Mexico 
0  E,  and  province  of  Guaxaca,  seated  on  a  bay 
jof  the  same  name,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
It  has  a  Twrtified  abbey, -and  several 
handsome  churches.  Lon.  95  15  W,  lat. 
15  28  X. 

Tecort,  or  Ticartc,  a  strong  town  of 
Barbary,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  in  Biledulgend.  It  is  seated 
on  a  mountain,  420  miles  SW  of  Tripoli. 
Lon.  7  55  E,  lat.  29  35  X. 

Tccret,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in 
the  government  of  Mosul,  130  miles  S  of 
Mosul. 

Tecidet,  a  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of 
Morocco,  with  an  old  castle,  seated  on 
the  side  of  a  mountain,  at  the  mouth  of 
a  river  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  9  5  W, 
lat.  30  45  X. 

Tedding  ton,  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
,eatedon  the  Thames,  12  miles  WSW  of 
L  ndon.  The  church  is  a  perpetual  cu- 
racy, which  was  enjoyed  by  the  cede-' 
brated  philosopher,  Dr.  Stephen  Hu  es, 
from  the  year  1710,  till  his  death  in  1761. 
He  is  interred  under  the  tower  of  ihe 
church,  which  he  erected  at  his  own  ex- 
pense. 

Teddezy  a  strong  town  of  Algiers,  in 
/he  province  of  the  same  name,  oB'^he 
I  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  with  a  eastl 


T  E  F 


TEL 


50  miles  NE  of  Algiers.  Lou.  3  5  E,  lat. 
47  5  N. 

7VJ/fl,  or  Tadila,  a  province  of  Mo- 
rocco, which  extends  along  the  E  side 
of  Mount  Alius,  to  the  borders  of  Fez 
and  Algiers. 

Tcdnest,  a  large  town  of  Morocco,  in 
Africa,  capital  of  the  province  of  Hea. 
If  was  taken  by  the  Portuguese  in  1517, 
ait  they  were  driven  away  soon  after. 
It  is  almost  surrounded  by  a  rjver.  Lon. 
S  35  W,  lat.  30  30  N. 

'i','dsi,  a  commercial  town  of  Morocco, 
in  the  province  of  Sits,  seated  in  a  plain, 
abounding-  in  corn,  20  miles  SE  of  Taro- 
dant. 

Tees,  a  river  which  rises  on  the  con- 
fines of  Cumberland,  divides  the  county 
of  Durham  from  Yorkshire,  and  falls  into 
the  German  Ocean,  below  Stockton. 

Teffezdra,  a  strong  town  of  Algiers, 
in  the  province  of  Tremesen,  12  miles 
from  the  city  of  that  name.  There  are 
a  great  many  mines  of  iron  in  its  terri- 
tory. 

TeJUis,  the  capital  of  Georgia,  one  of 
the  seven  Caucassian  nations  between 
the  Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian.  It  is 
called  by  the  inhabitants  Thilis  Cabar, 
warm  town,  from  the  warm  baths  in  its 
neighbourhood.  Though  its  circumfer- 
ence does  not  exceed  two  English  miles, 
it  contains  20,000  inhabitants,  of  which 
more  than  half  are  Armenians,  the  re- 
mainder are  principally  Georgians,  with 
some  Tartars.  According  to  Major  Ren- 
nel,  it  has  20  Armenian  and  15  Greek 
churches,  and  metsheds.  There  are  some 
magnrficent  caravanseras.  bazars  and  pa- 
laces in  the  city,  but  no  mosques.  All 
the  houses  are  of  stone,  with  flat  roofs, 
which  serve,  according  to  the  custom 
of  the  Eas,t,  as  walks  for  the  women. 
They  are  neatly  built ;  the  rooms  are 
wainscotted,  and  the  floors  spread  with 
carpets.  The  streets  seldom  exceed 
seven  feet  in  breadth  ;  and  some  are  so 
narrow  as  scarcely  to  allow  room  for  a 
man  on  horseback:  they  are  consequently 
very  filthy.  Tefflis  is  a  place  of  consi- 
derable trade,  especially  in  furs,  which 
are  conveyed  hence  to  Constantinople  by 
the  way  of  Erzerum.  As  for  the  silks  of 
this  country,  they  are  bought  up  on  the 
spot  by  the  Armenians,  and  conveyed 
to  Smyrna  and  other  ports  of  the  Medi- 
terranean ;  but  the  greatest  part  is  first 
sent  to  Erzerum  to  be  manufactured, 
the  Georgians  being  very  ignorant  and 
unskilful  in  that  respect.  Erom  hence, 
likewise,  great  quantities  of  a  root  called 
boya  is  sent  to  Erzerum  and  Indoostan 
for  the  use  of  the  linen  dyers.    Here  is 


likewise  a  foundery,  at  which  are  cast 
a  few  cannon,  mortars,  and  balls,  all  of 
which  are  very  inferior  to  those  of  the 
Turks.  The  gunpowder  made  here  is 
very  good.  The  Armenians  have  like- 
wise established  in  this  town  all  the 
manufactures  carried  on  by  their  coun- 
trymen in  Persia:  the  most  flourish- 
ing is  that  of  printed  linens.  Tefflis  is 
seated  on  the  river  Kur,  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain  ;  and  on  the  S  side  of  it 
stands  a  large  castle  or  fortress,  .built 
by  the  Turks  in  1576,  when  they 
made  themselves  masters  of  the  city 
and  country,  under  the  command  of 
the  famous  Mustapha  Pacha.  It  is  125 
miles  W  of  Turki.  Lon.  65  3  E,  lat. 
41  59  N. 

Tefza,  a  town  of  Morocco,  in  Africa, 
70  miles  NE  of  Morocco. 

Tegaza,  a  town  of  Zehara,  capital  of 
a  territory  of  that  name,  to  the  NE  of 
Senegal.  It  is  remarkable  for  mountains 
of  salt.    Lon.  6  30  W.  lat.  21  40  N 

Tegerhf,  a  town  of  Fezzan,  in  Africa, 
80  miles  SW  of  Mourzook. 

Teglio,  a  town  of  the  country  of  the 
Orisons,  capital  of  a  government  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  Valteline  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  top  of  a  mountain,  9  miles 
from  Tirano,  and  12  from  Sondrio. 

Teign,  a  river  in  Devonshire,  com- 
posed of  two  branches,  which  rise  in 
the  centre  of  the  county,  and  uniting, 
enter  the  English  Channel,  at  Telgn- 
mouth. 

Teignmont/i,  a  seaport  in  Devonshire, 
reckoned  part  of  the  port  of  Exeter.  It 
sends  a  number  of  vessels  to  the  New- 
foundland fishery,  and  has  a  considerable 
coasting  trade,  especially  to  Liverpool. 
This  is  the  place  where  the  Danes  first 
landed,  and  where  they  committed  seve- 
ral outrages.  It  was  almost  entirely  des- 
troyed by  the  French,  who  landed  and 
set  fire  to  it  in  1690.  It  is  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Teign,  12  miles  S  of  Exe- 
ter, and  280  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3 
29  W,  lat.  50  32  N. 

Teisendorf,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  12  miles  WNW  of 
Saltzburg. 

Teisse,  a  river  of  Hungary,  which  rises 
in  the  Carpathian  mountains,  passes  by 
Tockay  and  Segedin,  and  falls  into  the 
Danube,  near  Titul. 

Tekin.    See  Bender. 

Telemona,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany, 
with  a  small  harbour,  and"  a  strong  fort. 
It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ossa,  at 
the  extremity  of  a  point  of  a  craggy  rock, 
ten  miles  from  Orbitello.  Lon.  11  11  E: 
lat.  42  28  N. 


T  E  N 


TE  N 


Telesa.    See  Ccrvito. 

TeBes,  a  seaport  of  Fez,  in  Africa,  120 
mile  a  ESE  of  Tangier. 

Te.legein,  or  Tefga,  a  trading"  town  of 
Sweden,  in  Sud^rmania,  seated  on  the 
S  bank  of  the  lake  Maeler,  12  miles  SW 
of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  24  E,  lat.  59 
18  X. 

Telliclwny,  a  seaport  of  Hindoostan, 
on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  where  there  is 
an  English  factory.  It  is  30  miles  N 
NW  of  Calicut.    Lon.  75  50  E,  lat.  11 

48  N. 

Teltsh,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Mora- 
via, seated  on  the  frontiers  of  Bohemia, 
at  the  source  of  the  river  Teya,  36 
miles  WNW  of  Znaim.   Lon.  16  0  E,  lat. 

49  0  N. 

Temenchfust,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  10 
miles  E  of  Algiers. 

Temesiuar,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  territory  called  the  bannat  of 
Teraeswar.  It  formerly  passed  for  im- 
pregnable ;  but  it  was  taken  by  prince 
Eugene,  in  a  dry  season,  in  1716.  It  is 
seated  in  a  morass,  60  miles  NE  of  Bel- 
grade, and  150  SE  of  Buda.  Lon.  22  20 
E,  lat.  45  57  N. 

Temissa,  a  large  town  of  the  kingdom 
of  Fez z an.  Here  the  caravan  of  pilgrims 
from  Bornou  and  Nigrhia,  which  takes 
its  departure  from  Mourzook,  and  trav- 
els by  way  of  Cairo  to  Mecca,  usually 
provides  the  stoies  of  corn  and  dates, 
and  dried  meat,  requisite  for  its  dreary 
passage.  It  »y  120  miles  ENE  of  Mour- 
zook. 

Templeton.  a  post  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts  •  lying  be; ween 
Athol  and  Petersham,  28  miles  NW  of 
Worcester,  and  63  W  by  N  of  Boston. 

Templin,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  ..nd  die  Uncker  Marche  of  Bran- 
denburg, which  has  a  great  trade  in 
timber.  It  is  15  miles  SW  of  Prenzlo, 
and  34  N  of  Berlin.  Lon.  13  25  E,  lat. 
53  5  N. 

Temroch,  a  seaport  of  Cuban,  seated 
on  the  sea  of  Asoph,  20  miles *E  of  the 
straits  of  Caffa.  Lon.  37  20  E,  lat.  45 
27  N. 

Tenaserim.  a  town  of  Si  am,  capital  of  a 
province.  It  is  situated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  which  falls  into  the  bay  of 
Bengal.    Lon.  98  8  W,  lat.  12  12  N. * 

Teiibwy,  a  toAvn  in  Worcestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday*  seated  on  the 
Teme,  15  mites  W  by  N  of  Worcester, 
and  130  WNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  13  W, 
Jat.  52  16  N. 

Tenbyy  a  seaport  in  Pembrokeshire 
with  a  myket  on  Wednesday  and  Sa- 


turday. Its  castle  was  demolished  in  the 
civil  wars,  and  its  trade  is  inconsiderable. 
It  is  ten  miles  E  of  Pembroke,  and  3!33 
W  of  London.  Lon.  5  5  W,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Tenrli's  ftdand,  an  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  two  miles  in  circumference,  dis- 
covered by  lieUt  Ball,  in  1790.  It  i*  low, 
but  entirely  covered  \vi  h  trees,  many  of 
which  are  the  cocoanut.  The  natives  ob- 
served in  the  canoes,  that,  ventured  to 
come  somewhat  near  the  ship,  were  re- 
markably stout  men,  quite  nuked,  and  of 
a  copper  colour;  ilieir  hair  resembling 
that  of  the  New  Hollanders,  and  some 
of  their  beards  reaching  as  low  as  the 
navel,  with  an  appearance  of  much  art 
having  been  used  to  form  them  into 
long  ringlets.  Two  or  three  of  the  men 
had  something  like  a  bead  or  bone  sus- 
pended to  a  string,  which  was  fastened 
round  the  neck.  The  largest  of  their 
canoes  appeared  to  be.  about  28  feet 
long,  and  made  out  of  a  large  tree,  with 
a  long  outrigger.  Lon.  151  31  E,  lat.  1 
39  S. 

Tenda,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name. 
I»  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on 
the  river  Boga,  52  miles  S  of  Turin.  Loii. 
7  45  E,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Tenedos,  a  celebrated  island  in  the  Ar- 
chipelago, on  the  coast  of  Natolia,  and 
10  miles  SW  of  the  straits  of  Gallipoli. 
This  island  still  retains  its  ancient  name  . 
and  is  one  of  the  smallest  islands  of  the 
Archipelago,  situated  near  the  coast  of 
Lesser  Asia,  W  of  the  ruins  of  Troy.  It 
is  chiefly  rocky,  but  fertile,  being  re- 
markable for  producing  the  best  Musca- 
dine wine  in  the  Levant ;  and  its  position, 
thus  near  die  mouth  of  the  Hellespont, 
has  given  it  importance  in  all  ages ;  ves- 
sels bound  towards  Cons'antinople  find- 
ing- shelter  in  its  port,  or  safe  anchor;  ge 
in  the  road  during-  the  .Etesian  or  con- 
trary winds,  or  in  foul  weather.  It  is 
eleven  miles  long  and  seven  broad,  inha- 
bited almost  wholly  by  Greeks.  On  the 
E  side  is  a  large  town,  seated  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  with,  a  fine  harbour, 
commanded  by  a  castle.'  On  the  5th  of 
June,  1794,  after  some  severe  shocks  of 
an  earthquake,  a  small  volcanic  inland 
was  discovered  todiave  emerged  from  the 
sea,  between  this  town  and  the  Asiatic, 
shore. 

Tencn>  or  Kmn,  an  episcopal  town  o; 
Venice,  in  Dalmatia,  on  the  borders  of 
Mosnia.  It  is  48  miles  S  of  Bihacz.  ■  Lon. 
:6  30  E,  lat.  44  5  N. 

Tenevif,  one  of  the  Canary  islands, 
he  most  considerable  of  them  for  riches, 
irade,  and  population.    It  lies  W  of  the 


TEN 


TEN 


Grand  Canary,  is  70  miles  long,  and  22 
broad,  and  abounds  in  wine,  >.  ifferent 
sorts  of  trans,  cattle,  and  game.  One 
part  of  this  island  is  surrounded  by  inac- 
cessible mountains,  and  one  in  particular, 
called  the  Pike  of  Teneriff,  is  iwo  miles 
and  a  quarter  above  the  level  of  the  sea; 
and  the  distance  of  the  peak  from  the 
port  of  Oratavia  is  above  II  miles.  This 
island  is  subject  to  earthquakes  ;  at  d,  in 
1704,  one  destroyed  several  towns,  and 
many  thousand  people.  The  manufac- 
tures carried  on  here,  are  very  few,  and 
the  product  of  them  little  more  than  suf- 
ficient for  their  own  consumption.  They 
consist  of  taffcties,  gauze,  coarse  linens, 
blankets,  a  little-silk,  and  curious  gar- 
ters. Tlie  principal  dependence  of  the 
inhabitants  is  on  their  wine,  (their  staple 
commodity),  oil,  corn,  and  every  kind  of 
stock  for  shipping.  With  these  the  is- 
land abounds :  and,  in  their  season,  pro- 
duces not  only  the  tropical  fruits,  but  the 
vegetable  productions  of  the  European 
gardens,  in  the  greatest  plenty.  Teneriff 
enjoys  an  agreeable  and  healthful  medi- 
ocrity of  climate.  Indeed  none  seems 
better  adapted  for  the  restoration  of  a 
valetudinarian ;  as,  by  going  into  the 
mountains,  he  may  graduate  the  air,  and 
choose  that  state  of  it  which  best  suiis 
his  complaint.  The  laborious  works  in 
this  island  are  chiefly  performed  by  oxen 
and  mules,  horses  being  scarce,  and  re- 
served lor  the  use  of  the  officers.  Hawks 
and  parrots  are  natives  of  the  island,  as 
also  swallows,  seagulls,  partridges,  ca- 
nary-birds, and  blackbirds.  There  are 
also  lizards,  locusts,  and  dragonflies. 
The  climate  is  remarkably  healthful,  and 
particularly  adapted  to  afford  relief  in 
phthisical  complaints,  St.  Christophe  de 
Laguna  is  the  capital,  but  the  governor 
resides  at  Santa  Cruz. 

Teneriff,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in.  the 
government  of  St.  Martha,  seated  on  tin 
ilio-de-la-Madelena,  100  miles  S  by  W  of 
Sr.  Martha.    Lon.  74  15  W,  lat.  9*47  N. 

Tenez,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  Africa,  in 
the  province  of  Tremesen,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong 
fort.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  moun- 
tain, four  miles  from  the  sea.  Lon.  1  0 
E,  lat.  39  20  N. 

Te-ng-an-fou,  a  rich,  populous  and  com- 
mercial city  of  China,  in  the  province  ol 
Hou-quang,  with  six  cities  dependant  on 
it.  It  is  200  miles  W  bv  S  of  Nan-kin-. 
Lon.  112  21  E,  lat.  31  0  N. 

Teng-foghien,  a  city  of  China,  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  Ho-nan-fou,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ho-nan.  It  is  famous  on  account 
*f  the  tower,  erected  for  an  obscrvator) 


by  the  celebrated  astronomer  Tcheou- 
kong,  who  according  to  the  Chinese  in- 
vented the  mariner's  compass.  * 

Tennessee,  one  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  suuated  between  the  parallels 
of  35  and  36  and  a  half  degrees  of  X  lat. 
bounded  on  the  S  by  Carolina  and  Geor- 
gia, on  the  W  by  the  Mississippi,  on  the 
N  by  Kentucky  and  Virginia,  and  on  the 
E  by  the  Iron  and  Bald  mountains,  which 
separate  it  from  North  Carolina.  It  is 
upward  of  40o  miles  in  length,  and  104 
in  breadth:  and  contains  three  district, 
and  38  counties.  Its  principal  rivers  are 
the  Mississippi,  Tennessee.  Cumberland, 
Holston,  Clinch  and  Duck ;  and  it  is  abun- 
dantly watered  by  other  rivers  and  creeks. 
The  Cumberland  mountains,  a  ridge  near 
30  miles  broad,  cut  this  state  into  the 
eastern  and  western  divisions.  It  was 
formerly  a  part  of  North  Carolina,  but  it 
was  admitttd  a  member  of  the  United 
States  in  1796.  In  1810,  it  contained 
217,192  free  persons,  and  44^535  slaves. 
In  conformity  with  the  natural-division 
made  by  the  Cumberland  mountains  this 
state  is  divided  into  two  districts,  East 
and  West  Tennessee  ;  the  former  being 
the  most  broken  by  mountains,  and  con- 
taining the  smaller  number  of  inhabi- 
tants. In  the  western  division  there  arc 
few  mountains,  and  a  considerable  extent 
of  champagne  country.  The  whole  is 
thickly  covered  with  a  variety  of  stately 
forest  trees.  The  hills  abound  with  iron 
ore,  coal,  and  limestone.  Most  of  the 
land  is  very  rich,  and  produces  from  60 
to  70  bushels  of  Indian  corn  per  acre. 
The  principal  products  are  cotton,  rice, 
indigo,  together  with  large  crops  oi 
wheat,  rye,  Indian  corn,  &.c.  The  climate 
s  esteemed  temperate,  being  free  from 
the  piercing  NW  winds  that  prevail  in 
the  Atlantic  states;  but  the  summers  arc 
nevertheless  long,  and  in  some  years  ex- 
tremely warm.  The  country  is  often  in- 
undated with  beavy  rains.  Knoxville  is 
the  capital. 

Te?messee,  a  river  of  North  America, 
formerl)  called  the  Cherokee  River.  It 
rises  in  the  Iron  mountains,  and,  having 
traversed  the  borders  of  the  Cherokee 
Country  northward,  is  joined  by  the  Hol- 
ston branch,  whence  it  is  called  the  Ten- 
.essee  :  thence  it  runs  SW  and  N,  into 
'.he  state  of  Kentucky:  here  it  soon  turns 
to  the  NW,  and  then  falls  into  the  Ohio, 
60  miles  above  the  confluence  of  that  ri- 
ver with  the  Mississippi.  The  Tennessee 
is  600  yards  broad  at  its  mouth,  and 
•hence  navig;  ble  by  vessels  of  great  bur- 
den for  260  miles,  to  the  Muscle  Shoals, 
in  the  Great  Bend.    It  may  be  navigated, 


T  E  K 


T  E  R 


by  boats  of  40  tons  burden,  at  least  600 
miles  farther,  some  trifling  falls  ex- 
cep  ad. 

Ten-tcheon-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  tbe 
province  of  Chang-long,  with  a  good 
port,  and  eight  cities  in  its  jurisdiction. 
It  is  seated  on  the  N  side  of  a  peninsula 
of  the  Yellow  Sea,  200  miles  SE  of  Pe- 
kin.    Lon.  115  50  B,  hit.  35  20  N. 

Tennestadt,  a  town  of  Upper  S..X  my,  in 
Thuringia,  near  tlie  rivers  Scltenlein  imd 
Schambach,  live  miles  from  Erfurt. 

Tennis,  a  town  of  Egypt,  situated  on 
an  island  in  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  28 
miles  SE  of  Damietia.  Lon.  32  15  E,  lat. 
31  2  N. 

Tenterden,  a  corporate  town  in  Kent, 
governed  by  a  mayor,  with  a  market  on 
Friday  The  steeple  of  the  church  is 
very  lofty,  and  at  the  time  of  the  Spa- 
nish invasion,  in  1588,  was  made  use  of 
as  a  beacon.  It  is  24  miles  SW  of  Can- 
terbury, and  56  ,E  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
0  35  E",  lat.  51  12  N. 

Tentngal,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Reira, 
eight -miles  WNW  of  Coimbra.  Lon.  8 
20  W,  lat.  40  17  N. 

Tepic,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in  the  au- 
dience of  Guadalajara,  500  miles  N W of 
the  city  of  Mexico. 

Teplit-z,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Leitmeritz,  celebrated  for  its  warm 
baths,  14  miles  WNW  of  Leitmeritz. 

Teramo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Yiciola  and  Tordi- 
no,  ten  miles  NW  of  Atri,  and  25  NE  of 
Aquileia.    Lon.  13  39  E,  lat.  42  37  N. 

Terasso,  a  decayed  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Caramania,  with  an  archbish- 
op's see.  It  was  formerly  called  Tarsus, 
was  the  capital  of  Cilicia,  and  is  the 
birth-place  of  St.  Paul.  Jt  is  seated  on 
the  Mediterranean.  Lon.  35  55  E,  lat. 
37  10  N. 

Terasson,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  seated  on  the  Ve- 
sere,  20  miles  N  of  Sari  at.  Lon.  1  19  E, 
lat.  45  5  N. 

Tercera,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  West- 
ern Islands.  It  is  very  fertile,  and  con- 
tains about  20,000  inhabitants.  Angrais 
the  capital. 

Terchi:,  or  Terhiz,  a  town  of  Persia,  in 
the  province  of  Chorasan,  1^0  miles  WN 
W  of  Herat.  Lon.  57  25  E,  lat.  35  5  N. 

Terga,  a  town  of  Morocco,  seated  on 
the  Ommirabi,  25  miles  from  Azamor. 

Tergovista,  or  Tervis,  a  commercial 
town,  capital  of  Walachia.  It  has  a  fine 
palace,  belonging  to  the  waywode,  and  is 
sea'ed  on  the  Jalonitz,  30  miles  NW  of 
Bucharest.    Lon.  25  26  E,  lat.  45  45  N. 


Tttrk'i,  a  town  of  Circassia,  where  a 
prince  resides  dependant  on  the  Russians, 
this  being  their  frontier  town  against 
Persia.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  in  a  marshy  place,  one  mile  from 
the  Caspian  Sea,  and  125  E  of  Tefflis. 
Lon.  47  50  E,  lat.  43  22  N. 

Termini,  a  town  on  the  N  coast  of  Sici- 
ly, in  Val  di  Dernona,  with  a  strong  cas- 
tle. It  is  famous  for  its  mineral  waters, 
and  has  a  fine  aqueduct.  It  is  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
in  a  territory  abounding  in  corn,  oil,  and 
wine,  20  miles  SE  of  Palermo.  Lon.  15 
44  E,  lat.  38  5  N. 

Termoliy  or  Termini,  an  episcopal  town 
of  Naples,  in  Capital") ata,  seated  near  the 
sea,  70  miles  NE  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  20 
E,  (at.  41  59  N. 

Tematei  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
the  principal  of  the  Moluccas.  It  is  moun- 
tainous, and  has  a  great  number  of  woods, 
which  furnish  much  game  ;  but  it  pro- 
duces a  great  quantity  of  cloves,  and 
other  fruits  proper  to  the  climate.  It 
lies  a  little  to  the  W  of  Gilolo,  and  100 
miles  E  of  Celebes.  Lon.  129  0  E,  lat. 
1.0  N. 

Ternavasso,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  six 
miles  NEof  Carmagnola,  and  eight  S  of 
Chieri. 

Tei-iieuse,  a  strong  town  and  fort  of 
Dutch  Flanders,  on  the  W  branch  of  the 
Scheldt,  called  the  Hondt.  It  is  eigtrt: 
miles  N  of  Sas-van-Ghent,  and  25  WNW 
of  Antwerp.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1794.    Lon.  3  45  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Terni,  an  ancient  episcopal  city  of  Ita- 
ly, iu  the  duchy  of  Spoletto.  The  cathe- 
dral is  a  magnificent  structure,  and  the 
place  contains  about  9000  inhabitants*; 
but  it  was  much  more  considerable  for- 
merly than  it  is  now.  The  famous  cata- 
ract of  the  river  Velino,  which  falls  from 
a  precipice  300  feet  high,  is  a  mile  from 
.his  city,  which  is  seated  on  an  island 
farmed  by  the  river  Neva,  on  which  ac- 
count it  was  anciently  called  luleramna. 
Terni  is  the  birth-place  of  Tacitus  the 
historian.  It  is  15  miles  S  by  W  of  Spo 
iettxr,  and  40  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  40  E, 
lat.  42  34  N. 

TVraova,  an  ancient  archicpiscopal  town 
of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Bulgaria.  It 
Was  formerly  the  scat  of  the  princes  of 
Bulgaria,  and  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 
near  the  Jenera,  88  miles  NW  of  Adrian - 
ople,  and  97  NE  of  Sophia.  Lon.  26  2  E, 
lat.  43  1  N. 

Terracinu,  anciently  called  Anxur,  a 
decayed  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagnn  di 
Roma,  witli  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  Avarlike  Volsci,  and  the 


TER 


T  E  R 


principal  church  was  originally  a  temple 
of  Jupiter,  it  is  scaled  among-  orange 
and  citron  grows  near  the  sea*  on  the 
side  ofa  mountain,  4d  miles  SE  of  Rome. 
Eon.  13  15  E,  lat.  41  24  N. 

Terra  del  Espiritu  Santo,  the  most  wes- 
tern and  largest  island  of  die  New  He- 
brides, in  tiie  S  Seas,  being- 40  leagues  in 
circuit.  The  land  is  exceedingly  high 
and  mountainous,  and  in  maiVv  places 
the  cliffs  rise  directly  from  the  sea.  Ex- 
cept the  hills  and  beaches,  every  part  is 
covered  with  w  ood,  or  laid  out  in  plan- 
tations. Besides  the  Bay  of  St.  Philip 
and  St.  Jago,  on  the  X  side  of  it,  the 
isles  which  lie  along  the  S  and  E  coast 
form  several  good  bays  and  harbours. 
Eat.  16  S,  Ion.  105  E. 

Terra  del  Fuego,  under  this  name  are 
comprehended  several  islands,  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  America.  They 
take  their  name  from  a  volcano  on  the 
largest  of  them.  They  are  all  very  bar- 
ren and  moun  Vinous,  but  from  what  Air. 
Fovster  says,  in  his  voyage  to  the  S  Sea, 
the  climate  would  not  appear  to  he  so  ri- 
gorous and  tempestuous  us  it  is  repre- 
sented in  Anson's  voyage.  Upon  the  lower 
grounds  and  islands,  that  were  sheltered 
by  the  high  mountains,  Mr.  Foister  found 
several  sorts  of  trees  and  plants,  ai  1 


Those  which  Mr.  Forster  saw,  had  no 
oiher  clol-hing  than  a  small  piece  of  seal- 
skin which  hung  from  their  shoulders  to 
he  middie  of  the  back,  being  fastened 
round  die  neck  with  a  string.  The  rest 
of  their  body  was  perfectly  naked,  not 
the  least  regard  being  paid  to  what  the 
Europeans  would  term  indecency.  Their 
natural  kolbui'  seems  to  be  an  olive  brown, 
with  a  kind  of  gloss,  resembling  that  of 
copper;  but  many  of  them  disguise  them- 
selves with  streaks  of  red' paint,  and 
sometimes,  though  seldom,  with  white. 
Their  whole  character  is  the  strangest 
compound  of  stupidity,  indifference,  and 
inactivity.  They  have  no  other  arms 
than  bows  and  arrows,  and  their  instru- 
ment for  fishing  are  a  kind  of  fish  gigs. 
They  live  chiefljr  ott  seals  flesh,  andlike 
the  fat  oily  part  most.  There  is  no  ap- 
pearance of  any  subordination  among 
them,  and  their  mode  of  life  approaches 
nearer  to  that  of  brutes  than  that  of  any 
other  nation. 

Terra  cii  Lavar-a.  See  Larorn. 
Terra  if  Otrwto.  See  Ojrant^MtLl. 
Torra  Firum,  or  Tierr'd  Finna,  a  king- 
dom of  S  America,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
the  Caribbean  Sea,  on  the  NE  by  the  At- 
lantic, on  the  SE  by  Guiana  and  Amazo- 
nia, on  the  S  by  New  Granada,  and  on 


variety  of  birds.  Among  the  tro<  s  was  the  W  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Isth- 
Winter's'bark  tree,  and  a  specie  s  of  ar- 
butas,  loaded  with  red  fruit  of  the  size 
of  small  cherries,  which  were  very  well 
tasted.  In  some  places  there  is  also  plen- 
ty of  celery.  Among  the  birds  was  a 
species  of  duck,  of  the  size  of  a  goose, 
which  ran  along  the  sea  with  amazing 
velocity,  beating  the  water  with  its  wings 
and  feet.  It  had  a  grey  plumage,  with  a 
yellow  bill  arid  feet,  and  a  few  white  quill 
feathers.    At  the  Falkland  islands  it  is 


called  a  logger-head  duck  ;  among  the 
birds  are  also  plenty  of  geese  and  falcons. 
The  rocks  of  some  of  the  islands  are  co- 
vered with  large  muscle  shells,  the  fish 
of  which  is  well  flavoured.  The  natives 
of  this  country  are  short  in  their  per- 
sons, not  exceeding  five  feet  six  inches 
at  most,  their  heads  large,  their  faces 
broad,  their  cheekbones  very  prominent, 
and  their  noses  very  flat.  They  have  lit- 
tle brown  eyes,  without  life  ;  their  hair 
is  black  and  lank,  hanging  about  their 
heads  in  disorder,  and  besmeared  with 
train  oil.  On  the  chin  they  have  a  few 
I  6.  .rag$ling  short  hairs  instead  of  a  beard, 
and  from  their  nose  there  is  a  constant 
discharge  of  mucus  into  their  ugly^open 
mouth.  The  whole  assemblage  ofidtheir 
features  forms  the  most  loathsonrc  pic- 
ture of  misery  and  wretchednesHo  which 
human  nature  can  possibly  be  reduced. 


mits  of  TJarien,  which  last  separates  it 
from  N  America.  Its  length,  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  is  upward 
of  loOO  miles  :  its  greatest  breadth  is 
~5'J  ;  but,  iu  some  places,  toward  the 
Oronoko,  not  above  180.  It  is  divided 
into  the  provinces  of  Terra  Firma  Pro- 
per, or  Darien,  Car'hagena,  St.  Martha, 
K*6  de  la  Hacha;  Venezuela,  Caraccas, 
Guiana,  and  Paria,  or  New  Andalusia. 
The  whole  country  is  now  subject  to  the. 
viceroy  of  New  Granada,  who  resides  at 
St.  Fe  de  Bogoat.  The  climate  here,  es- 
pecially in  the  northern  parts,  is  extreme- 
ly hot  and  sultry  during  the  whole  year. 
From  the  month  of  May  to  the  end  of 
November,  the  season  called  winter  by 
the  inhabitants,  is  almost  a  continual  suc- 
cession of  thunder,  rain,  and  tempests  ; 
the  clouds  precipitating  die  rains  with 
such  impetuosity,  that  the  low  lands  ex- 
hibit  the  appe-.. ranee  of  an  ocean.  Great 
part  of  the  country  is  of  consequence 
almost  continually  flooded  ;  and  this,  to- 
gether with  the  excessive  heat,  so  im- 
pregnates the  air  with  vapours,  that  in 
many  provinces,  particularly  about  Po- 
payan  and  Port ,  Hello,  it  is  extremely 
unwholesome.  ,  This  part  of  S  America 
was  discovered  by  Columbus,  in  his  third 
voyage  +o  this  continent.  It  was  subdued 
and  settled  by  the  Spaniards,  about  the 


T  E  S 


T  E  V 


vc.u*  1J14,  after  destroying,  with  great 
inhumanity,  several  millions  of  the  na- 
tives. This  country  was  called  Terra 
Pinna,  on  account  of  its  being  the  first 
part  of  the  continent  which  was  disco- 
vered, all  the  lands  discovered  previous 
to  tnis  being  islands. 

Terra  Firma  Proper,  another  name  for 
the  province  of  Damn,  in  America.  See 
Darien. 

Tcrraiiova,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  YA  di 
Nota.  li  belongs  o'-he  duke  of  Monte- 
Leone,  and  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  20  miles  RSfi  of 
Alicata.    Lon.  14  10  E,  iat.  37  9  N. 

Terra  Jtiiovd',  an  ancient  seaport,  on 
the  XE  coast  of  Sardinia,  seated  at  the 
bttt wen  of  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  65 
miles  XX  E  of  Sassari.  Lon.  9  35  E,  iat 
41  3  X. 

Tjrriaio,  or  Ji'langf,  a  small  village  of 
Pegue,  beautifully  situated  on  a  high 
commanding'  bank  of  the!  Irrawaddy  ri- 
ver, and  surrounded  by  groves  of  Mango 
trees,  from  which  it  takes  its  name.  Lon. 
95  35  E,  lut.  17  32  N. 

Tetridon,  Lock,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  on 
the  W  coast  of  Rosshire,  between  Gair- 
loch  and  Xppleeross'.  Tt  has  many  creeks 
and  bays. 

Tcrroue?:,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  seated 
on  the  Lis,  six  miles  S  of  St.  Omer. 

Tcrruel,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
with  a  bfehop's  see,  seated  in  a  large  fer- 
tile plain,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Gua- 
dalquiver  and  Aihambra,  75  miles  SW  of 
Saragossa,  and  112  E  of -Madrid.  Lon.  1 
(j  Wr,  lat.  40  25  X. 

Tervcre,  or  Vee're,  a  town  of  the  Unit- 
ed Provinces,  in  Zealand,  on  the  NE  coast 
of  .he  isle  of  Walchercn,  with  a  good 
harbour,  and  a  line  arsenal,  four  miles 
.NE  of  Middleburg.  Lon.  3  42  E,  lat. 
51  56  X. 

Tisscheiiy  a  town  of  Upper  Silesia,  capi- 
tal of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  subject 
to  the  house  of  Austria,  it  was  taken  by 
the  Prussians  in  1757,  hut  r<  stored  in 
1763.  It  ifi  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  a 
morass,  and  seated  near  the  source  of  the 
Vistula.  At  a  little  distance  from  it  is 
an  old  castle,  on  an  eminence,  where  the 
ancient  dukes  resided.  The  inhabitants 
carry  on  a  trade  in  leather,  woollen  stuffs, 
and  Hungary  wines ;  and  make  pretty 
good  lire  arms,  and  excellent  beer.  A 
treaty  of  peace  was  concluded  here,  in 
1779,  between  emperor  Joseph  II.  and 
Fredefic%  William  III.  of  Prussia.  It  is 
27  miles  SE  of  Troppaivand  65  SW  of 
Cracow.    Lon.  18  17  E,  lat.  49  52  X. 

Tt  ■eefdeti,' a  town  of  Morocco  Proper, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Techubit.  It 


is  surrounded  by  a  craggy  rock,  which, 
renders  it  impregnable.  It  is  200  miles 
W  of  Morocco. 

Tesino,  a  river  of  Svvisserland,  which 
has  its  source  in  Mount  St.  Gothard, 
flows  through  the  country  of  the  Grisons, 
and  the  lake  Maggiore;  then  running 
through  part  of  the  Milanese,  it  washes 
Pavia,  and  a  little  after  falls  into  the  Po. 

Teset,  a  town  of  Zahara,  which  gives 
name  to  a  district.  It  is  170  miles  S  of 
Morocco.    Lon  6  56  W,  lat.  15  24  N. 

Tessia,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  the  county 
of  Tirol,  22  miles  XE  of  Trent,  and  24 
SE  of  Bolzano.  Lon.  11  40  E,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Test,  or  'fese,  a  river  which  rises  in 
the  NW  of  Hants,  and  passing  Stock- 
bridge  and  Rumsey,  falls  into  the  bay  of 
.Southampton. 

Tetbury,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.    It  is  of 
some  importance,  but  its  market  for  the 
staple  commodities  of  the  county,  and 
for  wool  and  cheese,  has  of  late  years 
i  suffered  a  gradual  decline.    Its  chief 
i  ornament  is  its  newly  erected  church, 
built  in  a  spirited  imitation  of  Gothic 
'  models.    It  is  25  miles  ENE  of  Bristol, 
and  99  W  of  London.    Lon.  1  8  W,  lat. 
51  36  N. 

Teticaco,  a  lake  of  Peru,  in  the  audi- 
ence of  Lima,  and  province  of  Callao> 
above  200  miles  in  circumference. 

TeUiiano:^  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a 
lordship  of  the  same  name.  It  is  eight 
miles  X'  of  Lindau,  and  18  EXE  cf  Con- 
stance.   Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  47  46  N 

Tetua?i,  a  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez. 
with  a  castle.  The  houses  have  only  lit 
tie  holes  toward  the  streets  to  look  out 
at ;  for  the  windows  are  on  the  inside, 
toward  the  court-yard,  which  is  sur- 
rounded by  galleries  ;  and  in  the  middle 
is  g-enerally  a  fountain.  The  hbuses  are 
two  stories  high,  flat  at  the  top,  and  the 
streets  very  narrow.  The  women  yisit 
each  other  from  the  tops  of  their  houses 
they  wear  bracelets  on  their  arms -and 
legs,  and' large  ear-rings  ;  have  very  fine 
ev  es,  and  some  of  them  beautiful  skins  ; 
atKl'thcir  vest  is  open  before,  from  the 
bosom  to  the  waist.  The  shops  are  very 
small,  and  without  doors  ;  the  master  sit 
ting  cross-legged  on  a  counter,  with  the 
goods  disposed  in  drawers  round  him, 
and  all  the  customers  stand  in  the  street. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Cus,  three  miles 
from  the  Mediterranean,  21  S  of  CeutV 
and  108  XT  by  W  of  Fez.  Lon.  5  26  W, 
lat.^j  27  N. 

Tmerc'c,  a  river  of  Italy,  the  ancient 
An™' which  rises  in  the  Appciriines,  50 
miles  a<bveTivoli,  glides  through  a  plain 
till  it  c^mes  near  the  town,  .'when  it  is 


TEX 


T  H  A 


confined  for  a  short  space  between  two  I  continent  by  a  narrow  channel  of  the 
hills,  covered  with  groves.  These  were! same  name,  defended  by  a  strong-  fort 
supposed  to  be  the  residence  of  the  sybil  Jon  the  continent,  called  the  Helcler.  This 
Albunca,  to  whom  a  temple  here  was !  channel  is  the  best  and  most  southern 
dedicated,  the  elegant  form  of  winch  in-  entrance  from  the  ocean  into  the  Zuider- 
dic  ttes  its  having"  been  built  when  the  Zee,  and  through  it  most  of  the  ships 
arts  were  in  the  highest  state  of  peifcc- j  pass  that  are  bound  to  Amsterdam.  In 
lion.  The  river  moving-  with  augmented  J  September  1799,  the  English  effected  a 
rapidity,  as  its  channel  is  confined,  at !  lauding-  here,  and  took  the  fort  which  de- 
last  l  ushes  violently  over  a  lofty  preci-  fends  the  channel,  and  the  whole  of  the 
pice,  the  noise  of,  its  fall*  resounding-  Dutch  fleet  lying-  therein,  surrendered 
through  the  f  ills  and  grdves  of  Tivoli  ;  i  to  them,  for  the  service  of  the  prince  of 


liquid  cloud  arises;  from  th 
water,  which  afterward  divides  into  nun 
be.'le.ss  small  cascades,  waters  several 
orchards,  and  having  gained  the  plain, 
flows  quietly  on  till  it  loses  itself  in  the 
Tiber.    See  Solfiitnra. 

Tevioiy  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises 
in  the  mountains  in  the  S\V"  of  Fox;  ur-1 


siure,  and  passing-  almost  'through  the  '  Hungary. 


fuam'mg  |  Orange  ;  but  partly  deterred  by  the  hu- 
pieguable  nature  of  the  country,  and 
par  Ly  by  the  approach  of  winter,  they 
abandoned  the  fort  in  November  following. 

'/'*.<•••//.,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  has 
its  source  near  Telish,  in  Moravia,  flows 
K  by  Znaim,  on  the  borders  of  Austria, 
arid  enters  the  Moraw  on  the  confines  of 


falls 


■         a  town  of  Bohemia,  belonging 
io  Uie  ai\  h bishop  of  Prague,  52  miles'sw 
of  fj.sat  city.    Eon.  13  40  E,  lat.  49  38  N, 
Tezar,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
dom  of  Fez,  seated  on  a  mountain  near  i  eapital  of  die  province  of  Cuzi.  .Here  is 


centre  of  that  county, 
Tweed,  near  Kelso.  ^ 
Teviotdalc.   See  Ho.rbvr 


l.h 


Tcurart,  an  ancient  town  of  the  king 


►  be  river  Za 

Teuschnitz,  a  town  of  Germany, ,in  the 
circle  of  lYar.conia,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Bamberg,  34m;les  NKof  Bamberg.  Lon. 
1 1  27  E,  jut.  50  22  N. 

'J'eusera,  a  town  of  Barbary,  in  Biledul- 
gerid,  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  river. 
It  stands  on  the  confines  of  Tunis,  in  a 
country  abounding  in  dates.  Lon.  10  16 
E,  lat.  31  28  N. 

Te-ivlcesfmrii,  a  borough  in  Glouces'er- 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  the  j 
excellence  of  its  mustard,  but  now  onb 
distinguished  (as  to  its  trade)  for  a  ma 
nufactory  of  cotton  stockings.  But  its 
church,  and  the  ruins  of  its  rnonasterv, 
are  most  worthy  of  notice;  the  former  oi 
which  contains  the  rebes  of  those  who 
fell  at.  the  battle  of  Tewkesbury,  and, 
among  the  rest,  of  prince  Edward,  son 
to  Henry  VI.  who  was  butchered  in  cold 
blood  after  the  engagement.  Tewkes. 
bury  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Severn  and  Avon,  10  miles  N  of  Glouces- 
ter, and  102  VvNAV'of  London.  Lon.  2  13 
W,  lat^52  X.  > 

Tewksburii.  a  township  of  Hunterdon 
county,  New  Jersey,  containing  1308  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  .  is  situated  on  the 
NE  side  of  the  river  Delaware. 

TcxvLslmni,  a  township  of  Massachu- 
setts, situated  in  Middlesex  county,  on 
the  S  side  of  the  river  Merrimack,  20 
miles  NW  of  Boston.  In  1810  the  popu- 
lation was  stated  at  943. 

Texetf,  an  fstan'd  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces, in  N  Holland,  separated  from  the 


c  mosque,  larger  than  that  of  Fez';  being 
half  a  mile  in  circumference.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  small  river.  45  miles  E  of  Fez. 
Lon.  4  15  W,  lat.  33  40  N. 

Zi  uco,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  and 
the  capital  of  a  large  government.  Here 
Cortez  c.  r:sed  a  canal  to  be  dug,  where 
lie  built  eighteen  brigantines,  to  carry 
on  the  siege  of  Mexico.  It  is  seated 
near  the  lake  of  Mexico,  30  miles  E  or 
the  cilv  of  that  name.  Lon.  100  4  W, 
la..  20  3  N. 

Tczela,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers.,  in  Tremcscn,  with  a  castle,  15 
mites  from  Oram  Lon  0  25  E,lat.  35  25  N. 

Tezotc,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
sea  ed  on  the  point  of  a  rock,  8  miles 
from  Melilla.  Lon.  1  55  W,  lat.  44  40  N. 

Thainee,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Tunis, near  the  mouth  of  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  120  miles  S  of  Tunis. 
Lon.  10  13  E,  lat.  34  50  N. 

Thames,  the  finest  river  in  Great  Bri- 
ain,  which  takes  its  rise  from  a  copious^ 
spring  called  Thames  Head,  two  miles 
SW,  of  Cirencester,  in  Gloucestershire. 
It  has  been  erroneously  said,  that  its 
jame  is  Isis,  till  it  arrives  at  Dorchester, 
15  miles  below  Oxford,  when,  being 
joined  by  the  Thame,  or  Tame,  it  as- 
sumes the  name  of  Thames,  which,  it 
lias  been  observed,  is  formed  from  a 
combination  of  the  words  Thame  and 
Isis.  What  was  the  origin  of  this  vul- 
gar error,  cannot  now  be  traced.  Poeti- 
cal fiction,  however,  has  perpetuated 
this  error,  and  inVested  it  with  a  kind,  of 
classical    sanctity.     It  plainly  appears 

4Q 


T  H  A 


f  H  A 


(says  Camden),  that  the  river  was  al- 1  Moulsey,  Hampton,  Thames  Ditton, 
w  a\  s  called  Thames  or  Terns,  before  it  Kingston,  Teddington,  Twickenham, 
came  near  the  Thame;  and  in  several  'Richmond,  Isleworth,  Brentford,  Kew 


ancient  charters  granted  to  the  abbey  of 
Mulmsburv,  as  well  as  that  of  Ensham, 
and  in  t  he' old  deeds  relating  to  Crick- 
lade,  it  is  never  considered  under  any 
other  name  than  that  ol  Thames.  He 
likewise  says,  that  it  occurs  no  where 
under  the  itame  of  Isis.  All  the  histo- 
rians who  mention  the  incursions  of 
Etlielwold  into  Wiltshire  in  the  year  905, 
or  of  Canute  in  101.6,  concur  likewise  in 
i  he  same  opinion,  by  declaring,  that  they 
passed  over  the  Thames  at  Cricklade 
in  "Wiltshire.  It  is  not  probable,  more- 
over, that  Thames  Head,  an  appellation 
by  which  1  he  source  has  usually  been 
distinguished,  should  give  rise  to  a  river 
of  the  name  of  Isis  ;  which  river,  afiei 


assume  the  name  of  Thames,  the  appel 
lation  of  its  par,  nt  spring.  About  a 
mile  below  the  source  of  the  river  is 
the  first  corn-mill,  w  hich  is  called  Kem- 
I  k -Miil.  Here  the  river  may  be  pro 
jerlv  said  to  form  a  constant  current , 


which, ^though  not  more  than  nine  feet 
wide  in  the  summer,  yet  in  the  wintci 
becomes  such  a  torrent  as  to  overflow 
the  meadows  for  many  miles  around. 
But,  in  the  summer,  the  Thames  Head 
is  so  dry,  as  to  appear  nothing  but  a 
large  ded,  intersp-  rsed  with  stones  and 
weeds.  From  Somerford  the  stream 
winds  to  Cricklade,  where  it  unites  with 
many  other  rivulets.  Approrchmg  Kerns 
ford,  it  again  en  ers  its  native  county, 
dividing  it  from  Berkshire  at  lnglcsliam. 
It  Widens  considerably  in  its  way  to 
Lechl.ule ;  and  being  there  joined  by 
the  Lech  and  Coin,  at  the  distance  of 
138  miles  from  London,  it  becomes  na- 
vigable for  vessels  of  90  tons.  At  Ens- 
ham,  in  its  course  NE,  to  Oxford,  is 
the  first  bridge  of  stone;  a  handsome 
one,  of  three  arches,  built  by  the  earl 
of  Abingdon.  Passing  by  the  ruins  of 
Godstow  nunnery,  where  the  cclebra- 
tted  fair  liosr-mond  was  interred,  the 
river  reaches  Oxford,  in  whose  academic 
groves  its  poetical  name  of  Isis  lias 
been  so  often  invoked.  Being  there 
ipmed  by  the  Charwcl,  it  proceeds  SE 
to  Abingdon,  and  da  nce  to  Dorchester 
where  it  receives  the  Tame.  Conti 
nuntg  its  course  SE  by  Wallingford  to 
Reading,  and  forming  a  boundary  to 
the  counties  of  Beiks,  Bucks,  Surry. 
Middlesex,  Essex,  and  Kent,  it  waslu  s 
the  towns  of  Henley,  Marlow,  Maiden- 
head, Windsor,  Eton.  E'_'"ham.  Staines. 
Laleham,   Chert  sey,  Weybridge.  Shep- 


Mortlake,  Barnes,  Chiswick,  Hammer- 
smith, Putney,  Pulham,  Wandswortn, 
Battersea,  Chelsea,  and  Lambeth.  Then 
on  the  N  bark  of  the  river,  are  West- 
minster and  London,  and,  on  the  oppo 
site  side,  Southwark ;  forming  together 
one  continued  city,  extending  to  Lime- 
house  and  Deptford  ;  and  hence  the 
river  proceeds  to  Greenwich,  Erith, 
CreenhitTUe,  Gray'.s,  Thurrock,  Grave- 
send,  and  Leigh,  mlo  tlie  ocean.  It 
receives  in  its  course  from  Dorchester, 
t lie  l  ivers  Kennct,  Loddon,  Coin,  Wey> 
Mole,  Wandel,  Lea,  Roeling,  Darent  and 
Medway.  The  jurisdiction  erf'  th.e  lord 
mayor  over  the -Thames  extends  from 
Coin  Ditch,  a  little  to  the  \V  of  Staines, 


laving  run  half  its  course,  should  re-j  to  Yendel  or  Yenleet  to  the  E,  including 

part  of  the  rivers  Medway  and  Lea  ; 
and  lie  has  a  deputy,  named  the  water- 
bailiff,  who  is  to  search  for  and  punish 
..11  offenders  against  the  law  s  f  r  the 
preservation  of  the  river  and  its  fish. 
Bight  times  a-year  the  lord  mayor  and 
. -Mermen  hold  courts  of  consevvance  for 
the  four  counties  (if  Surry,  Middlesex, 
L'.ssex  and  Kent.  Though  the  Thames 
ls  said  to  be  navigable  138  miles  above 
the  bridg'e,  yet  there  are  so  many  flats, 
that  in  summer  the  navigation  west- 
ward would  be  entirely  stopped,  when 
the  springs  arc  low,  were  k  not  for  a 
number  of  locks.  But  these  are  attend- 
ed with  considerable  expense ;  for  a 
barge  from  Lechlade  to  London  pays 
for  passing  through  the  m  13/.  15s.  6d. 
•nd  from  Oxford  "to  London  12/.  l&V. 
This  charge,  however,  is  in  summer 
only,  w  hen  the  water  is  low ;  and  there 
is  no  lock  from  London  Bridge  to  Bol 
ter's  Lock;  that  is,  for  51  miles  and  a 
naif  above  the  bridge.  The  plan  of 
•cw  cuts  has  been  adopted  in  some 
[daces,  to  shorten  and  facilitate  the 
navigation.  There  is  one  near  Lech- 
lade, which  runs  nearly  parallel  to  the 
old  river,  and  contiguous  to  St.  John's 
Bridge ;  and  there  is  another  a  mile 
from  Abingdon,  which  has  rendered 
the  old  stream  toward  Culham  Bridge 
useless.  But  a  much  more  important 
undertaking  has  lately  been  accomplish- 
ed ;  namely,  the  junction  of  this  river 
with  the  Severn.  A  canal  had  been 
made,  b\  virtue  of  an  act  of  parliament 
m  1730,  from  the  Severn  to  Wall  Bridge, 
n<  ar  Stroud.  A  new  canal  now  ascends 
by  Stroud,  through  the  Vale  of  Chal- 
fbrd,  to  the  height  of  343  feet,  by  means 
of  28  locks,  and  thence  to  the  entrance 


fierton,  Walton,  Sunbury,  East  auel  West  of  a  tunnel,  near  Sapperton,  a  distance 


T  H  A 


THE 


of  near  eight  miles.  The  canal  is  42 
feet  in  width  at  top  and  30  at  the  bot- 
tom. The  tunnel  (which  is  extended 
under  Sapperton  Hill,  and  under  that 
part  of  earl  Bathurst's  ground  called 
Haley  Wood,  making-  a  distance  of  two 
miles  and  three  furlongs)  is- near  15  feet 
in  width,  and  can  navigate  barges  of  70 
tons.  The  canal  descending-  hence  134 
feet,  by  14  locks,  joins  the  Thames  at 
Lechlaele,  a  distance  of  above  20  miles. 
In  the  course  of  this  vast  undertaking- 
the  canal,  from  the  Severn  at  Froomlade 
to  Ing-lesham,  where  it  joins  the  Thames, 
is  a  distance  of  more  than  30  miles. 
The  expense  of  it  exceeded  the  sum  of 
200,000/.  of  which  3000/.  are  said  to 
have  been  expend' d  in  g-unpowder  alone, 
used  for  the  blowing-  up  of  the  rock. 
This  new  canal  was  completed  in  1789, 
in  less  than  seven  years  from  its  com- 
mencement. A  communication,  not  on- 
ly with  the  Trent,  but  with  the  Mersey, 
has  likewise  been  effected  by  a  canal 
from  Oxford  to  Coventry ;  and  an  act 
of  parliament  has  passed  to  extend  an- 
other canal  from  this,  at  Braunston,  to 
the  Thames  at  Bremford.  This  is  to 
be  called  the  Grand  Junction  Canal. 
On  the  extensive  advantages  resulting- 
from  these  navig-able  communi cations 
from  the  metropolis  with  the  ports  of 
Bristol,  Liverpool,  Hull,  8cc.  and  the 
principal  manufacturing-  towns  in  the 
inland  parts  of  the  kingdom,  it  is  need- 
less to  expatiate.  The  tide  flows  up 
the  Thames  as  high  as  Richmond, 
which,  following-  the  winding-  of  the 
river,  is  seventy  miles  from  the  ocean  ; 
a  greater  distance  than  the  tide  is  car- 
ried by  any  other  river  in  Europe.  The 
water  is  esteemed  extremely  wholesome, 
and  fit  for  use  in  very  long-  voyages, 
during-  which  it  will  work  itself  per- 
fectly fine. 

Thames,  a  river  of  the  Unifed  States, 
in  Connecticut.  It  is  composed  of  two 
principal  branches,  the  Shetucket  on  the 
E,  and  the  Norwich,  or  Little  River,  on 
the  W.  This  last,  about  a  mile  from  its 
junction  with  the  Shetucket, at  Norwich, 
has  a  romantic  catrunct,  which  pitches 
from  a  rock  10  or  12  feet  in  perpendicu- 
lar heig-ht,  in  one  entire  sheet,  upon  a 
bed  of  rocks  below.  From  Norwich,  the 
Thames  is  navigable  13  miles  to  Long- 
Island  Sound,  which  it  enters  at  New 
London. 

Thamsbmck,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thuringia, 
eight  miles  SE  of  Mulhausen,  and  16  W 
\'YV  of  Erfurt.  Lon.  10  52  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Thanet,  an  island  of  Kent,  comprising- 
the  E  angle  of  that  county,  and  separated 


from  the  mainland  by  a  narrow  channel 
of  the  Stour.  It  produces  much  corn., 
especially  barley  and  also  mnodcr.  The 
S  part  is  a  rich  tract  of  marsh  land.  The 
husbandry  of  this  isle  has  long  been  fa- 
mous. It  contains  the  seaports  of  Margate 
and  Ramsgate,  and  several  villages. 

Thanhansen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  situated  on  the  Mindel, 
14  miles  N  of  Minelelheim,  and  22  E  of 
Ulm.    Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  48  17  N. 

Thauo,  an  island  of  the  Archipelag-o, 
on  the  coast  of  Macedonia,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  gulf  of  Contessa.  It  is  12 
miles  long-  and  eight  broad,  and  abounds 
in  all  the  necessaries  of  life.  The  fruits 
and  wine  are  very  elelicate  ;  and  there 
are  mines  of  gold  and  silver,  besides 
quarries  of  fine  marble.  The  chief  town 
of  the  same  name,  has  a  harbour  fre- 
quented bv  merchants.  Lon.  24  32  E, 
lat.  40  59  N. 

Thaxted,  a  corporate  town  in  Essex, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated  near 
the  source  of  the  Chelmer,  20  miles  NW 
of  Chelmsford,  and  43  NE  of  London. 
Lon.  0  21  E,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Thebaid,  a  country  of  Upper  Egypt, 
reaching  from  Fay  em  m  to  the  Red  Sea. 
It  is  the  least  fertile,  and  thinnest  of  peo- 
ple of  any  province  in  Egypt,  being-  full 
of  deserts,  and  celebrated  for  the  retreat 
of  a  great  number  of  Christians,  who 
lived  here  in  a  solitary  manner.  It  is  now 
inhabited  by  Arabs,  who  are  robbers  by 
profession. 

Thebes,  the  ancient  name  of  a  city  of 
Upper  Egypt.  It  was  celebrated  for  hav- 
ing- 100  gales  ;  and  there  are  many  mag- 
nificent remains  of  antiquity.  Three  vil 
lages  named  Carnack,  Luxor,  and  Gour- 
nou,  arc  seated  among  its  ruins,  which 
are  hence  called  the  antiquities  of  Car- 
nack and  Luxor. 

Thebes,  a  city  of  Livadia.    See  Thive. 

Thengen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  situated  on  the-  Heg-au, 
eig-ht  miles  N  of  Schaff hausen,  and  22  N 
W  of  Constance.  Lon.  3  48  E,  lat.  47  45  N, 

Theobald*,  a  villag-e  in  Hertfordshire, 
12  miles  N  of  London.  It  was  famous 
for  the  magnificent  palace  and  gardens  of 
the  great  lord  Burleigh,  which  that  no- 
bleman exchanged  with  .lames  1.  for  Hat- 
field. The  small  remains  of  this  palace 
were  demolished  in  1765. 

Theodosia.    See  Coffa. 

Thermia,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
S  of  the  island  of  Zia,  and  near  the  gulf 
of  Engia,  12  miles  long-  and  five  broad. 
The  soil  is  gooel  and  well  cultivated,  and 
it  has  a  great  deal  of  silk.  The  principal 
town  of  the  same  name,  is  the  residence  of 
a  Greek  bishop.  Lon.  24  59  E,  lat.  3731 N. 


T  H  I 


*  H  I 


Thessuly.    See  Janna. 

Tlmford,  a  borough  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  way  oifc'e  a  bisho- 
pric, a:ul  though  now  an  inconsiderable 
town,  still  exhibits  the  ruins  of  its  Former 
greatness.  It  is  seated  or)  the  iJittfc 
Ouse,  and  there,  is  a  high  mount,  wh'fbh 
has  been  walled  round,  arid  fenced  with 
a  double  rampart.  It  has  some  corn  trade 
to  Lynn  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
sends  rwo  members  to  parliament,  and 
has  ftirce  church.,  s,  a  good  free. school, 
and  a  townnaH.  The  lent  assizes  For 
the  county  are  kept  lx-re.  The  river, 
winch  here  divides  Suffolk  from  Nor- 
folk, is  navigable  from  Lynn  ;  and  a  good 
deai  of  wooi-cotnbing  :s  carried  on  here. 
It  is  30  miles  SSL  of^Lynn,  and  80  NE  of 
London.    Lon.0%0  E,  lat.  52  28  X. 

T/ielford.  a  township  of  Vermont,  si- 
tuated in  Orange  county,  on  the  W  side 
of  Connecticut  river,  12  miles  X  of  Dart- 
mouth college  in  the  state  of  New  Hamp- 
shire. The  population  was  stated  at  1735 
by  the  census  of  1810. 

Theux,*.  village  three  miles  NW  of  Spa, 
in  the  bishopric  cf  Liege,  noted  for  a 
battle  fought  tie  re  in  '1704,  in  which  the 
Austrians  were  defeated. 

I'kibet,  or  Great  Thibet,  a  country  of 
Asia,  lying  between  81  and  102  E  Ion.  and 
25  and  40  N  lat.  bounded  on  the  NW  and 
N  by  the  desert  of  Kobi,  in  Tartary,  tho' 
we, have  but  a  faint  idea  of  its  extent  to 
that  quarter  ;  on  the  E  by  China,  on  the 
S  by  Assam  and  Burundi,  and  on  the  W 
and  SW  by  Hindoostan  Proper  and  Boo-} 
tan.  This  country  is  one  of  the  highest 
in  Asia;  it  being  a  part  of  that  elevated 
tract  which  gives  rise  not  only  to  the 
rivers  of  "India  and  China,  but  to  those 
also  of  Siberia  and  Tartary.  Its  length 
from  E  to  W,  cannot  be  less  than  1600 
British  miles  ;  its  breadth  is  very  un- 
equal. It.  is  divided  into  three  pans, 
Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Thibet.  The 
Upper  division  seems  to  respect  the  coun- 
tries towards  the  sources  of  the  Ganges 
.and  Burrampooter  ;  the  Middle  that  in 
which  Lassa,  the  capital,  is  seated,  and 
of  which  it  forms  the  centre,  and  the 
Lower,  that  which  borders  on  China. 
The  subject  is  obscure,  and  likely  to  re- 
main so.  Little  Thibet,  which  is  situated 
between  Upper  Thibet  and  Casbgur,  is 
rather  a  dependency  of  the  latter  than  of 
Great  Thibet.  Notwithstanding  the  very 
rough  and  sterile  state  of  Thibet,  and 
the  severity  of  its  climate,  from  its  won- 
derful elevation,  its  inhabitants  are  in  a 
high  state  of  civilization,  their  houses 
lofty  and  built  of  stone  ;  and  the  useful 
manufactures  in  some  degree  of  improve- 
ment.   The  Thibetians  ai'v  governed  bv 


the  grand  lama,  Mho  is  not  only  submits 
ted  to,  and  adored  by  them,  but  is  also 
the  great  object  of  Adoration  for  the  va- 
rious tribes  of  pagan  Tartars,  who  walk 
through  the  vast  tract  ot  cent  hunt  which 
stretches  from  (he  river  Volga  to  Corea. 
He  is  not  oiii)  the  sovereign  pontiff,  the 
vlc'e-gereist  of  the'doity  on  earth,  but  by 
the  more  remote  Tartars*  is  absolutely 
regarded  ;is  the  deity  himself.  They 
believe  him  to  be  immortal,  and  e<i- 
dowed  with  ail  knowledge  and  virtue, 
lie  dues  not  reside' in  the  city  of  Lassa, 
but  on  a  mountain  in  the  neighbourhood^ 
called  Pouiala!  On  this  mountain  there 
is  a  great  number  of  pa  gods,  the  most 
sumptuous  of  which  he  inhabits.  He 
passes  great  part  of  his  l.fe  on  a  kind  of 
,d;..r,  where  he  sits  motionless  in  a  cross 
legged  posture,  on  a  large  :.nd  magnifi- 
cent cushion,  and  receives,  with  the 
greatest  gravity,  the  adoration,  not  only 
of  the  Thibetians, 'feut  also  of  a  prodigi- 
ous multitude  of  strangers  and  pious 
pilgrims',  who  undertake  long  and'diffi- 
c'uit  journeys  to  go  and  worship  him  on 
their  bended  knees,  and  to  receive  his 
benediction.  The  grant)  lama  salutes  no 
one  ;  he  neither  uncovers  nor  rises  up  to 
any  person,  whatever  his  rank  may '"be  ; 
with  the  same  eye,  he  beholds  at  his  feel 
the  greatest  princes  and  the  meanest  of 
their  subjects!  He  contents  himself  with 
laying  his  hand  on  the  head  ofhis  adorer, 
who  imagines  that  he  obtains,  by  this  im- 
position alone,  the  remission  of  all  his 
sins.  Next  to  the  Thibetians,  the  Tar- 
|  tars  arc  the  most  zealous  worshippers  of 
:  the  grind  lama;  they  arrive  in  crowds 
I  at  fouiala,  from  the  remotest  corners  of 
th'e  country;  even  the  weakest  of  the 
female  sex  are  not  terrified  by  the  fa- 
tigues thct  inseparably  attend  these  long 


jour; 


This  profound  veneration,  which 


draws  so  many  people  to  Lassa,  to  pros- 
1  twite  themselves  at  the  feet  of  the  grand 
lama,  is  founded  on  the  idea  which  they 
•  entertain  ofhis  great  power  and  sancth; 
They  are  fully  persuaded,  that  all  the  di- 
vinity of  Fo  resides  iu  him,  that  he  is 
omniscient  and  omnipresent,  and  that  ho 
has  neither  need  of  information';  nor  oc- 
casion to  ask  questions,  in  order  to  diw 
cover  the  secret  thoughts  of  men.  They 
believe  him  to  be  imp  ortal,  and  --that, 
when  he  appears  to  db,  Ids  soul  and  his 
divinity  oidy  change  their  place  of  res; 
deiice,  and  transmigrate  into  another 
body.  All  their  care  is  then  employed 
to  discover  the  ptace  where  it  bath 
pleased  him  to  T>e  born  again ;  even 
some  of  the  Tartar  prances  themselves 
have  assisted  in  this  important  search  ; 
but  they  are  obliged  to  be  directed  by 


T  H  I 


T  H  O 


certain  lamas,  who  alone  are  acquainted 
with  the  signs  by  which  the  new  born 
god  rnnv  be  discove  red,  or  rather,  they 
only  know  what  child  the  preceding  da- 
laT-Iania  appointed  to  be  his  successor. 
In  1774,  the  grand  lama  was  an  infant, 
who  had  been  discovered  some  time 
re  by  the  tayoshoo  lama,  who  in  au- 
thority and  sanctity  of  character,  is  next 
to  the  grand  lama,  and,  during  his  mi- 
nority, acts  as  chief,  lhe  lamas,  who 
form  the  most  numerous  as  well  as  the 
most  powerful  body  in  the  staie,  have  the 
priesthood  entirely  in  their  hands  ;  and 
they  constitute  many  monastic  orders, 
which  art  held  in  great  veneration  among 
them.  Besides  the  religious  influence 
and  authority  of  the  great  lama,  he  is 
possessed  of  unlimited  power  through- 
out his  dominions.  In  1774,  the  English 
East  India  Company  made  a  treaty  with 
the  lama.  The  religion  of  Thibet,  tho' 
in  many  respects,  it  differs  from  that  of 
the  Indian  Bramins,  yet  in  others,  has  a 
great  affinity  to  it.  The  Thibetians  have 
a  great  veneration  for  the  cow,  and  high 
ly  respect  also  the  waters  of  the  Ganges, 
the  source  of  which  they  believe  to  be 
in  heaven.  The  sunniasses,  or  Indian 
pilgrims,  often  visit  Thibet  as  a  holy 
place  ;  and  the  lama  always  maintains  a 
body  of  near  300  of  them  in  his  pay. 
Sec  Palte. 

Thiel,  or  Tie!,  a  strong  town  of  Dutch 
Guelderland,  which  surrendered  to  the 
French  in  1794.  It  is  seated  on  the  Waal, 

20  miles  \\  of  Nimeguen.  Lot).  5  16  E, 
lat.  51  56  N. 

Thielt,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
in  the  chatellany  of  Courtray. 

Thiers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Puy  de  Dome,  and  late  province 
of  Auvergne,  famous  for  its  statuary , 
hardware,  and  cutlery  It  is  seated  on 
the  side  of  a  hill,  22  miles  E  of  Clermont, 
and  220  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  38  E, 
lat.  45  51  N. 

Thionville,  a  strongv  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  or  Moselle.  It  was 
iaken  by  the  prince  of  Conde  in  1643. 
It  was  besieged  by  the  Austrians  in 
j  792,  who  were  obliged  to  raise  the 
iege.  It  is  seated  on  the  Moselle, 
over  which  is  a  bridge  defended  by  a 
hornwork,  14  miles  N  of  Metz,  and 
105  NE  of  Pans.    Eon.  6  15  E,  lat.  49 

21  N. 

Thirsk,  or  T'mrsk,  a  borough  in  the  N 
ruling  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on 
Monday.  It  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament :  and  was  formerly  noted  for  its 
strong  cas*k.  It  is  20  miles  NWof  York, 
and  230  NT  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  16 
W,  lat.  54  15  X.  71 


Thive,  or  Tliebes,  a  celebrated  city  ot 
Liv.i  ia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  noth- 
ing now  to  what  it  was  formerly,  and  yet 
is  four  miles  in  circumference,  but  so  full 
of  ruins,  that  there  are  not  above  4000 
Turks  and  Christians  in  it.  It  is  famous 
for  a  fine  sort  of  white  clay,  of  which 
bowls  for  pipes  are  made  after  the  Turk- 
ish fashion  ;  they  are  never  burnt,  but 
dry  naturally,  and  become  as  hard  as 
stone.  Here  are  two  mosques,  and  se- 
veral Greek  churches.  It  is  seated  be- 
tween two  rivers,  20  mdes  NW  of  Ath- 
ens, and  280  S\Y  of  Constantinople.  Lon. 
23  40  E,  lat.  3S  17  % 

Thoissel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  A  In,  with  a  handsome  col- 
lege. It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country, 
near,  the  Saone  and  Chalerone,  10  miles 
X  of  Trevoux,  and  200  SE  of  Paris. 
Lon.  4  50  E>  lat.  46  13  N. 

Thomas  St.  a  parish  of  Charleston  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  containing  about 
3000  inhabitants,  seven  eighths  of  whom 
are  slaves.  This  is  one  of  the  maritime 
parishes  of  the  state,  and  the  principal 
inhabitants  of  these  low  marshy  parts, 
are  the  slaves  who  cultivate  the  rice  and 
indigo  -plantations,  flHfy&ffl    ;"       .  f , 

Thomas,  St.  an  island  of  Africa,  lyijjg 
under  the  equator  in  8  E  lon.  It  was 
discovered  in  1429,  and  is  almost  round, 
about  30  miles  in  diameter.  The  soil 
is  fertile,  and  produces  plenty  of  sugar 
canes.  On  the  same  vine  arc  blossoms 
and  green  and  ripe  grapes,  all  the  year 
round.  It  is  a  very  unwholesome  coun- 
try, possessed  by  the  Portuguese,  and 
few  live  to  a  great  age.  It  consists 
chiefly  of  hills  intermixed  with  vall'ies, 
which  are  constantly  filled  with  a  thick 
stinking  fog,  but  it  agrees  very  well 
with  the  cattle,  which  arc  larger  and 
finer,  t  here  than  on  the  gold  coast  of 
Guinea. 

Thomas,  Si.  one  of  the  Virgin  Islands 
in  the  West  Indies',  with  a  harbour,  a 
town  and  a  fort.  After  the  capture  of 
St.  Eustatia,  in  1781,  it  became  the  mart 
of  that  part  of  the  AYest  Indies.  It  is  1 
15  miles  in  circumference,  and  belongs 
to  the  Danes.  Lon.  64  51  W,  lat.  18 
21  N. 

Thomas,  St.  an  archiepiscopal  town  of' 
Ilindoostan,  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel, 
subject  to  the  Portuguese,  and  three 
miles  from  Madras.  Lon.  80  25  E,  lat. 
13  2  N. 

Thomas,  St.  a  town  of  Guiana,  seated 
on  the  Oronoko,  and  subject  to  Spain. 
In  1618,  it  was  taken  and  burnt  by  Sir 
Waiter  Iialeigh.  Lon.  63  30  W,  lat.  7 
6  N. 

Tho?nastoxvn,  a  post  town  in  Lincoln 


T  H  O 


r  h  u 


county,  Maine;  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Penobscot  bay,  7  miles  S  of  Camden, 
the  same  distance  E  of  Warren,  and  43 
NE  of  Wise-asset,  in  lat.  44  10  N,  and 
Ion.  68  40  W. 

Thomdummy  a  town  of  Germany,  iit 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duehy 
of  Saxe-Lauenburg,  situated  on  tli^  Elb-.-, 
25  miles  SE  of  Lauenburg,  and  58  SE  o.i 
Hamburg.    Lon.  11  5  E,  lat.  53  10  N. 

Thomond,  a  county  of  Ireland,  also 
called  Clare;  which  see. 

Thompson,  a  town  of  Windham  county, 
Connecticut,  containing  2467  inhabitants 
in  1810.  It  is  situated  in  the  NE  corner 
of  the  state  ;  joining  Rhode-Island  in  the 
E  and  Massachusetts  in  the  N. 

Thonon,  a  town  of  Savoy,  capital  of 
Chablais,  with  a  palace,  and  several 
convents.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake  of 
Geneva,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Dr;  - 
ma,  13  miles  SW  of  Lausanne,  and  16 
NE  of  Geneva.  Lon.  6  44  E,  lat.  46 
19  N. 

Thorn,  a  city  of  Western  Prussia,  for- 
merly a  hanseatic  town.  A  great  tu- 
mult happened  here  in  1724,  between 
the  Roman  Catholics  and  Protestants  on 
account  of  the  students  of  the  Jesuits  ; 
upon  which  the  Poles  sent  judges  to  try 
the  magistrates  for  not  suppressing  the 
riot,  who  condemned  two  of  the  princi- 
pal magistrates  to  be  beheaded,  and 
seven  of  the  citizens.  The  protestantS 
have  a  handsome  college  here.  The 
Prussians  forcibly  took  possession  of 
this  town  in  1793,  and  annexed  it  to 
their  dominions.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Vistula,  over  which  is  a  remarkable 
bridge,  67  miles  S  of  Dan'zic,  and  105 
N\V  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  18  42  E,  lat.  55 
6  N. 

Thorn,  ovThoren,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  and  bisho- 
pric of  Liege,  with  a  noble  abbey,  seven 
miles  SW  of  Iluremonde. 

Thorn,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  si- 
tuated in  a  marshy  soil  near  the  river 
Don,  10  miles  NE  of  Doncaster,  and  167 
N  bv  Wr  of  London.  Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  53 
39  N. 

Thornsburg,  a  small  post  town  in  Spot- 
sylvania county,  Virginia;  lying  on  the 
NE  side  of  Mattapony  river,  18  miles  S 
of Fredericksburg,  on  the  Rappahannock, 
and  74  from  Washington. 

Thornbury,  a  corporate  town  of  Glou- 
cestershire, with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  seated  on  a  rivulet  that  runs  into 
the  Severn,  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
is  24  miles  SW  of  Gloucester,  and  121 
W  of  London.  Lon.  2  31  W,  lat;  51 
35  X. 


Thornbury,  a  small  township  of  Dela- 
ware county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  oti 
Chester  creek,  between  Egmont  aiuPBir- 
mingham,  18  miles  WSW  of  Philadel- 
phia. In  1810  the  inhabitants  were 
564. 

Thorncy,  a  village  in  Cambridgeshire^ 
six  miles  NE  of  Peterborough.  Near  it 
was  a  mitred  abbey,  and  the  nave  of  the 
a ')bey -church  i.->  s till  remaining. 

Tlwrney,  a  small  island,  in  a  bay  of  the 
English  Channel,  near  the  coast  of  Sussex, 
with  a  village  of  the  same  name,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Lavant,  seven  miles  SW  of 
Chichester. 

Thornhill,  a  town  in  Dumfriesshire, 
whrre  fairs  are  held,  chiefly  for  woollen 
yarn,  and  coarse  woollen  stuffs.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  an  elevated  plain,  on  the  E  side 
of  the  river  Nith,  15  miles  N  by  W  of 
Dumfries. 

ThouarSy  a  considerable  town  of  V 
in  the  department  of  two  Sevres,  arid 
late  province  of  Poi.ou.  It  is  no'<  d  for 
a  castle  which  belonged  to  the 'ancient 
dukes.  It  is  seated  on  a  rock,  sur- 
rounded by  walls  120  feet  high,  which 
from  the  whiteness  of  the  stone,  might 
be  supposed  not  more  than  ten  years 
dd.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  by  the  river 
Ttioue,  32  miles  SE  of  Angers,  and  162 
SW  of  Paris.   Lon.  0  15  W,  lat.  46  59  N. 

Thrapston,  a  town  in  Northampton- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday,  seated 
on  the  Nen,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  se- 
ven miles  N  of  Higham-Ferrers,  and  75 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  0  36  W,  lat.  52 
26  N. 

Three  Hills  Island,  an  island,  one  of  the 
New  Hebrides,  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  lying  to  the  S  of  M  dlicollo. 

Three  Sisters.    See  K '<  riles. 

Thuin,  a  town  of  Austrian  Ilainault, 
but  subject  to  the  bishop  of  Liege.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Sambre,  eight  miles  SW 
of  Charlerov,  and  15  SE  of  Mons.  Lok. 
4  22  E,  lat.  50  21  N. 

Thide.    See  Fnja. 

TJnde,  Southern.    See  Sandnich  Land. 

Thun,  a  lake  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  five  leagues  long  and  one 
broad.  Its  borders  are  richly  variegated, 
and  covered  with  numerous  villages,  and 
the  river  Aar  passes  tli rough  it. 

Thun,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  with  a  castle,  which 
commands  a  fine  view  of  the  lake.  It  is 
seated  on  the  N  W  extremity  of  this  lake, 
where  the  river  Aar  issues  from  it,  parti} 
in  a  small  island,  and  partly  on  a  hill, 
15  miles  SSE  of  Bern.  Lon'.  7  2'J  E,  lat. 
46  45  N. 

Thvndcr  Bay,  a  bay,  nine  miles  broad, 
:it  die  NW  comer  of  Lake  Huron,  1$. 


TIC 


T  I  E 


.North  America.  It  receives  tins  name 
from  the  continual  thunder  that  is  heard 

there.  W^ifc^—C 

Tiiiir,  a  river  of  Swisserland,  which  has 
its  source,  in  the  S  part  of  the  county  of 
foggienbu£g,and  enters  the  Kh'nc,  seven 
mites  SSW  of  SchafThausen. 

T/iurjrau.  a  bailiwic  of  Swisserland, 
which  lies  along-  the  river  Thur,  bound- 
ed on  die  E  and  X  by  the  lake,  town, 
and  bishopric  of  Constance  ;  on  the  S  by 
the  territory  of  die  abbot  of  St.  Gallen  ; 
and  on  the  W  by  the  canton  of  Zurich. 
It  is  die  largest  bailiwic  in  Swisserland, 
as  wt.il  as  the  most  pleasant  and  fertile  ; 
and  is  extremely  populous.  The  sove- 
reignly beh  n:_s  to  the  eight  ancient  can- 
tons.   Frauenfield  is  the  capital. 

Jl'/atrnu/ui,  a  landgravate  of  Germany 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony;  bounded 
on  the  E  by  Misnia,  on  the  S  by  Franco* 
hia,  on  the.  W  by  Hessej  and  on  the  N  by 
tlie  duchy  of  Brunswick  and  the  princi- 
pality of  Anhalt.  It  is  73  miles  in  length, 
and  nearly  as  much  in  breadth  ;  abound, 
ing  in  corn,  fruits,  and  w  ood.  It  belongs 
to  the  electors  of  Saxony  and  Mentz,  and 
several  fMstty sovereigns.  Erfurt  is  the 
capitaj.  -  v 

Tliurmany  a  post  town  of  Washington 
couiuy,  New  York,  containing  1330  inha- 
bitants in  1810,  and  situated  75  milts  N 
of  Albany. 

Thurso,  a  borough  in  Caithnesshire, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Thurso,  on  the 
W  side  of  Dunnet-Bay.  It  lias  a  consi- 
derable trade,  and  a  manufacture  <  f 
woollen  and  linen  cloth  ;  and  salmon 
fisheries  employ  a  number  of  hands.  Lon. 
3  16  W,  lat.  58  36  N. 

Tiagav,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Carnatic,  fif  y  miles  WSW  of  Pondi- 
cherrv,  and  75  S  of  Arcot.  Lon.  79  0  E, 
lat.  li  25  N. 

Tiaiio,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
.  Lavoro,  with  a  famous  nunnery  :  near  it 
'  is  a  mineral  spring,  said  to  be  excellent 
for  the  stone.  It  is  15  mil  s  NW  of  Ca- 
pua.   Lon.  14  8  E,  la  .  41  14  N. 

Tiber,  a  river  in  Italy,  which  rises  in 
the  Appennines,  in  the  Florentmo.  It 
passesjnto  the  EccicsiasticalSfate,  wash- 
es Barge,  St.  Sepulehro,  Citta  di-Casttlla, 
•Or.o,  and  Home,  10  miles  from  winch  a 
falis  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  between 
Ostia  and  Porto.  Tivere  is  its  modern 
name. 

Tiburoon>  a  cape,  at  the  most  westerly 
extremity  of  the  island  of  St.  Domingo 
It  was  taken  by  the  English  and  royalists 
in  1794,  but  retaken  by  the  republican.-, 
the  next  year. " 

Ticartc.    See  Tecort. 

4\r.hellt  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 


Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Friday  .  I* 
had  a  castle  and  fortifications,  demo- 
lished in  the  civil  wars,  of  which  some 
ruins  remain.  It  has  a  distinct  liberty 
called  the  Honour  of  Ticked,  which  is 
part  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster.  It  is 
rive  miles  S  of  Doncaster,  and  155  N  by 
W  of  London.  Lon.  1  11  W,  lat.  53  27  N- 

Tickeh,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  in  the  circar  of  Cicacole, 
30  miles  NE  of  Cicacole,  and  70  SW 
of  Ganjam     Lon.  84  30  E,  lat.  43  50  N. 

Ticoiuhro^a,  a  fort  of  the  United  States, 
in  New  York,  built  by  the  French  in  1756. 
on  the  narrow  passage  or  communication 
betwe  en  the  lakes  George  and  Champlain. 
It  had  all  the  advantages  that  art  or  na- 
ture could  give  it.  It  was  taken  in  1759 
by  general  Vmherst,  and  in  1779  by  gene- 
rail  Bourgoyne,  but  was  evacuated  soon 
afier  the  convention  at  Saratoga,  when  be 
was  obliged  to  surrender  to  the  Ameri- 
can armv.  It  is  110  miles  S  of  Montreal, 
and  18  5'  N  of  New  York.  Lon.  73  25  W, 
lat.  43  45  N. 

Tiddeniiam^  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire,  England,  seven  miles  S  of  Col- 
ford.  Its  parish  is  bounded  on  three 
sides  by  the  rivers  Wye  and  Severn  . 
and  at  the  division  of  the  rivers  are 
still  to  be  seen  on  the  rocks,  at  iow 
water,  the  ruins  of  a  chapel,  which  was 
dedicated  to  St  Thecla,  who  suffered 
in  the  year  47,  being  the  first  female 
martyr. 

Ti<h  n-a-cll,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  on  the 
S  confines  of  the  Peak,  with  a  marker 
on  Wednesday.  It  is  remarkable  for  a 
well  that  ebbs'  and  flows  two  or  three 
times  in  an  hour,  after  great  rains;  the 
water  gushing  from  several  cavities  at 
once,  for  the  space  of  five  minutes :  the 
well  is  three  feet  deep  and  broad,  and  the 
water  rises  and  falls  two  f  et.  It  is 
deemed  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  Peak. 
Tides  well  is  22  miles  N  \V  of  Derby,  and 
158  NN\Y  of  London.  Lon.  1  46  YY,  lat 
53  15  N. 

Tidor,  one  of  the  Molucco  islands,  in 
the  E  Indies,  lying  to  the  E  of  Gilolo, 
and  to  the  S  of  Termite.  It  is  17  miles 
in  circumfvrence,  :<m  produces  cloves 
aid  fist.  The  Dutch  are  masters  of  the 
island,  though  it  has  a  king  of  its  owp. 
The  woods  and  the  rocks  that  surround 
it,  render  it  a  place  of  defence.  Lon.  126' 
0  E,  lat.  0  50  N. 

Tiel.    Sec  Thiel. 

Tiengen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
cjrele  of  Suabia,  situated  on  the  Wutsch, 
29  miles  E  of  Basle,  and  36  W  of  Cor 
stance.    Lon.  8  5  E,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Tierra  del  Hspv  itu  Santo.  See  Terra 
del  Espiritu  Santo. 


T  I  L 


T  I  N 


Tierra  del  Fuego.  See  Terra  del  Fuego. 

Tigris,  a  river  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
which  has  its  source  near  that  of  the 
Euphrates,  in  the  mountain  of  Tchilder, 
in  Turcoman i a,  afterwards  it  separates 
Diarbcek  from  Krzcrum,  and  Khusistan 
from  Irac-Arahia,  and  uniting  with  the 
Euphrates,  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Persia, 
under  the  name  of  Schat-el-Arab,  This 
river  passes  by  Diarbekar,  Gezira,  Mou- 
sul,  Bag-dad,  and  Uussarah. 

Tilbury,  FasC,  a  village  in  Essex,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  E  of  Tilbury 
Fort.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  place 
where  the  emperor  Claudius  crossed  the 
Thames,  in  pursuit  of  the  Britons.  In 
this  parish  is  a  field,  called  Cave  Field, 
in  which  is  a  horizontal  passage  to  one 
of  t i  10  spacious  caverns  in  the  neighbour- 
ing parish  of  Chadwell. 

Tilbitny,  West,  a  village  in  Essex,  si- 
tuated on  the  Thames,  N  of  Tilbury 
Fort.  The  marshes  here  feed  a  great 
number  of  Lincolnshire  and  Leicester- 
shire sheep,  for  the  London  market. 
In  this  parish  is  a  celebrated  spring  of 
alterative  water,  discovered  in  1717.  In 
its  neighbourhood  Queen  Elizabeth  re- 
viewed the  arm\'  she  had  assembled  to 
oppose  the  famous  Spanish  armada  in 
1588.    1  *f4." 

Tilbury  Fort,  in  Essex,  situated  on  the 
Thames,  opposite  to  Gravesend,  a  re- 
gular fortification,  which  may  be  termed 
the  key  of  Condon.  It  was  planned  by 
Sir  Martin  Beckman,  chief  engineer  to 
king  Charles  If,  with  bastions,  the  larg- 
est of  any  in  England.  It  has  a  double 
moat;  the  innermost  of  which  is  170 
feet  broad,  with  a  i>ood  counter  scarp,  a 
covered  way,  ravelines  and  tenaill<-s,  and 
a  platform,'  on  which  106  cannon  are 
placed,  from  24  to  46  poundc  rs  each,  be- 
sides smaller  ones  planted  etween  them, 
and  the  bastions  and  curtines  also  are 
planted  with  guns;  and  here  is  a  high 
tower,  called  the  Block  house,  which  is 
said  to  have  been  built  m  the  reign  of 
queen  Elizabeth.  On  the  land  side  arc 
also  two  redoubts  of  brick;  and  there- 
it  is  able  to  lay  the  whole  level  und£i 
Water.  The  foundation  is  laid  upon  piles 
driven  down  in  two  ranges,  one  over  the 
other,  which  reach  below  the  channel  of 
the  river,  and  the  lowermost  being  point- 
ed with  iron  enters  the  solid  chalk  rock, 
.v'nif-h  extends  under  the  Tljames  to  th< 
chalk  hills  in  Kent.  It  is  28  miles  E  by 
S  of  Condou. 

TiU'e'X'.t,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure,  and  late  province  of 
Normandv,  six  miles  NE  of  Vcrneuil, 
and  12  W  of  Dreux.  Lon.  1  3  E,  lat.  48 
46  X. 


Tilsit,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Lithuania, 
with  a  considerable  trade;  in  lhiseed, 
butter,  and  other  articles.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Memel,  50  miles  NE  of  Konings- 
herg,  and  95  SSW  of  Mittau.  Lori.  22 
8  E,  lat.  55  8  N. 

Timana,  a  town  of  Terra  Firqia,  in 
Popayan,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name,  which  abounds  in  fruits  and 
pastures.  It  is  seated  on  a  river,  tod 
miles  ESE  of  Popayan.  Lon.  73  55  W, 
lat.  1  35  N. 

Timerycotta*   a  town   and  fortress  of 
Mindoostan,  in  the  province  of  Go! 
da,  64  miles  SE  of  Hydr.Jmd,  and  95 
W  of  Masulipatam.    Lon.  79  26  E,  lat. 
15  20  X. 

Timor,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
between  Celebes  and  New  Holland.  It 
is  150  miles  long  and  37  broad,  and 
abounds  in  sandal  wood,  wax,  and  ho- 
ney. The  Dutch  have  a  fort  here.  Lon. 
of"  the  SW  point  123  59  E,  lat.  10  23  S. 

Tina,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
in  Bosnia,  on  the  river  Tis,  37  miles  X 
W  of  Spalairo.  Lon.  17  9  E,  lat.  44 
28  X. 

Tina,  or  Tinos,  the  ancient  Tenos,  an 
island  of  the  Archipelago,  one  of  the 
excludes,  to  the  W  of  Nicaria.  It  is  17 
miles  long  and  eight  broad,  and  is  sub- 
ject to  the  Venetians.  This  island  pro 
duces  16,000  pounds  of  silk  every  year, 
and  tiie  stockings  made  of  it  are  vei  \ 
^ood  ;  but  nothing  can  equal  the  gloves 
which  are  knit  here  for  the  ladies.  The 
fortress  stands  on  a  rock  ;  and  here  is  a 
bishop's  sec  of  the  Latin  church,  though 
die  Greeks  have  2>)0  papas  or  priests.  St. 
Xicolo  is  the  principal  town.  Lon.  25  24 
E,  lat.  37  30  X. 

Tineveily.    See  Pahimcotta. 

Tiniun,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
one  of  the  Ladrones,  12  miles  in  length 
and  six  in  breadth.  The  soil  is  dry  ;  and 
being  somewhat  sandy,  is  the  less  dis- 
posed to  rank  and  over  luxuriant  vege 
tation.  The  land  rises  in  gentle  sW 
from  the  shore  to  the  middle  of  the  is- 
land, intermixed  with  vallies  of  an  easy 
descent;  which  are  beautifully  diversi- 
fied with  the  mutual  encroachments  of 
the  woods  and  lawns.  The  woods  con- 
sist of  tall  and  well  spread  trees,  and 
the  lawns  are  covered  with  clean  and 
uniform  turf,  producing  fine  trefoil,  and 
variety  of  flowers.  Here  are  at  least. 
10,000  cattle,  all  milk  white,  except 
their  ears,  which  are  brown  or  black  • 
also  a  vast  number  of  fowls,  which  arc 
easily  caught,  and  plenty  of  wild  hogs, 
'n  the  woods  are  prodigious  quantities 
of  cocoa-nuts,  c.abb;'<>e-trees,  guavoes, 
limes,  sweet  and  sour  oranges,  and  bread- 


TI  N 


T  I  R 


fvnit.  Here  are  also  vegetables  proper 
for  the  scurvy  ;  such  as  water-melon, 
dandelion,  creeping  purslain,  mint,  scur 
vy-grassj  and  sorrel.  Here  are  some 
ruins  of  a  particular  kind,  consisting  of 
two  rows  of  square  pyramidical  pillars, 
each  pillar  being  about  six  feet  from  the 
next,  and  the  distance  between  the  rows 
is  12  feel.  ;  on  the  top  of  each  there  is  a 
semiglobc,  with  the  fiat  surface  upward, 
and  they  are  composed  of  sand  and  stone 
cemented  together.    The  climate  is  cx- 

.  -  jtremely  healthful,  for  the  rains  are  not 
continual,  but  fall  in  frequent  refreshing 

%t  showers."  There  are  no  streams,  btit 
the  water  of  the  weils  and  springs  is 
extremely  good.  The  principal  incon- 
venience arises  from  the  number  of  mus- 

'  kitoes,  and  other  kinds  of  Pies  ;  and 
there  are  likewise,  insects  called  ticks, 
which  fasten  upon  the  limfis  and  bodies 
of  mCn,  and  bury  their  heads  under 
'their  skins.  The  road  is  inconvenient, 
and,  in  some  seasons,  there  is  little  secu- 
rity for  a  ship  ut  anchor.    Lon.  146  0  E, 

|  rat.  i$o$t?*^:: 

Tinicum,  a  township  of  Bucks  county. 
Pennsylvania,  containing  -1017  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  SW 
ide  of  the  river  Delaware,  between 
Plumstead  and  Nockamixon,  25  miles  N 
W  of  Trenton  in  New  Jersey. 

Tinicum,  a  township  of  Delaware  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  It  lies  on  the  N  side 
of  the  river  Delaware,  about  six  miles 
from  Philadelphia,  and  consists  princi- 
pally of  grazing  farms. 

T>.nmmth,-x  seaport  in  Northumberland, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Tyne,  nine  miles  E 
of  Newcastle.  It  has  a  castle,  seated  or, 
a  high  rock,  inaccessible  on  the  seaside, 
4  and  well  mounted  with  cannon.  Then 
is  a  bar  across  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
Vrhich  is  not  above  seven  feet  deep  at 
low  water.  There  are  dangerous  rocks 
about  it,  called  the  lilack  Middins  ; 
but  there  are  lighthouses  to  guide  the 
^hips  by  night.  Here  ships  take  in  then- 
loading  of  coal,  and  of  goods  brought 
from  Newcastle.  Lon.  1  16  W,  lat.  55 
*• ^ \>.  >'■ 

Tinmouth,  a  town  of  Vermont,  in  Rut- 
land county,  15  miles  S  of  Rutland,  and 
26  N  of  Bennington,  with  1001  inhabi 
tan  s  iii  1810. 
•  Tmtrs.    See  Tina. 

Thitagel,  a  village  in  Cornwall.  Here 
are  the  remains  of  a  remarkable  for*  fixa- 
tion called  King  Arthur's  Castle. 

Tinto,  c.  river  of  Spain,  which  has  its 
source  in  tin:  province  of  Seville,  and  its 
name  from  its  wa/ters  ,vhich  are  tinged 
of  a  yellow  colour.  Near  its  spring  it 
fca&  a  petrifying  quality,  no  trees  or  plants 


growing  on  its  banks,  nor  will  any  fisli 
\  e  in  it  ;  which  properties  eontinue  till 
other  rivulets  run  into  it  and  alter  itsna- 
■  ure;  for  when  it  passes  by  Niebla  it  is 
not  different  from  other  rivers.  It  jails 
into  the  Atlantic  about  18  miles  below 
Niebla. 

Tinzeda,  a  town  of  Barbary,  in  Biledul- 
gr-rid.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  in  a  country  fertile  in  dates  and 
bkrieV,  and  abounding  in  indigo.  Lon, 
6  13  \V,  lat.  27  30  N. 

Tinzulie,  a  strong  town  of  Barbary,  in 
Biledulgerid,  seated  on  the  river  Dras. 
Lon.  5  43  W,  lat.  28  15  N. 

Tioga,  a  county  iii  the  state  of  New 
V'.i'k,  containing  7»899  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  bounded  N  by  Steuben,  Se- 
neca, and  Cayuga  counties;  E  by  Broome 
'county;  S  by  Pennsylvania;  and  W  by 
Steili  ;  :i  county.  The  principal  town  is 
'  X,  wto  i  on  the  river  Tioga. 

Tioga,  a  river  of  the  United  States, 
which  rises  in  Steuben  county,  New  York, 
and  runs  in  a  SE  course' into  Pennsylva- 
nia; where  it  falls  into  the  Susquehannah 
at  Tioga  Point.  It  is  supposed  to  be  na- 
vigable by  batteaux  about  50  miles. 

Tioga,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  taken 
from  Lycoming  county,  by  an  act  of  as- 
sembly in  1804.  At  the  last  census  it 
contained  1,687  inhabitants.  Willsbo- 
rough  is  the  principal  town. 

Tiorn,  an  island  of  Sweden,  27  miles 
m  circumference,  and  abounding  in  ex- 
cellent pastures.  Loh.  11  29  E,  lat.  58 
0  N. 

Tipcrah,  or  Tipvah,  a  kingdom  of  Asia, 
i\  ing  to  the  E  of  Hindoostan  Proper. 

Tipperary.  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Munster,  60  miles  long  and 
40, broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  King's 
County,  on  the  E  by  Queen's  County 
and  Kilkenny,  on  the  S  by  Waterford, 
and  on  the  W  by  Gahvay,  Clare,  Li- 
merick and  Cork,  The  S  p^rt  is  fertile  ; 
but  the  N  is  rather  barren,  and  termi- 
nates in  a  row  of  twelve  mountains,  the 
highest  in  Ireland.,  called  Phelem-dhe- 
Madina.  It  contains  147  parishes,  and. 
sends  eight  members  to  parliament.  The 
river  Shure  runs  through  it  from  N^to  S„ 
C;;shel  is  the  capital. 

Tipperary  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  ti  e  same  name,  nine  miles  SS 
W  of  CasheL 

T:vavo,  a  town  of  •  the  country  of  the 
GvisonS|  capital  of  the  Upper  Terzero. 
It  con.ains  several  handsome  buildings, 
but  from  th*  narrowness  of  the  streets, 
*nd  many  r.u"i:oits  houses,  its  general  ap- 
pearance is  desolate.  The  river  Adda  di- 
vides it  into  two  parts,  which  are  joined 
bv  a  stone  bridge  of  a  single  arch.  Th«3 
4  H 


T  I  T 


T  I  V 


staple  commerce  of  this  town  consists 
in  the  exportation  of  wine  and  silk.  : 
Near  the  town  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Adda,  is  the  magnificent  church  of  the 
Mad  on  a,  or  Virgin  Mary,  much  visited 
by  the  catholic  pilgrims.  The  massacre 
of  the  protestants  of  the  Valteline,  in 
1620,  began  in  this  town.  It  is  17  miles 
SAY  of  Bormio.  Lon.  9  46  E,  lat.  46 
12  X. 

Thee,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  or  West- 
ern Islands  of  Scotland,  lying  to  the  SW 
of  Col.  It  is  a  small,  rich  island,  and 
noted  for  its  marble  quarry,  and  a  hand- 
some breed  of  little  horses. 

Tireh,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  Asiatic 
province  of  Natolia,  situatedon  the  Mean- 
der, 32  miles  SSE  of  Smyrna.  Lon.  27 
30  E.  lat.  28  10  N, 

Tirlemont,  a  village  of  Austrian  Bra- 
brmt,  formerly  one  of  the  most  consider- 
able places  in  that  duchv,  but  ruinecLhy 
the  wars.    Lon*4  41  E,'lat.  50  48  N.\  " 

Tirnuu,  a  strong  and  considerable  town 
of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the  county  of  Nei- 
4ra.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tirna,  five  miles 
W  of  Leopoldstadt,  and  22  NE  of  Pres- 
burg.    Lon.  17  39  E,  lat.  48  24  N. 

Tirol,  or  Tyr.nl,  a  county  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Austria,  and  part  of  the 
hereditary  dominions  of  that  house.  It  is 
150  miles  long,  and  120  broad  ;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Bavaria,  on  the  E  by  Carin- 
thia  and  the  archbishopric  of  Sal •  zburg, 
on  the  S  by  the  territory  of  Venice,  and 
on  the'  \V  by  Swisscrland.  Though  a 
mountainous  country,-  it  produces  as 
much  corn  and  wine  as  the  inhabitants 
have  occasion  for,  and  has  rich  mines  ot 
gold,  silver,"  and  copper.  It  is  divided 
into  four  parts  ;  Tyrol,  properly  so  cal- 
led, the  bishopric  of  Trent,  the  bishop- 
ric of  Brixen,  and  four  provinces  of  Sua- 
ble, which  are  united  to  Tyrol-  Inspruc 
is  the  capital. 

Titan,  or  Cabaros,  an  island  of  France, 
the  most  eastern  of  the  Hieres,  in  the 
Mediterranean. 

Titicaca,  or  Chucuito,  an  island  of  Pe- 
ru, in  the  audience  of  Los  Charcos.  It 
is  situated  in  a  lake  of  the  same  name, 
which  is  one  of  the  largest  in  South 
America. 

WiicJifiel'd,  a  village  in  Hampshire,,  seat- 
ed on  a  small  river,  six  miles  E  of  South- 
ampton.. It  had  formerly  an  abbey,  or. 
the  sire  of  which  is  Titchfield  House, 
erected  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Great 
part  of  this  ancient  mansion  has  been  ta- 
ken down. 

THHsberq;  one  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains in  Swisserland,  at  the  foot  of  which 
is  the  greatest  part  o[  the  valley  of  En- 
gelberg. 


Tittmanihg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Saltzburg.  This  town 
was  almost  depopulated  by  the  plague, 
in  1310,  and  was  reduced  to  ashes  by 
lightning,  in  1571  ;  but  it  has  been  since 
rebuilt.  It  is  seated  on  the  Saltza,^3!4? 
miles  NW  of  Saltzburg.  Lon.  12  46  jL 
lat.  47  54  N. 

Titul,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the 
county  of  Bodrog.  Lon.  20  34  E,  lat. 
45  30  N. 

Tiver.    See  Tiber. 

Tiverton,  a  boroueh  in  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ex,  over  whi  li  is  a  stone  bridge,  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayoi,  and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  has  a  noble  free- 
school  (founded  by  a  clothier  of  this 
rown)  which  has  an  endowment  also  for 
the  maintenance  of  eight  scholars  at  Ba- 
liol  college,  Oxford,  and  Sidney  Sussex 
College,  Cambridge.  It  has  likewise  a 
church,  built  by  subscription.  Tiverton 
lias  suffered  very  severely  by  fire,  par- 
ticularly in  1598,  1612,  1731,  and  1794. 
This  town  has  been  noted  for  its  great 
woollen  manufacture,  and  is  14  miles  N 
NE  of  Exeter,  and  161  W  by  S  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  3  38  VV,  lat.  50  54  N. 

'Tiverton,  a  township  of  Newport  coun- 
ty, Rhode  Island,  containing  2,837  inha- 
bitants in  1S10,  and  lying  about  14  miles 
from  the  city  of  Newport. 

Tinmen,  a  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tobolsk,  on  the  Tura,  125  miles 
W  of  Tobolsk. 

Tivoli,  a  celebrated  town  of  Italy,  in 
Campagni  di  Roma,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  now  wretchedly  poor.  It  was  the 
favourite  country  residence  of  the  an- 
cient Romans,  as  Frescati  is  of  the  mo- 
derns. Near  the  bottom  of  the  eminence 
on  which  Tivoli  stands,  are  the  ruins  of 
the  vast  and  magnificent  villa  built  by 
emperor  Adrian.  Other  illustrious  Ro- 
mans had  also  their  villas  here;  as  Julius 
Crcsar,  Caius  Cassius,  Augustus,  Catul- 
lus, Propertius,  Maecenas,  &c.  The  Ti- 
verone  forms  here  a  famous  cascade  from 
a  steep  rock,  in  a  cave  of  which  is  said 
to  have  been  Leucothea's  grotto,  the  Ti- 
burtine  Sibyl,  whence  she  delivered  her 
oracles.  It  was  anciently  the  retreat  of 
nany  eminent  Romans,  and,  at  present  it 
has  an  elegant  summer-house,  and  fine 
;ardens,  belonging  to  the  duke  of  Mo- 
dena.  Horace  is  thought  to  have  com- 
posed great  part  of  his  works  in  this  fa- 
•  vourito  retreat.  Near  Tivoli  is  the  re- 
markable lake  of  Solfatara.     Tivoli  is 

■  seated  on  the  Teverone,  12  miles  ENE 
of  Rome,  and  15  NNE  of  Frescati.  Lon. 

■  12  43  E,  lat.  41  59  N.  See  Solfatara  and 
Teverone. 


T  O  C 


T  O  L 


Tizzanoi  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  P   ma,  13  miles  S  of  Parma. 

Tluscala,  a  province  of  New  Spain,  in 
the  audience  of  Mexico;  bounded  on  tin 
N  by  Panuco,  on  the  E  by  the  gulf  oi 
Mexico,  on  the  S  by  Guaxica  and  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  and  on  the  W  by  the  audi- 
ence of  Mexico.  In  the  W  part  of  this 
province  is  the  mountain  of  Tlascala,  12 
miles  in  circumference  :  it  is  well  peopled 
and  cultivated,  except  on  the  summit, 
which  is  always  covered  with  snow.  Thert 
are  also  other  mountains,  covered  with 
trees,  in  which  are  tigers  and  monkies 
See  Angelos. 

Tlascala,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  capita! 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
.seated  on  a  river,  partly  on  a  mountain, 
and  partly  on  a  plain,  82  miles  ESE  of 
Mexico.  Lon.  99  22  W,  lat.  19  30  N. 
See  Angelos. 

Tlemesen.    See  Tremesen. 

Tobago,  the  most  southward  of  the  is- 
lands in  the  West  rndies,  and  the  most 
eastward  except  Barbadoes.  It  is  32 
miles  long-  and  nine  broad.  The  climate 
is  not  so  h  <t  as  might  be  expected  from 
its  situation  so  near  the  equator  ;  nor  is 
it  visited  by  such  dreadful  hurricanes  as 
frequently  desolate  the  other  islands.  It 
is  diversified  with  hills  and  vales,  and  is 
equai  i,i  richness  of  produce  to  any  is- 
lands in  these  seas.  It  has  been  several 
times  t;.ken  and  retaken,  lastly  by  the 
English  m  1793.  It  is  120  miles  S  of  Bar- 
badoes.   Lon.  59  0  W,  lat.  11  10  N. 

Tobago,  Little,  an  island  near  the  NE 
extremity  of  Tobago,  (in  the  West  In- 
dies) two  miles  long,  and  one  broad. 

Tobolsk,  a  government  of  Russia,  which 
comprehends  the  W  part  of  Siberia.  It 
is  divided  into  the  two  provinces  of  To- 
bolsk and  Tomsk. 

Tobolsk,  ihe  capital  of  Siberia,  and  of 
the  government  of  Tobolsk.  It  is  inha 
bited  by  Tartars,  who  drive  a  great  trade 
on  the  river  Irtysh,  and  carry  their  goods 
to  China.  The  Tartars  that  live  round 
this  city,  for  several  miles,  are  all  Ma- 
hometans, but  their  mufti  is  an  Arabian 
There  are  also  a  great  number  of  Kal- 
mucks, who  serve  as  slaves.  The  Rus- 
sians commonly  send  their  state -prisoners 
to  this  city,  wliich  is  seated  on  a  hill,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Tobol  and  Irtysh, 
800  miles  E  bv  X  of  Moscow,  and  lOOt; 
E  by  S  of  Petersburgh.  Lon.  68  12  E, 
lat.  58  12  N. 

Tocat,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in 
Natolia,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name.  The  houses  are  handsomely  built, 
and  the  streets  pretty  well  paved,  which 
is  an  uncommon  thing  in  those  parts  ; 


but  the  town  makes  a  very  odd  appear- 
ance, and  is  in  the  form  of  an  amphithe- 
atre. There  are  two  rugged  perpendicu- 
lar rocks  of  marble,  with  an  old  castle 
upon  each  ;  and  so  mar.)'  streams,  that 
each  house  has  a  fountain.  Here  are 
20,000  Turkish,  4000  Armenian,  and  400 
Greek  families.  There  are  12  mosques, 
and  a  vast  number  of  chapels  ;  the  Ar- 
menians have  seven  churches,  and  the 
Greeks  only  one.  Besides  the  silk  of  this 
country,  they  manufacture  much  of  that 
of  Persia,  and  make  it  mto  sewing  silk. 
Their  chief  trade  is  in  copper  vessels, 
such  as  kettles,  drinking*-cups,  lanterns, 
and  candlesticks.  They  also  prepare  a 
great  deal  of  yellow  Turkey  leather.  To- 
cat may  be  considered  as  the  centre  of 
trade  in  N.itolia ;  for  caravans  come  hi- 
ther from  several  parts.  Its  territory 
abounds  in  fruit  and  excellent  wine.  It  is 
210  miles  W  by  S  of  Erzerum,  and  283 
N  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  37  15  E,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Tpcayma,  a  town  of  New  Grenada, 
seated  on  the  Pati,  in  a  country  abound- 
ing in  fruit  and  sugar  canes.  Here  are 
hot  baths  between  two  cold  springs  ;  and 
near  the  town  is  a  volcano.  Lon.  73  50 
W,  lat.  4  3  X. 

Tockay,  a  strong  town  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary, in  the  county  of  Zimplin,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  excellent 
wine  ;  but  being  produced  only  by  one 
vineyard,  it  is  scarce  even  at  Vienna.  At 
some  distance  from  it  are  large  salt- 
works. It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Bodrog  and  Teisse,  75  miles  NW  of 
Great  Waradin,and  90  NE  of  Buda.  Lon. 
21  25  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Tocort,  or  Tuggurt,  a  town  of  the  king- 
dom of  Algiers,  in  Africa,  240  miles  SSE 
of  Algiers.    Lon.  4  40  E,  lat.  32  40  N. 

Todi,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  duchy  of  Spoletto,  seated  on  a  hill, 
near  the  river  Tiber,  22  miles  S  of  Pelu- 
gia,  and  50  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  32  E, 
lat.  42  44  X. 

Toggenburg,  a  county  of  Swisserland, 
depending  on  the  abbey  of  St.  Gallen.  It 
is  in  the  figure  of  a  leg,  and  is  situated 
between  high  mountains.  It  is  fertile  in 
corn  and  fruit,  and  is  divided  into  the 
Cpper  and  Lower.  It  contains  upwards 
of  46,000  inhabitants,  the  majority  of 
\  horn  are  protestants. 

Toissey,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  A  n,  25  miles  X  of  Lyons. 
Lon.  4  52  E,  lat.  45  20  X. 

Tolaga  Bay,  a  bay  of  the  island  of  New 
Zealand,  in  the  Pacific  Oceaji.  Lon.  17,8 
33  E,  lat.  38  21  S. 

Toledo,  a  commercial  city  of  Spain,  in 
New  Castile,  of  which  it  was  formerly 


TO  L 


TOM 


the  capital.  It  is  advantageously  seated 
on  a  mountain,  on  the  river  Taj o,  which 
surrounds  it  on  two  sides  ;  and  on  the 
land  side  it  has  an  ancient  wall  built  by 
a  Gothic  king,  and  flanked  with  low 
towers.  The  houses  are  fine  and  ihcu 
are  a  great  number  of  superb  structures, 
beside  seventeen  public  squares,  wheu 
the  markets  are  kept,  ll  is  un  arch- 
bishop's see  ;  and  the  cathedral  is  the 
richest  and  most  considerable  in  Spain  : 
the  Sagrurio,  or  principal  chapel,  is  a 
real  treasury,  in  which  are  fifteen  larijc 
cabinets  let  into  the  wall,  full  of  pro- 
digious quantities  of  gold  and  silye? 
vessels,  and  other  works.  Here  are  88 
religious  houses,  with  a  great  rtfimbey 
of  churches  belonging  to  27  parishe  .. 
and  some  hospitals.  Without  the  town 
are  the  remains  of  an  amphitheatre,  and 
other  antiquities.  It  has  a  royal  castle, 
a  famous  university,  and  several  manu 
factures  of  silk  and  wool.  It  is  37 
miles  S  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  20  W,  lat. 
39  53  N. 

Tolen.  a  town  of  the  Dutch  Nether 
lands,  in  Zealand,  in  an  island  of  the 
same  name,  separated  by  a  narrow  chan 
net  from  Dutch  P  rah  ant.  It  is  five  miles 
NW  of  Pergen-op-Zoom.  Lon.  4  20  E, 
lat.  51  30  N. 

Tqlentino,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  marqnisate  of  Ancona.  It  is  th< 
place  where  the  relics  of  St.  Nicholas  are 
kept,  and  is  seated  on  the  rive!-  Chienlo, 
eight  miles  SE  of  St.  Severino,  and  88 
NE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  11  E,  lat.  43  14  N. 

Tdesburg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  .  ov- 
ernment  of  Riga,  with  a  harbour  Heated 
Cn  the  gulf  of  Finland,  60  miles  W  of 
Narva.    Lon.  26  4  E,  lat.  59  33  N. 

Tolfa,  a  town  of  Italy  in  i he  dominions 
of  the  Pope.  Isi  the  neighbourhood  art, 
mines,  of  alum  and  iron,  warm  baths,  and 
quarries  o*  alabaster  and  lapis  lazuli.  t\ 
is  25  miles  NW  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  40  E. 
la4.  42  10  N. 

Tolhuys,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelder- 
iand,  seated  on  the  Rhine.  It  is  eight 
miles  E  of  Nimeguen.  L.  n.  6  u  E,  lat. 
51  56  N. 

Tolland,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Con- 
necticut;  bounded  E  by  Windham  coun- 
ty ;  N  by  Massachusetts  ;  W  by  Hartford 
county,  and  S  by  New  London  coun'.y. 
Py  the  census  of  1810  the  inhabitants 
were  estimated  at  1.3,779.  The  capital 
J/cl  ,nd. 

Tolland,  a  post  town  and  the  cap'-tal  oj 
Tolland  Comity,  Connecticut,  17  miles  X 
E  of  Hartford,  and  19  W  of  Pom  fret,  co.; 
fining  1638  inhabitant. 

Totpiezzo,  a  {own  of  Italy,  in  Venetian 


Friuli,  30  miles  NE  of  Pellumo.  Lon.  1  2 
30  E,  lat.  46  30  N. 

Tolniijio,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hie 
duchy  of  Carniola,  12  miles  N  of  Go. 

itz.         .  ^^^A*44    «>*'  ~jf*^^^H 

Tolna,  a  town  of  Lower  I J  mgary,  capi- 
al  of  a  county  of  the  samename.  1*  is 
seated  on  the  D.  nube,  in  a  coun'ry  ])VO 
ducing  excellent  wine,  eight  luiies  S V: 
of  Colocza,  and  45  S  of  Puda.  Lon.  19 
28  E,  lat  46  33  N. 

T'Jnum,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan,  70  miles 
\V  of  IJurhampour,  arid  124  E  of  Surat. 
Lon.  75  3  E,  la1..  21  15  N. 

Tolosu,  a  town  of  Spain,  the  capital  of  I 
Cuipuscoa,  seated  in  a  valley,  between  ' 
i  ht  Araxis  and  Oria,  over  v.  hich  are  two- 
bridges,  and  near  them  several  natural 
cascades.  It  is  inhabited  by  a  great  num- 
ber of  artists,  who  make  sCvord  blades  in 
high  esteem.  It  was  taken  by  the  French^  - 
in  1794.    It  is  37  miles  SW  of  Bavonix-, 
and  47  SE  of  Pilboa.    Lon.  2  5  W,  lat 
43  10  N. 

Tohiy  a  town  of  South  America  in  Terr;; 
Firma,  in  the  government  of  Cartfiage- 
na ;  famous  for  the  balsam  of  Tolu, 
brought  hence  to  Europe,  and  produced 
from  a  tree  like  a  pine.  It  is  seated  on 
a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  60  miles 
S  of  Carthageaa.  Lon.  75  22  W,  lat.  9 
30  N, 

To'fnar,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  F,  ;- 
tremadura,  seated  on  the  river  Naboam, 
at  the  foot  r  f  the  mountains,  where  there 
is  a  castle  belonging  to  the  knights  of 
Christ.  It  is  40  miles  SE  of  Cuimbr:i, 
and  65  NE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  55  W,  lat. 
39  30  N. 

Tombec,  a  town  of  Austrian  Prabnnt, 
eight  miles  S  of  L  iivain,  and  10  E  of 
limssels.    Eon.  4  49  E.  lat.  50  A-5  N. 

Tumbedn'c,  a  considerable  river  of  the;>J 
United  States,  '.which  lises  in  the •> terri- 
tories of  the  Chickasaw  Indian*,  and 
after  running  nearly  due  south  through 
a  j^reat  extent  of  country,  joins  the  Alu- 
Mma. 

Tombelaine,  a  small  island  of  France, 
wi  h  a  town  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
coast  of  Normandy,  in  a  small  gulf  be- 
iween  Avranches  and  St.  Malo.  This 
island,  as  well  as  that  of  St.  Michael, 
hi  which  there  is  a  monastery,  are  every 
dav  joined,  at  low  water,  to  the  .mailt 
i  nd. 

Tovihuctoo,  a  kingdom  of  Nigrili  i. 
vhich  lies  to  the  SE  of  the  great  desert 
or  Zahara,  and  W  of  the  empire  of  Ca  A 
ua.  It  produces  great  p'eniy  of  cow, 
-  :ttle,  milk,  and  butter.  The  king  ha: 
3^'0  horsemen,  beside  a  great  number  of 
foot,  who  frequently  take  captives,  and 


TON 


T  O  N 


it  H  them  to  the  merchants  for  slaves. 
The  houses  are  built  ljke  bells,  with 
.widls  of  hurdles  plaistered  with  clay,  and 
QQve red  with  reeds.  The  better  sort  ot 
women  have  their  faces  covered,  their 
religion  being1  Monometallism.  Both  men 
.and  women  are  very  fond  of  dancing*,  and 
spend  a  great  part  of  the  night  m  thai 
exercise. 

TombuctoO,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom 
of  the  same  name,  in  Nigritia,  with  a 
stately  mosque  built  of  stone,  and  a 
royal  palace.  Here  is  a  great  number  of 
weavers  of  cotton  cloth  ;  and  hither  the 
cloth  and  other  merchandise  are  brought 
by  caravans  from  Barbary.  Instead  oL 
money,  they  make  use  of  shells  and  small 
bits  of  gold.  In  the  proceedings  of  the 
African  Association,  this  place  is  men- 
tioned as  a  luxurious,  opulent,  and  flou- 
rishing city,  subject  to  a  severe  police, 
and,  as  such  attracting  the  merchants 
of  the  most  distant  states  -of  Africa. 
It  is  seated  near  the  Niger,  270  miles 
SW  of  Mourzook.    Lon.  0  8  W,  lat.  19 

Tomebamba,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  au- 
dience of  Quito,  where  was  a  temple  ot 
the  Sun,  whose  walls,  as  the  Spaniards 
assert,  were  covered  with  gold.  It  is 
120  miles  S  of  Quito.  Lon".  77  50  W, 
lat.  2  16  S. 

2'onu'na,  a  government  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  the  viceroyahy  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

Tominiy  a  town  of  the  island  of  Ce- 
lebes, in  the  East  Indies,  in  a  bay  to 
which  it  gives  name.  Lon.  119  0  E,  lai. 
0  45  S. 

Tomsk,  a  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Tomsk,  with  a  wooden  castle,  de- 
fended by  14  pieces  of  cannon  ;  and  u 
wooden  cathedral,  a  chancery,  and  an 
arsenal.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  gre  at 
trade,  as  the  town  lies  on  the  great  road 
through  all  the  E  and  N  parts  of  Sibe- 
ria. It  contains  above  2000  houses,  an<; 
is  seated  on  the  river  Tom,  105  miles 
ESE  of  Tobolsk.  Lon.  84  59  E,  lat.  55 
45  N. 

Tonderen,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
duchy  of  Sleswick,  with  a  fort,  seated 
in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  Germ;;) 
Ocean,  25  miles  SE  of  Ripen,  and  3d 
NW  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9  40  E,  lat.  54 
58  N. 

Tongataboo,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  about  twent 
leagues  in  circuit,  somewhat  oblong 
broadest  at  the  E  end,  and  its  greater', 
length  from  E  to  W.  -  The  S  shore  is 
straight,  and  consists  of  coral  rock.  , 
eight  or  ten  feet  high,  terminating-  pe  - 
pen.dicularly ;  while  the  whole  N  side 
18  environed  with  shoals   and  islands. 


and  the  shore  within  them  low  and 
sandy.  Here  is  also  the  best  harbour 
•>r  anchoring  place  to  be  found  among 
these  islands.  It  is  nearly  all  of  an 
equal  height,  not  exceeding  60  or  80  feet 

•  hove  the  level  of  the  sea.  Hence  it  is 
wholly  laid  out  in  plantations,  with  roads 
jSr  lanes  for  travelling,  disposed  in  so 
judicious  a  manner,  as  to  open  an  easy 
communication  from  one  part  to  another. 
It  has  also  the  advantage  of  being  the 
seat  of  government  for  all  the  other  is- 
lands, and  the  ordinary  residence  of  all 

he  principal  chiefs.  Lon.  174  46  W,  lat. 
21  9  S. 

Tongres,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege.  It  has  severely 
suffered  by  the  calamities  of  war;  the 
first  time  by  Attila  king  of  the  Huns, 
and  the  last  by  the  French,  in  1673  and 
1677.  It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar,  12 
miles  SW  of  Maestricht,  and  15  W  of 
Liege. 

Tong-tcha?jg-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in 
he  province  of  Chang-tong.  Its  dis- 
trict contains  three  cities  of  the  second, 
and  15  of  the  third  class.  It  is  150 
miles  S  of  Pekin.  Lon.  115  25  E,  lat.  36 
30  N. 

Tong-chuen-fou,  a  fortified  city  of  China, 
in  the  province  of  Se-tchuen.  The  inha- 
bitants are  all  soldiers,  who  have  follow- 
ed the  profession  of  arms,from  father  to 
son.  It  is  867  miles  SW  of  Pekin.  Lon. 
101  30  E,  lat.  25  56  N. 

Tongiidans,  a  people  who  inhabit  the 
E  part  of  Siberia,  and  are  subject  to  the 
Russians.  They  are  all  pagans,  and 
chiefly  subsist  by  grazing,  and.  hunting 
of  sables.  They  live  in  huts,  which, 
when  they  remove  their  dwellings,  they 
take  down,  and  set  up  elsewhere.  These 
huts  are  composed  of  wooden  poles, 
covered  all  over  with  hair  and  rubbish, 
except  a  hole  left  aMhe  top  to  let  out 
he  smoke.  Their  fire  is  made  in  the 
middle,  and  they  all  sit  round  it  upon 
turfs.  Both  sexes  are  very  strong,  and 
broad-faced,  and  they  all  riele  on  horse- 
back, not  excepting  the  girlo.  Both  me  n 
and  women  dress  alike  in  a  sort  of  frock, 
with  boots  of  skins  on  their  legs,  and. 
and  their  common  drink  is  water.  The 
Tungusiansi  are  of  a  middling  stature  ; 
<ji  very  tall  Or  a  very  short  man  being 
equally  rare  among  them.  They  are  all 
well  made,  and  of  a  good  mein.  The 
features  of  their  face  are  not  so  flat  as 
hose  of  the*  Kalmocjcs ;  they  fcave  a 
resh  complexion,  sn  all  sharp  ejes,  a 
-mall  thin  nose,  black  lank  hair,  vei\ 
■lie  beard  and  many  of  them  none  at 
-il.  Their  voice  is  somewhat  hoarse; 
their  sight  and  hearing  of  an  acateness 


TON 


T  O  N 


and  delicacy  almost  incredible ;  but,  on 
the  contrary,  their  organs  of  touch  and 
smell  are  considerably  more  blunt  than 
ours.  Their  young  children  have  an  air 
altogether  Kalmuck.  The  women  while 
young  are  well  made,  and  of  an  agreeable 
figure,  very  lively,  but  modest,  the  old 
women,  on  the  contrary,  are  ugly,  to  a 
frightful  degree,  all  over  wrinkles,  smoke 
and  filth  of  various  kinds,  with  eyes  as 
red  as  fire. 

Tonna,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Upper 
Saxony,  six  miles  N  of  Gotha. 

Tonnay  Boxitonne,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Chareute, 
and  late  territory  of  Saintonge,  seated 
on  the  river  Routonge,  17  miles  N  of 
Saintes.    Lon.  0  34  W,  lat.  45  56  N. 

Tonnay  Cliurentc,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Lower  C&arente,  and 
late  territory  of  Saintonge  with  a  castle, 
and  a  small  port.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Charente,  three  miles  from  Kochefort, 
an  i  253  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  46  W,  lat. 
45  56  N. 

Tonneins,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lot  and  Garonne,  and 
late  province  of  Guienne,  seated  on  the 
Garonne,  two  miles  from  its  junction 
with  the  Lot,  and  seven  E  of  Mar- 
man  de. 

Tonnerre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Yonne,  and  late  province 
of  Rurgundy,  famous  for  its  good  wines. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Armancon,  27  mi.es  S 
of  Troves,  and  102  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4 
4  E,  Ut,  47  51  N. 

Tonningen,  a  own  of  Denmark,  in  the 
duchy  of  SKswick,  capital  of  a  territory 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  a  pe- 
ninsula formed  by  the  river  Eyder,  where 
there  is  a  commodious  harbour,  25  miles 
SW  of  Sleswick,  and  58  N\V  of  Ham- 
burg.    Lon.  9  10  K,  lat.  54  30  N. 

Tonquin,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  China,  on  the  E  by  China,, 
and  the  gulf  of  Tonquin,  on  the  S  by 
Cochin  China,  and  on  the  \V  by  Laos. 
It  is  about  1200  miles  in  length  and  500 
in  breadth,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  and 
most  considerable  kingdoms  of  the  East, 
as  well  on  account  of  the  number  of  in- 
habitants, as  the  riches  it  contains,  ana 
the  trade  it  carries  on.    The  natives  it/ 
general  are  of  a  middling  staiure,  and 
clean-limbed,  with  a  tawny  complexion 
Their  faces  are  oval  and  flattish,  and 
their  noses  and  lips  well  proportioned 
Their  hair  is  black,  long,   lank,  an< 
coarse;  and  they  let  it  hang  down  theh 
shoulders.    They  dye  their  teeth  black 
T  jey  are  dexterous,  active  and  ingenion, 
i A  mechanic  arts.    They  weave  a  gre... 
quantity  of  fine  silks,  and  make  cUriou? 


iackerwovks,  which  are  exported  to  oth- 
er countries.  There  is  such  a  number 
of  people,  that  many  v  an  employment, 
for  they  seldom  go  to  work  but  when 
foreign  ships  arrive.  The  money  ford 
goods  brought  hither  by  the  English  and 
Dutch  put  them  in  action,  for  they  have 
not  money  of  their  own  sufficient  to  ejji- 
ploy  themselves  ;  and  therefore  one  third 
at  least  must  be  advanced  beforehand  by 
the  merchants.  They  are  so  addicted  to 
gaining,  that  when  every  thing  else  is 
lost  they  will  stake  their  wives  and  chilr 
dren.  The  garments  of  the  Tonquinese 
are  made  either  of  silk  or  cotton  ;  but 
the  poor  people  tuid  soldiers  wear  only 
cotton  of  a  dark  tawny  colour.  Their 
houses  are  small  and  low,  and  the  walls 
either  of  mud,  or  hurdles  daubed  over 
with  clay.  They  have  only  a  ground 
floor,  with  two  or  three  partitions,  and 
each  room  has  a  square  hole  to  let  in  the 
light.  They  have  stools,  benches,  and 
chairs;  and  on  the  side  of  a  table  is 
a  little  altar,  with  two  incense  pots  there- 
on, which  no  house  is  without.  The 
country  abounds  with  villages,  which 
consist  of  30  or  40  houses,  surrounded 
by  trees  ;  and  in  some  places  are  banks 
to  keep  the  water  from  overflowing  their 
gardens,  where  they  have  oranges,  betels, 
pumkins,  melons,  and  salad  herbs.  In 
the  rainy  season  they  cannot  pass  from 
one  house  to  another,  without  wading 
through  the  water,  but  sometimes  they 
have  boats.  The  people  of  Tonquin  are 
ingenious,  strong-limbed  and  well  Wade  ; 
their  disposition  is  free  and  open,  altho* 
cheating  among  them,  when  done  with 
address,  is  considered  as  a  stroke  of  pru- 
dence and  skill.  They  are  generous ; 
but  their  generosity  is  regulated  only 
by  their  interest :  and  when  they  have 
nothing  to  hope,  they  cannot  easily  be 
prevailed  on  to  give  :  on  such  occasions, 
they  take  great  care  to  conceal  their 
idles,  for  fear  of  being  importuned  ; 
hej  are  in  general  lavish  in  their  public 
expenses*  especially  in  feasts,  marriages 
tnd  funerals  ;  they  hate  the  Europeans, 
.nd  find  great  satisfaction  in  being  able 
o  deceive  them.  The  Tonquinese  are 
•either  so  flat-nosed  nor  so  broad-visaged 
s  the  Chinese;  their  colour  is  olive: 
i.ey  blacken  their  teeth,  suffer  their 
Mils  to  grow,  and  wear  their  hair1  as 

•  >ng  as  possible.  The  people  are  slaves 
ne  part  of  the  year;  for  except  the  citi- 
:  ns  of  the  capital,  all  the  tradesmen, 
.uners,  smiths,  masons,  carpenters,  &c. 
re  obliged  to  labour  three  months  in  ti  e 

..  lace,  and  during  two  others,  for  the 
!. .andarins  and  great  lords  ;  the*  are  free 

•  he  rei,t  of  the  year,  and  work  for  those 


TON 


TOR 


who  employ  them.  Marriages  .are  not 
contracted  here  without  the  consent  of 
the-  governor  oi'  judge  of  the  place.  The 
day  after  the  rnarriige,  the  husband 
stales  his  wife  sister,  and  ihe  wife  calls 
her  husband  brother.  A  plurality  of  wives 
is  permitted  at Tong-king;  but  only  the 
most  accomplshed  tafc  s  the  title  of 
spouse.  The  law  grants  a  divorce  to 
the  men,  bin  denies  it  to  the  wonitn  : 
the  children  remain  with  the  husband. 
The  favourite  diversion  of  the  fonqui- 
Bese  are  comedies,  which  they  generally 
act  at  night,  and  accompany,  with  abund- 
ance of  machinery  and  decoration.  They 
excel  particularly  in  the  represe  nation 
of  torrents,  rivers,  seas,  tempests  and 
naval  battles.  Learning-  in  Tonquin,  as 
in  China  consists  principally  in  he  know- 
ledge of  a  great  number  of  characters, 
and  in  the  study  of  the  rules  and  princi- 
ples of  morality,  which  are  taken  from 
the  writings  of  Confucius.  The  Ton- 
quinese  apply  to  letters  from  ambition, 
because  they  open  the  way  to  honours, 
and  because  it  is  by  their  means  alone 
that  they  can  ever  be  promoted  to 
offices  of  dignity  and  trust.  They  are 
in  general  courteous  to  strangers  ;  but 
the  ^re^t  men  are  haughty  and  ambitious, 
the  soldiers  insolent,  and  the  poor  thiev- 
ish. They  buy  all  their  wives,  of  .which 
the  great  men  have  several ;  but  the 
poor  are  stinted  tor  wa;it  of  money.  In 
hard  times  the  men  will  sell  both  their 
wives  and  children,  to  buy  rice  to  main- 
fain  themselves.  When  a  man  dies  he  is 
buried  in  his  own  ground,  and  if  he  was 
master  of  a  family,  they  make  a  great 
feast.  The  first  new  moon  that  happens 
after  the  middle  of  January,  is  a  great 
festival ;  when  they  rejoice  for  ten  days 
together,  and  spend  their  lime  in  all 
manner  of  sports.  They  have  another 
great  feast  in  May  or  June,  when  their 
first  harvest  is  got  in.  Their  religion 
is  paganism,  and  yet  thdy  own  a  su- 
preme being.  Their  idols  have  human 
shapes,  but  in  very  different  forms. 
They  have  likewise  some  resembling 
elephants  and  horses,  placed  in  small 
low  temples  built  of  timber.  The  lan- 
guage is  very  guttural,  and  some  of  the 
words  are  pi  onounced  through  the  teeth: 
it.has  a  great  resemblance  to  the  Chi- 
nese. They  have  schools  of  learning, 
and  their  characters  are  the  same,  or  like 
those  of  China;  and  like  them  they  write 
with  a  hair  pencil.  The  commodities 
are  gold,  musk,  silk,  calicoes,  drugs  of 
many  sorts,  woods  for  dying,  lackered 
wares,  earthen  wares,  salt,  anniseed,  and 
worm  seed.  The  lackered  ware  is  not 
inferior  to  that  of  Japan,  which  is  ac- 


counted the  best  in  the  world.  With  all. 
their  merchandise,  the  people  are  in  ge- 
neral very  poor;  the  chief  trade  being 
earned  61  by  the  Chinese,  English,  and 
Dutch.  This  kin  dom  is  an  absolute 
monarchy.    Cachao  is  the  capital. 

Ton:sbercr,  a  seaport  of  Norway,  in  the 
province  of  Aggerhuvs,  3U  miles  W  oi* 
Prederickstadt.  Lon.  10  20  K,  lat.  58  50  X. 

Toobcnuii,  a  small  island  in  the  South 
Sea,  discovered  by  Captain  Cook,  being 
in  any  direction,  not  above  five  or  six 
miles.  Small  as  it  appears,  however, 
there  are  hills  in  it  of  a  considerable  ele- 
vation ;  at  the  foot  of  which  is  a  narrow- 
border  of  flat  land,  extending  almost  all 
around  it,  bordered  with  a  white-sand 
beach.  The  hills  are  covered  with  her- 
bage, exce.pt  a  few  rocky  cliffs,  with, 
patches  of  trees  interspersed  to  their 
summits.  According  to  the  information 
captain  Cook  received  from  some  of  the 
natives,  w  ho  spoke  the  lang'uage  of  Ota- 
heite,  this  island  is  plentifully  stocked 
with  hogs  and  fowls,  and  produces  the 
several  kinds  of  fruits  and  roots  that  are 
to  be  met  with  at  the  other  islands  in 
the  neighbourhood:  Lon.  149  23  W,  lat. 
23  25  S. 

Topcliff,  a  town  in  the  X  riding  of  York- 
shire, seated  on  a  considerable  ascent, 
on  the  Swale,  24  miles  N  of  York. 

Topel,  or  Topi,  a  town  of  the  kingdom 
of  Bothnia,  24  miles  NW  of  Pilsen,  and 
56  W  of  Prague.  Lon.  14  10  E4  lat  50 
10  N. 

Toplitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Leutmeiitz,  near  which  the  Austrians 
defeated  the  Prussians,  in  1762.  It  is  14 
miles  WNW  of  Leutraerit'z.  Lon.  14  10 
E,  lat.  50  36  N. 

TopolitzOf  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Moldavia,  12  miles  SVV  of  Niemecz. 
Lon.  26  9  E,  lat.  46  51  N. 

Topoltznu,  a  town  of  Hungary,  68 
miles  E  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  30  E,  lat.  48 
35  NT.  > 

Topshdm,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday*  It  is  seated  on  the 
•Ex,  five  miles  SE  of  Exeter  (of  which  it 
is  the  port)  and  170  SVV  of  London.  Lon. 
2'26  \V,  lat.  50  39  N. 

Topsham,  a  township  of  Lincoln  county, 
Maine,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Amariscoggin  river,  and  containing  1271 
inhabitants  in  1810. 

Tor,  or  Ehor,  a  town  of  Arabia  Petrea, 
with  a  good  harbour  defended  by  a  castle, 
and  a  Greek  convent.  In  the  garden  of 
which  are  fountains  of  biiter  water,  said 
to  be  those  which  Moses  rendered  sweet 
by  throwing  in  a  piece  of  wood.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Red  Sea.  Lon.  33  45  E, 
lat.  28  27  N. 


TOR 


TOR 


Torbay,  a  bay  of  the  English  Channel, 
on  thtr  coast  of  Devonshire,  to  the  E  of 
Dartmouth,  formed  by  two  capes,  called 
Bury  Point,  and  Bob's  Nose.  It  was  here 
the  prince  of  Orange  landed  in  Novem- 
ber 1688,  when  he  came  over  from  Hol- 
land, by  the  invitation  of  many  principal 
persons,  to  preserve  us  from  popery  and 
arbitrary  power.  In  gales  of  wind  it  is 
often  the  station  of  the  Channel  fleet. 

Toi-bia,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the 
county  of  Nice.  Here  is  an  ancient 
tower,  of  Gothic  architecture,  and  in 
the  environs  are  found  many  remains  of 
Roman  monuments.  It  is  seven  miles  E 
of  Nice. 

Torbole,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Tren- 
tino,  14  miles  SE  of  Treat.  Lon.  11  59 
E,  lat.  45  56  N. 

Torcello,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Venice.  It  is  thin  of  people, 
on  account  of  the  unwholesome  air,  and 
seated  in  a  small  island,  seven  miles  N  of 
Venice.    Lon.  12  9  E,  lat.  45  32  X. 

Tarda,  or  Torv/ibuigh,  a  town  of  Tran- 
sylvania, in  the  neighbourhood  of  which 
are  extensive  salt  works.  The  Hunga- 
rian language  is  said  to  be  spoken  with 
the  greatest  purity  in  this  town.  It  is  15 
miles  WNW  of  Clausenburg,  and  48  N 
W  'of  Ilermanstadt.  Lon.  23  12  E,  lat. 
46  50  N. 

Tordesilbis,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  in 
Leon,  with  a  magnificent  palace,  where 
queen  Joan,  mother  of  Charles  V.  ended 
her  melancholy  days.  It  is  seated  in  a 
country  fertile  in  corn  and  wine,  on  ihe 
river  Douero,  24  miles  W  of  Vallaclolid, 
and  75  SE  of  Leon.  Lon.  4  56  W,  lat. 
41  48  N. 

Targan§  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Saxony  Proper,  with  a  castle,  the  stair- 
case of  which  is, built  in  such  a  manner, 
that  a  person  may  ride  in  a  chaise  to  the 
top  of  it.  The  inhabitants  brew  excel- 
lent beer,  which  they  send  to  other  places 
by  the  Elbe,  on  which  the  town  is  seat- 
ed. Here  the  king  of  Prussia  obtained 
a  great  victory  over  the  Austrian?  in 
1T60.  It  is  27  miles  NL  of  Leipsic,  and 
35  N\V  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13  3  E,  lat.  51 
■34  N. 

Torigny,  a  town  of  Prance  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  channel,  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Normandy,  with  a  magnificent 
castle,,  seated  on  a  rivulet,  seven  miles  S 
E  of  St.  Lo.  Lon.  0  42  W,  lat.  49  0  X. 

Tuvmas,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in 
the  mountains  of  Avila,  in  Castile,  passes 
by  Alva,  formes,  and  Salamanca,  and 
falls  into  the  Douero,  below  Mirande-de- 
Doutro. 

Tama,  or  Tonwiv,*&  town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  capital  of  a  comity  of  the  .same 


name,  with  a  castle.  It  is  a  fortified  place 
and  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the 
river  Savo,  22  miles  W  of  Cassovia.  Lon. 
20  43  E,"  lat.  48  50  N. 

Tome,  a  river  of  Sweden,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  mountains  of  Norway, 
forms  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  and  tak- 
ing a  SE  course,  enters  the  gulf  of  Both 
nia,  at  Torneo. 

Tomeo,  a  town  of  Sweden  in  "West 
Bothnia,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  good  harbour.  It  is  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same 
name,  on  a  small  island  formed  by  it,  at 
the  N  extremity  of  Bothnia.  It  is  a  place 
of  some  trade,  because  all  the  Laplanders 
in  ihose  parts  come  and  exchange  their 
skins  and  other  articles,  for  what  they 
want.  The  houses  are  low,  and  the  cold 
so  severe,  that  sometimes  the  people 
lose  their  fingers  and  toes.  It  is  180  miles 
NE  of  Urn*," and  420  NNE  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.  24  17  E,  lat.  65  51  N. 

Tomovu,  an  episcopal  town  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  in  Janna.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  mount  Dragoniza,  on  the  river 
Salempria,  10  miles  NW  of  Larissa.  Lon. 
22  36  E,  lai.  39  52  X. 

Toro,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  seated 
on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Douero,  in  a  coun- 
try fertile  in  corn  and  fruits,  and  whose 
vineyards  yield  excellent  red  wine.  It  is 
37  miles  N  bv  E  of  Salamanca,  and  100 
NW  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  2  W,  lat.  41. 
39  N 

Torella-de-Mongris,  a  seaport  of  Spain  , 
in  Catalonia,  famous  for  a  battle  gained* 
by  the  French  over  the  Spaniards,  in  1694 
It  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ter, 
in  the  Mediterranean,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Pvrenees,  19  miles  E  bv  S  of  Gfrrorma, 
and  60  XE  of  Barcelona.'  Lon.  3  18  E, 
lat.  41  55  N. 

Torperley,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  9  miles 
E  of  Chester.  It  was  formerly  a  borough, 
and  had  a  market. 

Torquay,  a  village  in  Devonshire,  on 
the  N  side  of  Torbay,  seven  miles  SE  of 
Xewtpn  Bushel.  It  has  a  neat  rang'e  of 
buildfngs  for  summer  visitors,  who.  may 
here  enjoy  convenient  bathing  and  a  ro- 
mantic situation.  Near  it5|»s  a  singular 
cavern  called  Kent's-hole,  which  is  full 
200  yards  long,  and  m  no  part  more  than 
20  feet  high.  *  . 

Torre-del-Greco,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra-di-Lavor; ,  seated  at  the  foot  "of 
Mount  Vesuvius,  on  the  bay  of  Naples, 
five  miles  SE  of  that  city.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in 
1631 ;  and  again  in  1794*  was  over- 
whelmed by  a  torrent  of  lava.  The  in* 
habitants,  however,  escaped  with  their 
lives,  about  15  excepted. 


TOR 


T  O  S 


Torre  de  Jfoncorvo,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
in  the  province  of  Tra  ios  Mantes,  with 
S  casae;  surrounded  with  a  wall,  and 
bastions.  Is  i*27  miles  SE  of  Miraudela, 
and '42  SS \V  of  Braganza.  Lon.  5  55  W, 
lat.il  ON". 

7or.^  de  las  Sali?ias,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Valt-ncia,  near  the  coast  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, which  carries  on  a  great  trade 
in  salt,  procured  from  a  small  lake  form- 
ed by  saline  springs.  This  is  the  ..most 
Considerable  salt- work  in  ail  Spain.  It 
is  20  miles  SE  of  Origuela,  and  37  NN 
E  of  Carthagx-na.  Lon.  0  50  W.  lat.  37 
58  X.  v 

TQ^rejo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cns- 
tile,  15  miles  S  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  21  W, 
lat.  40  10  X. 

Torren,  a  maritime  town  of  Spain,  in 
Granada,  seated  on  the  Mediterranean, 
45  miles  SW  of  Granada.  Lon.  3  56  W, 
kt  36  39  X. 

Torres  A'ovas,  a  strong-  town  of  Por- 
tugal, in  Estremadura,  with  a  castle.  It 
is  surrounded  by  walls,  and  seated  in  a 
fertile  plain,  on  the  river  Almonda,  55 
miles  XE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  8  W,  lat.  39 

io  v.  ' 

^  Torres  Vedras,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Estremadura,  with  a  castle,  seated  near 
the  Atlantic,  in  a  country  abounding-  in 
corn,  fruits,  and  good  wine,  17  miles  S 
of  Lisbon. 

Torriglici,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Genoa,  10  milts  X  of  Genoa 
Lon. '8  44  E,  lat.  44  34X. 

Torrintfton,  a  corporate  town  in  Devon- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  has 
two  churches,  a  manufacture  of  stuffs, 
and  is  governed  by  a  mayor.  Some  re- 
mains of  a  castle  are  still  visible.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Towridge,  over  which  is  u 
bridge,  11  miles  S  bv  W  of  Barnstaple, 
and  194  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  0  W. 
lat.  51  4  X. 

Torsi!,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Suderma- 
nia,  seated  on  the  S  bank  of  the  lake 
Maeler,  43  milt  s  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17 
20  E,  lat.  59  20  X.  - 

Tortola,  the  principal  of  the  Virgin  Is- 
lands, in  the  West  Indies,  18  miles  long 
and  7  broad.  It  formerly  belonged  to  the 
D  nch,  who  built  a  strong  fort,  from 
which  they  were  expelled  by  the  English 
in  1666.  In  this,  which  is  the  principal 
of  the  Virgin  Islands,  almost  all  the 
trade  is  carried  on  ;  it  is  near  five  miles 
long  and  two  broad,  but  badly  watered 
and  reckoned  unhealthy.  They  cultivate 
cotton  here,  which  is  much  esteemed  by 
the,  maniiffacturers,  likewise  rum  and 
sugar ;  it  has  of  late  years  undergone 
great  improvements/  Its  fruits,  of  which 
there  are  no  great  variety,  are  but  in- 


different ;  some  apples  excepted.  The 
entrance  into  the  harbour  is  at  the  E 
end  of  the  island.  Lon.  63  0  W,  lat.  18 
33  X. 

Tortona,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  duchy  of  Milan,  capital  of  the  Tor- 
tones«e,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  castle 
on  an  eminence.  It  is  deemed  a  consi- 
derable frontier  place  ;  was  taken  by  the 
allies  in  1744,  by  the  Spaniards  in  1745, 
and  by  the  French  in  1796.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Scrivia,  28  miles  SE  of  Casal,  and 
27  SW  of  Milan.  Lon.  8  58  E,  lat.  45  8  N. 

Toriordla,  a  town  of  Xaples,  in  Prin- 
cip  ito  Citeriore,  five  miles  XE  of  Poli- 
castro. 

Tortosa,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  an  university,  and  a 
citaUel.  It  is  divided  iivo  the  Old  and 
Hi w  Town,  both  surrounded  by  modern, 
fortifications.  The  entrance  is  over  a 
large  bridge  of  boats,  on  the  river  Ebro, 
whose  head  is  fortified.  It  has  a  great 
number  of  churches  and  religious  houses, 
among  whic  h  the  cathedral,  the  royal 
college  of  Dominicans,  and  the  convent 
of  the  Carmelites,  are  the  most  remarka- 
ble. It  is  situated  in  a  country,  fertile 
in  corn  and  fruits,  and  abounding  with 
quarries  and  mines  of  silver,  iron,  ala- 
baster, jasper  of  divers  colours,  and 
stones  with  veins  of  gold.  Here  is  a 
great  deal  of  silk  and  oil,  and  very  fine 
pottfcrs  ware,  which  resembles  porcelain. 
It  is  seatud  partly  on  a  plain,  and  partly 
on  a  hi  •,  35  miles  S  VV  of  Turragona, 
and  180  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  0  35  E,  lat. 
40  53  X. 

Tovtitcfa,  an  uninhabited  island,  near 
the  coast  of  Terra  Firma,  40  miles  W  of 
the  island  of  Margaretta,  and  about  30 
miles  in  c  it  (^.inference.  The  E  end  is 
full  of  bare-  i-ugged  broken  rocks,  which 
stretch  a  little  way  out  to  sea.  At  this 
end  is  a  large  salt  pond,  where  the  salt 
begins  to  kern  in  April;  there  have  been 
20  ships  here  at  a  time  for  salt.  At  the 
W  end  is  a  small  harbour  with  fresh 
water  ;  and  it  is  full  of  low  trees.  There 
are  a  few  goats  on  it ;  and  the  turtles  or 
tortoises  come  upon  the  sandy  banks  to 
lay  their  eggs,  whence  this  island  has  its 
name.  It  was  formerly  much  frequented 
bv  the  bucaneers.  Lon.  62  20  W,  lat.  11 
30  N. 

Torturfa,  an  island  of  the  Wrest  Indies, 
near  the  X  coast  of  the  island  of  Hispa- 
niola.  where  the  French  bucaneers  used 
-o  fortify  themselves.  It  is  about  80  miles 
in  circumference,  and  has  a  safe  harbour, 
but  difficult  of  access.  Lon.  75  10  W,  lat. 
20  10  X. 

Tosa,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  bav,  which 
4S 


T  O  U 


t  o  u 


forms  a  good  harbour,  where  vessels  are 
sheltered  from  all  winds,  except  the  S\V. 
It  is  built  partly  on  a  plain,  and  partly  on 
a  sleep  hill,  which  projects  into  the  sea. 
On  the  top  of  the  hill,  nearer  the  sea,  is 
a  strong  citadel,  with  other  fortifications. 
Jt  is  37  miles  NE  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  2 
54  E,  lat.  41  42  N. 

ToNca acrid,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  pa- 
trimony of  St.  Peter,  35  miles  N  of  Rome. 
Lon.  12  35  E,  lat.  42  29  N. 

'J'oseva,  a  small  town  of  Sweden,  in  W 
Gothland,  20  miles  WNW  of  Uddervella. 
Lon.  12  2  E,  lat.  58  33  N. 

Tosso,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W  Goth- 
land, 42  miles  NNE  of  Uddervella.  Lon. 
12  15  E,  lat.  58  51  N. 

Totness,  a  borough  in  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Dart,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  and  had 
formerly  a  castle  and  walls.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  is  governed  by 
a  mayor,  and  has  a  manufacture  of  serges. 
It  is  27  miles  SW  of  Exeter,  and  196  W 
bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  44  W,  lat.  50 
24  X. 

Tottenham  High  Cross,  a  village,  in  Mid- 
dlesex, five  miles  N  of  London.  It  is  so 
called  from  a  cross,  which  has  existed 
here  from  time  immemorial.  It  was  for- 
merly a  column  of  wood,  raised  upon  a 
hillock.  It  was  taken  down  about  200 
years  ago,  and  the  present  structure 
erected  in  its  stead.  Here  are  three 
alms  houses.  The  rivulet  called  the 
Mosel,  which  rises  on  M  us  well  Hill,  near 
High  gate,'  runs  through  the  principal 
st«  eet. 

Totteridge,  a  village  near  Middlesex, 
near  Chipping  Barnet,  inhabited  by  the 
citizens  of  London,  so  long'  ago  as  the 
reign  of  James  the  I.,  It  is  10  miles  NN 
W  of  London. 

Tout,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  and  late  province  of 
Lorrain.    Before  the  revolution  it  was  a 
bishop's  see,  and  the  cathedral  and  la- 
episcopal  chapel,  -are  handsome  struc- 
tures.   It  was  an  imperial  town  of  Ger 
many,  till  taken  by  the  French  in  1552. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Moselle,  in  a  plain,  al- 
most surrounded  by  mountains,  10  miles 
W  of  Nauci,  and  167  SE  of  Pari6.  Lon 
6  2  E,  lat  48  40  N. 

Tovlu,  a  river  of  W  Chinese  Tartary, 
winch  takes  its  course  from  E  to  \V. 
and  is  a  broad,  deep,  and  rapid  river 
and  its  banks  are  surrounded  with  woods 
and  beautiful  meadows.  The  mountains 
which  hang  over  it  on  the  northern  sid. 
are  covered  with  forests  of  aged  firs, 
and  have  the  same  effect  on  the  eye  as 
an  immense  amphitheatre.  This  river, 
after  having  received  the  waters  of  the 


Selingue,  loses  itself  in  the  lake  of  Pai- 
cal,  which  is  the  largest  of  all  Tartary. 

Toidomca,  or  Tidmabiv.c,  a  town  and 
fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in  Lahore,  seat- 
ed on  the  Rauve,  70  miles  EXE  of  Moul 
tan. 

Toulon,  a  city  and  seaport  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Var,  and 
late  province  of  Provence.  Before  the 
revolution  in  1789,  it  was  an  episcopal 
see..  The  inhabitants  are  computed  at 
80,000.  Toulon  experienced  the  dread- 
ful ravages  of  the  plague  in  1418,  1461, 
1476,  1587,  1621,  1630,  1647,  1664,  and 
1720.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old  and 
New  Quarter.  The  first  which  is  ill- 
built,  has  nothing  remarkable  in  it  but 
the  Rue  aux  Arbres,  (a  kind  of  mall) 
and  the  townhouse.  The  New  Quarter 
contains,  (besides  the  magnificent  works 
constructed  by  Lewis  XIV.)  many  fine 
houses,  and  a  grand  oblong  square,  lined 
with  trees,  and  serving  as  a  parade. 

The  harbour  is  distinguished  likewise 
by  the  names,  of  the  Old  Port,  or  Mer- 
chants Port,  and  the  New  Port,  or  King's 
Port;  but  this  last  appellation  has  van- 
ished with  the  abolition  of  royalty.  The 
New  Haven  was  constructed  by  Louis 
XIV.  as  were  the  fortifications  of  the 
city.    In  the  front  of  this  haven  is  au 

usenal,  containing  all  the  places  neces- 
sary for  the  construction  and  fitting  out 
of  vessels  ;  the  first  object  that  appears 
is  a  rope-walk,  entirely  arched,  extend- 
ing as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  and  built 
after  the  designs  of  Vauban  :  here  cables 
are  made,  and  above  is  a  place  for  the 
preparation  of  hemp.    Here  likewise  is 

he  armoury,  for  musquets,  pistols,  hat- 
berts,  &c.  In  the  park  of  artillery,  are 
cannons  placed  in  piles,  bombs,  grenades, 
mortars,   and    balls  of  various  kinds, 

anged  in  wonderful  order  The  long 
sai  1  room,  the  foundery  for  cannon,  the 
dock  yards,  the  basins,  &c.  are  all  worthy 

•f  observation.  The  gallies,  transferred 
from  Marseilles,  some  years  ago,  occupy 

X  Toulon  a  second  basin  in  the  New 
Port.  Many  of  the  galley  slaves  are  ar- 
"  zans,  some  merchants,  and  which  is 
most  wonderful,  of  scrupulous  integrity. 
They  no  longer  sleep  on  board  the  gal- 
iles,  but  have  been  lately  provided  with 

'•commodations  on  shore,  in  a  vast 
building  newly  erected,  for  that  purpose. 
Both  the  old  and  New  Port  have  an  out- 
let into  the  spacious  outer  road  or  har- 
bour, wh;ch  is  surrounded  by  hills,  and 
formed  by  nature  almost  circular.  Its 
circuit  is  of  great  extent;  and  the  en- 

v  nee  is  defended,  on  both  sides,  by  a 
'ort  and  batteries.  In  a  word,  the  basins, 
docks,  and  arsenal  at- Toulon,  warranted 


T  O  U 


TOU 


Ale  remark  of  a  foreigner  who  visited 
them  in  the  late  reign,  that  the  king-  of 
France  was  greater  there  than  at  Ver- 
sailles. Touion  is  the  only  mart  in  the 
Mediterranean  for  the  re-exportation  of 
the  products  of  the  East  Indies.  It  was 
twice  taken  by  the  imperial  troops  in  the 
16th  century  j  and  in  August  1793,  it 
was  surrendered  by  the  inhabitants  to 
the  British  admiral  lord  Hood,  on  con- 
dition of  enabling'  them  to  effect  the  re- 
establishment  of  monarchy  in  France. 
It  was  garrisoned  for  some  time,  by  the 
British  troops  ;  but  the  French  having 
laid  siege  to  it,  they  were  obliged  to  eva- 
cuate the  place  in  December  following, 
after  having  destroyed  the  arsenal,  &c. 
Toulon  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, 37  miles  SE  of  Marseilles, 
and  317  SSE  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  56  E,  lat. 
43  7  N. 

Toulouse,  a  city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Garonne  and  late 
province  of  Languedoc,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  It  contains  56.000  inhabi- 
tants, and  is  the  most  considerable  city 
in  France,  next  to  Paris,  although  its 
population  bears  no  proportion  to  its 
extent.  Here  are  many  monuments  of 
antiquity,  and  it  was  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  cities  of  the  old  Gauls,  and 
a  Roman  colony  ;  in  process  of  time  it 
became  the  metropolis  of  the  Visigoths, 
afterwards  of  Aquitain,  and  at  length 
one  of  the  most  considerable  govern- 
ments of  France,  and  the  seat  of  a  par- 
liament. The  walls  of  the  city,  as  well 
as  the  houses,  are  built  with  bricks. 
St.  Stephen's,  the  metropolitan  church, 
would  be  incomparable,  if  the  nave 
were  equal  to  the  choir;  and  the  arch- 
bishop's palace  is  magnificent.  The  town- 
house,  a  modern  structure,  forms  a  per- 
fect square,  324  feet  long,  and  66  high  \ 
the  principal  front  occupies  an  entire 
side  of  the  grand  square,  lately  called 
the  Place  Rovale.  In  the  great  hall, 
called  the  Hall  of  illustrious  Men,  is  the 
statue  of  the  chevalier  Isaure,  and  the 
busts  of  all  the  great  men  to  whom  Tou- 
louse has  given  birth.  Communicating 
with  the  Atlantic,  on  one  side,  by  the 
river  Garonne,  and  with  the  Mediterra- 
nean, on  the  other  by  the  canal  of  Lan- 
guedoc. Toulouse  might  have  been  r. 
very  commercial  city :  but  the  taste  of 
the  inhabitants  has  been  principally  for 
the  sciences  and  belles-lettres.  Of  course 
there  are  two  colleges,  two  public  libra- 
ries, and  three  academics.  The  little 
commerce  they  have,  consists  in  leather, 
drapery,  blankets,  mignionets,  oil,  iron, 
mercery,  hardware,  and  books.  Th( 
bridge  over  the  Ga/onne  is  at  least  equal 


to  those  of  Tours  and  Orleans  :  it  forms 
the  communication  between  the  city  and 
suburb  of  St.  Cyprian.  Toulouse  is  37 
miles  E  of  Auch,  125  SE  of  Bourdeaux, 
and  350  S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  21  E, 
lat.  43  35  N. 

Tour,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Puv  de  Dome,  22  miles  S  of  Cler- 
mont. Lon.'  3  10  E,  lat.  43  25  N. 

Tour  de  Rousillon,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Eastern  Pyrenees  and 
late  province  of  Rousillon,  seated  on  a 
hill  near  the  river  Tet,  two  miles  below 
Perpignan. 

Tour  du  Pin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Isere,  and  late  province 
of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  34  miles  S  of  Vienna. 

Tour  la  Blanche,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Dordogne,  15  miles 
NYV  of  Pcrigneux.  Lon.  0  40  E,  lat.  45 
18  N. 

Tour  la  Ville,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Charente,  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Normandy,  separated  from  Cher- 
burg  by  a  river. 

Tmirvairiy  a  late  province  of  France,  58 
miles  long  and  55  broad,  now  forming 
the  department  of  lndre  and  Loire, 
bounded  on  the  X  by  Maine,  on  the  E 
by  Orleannois,  on  the  S  by  Berry,  and  on 
the  W  by  Anjou  and  Poitou.  The  river 
Loire  runs  through  the  middle  ;  and  it 
is,  in  general,  so  pleasant  and  fertile  a 
country,  that  it  was  called  the  Garden 
of  France.  It  now  forms  the  department 
of  lndre  and  Loire. 

Tourancourchy,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  ; 

35  miles  SSW  of  Trilchinopoli.  Lon.  78 

36  E,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Taurine,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  0  E,  lat.  50 
36  N. 

Toiiman,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Marne,  and  late 
province  of  the  isle  of  France,  22  miles 
K  by  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  45  E,  lat.  48 
43  N. 

Tournay,  a  considerable  city  of  Aus- 
trian Flanders,  capital  of  the  Tournaysis 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  defe  nded  by 
a  strong  castle,  is  a  large  trading  place 
with  several  fine  manufactures,  and  is 
oarticularly  fatnous  for  good  stockings. 
The  cathedral,  and  the  abbey  of  St. 
Martin  are  very  magnificent.  It  has  been 
several  times  taken  and  retaken,  lastly 
by  the  French  in  1794.  It  is  seate  t  on 
•he  Scheldt,  which  divides  it  into  two 
parts,,  that  are  united  by  a  bridge  14 
miles  SE  of  Lisle,  30  SW  of  Ghent,  and 
1  i5  N  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  28  E,  lat. 
50  33  N. 

Toumehem,  a,  town  of  France,  in.  the 


T  O  U 


TR  A 


department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  nine 
miles  NW  of  St.  Oraer. 

Tuurnon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeche,  and  lute-  provi|Y<  c 
of  Languedoc,  with  a  fine  college,  and  a 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  declivity  P?  a 
mountain,  near  the  river  Rhone,  40  miles 
W  of  Grenoble,  and  280  S  by  E  of  Palis. 
Lon.  4  50  B,  lut.  45  6  N. 

f'ounius,  a  town  of  France,  in  die  de- 
partment of  Saone  and  Lone,  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy  seated  on  the  Sa- 
one, in  a  country  ferule  in  corn  and  wine 
15  miles  S  of  Chalons,  and  202  S  by  W  of 
Pans.    Lon.  5  0  E,  hit.  46  84  N. 

Tours,  a  considerable,  city  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Indre  and 
Loire.  Before  the  French  revolution  it 
was  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  advanta- 
geously seated  on  the  Loire,  and  near  the 
Cher.  Over  the  former  is  one  of  the 
finest  bridges  in  Europe,  consisting  of 
15 elliptic  arches,  each  75  feet  diameter  : 
three  of  these  were  carried  away  by  the 
breaking  up  of  ice  in  1789.  It  is  a  large 
and  well  built  city,  and  the  streets  \vr\ 
clean  by  reason  of  several  fountains  in  it, 
with  a  fine  mall  above  1000  paces  long. 
The  principal  church  is  remarkable  for 
the  delicacy  of  its  structure,  its  curious 
clock,  its  mosaic  pavement,  and  its  rich 
library  of  manuscripts.  Under  the  mi- 
nistry of  cardinal  Richelieu,  27,000  per- 
sons were  here  employed  in  the  silk  ma- 
nufacture ;  but  now  the  whole  number  of 
inhabitants  is  only  22,000.  The  red  wines 
of  Tours  are  much  esteemed.  In  one  oi 
the  suburbs,  is  the  late  abbey  of  M  r- 
moutier,  reputed  the  most  ancient  in  tlu 
West.  Near  the  city  is  Plessis  ies-Tours., 
a  late  royal  palace,  built  by  the  profli- 
gate and  superstitious  Lewis  XI,  who 
died  here,  in  148.3  Tours  is  52  miles -J? 
NE  of  Poitiers.  54  E  of  Angers,  and 
127  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  47  E,  lit  47 
24  N. 

Tousera,  a  town  of  Barbary,  capital  of 
Biledulgerid,  seated  in  a  country  abound- 
ing in  dates,  and  dependant  »h  the  king- 
dom of  Tunis.  Lon.  10  55  E,  Lit.  32 
30  N. 

Toula,  a  river  of  West  Chinese  Tar- 
tary  which  takes  its  course  from  E  to 
W,  and  is  often  broad,  deep  and  rapid  ; 
its  banks  are  surrounded  with  woods 
and  beautiful  meadows.  The  moun- 
tains which  hang  over  it  on  the  north- 
ern side  are  covered  with  forests  of 
aged  firs,  and  have  the  same  effect  on 
the  eye  as  an  immense  amphitheatre. 
This  river,  after  having  received  the 
waters  of  the  Selingue,  loses  itself  in  the 
lake  of  Paical,  which  is  the  largest  of  all 
Tartaryv 


Toivcester,z  town  in  Northamptonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  was  once 
strongly  fortified,  and  is  seated  on  a  small 
rrver, -52  miles  SE  of  Covcjitr},  and  60 
XW  of  London.  Lon.  1  15  \\ ,  lat.  52 
4  N. 

To'ionsmd,  a  towi;ship\*)f . Middlesex 
county,  Mass  .ehubctts,  £ohtahwng  1246 
mhabi'ants  in  1810. 

fy-wiisend,  a  township  of  Vermont,  si- 
tuated in  Windham  county*  betwei  n  SeXw 
toil  and  West  rivers,  about  15  miles  NW 
of  Brattlcbor.mgh,  and  eonlaimng  1115 
.nhabiian  s  m  181J. 

Towridge,  a  river  in  Devonshire,  which 
rises  near  the  source  of  the  Tamur,  not 
far  from  the  Bristol  Channel,  runs  SE  to 
Mather iy,  and  then  joining  the  O  k  fiom 
Oakhampton,  turns  short  to  the  N,  and 
passing  by  Torrington  and  Biddeford, 
enters  the  Bristol  Channel,  at  Barnstable 
Bay-  # 

Toivton,  a  village  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  SE  of  Tadcaster.  It  is  famous 
for  that  bloody  buttle  betw  een  the  forces 
of  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster,  in 
which  85,000  are  said  to  have  fallen  on 
both  sides.  It  was  fought  in  1461. 

Toivy,  a  river  of  South  Wales,  which 
rises  in  Cardiganshire,  enters  Carmar- 
thenshire at  its  NE  extremity,  and  pass- 
nig  by  Carmarthen,  enters  the  Bristol 
Channel. 

Trachp&t/urgy  or  Drachevbing,  a  town 
of  Germany,  in  Silesia,  and  capital  of  the 
principality'  of  Trachenburg.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Banch,  12  miles  NE  of  Wolaw, 
and  26  N  of  Breslavv.  Lon.  17  15  E,  lat. 
51  30  N. 

Trofidgur,  a  promontory  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  straits 
of  Gibraltar,  30  miles  SE  of  Cadiz.  Lon. 
6  1  W,  lat.  86  11  X. 

Trojan  upoii,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Romania,  with  a  Greek  archbi- 
shop'-s  see,  though  it  is  small  and  thin  of 
people.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mar'ca,  37 
miles  SW  of  Adrianople,  and  112  NW 
of  Constantinople.  Lon.  26  18  E,  hit.  41 
15  X. 

Trajetto,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Lavoro,  built  on  the  ruins  of  the 
ancient  Minturoa*  Here  are  the  ruins 
of  ftii  amphitheatre  and  an  aqueduct. 
It  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ga- 
rigliano,  in  the  Mediterranean,  25  miles 
NW  of  Capua.  Lon.  14  4  E,  lat.  41 
20  N. 

Train,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Ravari !,  situated  on  the  Ambs,  5  miles  S 
of  Abenspervr,  and  20  E  of  lngolstadt. 
Lon.  11  52  E,  lat.  48  40  N.  . 

Traina,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  l)e- 
mona,  seated  on  a  high  mountain3  at  the 


T  R  A 


T  R  A 


re  of  the  river  Traina,  22  miles  W  of 
Mount  Etna,  and  70  SYV  of  Messina.  Lon. 
14  30  E,  Ut  37  46  N. 

Tru  los-Montes^ province  of  Portugal, 
beyond  the  mountains,  with  regard  to  j 
the  other  provinces  of  this  kingdom, 
whence  it  has  its  name.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  X  by  Galicia,  on  the  W  by  Enfre- 
Douero-e-Minho,  on  the  S  by  Reira,  and 
on  the  E  by  Leon.  It  is  fertile  in  wine 
and  oil,  and  abounds  in  cattle.  The  Dou- 
ero  divides  it  into  two  parts,  and  Miran- 
da is  the, capital. 

Tralee,  a  maritime  tow  n  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Kerry,  seated  near  the  bay 
of  Tralee,  seven  miles  SSE  of  Ardfert. 
Lon.  9  36  W,  lat.  52  12  N. 

Trallcborg,  a  maritime  town  of  Sweden, 
in  the  province  of  Schonen,  near  the  Bal- 
tic, 19  miles  S  of  Lund.  Lon.  13  5  E, 
lat.  55  20  N. 

Ti-unc/iin,  a  town  of  Upper  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  The 
castle  stands  so  high,  that  it  may  be  seen 
at  the  distance  of  near  30  miles.  There 
are  two  warm  baths  within  a  mile  of  this 
;t  place,  and  a  great  number  of  mineral 
springs  in  the  adjacent  couivry.  It  is 
seated  on  theWaag,  50  miles  NE  of  Pres- 
I  burg.    Lon.  17  50  E,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Truncou,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tra  los 
Montes,  with  a  castle  seated  in  a  fertile 
country,  14  miles  \V  bv  S  of  Pinnel.  Lon. 
7  0  E,  lat.  49  56  X. 

Trani,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Bari,  with  a  castle  and  an  archbishop's 
£  see.  It  is  the  usual  residence  of  the  gov- 
ernor of  the  prov  ince  ;  but  is  much  de  - 
cayed since  the  harbour  has  been  choaked 
up  wiih  mud.  It  is  seated  on  the  golf  of 
Venice,  20  miles  W  of  Huri,  and  125  X 
bv  E  of  Naples,  Lon.  16  36  E,  lat.  41 
18  N. 

Triinqiiebar,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan,  on 
the  coast  of  Coroinandel,  with  a  fort  and 
factory,  belonging  to  the  Danes.  It  is 
sealed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cauvery,  165 
miles  S  of  Madras.  Lon.  79  57  E,  lat. 
10  44  N. 

Transylvania,  a  country  formerly  an- 
nexed to  Hungary;  bounded  on  the  X 
bv  Upper  Hungary  and  Poland,  on  the 
,  E  by  Moldavia  and  Walachia,  on  the  S 
by  Walachia,  and  on  the  W  by  Upper 
and  Lower  Hungary.  It  is  162  miles 
long  and  15U  broad,  and  surrounded  on 
all  parts  by  high  mountains,  which,  how- 
ever, are  not  barren.  It  produces  as 
much  corn  and  wine  as  serves  the  inha- 
bitants ;  and  there  are  rich  mines  of 
gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  quicksilver, 
and  alum.  It  has  undergone  various  re- 
volutions, but  now  belongs  to  the  house 


of  Austria.  The  inhabitants  are  of  varit 
;>us  religions,  as  Roman  catholics,  Lu- 
t  h e r a n s ,  (J alv in i s t  s,  So c in i an  s ,  A  r m  i  n  i an  s , 
Greeks,  and  Mahometans.  The  governs 
ment  is  conducted  by  12  persons  •  name- 
ly, three  Roman  catholics,  three  Luthe- 
rans, three  Galvinists,  and  three  Socini- 
ans.  Seven  passes  lead  into  this  country, 
formed  by  so  many  rivers,  narrow,  and  «.ll 
defended  by  loris  with  garrisons.  Hav- 
ing been  long  a  frontier  country,  it  must 
consequently  hiive  been  a  scene  of  fre- 
quent devastation  from  contending  pow- 
ers, particularly  the  Turks  and  Imperial- 
ists. The  militia  is  commanded  by  the 
governor,  w  hose  commission  is  the  more 
.mportant,  as  Transylvania  is  the  bul- 
wark of  Christendom.  It  is  divided  in- 
to several  small  districts,  called  palatin- 
ates and  counties  ;  and  is  inhabited  by 
three  different  nations,  Saxons,  Sicili- 
ans, and  Hungarians.  Herrnanstadt  is  the 
capital. 

Traon,  or  Trent,  a  strong-  town  of  Ve- 
netian Dalmatia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  A  enice,  in  a 
small  island,  joined  to  the  mainland  !>v 
a  long  bridge  of  wood,  and' to  ihe  isle  jf 
Bua  by  another  of  stoi.e,  27  miles  SE  ol» 
Sebenico.    Lon.  17  52  E,  lat.  4  4  0  X". 

Trap,  a  village  in  Montgomery  county, 
Pennsylvania,  ten  miles  XW  of  Xoiris- 
town,  27  in  the  same  course  from  Phila- 
delphia, and  27  SE  of  Reading. 

Trap,  a  village  with  a  post  office,  in 
Worcester  county,  Maryland,  lying  on 
the  S  side  of  VViccomico  river,  7  miles  X 
of  Princess  Ann,  and  tight  S  by  VV  of 
Salisbury. 

Trtipaid,  or  Tropano,  a  seaport  on  the 
\V  side  of  Sicily,  in  Yal  di  Mazara,  with 
a  fort,  and  an  excellent  harbour,  in  the 
form  of  a  sickle,  whence  its  ancient  name 
Drepanum.  It  contains  20,000  inhabi- 
tants, and  is  a  trading  place,  famous  for 
its  salt-works,  and  fisheries  of  tunnies 
and  coral.  It  is  seated  on  a  small  penin- 
sula, 20  miles  X  of  Mazara,  and  4.5  W  oi 
Palermo.    Lon.  12  20  E,  lat.  3S  10  X. 

Truppe,  a  once  celebrated  monastery 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Qrue, 
and  late  province  of  Perche,  situated  in 
a  large  valley,  surrounded  by  mountain?. 
The  monks  were  famous  for  their  auste- 
rity, and  keeping  perpetual  silence. 

Trarbachy  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  county 
of  Spanheim,  seated  on  the  Moselle. 
It  is  ait  important  place  on  account  of 
its  fortress,  which  is  on  a  mountain,  and 
commands  the  passage  of  the  Moselle 
The  French  took  possession  of  it  in  1794. 
It  is  22  miles  XE  of  Treves,  and  28  SW 
of  Coblentz.    Lon.  7  7E,  lat.  49  55  X. 


T  R  E 


TRE 


Travancore,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  j 
extending  along  the  coast  of  MaKabar 
from  Cape  Comorin  to  10  15  N  Fat.  and 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Mysore,  and  on  the 
B  by  the  Carnatic.  It  is  subject  to  a  ra- 
jah, who  is  an  ally  of  the  English  East 
India  Company,  and  in  whose  defence 
they  engaged  with  the  Mahrattas  and  the 
nizam  of  the  Deccan  in  the  war  agains 
T)ppo  Sultan.    See  Crangemovt. 

Travancore,  the  capital  of  the  above 
province  of  the  same  name  in  the  penin- 
sula of  Hindooston,  100  miles  SSEof  Co- 
chin.   Lon.  77  8  E,  lat.  8  15  N. 

Tr^ave,  a  river  of  Germany,  in  the  du- 
chy of  Holstein,  which  runs  from  \V  to  E, 
and  passing  by  Segeberg,  Oldeslo,  and 
Lubec,  falls  into  the  Baltic,  at  Trave- 
munde. 

Travemunde,  a  strong  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony  and 
ducby  of  Holstein,  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Trave.  It  is  the  port  of  Lubcc, 
to  which  it  belongs,  and  is  12  miles  NE 
of  that  city.    Lon.  10  55  E,  lat.  54  1  N. 

Traversy  a  town  of  Swisserland,  eleven 
miles  W  of  Neuchatel.  Lon.  6  50  E,  lat. 
47  6  N. 

Transtcin,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Bavaria,  seated  on  the  river  Traun.  Near 
It  are  springs  of  salt-water. 

Trautenauy  a  town  of  Konigsgratz,  in 
Bohemia,  21  miles  N  of  Konigserratz.  Lon. 
16  10  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Traygucra,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia, 30  miles  S  of  Tortosa.  Lon.  0  30  E, 
lat.  40  26  N. 

Trebbin,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  10  miles  SSE  of 
Potsdam,  and  20  SSW  of  Berlin.  Lon.  13 
'50  E,  lat.  52  44  N. 

Trcbia,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in 
the  territory  of  Genoa,  washes  Bobia  in 
the  Milanese,  and  falls  into  the  Po,  above 
Placentia.  On  the  banks  of  this  river  the 
Romans,  under  the  consul  Semphronius, 
were  defeated  by  Hannibal,  and  numbers 
of  them  drowned  in  it. 

TrebigniyOV  Trebigna,  a  town  of  Turk- 
ish Dalmatia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  The 
inhabitants  are  partly  Turks  and  parth 
Greeks,  and  there  are  some  papisvs.  It 
is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the 
river  Trebenska,  14  miles  N  of  Ragusa. 
Lon.  18  11  E,  lat.  43  4  N. 

*Frefiis$i(ici,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Ulteriore,  seated  on  the  river 
Tarento,  5  miles  E  of  Cassano. 

Trebisond,  a  large  and  strong  seaport 
of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Natolia,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  see,  and  a  castle.  It 
js  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  very  steep  Km 
The  walls  are  square  and  high,  with  bai 
"elements;  and  are  built  of  the  ruins  of 


ancient  structures,  on  which  are  some 
unintelligible  inscriptions.  The  town  is 
not  populous;  for  there  are  more  woods 
and  gardens  in  it  than  houses,  and  these 
but  one  story  high.  The  castle  is  seated 
on  a  flat  rock,  with  ditches  cut  in  it.  The 
harbour  is  at  the  E  er,d  of  the  town,  and 
'he  mole  built  by  the  Genoese  is  almost 
destroyed,  It  stands  on  the  Black  Sea, 
104  miles  NXW  of  Erzerum,  and  440  E- 
of  Constantinople.  Lon.  40  25  E,  lat.  40 
45  N. 

Trebitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Mora- 
via. It  has  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  and 
is  seated  on  the  IglaW,  21  miles  SE  fl<f 
1  daw,  and  52  XYV  of  Blidweis.  Lon.  16 
12  E,  lat  .  49  4  N. 

Trebnitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Sile- 
sia, with  a  large  nunnery.  Near  it  is  a 
hill  consisting  of  a  soft  clay  or  stone, 
which  is  immediately  formed  into  vessels 
of  all  kinds  ;  and  on  being  exposed  to 
the  air,  they  become  as  hard  as  if  they 
had  been  baked.  It  is  12  miles  N  of  Bres- 
law.  Lon.  17  15  E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Treffurty  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  landgravate  of  Hesse,  with 
a  castle.  It  belongs  to  the  elector  of 
Mentz,  and  is  seated  near  the  Verta,  22 
miles  W  of  Saxe-Gotha.  Lon.  10  19  E, 
lat.  51  8  N. 

Treffurt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  ten  miles  WSW 
of  Mulhausen,  and  32  W  of  Erfurt.  Lon. 
10  43  E,  lat.  51  8  N. 

Tregannon,  a  corporate  town  in  Cardig- 
nanshire,  with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It 
is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  seated  on 
I  he  Tvy.  15  miles  SE  of  Abervstwith, 
and  202 "W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  3  56 
W,  lat.  53  13  N. 

Tregony,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  much  de- 
cayed, has  no  church,  and  only  150  hou- 
ses poorly  btiilt,  but  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament. It  is  seated  on  a  creek  by  Fal- 
mouth-haven,  41  miles  W  by  S  of  Ply- 
mouth, and  245  of  London.  Lon.  443  W, 
lat.  56  16  N. 

Treguiery  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North  Coast,  and  late 
prqviiice  of  Bretagne,  seated  near  the 
English  Channel,  22  miles  NW  of  St. 
Brieux.  Lon.  3  10  W,  lat.  48  47  N. 

Treileburgy  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the, 
province  of  Schon'en,  seated  on  the  Baltic, 
30  miles  SE  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  13  26 
E,  lat.  55  26  N. 

Treinesf.ii,  oc  Tlemsen,  a  province  of  the 
Ic'nr.-clom  of  Algiers,  370  miles  long  and 
125  broad;  bounded  on  the  N  i>y  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  E  by  the  province 
of  Africa,  on  the  S  by  the  desert  of  Za- 


T  R  £ 


TR  E 


hara,  and  on  the  W  by  the  kingdom  of 
Fez.  It  is  dry,  barren,  and  mountainous, 
except  on  the  N  side,  where  there  are 
plains  abounding  in  corn,  fruits,  and  pas- 
tures. The  capital,  of  the  same  name,  is 
surrounded  by  strong  walls,  and  inhabit- 
ed by  poor  Arabs,  Moors,  and  Jews.  Lon. 
1  29*  W,  lat.  34  40  N. 

'Fremiti,  three  islands  of  Italy,  in  the 
.gulf  of  Venice,  15  miles  from  the  coast 
of  Naples.  They  are  called  Capraria, 
St.  Nicolo,  and  St.  Domino. 

Treviouille,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Vienne,  and  late  province 
of  Poitou,  seated  on  the  Bennaile,  13 
miles  E  bv  S  of  Poitiers.  Lon.  1  10  E, 
lat.  46  29  N. 

Tremp,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
seated  on  the  river  Noguera  Pallaresa,  85 
miles  NW  of  Barcelona. 

Trent,  a  large  river  of  England,  which, 
issuing  from  three  springs  between 
Congleton  and  Leek,  in  Staffordshire, 
flows  southwards  through  the  midst  of 
the  country,  continually  augmented  by 
rills  from  the  same  region;  and  sl\  length, 
having  received  the  Tame  from  the  S, 
acquires  a  new  direction,  and,  with  a  N 
E  course,  penetrates  into  Derbyshire,  just 
after  its  junction  with  the  Dove.  After 
forming  towards  the  N  part,  the  boun- 
dary between  Nottinghamshire  and  Lin- 
colnshire, a  corner  of  which  it  crosses, 
it  falls  into  the  Dumber,  below  Gains- 
borough. Parallel  with  the  course  of 
this  river  runs  a  canal,  forming  a  com- 
munication between  it  and  the  Mersey, 
and  joining  it  at  Wilden.  It  is  naviga- 
ble through  the  whole  of  Nottingham- 
shire. 

Trent, a.  river  of  N  Carolina,  in  the  Uni- 
ted States  of  America,  which  falls  int© 
the  Neus,  at  Newbern,  where,  it  is  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  broad. 

Trent,  a  fort  ified  city  of  Germany,  ca- 
pital of  the  Trentino,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
whose  bishop  is  a  prince  of  the  empire, 
under  the  protection  of  the  house  of 
Austria.  It  was  formerly  a  free  imperial 
city,  and  is  famous  for  a  council  held 
here,  which  began  in  1545,  and  ended  in 
1563.  It  is  defended  by  some  fortifica- 
tions, aDd  the  bishop's  palace  stands 
Without  the  city.  The  French  took  this 
city,  after  the  battle  of  Rovere,  in  1796, 
but  abandoned  it  soon  afterward.  It  is 
sealed  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  in  a  fertile 
Valley,  on  the  river  Adige,  67  miles  «W 
ofVenice,and  260  NW  of  Rome.  Lon.  11 
27  E,  lat  46  8  \\ 

T.  eritj  oi  T,  entino,  a  bishopric  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  county  of  Tyrol,  seated 
among  the  Alps  which  divide  Italy  from 


Germany/  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Tirol  Proper,  on  the  E  by  Feltrino  and 
Bellunese,  on  the  S  by  Vicentino  and  the 
Veronese,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Brcsciano. 

Trenton,'A  post  town,  the  capital  of  Ne  w 
Jersey  ;  situated  in  Hunterdon  county, 
on  the  NE  bank  of  Delaware  river,  30 
miles  NE  of  Philadelphia,  12  SW  of 
Princeton,  and  30  N  of  New  Brunswick, 
in  lat.  40  15  N,  and  lon.  74  48  W.  The 
inhabitants  may  be.  estimated  at  3000; 
the  principal  public  buildings  are  a  State 
house,  100  feet  wide  by  30  feet,  and  four 
or  five  houses  of  religious  worship,  be- 
longing to  as  many  sects.  There  is  also 
a  bank  lately  incorporated  by  the  legis- 
lature. 

Trenton,  a  post  town  in  North  Carolina, 
the  capital  of  Jones  county,  seated  on 
the  N  side  of  Trent  river,  16  miles  SW 
of  Newbern,  50  NW  of  Beaufort,  and  81 
N  by  E  of  Wilmington. 

Trenton,  a  post  town  of  Oneida  county, 
New  York,  containing  1548  inhabitants 
in  1810.  It  is  situated  165  miles  NW  of 
:  Albany. 

j  Treptow,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Up- 
iper  Saxony,  in  Prussian  Pornerania.  It 
'lias  a  manufacture  of  stockings  and 
I  woollen  stuffs,  ajid  is  seated  on  the  Rega, 
near  its  mouth  in  the  Baltic,  42  miles 
NE  of  Stetin.  Lon.  15  19  E,  lat.  54 
10  N. 

Treptow,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Anterior  Pornerania,  50  miles 
S  of  Stralsund,  and  50  WNW  of  Stetin. 
Lon.  13  12  E,  lat.  53  39  N. 

Tresen,  or  Trow,  a  seaport  of  Sweden, 
in  Sudermania,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  35 
miles  SW  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  29  E, 
lat.  59  0  N. 

Treshcimsh  Isles,  four  of  the  W  islands 
on  the  W  coast  of  Scotland,  between  the 
island  of  Col  and  that  of  Mull.  They  arc- 
very  fertile  in  corn,  &c. 

Tretldmroxv,  a  strong  town  of  Poland, 
in  Volhinia,  seated  on  the  Dniester,  45 
miles  below  Kiof. 

Treuchenbrietzen,  a  town  of  Germany; 
in  Upper  Saxonv,  20  miles  S  of  Branden- 
burgh,  and  34  SW  of  Berlin.  Lon.  12  43 
E,  lat,  52  5  N. 

Treves,  or  Triers,  an  electorate  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Lower  Rhine  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  electorate  of 
Cologne,  on  the  E  by  Weteravia,  on  the 
S  by  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine  and 
Lorrain,  and  on  the  W  by  Luxemburg. 
It  is  100  miles  in  length,  but  the  breadth, 
is  very  different.  It  is  full  of  mountains 
and  forests ;  however,  the  soil  near  the 
Rhine  and  Moselle  is  very  fruitful,  aboun- 
ding in  corn  and  wine  ;  and  is  more  po. 


T  R  E 


TRI 


pulous  there  than  in  other  parts.  Its  in- 
habitaivts  have  .suffered  greatly  in  the 
wars  wiih  France. 

Trews,  or  Triers,  a  celebrated  city  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Lower  Rhine, 
capital  of  an  archbishopric  of  the  same 
name,  whose  archbishop  is  an  elector  ot 
the  empire.  He  likewise  claims  the  title 
of  archchancellor  of  the  empire',  and 
gives  the  first  vote  at  the  election  of  an 
emperor.  It  has  an  university,  several 
remains  of  antiquity,  and  as  many  church- 
es as  any  town  in  Germany.  It  has  great- 
ly suffered  by  war,  and  is  now  neither 
large  nor  populous.  The  French  took 
possession  of  this  town  in  1794.  It  is 
sealed  on  the  Moselle  (over  which  is  a 
handsome  bridge)  between  two  moun- 
tains, 2.0  miles  XE  of  Luxemburg,  55  S 
by  E  of  Colo-me,  and  450  WNW  of  Vi- 
enna.   Lon.  6  41  K,  lat.  49  45  JSf, 

Treri,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Umbria,  23 
miles  SE  of  Perugia.  Lon.  11  51  E,  lat. 
42  54  N.        .-j.  \ 

TrexugUo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  .Milan,  17  miles  EXE  of  Milan.  Lon. 
9  28  F,  lat.  45  35  X. 

Tvevigo\  a  town  of  Xaples,  in  Princi- 
pal) I  lseriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  23 
miles  E  of  Henevento.  Lon.  15  20  E,  lat. 
42  6  X. 

Trevino,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
Biscay,  with  a  Citadel,  seated  on  a  hill, 
near  the  river  Aguda,  10  miles  SW  of 
Vittora,    Lon.  3  4  W,  lat.  42  48  XT. 

Trevisano,  a  marquisate  of  Italy,  in 
t lie  republic  of  Venice  ;  bounded  on  the 
E  by  Friuli  and  tl:e  gulf  of  Venice,  on 
the  S  by  that  gulf,  the  Dogado,  and  the 
Paduano,  on  the  N  by  the  Feltrino  and  the 
Bellunese,  and  on  the  YV  by  the  Viceiitino. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  and  produces  core, 
wine,  and  wood  ;  and  they  export  cattle, 
silk,  and  woollen  cloth.  Treviso  is  the 
capital. 

Treviso,  or  Trevigio,  a  large  city  of 
Italy,  capital  of  Trevisrmo,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's s^e.  It  had  formerly  afi  univer- 
sity, which  was  transferred  to  Padua. 
It  is  the  residence  of  many  noble  fa- 
milies, and  seated  on  the  Siiis,  20  miles 
X'W  of  Venice.  Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  45 
44  X. 

Trevoiuv,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de 
partment  of  Ain,  and  late  province  of 
Bresse.  The  most  remarkable  buddings 
are  the  ancient  mint,  the  late  -pari  i  am  en 
house,  the  governor's  house,  and  the 
printing-office.  The  latter  is  celebrated 
for  the  Literary  Journals  composed  by  the 
Jesuits  of  the  college  ot  Louis  le  Grand 
Trevoux  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill, 
on  the  river  Saone,  12  miles  N  of  Lyons, 


and  188  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  51  E, 
lat.  45  57  N. 

Treysa,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  and  landgravate  of 
Hesse,  capital  of  the  county  of  Zh  gen- 
heim.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  river 
Schwalm,  17  miles  N  of  Marpurg.  Lon.  9 
15  E,  lat.  50  50  XT. 

Trezzo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mila- 
nese, seated  on  the  Adda,  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Bcrgamasco.  Lon.  9  25  E,  lat. 
45  45  X". 

TribergyS.  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Suabia,  and  subject  to  the  house 
of  Austria,  15  miles  XE  of  Friburg,  and 
15  S  of  Freudenstadt.  Lon.  8  20  E,  lat. 
48  12  X. 

Trihesers,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Sitxony,  with  a  castle. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Trebel,  22  miles 
SSW  of  Stralsund,  and  30  ESE  of  Ros- 
tock.   Lon.  13  8  E,  lat.  54  1  X. 

Tribstadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Deux  Pouts,  18  miles  NW  of 
Landau.    Lon.  8  2  E,  lat.  49  22  N. 

Tiicuhi,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  Eu- 
ropean province  of  Macedonia.  50  miles 
EXE  of  Salonichi  Lon.  23  45  E,  lat.  41 
10  X. 

Tricala,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  Eu- 
ropean province  of  Janna,  21  miles  S  of 
Larissa. 

Tricarico,  an  episcopal  town  in  the 
kingdom  of  Xaples,  13  miles  SF  of  Ace- 
renza,  and  21  SW  of  Matera.  Lon.  16  14 
E,  lat.  40  12  X. 

Tricelo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom 
of  X'aples,  in  Calabria  Citeriorc,  14  miles 
ESE  of  Scala. 

Triers.    See  Treves. 

Triest,  an  episcopal  town  of  Germany, 
in  Carniola.  It  is  a  strong  place,  the 
harbour  is  spacious,  but  not  good  ;  being 
open  to  the  W  and  SW  winds.  The  in- 
habitants have  a  good  trade  in  salt,  oil, 
boom's,  iron,  8cc.  brought  from  Lau- 
bach  ;  and  they  make  good  wines.  It  is 
Seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  eight  miles  N  of  Capo  d'lstria, 
and  80  XE  of  Venice.  Lon.  14  4  E,  lat. 
45  56  N. 

Trim,  the  county-town  of  East  Mcath., 
in  Ireland,  seated  on  the  Bovne,  23  miles 
>fW  of  Dublin. 

Trincomale,  a  town  on  the  E  side  of  the 
sland  of  Ceylon,  with  a  harbour,  reckon- 
ed the  finest  in  the  East  Indies.  In  Ja- 
nuary 1782,  it  was  taken  by  the  English, 
but  soon  afterwards  retaken  by  the 
French,  <m,d  restored  to^he  Dutch  by  the 
oeace  of  1783.  It  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1795,  and  still  remains  in  their 
possession.    It  is  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the 


T  R  I 


T  R  I 


same  namte,  100  miles  NE  of  Candv.  Lon. 
81  52  E,  lat.  8  45  N. 

Tring:  a  town  in  Hertfordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  22  miles  W  of  Hert- 
ford, and  .31  WNW  of  London.  Lon.  0  36 
W;  lat.  51  46.N. 

Trinidad,  an  island  on  the  NE  coast  of 
Terra  Firm;1.,  separated  from  Paria  on  the 
S,  by  a  strait  about  10  miles  over  ;  and 
from  Cumana  on  the  W,  by  the  gulf  of 
Paria.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus 
in  1498 ;  it  is  62  miles  long  and  45  broad ; 
produces  sugar,  cotton,  Indian  corn,  fine 
tobacco,  and  fruit ;  but  the  air  is  tin- 
healthy.'  It  was  taken  in  1595,  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  and  in  1676,  by  the 
French,  who  phmdercd  and  left  it.  The 
capital  is  Port  d'Espagne,  in  the  guli]  of 
Paria,  near  the  Boca.  Lon.  61  JO  W,  lat. 
10  0  N. 

Trinidad,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in  the 
audience  of  Guatemala,  seat,  d  on  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  It  is  an  open  town,  but  very 
important,  there  being  no  other  harbour 
on  this  coast.  A  mile  and  a  half  hence  is 
a  place  which  the  Spaniards  call  one  of 
the  Mouths  of  Hell :  because  it  is  conti- 
nually covered  by  a  thick  smoke,  and 
emits  flames  from  time  to  time.  It  is  70 
miles  SE  of  Guatimala.  Lon.  89  30  W, 
lat.  12  50  N. 

Trinidad,  a  town  of  New  Granada, 
seated  on  the  Rio  de  la  Madalena,  58 
miles  XW  of  St.  Pe  de  Bogota.  Lon.  73 
45  \V,  lat.  4  45.  N. 

"Trinity,  or  La  Triuite,  a  town  of  Mar- 
tinico,  with  a  spacious  and  safe  harbour. 
It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade.  Lon. 
61  8  W,  lat.  14  53  N. 

Tritio,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in 
Montferrat,  subject  to  the  king  of  Sar 
dinia.  It  was  taken,  in  1704, by  the  French, 
who  abandoned  it  in  1706.  It  is  seateo 
near  the  Po,  eight  miles  NW  of  Casal, 
and  35  NE  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  30  E,  lat. 
45  26N. 

T.  inom  dy,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
1  the  Carnatic,  near  which  the  troops  of 
Hvd:  r  Vlly  were  defeated  bv  the  British 
in  1768.  It  is  45  miles  SSW  of  Arcot,  and 
52  WXW  of  Pondicherry.  Lon.  78  35  E, 
lat.  1 2  2  X. 

Trif/oli,  among  the  ancients,  was  a 
large  kingdom,  now  an  aristocratical  re- 
public in  \frica  ;  it  is  bounded  on  the  N 
I  by  the  .Mediterranean  ;  on  the  E  by  Egypt ; 

on  the  S  by  S.tra,  or  the  great  desert; 
•  and  on  the  W  partly  by  Tunis,  and  parti) 
by  Biledulgerid ;  extending  1000  miles 
along  the  Mediterranean  from  NW  to  S 
E,  but.  hardh  200  broad  in  any  place  ;  it 
has  several  cities,  some  of  which  arc- 
large  and  populous,  p  .rticularly  on  the 
coasts,  where  they  carry  on  the  piratical 


business  to  great  advantage.  Near  ifrs 
capital  the  soil  is  tolerably  fruitful  ;  but 
to  die  eastward,  as  far  as  Egypt,  is  the 
.sandy  desert  of  Barca.  It  had  the  title 
of  a  kingdom,  but  is  now  a  republic, 
governed  by  a  dcy,  elected  by  the  sol- 
diers. 

Tripoli,  a  considerable  town  of  Bar- 
bary,  capital  of  a  country  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  castle  and  a  fort.  It  is 
pretty  large£  and  the  inhabitants  are 
noted  pirates.  It  was  taken  by  emperor 
Charles  V.  w  ho  settled  the  knights  of 
Rhodes  here  ;  but  they  were  expelled  by 
"he  Turks  in  1551.  It  was  formerly  very 
flourishing,  and  has  now  some  trade  ill 
s luffs,  saffron,  corn,  oil,  dates,  os'rich. 
feathers,  and  skins;  but  they  gain  more 
by  the  Christians  taken  at  sea:  for  they 
ekher  set  high  ransoms  on  them,  or 
sell  thern  for  slaves.  Tripoli  is  seated 
on  the  .Mediterranean,  surrounded  by.  a 
wall,  275  miles  SE  of  Tunis,  and  570  E 
SE  of  Algiers.  Lon.  13  12  E,  lat.  32  34  N  . 

Tripoli,  an  ancient  and  considerable 
town  of  Syria,  on  the  Mediterranean, 
defended  by  a  citadel.  The  inhabitants 
are  near  60,000,  consisting  of  Turks, 
Christians,  and  Jews.  There  is  one  hand- 
some mosque,  and  all  the  houses  have 
fountains  belonging  to  them.  Before  it ^ 
is  a  sand  bank,  w  hich  encreases  so  much, 
that  jt  is  expected  to  choke  up  the  har- 
bour, which  is  two  miles  W  of  the  town, 
and  formed  by  a  round  piece  of  land, 
united  to  the  mainland  by  an  isthmus. 
On  each  si  tie  is  a  bulwark  to  defend  he 
entrance.  It  is  the  residence  of  ab<;shaw, 
who  also  governs  the  territory  about  it, 
where  there  is  a  great  number  of  mul- 
berry trees,  and  other  fruits,  which  ena- 
ble them  to  carry  on  a  siik  manufacture 
in  the  town.  It  is  90  miles  NW  of  Da- 
mascus, and  12u  S  of  Scanderoon.  Lon. 
36  20  E,  lat.  34  50  N. 

Trht,  a  small  uninhabited  island  of 
V  ■  "\  Spam.  It  is  situated  on  the  coasfa 
of  Tabasco,  in  the  bay  of  Campeachy* 
and  is  separated  by  a  narrow  channel, 
on  the  Efrom  the  isle  of  Port  .Royal.  It 
is  five  miles  in  length,  and  almost  as  much, 
•in  breadth,  but  not  inhabited.  Lon.  ot 
th«  E  point  92  45  W,  lat.  18  0  N. 

Triatun  d'Acunha  a  lofty  island  in  the 
S  Atlantic  Ocean,  15  m  les  in  circumjer- 
ence.  Lon.  11  43  W,  lat.  37  8  S. 

Tritchinppoly.  a  strong  town  of  Hin- 
doostan, in  die  Carnatic,  208  miles  SS 
W  of  Madrass.  Lon.  78  46  E.  iat.  t<;  49  N. 

Trivento.,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Molise.  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  river 
Tri  xno,  O"  Trino,.l5  miles  N  of  Bogano, 
and  62  E  of  Napks.  Lon.  15  37  £,  lat. 
40  50  N. 
4T 


T  R  O 


TRU 


Trochlel/ingen,  an  imperial  town  of  Ger-j 
many  in,  the  circle  of  Suabia,  16  milts  N 
\Y  of  Ducliau,  and  29  S  of  Stutgard.  Lon. 
9  7  E,  lat.  48  18  N. 

Trogcn,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  and  the 
chief  place  of  the  protestant  part  of  the 
canton  of  Appenzel,  near  which  is  a  mi- 
neral spring-,  containing  copper,  sulphur, 
and  alum,  and  useful  when  applied  ex- 
ternally for  several  complaints.  It  car- 
ries on  an  extensive  manufac  ory  of  cloth, 
for  which  it  lias  been  long-  celebrated.  It 
is  7  miles  N  of  Apptnzel,  and  7  SE  of  S  . 
Gall". 

Troja,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Capitanata.  It  is  a  fortified  town,  and  is 
seated  at  the  toot  of  the  Appennii.es,  on 
the  river  Chilaro,  32  miles  NE  of  Bene- 
veuto,  and  60  NW  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  15 
E,  lat.  41  21  N. 

Trois  Rivieres,  a  town  of  Upper  Ca- 
nada, on  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  35 
miles  SW  of  Quebec.  Lon.  71  20  W,  lat. 
46  35  N. 

Troki,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  o  : 
a  palatinate  of  the  same  name.    It  is 
seated  among  morasses,  15  miles  W  o 
Wilna,  and  85  NNE  of  Grodno.   Lon.  25 
13  E,  lat.  54  38  N. 

Trm,  St.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  with  a  famous  Bene 
'dictine  abbey,  21  miles  WNW  of  Liege 
Lon.  5  22  E,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Tropea,  a  populous  town  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Uheriore,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  was  half  ruined  by  an  earthquake  in 
1638,  and  is  seated  on  the  top  of  a  rock, 
on  the  E  co;.st,  10  miles  NW  of  Nicotera, 
and  45  N  by  E  of  Reggio.  Lon.  16  24  E 
lat.  38  42  N. 

Tropes,  St.  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
depan  mem  of  'Var,  and  late  province  of 
Provence,  with  a  citadel.  It  is  seated  on 
the  bay  of  Grimaufd,  in  the  Mediterra 
nean,  12  miles  SW  of  Frejus,  and  58  ¥ 
of  Marseilles.  Lon.  6  44  E,  lat.  fa 
16  N. 

Tropputt,  a  strong  and  considerable 
town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Silesia,  capi- 
tal of  aduch)r  of  the  same  name,  with  an 
ancieut  castles  The  Prussians  becan> 
masters  of  it  in  1741  and  1756,  but  res 
tored  it  to  the  house  of  Austria  by  a 
ti'eaty  subsequent  to  each  capture.  It  :s 
seated  in  a  pleasant  plain,  on  the  rivers 
Oppa  and  Moh'ra,'40  miles  N  by  E  of  01- 
mutz,  and  72  S  by  E  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17 
40  E,  lajr.  5Q  1  N. 

Trowbridge,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  The  inhabitants 
consist  chiefly  of  clothiers,  who  make 
superfine  broad-clodi  and  kerseymere, 
in  a  great  degree  by  machinery.  It  is 
seated  on  a  hill,  23  miles  SW  of  Marlbo- 


rough, and  98  W  of  London.    Lon.  2  6 
VY,  lai.  51  19  N. 

Troy,  a  thriving  town  in  Rerisellaer 
county,  New  York  ;  situated  on  tht  E  side 
of  Hudson  nyer.1  four  miles  S  ot  Lansing- 
burg,  five  N  by  E  of  Albany,  and  45  N  of 
Hudson.  This  town  advances  rapidly  in 
trade  am:  population;  the  inhabitants 
may  be  estimated  about  3895.  Here  is  a 
bank  and  a  post  office. 

Troves,  a  considerable  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Aubc,  and  late 
province  of  Champagne.  It  was  former- 
ly an  episcopal  town,  and  is  surrounded 
by  good  walls,  but  almost  all  the  houses 
are  of  wood,  and  good  water  is  wanting. 
Among  the  objects  of  curiosity  are  St. 
Stephen's,  the  principal  church ;  the 
public  library  of  the  late  Cordeliers,  and 
the  Castle  in  which  the  ancient  counts  of 
Champagne  resided.  Its  commerce,  once 
very  flourishing;,  now  consists  only  in 
some  linens,  dimities,  fustians,  wax-chan- 
dlery, candles,  and  wine.  It  is  seated  on 
!.e  Seine,  30  miles  ENE  of  Sens,  and 
90  ESE  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  10  E,  lat.  48 
13  N. 

Trugillo,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  Ve- 
nezuela, 120  miles  8  of  the  lake  Mara- 
i.  aj  bo,    Lon.  7  40  W,  lat.  9  46  N. 

Trumbull,  a  township  of  Connecticut, 
situated  in  Fairfield  county,  and  contain- 
ng  1241  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Trumbull,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ohio, 
containing  19  townships,  and  8671  inha- 
bitan  s  in  1810.  In  1800  the  enumeration 
.mounted  to  but  1343,  so  rapid  has  been 
be  increase  of  population  in  ten  years. 

T i  umping ton  a  village  in  Cambridge- 
shire, two  miles  from  Cambridge,  where 
several  Roman  antiquities  have  been 
ound. 

Truns,  a  town  of  the  country  of  the 
Grisons,  where  the  independence  of  the 
Grey  League  was  first  ratified,  and  an 
alliance  concluded  between  the  chiefs 
and  communities.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  seven  miles  W  of  Hantz 

Truro,  a  burough  in  Cornwall,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  The 
'ord  warden  of  the  Stannaries  holds  his 
parliament  here,  and  it  has  the  benefit  of 
t  he  coinage  of  tin.  Its  chief  business  is 
in  shipping  tin  and  copper  ore,  found  in 
abundance  in  its  neighbourhood.  Here, 
after  the  baltle  of  Nascby,  the  forces  of 
Charles  I.  under  lord  Hopeten,  surren- 
dered to  general  Fairfax.  Truro  is  seated 
in  a  vale,  between  the  rivers  Kenwvn  .md 
St.  Allen,  and  at  the  very  head  of  Fal- 
mouth haven,  10  miles  N  of  Falmouth, 
and  257  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  55  W, 
lat.  50  16  N." 

Truro-,  a  post  town  in  Barnstable  coun- 


T  S  C 


T  S  C 


tv,  Massachusetts  ;  lying- near  Cape  Cod, 
38  miles  N  of  Chatham,"  and  126  SE  of 
Boston,  along  the  post  road.  The  inha- 
bitants who  are  about  1200  are  principal- 
ly the  families  of  fishermen. 

Truro,  a  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  40  mile.- 
N  by  W  of  Halifax. 

Truxillo,  a  consklerable  town  of  Sp.  in 
in  Estramadura,  noed  for  being  the  bin  i 
place  of  Pizarro.  It  is  seated  smoiti 
mountains,  on  the  side  of  ;i  hill,  at  ;be 
top  of  which  is  a  strong  citadel.  It  s 
situated  near  '.he  river  Almont,  65  miles 
SW  of  Toledo,  and  117  SE  of  Madrid. 
Lou.  5  23  W,  lat.  39  6  N. 

Truxillo,  a  rich  commercial  seaport  oi 
Peru,  in  the  audience  of  Lima,  and  in 
the  valley  of  Chimo,  built  by  Francis  P  - 
z-an  o,  in  1553.  In  its  territory  are  above 
50  000  native  Americans,  who  are  tribu- 
tary to  Spain.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile 
country,  on  a  small  river,  near  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  380  miles  XW  of  Lima.  Lon.  78 
35  YY,  Int.  8  1  S. 

Truxillo,  a  strong-  seaport  of  New  Spain, 
in  the  province  of  Honduras,  seated  on  a 
gulf  of  the  same  name,  between  two  ri- 
vers, and  surrounded  bv  thick  groves. 
Lon.  85  50  YV,  lat.  16  20  N. 

Truxillo,  or  jYuestra  Senora  de  la  Paz. 
a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  Venezuela,  220 
miles  S  of  Maracaybo.  Lon.  69  15  W, 
lat.  9  21  N. 

Trydriffen,  a  township  of  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania;  situated  between  Charles  - 
town  and  Radnor  townships  ;  and  join- 
ing- Montgomery  county  in  the  NE.  In 
1810  the  inhab.tants  amounted  to  1253, 
agreeably  with  the  census  returned  to 
Congress. 

Tschopa,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Up- 
per Saxony,  in  the  circle  of  Erzgetftirg'. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  blue  manufac- 
tures. 

'Tschotilyms,  a  nation  of  Tartars,  who 
occupy  the  country  lying  between  the 
upper  part  of  the  rivers  Ob  and  Yenisei. 
The  country  which  they  inhabit  is  for  the 
most  part,  fertile  with  large  forests,  and 
mountainous  ox\\y  about  the  banks  of  the 
two  Yiousses,  which  take  their  sources 
among  the  mountains  of  the  province  of 
Yeniseisk,  near  the  river  of  that  name. 
The  inhabitants  are  docile,  attentive, 
eager  after  instruction,  and  well  skilled 
in  what  they  have  been  able  to  learn  1 
"Whenever  they  have  nothing  to  fear, 
'they  discover  great  frankness  of  dispo- 
sition, honesty,  and  complaisance;  but 
when  they  have  reason  to  apprehend,  any 
severe  treatment  or  fraud,  they  lie,  and 
are  sullen.  They  shew  great  friendship 
and  pay  numberless  little  attentions  to- 
wards each  other;  but  are  lazy  with  re- 


gard to  all  kinds  of  labour,  and  their 
manner  of  living  is  dirty.  Ever  since 
they  have  had  the  custom  of  living  in 
v  ttied  villages  during  the  winter,  the 
greatesii  number  of  them  sow  a  few  fields 
-vith  rye,  wheat,  barley,  oats,  and  hemp, 
but  seldom  cultivate  enough  for  their 
own  consumption  though  their  land  be 
ever  so  frui  ful.  Many  of  them  sow 
nothing  at  all  but  had  rather  buy  their 
Jlower  and  meal  of  the  Russians,  or  live 
without  bread,  when  it  is  not  to  be  had  of 
hem.  Those  who  are  not  averse  to  "the 
; rouble  of  managing  cattle,  ke^p  a  small 
number  of  horses  and  cows,  and  a.  few 
-heep  of  the  Short-tailed  kind.  As  the 
snow  is  deep  and  the  winter  very  long 
in  these  parts,  they  are  obliged  to  la  up 
,  stock  of  hay  for  the  support  of  their 
caitle  during  the  extremity  of  the  cold  ; 
a  great  hardslup  to  people  so  abandoned 
;o  sloth  as  the  Tschoulyms.  Neither 
swine  nor  poultry  is  to  be  seen  in  their 
inclosures.  In  imitation  of  the  Osty;>ks 
fishing  and  hunting  are  their  principal 
occupations.  The  latter  furnishes  them 
with  the  means  of  paying  thei»"  tribute, 
which  is  in  Marten  skins. 

Tschutski,  a  country  of  the  E  extremity 
of  Asia,  opposite  the  NW  coast  of  Ame- 
rica, bounded  by  the  Anadir  on  lhe  S. 
The  climate  is  cold,  the  soil  marshy, 
abounding  in  rocks,  barren,  bare  of 
woods,  and  extremely  wild  and  savage. 
The  summer  lasts  only  a  few  months, 
but  in  this  season  the  days  arc  very  long, 
because  for  several  weeks  together  the. 
sun  dots  not  set  at  all.  The  winter  ex- 
tends through  the  greatest  part  of  the 
I  e.ii-  ;  and  -  tiring  this  melancholy  season 
it  is  almost  one  continual  ni.«5ht.  The  in- 
habitants are  analogous  to  the  country  ; 
>eing-  the  most  savage,  the  most  barbar- 
ous, the  most  untract;ble,  the  least  ci- 
vilized, the  most  rugged  and  cruel  peo- 
ple of  all  Siberia.  They  have  neither 
letters  nor  writing-,  nor  any  kind  of  in- 
struction. They  are  not  yet  entirely 
subdued;  and  consequently  it  is  but  one 
part  of  the  nation  that  4?ays  tribute. 
Their  historv  is  enveloped  in  darkness, 
us  well  as  their  national  constitution  and 
force.  They  will  not  endure  the  least 
constraint ;  and  though  they  have  been 
sevenal  times  conquered  by  the  Russians, 
they  hifiw^always  regained  their  liberty. 
By  a  pronable  computation  they  are  es- 
timated at  3500  males  capable  of  bearing 
arms.  They  are  formidable  neighbours 
to  the  Koriacs,  who  often  experience 
'heir  depredations  Twenty  Tschnukts- 
ches  never  hesitate  a  moment  about  at- 
tacking fifty  Koriaks  ;  and,  had  it  not 
been  for  the  Russian  Qstrogs,  the  former 


T  S  U 


TUC 


would  long  ago  have  exterminated  the  I 
Whole  Koraik  nation.  The  care  of  thcai  J 
deer  is  their  principal  occupation  ;  never- 
theless they  follow  the  choce  and  the 
fishery.  In  the  nun.ber  of  rein  deer  con- 
sists  ail  the  riches  of  the  Tschouktsches. 
A  possessor  of  ten  thousand  is  not  un- 
common ;  and  some  of  fifty  thousancl  are 
to  be  met  with. 

Tsfietshen.    See  Kisti. 

Tst-nan-fou,  a  celebrated  city  of  China, 
the  capital  pi  Chang-tong.  This  eity  is 
large,  populous,  and  is  much  respected 
hy  the  Chinese  on  acrount  of  its  having 
once  been  the  residence  of  a  long  series 
of  kings,  whose  tombs,  rising  on  the 
neighbouring  mountains,  afford  a  beauti- 
ful prospect.  In  its  district  are  four  ci- 
ties of  the  second,  and  26  of  the  third 
class.  It  is  seated  S  of  the  river  Tsi,or 
Tsintr-ho,  160  miles  S  by  E  of  Pekin.  Lon. 
117  25  E,  la..  36  30  N.  " 

Tsi-?iing-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Clrapg-tong,  and  distiict  ot 
Yen-tcheou-fou.  From  its  situation  on  the 
grand  canal,  it  is  lutle  inferior  to  the  ca- 
pital of  die  province,  either  in  extent, po- 
pulation, riches,  or  commerce,  and  on 
thai  account  <t  great  number  of  strangers 
come  here  to  traffic. 

Tsin-tcheuu-fou,  a  commercial  city  of 
China,  in  Chang-tong.  The  principal 
branch  of  its  commerce  arises  from  fis!., 
which  are  caught  in  great  abundance.  Ii 
has  one  city  of  the  second  and  13  of  the 
third  class,  under  its  jurisdiction,  and  is 
SF5  notes  E  of  Tsui-njng-fou. 

Ts^mpa.    See  Ciampa. 

Tsou  tnuigt  an  island  of  China,  on  the 
coasr  ot  the,  province  of  Kiang-nan,  to 
w'. ich  i  beiong-s,  and  from  which  it  is 
sen;  •  ted  by  an  arm  of  the  sea,  13  miles 
broad.  It  is  50  miles  long,  :ind  13  broad. 
It  was  formerly  a  sandy  desert,  to  which 
criminals  were  banished?  those  that  first 
landed  on  it  begi.n_  to  till  the  ground 
that  they  might  not  perish  with  hunger; 
some  poor  Chinese  families  emigrated 
thither  afterward  ;  and,  in  less  than  tei 
rears,  the  island  was  peopled  and  culti- 
vated. Some  parts  of  it  produce  wheu*. 
rice,  bark,,  cotton,  citrons,  and  several 
other  fruits,  but  its  principal  revenue 
arises  from  salt,  which  is  made  in  sur.h 
abundance,  that  the  island  can  supply 
most  of  the  neighbouring  countries.  In 
this  island  ;s  only  one  city  of  the  third 
class ;  but  villages  are  so  numerous, 
th-t  they  seem  to  touch  *ach  other,  and 
to  form  one  continued  city.  The  country 
i.i  delightful,  and  intersec4ed  by  man\ 
canals.,  Lon.  of  its  SE  end  121  5  E,  lat. 
30  15  NT. 

Tsvm-tckeou-joH,  a  city  of  China,  in 


the  province  of  Fo-kien.  lis  situation, 
trade,  extent,  triumphal  arches,  temples, 
even  its  streets  all  well  paved,  secure  it 
a  distinguished  rank  among  the  most, 
beautiful  cities  of  China.  In  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  this  city  is  a  bridge,  re- 
markable for  its  extraordinary  size  and 
the  singularity  of  its  construction.  It 
was  built  at  the  sole  expense  of  one 
governor.  Father  Martini,  a  man  ot  es- 
tablished veracity,  specks  of  it  in  the 
following  words  :  "  1  saw  it  twice,"  says 
he,  "  and  always  with  astonishment.  It 
is  built  entirely  of  the  same  kind  of  black- 
ish stone,  and  lias  no  arches,  but  above 
three  hundred  large  stone  pillars,  which 
terminate  en  each  side  in  an  acute  angle, 
to  break  the  violence  of  the  current  with 
greater  facility.  Five  stones  of  equal 
size  laid  transversely  from  one  pillar  to 
another,  form  the  breadth  of  the  "bridge, 
each  of  which,  according  to  the  mea- 
surement I  made  in  walking,  were  eigh- 
teen of  my  ordinary  steps  in  length  ; 
:here  are  one  thousand  of  them  all  of  the 
same  size  and  figure  :  a  wonderful  w  ork, 
wnen  one  considers  the  great  number  of 
these  heavy  stones,  and  the  manner  in 
nli ich  they  are  supported  between  the 
pillars!  On  each  side  there  are  buttresses 
or  props,  constructed  of  the  same  kind 
of  stone,  on  the  tops  of  which  are  placed 
lions  on  pedestals,  and  other  ornaments 
of  the  like  nature.  It  is  to  be  observed, 
that  in  this  description,  I  speak  only  of 
one  part  of  the  work,  that  which  is  be- 
tween the  small  city  of  Lo-y/ang  and  the 
castle  built  upon  the  bridge  :  for,  beyond 
t'  e  castle,  there  is  another  part  equally 
stupendous  as  the  first. 

Tiiam,  a  city  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Galway,  and  province  of  Connaught, 
with  an  archbishop's  see  ;  on  which  ac- 
count it  is  called  a  city,  though  now  re- 
duced to  a  village.  It  is  20  miles  NNE  of 
Galway,  and  25  WSW  of  Roscommon. 
Lon.  8  46  W\  lat.  53  33  N. 

Tubcm,  one  of  the  strongest  towns  in 
Java,  an  island  of  the  E  Indies,  with  a 
iiarbour,  and  a  king  of  its  own.  It  is 
seated  on  the  N  coast  of  the  island.  Lon 
111  51  E,  lat.  6  0  S. 

Tubingen,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany, 
m  the  circle  of  Suabta,  and  duchy  of 
Wirtemburg,  with  an  university,  and  a 
c.istle.  Here  is  a  large  house,  called 
Xew  Bau,  wvere  a  certain  number  of 
Uidents  in  law  are  lodged  and  boarded 
gratis :  and  in  the  town  house  is  a  very 
curious  ©lock.  It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar, 
in  a  country  abounding*  in  corn  and  wine, 
20  miles  S  'of  Stutgard,  and  50  E  by  S  of 
Strasbourg-.    Lon.  9  4  E,  lat.  4$  30  N. 

Tucterton,  a  port  of  entry  and  a  post 


T  V  E 


T  V  E 


town  in  Burlington  county,  New.  Jersey, 
situated  on  the  S  side  of  Mullicus  river, 
near  little  Egg-harbour,  and  55  miles  E 
by  S  of  Philadelphia. 

Tucuman,  an  extensive  government  of 
Spanish  S  America,  lying  between  Chili 
and  Paraguay,  to  the  E  of  the  Andes,  and 
W  of  the  Ilio  de  la  Plata  This  province, 
with  the  country  S  of  that  river,  forms 
an  extensive  plain,  almost  without  a  tree. 
The  soil  is  a  deep  fertile  mould,  watered 
by  many  streams  from  the  Andes,  and 
clothed  in  perpetual  verdure.  In  this 
rich  pasturage,  the  horses  and  cattle  im- 
ported from  Europe,  have  multiplied  to 
an  almost  incredible  degree.  This  has* 
enabledTthe  inhabitants,  not  only  to  open 
a  lucrative  trade  with  Peru,  by  supplying 
it  with  cattle,  horses,  and  mules,  but  to 
carry  on  a  commerce,  equally  beneficial, 
by  the  "exportation  of  hides  to  Europe  ; 
notwithstanding  which,  the  towns  of  this 
country  are  no  better  than  paltry  villa- 
ges, to  which  the  Spaniards  have  endea- 
voured to  add  some  dignity,  by  erecting 
them  into  bishoprics.  Tucuman  is  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  new  viceroyalty  at 
Buenos  Ayres. 

Tuciti/o,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  Ve- 
nezuela, and  in  a  valley  of  the  same  name 
A  river  runs  through  the  middle  of  the 
valley,  and  the  soil  abounds  in  sugar- 
canes,  cotton,  and  all  the  necessaries  of 
life.  L  -n.  69  2  W,  lat.  7  31  N. 
.  Tuddinjton,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire. 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  5  miles  N  of 
Dunstable,  and  38  NNW  of  London.  Lon. 
0  32  W,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Tudela,  a  considerable  town  of  Spain, 
in  Navarre,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated 
in  a  country  that  produces  good  wine,  on 
the  river  Ebro,over  which  is  a  handsome 
bridge,  45  miles  NW  of  Saragossa,  and 
140  NE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  1  10  W,  lat. 
42  9  N. 

Tver,  a  government  of  Russia,  once  an 
independent  principality,  united  to  the 
empire  by  Ivan  Basilowitz,  in  1490,  and 
comprised  in  the  government  of  Novo- 
gorod,  from  which  it  has  been  separated. 
The  population  has  encreased  to  a  sur- 
prising degree  ;  a  circumstance  evincing 
the  advantage  arising  from  the  new  code 
of  laws  of  Catharine  II.  It  was  the  first 
province  newly  modelled  according  to 
that  code ;  and  it  has  experienced  the 
beneficial  eff<  cts  of  these  excellent  re- 
gulations. The  country  produces  abund- 
antly all  kinds  of  corn  and  vegetable s. 
Its  forests  yield  vast  quantities  of  oak 
and  other  valuable  timber.  The  quadru- 
peds, and  the  feathered  race,  are  the  same 
as  in  all  the  N  of  Europe ;  and,  besides 
the  fishes  common  to  most  lakes  and  ri- 


vers, there  is  a  fish,  peculiar  to  the  wa» 
tcrs  of  these  northern  regions,  called  the 
sterlet,  the  accipenser  ruthenua  of  Linne, 
;uid  is  a  species  of  sturgeon,  highly  es- 
teemed for  the  flavour  of  its  flesh,  and 
for  its  roe,  of  wh.ch  the  finest  caviaie  is 
made.  The  government  of  Tver  contains 
13  districts. 

Ti  er,  a  commercial  cit\  of  Russia,  ca- 
pital of  a  government  of  the  same  name, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Tverza 
and  Volga.  It  is  divided  into  the  old  and 
new  town  :  the  former,  situated  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  Volga,  consists  al- 
most entirely  of  wooden  cottages ;  the 
latter,  about  fifteen  years  ago,  was  a  few- 
buildings  excepted,  scarcely  superior ; 
but  being. in  1763,  foramately  destroyed 
by  a  dreadful  conflagration,  it  has  risen 
with  lustre  from  its  ashes.  The  empress 
was  no  sooner  informed  of  this  calamity, 
than  she  ordered  a  regular  and  beautiful 
plan  of  a  new  town  to  be  sketched  by  an 
eminent  architect,  and  enjoined,,  that  all 
the  houses  should  be  re-constructed  in 
conformity  to  this  model.  She  raised  at 
iier  own  expense  the  governor's  house, 
the  bishop's  palace,  the  courts  of  justice, 
the  new-exchange,  the  prison,  and  several 
other  public  edifices.  The  streets  which 
are  broad  and  long,  issue  in  a  straight 
line  from  a  square,  or  rather  an  octagon, 
in  the  centre  :  the  houses  of  this  octagon 
and  of  the  principal  streets  are  of  brick 
stuccoed  white  andform  a  very  magnificent 
appearance.  The  "New  Town  when  com- 
pleted, will  consist  of  two  octagons, with 
several  streets  leading  to  them,  and  in- 
lersecting  each  other  at  right  angles, 
and  would  be  no  inconsiderable  orna- 
ment to  the  most  opulent  and  civilized 
country.  There  is  an  ecclesiastical  se- 
minary at  Tver,  which  is  under  the  in- 
spection of  the  bishop,  and  admits  600 
students.  In  1776  the  empress  instituted 
a  school  for  the  instruction  of  200  burgh- 
ers' children.  In  June,  1779,  an  academy 
was  also  opened  in  this  town,  for  the  edu- 
cation of  the  young  nobility  of  the  prov- 
ince, at  the  charge  of  the  same  imperial 
patroness.  It  admits  120  students,  who 
are  instructed  in  foreign  languages,  &.c. 
It  is  a  place  of  considerable  commerce  ; 
and  both  the  Volga  and  the  Tvertza  are 
covered  with  boats.  It  owes  its  princi- 
pal trade  to  its  advantageous  situation, 
being  near  the  conflux  of  those  two  rivers, 
along  which  are  conveyed  all  the  goods 
and  merchandise  sent  by  water  from  Si- 
beria,and  the  southern  provinces,  toward 
Petersburg.  It  is  said  to  contain  up- 
wards of  10,000  inhabitants.  Tver  is  99 
miles  NNW  of  Moscow.  Lon.  36  5  E,  lal. 
56  7  N. 


T  U  M 


TUN 


Tfygjfurt,  a  country  of  Barbary  in  Africa. 

Tuggurt,  a  town  of  Barbary,  in  Africa, 
capital  of  a  country  of  the  same  name, 
310  miles  SSE  of  Algiers.  Lon.  5  10  E, 
lat.  33  0  N. 

Tula,  a  government  of  Russia,  former- 
ly a  province  of  the  government  of  Mos- 
cow, containing  12  districts.  lis  capital 
Resan,  is  seated  on  the  Tubesh,  118 
miles  SE  of  Moscow.  Lon.  40  45  E,  lat 
55  25  N. 

Tulebras,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Xavarre, 
situated  on  the  river  Qucois,  7  miles  \\ 
of  Tudela. 

Tullamore,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Kind's 
County,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  saint 
name. 

Tulles,  an  episcopal  and  commercial 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Cori  eze  and  late  province  o'f  Guienne. 
The  cathedral  is  famous  for  its  steeple, 
which  is  very  high  and  curious.  Ijt  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Correze 
and  Solane,  partly  on  a  mountain,  and 
partly  below  it,  in  a  country  surrounded 
by  mountains  and  precipices,  37  miles  S 
E  of  Limoyes,  and  (52  SW  of  Clermont. 
Lon.  1  42  W,  lat.  45  23  N. 

Tallow,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  count; 
Of  Car  low,  38  miles  SSW  of  Dublin. 

Tulltj,  a  township  in  Onondago  count}, 
New  York  ;  situated  between  Sempronius 
andFabius.  eqaidistan  from  both,  where 
is  a  post  office,  486  miies  from  Washing- 
ton. 

Tuln,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Austria, 
near  the  Wienarwald,  or  wood  of  Vienna, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  near  the 
riverTuin,  m  a  country  abounding  in  corn 
and  wine,  15  miles  W  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16 
6  E,  lat.  48  14  N. 

Tulpehocken,  a  creek  in  Pennsylvania, 
which  rises  in  Dauphin  county,  and  its 
general  course  is  SE  till  it  fall's  into  the 
Schuylkill  about  half  a  mile  above  the 
borough  of  Reading.  A  company  was 
incorporated  for  cutting  a  canal  between 
this  creek  and  the  Swatara,  in  order  to 
open  a  water  communicati.m  between  the 
rivers  Delaware  and  Susquehannah ;  but 
the  work  has  not.  been  completed. 
"  Tidpehocken,  a  township  of  Berk's  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  lying  on  the  waters  of 
the  above  mentioned  creek,  and  contain- 
ing with  Bern  and  Bethel  townships, 
5800  inhabitants. 

Tumbez,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Peru,  in  the  audience  of  Quito.  It  was 
formerly  a  place  of  some  note,  with  a 
magnificent  temple,  and  an  incas'  palace. 
The  Spaniards  first  landed  here,  on  dis- 
covering the  country.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  270  miles  S  by  W  of  Quito. 
Lon.  79  51  W,  la*.  3  40  S. 


Tumel,  a  rapid  river  in  Perthshire, 
vhich,  after  exhibiting  many  beautiful 
cataracts,  forms  itself  into  a  lake,  called 
Loch  Tumel,  and  then  falls  into  the 

Garry. 

Tnmen,  a  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Tobolsk,  125  miles  W  sf  Tobolsk. 

Twnpach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bava- 
ria, 17  miles  NNW  of  Amberg,  and  32  E 
NE  of  Nuremburg.  Lon.  11  55  E,  lat.  49 
40*N. 

Tunbridge,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Friday*  seated  on  the  Tun,  one 
of  the  five  branches  of  the  Med  way,  over 
each  of  which  is  a  stone  bridge.  It  is  12 
miles  WSW  of  Maidstone,  and  30  SSE  of 
London.  Lon.  0  20  E,  l..t.  51  14  N. 

Tunbridge,  Welh,  a  town  in  Kent,  five 
miles  S  of  Tunbridge.  It  is  much  re- 
sorted to  in  June,  July,  and  August,  on 
account  of  its  chalybeate  waters,  dis- 
covered in  1606,  byDudly  lord  Noyth. 
The  town  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of 
three  hills,  called  Mount  Sinai,  Mount 
Ephraim,  and  Mount  Pleasant,  on  which 
are  scattered  some  good  houses,  orch- 
ards, and  gardens  ;  and  as  the  coiriitta  is 
na.urally  wild,  the  effect  of  the  whole  is 
romantic  and  picturesque.  The  AVells  are 
35  miles  SSE  of  London. 

Tunbridge,  a  township  of  Orange  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  situated  between  SirafFord 
and  Randolph,  and  joining  Windham 
county  in  the  S.  The  population  was 
stated  at  1640  in  the  census  oi  1810. 

Twn.deren.    See  Tonderen. 

Tungimkoi,  a  town  of  Russia,  sjtuated 
on  the  Irkut,  80  miles  SW  of  Irkutsk. 
Lon.  103  15  E,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Tunhamiock,  a  township  of  Luzerne 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing-  884  in- 
habitants in  1810.  Situated  on  the  east 
branch  of  Susquehannah,  and  watered 
by  Tun  ban  neck  creek. 

Timja,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  in  S 
America,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  a  high  mountain, 
in  a  country  where  there  are  gold  and 
emeralds,  30*  miles  SW  of  Truxillo.  Lon. 
73  5  W,  lat.  5  0  N. 

Tunis,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  E 
by  that  sea  and  Tripoli,  on  the  S  and  SW 
by  Biledulg'erid,  and  on  the  W  by  Al- 
giers. It  extends  300  miles  from  E  to  W, 
and  250  from  N  to  S.  This  country  was 
formerly  a  monarchy;  but  a  difference 
arising-  between  the  father  and  soft,  one 
of  whom  was  for  the  protection  of  the 
Christians,  and  the  other  for  that  of  the 
Turks,  in  1574,  the  inhabitants  shook  off 
the  yoke  of  both.  From  this  time  it 
became  a  republic,  under  the  protection 
of  the  Turks,  and  pays  a  certain  tribute 


TUN 


TUR 


to  the  feashaw,  tha:  resides  at  Tunis. 
The  air  in  general  is  healths,  hut  the  soil 
in  the  E  pari  is  but  indifferent,  for  want 
of  water.  Toward  the  middle,  the  moun- 
tains and  valiies  abound  in  fruits  ;  but 
the  W  part  is  the  most  fertile,  being' 
w  atered  by  rivers  The  environs  of  Tunis 
are  very  dry,  upon  which  account  corn  is 
generally  dear.  The  inroads  of  the 
Arabs  oblige  the  inhabitants  to  sow  their 
barley  and  rye  in  the  suburbs,  andto^n- 
close  their  gardens  with  walls.  However, 
there  are  plenty  of  citrons,  lemons,  or- 
anges, dates,  grapes,  and  other  fruits. 
There  are  also  oiive  trees,  roses,  and  odo- 
riferous plants  In  the  woods  and  moun- 
tains are  lions,  wild  beeves,  ostriches, 
monkies,  cameleons,  roebucks,  hares, 
pheasants,  partridges, -and  other  sorts  of 
birds  and  .beasts.  The  most  remarkable 
rivers  are  the  Guadilcarbar,  Magrida, 
Magereda,  and  Caps.  The  form  of  gov- 
ernment  is  aristocratic,  that  is,  by  a  coun- 
cil whose  president  is  the  dey.  The 
members  of  the  divan,  or  council,  are 
chos«.n  by  the  dey,  and  he,  in  his  turn, 
is  elected  by  the  divan,  which  is  com- 
posed of  soldiers,  "who  have  more  than 
once  taken  off  the  dey's  head.  The  in- 
habitants carry  on  a  grat  trade  in  lineR 
and  wo  lhn  cloth.  In  the  city  of  Tunis 
alone,  are  above  3000  clothiers  and  weav- 
ers. They  have  also  a  trade  in  horses, 
olives,  oil.  soap,  and  ostriches  eggs  and 
leathers.  The  established  religion  is 
Ma  horn'  tanism  ;  and  the  inhabitants  con- 
sist of  Moors,  Turks,  Arabs,  Jews,  and 
Christian  slaves. 

Tunis,  a  large  and  celebrated  city  of 
Barbary,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  point  of 
the  guif  of  Goletta,  about  ten  miles  from 
the  si'e  of  the  famous  city  of  Carthage. 
It  is  in  the  form  of  an  oblong  square,  rive 
miles  in  circumference,  whh  a  lofty  wall, 
flanked  with  several  strong  towers,  five 
gates  and  35  mosques.  The  houses  are 
all  built  of  stone,  though  but  one  story 
high  ;  and  it  has  a  good  citadel  on  an 
eminence,  on  the  west  side  of  the  city. 
Without  the  walls  are  two  suburbs,  which 
contain  1000  houses.  Within  the  walls 
are  10;000  families,  and  above  3000 
tradesmen's  shops.  The  divan,  or  coun- 
cil of  state  assemblies  in  an  old  palace, 
and  the  dey  is  the  chief  of  the  republic, 
who  resides  here.  The  city  has  no  water, 
bun  what  is  kept  in  cisterns,  except  or.e 
well,  kept  for  the  bashaw's  use.  The  har 
bour  has  «*  very  n  o  r  av  entrance,  through 
a  small  channel,  which  is  well  fortified. 
Th :  Mahometans  here  have  nine  colleges 
for  sf  .idents,  besides  a  great  number  of 
smulie;.  schools.  Tunis  is  a  place  of  great 


trade,  10  miles  from  the  sea,  275  NW  of 
Tripoli,  and  380  E  of  Algiers.  Lon.  10 
16  E,  lat.36  42  N. 

Tunkerstcnvn.    See  Ephrata. 

Twa,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  county 
of  Tyrol,  24  miles  SW  of  Trent. 

Turbct,  u  township  of  Northumberland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  2917  in- 
habitants in  1810. 

Turchheim,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Rhine,  and  late 
province  of  Alsace,  remarkable  for  a 
vi  torv  gained  hue  by  Turenne,  over 
the  Austrians,  in  1675.  It  is  seated  ne»ar' 
the  river  CoLmar,  one  mi.e  N  W  of 
Colmar. 

Turcommiia,  a  province  of  Turkey  in 
Asia  now  called  Jlrmenia. 

Turcomans,-  Terekemens,  or  Tntkhmeni- 
ans,  a  people  of  Asia,  who  sptak  the 
Turkish  dialect  of  the  Tartar  language, 
and  inhabit  the  Eastern  slope  of  Mount 
Caucasus,  the  coast  of  the  Caspian  about 
Boinak,  Derbent,  and  Utemish,  and  the 
southern  promontory  between  the  sea 
and  the  river  Aiazan.  Some  of  them  are 
subject  to  the  khan  or'  Cuban  ;  others  to  a 
chief  who  resides  at  Nukhu  ;  and  a  third 
to  the  sovereign  of  Georgia.  They  pass 
for  the  richest  shepherds  in  the  Turkish 
empire,  and  dwell  in  fields  under  tents, 
removing  from  one  place  to  another,  for 
the  sake  of  pastures  to  feed  their  flocks, 
which  are  very  numerous,  consisting  of 
camels,  sheep,  and  goats.  » 

Turenne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Correzc,  and  late  province  of 
Cuienne,  with  a  castle,  42  mdes  S  of  Li- 
uioqes     Lon.  1  30  E,  lat.  45  9  N. 

Tar  goto.    See  fcouda. 

Turin,  a  flourishing  city  of  Italy,  the 
capita)  of  Piedmont,  and  residence  of 
its  sovereign  the  king  of  Sardinia,  with 
an  archbishop's  see,  and  an  university. 
It  hi  seated  on  a  vast  plain,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Alps,  and  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Doria  and  Po.  Here  arc  many  large 
squares,  among  w  inch  that  of  St.  Charles 
is  the  most  spacious  and  be.-.utiful  :  the 
buildings  are  handsome,  and  it  has  ex- 
,  tens  he  arcades  on  each  side.  Most  of 
the  streets  are  well  built,  uniform, 
straight*  and  terminate  on  some  agreea- 
ble object:  the  Strada  di  Po,  the  finest 
and  largest,  leads  to  the  royal  palace, 
and  is  adorned  widi  piazzas,  filled  u  ith 
shop&i  as  are  various  others  of  the 
best  streets  ;  aU  of  which  are  kept  cleiai 
by  means  >  f  a  canal  from  the  Doria, 
with  sluices  that  flow  through  them  into 
the  Po.  The  inhabitan's  are  computed  to 
be  1,106,000.  The  houses  are  handsome, 
and  all  built  of  die  same  height.  The 
royal  palace  consists  of  two  magnificent 


TUR 


TUR 


structures,  joined  together  by  a  gallery, 
in  which  arc  several  s.atues,  all  sorts  of 
anus,  tiie  genealogy  of  the  dukes  of  Sa- 
voy, a  representation  of  the  celestial 
signs,  a  royal  library,  and  many  other 
curiosities.  Besides  these  two  struc- 
tures, there  is  the  palace  of  the  prince 
of  Carignan,  the  hospital  of  St.  John, 
the  seminary  of  the  Jesuits,  the  royal 
hospital,  and  the  metropolitan  church  of 
St.  John*  Wherein  they  pretend  to  keep 
the  cloth  in  which  is  the  print  of  thefUce 
of  Jesus  Christ.  These  are  all  superb 
structures.  When  the  plague  reigned  a 
MaiseilKs  in  1720,  a  threat  number  of 
artificers  withdrew  to  Turin.  Turin  is 
well  fortified  and  extremely  strong. 
There  are  very  fine  walks  on  the  ram- 
parts-, which  require  two  hours  to  p..ss 
round  them.  Tnere  arc  also  very  fine 
gardens  on  the  side  of  the  river  Po.  The 
arsenal  is  a  fine  and  capacious  building, 
including  five  courts;  it  contains  arms 
for  120,000  men,  and  there  is  a  cannon 
foundtry  and  a  chymical  laboratory  an- 
nexed to  it,  and  a  charming  public  place- 
called  the  Corfo,  where  the  nobility  as- 
semble, from  five  to  six  in  an  evening  to 
exhibit  themselves  and  their  equipage. 
Near  the  city,  on  die  banks  of  the  Po,  is 
the  beautiful  royal  c  istle  of  Valentin, 
the  garden  of  which  is  applied  to  bota- 
nical studies,  and  the  house  commonly 
called  LaCharite,  is  remarkable,  as  there 
is  room  for  3000  poor  people.  The  col- 
lege of  the  academy  is  very  large  and 
wellbuih,  and  has  a  great  number  o 
ancie  t  inscriptions.  In  the  royal  library 
are  19,000  manuscripts,  besides  30,000 
printed  books.  The  Fr.  nch  besieged 
this  city  in  1706  ;  but  prince  Eugene  at- 
tacked them  before  the  walls,  totally  de- 
feated their  army,  and  compelled  them 
to  raise  the  siege.  In  December  1798, 
the  French  army  took  Turin,  obliging  the 
king  and  his  family  to  remove  to  the  is- 
land of  Sardinia,  but  in  June  following, 
the  French  were  driven  out  by  the  Aus- 
trians,  but  the  king  has  not  yet  returned. 
Turin  is  GO  miles  NE  of  Genoa,  65  S\V  of 
Milan,  and  2S0  N  W  of  Home.  Lon.  7  45 
E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Twing-e,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  th< 
province  of  Sudermanland,  24  miles  W 
SW  of  Stockholm,.  Lon.  17  54  E,  lat.  59 
10  -N. 

'Fiimiskt  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tobolsk,  144  miles  W  of  To- 
bolsk.   Eon.  63  44  E,  lat.  58  5N. 

Turkey,  a  large  empire,  extended  over 
pavt  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  Tur- 
key in  Europe  is  bounded  on  the  N  b- 
Russia,  Poland,  and  Scalvonia;  on  the  E 
by  the  Black  Sea,  the  sea  of  Marjmora, 


and  the  archipelago;  on  the  S  by  the 
Mediterranean  ;  and  on  the  W  by  that 
sea,  and  the  Venetian  and  Austrian  ter- 
ritories. It  contains  Bessarabia,  Molda- 
via, Walachia,  Bulgaria,  Servia,  Bosnia, 
Romania,  Macedonia,  Janna,  Eivadia,  Al- 
bania, part  of  Croatia,  and  Dalmatia,  and 
the  Morea.  These  countries  lie  between. 
17  and  40  E  lon.  and  36  and  49  N  lat.  ex- 
tending 1000  miles  in  length  and  900  in 
breadth.  Turkey  in  Asia  is  bounded  on 
die  N  by  the  Black  Sea  and  Circassia ; 
on  the  E  by  Persia ;  on  the  S  by  Arabia 
and  the  Mediterranean  ;  and  on  the  \V  by 
the  Archipelago,  the  sea  of  Marmora, 
and  the  straits  of  Constantinople.  It  lies 
between  27  :  nd  46  E  lon.  and  28  and  45 
N  lat.  extending  1U00  miles  in  length, 
and  800  in  breadth  ;  and  contains  the 
countries  of  Irac-Arabia,  Diarbeck,  Cur- 
distan,  Armenia,  part  of  Circassia,  Nato- 
lia,  and  Syria,  with  Palestine,  or  the 
Holy  Land.  In  Africa,  the  Turks  have 
still  a  precarious  sovereignty  over  Egvpt. 
Of  these  countries  (which  see  respective- 
ly) the  climate,  productions,  manners, 
Sec.  must  be  various.  The  Turks  are 
generally  robust  and  well  shaped,  of  a 
good  mien,  and  patient  of  hardships, 
which  render  them  fit  for  war.  They 
shave  their  heads  ;  but  wear  their  beards 
long,  except  the  military  and  those  in 
t'le  seraglio,  who  wear  only  whiskers. 
They  cover  their  heads  with  a  white 
linen  turban  of  an  enormous  size,  and 
never  pull  ft  off  but  when  they  sleep. 
.None  but  Turks  must  presume  to  wear 
;i  white  turban.  Their  breeches  or  draw- 
ers are  of  a  piece  with  their  stockings  ; 
and  thev  have  slippers  instead  of  shoes, 
which  they  pull  off  when  they  enter  a 
temple  or  house.  They  wear  shirts,  with 
wide  sleeves  not  gathered  at  the  wrists, 
and  over  them  a  vest  tied  with  a  sash  ; 
their  upper  garment  being  a  loose  gown, 
something  shorter  than  the  vest'.  The 
women's  dress  pretty  much  resemble 
•hat  of  the  men  ;  only  they  have  a  stiff- 
ened cap  with  horns,  something  like  a 
mitre,  on  their  heads,  instead  of  a  tur- 
ban, and  wear  their  hair  flowing  down. 
When  they  go  abroad,  they  are  so  wrapped 
up,  that  their  faces  cannot  be  seen.  The 
Turks  sit,  eat,  and  sleep,  according  to 
die  custom  of  the  east,  on  sophas,  or 
cushions,  matresses,  and  carpets.  Rice 
is  their  most  general  food,  and  coffee 
their  common  drink.  Their  most  usual 
salutation  is  to  bow  the  head  a  little, 
aying  the  right  hand  on  their  breasts  \ 
■tit  to  persons  of  rank  they  stoop  so  low 
as  to  touch  the  border  of  their  veil .  T£e 
womeh  are  kept  under  a  rigorous  con- 
finement.. They  have  generally  delicate 


TUR 


TUR 


skins,  regular  features,  black  hair  and 
eyes,  with  an  admirable  chest.  Many  of 
them  are  complete  beauties.  Tlteir  clean- 
liness is  extraordinary  ;  for  they  bathe 
twice  a-wfeek,  and  suffer  not  the  smal  est 
hair  or  the  least  soil  to  be  upon  their 
bodies.  As  to  the  qualities  of  their 
minds,  they  are  said  to  want  neither  wit* 
vivac  ty,  or  tenderness;  and  to  be  ex- 
ceedingly amorous.  It  is  no  doubt  for 
this  reason  that  the  men  never  suffer 
their  wives  faces  to  be  seen,  not  even  by 
the  dearest  f  iend  they  have  in  the  world. 
There  is  no  need  of  much  wit  to  behave 
one's  self  well  here  ;  for  a  good  mien 
and  gravity  supply  the  place  of  merit  in 
the  east,  and  much  gaiety  would  spo'l 
all.  Not  that  the  Turks  want  wit  ;  but 
they  speak  little,  and  pride  themselves 
in  sincerity  and  modesty  more  than  elo- 
quence. The  Turks  use  no  unnecessary 
,words,  whereas  the  Greeks  talk  inces- 
santly. Though  these  two  nations  are 
born  under  one  climate,  their  tempers 
are  more  different  than  if  they  lived  in 
the  most  distant  countries  The  Turks 
make  profession  of  candour  and  faithful- 
ness, and  are  a  charitable  good-natured 
people,  jealousy  excepted,  and  very 
sober.  On  the  other  hand,  they  are  ex- 
tremely proud,  insolent,  superstitious 
and  covetous.  They  are  also  much  ad- 
dicted to  unnatural  lusts  ;  and  despise 
all  other  nations  in  general,  especially 
those  which  are  not  of  their  religion. 
The  common  appellation,  that  they  give 
tile  Christians  is  that  of  dogs.  An  uni- 
formity runs  through  all  the  actions  of 
the  Turks,  and  they  never  change  then- 
manner  of  living.  They  seem  to  have 
no  kind  of  genius  for  the  improvement 
of  the  arts  and  sciences,  though  they 
live  under  the  influence  of  the  same 
heaven,  and  possess  the  same  country  as 
the  ancient  Grecians  did.  They  generally 
loiter  away  their  time,  either  among  the 
women  ra  the  haram,  or  in  smoking  or 
taking  opium ;  and  though  they  herd 
together,  you  will  observe  as  little  con- 
versa  ion  among  them  as  among  so 
many  horses  in  a  stable.  They  seldom 
travel,  or  use  any  exercise  or  rural 
sports  ;  and  discover  little  or  no  curi- 
osity to  discover  the  state  of  their  own, 
or  any  other  country  ;  but  Turkey,  afcer 
all,  is  not  without  men  of  parts,  probity, 
and  honour;  nor  without  benevolent,  li- 
beral, conversible,  and  ingenious  people. 
They  behave  very  cominendably  to  their 
slaves  and  servants,  and  frequently  better 
than  the  Christians  do  to  theirs.  There 
are  no  hereditary  governments  or  titles 
of  nobility  in  Turkey  ;  and,  indeed  the 


commonalty  there  enjoys  the  greatest 
liberty.  Learning  is  at  a  very  low  ebb 
among  the  Turks  •  however,  they  have 
some  schools,  colleges,  and  academies  ; 
but  they  are  on  a  Very  different  Footing' 
from  those  among  us.  Not  many  years 
since  a  printin  -house  was  set  up  at 
Constantinople,  where  hooks  of  all  kinds 
were  allowed  to  be  printed,  except  on 
matters  of  religion.  The  most  ingeni- 
ous Musselmen  employ  themselves  in 
reading  the  Alcoran  and  the  commenta- 
tors upon  it,  to  which  almost  all  heir 
learning  is  confined.  Some  of  them 
amuse  themselves  with  poeiry,  in  which 
they  are  said  to  succeed  very  well,  and 
other  Turks  delight  in  Music.  The 
whole  Turkish  army,  regulars  and  irre- 
gulars, amounts  to  above  300,000  men. 
Besides  the  true' janizaries,  or  janisaries 
of  the  porte,  ar.d  in  actual  pay,  there 
are  great  numbers  all  over  the  empire, 
who  procure  themselves  to  be  regis- 
tered in  this  body,  in  order  to  be  en- 
titled to  their  privileges.  The  Turkish 
navy  is  not  so  considerable  as  nvght  he 
expected  in  sueh  extensive  dominions, 
situated  on  several  seas,  and  abounding 
in  commodious  harbours.  By  their  neg- 
lecting navigation  and  foreign'  commerce, 
they  can  never  find  sailors  to  man  a  great 
fleet ;  and  those  they  have  are  unskilful, 
as  well  as  their  pilots  and  officers.  If 
hey  would  apply  themselves  to  naviga- 
tion, and  make  the  most  of  their  situation 
and  advanta  es,  they  could  not  fail  to 
hecome  a  very  formidable  maritime 
power.  Their  navy  generally  consists 
>f  about  forty  large  ships,  exclusive  of 
galleys.  In  time  of  war  they  hire  or 
buy  merchant  ships,  and  others  are  sent 
them  from  Algiers,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli. 
The  manufactures  and  commodities  of 
Turkey  are  silks,  carpets,  goat's  hair, 
wool,, camel's  hair,  cotton-yarn,  dimity, 
burdets,  waxed  linen,  shagreen  skins, 
blue,  red,  and  yellow  Morocco  leather  ; 
coffee,  rhubarb,  turpentine,  stos-ax,  gums, 
opium,  galls,  mastic,  emery,  lemnian 
hole,  pomegranate  shells,  sponges,  dates, 
almonds,  wine,  oil,  figs,  raisins,  mother 
of  pearl,  boxwood,  saffron,  8cc.  These 
are  exported  in  large  quantities  by  the 
several  European  trading  nations,  who 
import  their  own  goods  and  purchase 
those  of  the  country.  The  inland  trade- 
is  carried  on  chiefly  by  the  Jews  and 
Amenians;  and  even  the  Turks  send 
merchandize,  both  by  land  and  wa>er, 
from  one  part  of  the  empire  to  another, 
but  not  to  foreign  Christian  countries. 
Xo  nation  is  more  advantageously  situa- 
ted, for  traffic  than  the  Turkish  ;  having 
4U 


T  U  S 


T  U  Z 


the  navigation  of  the  Black  Sea,  the  Le-| 
vant,  and  the  Kcd  Sea  ;  and  consequently 
greater  opportunities  of  importing  the 
rich  merchandises  of  the  East,  and  dis- 
tributing them  all  over  Europe,  than  any 
maritime  power  ;  bu1  they  ne\er  attempt 
distant  voyages  and  lia^v'e  but  few  mer- 
chant-ships, both  their  impors  and  ex- 
ports being  chiefly  made  in  foreign  bot- 
toms. Tyre,  Si  don,  and  Alexandria, 
which  once  commanded  the  navigation 
and  trade  of  the  world,  are  in  their  pos- 
session, but  make  no  figure  in  commerce 
at  this  day:  and  Weil  it  is  for  the  Chris- 
tians that  the  Turks  are  such  an  indo 
lent  generation  ;  for  their  situation  and 
vast  extent  of  empire  would  enable  them 
to  monopolize  the  trade  of  the  world,  if 
they  attended  to  it.  In  this  empire  there 
is  a  great  traffic  in  the  human  species  i 
not  only  male  slaves,  but  beautiful  young 
girls,  being  publicly  bought  and  sold 
The  Turks  believe  in  one  God,  and  that' 
his  great  prophet  is  Mahomet.  Constan- 
tinople is  the  capital  of  all  Turkey. 

Turkin,  a  town  of  Russia,  situated  on 
the Cspian.    Lou,  47  15  E  lat.  44  15  N. 

Titrnagain,  Cape,  a  cape  of  the  island 
of  New  Zealand,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lon.  176' 56  E,  lat.  40  23  S. 

Tumdorf,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  21  miles  NNW  of  Am* 
burg*  and  32  NE  of  Nurembupg.  Lon.  11 
55  E   lat.  49  42, N. 

Turner,  a  post  town  in  Cumberland 
coun.y,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  Vv  side 
of  Androscoggin  river,  10  miles  SE  of 
Euckfield,  14  NE  of  Poland,  and  54  N  of 
Portlmd,  tin  capital  of  the  district. 

Tiirnhout,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant. 
Prince  Maurice  of  Nassau,  at  the  head 
of  800  cavalry,  routed  a  Spanish  army 
consisting  of  60.00  horse.  It  is  24  miles 
NE  of  Antwerp.  Lon.  5  0  E,  iat.  51 
22  N. 

Tursi,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Smo,  50  miles  SW  of  Bari. 
Lon.  16  50  E,  lat.  40  36  N. 

Turtle  Island,  an  Island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.    Lon  177  5  >V*  iat.  19  48  $ 

Tuscany,  a  sovereign  state  of  Italy, 
with  the  title  of  a  grand  duchy;  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  lloinagna,  the  Bologin-e, 
the  Modencs-e,  and  the  Parmesan  ;  on  the 
S  by  the  Mediterranean  ;  on  the  E  by  the 
duchy  of  Urbino,  the  Perugino,  the  Or 
vietano,  the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  and 
the  duchy  of  Castro  j  and  on  the  W  by 
the  Mediterranean,  the  territory  of  Luc- 
ca, and  that  of  Genoa.  It  is  150  mil  s 
long  and  100  bioad,  and  watered  by  se- 
ver, d  rk"crs,  of  which  the  Arn.o  is  the 
chief.   There  are  several  mountains,  in 


which  are  mines  of  iron,  alum,  and  vi- 
triol ;  also  quarries  Of  marble,  alalv.sU  r, 
and  porphyry,  besides  hot  b;  tiis  and  mi- 
neral waters.  Many  parts  of  it  are'fruLt- 
frtl  in  corn  and  wine,  and  produce  plenty 
of.  citrons,  oranges,  pomegranates,--  and 
other  fruits..  The  inhabitants  are  distin- 
guished by  their  attachment  to  com- 
merce, ami  have  established  various  ma- 
nufactures, particularly  of  silks,  stuffs, 
earthen  ware,  and  gilt  leather.  They 
are  much  visited  by  foreigners,  on  ac- 
count of  their  pol.tenes-t,  -and  because 
the  Italian  language  is  here  spoken  in 
its  greatest  purity.  This  duchy  is  divi- 
ded into  three  parts  ;  namely,  the  Vlo- 
rentino,  the  Pisano,  and  the  Sienese.  John 
Gaston,  the  last  duke  of  Tuscany,  of  the 
house  of  MediCis,  died  in 4737,"  without 
leaving  any  heirs  male.  By  '.he  treaty  of 
London,  1718,  the  emperor  of  Germany, 
Charles  Vf.  had  promised  Tuscany,  as  a 
fief  of  the  empire,  to  don  Carlos,  infant 
of  Spain,  as  being  the  nearest  male  heir  : 
but,  in  1735,  when  the  sovereignty  of 
Naples  and  Sicily  was  confirmed  to  that 
prince,  he  was  obliged  to  renounce  his 
right  to  Tuscany,  in  favour  of  Francis  I. 
emperor  of  Germany,  then  duke  of  Lor- 
rain,  toAvhom  it  was  ceded  as  an  equiva- 
lent for  that  duchy,  which  he  had  given 
up  to  France.    Florence  is  the  capital. 

Tvscaivras.    See  Oneidas. 

Tmi9%  a  town  of  the  country  of  the 
Grisons,  18  miles  S  by  W  of  Coire. 

Tittlmrt;,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  with 
a  mark*  t  on  Tuesday.  It  had  a»  large 
castle,  Which  stood  on  an  alabaster  hill ; 
several  of  the  towers  and  a  small  part  of 
the  wall  still  remain.  It  is  15  miles  E  of 
Stafford,  and  134  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1 
40  W,  lat.  53  0  N. 

-  Tutacorin,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  Avith 
a  Dutch  factory.  It  is  60  miles  NE  of  Cape 
Comorin.  Lon.  76  40  E.  lat.  8  15  N. 

Tvtura,  a  toAvn  of  Bussia,  situated  on 
the  Lena.  Lon.  105  40  E,  lat.  54  40  N. 

Tuxford,  a  toAvn  in  Nottinghamshire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday  ;  seated  in  a 
clayey  soil,  13  miles  NNW  of  Newark, 
and  137  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  50 
W,  lat.  53  16  N. 

Tin/,  a  town  of  Spain,  inGalicia,  Avitii 
a  bishop's  see.  It  is  surrounded  by  strong 
walls  and  ramparts,  and  well  furnished 
with  artillery,  because  1  it  is  a  fron  ie  • 
towh  toward"  Portugal.  It  is  seated  on 
the  top  of  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
Minho,  in  a  fertile  and  Avell  cultivated 
country,  62  miles  S  of  Cornpostel'.a.  fnd 
254  W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  8  12  W,  lat.  42 
4  N. 

Tuzla,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Asia, 


TYR 


T  Z  I 


Situated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  nnmc,  23 
mors  X  of  Cogni.  Lon.  35  55  E,  lat.  38 
'2o  X.  ;  , 

^smsedt  aasiver  of  Scotland,  which  vises 
from  innumerable  springs  in  the  moon- 
■n:ious    tj -act   of   Peeblesshire,  culled 
"  a\  eds.nuir.    It  divides  England  from 
Scotland,  and  fall*  into  die  German  Ocean 
at  Bqrtp icjc^:   •.*> W $  %v        ,  '  l\     '  , 

Twdeddule.    See  Peeblesshire. 

'Jhi-eedsmuii^  rugged  and  heathy  moun- 
tains, m  the  S  part  of  Peeblesshire. 

Tu-ic!;ei-ham,  a  village  in  Middlesex, 
.-..ted  uii  tile  Thtomes,  three  miles  SSW 
pf  Brentford;  adorned  with- man y  hand- 
'.o:ne  villas,  of  which  the  only  two  that 
are  worth)'  of  notice  are  that  which  was 
once  the  favourite  residence  of  Pope, 
which  is  still  regarded:  with  great  vene- 
ration ;  and  Strawborrv  Hill,  the  elegant 
t'ioihic  retreat  of  the  late  Horace  Wal 
pole,  earl  ot  Orford.  A  brunch  of  the 
(Join  here  falls  into  the  Thames  on  which 
are  erected  some  powder  and  oil  mills. 

Ti  oo/na,  a  township  of  Cumberland 
oi,;,  Pennsylvania,  situated  in  the 
westernmost  corner  of  the  county,  and 
joining  die  sou  h  easi  side  of  the  Tus- 
coron  mountain.  In  1810  the  inhabitants 
were  stated  at  1799. 

T.jc'A  zin,  a  town  of  Pol  nd,  in  Pola- 
ehia,  with  a  castle  and  am  nt.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Narew,  22  miles  NW  of  Bieisk. 
Lon.  23  40  B,  lat.  53  ON. 

Tydorc,  one  of  the  Molucca  Islands,  3 
leagues  S  of  Ternate. 

rJ'i/ue,  a  river  in  Northumberland, 
formed  of  a  brunch  from  the  coun  y  of 
)iirhum,  and  another  from  the  hills  on 
the  borders  of  S  otland.  These  uniting 
a  little  above  Hexlium,  fV.rm  a  large  river, 
which  flows  by  Newcastle,  and  enters  the 
Cerman  Ocean,  at-Tmmouth. 

Tune,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises 
in  the  mountains  in  the  S  of  Iladdiiw- 
tonsliire,  waters  Haddington,  and  enters 
the  German  Ocean  to  the  W  of  Dunbar. 

Tunemoutli.  See  TinmrjVth. 
\  Tyre,  ai  seaport  of  Syria,  <in  that  part 
formerly  culled  Phoenicia,  once  a  place 
of  exceeding  .reat  trade.  It  is  also  fa- 
mous for  a  shell,  fish,  which  dies  a  line 
purple,  thence  called  the  Tyrian  (tie  Ac- 
cording to  die  pro  ihecies  in  the  Old 
Testament,  Tyre  is  hot  nulling  but  a 
heap  of  venerable  veins.  L  h:  s  two  har- 
bours,  '.hat  on  the  N  side  exceedingly 
good  ;  theothe"  •  •  ilte^l  up  by  the  ruins 
-of  Jte*i|yMt  is  60  nrdes  SW  of  Damas- 
cus, ami  now  called  So  ror  Sur.  Lon.  35 
5o      hit.  33  IS  X. 

Trrri,  a  luk.  of  X'  i  way,  near  the  co- 
balt mines  of  Possum.    This  beautiful 


piece  of  Water  is  about  twenty-fire 
.  miUs  in  circumference,  including  its 
bays  and  creeks  ;  its  shores  are  gentle 
eminences*  richly  variolated  with  the 
most  fer.de  jneadoWs,  corn  fields  and 
hanging  forest: s,  and  backed  by  lofty 
mountains  towering  above  each  other. 
The  country  around  it  is  delightful,  espe- 
cially to  be  in  so  high  a  degree  of  north- 
ern latitude. 

Tynpgfu  -V,  a  township  of  Berkshire, 
Massachusetts,  containing1  1689  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  Situated  100  miles  W  of 
Host  on. 

'Ti/n::re.\  a  large  fortified  town  of  Tap- 
per Hungary,  in  the  palatinate  of  Trents- 
eh;.n,30  miles  NE  of  Presburg.  Lon.  17 
3  1  R,  lat.  -1-8  23  X. 

■(  Ttirr.ve,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Ulster,  46  miles  long  and 
37  hrrttul  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Lon- 
donderry, on  the  E  by  Armagh  and  Lough 
Neagh,  on  the  SW  by  Permanagh,  and 
on  the  W  b\  O •..•negal.  It  is  a  rough 
country,  but  tolerably  fruitful  ;  contains 
30  parishes,  and  sends  lu  members  to 
parli.  ment.    The  capital  is.iDungannon. 

Ti/rone,  a  township  of  Cumberland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  between 
Big  lUiifaloe  and  Sherman's  creek,  with 
live  township  in  the  P.,  and  Tyboine  in 
the  W.  According  to  the  census  of  1810 
it  contained  2604  inhabitants. 

TyifreH,  a  fcfcupty  of  North  Carolina, 
containing  3364  inhabitants  in  1810.  It 
is  situated  in  Edemen  district,  between 
Hyde  coumy  and  Albemarle  sound.  The 
chief  town  is  Elizabeth  town. 

Tosud,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
province  of  North  Jutland,  with  a  cita- 
del, seated  on  the  gulf  of  Limford,  44 
miles  NW  of  Wiburg,  and  46  \\  of  Al- 
burg.    Lon.  8  25  E.  "lat.  56  54  N. 

Ti/vij,  or  Tetvif,  a  river  in  Wales,  which 
issuing  from  a  iake  on  the  E  side  of  the 
country,  enters  the  bay  of  Cardigan,  be- 
low the  town  of  Cardigan. 

Tzadnrilla,  a  town  of  Natolia  Proper, 
nteaf  the  river,  Sangar,  or  Aclu,  63 
ndes  SE  of  Ismc.  Lon.  31  8  E,  lat. 
39  0  N. 

Tzoritzyn,  a  .  town  and.  fortress  of 
Russia,  in  'the  government  of  Saratof. 
It  is  seated,  "on  the  Volga,  122  miles  N 
W  pf  Astracan.    Lon.  45  25  E,  lat.  48 

0.  N. 

.  TiernitZy-z.  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  lionu.ria,  near,  m  vi\er  of  the  same 
name,  32  miles  NNE  of  Adrianople. 
Loo.  >6  40  E,  lat.  42  5  N. 

Tzivilsh,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kasa 56  miles  W  of  Kasan. 
Lon.  47  25  E',  lat,  55  40  N. 


V  A  I  * 


V  A  L 


V,  u. 


VJ.iSTi  Xt.  a  town  of  Trance,  in  the 
di  panme:tt  of  the  Channel  and  late  proT- 
inee  oi  Xormandy,  five  miles  from  Har- 
fletir,  and  eight  from  Yalogne. 

Vubres,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment ot  Aveirou,  ahd  late  prqvince 
of  Itoergue.  Tlvough  an  episcopal  see 
before  he  revolution,  it  is  little  belter 
than  a  village  ;  bnt  has  some  manufac 
tin  t  s  of  series,  dimities,  and  cottons.  It 
is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  tw  o  small 
rivers  thai  fall  Into  the  Tarn,  30  miles  S 
E  of  liodez,  and'32  E  of  Aiby.  Lon.  2  55 
E,  lat.  43  57  N. 

J'ac/ui,  a  town  of  Gei -many,  in  the  land- 
gravale  of  Iicsse-C;sscl,  4t)  miles  SE  of 
Ca»sel.    Lon.  10  12  E,  lat.  50  55  X. 

Vaq/ie,  one  of  the  West  India  ndrntU 
1\ \v.tr  to  S,  of  Si.  D.wntingo,  opposite  St. 
Louis.  The  buccaneers  began  a  settle- 
ment here  in  .1673,  and  they  made  it  one 
of  their"  rendezvous. 

Vuc/u-lnse,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands, 
in  the  Mediterranean,  near  the  coast  of 
Xaples. 

I'iuL:,  a  tpwn  of  Italy,  in  'Tuscany,  stji  t- 
ed  on  the  Tuscan  Sea,  2Q  miles  S  qf  Lt  g- 
hotn    Loo.  10  20  E,  lat.  43  15  N. 

J'drfagury,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostuii,  in  the  province  of  Madura, 
64  miles  SSW  of  M.duiv.. 

Vtulin  a  town  of  Turkey" in  tlie  Euro- 
pean province  of  Bessarabia,  srti^lt^l  on 
ihe  Dmube,  32,  miles  W  of  Niconoli. 
Lon.  25  0  E,  lat.  44  25  % 

VaJu,  a  seaport  of  ittdy,  in  fhe  terriT 
tory  of  Gem  a,  with  a  fori;  taken  by  the 
French  in  i79p.  It  is  three  miles  W  of 
Savo&a,  and  24  SW  of  Genua.  Lon.  8  8 
S,  lat.  444-5  N. 

]'udmein,  a  town  of  Sweden'  in  East 
Gothland,  -  where  there  is  .\n  ancieivl  p 
h.ce  belonging  to  the  kings  of  Sweden 
now  in  ruins.  It  is  seated  on  the  K>-sid 
of  the  lake  Wetter,  near  the  river  Mo- 
tala.  32  miles  \Y  of  Xorukiopmg. '  Lon. 
15  55  E,  lat.  58  12  X.  '. 

Vaihdz;  a  town  iunfd  costle  of  Germany 
in  Ihe  circle  of  Suabia,  25  mrleaS  of  Lin- 
dau,  and '34  S8E  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  22 
E,  ha.  47  7  X. 

,  Vacua,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
seated  at  tire  source  of  the  Castro,'j23 
miles  SE  of  Cordova.  Lon.  3  50  W,  lat. 
37  40  X.  > 

Vaihingen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Suabia, 
in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  scaled  on 


the  Xc  clear,  24  miles  SW  of  Habliron. 
£c.m  9  8  E,  lat;  48  58  X. 

Vuiseuvx,  a  small  island  of  X  America 
on  ti.e  N  coast  of  Louisiana,  between  the 
mouths'of  the  Mississippi  and  the  Mo- 
rule,  with  a  small  harbour.^  s 

V(iiso?i,\ii  <lecayed  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Vaucluse,  aad  la:e 
prov  nee  of  Provence  with  a  bishop's 
see,  lately  subject  to  the  pope.  It  is 
seated  on  a  mountain,  on  which  there 
is  a  castle,  near  the  river  Oreze,  and 
the  ruins  of  .ancient  Y.uson,  which  was 
one  of  the  largest  ch«rtss  of  the  Gauls. 
It  is  15  miles  EN E  of  Orange,  and  22 
X  E  of  Avignon.  Lorn  5  6  E,  lat.  44  15  X. 
,  Vnl»  %  vi^ge  of  the  Netherlands,  'hree 
miles  \V  of  Maestricht,  where*  in  1744, 
marshal  Saxe  obtained  a  victory  over  ihe 
duke  of  Cumberland. 

Vul  di  Dcmona,  a  province  of  Sicily. 
It  means  the  valley  of  demons,  and  is 
so  called,  b  cause  Mount  JE'na  is  situ- 
ated in  this  province,  which  occasioned 
ignorant  and  supei  stitious  people,  at 
Che  time  of  its  fi'v  eruptions,  to  be- 
lieve, it  was  a  chimney  of  hell.  This 
province  is  said  to  contain  upwards  of 
300,000  inhabitants.  The  capital  is  Mes- 
sina. ..»„  '■  '■. ..■V^  V*  t*.. 

Veil  di  iWazcra,  a  province  in  the  W 
angle  of  Sicilj,  so  called  from  the  town 
ot  Mazara.  It  contains  Palermo,  the  ca- 
pital of  the  whole  island. 

Vul  di  J\'uto,  a  province  of  Sicily;  so 
ailed  from  the  Xoto,  which. is  its  capi- 
tal town. 

Val  Gvibrosa,  a  celebrated  monastery 
of  Tuscany,  in  the  Appennines,  15  miles 

E  of  Florence.  . 

Vulckorjar,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  sea'ed 
,on  the  Walpo,  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Danube,  between  Esseck  and  Peter- 
waradfpj  70  miles  XW  ot  Belgrade.  Lon. 
19  51  E,  lat.  45  55  X. 

Viddai,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Xovogorod,  on  the  siele  of  a 
hike  of  t!ie  same  name.  Its  environs 
abound  with  beautiful  lakes,  sprinkled 
with  woody  islands-,  and  skirted  by  for- 
ests, cprnfieJels,  and  pastures.  \ 

%dlduit  Lahs  ojj  in  the  government  of 
Xovogorod,  in  Uussia.  It  is  about  .20 
miles  in  circumference.  In  the  middle 
of  if.  is  an  island  on  which  there  ,is  a 
convent.  \  '     v  •. 

f did  at  Hdls,  hills  of  Uussia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Xovogorod.  i   •,  m-.  : 

Viddusues,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Tra  los  Montes,  9  miles  ESE 
of  Mirandoia. 

VahUburon,  a  town  of  Spain.  Lon.  4  55 
W,  lat.  4i5  N 


V  A  L 


r  a  £ 


Vuhlecona,  a  town  of  Spain,  15  miles  S 
ef  Torto&o,    Lon.  0  35  E,  lat.  11  15  X. 
Vahligem,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Be- 

Y'ddivm.     See  Balilviu. 

Valence,  an  episcopal  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Drome,  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Puuphiuy,  with  a  Bishop's  see* a 
citadel,  and  a  school  .of  artillery.  Ii  us 
surrounded  by  gpod  walls,  and  the 
g^test  part  of  the  public  places,  and 
many  pr.vate  houses,  are  adorned  with 
fountains.  Besides  the  handsome  cathe- 
dral, there  are  many  other  churches,  as 
well  as  late  convems  .hat  are  worthy  ot 
notice.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhone,  30 
miles  X  b\  E  ot  Yiviers,  and  335  S  bv  r. 
of  Paris.    Lon.  4  52  E,  lat.  44  56  N.  " 

Valence,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot  and  Garonne,  and  late 
province  of  Guienne,  situated  on  the  Ga- 
ronne,     js-jy-,  v 

Valenca  d' 'Jllcantara,  a  considerable 
town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  w  'nh  an 
old  castie.  It  is  surrounded  with  wain, 
after  the  antique  manner,  flunked  w  it-it 
four  or  five  small  bastions,  alid  a  few  tpw  - 
ers  ;  is  vci  \  strong-  by  situ iMt ion,  bej*ig 
built  upon  a  rock,  near  the  nver  S:-\  ar . 
15  mdesSW  of  Alcantara,  and  37  N  ot 
Badajoz     Lon.  6  30  W,  lat.  39  20  X 

I'tdtnceif,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre,  and  late  province  ot 
Berry. 

i'cdeticia,  a  province  of  Spain,  formerh 
a  kingdom  :  bounded  on  the  E  and  S  b* 
the  Mediterranean,  on  the  NE  by  Catalo- 
nia, on  the  NW  by  Arragon,  and  on  h 
W  by  Xew  Castile  and  Murcia.  It  is  162 
miles  Long  and  62  bi-Ocd,  and  is  the  mos: 
pleasant  and  populous  country  n  Spain;  f  r- 
here  they  enjoy  a  perpetua;  spring",  h  >s 
watered  by  a  great  number  of  streams, 
which  render  it  fertile  in  all  the  necessa 
ries  of  life,  especially  fruits  and  wine  ; 
and  in  the  mountains  are  mines  of  gold, 
jdlver,  and  alum.  The  inhabitants  are 
much  more  lively  than  in  other  parts  of 
Spain  ;  and  the  women  are  handsomer. 

Walemia,  a  c  ty  of  Spain,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  n  .me,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's see,  and  an  university.  Tin. 
Moors  were  expelled  from  it,  in  ike,  13th 
century,  it  was  takjeri  by^e  ebrl^f  Pe- 
terborough in  1705,  and  lost  again  two 
years  after.  It  com.;. ins  12,00u  house.- 
within  the  walls  besides  those  in  the  su- 
burbs and  pleasure  gardens  around  it, 
which  amount  to  the  same  number.  The 
cathedral  church  has  a  steeple  130  feet 
high,  and  one  side  of  the  choir  is  encrust- 
ed with  alabaster,  and  adorned  with,  very 
fine  paintings  of  Scripture  history.  The 


high  altar  is  covered  with  silver,  and. 
lighted- with  fourteen  silver  lamps.  The 
university  consists  of  several  colleges, 
and  the  Jesuits  have  one  of  their  own. 
The  palace  of  the  viceroy,  that  of  Ciuta, 
the  monastery  of  St.  Jeron  ,  the  exchange, 
and  the  arscr.ai,  are  all  worthy  of  the  no- 
tice of  travellers.  It  is  not  very  strongs 
though  there  are  bastions  along-  the  walls', 
;-nd  Idee  wise  a  certain  number  of  brass 
cannon.  It  is  a  very  populous  place,  and 
has  several  good  manufactures  of  cloth. 
and  silk,  eirt'iied  on  with  great  success 
and  industry  ;  for  even  the  very  children 
..re  employed  in  spinning  siik.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Cuadaltia  (over  which  are  five 
bridges)  near  the  Mediterranean,  130 
ifules  £SE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  0  10  E,  lat. 
39  23  "N..  '   .  i, 

Valentin  Al-r.',  a  town  of  Terra  Firmaj 
in  .the  province  of  Caraccas,  seated  on 
the  lake  Tocarigua,  57  miles  SW  of  Por- 
to Cavallo.    Lon.  65  30  W,  lat.  9  50  N. 

Vulthcienm a  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North.  It  contains  a- 
hout  20,000  souls,  and  the  Scheldt  divides 
it  into  parts,  Tt  is  a  very  important 
place  :  the  citadel  and  fortifications  were 
constructed  by  order  of  Lewis  XIV.  who 
■  ook  this  town  from  the  Spaniards;  and 
it  was  coi firmed  to  him  by  the  treaty  of 
Ximcguen^  in  1678.  In  1793,  it  was  ta- 
lc-, n  by  the  aliies,  after  a  severe  siege; 
but  it  was  given  up  to  the  French,  in 
1794.  U  js'20  miles  WSW  of  Mons,  28 
SE  of  Lisle,  and  120  XXE  of  Paris.  Lon. 
3  37  E,  lat.  50  21  N.  ;, 

Yideiizo-do  .Wnho,  a  fortified  town  of 
Portugal,  in  the  province  of  Entre-Min- 
ho-e-l)ouero,  seated  on  an  eminence,  near 
tie  river  MinJiQ,  three  miles  S  of  Tuy, 
l.m.  8  11  W,  lat.  42  2  X. 

}  identine,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
o.  rtinent  of  Upper  Garonne,  nine  miles 
XE  of  St.  Bernard.    Lon.  0  57  E,  lat.  43 

I'XV     .  ^    .  ;      '  ■  \  ■ 

Valevza,  or  Valencia,  a  strong  town  of 
>  aiy,  in  the  Milanese,  capital  of  the  Lo- 
na  line,  and  subject  to  the  king  of  Sardi- 
<:m,  to  whom  it  was  ceded  to  in  1707.  It 
iias  been  often  taken  and  retaken,  and  is 
seated  on  a  mountain,  n^'ar  the  river  Po, 
12  miles  E  of  Casal,  and  35  SW  of  Milan. 
Lon.  8  56  E,  lat.  44  58  X. 

V<destra,  a  town  of  Italv,  in  the  duchy 
i>.f  Modena.     Lon.  10  52  E,  lat,  44  26  X". 

Vuletie,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Charente,  and  late  province 
of  Anjotmois  ten  miles  S  of  Angoleme. 
Lon.  0  15  E,  lat.  45  30  X:  . 
*  Vahtta,    See  Malta.  * 

Vcdkenburg,  or  Fnvqaemont,  a  town  of 
Dutch  Limburg.    It  was  once  fortified. 


V  A  L 


V  A  L 


but  the  fortifications  were  demolished  by 
the  French  in  1672.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Guelc.    Lon.  5  50  B,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Valladolid,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  Bishop's  .see,  and  an  univer- 
sity. It  is  surrounded  with  s  trong-  walls 
embellished  with  handsome  buddings, 
large  public  squares,  piazzas  and  foun- 
tains.  It  is  large  and  populous,  contain- 
ing- 11,000  houses,  with  fine  long  and 
broad  streets,  and  large  hk>h  houses  a- 
dorncd  with  balconies.  The  market 
pi. ice,  called  El  Campo,  is  700  paces  in 
circumference,  surrounded  by  a  great 
number  of  convents,  and  is  the  place 
where  the  fairs  are  kept.  There  is  ano- 
ther square  in  the  middle  of  the  city  sur- 
rounded with  handsome  briek  houses, 
having  under  them  piazzas,  where  peo- 
ple may  walk  dry  in  all  weathers.  With- 
in these  piazzas  merchants  and  trades- 
men keep  their  shops  ;  all  the  houses  are 
of  tiie  same  height,  being  four  stories  ; 
and  there  are  balconies  at  every  window 
of  iron  gilt  In  the  whple  there  are  70 
monasteries  and  nunneries,  the  finest  of 
which  is  that:  of  the  Dominicans,  remar- 
kable for  its  church,  which  is  one  of  the 
most  magnificent  in  the  city.  The  king's 
j-esided  a  long  while  at  this  place,  and 
the  royal  palace,  which  still  remains,  is  of 
very  large  extent,  though  bur  two  stories 
high  ;  within  are  fine  paintings  of  various 
kinds,  and  at  one  of  the  corners  a  curious 
clock  made  in  the  same  manner  as  that 
of  Strasburgh.  Besides  this,  there  are 
several  other  places  which  a  traveller 
ought  to  visit;  not  to  mention  those  be- 
longing to  noblemen,  nor  the  houses  of 
rich  citizens,  which  have  all  their  parti- 
cular beauties.  There  are  other  public 
squares  winch  we  have  not  room  tOpdes 
cribe,  and  therefore  we  shall  only  take 
notice;  that -an. other  of  them  is  surround- 
ed with  130  churches,  chapels,  convents, 
and  hospitals;  and  that  the  town-house 
.stands  on  one  of  the  sides.  The  h'aise  of 
the  inquisition  is  tin  odd  sort  of  structur 
for  there  are  no  windows,  but  a  few  holes 
to  lct»in  the  ligH^  Trhe  environs  of  th 
city  are  a  hue  plain  covered  with  gar- 
dons,  orchards,  vineyards,  meadows  and 
fields.  It  is  seated  on  the  Escurva  and  - 
Pisuerg-a,  near  the  Donero,  52  miles  SW 
of  Uurgos,  80  SB  of  Leon,  and  95  N  b> 
W  of  M.edrid.  Lon.  4  25  W,  lal>41  50  N. 

Valkuloliili  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in  Me- 
choftcan.    See  j\lechoacun. 

Valla thU^,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in 
the  audience  of  Guatimala,  and  province 
of  Honduras,  with  a  bishop's  see,  29.6 
miles  B  of  Gualimala.  Lon.  88  22  W,  lat. 
14  30  N. 


Valladolid,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in  Uic 
peninsula  of  Jucatan,  near  the  coast  of 
the  bay  of  Honduras,  94  miles  E  bv  S  of 
Merida.    Lon.  88  20  W,  lat.  20  33  X. 

"Valladolid,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  au- 
dience of  Quito,  situated  near  the  Andes. 
Lon.  75  5  W,  lat.  6  2  S. 

Vallais,  a  county  of  Swisserland^  ex- 
tending 100  miles  from  E  to  W,  and  di- 
vided into  Upper  and  Lower  Vallais.  The 
former  reachfes  from  Mount  Furca  to  £he 
river  Murge,  below  Sinn  ;  and  the.  latter 
from  that  river  to  St.  Gingou,  on  the 
i:.ke  of  Geneva.  The  Upper  Vallais  is 
sovereign  of  the  Lower  Vallais,  and  con- 
tains seven  independent  dixains,  or  com- 
monwealths ;  namely,  Sion,  Goms,  Tirieg, 
Visp,  Leuk,  Karen,  and  Siders.  Of  these, 
Sion  is  aristocratical,  and  the  others 
democratical.  They  are  called  dixains, 
because  the  Upper  Vallais  being  divided 
mto  seven;,  and  the  Lower  into  three  dis- 
tricts, each  division  is  a  dixain,  or  tenth 
of  the  whole.  The  Vallais  contains 
100,000  inhabitants,  who  all  profess  the 
Roman  Catholic  religion.  The  bishop  of 
Sion  was  formerly  absolute  sovereign  o- 
ver  the  greaiest  part  of  the  Vallais;  but 
his  authority  is  now  limited.  The  inha- 
bitants of  the  Upper  Vallais,  are  much, 
subject  to  goitiers,  or  large  excrescences 
from  the  throat,  which  often  increase  to  an 
enormous  size  :  idiotcy  also  remarkably  a- 
bounds  among  them  ;  and  the  lower  class 
ure  extremely  indolent  and  dirty.  Prom 
Mount  Furca,  its  E  boundary,  two  vast 
ranges  of  Alps  inclosi  the  Y.dlais.  The 
S  chain  separates  it  from  the  Milanese, 
Piedmont,  and  Savoy:  the  N  divides  it 
from  the  canton  of  Bern.  A  country  en- 
tirely enclosed  within  high  Alps,  and 
consisting  of  plains,  elevated  vallies,  and 
iofty  mountains,  must  necessarily  exhibit 
;  great  variety  of  climated  and  pros- 
peptM  The  productions  of  the. Vallais 
vary  also  according  to  its  singular  diver- 
sity of  climates;  in  consequence  of  which 
Mr.  Coxe  observes,  that  strawberries, 
cherries,  plums,  pears,  and  graphs  (each 

be  natural  growth  of  the  country)  may 
bo  tasted  in  the  same  day.    It  has  more 

Iran  sufficient  wine  and  corn  for  interior 
consumption  ;  and  a  considerable  quan- 
tity1 of  both  are  yearly  exported  ;  the  soil 
in  the  midland  and  lower  districts  being 

xci  edingly  rich  and  fertile;  but  in  the 
snore  elevated  parts)  barley  i$  the  only 
grain  ih  ate  ait  be  cultivated Willi  success. 
There  are  no  manufactures  of  any  do'nSe- 
quence  in  the  Vallais,  and,  indeed,  the 
ignorance  o£the  people  is  no  less  remar- 
kable than  their  indolence.  They  ar'eter- 
dy  and  enterprising,  grave,  severe  to  ene- 
mies, affable  to  strangers.  " 


V  A  L 


V  A  K 


ValMonga,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Ukenore.  Lon.  16  40  E,  lat.  38  44  N. 

Valiemont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine,  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Normandy,  whh  a  castle,  16  miles 
N  by  W  of  Caudebec.  Lon.  1  25  \V,  lat. 
49  46  N. 

Valltncay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Indre.  Lon.  1  26  E,  lat. 
W  47  10  N. 

Vallentfin  a  town  of  Swisserland,  ca- 
pita! of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  in 
the  principality  of  Neuchatel.  It  is  sea- 
ted near  the  lake  of  Nenchatel,  25  mile* 
NW  of  Bern.  Lon.  6  40  E,  lat  47  0  N. 
See  Metic  hotel 

VaHers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  lndre  and  Loire,  with  some 
mineral  waters.  Lon.  0  41  E,  lat.  47 
1  v .  %  ' 

ViiUevy,  St.  a  commercial  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Somme, 
and  late  province  of  Picardy,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Somme,  whose  en- 
trance is  verv  dangerous.  It  is  10  miles 
NW  of  Abbeville,  and  100  N  by  W  of  Pa- 
ris. Lon.  1  37  E,  lat.  50  11  N. 

Vallery-en-C'aux,  St.  a  seaport  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Seine,  unci 
late  province  of  Normandy,  15  miles  W 
by  S  of  Dieppe,  and  105  NW  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  41  E,  lat.  49  52  N. 

Vallier  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardecbe,  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  seven  miles  NE  of  Tournon. 
Lon.  2  5  E,  lat.  49  10  N. 

Valogne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 'de- 
partment of  the  Channel,  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  noted  for  cloth  and  leather. 
It  is  seated  on  a  brook,  eight  miles  from 
the  sea,  and  158  W  by  N  of  Paris.  Lon. 
1  26  W,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Valona,  an  archiepiseopal  town  of  Tur- 
key, in  Europe,  in  Upper  Albania,  with  a 
harbour.  It  wa5;  taken  in  1690,  by  the 
Venetians,  who  abandoned  it  after  they 
had  ruined  the  fortifications,  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  guif  of  Venice,  near  the  moun- 
tains of  Chimera,  50  miles  S  of  Durazzo. 
Lon.  19  23  E,  lat.  41  4  N. 

Valparisjo,  a  town  of  Chili,  with  a  well 
frequented  harbour  defended  by  a  strong 
fort.  It  is  seated  on  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
at  the  foot  of  a  high  mountain.  Lon.  72 
14  W,  lat.  33  3  S. 

Valrees.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  Ye- 
naissin,  12  miles  E  of  St.  Paul  Trois  Cha- 
teaux. '  ' 

Vals,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardeche,  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny,  remarkable  for  mineral  springs. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Ardeche,  three  miles 
N  of  Aubenas.  Lon.  4  26  E,  lat.  44  48  N. 

l  altdine,  called  by  the  inhabitants  Val- 


le-telino,  a  fertile  valley  of  Swisserland, 
subject  to  the  Grisons.  It  is  about  50 
miles  in  length,  extending  from  the  con- 
fines of  Bormio  to  the  lake  of  Ch^renna, 
and  is  inclosed  between  two  chains  of 
mountains.  It  is  separated  by  the  N. 
chain  from  the  Grisons,  by  the  S  chain 
from  the  Venetian  territories  :  on  the 
E  it  borders  on  the  county  of  Bor- 
mio ;  and  is  bounded  on  the  W  by  the 
duchy  of  Milan.  On  the  20th  of  July, 
1620,  there  was  a  general  massacre  of  the 
piotestants  in  this  valley.  The  Valte- 
ines  have  no  manufactures  ;  but  they  ex- 
port wine,  silk,  planks,  cheese,  butter, 
and  cattle.  The  inhabitants  are  compu- 
ted to  be  62,000,  and  are  all  Roman  ca- 
tholics. 

Vulverde,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
on  the  confines  of  Spain,  30  miles  N  by  W 
of  Alcantara,  and  38  SSE  of  Guardia. 
Lon.  6  19  W,  lat.  39  44  N. 

Vulverde,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrcma- 
dura,  and  8  miles  from  Badajoz. 

Van,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Ar- 
menia, near  the  frontiers  of  Persia.  It 
is  a  populous  place,  defended  by  a  castle 
seated  on  a  mountain.  It  is  likewise  a 
oeglerbeglic,  under  which  there  are  nine 
-angiacates,  or  particular  governments. 
The  Turks  always  keep  a  numerous  gar* 
rison  in  the  castle.  Lon.  44  30  E,  lat. 
38  30  N. 

Van  Diemafs  Land  the  S  extremity 
of  New  Holland,  discovered  by  Tasrm.n, 
in  1642,  afterwards  visited  by  captain 
Cook. 

Van  Diemeii's  ftoad,  a  road  of  the  is- 
land of  Tongataboo,  one  of  the  Friendly 
Islands.    Lon.  174  56  W,  lat.  21  4  S. 

Vanncs,  a  seaport  of  Fiance,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan,  formerly  a  bish- 
op's see,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Morbihan. 
Its  principal  trade  is  in  wheat  and  rye 
for  Spain  ;  and  it  has  a  trade  also  in  pil- 
chards and  sea  eels.  It  is  three  miles 
from  the  Atlantic,  56  SW  of  Rennes,  and 
255  W  by  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  46  W,  lat, 
47  39  N. 

Var,  a  department  of  France,  including 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Provence. 

Var,  a  river  which  has  its  source  in  ihe 
county  of  N  ee,  find  falls  into  the  Medi- 
terranean, four  mih  s  W  of  Nice.  It  gives 
name  to  the  above  department. 

Varullo,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Milan,  47  miles  WNW  of  Milan. 
Lon  *8  25  E,  lat.  45  42  N. 

Varambon,  a  lown  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ain,  14  miles  NNW  of 
Bourg.    Lon  5  15  E,  lat  46  23  N. 

VareUa,  a  cape  on  the  E  coast  of  the 
kingdom  of  Ciampa.  Behind  it  is  a 
mountain,  remarkable  for  having  a  high 


v 


V  A  U 


UBE 


rock  on  its  summit..  Lon.  109  17  E,  lat. 

12  JO  N. 

Varenddre,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Minister,  sealed  on 
the  river  Embs. 

Varennes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aider,  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence near  the  river  Aliier,  14  miles  SS 
Eof  MouUns.    Lon.  3  31  E,  lat.  46  22  N. 

Varenn.es,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Me  use.  At  this  place  the 
unfortunate  king  of  France,  his  quce  , 
sister,  and  two  children,  were  arrested 
in  their  flight  from  P  ns,  in  .lune,  1791 
and  conducted  hack  to  that  city.  It  is  13 
miles  N*of  Clermom. 

Varhelys  a  town  of  Transylvania,  6u 
miles  E  of  Temeswar.  lUon.  17  10  E,  lut. 
45  40  N. 

Varna,  a  considerable  seaport  of  Tur 
key  in  Europe,  in  Bulgaria,  capital  of 
the  territorj  of  Droaujjia,  with  an  aivh- 
bish  >p's  see.  It  is  sealed  near  the  mouth 
of 'he  Varna,  in  ihe  Black  Sea,  22  miles 
N  ot  Mesembria,  and  145  NW  of  Con- 
stantinople. Lon.  28  28  E,  lat.  42  44  N. 
*  Varzey,  a  tj/wn  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment ot  Y»  nne,  with  a  castle,  32  miles 
from  Auxerre. 

Vasil,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Novogorod,  situated  on  the  Vol- 
ga. 60  tniles  E  of  Novogorod.  Lon.  45  44 
E,  kt.  56  16  N.    \  { 

Vussalbvro',  a  post  town  in  Kenne- 
beck  county,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Kenntbeek  river,  seven  miles  S 
of  Fort  Halifax,  40  N  of  Wiscasset,  and 
about  83  NE  of  Portland,  containing  1188 
inhabitants. 

Vassorbunr,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the 
territory  of  Munich,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
surrounded  by  high  mountains  and  Baal 
ed  on  the  river  Inn,  28  miles  E  of  Mfci 
nich.  Lon.  12  15  E.  lat.  48  10  N. 

Vassi,ii  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Murne,  seated  on  th. 
Blaise,  10  miles  NW  of  .loinville,  ana 
115  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  10  E,  lat.  U 
27  N. 

Vatan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre,  seated  in  a  fine  plain,  8 
miles  NW  of  Issotfdim.  Lon  1  56  E,  lat. 
47  2  N. 

Vatica,  a  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  the  Morea,  situated  in  a  bay  of  the 
same  name,  44  miles  SB  of  Misitra.  Lon. 
23  2  E,  lat.  36  38  N. 

Vauealeures,  a  town  of  France,  in  th< 
department  of  Meuse,  seated  on  the  side 
«f  a  hill,  near  the  river  Meuse,  lOmiu- 
W  of  Toul,  22  SW  of  K  "  i,  ;  nd  150  F 
of  Paris  L-  n.  5  40  E,  I  t  4S  .;6  N. 

Vdiichise,  a   department   of  France,' 


which  includes  the  county  of  Venaissin 
uid  territory  of  Avignon. 

louclv.se,  a  village  and  fountain  pf 
Pfaiice,  in  the  department  to  which  it 
gives  name,  12  milts  E  of  Avignon,  cele- 
brated by  Petrarch. 

Vand,  Pays  dc,  a  country  of  Swisser- 
Jand,  in  the  canton  of  Bern.  It  ex  ends 
alongvthe  lake  of  Geneva,  rising  gradual- 
ly from  the  edge  of  that  lake,  and  is  rich- 
ly laid  out  in  vineyards,  cornfields,  and 
meadows,  and  checquered  with  continu- 
ed villages  and  towns.  It  was  wasted 
from  the  duke  of  Savoy,  by  the  canton 
of  Bern,  in  1536.  Its  inhabitants  are  ro- 
>ust  and  good  soldiers.  Lausanne  is  the 
capital. 

Vdnifabies,  a  town  of  Francp,  in  the 
ic-partment  of  Puv  de  Donne,  five  miles 
■om  Luoire,  and  24l>  S  by  E  of  Paris. 
Vmulemont,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meitrthe,  with  a  castfi  .  It 
:s  seated  in  the  most  fertile  country  for 
corri  in  all  Lorrain.  15  miles  SE  ofToul, 
nd  18  SW  of  Nanci.    Lon.  5  57  E,  lat. 
48  26N/ 

Vuudois,  Vulliesof:  in  Piedmont.  They 
he  N  of  the  marquisate  of  Saluzzo,  and 

he  chief  iOUn  is  Lucerna.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  called  Vaudois  ;  also  Walden- 
oes  from  Peter  Waldo,  a  merchant  at  Ly- 

»ns,  who  expossed  the  superstitions  of 
ne  churcii  of  Home,  in  U60,  and  being., 

>  nislied  from  France,  came  here  vrhtt 
nis  disciples.    The  Vaudois  under .vent 

lie  most  dreadful  persecutions  in  the 
17>h  century,  particularly  in  1655,  1656, 
and  1696.  ' 

Vatedrevahge,  a  decayed  town  of  France 
m  the  department  of  Meurthe,  seated  on 

lie  Sare,  near  the  strong  fortress  of  Sar 
^ouis,  50  miles  NE  of  Nanci.  Lon.  6  36 
E,  1  Lt,  49  28  N. 

Vauxhally  a  village  in  Surry,  seated  on 

hi   Thames,  two  miles  SW  of  London. 

(  is  celebrated  for  its  gardens,  which  are 

rid  out  is  so  grand  a  taste  that  they  are 

luiioured  for  three  months  in  summer 
by  most  of  the  nobility  and  gentry.  Here 
irf  an  almshouse  for  seven  poor  women, 
-uilt:  in  1618,  by  Sir  Noel  Caron,  who  re- 
s  dec!  here,  as  ambassador  from  Holland, 
28  \ears. 

U&eda,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalush", 
■vith  a  strong  cas'le,  seated  in  a  fertile 
ouutry,  abounding  in  corn,  wine,  oil,  and 
rtfi  s,  especially  figs.  It  is  five  miles  N 
S  of  Baeza,  and  158  SE  of  Madrid.  Lon 
J  13  W,  lat.  37  48  N. 

Uberlingen,  a  free  imperial  city  of  Sua- 
)ia,  in  the  county  of  FuiMenburg.  The 
inhabitants^  who  are  partly-  Roman  c.ath- 
lics  and  partly  protcstants,  carry  on  a 


U  D  E 


V  E  L 


■gvfeat  trade  in  corn,  which  they  send  to 
Swisserland  ;  and  not  far  hence  are  very 
famous  ,  baths.  It  is  seated  on  a,  high 
)gk)  near  tlie  Take  of  Constance,  12  miles 
X  o& instance.    Lon.  9  \ff  E,  lat.  47 

b"Se!$  A'?.' or  Setubal,  a  fortified  "towR  of 
Portugal,  in  Estremadura^  with  *  good 
bar  hour,  defended. f>\  the  fort  or'  St.  Ja- 
go.     it  is  built  on  the  ruins  of  the  an<.i- 
eit  Setblwi^m  afthe^head  of  a  bay,  near 
lite  ftiofe.tii.-of  tne  Zadaen.    !t  h:is  a. fine 
fishery,  and  a  very  gooel  trade,  part'cu- 
ly  ut  stilt,  of  which  a  greai  quantity is 
stnt  .to*^»e  'colonies  in  Ar^evic.i.  .  It  is 
.  .-1  .,t  the  end  of  a  .plain, Mi'vc  ji^Jc%in,. 
n .  \u,  ext.emely  ferule  in  corn,  wins 
i  v  fruits :  the  N  end  bounded  by  a  row 
of  mountains  lorxled  with  fine  ioVe'sts  oi 
pines  and  other  trees;  and  within  arc 
cfUarries  wf  'is&per  of  several  colours*  oi 
which  ave' made  pillars  and  images,  that 
tak    a  v-rytfne  "polish.    It  is  22  miles  S 
Lisl  .*n.    Lon  8  54  W,  lat.  So  o2  2£ 
)VUg<ki9  a  town  of  Upper  S  .xooy,  in 
Gem  my,  28  holes  SE  of  Writ*,  hi  burg. 
LouT  X£H;Ej  bit.  51 

/  '  ,  or  j:'uto  Ulni,  an  island,  in  the  Ir.- 
<li£fc',  pt&an,'  at  the  entrance  of  <he  b  y  of 
cSaarn,20  m,iles  in  circumference.  It  yields 
tAod  water  and'plemy  of  wood.  Lon.  10  j 
|6E,  lat.8  25^.  ' 

¥\&cklah(!t  a  township  of  Chester  count}-, 
Pennsylvania,  lying  on  the  NE  side  oi 
Hte  East  branch  of  Brandy  wine,  between 
thfe  townships  of- Vincent,  and  B randy - 
T!.e  inhabitants  were  1178  in 
1810.  There  was  nxA  a  singl.  slave  in 
the  township,  it  being  pinncipally  settled 
by'Frietv<i«. 

I.'r.kerl  *  rive'r  oT  "Germany,  which  has 
its  source  in  a  lake  of  the  same  nanu, 
near  Prenzle,  in  the  ticker  marche  ot" 
Brandenburg,,  rurt.^  N  through/  Pomera- 
nia,  aftd.  beinc^  joined  by  the  Ran-io,  t  n- 
ters  the  Frisj$n  Haf,  a' bay  itf"  the  Bal- 
tic*.' tl 'tyfc  "\&£^','< 

VckerimifiiUy  a  town  of  .Germany,  in 
Upper  Sax'm\v\with  a  castle,  seated  on 
the  Friscbeo  Haf.  bay  of  t,he  Baltic, 
25  miles  NW  of  SXetih. :  Lon.  14  12  E. 

l  hi  valla,  a  toWn  of  Sweden,  in  \\ 
Gothland,  situated  in  a  bay  of  the  Cate- 
nate, at'the  bottom  oi*  so  in  e ,  steep  rocks, 
ai  t  ie.  extremity  (>f  a  small, but  fruitful' 
yallcy.  The  houses  are  btflt  bf'wood 
painted  red  and yr How,  and- tile  stres  s 
are  spacious.  It  contains.  .3000  inhabi- 
tants, experts  iron,  plar.k's,  and  herrings 
and  is  50  miles  >Tof  fiothebor^. 
\  ''ptlemkoi;  a  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  lrkuUk?  seated^  on  the  SB 
Side  of  the  lake  Balkul,  on  the  road  from 


Tobolsk  to  China,  1000  miles  NW  of  Pe- 
kin,  and  1200  E  of  Tobolsk.  Lon.  96  30 
E,  lat.  53  0  N. 

U (Until  or  Udt'ne,  a  city  of  Italy,  capi- 
|  teil  of  Vci'.etian  Eriuli,  with  a  citadel.  It 
I  contains  15,000  inhabitants,  and  is  seated 
:  in  a  large  piain,  m-ar  the  rivers  Tagle- 
mcr.to  and  Lisenzo,  10  miles  N  of  Aqui- 
leiy,  and  .55  N  by  E  of  Venice.  Lon.  13  3. 
E,>t..46  N. 

I  c.sk-oi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Irkutzk,  near  tl»e  Udda,  1100 
r.nicjs  EXE  of  Irkutzk.  Lon.  135  30  E, 
Iat.4^  i$  x;  •  4 

Y  cKi,  a  river  that  has  its  source  in 
"Westphalia,  near  Munster,  fcrosses  the 
•    si  of  Stenfbrt  and  Bentheim,  and 
i     >  r:..r  (ivenssel,  passes  by  Ommen, 
tt-».and  Sv-artaiuys,  below  which  it 
iaJls  in  o. the  ZuidcitrZee,  under  the  name 
(  of  Sv/ar/vW  iter,  tiuif  is,  Blackwater. 
i    JVc/ir.  a  river  of  tlie  United  Provinces, 
i  v  h'.ch  bv-anches  afffrom  the  old  channel 
of  the  ki'ine,  at  Um  echt,  .and  enters  die 
Mulder  Zee,  at  Mnyden.       ••  . 

Vtc/itu,  a  fort  ified  town  of  Germany,  in 
ilje  ch*cie  of  Westphalia,  anil  bishopric 
>>f  Munster,  30  miles  N  of  Osnaburg, 
tbru  £  24  ^.  lAt  :^¥SgtS^ 
.'  iPtufensJcot,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go-/ 
vernmeut  of  Archangel,  situated  on  the 
Vol^sciia,  200  miles  ESE  of  Archangel, 
Lon.  46>44  E,  lat.  53  45  N. 

Veere.    SeeN  IWvdre.  .  , 

YegUa,  an  ^sland  m  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
on  tne  coast  of  Dalmatia,  with  a  bishop's 
see»  a  good  harbour,  and  a  citadel.  It  is 
the  aiost  populous  island  on  this  coast,  a- 
bounus  in  wine  and  silk,  and  lias  small 
hoVj^s  in  lujjh  esteem.  The  only  town, 
of  the  same  name,  ,is;s.ate*l  on  the  sea, 
>n  a  iiill  commanded  by  two  mountains, 
If  miles         of  Arbe,  and  110  SE  of  Ve- 

e.  Lon.  14  64  E,  lat.  45  22  N. 

;     liannt  a  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
h  the  inarquisate  of  §tisa,  seated  on  an 
shce,  near  tlie  river  Doria,  12  miles 
N  W  or' Turin.  Lon.  7  34  E,  lat.  45  7  N. 

Velrba,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alc  ntejo, 
vidi  a  eas'le,  sea'.cd  on  the  Anhaloiua, 
10  miles  SSW  of  Portalegre.  Lon.  7  34 
\V,,lat.  3^  57  5*. 

r.'it,.  St  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  c  rcie  of  Austria,  with  an  old  castle, 
v  (I  a  church  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Gun  ami  Wunich,  8milesN  of  Glagen- 
furt,  and  173  SW  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14  20 
E,  Int.  47  l,^. 

Ynit,  St.  a  strong  seaport  of  Austrian 
Istria,    See  Fiume.  . 

Veto,  a  cape, of  south  America,  on  the 
N  coast  of  Terra  Firma,  160  miles  ENE 
,.f  St.  Martha.    Lon.  71  25  W,  lat.  12 
•  \ 

4X 


E  N 


VE  N 


Velcy/m  late  province  of  France,  boun- 
ded on  the  X  by  Fore?,  on  the  W  by  Au- 
vergne,  on  ti*e  6  by  Cevaudan,  and  on  t he 
E  by  \  ivare/.  Li  is  full  of  high  moun- 
tains, covered  with  snow  tbe  greater  part 
of  the  >ear,  but  abounds  in  cattle.  ,lt 
now  forms  liie  department  of  Upper 
Loire-  *<*    s,  .': ,  t- 

<  Velden,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Bavaria,  2 2  miles  XYV  of  Ratisbon. 
Lon.  11  30  E,  bit.  49  Id  N. 

Veldeniz,  a  town  of  Germany,;  in  tbe 
palatinate  of  t  lie  Hbine,  with  a  castle, 
sea.ed  on  tbe  Moselle,  13  miles  XE  of 
Treves.    Lon.  7  3  E,  iat.  49  52  X. 

Veletri,  or  Velleiri,  an  ancient  town  of 
Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Roma.  It  is  a  very 
pleasant  place,  and  is  tbe  residence  oi 
the  bishop  of  Ostia,  whose  paUce  is 
magnificent;  audlheqe  are  large  squares 
adorned  with  tine  fountains.  L  is  seated 
on  an  eminence,  surrounded  by  bids,  8. 
miles  ESE  pf  Aloano,  and  20  SE  of  Rome 
Lon.  12  56  E,  lat.  41  46ds\ 

Velezt  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Caslle, 
with  a  rastle,  45  miles  XE  of  Toledo, 
and  50  SE  of  Madrid.   Lon.  2  22  W,  lat. 

Ao-y  I  ?■ 

Velez-de-Gom  iru,  a  town  of  Africa,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Fez,  with  a  ca^de,  and 
a  harbour  seated  between  two  blub 
mountains,  on  the  Mediterranean,  12J 
miles  XXE  uf  Fez.  Lon.  4  0  W,  lat.  35 
10  X. 

Velez-JJulaga,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Gra- 
nada, with  m  castle,  seated  in  a  large 
plain,  near  tlie  Mediterranean  sea,  12 
miles  XE  of  Malaga,  and  52  SW  of  Gra- 
nada, <  Lon.  3  24  W,  lat.  3d  42  X. 

Velihu.  a  to  wn  of  Sclav  unia,  seated  on 
til*  river  Hakawa,  10  miles  E  of  Cruet/, 
and  60  XW  of  Posega.  Lon.  16  50  E,  lat. 
46  18  X. 

Vefeki  listing,  a  province  of  the  Russian 
government  of  Vologda.  Usuug  is.  the 
capital.  ,      s.'    '    », .  .-      *  .„>;;" 

Veloie,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Cariiatic.  Jt  is  a  post  of  great  impor- 
tance, commanding  the  great  road  from 
Mysore  into  the  Carnatic.  It  consists 
of  three  strong  forts  on  as  many  hills', 
and  is  deemed  impregnable  to  an  India: 
army.  During  the  last  war  against 
1 1 .  tier  Ally,  it  was  relieved  by  Sir  Byre 
Coote,  in  tbe  face  of  tbe  whole  army  oj 
tnat  chief,  which  was  reckoned  an  ae 
of  great  generalship.  It  is  ninety  nubs 
W  of  Madras,  and  214  from  Seringa- 
pa  tarn. 

Veltzen.    See  Ulrz.-n. 

Vena,  or  J[cn>i -delta- Vena,  mountains 
of  Caruioia,  on  tlie  confines  of  Istria,  o. 
the  S  of  the  lake  Czernic.  f 

Venafro,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples^  ui 


Terra  di  Lavora,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
^eatttd  near  the  Volturno,  27  miles  W  of 
Capua,  and'  43  X  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  19  E, 
lat.  43  32  X. 

yenaissin,  a  small  but  fertile  territory 
of  France,  lately  depending  on  the  pope-, 
.jut  now  decreed  a  part  of  the  republic 
of  France,  and  included  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vaucluse.  It  is  of  small  extent, 
»ut  ple  .sant  and  fertile. 

Venango,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Penn- 
sylvania, containing  3060  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  bounded  in  the  E  by  Jeffer- 
son county  ;  in  the  X"  and  XYV  by  Warren 
and. Crawford  counties;  in  the  W  by 
Mercer;  and  m  the  S  by  Butler  and'Arm- 
.-.tiong.  Tbe  chief  town  is  Franklin,  si- 
tuated at  tlie  junction  of  Alleghany  river 
and  French  creek.  .^J^ffofl*4^ 

Vcnuat,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  tlie  de- 
partment of  die  straits  of  Calais,  and  late 
province' of  Artois.  Jt  can  belaid  under 
water  at  any  time,  which  is  its  chief  de- 
fence, and  is  27  miles  SE  of  Dunkirk, 
and  22  XW  ef  Arras.    Lon.  2  39  E  lat. 

Venasqne,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
in  a  valley  of  tbe  same  name,  with  a 
strong  castle.  It  is  seated  on  theirs  sara, 
in  a  country  producing  good  wine,  35 
miles  E  of  Balbastro.  Lon.  0  25  E>  laW 
41  58  X, 

Veneatighevy,  &  town  of.  the  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  51  miles  E  of  Bangalore, 
and  54  W  of  Arcot.  Lon.  78  38  E,  lat. 
13  5  N. ,  '  £ 

Vcnce,  lately  an,  arcliiepiscopal  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Var, 
and  late  province  of  Provence,  and  be- 
fore the  revolution  it  was  a  bishop's  see. 
ll  is  eight  miles  from  the  Mediterranean, 
and  10  W  oi  Nice.  Lon.  7*13  E,  lat.  43 
43  X. 

Vende,  a  department  of  France, 'in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of  Poi- 
iou.  \  is  so  called  from  a  small  river 
of  the  same  name.  Fontenay-le-Compte 
is  the  capital. 

Veiiden,  a  town  of  Russia,  it>  tlie  gov- 
rnm.  a.  of  Riga,  36  miles  XEof  R  ga. 
Lm.  25  15  E,  lat.  57  12  X.  , 

Vendome,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
lepartmenl  of  Lojr  and  Cher,  and  late 
province  of  Biaisois,  seated  on  the  river 
Loir,  30  miles  XE  of  Tours,  and'  95  SW 
>f  Paris.  Lon.  1  8  E,  iat.  4750  ^JjXy 
Vend  red.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
25  miles*  WSWof  Barcelona.  Lon.  1  50 
E,' lat.  41  12  XI 

Venezuela,  a  province  of  Terra  Firma, 
>oundeo  on  the  X  by  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
m  the  E  by  Caraccits,  on  the  S  by  New 
iiranada,  and  on  the  W  i>y  St.  Ma:  .  :a. 
Wheat  the  Spaniaf  ds  lauded  here  in  1499* 


VEN 


V  E  N 


they  observed  some  huts  built  upon  piles, 
in  an  Indian  Village,  in  order  to  rais* 
them  above  the  stagnated  water  that  co- 
vered the  plam:  and  this  induced  them 
to  give  it  the  name  of  Venezuela,  or 
Little  Venice.  Near  the  seaeoast  are  high 
mountains,  the  tops  of  whkh  are  barren, 
but  the  lower  parts  in  the  valley  are  fer- 
tile, producing  plenty  of  corn,  rich  pas- 
tures, sugar,  tobacco,  and  fruits.  There 
are  also  plantations  of  cocoa  nuts,  which 
are  exceedingly  good;  and  gold  is  found 
in  the  sands  of  rivets.  ><<fvjSHr»* 

Venezuela,  the  capital  of  the  province 
of  the  same  name,  in  South  America, 
with  a  bishop's  see,'  seated  on  a  penin- 
sula, on  the  gulf  of  Venezuela,  70  miles 
of  Maracavbo.    Lon.  70  15  W,  lat. 

Venexncta,  a  eulf  on  the  N  coast  of 
Terra  Firma,  which  communicates  with 
the  lake  of  Maracaybo,  by  a  narrow  strait. 

Venice,  a  territory  and  lately  the  re- 
public of,  in  Italy,  which  comprehends  14 
provinces,  namely,  the  Dog-ado,  the  Pa- 
duano,  the  Vicentino,  the  Veronese,  the 


The  Doge  was  elected  by  a  plurality  of 
voices,  and  kept  h:s  dignity  for  life.  In 
his  election  they  made  use  of  gold  and 
silver  balls,  which  were  put  in  a  vessel, 
and  seived  for  balloting.  Those  who 
drew  nine  golden  balls,  f  is'  elected  40 
counsellors,  wh<,  drew  twelve  o'hers. 
These  elected  25  o' her  counsellors,  who 
drew  9  golden -balls.  Tbejje  9  elected  40 
counsellors,  who  drew  11  Those  that 
had  the  11,  cho.se  41  counsellor*,  who 
proceeded  to  the  election,  till  25  vo^es 
or-more  fell  upon  the  same  person,  who 
was  then  declared  Doge.  After  this 
election  they  placed  the  ducal  cap  on  his 
head,  upon  which  he  took  p  ssessicn  of 
the  Doge's  palace.  He  never  uncovered 
his  head  to  any  person,  because  he  did 
n  t  w  ear  the  *ap  in  his  ow  n  name,  but  in 
that  of  the  republic.  When  there  were 
any  great  solemnities,  a  nobleman  car- 
ried the  swojd,  which  was  an  emblem  of 
*he  supreme  authority  ;  but  it  was  not 
before  the  Doge,  but  before  the  senate, 
to  shew  that  th,e  power  was  lodged  in 
them.    T[ie  ofTv.e  of  the  Docre  was  to 


Bresciano,  the  Bergonrlasco,  the  Cremas-  give  audience  to  alt  ambassadors  ;  to 
co,  the  Polesino-di-RoVitro,  the  Mai ca- 1 . marrv  the  Adriatic  Se     in  the  name  nf 


Trevigiana,  the  Feltvino,  the  Bellunese, 
the  Cadorino,  Friuli,  and  Istria  ;  whic  h 
see  in  their  proper  places.  In  the  fourth 
century,  when  Atilia  king  of  the  Huns, 
called  the  Scourge  of  God,  ravaged  the 
X  part  of  Italy,  many  of  the  inhabitants 
abandoned  theircountry,  -ml  retired  into 
the  islands  of  the  Adriatic  Sea.  As  these 


islands  are  near  each  other 


they  found 
bv  driving 


means  to  join  them  togeth 
piles  on  the  side  of  the  canals,  on  which 
they  built  houses,  and  thus  the  superb 
city  of  Venice  had  its  beginning.  The 


the  republic,  on  Holy-Thursday  ;  to  pre- 
side in  all  assemblies  of  the  state  ;  to 
have  an  eye  over  all  the  members  of  the 
magistracy;  and  to  nominate' to  all  the 
benefices  annexed  to  the  -church  of  St. 
Mark.  On  the  other  hand  he  w  as  to  de- 
termine nothing  without  the  consent  of 
the  council ;  he  w  as  not  to  open  any  letter 
addressed  to  the  republic,  or  that  came 
from  the  republic  ;  fie  was  not  to  receive 
any  present  ;  he  was  not  to  leave  the  city 
Without  permission  of  the  stales  :,he  was 
not  to  chuse  ait  assistant  ;  and  be  was 


government  of  the  republic  of  Venice  \  never  to  resign  h  is  dignity.  In  short,  he 
was  aristocratic,  for  none  coujd  have  had  '  was  a  prisoner  in  the  city,  and  out  o+  it 
any  share  in  it  but  the  nobles.  These  J  he  was  no  more  than  a  private  person, 
may  be  divided  into  six  classes,  namely,  |  There  were  four  councils/  the  first  of 


.twelve  of  the  most  ancient  families,  four 
families  that  in  880,  subscribed  to  the 
building  of  the  abbey  of  St.  George; 


which  was  composed  of  'he  Doge,  and 
six  counsellors  called  the  Signioria  The 
second    wits  the  Consiglia  Grande,  or 


those  whose  names  were  written  in  thelGre.it  Council,  in  which  all  the  nobles 
golden  book  in  1296;  the  families  that  hud  a  voice,  and  sittivg.  The  third  was 
were  ennobled  b\   the  public  in   1385  ;  !  the  Consiglio-cb  i -Pregadi.  which  was  as 


those  that  purchased  their  rtobilitv  for 
100,tj00  ducats,  in  1646';  and  lastly  all 
the  s. rangers  w  hich  the  Venetians  have 
received  into  the  number  of  their  no 
bility.  Any  man  of  these  families  above 
25  years  of  age,  had  a  right  to  be  ii 
member  of  the  council,  whether  he  had 
any  eajfacity  or  not.  It  generally  con- 
sisted of  about  2500  ;  and  *  hey.  were  ac- 
,  counted  great  politicians,  good  ncgocia- 


it  were  ihe  soul  of  the  republic,  and  con- 
sisted of  about.  250  of  the  nobili  y.  The 
fourth  was  the  Cohsiglio. Propria,  whose 
members  w  ere  called  Savii  Grandi,  or  the 
Great  Safe's,  was  joined  to  the  Signiori, 
and  consisted  of  28  assessors.  This  gave 
audit  nee  to  the  ambassadors.  The  fifth 
and  laht  w  as  H-Coliegio-del  belied,  ai  d 
was  composed  of  10  -counsellors,  who 
ook  notice  of  all  crin'inal  matters,  and 


tors,  and  secre'  even  to  a  scruple.  They  J  the  D  >ge  hin.se  If  w  hen  accused,  was 
rils, ,  made  4  magnificent  appearance,  sui-  obliged  to  appear  before  them.  There 
table  to  the  dignity  of  their  employment.  I  was  no  appeal  from  this  council,  and  it 


V  E  N 


YEN 


was  a  great  misfortune  to  be  cited  be- 
fore it.  ltWfas  a.  kind  of  Stale  inq  dsitidtt^ 
as  severe  as  that  for  religion  ;  aid  du\ 
had  a  great  number  of  spies,  who  Un- 
covered not  only  what  was  ,done,  but 
what  was  s*i$L    As  to  religicvm,  i\u-  Ve- 
netians arc  lloman-Cathoiics,  an;!  ye) 
tlvty  ^pl^ai^.'the.  Greeks  vTuriis,  and 
feigns;  «>  The *  p^tqs ta*»t«,  art" «  eat  a+ 
lowed  the  free  e.xerr.  a^.-i'©f tltc#r%«5ir 
fjion  ;  b  t  it  they-  ai|fe  ^  r^her '  ;hat«£»  iiqr 
■crsecnted,  as  in  other  Ppp'sh  <£fy$%jfcfy$.S( 
The  head  of  th«  ^le^^  i^^"?*^^^^ 
of  Venice,  who  9Ki^l>^a  'n6f>i^;Yt^^ 
fiati,  and  is  cl^'C^et-VivV  J^fe3»^.Jt*0w''-r,lrK-i-rf 


Patriarch,  m.-^nspejuctice  of  *fre^ytyey> 
of  the  senate^  ^as.kc^rce^rj  pbwe^  o>f*f 
the  p/iests^a  nViflljs,  ;wh&  ttrg'^k^ly* 
corrupted.    There  is ■:Hnytii&*  -jfaxfyifrty 
belonging  to  Venice,  whese 
extends -over  Eriuii,  Istria,  and  n.<..s-  o! 
the  bishops  on  Terr  a  Firma.    The  tribu- 
nal of  die  inquisition  at  Venice,  was 
composed  of  the  Pope's  Nuncio,  the  Pa- 
triarch of  Venice,  and  the  fa.th.er  inqui- 
sitor-, but  to  prevent  these  from  abusiu?" 
power,  three  •  counsellors  were  added  to 
the  number,'  without  whose  consent  t  he;, 
could  determine  nothing.  -The  cier^ 
general  are  ignorant,  aifd -yet'^ffte;- 
pretty  good  ora  ors.    When  the  divi- 
sions x>£  the  carnival  were  over,  itoth 
was  heard  but  sermons  about  repentance, 
and  they  declaimed  very  strongly  ag&iVfs 
the  violators  of  the  sixth  commandn.cn'i  ; 
however,  the  breach  of  it  is  so  cow  -  •  i  . 
and  so  much  in  fashion,  that  the  conf 
sors  themselves  treat  it  as  .«  p^ecrsadWio. 
The  number  of  people  in  the  whole  te  r- 
ritories of  the  republic,  is  eiii.-'an  d  a 
2,500,000.    Venice  was  once  one  of  th< 
most  powerful  commercial  and  maritime 
spates  in  Europe.  P.;r  this  it  was  in  '.  ; 
'td;  at  first,  to  the  monopoly  of  the  com- 
merce-'  of  In'dja  i,  'the  products  'of  th-  i 
country  being  conveyed,  in  the  uncle!;, 
ages,  up  the  Persian  Gulf,  the  Euphrates, 
and  the  Tigris,  as  far  as  Hagcbd  »  themee 
by  land,  across  th.e  d'scrt,  to  P.dmyi'K  ; 
and  thence  tp  the  ?*lediterr?ncan  port s  . 
and,  afterwards,  the  supplying  of  the 
crusaders  with  provisions  and  military 
stores  was  .an 'additional  source  of  won- 
derful opulence  and  power.    Th.e  causes 
of  the  decline  of  Venice  were  the  c-e  ' :. . 
dual  wars,  with  the  states  of  Italy,  with 
the  Hungarians,  and  their  own  rebellious 
subje  cts,  which  kept  them  employed  So 
that  the\  had  no  leisure  to  oppose  the 
Turks,  whose  rapid-  advances  ought  to 
have  alarmed  all  Europe.    After  the  de- 
struction of  thfi  eastern   empire,  the 
Turks  came  more  immediately  to  inter- 
fere with  the  republic.  Whatever  valour 


night  be  shewn  by  the  Venetians,,  of  ' 
whatever  successes '  they  might  b(^ist  ot, 
|tu§  certain  thatxhe Turks  ultijpififet^ 
pr  evailed;  so  that  for  some  time  itjseemed 
-.carce' possible  to  resist  them.  What 
contributed  also  greatly  Gd*tlie  decline  (if 
the  republic  was  the  discovery  of  a  pas- 
sage by  the  Portuguese  to*the  East"  livlic^s- , 
round  the  JCape  of  Good  Hope  in  1499. 
To  this  time  the  gneMesi  part  of  the 
Kast  India  goods  importedinto  Europe 
passed  through  the  hands  of  the  Vene- 
tians ;  but  as(8oqu  as  the  above-mentioned 
e.iscovery  tookp  .  ee,  the  carriage  of  ln- 
dia  goods  by  the  Way  of  Alexandria  al- 
most entirely  celled.  £11  these  causes 
co-operating  have  reduced  Ve  nice  from  a 
ite  of  the  highest  splendour  and  Tjpfi- 
pe-ri;  nee  in  European  pontics,  to  cc-'mpa- 


v.tnv  msigmne.ance.  The  declension  of 
W^kWi'  did  not,"Iike  that,  of  Rornt-^  $>*Q* 
ceed  from  the  increase  of  luxury,  or  the 
revolt  of  their  own  armies  in  distant 
provinces,  or  from  civil  Wars  of  any  kind. 
Venice  has  dwindled  in  power  and  im- 
portance from  causes  which  could  not  be 
foreseen',  or  guarded  against  by  human 
prudence  *i though  they  had  been  fore- 
men.   In  their  present  situation-  theie  is. 

Mc  'probcJ::':,  v  of  the: i  attempting  uewo 
conquest.*  ;  happy  if  t  hey  >  are  allowed  to  « 
'.envain  in  the  quiet  possession  of  what  j 
hey  have.    Whatever  degree  "of  lie  en i-y 
dousness  may  prevail  amongvthe  Vcneti- 
ms,  jealousy,  poison,  and  the  stiletto' 
.^a^bt-e^' long  banished  from  their*  ^ak 
af:trv.    Th.e  common  people  of ,  yetnee 
.:••;-!..;/  some  qualities  very  rarefy  to  be 
t'otmd  in  thai  sphere  vof.  lifej  being-  rc- 
mai&ably  sober,  obliging  to  stfartgers, 
anel  gen  do  vylth  their  infcTpoiirse  with 
each  other.    The  Venetians  are  in  gene- 
ral tall  and  well  ^'atle.    Tr|jefe*;  ark.  ,jt 
iV'dy  and  ingenious  people, extravagantly 
and  of  pnblic  amusements,  with  an  un- 
ct>mpWnJf?l&^  for  humour,  and  yet  mane, 
attached  tq^the  real  enjoym'ents  of  .-life 
th^.n  to  those' whtt'h  depend  on  ogtenta- 
*ion  and  proceed  .from  •  vanity.  The. 
women  are  of  an  easy  address,  and  have 
.o  aversion  to  cultivating  an  acquain- 
t|rice*witl*  fhose^straj^eirs  wlio  are  pre- 
sented to  them  by  their  relations,  or  have 
literl  proper lyCrePol^^i^^J.4  ' 

Vetiibe,  a  city. of  ttaly,  one  of  the  most 
•e-ebruted  ill  the  world,  and  Capital  of' a 
.-•eptibUc  of  the  same  name,  with  a  patri- 
archate, ami  an  university.  It  stands y>h 
72  lift Ie  islands  in  the  erulf  of"  v  en  ice. 
The  appi^j-.cii  to  th.e  city  is  marked  1jy« 
rows  of  sU;kes  jon  each  side,  v.  hieh  di- 
iec.t  vessels  of  a  certain  burden,  to  avoid 
the  shallows.  These  shallows  are  a  bet- 
ter defence  than  the  strongest  fortinca- 


V  E  N 


V  E  N 


Hons.  Ofl  the  approach  of  an  enemy's 
tieet,  the  Venetians  have  only  to  pull  up 
the  stakes.,  and  the  enemy  can  advance 
no  further.  Venice  is  situated  a'boutfive 
iuites  from  the  mainland,  in  a  kind  of  la- 
gipra,  lake,  or  smaller  inner  gulf,  sepa- 
rated from  the  large  one,  called  the  gulf 
<tf  Venice,  "by  some  islands,  at  a  few  ' 
miles  distance.  These  islands,  in  a  great 
measure,  break  the  force  of  the  Adriatic 
storms,  before  they  reach  the  laguna ; 
yet,  in  very  high  winds,  the  navigation 
of  the  lake  is  dangerous  to  gondolas,  and 
sometimes  the  gondoliers  do  not  trust 
themselves  even  in  the  canals  within  the 
city.  This  is  not  so  great  an  inconve- 
nience as  might  he  imagined;  for  most 
of  the  houses  have  a  door  opening  upon 
a  canal,  ;.nd  another  communicating  with 
the  street ;  by  means  of  which,  and  of 
the  bridges,  a  person  may  go  to  almost 
any  part  of  the  city  by  land,  as  well  as  by 
water.  The  number  of  the  inhabitants 
Is  computed  to.be  about  160,000.  The 
houses  are  built  on  piles.  The  streets, 
in  general,  are  narrow;  and  so  are  the 
canals,  except  the  Great  Canal,  which  is 
very  broad,  and  has  a  serpentine  course 
through  the  middle  of  the  city.  There 
are  above  500  bridges  over  these  ca- 
als,  the  most  famous  of  which  is  that 
called  the  Rialto.  It  is  built  about  the 
iddle  of  the  great  canal,  which  divides 
rjXenice  into  two  parts.  It  is  of  white 
^marble,  and  has  but  one  arch,  in  which 
.its  principal  beauty  consists  ;  and  is  9C 
feet  from  one  extremity  to  the  other. 
On  this  bridge  are  two  rows  of  shops.' 
which  divide  it  into  three  streets  ;  tlf 
largest  of  which  is  in  the  middle.  The 
other  bridge  consists  only  of  one  arch, 
and  has  no  rails'on  each  side.  The  view 
from  the  Uiaho  is  equally  lively  aud  mag- 
nificent ;  the  Grand  Canal  covered  b\ 
boats  and  gondoLs,  and  flanked  on  each 
side  by  magnificent  palaces,  churches 
anc'  spires.  '  Except  the  Grand  Canal, 
and  the  Canale  llcgio,  all  the  others  are 
narrow  and  mean  ;  some  of  them  have  no 
quays,  and  the  water  literally  washes  the 
houses.  The  only  place  where  a  person 
can Av.dk  whh  ease  and  safety  is  in  the 
Piazza  di.St.  Marco ;  a  kind  of  irregular 
quadrangle,  formed  by  a  number  of  buil- 
dings, all  singular  in  their  kind  ;  nameh , 
the  Ducal  Palace;  the  churches  of  St.' 
Mark  and  St.  Geminiano  ;  the  Old  and 
New  Procuraties,  a  noble  range  of  buil- 
dings, in  'which  are  the  museum,  the 
public  library,  and  nine  large  apartments 
belonging  to  the  procurators  of  St.  Mark. 
All  these  buildings  are  of  marble.  At 
'he  corner  cA'  the  new  procuratia,  a  little, 
distance  from  the7  church  stands  the 


steeple  of  St.  Mark  ;  .a  quadrangular 
tower,  about  300  feet  high.  The  patri- 
archal church  of  8>t.  Mark,  though  one 
of  the  richest  and  must  expensive  in  the 
world,  does  not  strike  the  eye  very  muctk. 
.it  first.  The  architecture  is  of  a  mixed 
kind,  mostly  Gothic  ;  yet  many  of  the 
pillars  are  of  the  Grecian  orders.  The 
trade  of  the  city  at  present  is  f  \r  short 
of  what  it  was  formerly^  Their  chief 
manufactures  are  cloth  :  especially  scar- 
let, silks,  gold  and  silver  stuffs,  bro- 
cades, velveis,  and  paper,  of  which,  and 
wine,  oil,  fruit,  sweetmeats,  anchovies, 
and  several  sorts  of  drugs  used  in  physic 
and  painting,  the  exports  are  still  con- 
siderable. Venice  has  neither  walls, 
gates,  nor  ci'adel,  to  defend  it :  its  si- 
tuation supplying  the  want  of  all  these. 
In  the  treasury  of  relics  is  the  proto- 
coll,  or  original  manuscript,  as  the)  pre- 
tend, of  St.  Mark's  gospel :  it  is  rarely 
shown  ;  and  the  writing,  by  length  of 
time,  is  so  defaced,  that  the  greatest 
connoisseurs  in  manuscripts  cannot  de- 
termine whether  it  was  wrote  in  Greek 
or  Latin.  Besides  what  is  properly  caUed 
the  city,  there  is  a  multitude  of  little 
islands  lying  round,  which  are  covered 
with  buildings,  and  make  each  of  them 
a  kind  of  separate  town,  the  most  con- 
siderable of  which  is  that  calietl  Guideca, 
or  the  "Jews  Quarter,"  which  is  large  and 
populous;  with  St.Erostno,  St.  Helena, St. 
Georgio,  Chiosa,  II  Lido  de  Palestina,  11 
Lido  dc  Malamocco,  and  Murano  :  these 
islands  are  a  sort  of  fence  to  tiic  city, 
breaking  the  violence  of  the  waves. 
To  distinguish  them  from  others,  the 
.lews  here  must  wear  a  bit  of  red  cloth' 
in  their  hat&.  The  gardens  in  this  city 
are  few  and  inconsiderable.  In  the  island 
of  Murano  are  made  those  beautiful 
iooking-glasscs,  and  other  glass-works, 
for  which  Venice  is  so  much  noted  :  here 
the  family  of  Cornaro  hath  a  palace, 
with  a  gallery  of  paintings,  lit* le  short 
of  an  Italian  mile  in  length.  The  salt- 
woiks  in  the  island  of  Chiosa  are  of 
great  benefit  to  the  Venetians,  and  yield 
a  very  considerable  revenue,  'l'kere  are 
several  other  small  islands  about  Venire 
besides  those  w  e  have  mentioned  ;  but 
they  are  inconsiderable.1'  Prom  the  pa- 
lace is  a  covered  bridge  of  communica- 
tion to  a  state  prison,  on  the  other  side 
of  the  canal  ;  prisoners  pass  to  and  from 
the  courts  over  th,s  bridge,  which  is 
named  Ponte  dei  Sospirt,  the  Bridge  of 
sighs.  The  lower  gallery,  or  piazza, 
under  the  palace,  is  called  the  Brogliu 
fn  this  the  noble  Venetians'  walk  and 
converse  ;  it  was  only  here,  and  at  coun- 
cil, that  they  had  opportunities  of  meeV- 


i 


V  E  N 


V  E  R 


ing  together  ;  for  they  seldom  visited, 
openly,  or  in  a  family  why,  ai  each  oil  - 
er's houses ;  and  .secret  meet  mgs  ivojutd 
have  given  umbrage  to  the  stmc  inquisi- 
tors. There  is  an  opening  from  St.. 
Mark's  Place  to  the  sea,  on  winch  stand, 
two  lofty  pillars  of  grauhfc.  The  gninii 
scene  of  all,  the  snwvs  an<!  f9l4i.es  01"  tile 
festivals,  is  Ihd  square  of  St.  Mark,  in 
which  hulls  are  s  /meVini.  s  buifed  1. 
the  Doge's  palace  all  the  high  «••>.:  •  a 
held  their  .issernblies  ;  bur  a  •  are  udd 
h  seeVhs  ver\ 


•by  several  travellers,  tybic 
Strange,  th.it  the  stars  are  n  ■  ■  ■ 
a  privy.  In  this  patace  is  a  slnall  arson,  i, 1  reiiri- 
furnished  with  arms  against  «Ry  stf&ieti 
insurrection  of  the  people,  tftgv.he:-  a  rh 
a  state  prison,  a  grout  many  exquisite 
paintings,  and  sever.;!  curiosu  i,  s,  anting 
which  are  some  chiiistm  castifutix.  One 
side  of  it  is  towards  St.  Mark's  square, 
and  the  lower  gallery  "on  that  side, 
with  the  hall  under  the  new  pro  ura  ie 
facing  it,  are  called  tlie  lirogl'm,  wftere 
the  nobility  and  none  else,  at  least  whih 
they  are  prescm,  are  allowed  to  wjk. 
The  square  of  St.  Mark  is.  tlie'  greatest 
ornament  of  the  city,  and  hfeti)  the  form 
of  a  parallelogram.  In  this  socare,  be- 
sides the  church  and  palace  of  St,  Mark, 
are  two  towers,  on  one  side  of  whic*  is 
a  curious  clock  ;  and  the  other  has  stairs 
so  constructed  that  one  may  ride  up  on 
horseback.  Opposite  to  the  duc.-.l  p. dace 
is  tlie  public  library  of  the  common- 
wealth ;  containing  a  large  collection  of 
books  and  manuscripts,  with  sovne  fiiu 
paintings,  statues,  and  curiosities.  Hard 
by  St.  Mark's  square  is  the  zecea,  or 
mint:  from  iecca  the.  gold  com  ca lit  el 
Zecchino  takes,  its  name.  One  of  the 
smallest  pieces  or  momy  at  Venice  i> 
called  Gazetta ;  and  the  h\  st  newspapc  rs 
published  there,  on  a  single  leal',  having 
been  sold  for  that  a-piece,  all  kinds  >t 
newspapers  were  from  thence  caHedi  E<> 


fury  of  the  ancient-Bacchanals  ;  and  the 
nearer  Ash  Wednesday  approaches,  the 
more  njud  they  aS-e.  The  principal  spot 
of  the  masquerake  is  St. *  Murk's  Ph.ce, 
where  there  are  sometimes  15,000  peo- 
ple V  and  it  swarms  with  harlequins, 
'e>U  1  s,  mountebanks,  rjbpt  dancti s,  and 
puppet -shows.  Even  the  priest* -and 
monks  enjoy  the  diversion^  of/'the  ear- 
nivai;  hut  when  that  is  over  imthmax  is 
neard  from  ti.«i  clergy  but  sermons  on"  re- 
pentance,. V-enice  is  irw-huted  in  tlie 
province. r^liecl  the  Dorado,, Tind  js  ,72 
...i],s  K  hv  X  of  Mantua.  115  NE of  Flo- 


14. 


i,  ?l2>\of  Rome, 


zettes.    The  grand  arsenal  is  i\*o  an<] 
a  half  Italian  miles  in  circr,  and  con- 
tains vast  quantities  of  naval  and  o'thci 
warlike  stores:  some  pijete.rid  ;ha'  : 
could  furnish  arms  for  10,000.  horse  and 
100,000  foot  ;  here  are  the  trophies 
Hcanderbeg  and  others,  \fritfi  the  !>■.!.. 
of  Atilla,  &c.    7n  this  city  is  9  f^rfc  • 
carnival   which    begins  on  .N^tvif^ars 
<lay,  and  continues  t.dl  Ashwedix .  sda\ , 
all  which  time  is  employed  in  spores  and 
diversions.    Then  there  is   scarce  any 
distinction  between  vice  ami  virtue;  fo< 
libertinism  reigns  through  'he  city,  and 
thousands  of  foreigners  fivqueiv  it  fro .-, 
all  parts  of  Europe.    They  all  app.  ,n  11 
mask*-,  which  no  one  can  venture  totalc 
oft':  in  this  .  disguise  thev  imitate  thr 


ip.c 


h»n,  12  1? 

■  •  >  a'yand 
It  is  the  an- 
>s 'still  some- 
T  he  doge  pf 
thjts  s^-a,  in 


*nWf$£ 

,  Venice,  KGv]f_af.  a  sea«bc  t 
part  -f  Turk'--v,.  ;n  Europe 
cient  Adriatic <« m^Marej  an 
times-called  die  Vlrinfi^."" 
Venice  annually  we  deled 
token  of  the  sovereignty  of  .hat  repub- 
lic over-it.  Oh  As<  ensioTi  May,  he  went 
upo'n  the  water  in  a  superb  vessel,* winch 
the  commander  swore  to  bung-  back  -sain 
in  defiance  of  all  Weather;  end-throwing 
a  go-Id*  in  g  into  the  sea.  pronounced  this 
sentence  in  Latin:  We  (.spouse  thee,  O 
sea,  in  token  of  true  and  perpetual  sove 
in  nt\.  ^-'*iP*¥ 

i'-»io,  a  strong  town  of  Dutch  Guelder 
land,  tormerly  in  alliance  with  the  Han 
seaiie"  towns.  It  was  more  than  ome  ta 
ind  retaken  in  the  wars  between 
Dutch  and  Spaniards.  In  1752,  it 
••  tiered  to  the  allies,  and  was  confir 
\  die  stales  general  by  the  barrier  trea 
n  1715.  It  was  taken  "by  the  French, Oct 
?8,  1794  1;  is  seated  on  the.E  side  of  the 
\l<  us.  (on  the  opposite  side  of  which  is 
:  ort  St.  Michael),  19  mdes  N  of  Hu  re - 
m  nde,  am  35  N  VV  of  Juiiers.  Eon.  5.  50 
V.,  ::o.  51  2uX. 

Vei  osii,  a  town  of  Ttalv  in  Naples,  in 


'.'.a,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  isseat- 
J  -v  a  fertile  plain  at  the  toot  of  the  Ap- 
nnmes,  13  miles  IS  W  of  Acerenza,  and 
2    Ko.L  Naples.  Eon.  15 52-K,  lat. 40  54 N. 

V^nt  -  -de-Cruz,  a  town  of  S  America, 
11  Terra  J-'irma,  seated  on  the  river  Cha- 
r      Here   the  Spaniards  usedto  -em- 
>ark  the  merchandise  <vf  Peioi,  on  that 
;rer  for  Porto  Ikllo.    Eon.  79  0  W,  lat. 

Yen  zone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli, 


:il' 

■6  : 


K>XE  of  Belluno.  Lon. 
X. 


13  40  E,lat. 


Vera,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spa  in)  in 
Qt-anada,  with  a  harbour.    It  is  43  miles' 
VE  of  Almeria,  and  32  SW  of  Carthage - 
h  Ech,130  W,  lat.  37  15  N. 
Vera  Cntz,  a  seaport  of  N  America,  i» 
Xew  Spain,  in  Tlascala,  seated  on  the 


V  E  R 


\T  E  R 


gulf  of  Mexico.  Here  the  flota.  arrives 
ai»rtrtally<fix»m  Spain,  lo  reotive  the  pro- 
duce of  the^-gokl  anil  sliver  mines,  of 
W  :dco,  and  an  annual  fair  Is  heid  here 
for  Eiie  rich  merchandise  of  China  and 
Europe.  There  are  sUch  crowds  of  Span- 
iards from  all  parts  of  America,  that  tents 
'•are  erected- for  them  while  the* fair  h.s  s. 
This  place  is  famous  o»  account  of  the 
landing  of  FercUnatytio  Gortez  with  500 
Spaniards, --when  lie  undertook  the  con- 
cfuest  of  Mexico,  it  is  2-id  miles  E  bv-S 
*i  Mexico.    Lon.  97  35  W,  lat:  19  12*N. 

P^i'uffttit,'^.  province  of  N  America,  in 
Kev'.  .Spain,  in  the  audience  of  Giu.tiina- 
la ;  bounded  on  the  N  Ly  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  on  the  k  hy  he  province  and  bay 
or 'Panama,  on  the  S  by  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  on  die  v\  by  Costa  Rica.  It  is  125 
Utiles  long  and  40  broad,  and  is  a  moun- 
tainous and  barren  country,  abounding' 
in  gotd  and  sifyer;  Coucepaon  is  the  ca- 
pital. r\ ;       **r«  * 

k'eru-paz,- a.  province  of  N  America,  in 
New  Spain,  in  tlie  audicnee  of  Guatima- 
la;  hounded  on  the  N  by  Jux.itan,  on  the 
E  by  the  bay  and  province  of  Honduras,  on 
theS  by  Guatimala  Proper,  and  on  the  YV 
byCmapa.  It  is  S3  miles  u\  l<.-ngth,  aim 
nearly  as  much  in  breadth,  and  is  full  o! 
mountains  and  forests  ;  but  there  are  man} 
'Jertile  vallies,  widen  feed  a  great  number 
of  horses  «*nd  mules.  There  are  also  rjnau} 
towns  anil  villages  of  tlie  native  Ameri- 
The  capital  of  the  same  name,  has 
i shop's  see,  out  is  inconsiderable.  I. 
is  12j  miles  NE  of  Guaiimala.  Lun.  89  0 

^#;i5«Hi  *  •*  V*: 

Verberie,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
die  department  of  Oise,  -nd  late  prov'uice 
.of  the  isl.  of  France,  sealed,  on  tlie  river 
Oise,  10  miles  NE  of  Sends.  Lon.  2  51  E, 
lat.  49  22  X. 

/  trccli,  a  strong- town  of  Italy,  in  Pied-j 
mom,  capital  ot  a  iordship  or'  the  s..m<. 
name,  with  a  bishop's  see,  a  citadel  and 
and  a  castle.  The  town-house,  the, gover- 
nor's palace,  and  die  hospital,  are  hand- 
some structures.  It  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  S'sda  and  Cerva,  LO  in  lit 
NSV  of.Casal,  aud  40  NE  of  Turin.  Lon 
8  24  E,  iat.  45  31  N\ 

VeickoltiLfsk,  a  town  of  Russa,  in  tlie 
government  of  Irkutsk.  Lon.  lt»5  35  E, 
lat'.  54  J  N. 

Vevcholuve,  an  episcopal  town  of  Rus- 
sia, in  the  government  of  Perm.  Lon.  6{j 
15  E,  rat.  58  45  ttf 

Ferd,  Cape,  a  promontory  on  the  W 
coast  of  Africu,  45  miles  N\V  of  t.a- 
mouth  of  the  G;.mbia.  Lon.  17  33  \V, 
lat.  14  45  N 

lerd  Inland*,  C'dpe,  islands  in  the  A  - 


lantic,  above  300  miles  W  of  ihe  coast 
ot  Africa,  between  13  and  19  degrees  N 
lat,  discovered  in  1446,  by  the  Portuguese. 
The  principal  are  Ut\\  in  number,  lying  in 
a  semicircle.  Their  names  art  St.  Anto- 
1  ma,  St.  V  incent,  St.  Lucia,  St.  Nicholas, 
Sa',  Bonavista,  Mayo,  Stt  J  ago,  Fuego, 
and  Bravos. 

l\  i\!-:n,  a  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  28  miles  long, 
and  marly  as  much  broad;  bounded  E 
ami  S  by  tlie  duchy  of  Lunenburg,  W  by 
ihe  W^er,  N  by  the  duchies  of  Biemcu 
aud  Lunenburg,  Tlie  Danes  in  1715,  ce- 
ikd  it  to'; he  eiecior  ot  Hanover.  The  in- 
habivauis  are  Lutherans. 

Vffdt-u,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  capi- 
tal of  a  duciiy  of  the  same  name.  "  Lon.  9 
U  E,  iat.  53  10  N. 

I  trdun,  a  luu  n  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment oi'.wcuse,  and  late  province  of  Lor- 
rain,  wi  It  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  strong  ci- 
tade'l.  Its  fortifications  were  constructed 
by  the  chevalier  de  Ville  and  marshal  de 
s  auban  ;  the  latter  of  whom  was  a  native 
of  vhis  piace.  There  are  several  abbeys, 
collegiate  and  parish  churches ;  and  the 
most  curious  structures  besides,  are  the 
bishop's  palace,  the  town-house,  and  the 
.Jesuit's  college.  Verdun  was  taken  by 
Die  Prussians  in  1/92,  but  retaken  soon 
after.  The  inhabitants  are  noted  for 
making  fine  sweetmeats.  It  is  seated  on 
live  Meuse,  which  runs  "hrough  the  mid- 
dle, 12  miles  S\V  of  Luxemburg,  and 
15  J  E  of  Paris;    Lon.  5  22  E,  lat.  49  9  N. 

Vcrdtui,  a  town  of  Prance,  in  the  de- 
pa;  -iment  of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy,  seated  on  the  Ga- 
ronne, 22  mties  X\V  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1 
2>J  E,  lat i  43  54  X. 

Veren,  a  tow  n  of  Turkey,  in  the  Euro- 
pean province  of  Macedonia,  48  miles  W 
d'  SaJkmichi,  and  115  E  of  Vaiona.  Lon. 
22- 18  E,  Iat.  40  40  X. 

I'ereJiu.  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Moscow.  Lpn,  25  50  E,  iat. 
55  18  X.  ■  .  .  . 

i>'r:jtnnes,  a  post  town  in  Addison 
county,  Vermont:  1}  mg  on  the  E  side 
of  Oaer  river,  23  miles  S  of  Burlington, 
on  hcke  Ciiam])iain,  and  47  N  of  Rutland. 

Verina,  a  town  of  S  America,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Terra  Firma,  situated  on  a  gulf 
of  the  Atlantic,  45  miles  E  of  Comana. 
Lon.  63  44  \Y,  lat.  10  8  X. 

yvrmtuijois;  a  late  .territory  of  France, 
in, Pic  rdv  ;  which  with  the  late  province 
of  Soisonnois,  is  now  included  in  the 
de.j  urtuient  of  Aisne.  It  abounds  in  corn, 
*ird    xcellent  flax. 

Vtrmanlon  -\  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment ot  Yonne,  and  late  province  of 


V  E  R 


VER 


Burgundv,  seated  on  a  river  10  miles  SF. 
"of  Auxerre.    Lou.  3  49  E,  hit.  47  40  X. 

Vermont,  one  of  t!ie  -United  States  of 
America  :  bounded  on  the  X  by  Canada, 
on  the  E  by  the  river  Connecticut,  which 
divides  it  from  New  Hampshire,  on  the 
S  by  Massachusetts,  and  on  the  YV  b\ 
New  York.  It  is  155  miles  long'  and  66 
oroad,  and  divided  into  11  couniies.  A 
chain  of  high  mountains,  running'  X  and 
■6  divides  this  state  nearly  in  the  centre 
between  Connecticut  river  and  Lake 
Champlain.  The  height  of  land  is  gene- 
rally  from  20  to  30  miles  from  the  river, 
and  about  the  same  distance  from  the 
Xew  York  line.  The  natural  growth  upon 
this  mountain,  is  hemlock,  pine,  spruce, 
and  other  evergreens;  hence  it  has  al- 
ways a  green  appearance,  and  on  this  ac- 
count has  obtained  the  desenpt  ve  name 
of  Ver-Mont,  Green  Mountain.  On  some 
high,  parts  of  this  mountain,  snow. lies 
l.ili  May,  and  sometimes  till  June.  The 
country  is  generally  hilly,  but  not  rocky. 
It  is  finely  watered,  and  affords  the  best 
of  pasturage  for  cattle.  On  the  banks  of 
the  lakes,  rivers,  and  rivulets,  are  many 
fine  tracts  of  rich  interval  land.  The  he:., 
vy  growth  of  timber,  winch  is  common 
throughout  the  state,  evince  the  strength 
and  fertility  of  the  soil.  Elm4  black 
birch,  maple,  ash  and  base -wood,  grow  u, 
the  moist  low  ground;  and  the  banks  of 
the  rivers  are  timbered  principally  with 
white  pine,  intermingled  with  vales  of 
beech,  elm,  and  white  oak.  The  inhabi- 
tant cultivate  wheat,  25  and  30  bushels 
of  which  grow  on  an  acre,  ry  ,  barley, 
oats,  Indian  corn,  &c.  The  corn,  howev- 
er, is  frequently  cut  off  by  the  early  fros-  x, 
especially  on  the  mountain's  and  lulls. 
That  which  grows  ,on  the  banks  of  the 
rivers  is  not  so  frequently  injured.  Flax 
is  raised  in  considerable,  quantities,  ami 
the  soil  is  good  f ;  r  hen. p.  Potatoes, 
pumpkins,  and  garden  roots  and  vege- 
tables, grow  here  in  great  plenty.  Large 
quantities  of  sugar,  of  a  good  quality 
and  flavour,  arc  made  from  the  s  ;g\u 
maple.  The  most  considerable  l  ivers  on 
the  W  side  qt  the  st  it  ,  arc-  Otter,  Onion, 
Lamoille,  and  Michiscoui.  These  dis- 
charge themselves  into  i;tke  Champlaine. 
None  of  them,  except  Onion,  is  naviga- 
ble even  by  boats,  more  than  7  or  8  mile  s 
from  its  mouth.  The  rivers  on  the  E  side 
are  more  numerous,  but  still  smaller. 
The  largest  are  Wcs  ,  Black,  and  White 
Rivers,  and  Poussoonsuek.  They  run  in- 
to the  Connecticut,  and  contribute  with 
many  other  tributary  streams,  to  in- 
crease the  volume  of  that  noble  river. — 
Lajte  Champlaine,  wUAqIi  divides  Ver- 


mont fron>Xew  York,  is  a  large  collec- 
tion of  waters,  extending  about  2Q0  miles 
in  length  ;  but  its  breadth  is  not.  propor- 
tionable, being  from  one  to  eighteen 
miles.  It  contains  several  islands,  one  of 
them,  called  the  Grand  Isle,  is  24  miles 
long,  and  from  two  to  four  broad.  In  no 
state  is  there  more  attention  manifested 
to  the  education  of  children  ;  to  promote 
this  useful  purpose  the  govermenthas  set 
apart  .a  lqt  of  350  acres  in  every  town- 
ship, for  the  support  of  schools.  The 
state  extends  from  42  degrees  44  minutes 
to  45  degrees,  Xorth  latitude,  and  from 
71  i  to  73 £  of  West  longitude,  arid  con- 
tains about  10,000  square  miles.  It  is  di- 
vided into  12  counties.,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants  were  stated  at  217,913,  without  a 
single  slave?  The  principal  to  ;  ns  are 
Bennington,  Windsor,  and  Rutland,  each 
of  them  the  head  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  and  the  two  latter  alternately  th& 
seat  o~f  government*  ;  t  &  V  •  rf^W 
*  Vett&  S&6  fssoife.  W.^1^  ,it>  -V^.V' 
"Vememlj  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure,  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  seated  on  the  Aure4  22  miles 
SW  of  Evreux,  and  65  W  by  S  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  53  E,  lat.  48  42  X. 

Vemciiil,  a  town  of  France,  in,the  de- 
partment of  Allier,  and  late  province  of 
Bourbonnois,  3  miles  from  the  river  Al- 
lier, and  \5  S  of  Moulius.     Lon.  3  2.5- E, 

Vernon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de-' 
partmcnt  of  Kure,  and  late  province  of 
Xormandy,  with  an  ancient  castle,  and  a 
fortress  at  the  end  of  the  bridge,  over 
the  Seme,  27  miles  SE  of  Rouen,  and 
42  XW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  42  E,  lat.  49 
6  X.  •     \. . 

Veroli,  an  ancient  and  populous  town 
of  Italy,  in  Champagna  di  Roma,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  It  is  seated  on  the  Cosa,  at 
die  foot  6f  the  \ppennines>  45  miles  S 
B  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  15  E,  lat.  41  28  N. 
Verona,  a  famous  city  of  Italy,  capital 

if  the  Veronese,  widi  a  bishop's  see, 
.i-.ive  forts,  and  an  ac.ulemy.  ,  It  is  sur- 

•oimqe^  by  thick  walls,  deep  ditches, 
and  good  ramparts.  The  streets  are  nei- 
ther clean  nor  straight;  but  there x  is  a 
handsome  place  called  the  piazza  d'Ar- 
oii,  in  which  is  a-  marble  statue,  repre- 
senting the  republic,  of  Venice.  The 
most  remarkable  structure  is  the  amphi- 
theatre built  by  the  Romans,  in  which 
there  are  44  rows  of  benches  of  white 
marble,  _w!uch  will  conveniently  hold 
25,000  persons.  Vrerona  is  the  birthplace 
of  Pliny  the  X  auralist,  and  in  the  ca- 
•  oedral  is  a  magnificent  tomb  of  Pope 
Lucius..    The  river  Adige  divides  it  into- 


V  E  R 


VES 


two  parts,  which  communicate  by  two 
handsome  bridges.  The  French  took  pos- 
session of  this  city  in  July,  1796;  hut  ihe 
Xustrians  obliged  threm  -to  surrender  j 
in  Jjiwle  1799..  /it  isU7  miles  'KB 'of  Man 
tua,  and  62  SW  of  Venice.    Lon.-  11  2  i 

■IPH:  S#J  SKIP* 

'  ei'onese,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Venice,  bounded  on  the  XT  by 
the  Trentino,  on  the  E  by  the  Vincents 
no  and  Paduano,  on  the  S  by  the  Mantu- 
ajii  fsnd  o  i  the  W  by  the  -Cresciaivo.  I 
is  35  miles  long,  and  27  broad;  end  one 
:of  the  most  fertile  countries  in.  Italy,  a- 
bounding  in  corn,  wiiue,  fruits,  and  cattle. 

Fer>:oIs,  a  considerable  town  of  Eus- 
sia,  in  life  government  of  Rezan,  seated 
on  ft  mountain,  near  a  river  of  the  same 
m.'ac,  which  a  little  lower  falls  into  the 
l)on.    Lon.  42  29--E.  lat;  5'3  15  N. 

Verrez,  a  town  of"  Italy-,,  in  Piedmont, 
with  an  impregnable  fortrcs-. 

Fem'ers,,  a  town  of  Swisserlruid,  six' 
miles  EXE  ofVPoniarlier,  and  20  WSW 
of  Xeuchatel.    •  .y„>*> 

Versailles,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Sein  and  Oise.  It  contains, 
60,-OOG  inhabitants,  -and  since  the  revolu- 
tion, has  been  created  a  bishop's  see.  'in 
the  reign  of  Lewis  XIII.  it  wits  only  a 
small  village,  till  Lewis  XIV.  built  a  mag- 
nificent palace  here,  which  was  the  usual 
residence,  of  the  bangs  of  France,' till 
1789,  when  Lewis  XVI.  and  his  family, 
were  forced  by  the  mob  to  remove  from 
'it  to  Paris.  The  buildings  and  gardens' 
were  adorned  with  a  vast  number  of  sta* 
tues,  by  the  greatest  masters,  and  lh( 
waterworks  were  magnificent.  The  great- 
gallery  is  thought  to-  be  as  curious  a 
piece  of  workmanship  of  that  kind,  as  a- 
ny  in  the  world ;  nor  is  the  chapel  less  to- 
be  adnfired  for  its  fine  architecture  and 
ornaments.  The  gardens  with  the  park- 
are  five  miles  in  circumference,  "  and 
surrounded  bv  walls:  Versailles  is  ten 
miles  WSW  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  12  W,  lat. 
48  48  XV  ■  ,  > 

Versailles,  the  capital  of  Woodford 
county,  in-  Kentucky  ;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  the 'river  Kentucky,  12  miles  W 
of  Lexington.   ^rawnKQ  ^v«>&^V*3% 

Vcrsldre,  a  township  of  Orange  county, 
Vermont;,  containing  1,311  inhabitants  ip- 
1810.    It  is  situated  on'fthe  W  skle  o 
the  river  Connecticut,  20  miles  E  of  Ran 
dolph. 

Versio,  a  village  of  Frrnce,  in  the  de 
partraent  of  A  in.  near  th?  ri  ver  Versci.; 
It  is  called  Chtoise'uPs  Folly;  for  -he 
duke  de  Choiseul  nrime  minister  of 
France  in  17(K  fornfed  a  plan  to  ruin 
the  city  (if  Gcmevaj  and,  (not  being  at 
that  time  on  good  terms  with  France,) 


I monopolize  the  whole  trade  of  the  lake, 
With  this  design  he  began  to  build  Ver- 
soi.  But  ;'fter  having  nearly  completed 
the  harbour,  ami  expending  125,000/!  on 
the  project,  ifwas  suddeely  relinquished. 

f~frivs\  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine,  and  late  province  of 
Champagne,  seated  on  a  plain,  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  on  which  a\-e  vineyards, 
producing  very  good  wines,  17  miles  S  W 
of  Chalons  Mv.i  78  XE  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  2 
E,  lat.  48  53  N. 

Veruc,  or  J'erma,  a.  town  of  Italy,  in 
Piedmont,  m  the  count}-  of  Asti.  It  was 
besieged  in  17u5,  by  the  French,  who  did 
not  carry  it  till  alter  six  months,  when 
it  was  reduced,  to  a  heap  of  ruins,  be* 
cause  tlie  commander  had  blown  up  all 
the  fortifications.  It  was  afterwards  re- 
store cl  to  the  duke  of  Savoy.  It  is  sea'ed 
on  a  hill,  near  Hie  river  Po,  20  miles  W 
pfCas;d,  an3  23  NE  of  Turin.  Lon.  S  2  E, 

jtgt&^;-$£'  JjMj<  •/'  1  v 

t'erv'trs,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Liege,  seated, on  the 
Wese,  4  miles  SW  of  Limburg,  and  17  S 
SgTb^  Lfi%e . -  . *,*  -i <-H  '• ' i^^^Sp^. '  ■ 

;  tvins,  a  toXvn  of  France,  in  the  de* 
"part menu  of  Aisne,  and  late  province  of 
Picardy,  famous  for  a  treaty,  in  1598,  be- 
tween Henry  tV.  of  France,  and  Philip 
II.  of  Spain.  It  is  seated  on  the  Serre, 
110  miles  XE  of  Paris.    Lon.  4  0  E,  lat. 

•  Vsndum,  the  vestiges  of  a  celebrated 
Roman  town  in  Hertfordslti  <  *  close  by 
St.  Albar/s.  In  the  time  of  Xero  it  was  a 
muriicipiurn,  or  to  rn,  the  inhabitants  of 
wmeh  enjoyed  the  privileges  of  Roman  ci- 
tizens: By  Tacitus  it  is  called  Verula- 
mium,  and  by  Ptolemy  UroL  maim;  After 
the  departure  of  the  Romans,  it  was  en- 
tirely ruined  in  ihe  wars  between  the 
Unions  and  Faxons;  nothing  remains  of 
ii  but  tttfe  ruins  of  walls,  tesselated  pave- 
ments, and  It  man  coins  which  are  still 
sometimes  dug  up. 

I'Wzuolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
with  a  castle. 

Yegletf;  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partmin?  of  Aisne,  and  late  province  of 
Sotesoftnois,  seated  on  ^he  river  Aisne 

Vesoirly  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Saone,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Fianr  he  Comte.  Since  the  re- 
solution ii  h.'-s  been  created  a  bishop's 
s<  e.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
-  ailed  Motto;  de-  V e so irfj^ ge&f  SJffigpep • 
Dur  reon,  22  mile  s  X  of  Besancoo,  and 
200  SE of  Paris.  T.nn.  '6  8  E,  lat, 47  36  N. 

Vesperin,  or  Wrisbrain,  a  strong  and 
populous  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  castle,  and  an  episcopal  see,  whose 
4Y 


VES 


V  I  A 


bishop  is  chancellor  to  the  king  of  Hun- 
gary, and  Das  a  right  to  crown  him.  It 
is  seated  on  the  lake  Balaion,  at  the 
mon  ill  of  the  river  Sarwise,  50  miles  SW 
of  Strigonia,  and  83  SE  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
H.7  57T3,lat.  47  14 

Vesuvius,  a  celebrated  volcano  of  Italy, 
six  miles  E  of  Naples.  This'  mountain 
has  two  tops;  one  of  which  only  goes  by 
the  name  of  Vesuvius,  the  other,  being 
now  -.ailed  Somma;  but  Sir  William  Ha- 
milton is  of  opinion,  that  the  latter  is 
what  the  ancients  called  Vesuvius  The 
perpendicular  height  of  Vesuvius  is  onh 
3700  feet,  though  the  ascent  from  the 
foot  to  the  top  is  three  Italian  miles.  0 
side  of  the  mountain  is  weil  cultivated 
and  fertile,  producing  greal  plenty  of 
vines  ;  but  the  S  and  Xv  sides  are  entire - 
l\  covered  wrh  cinders  and  ashes  ;  while 
a  sulphureous  smoke  constantly  issue.-, 
from  'be  top,  sometimes  attended  with 
tile  mo«t  violent  explosion  of  stones,  the 
emission  of  great  streams  of  lava,  and  ali 
the  otii  .•  attendants  'of  a  most  formiela- 
ble  vou-ano.  The  first  of  these  irrup- 
•tio  n-  h  corded  in  history  took  place  in  dm 
ye*r  79:  at  which  time  he  v,vo  cities  o'. 
Pompeii  and  Herculaneum  were  entirely 
buried  under  the  stones  said  allies  thrown 
out.  Incredibh  mischief  tjrus  also  ftone 
to  /at  neighbouring  country,  and  nurn 
bers  of  people  lost  their  lives,  among 
whom  was  Pliny  the  elder.  It  is  the  o- 
pinion  of  the  best  judges,  however,  tha 
this  eruption  was  by  no  means  the  firs; 
that  had  ever  happened.  The  very  streets 
of  those  cities,  which  were  at  that  time  o- 
verwhelmed,  are  said  to  be  partly  paved 
with  lava.  Since  that  time  30  drfJ&re«l 
eruptions  ha\e  been  recorded,  some  Oi 
which  have  been  extrenfely  violent.  Ir 
the  year  1538,  a  mountain  three  miles  in 
circumference,  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in 
perpendicular  height,  was  thrown  up  in 
the  course  of  one  night.  There  have 
been  insrances  of  ashes  anel  sulphureous 
smoke  being  carried  not  only  to  Rome, 
but  also  beyond  the  Mediterranean  into 
A+Ve-a,  dnd  even  into  Egypt ;  birds  h>ye 
been  suffocated  in  the  air,  and  have  fall- 
en down  upon,  the  ground;  and  fisbe- 
peril  ed  in  the  r.e'ghhoiu-ing  waters 
which  were  made  hot,  and  infected  by  V. 
The  operations  of  the  subterraneous 'fire, 
appear  to  be  very  capricious  and  uncer- 
tain. One  day  there  will  be  the  appear- 
ance of  a  v:olent  fomentation,  and  tin- 
next  every  thing  will  be  calmed:  but 
whenever  there  has  been  a  cou&Mjw'able 
ejection  of  scoriae  and  c'mdem  u  tfi 
be  en  a  constant  observe' ion,  that  Zwb  lsva 
soon  made  its  appearance,  either  by  bo  1 
ing  over  the  crater,  or  forcing  its  way 


through  the  crevices  in  the  conical  par' 
of  the  mountain.    The  top  of  the  mourn 
t  *i»  fell  in  1634.  and  the  mouth  of  Ve- 
suvius is  now  little  short  of  two  mileshv 
en  cumference. 

Vevny,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capital 
of  a  bailiwic  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
canton  of  hern.  It  stands  on  a  small 
plain,  on  the  edge  of  the  lake  of  Geneva, 
37  miles  SW  of  hern.  Lon.  7  4  E,  lat. 
46  28  N.  ■ 

Vevdre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aljier,  and  late  province  of  hour- 
bonnois,  seateel  on  the  river  Ailier,  17 
mil.  s  \' YV  of  Moulins. 

Vezelay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nievre,  and  late  province  of 
Nivernois.  Theodore  Leza  was  born  in 
this  town.  It  is  seated  on  the  top  pf  a 
mountain,  near  the  river  Cure,  20  miles 
S  of  Auxerre,  ami  117  S  by  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  42  E,  fat.  47  26  N. 

VczeliZ.*,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthe.  Lon.  6  10  E,  lat. 
48  29  N. 

I  /  ,  a  government  of  Russia,  formerly 
ii .eluded  in  the  government  of  Orenbui  gh. 
I  is  divided  into  the  two  provinces  of  U- 
:.,  ;  nd  Orenburgh. 

Ufa,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  go- 
vernment of  the  same  name.    It  is  760 

U  s  E  of  Moscow.    Lon.  57  0  E,  lat 
54  40  N.  \>^^H 

Ujfeuheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Fran- 
a,  22  miles  NNE  of  Anspach. 

Ugenlo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in 
Terra  ei'Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
eight  miles  W  of  Alessano,  and  20  SW  of 
Oii-uino*  J,  '}..ty '%}g&$ja&ih  '■■^J t '  *  1  v  i 

Uglitmi,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
16"  miles  SE  of  Austa.  Lon.  17  47  E,  lat. 
45  30  N, 

I  '<  r,cz,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  casile,  seated  on  a  small  river  that  falls 
•to  'he  Neisse,  15  rndes  N  of  Zatmar. 
Lon.  22  34  E,  lat.  48  5  N. 

Ugogua,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
ot  Milan,  seated  on  the  Tesa,  16  miles  N 
of  Varallo,  and  45  NW  of  Milan.  L6n.  8 
24  E,  lat.  45  52  N. 

ffieukma,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Mantua,  seated  on  the  Po,  8  miles  N 
of  Parma,  anel  17  S  of  Mantua.    Lon.  10 

35  E,  lat.  44  58N. 

Vii  >m  .  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  seat- 
ed near  thy  Kbjjp,  3  miles  N  of  Logrono, 
and  46  of  Pampeluna.  Lon.  2  20  W, 
lat.  42  32  N.  v  'ig&HBKfiv 

>   ,  a  te>wn  of  Portugal,  in  Entre- 
Do  tcro-e-Mu  ho,  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
he  river  Lima,  \v'iti$  a  good  harbour,  de- 
fended bva  fort,  15  miles  W  of  hraga,and 

36  N  of  Oporto.  Lon.  829  W,  lat.  41  39  N. 


V  I  c 


V  I  E 


Vianden,  a  town  of  Austrian  Nether- 
lands, in  the  duchy  of  Luxemburg,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  Ii  :• 
divided  into  two  towns  by  the  river  Uren. 
In  the  one  is  a  castle,  built  on  an  inae 
cessitjle  mountain.  It  is  22  miles  N  or 
Luxemburg,  and  22  NW  of  Treves.  Loi  . 
6  13  E,  lat!  49  55  X. 

Vianen,  a  town  of  the  United  Province  s, 
in  Holland,  with  a  castle.  It  was  taken 
in  1796,  by  he  French,  who  demolished 
the  fortifications.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Leek,  7  miles  S  of  VJtrecht.  Lon.  5  8  E, 
lat.  5£t>:'N, T£$9%f*.£ 

Hatha,  a  government  of  Russia,  which 
was  formerly  a  province  of  Kasan.  It 
takes  its  name  from  the  river  Viatka, 
whichruns  through  it. 

Viatka,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a 
government  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  castle.  It  was  for- 
merly called  Khlynof,  and  is  seated  on  the 
river  Viatka,  100  miles  N  of  Kasan.  Lon. 
54  15  E,  lat.  57  25  N. 

Vic,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  and  late  province  of 
Lorrain,  seated  on  the  Seille,  12  miles  E 
XE  of  Xanci,  and  197  E  of  Paris  Lon. 
6  38  E,  lat  4^7  N. 

/7c,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Upper  Pyrenees.  Lon.  0  9  E> 
lat.  43  24  N. 

Vic,  or  Vicq,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 
lonia, with  a  bishop's  see.  The  cathedral 
is  adorned  with  a  fine  portico,  support- 
ed by  large  pillars;  and  the  market-place 
is  very  spacious.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile 
plain,  on  a  small  river  that  falls  into 
the  Tar,  30  piiles  X  of  Barcelona,  and 
265  EXE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2  13  E,  lat. 
41  55  k 

Vic-Fezensac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Gers,  and  late  province  of 
Armagnac,  seated  on  the  Douze,  15  miles 
W  of  Auch. 

Vic-le-Coinpte,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Fuy -de-Dome,  and  late 
province  of  Auvergne.  The  counts  of 
Auvergne  resided  here.  It  is  230  miles 
S  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  22  E,  lat.  45  36  NT. 

Vicegradf  or  ,  Vizegrad,  a  strong  town 
of  Lower  Hungary,  with  a  castle  on  the 
top  of  a  rock,  where  the  kings  of  Hun- 
gary formerly  resided.  The  Austrians 
took  it  from  the  Turks  in  1684.  It  is 
seated  on  the  S  side  of  the  Danube,  8 
mi'es  SE  of  Gran,  and  16  NW  of  Buda. 
Lon.  19  7  E,  lat.  47  35N. 

Vicentino,  a  territory  of  Italy,  belong- 
ing to  the  Venetians  ;  bounded  on  the 
X  by  Trentino  and  Feltrino,  on  the  E 
by  Tivvisatio  and  Paduano,  on  the  S  by 
P.iduano,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Vero- 
nese. It  is  35  miles  long,  and  27  broad ; 


and  so  very  pleasant  and  fertile,  that  it 
is  called  the  garden  of  Venice.  The  wine 
s  excellent,  and  the  buter  and  cheese 
very  good.  Here  are  also  great  numbers 
)i  mulberry  trees,  for  silk-worms  ;  and 
here  are  mines  of  silver,  and  hon,  and 
quarries  of  stone,  almost  as  fine  as  mar- 

jaPr*^'  ":'**tJ-  '  lift 

Vicenza,  a  strong  town  of  Italy,  the 
capital  of  Vicentino,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is' without  walls,  but  is  a  large  place, 
adorned  with  several  palaces,  and  i>as  a 
fine  square,  with  piazzas  under  the  hou- 
ses. There  are  also  several  other  squares, 
and  fine  churches.  Here  is  an  academy, 
whose  members  meet  in  the  Olympic 
theatre,  a  masterpiece  of  workmanship 
by  Palladio.  It  is  seated  between  the 
rivers  Bachiglione  and  Rerone,  and  two 
mountains,  in  a  fertile  plain,  13  miles  X 
W  of  Padua,  31  W  of  Venice,  and  135 
»of  Home.    Lon.  11  43  E,  lat.  45  26  If. 

'Vichy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  and  late  province  of  Bour- 
bonnois,  famous  for  the  mineral  waters 
near  it.  It  is  seated  on  the  .  Allier,  15 
miles  SE  of  Gannat,  and  180  S  by  E  of 
Paris.    Lon.  3  22  E,  lat.  46  0  X.  ' 

Vico,  a  '.own  of  Italy,  in  Xaples,  in 
Terra  dr  Lavoro,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  was  almost  ruined  by  an  earthquake, 
in  1694.  for  there  were  only  40  houses 
left.  U  is  seated  near  the  bay  of  Naples, 
15  miles  S  bv  E  of  Xaples.  Lon.  14  28  E, 
l  it.  40  38  N. 

Vico,  a  town  of  Corsica,  15  miles  SW 
of  Corte.  Lon.  9  16  E,  lat.  41  55  N. 

Vim,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Xaples.  Lon. 
14  30  E,  lat.  40  43  N. 

Yicovnvo,  a  town  and  principality  of 
Italy,  in  the  province  of  Sabina,  seated 
near  the  Teverone,  8  miles  E  of  Tivoli, 
and  40  XE  of  Home.  Lon.  13  8  E,  lat. 
42  30  X. 

Victoria.    See  Vittoria. 
}'iden.    See  Widdin.  1 
Vielsk,  a  town  of  the  Russian  govern- 
ment of  Vologda.    Lon.  41  45  E,  lat.  61 

Vienna,  a  city  of  Germany,  capital  of 
the  circle  of  Austria,  and  of  the  whole 
German  empire.  The  city  itself  is  not 
of  great  extent,  nor  can  it  be  enlarged, 
being  limited  by  a  very  strong  fortifica- 
tion ;  but  it  is  populous,  and  contains 
69,000  inhabitants.  No  houses  without 
the  Avails  are  allowed  to  be  built  nearer 
to  the  glacis  than  600  yards  ;  so  tnat 
there  is  a  circular  field  of  that  breadth 
all  round  the  city,  which  has  a  beautiful 
and  salutary  effect.  The  suburbs  are 
said  to  contain  200.000  inhabitants;  but 
they  are  not  near  so  populous, '  in  pro- 
portion to  their  size,  as  the  city,  for- 


V  I  E 


V  I  G 


many  houses  have  extensive  gardens 
beimging  to  them.  Ma,  mil  ■>  who 
live  durmg  the  winter  wtt'mn  the  forti- 
fications, spend  the  sunvner  in  die  sub- 
urbs. This  city  has  six  gates  wei4  de- 
fended, and  twelve  walled  bastions,  with 
strong-  r  ivclins.  Tlie.  streets  in  general 
are  narrow,  and  the  houses  big"h.  Some 
of  die  public  buildings  art  i  ••uueent  : 
The  chief  of  them  are  the  Imperial  Pa- 
lace, the  Library,  and  the  t •Museftm  ; 
the  palaces  of  the  princes  Lichtcnsteiri* 
Eugene,  &c.  Vienna  was  mcdre.c-.uativ 
besieged  by  the  'ujmsV  \i*^l#|i9  aVjifc* 
16i>3.  At  the  latter  'period  the  siege 
was  raised  by  John  Sob >e ski,  king  t»f 
Poland,  who  totally  defeated  the  'Turk- 
ish army  before  the  walls  of  this  place. 
Tiie  cathedral  is  built  of  freestone,  and 
the  steeple  is  447  feet  high.  Joining 
to  this  church  is  the  archbishop's  pa- 
lace, the  front  of  which  is  very  fine. 
The  university  had  several  thousand 
students,  who,  when  this  city  was  be- 
sieged, mounted  guard,  as  they  did  also 
in  1741.  The,  archducai  library  is  muci. 
frequented  by  foreigners,  as  it  contains 
above  100,600  printed  books,  and  10,000 
manuscripts.  There  are  also  two  re- 
markable columns,  of  which  one-is  called 
the  conception  of  the  immaculate  Vir- 
gin, and  the  other  St.  Trinity,  which 
cost  300,000  florins.  It  is  66  feet  high, 
in  the  foim  of  a  triangular  pyramid,  on 
the  top  of  which  are  three  figures  of 
gilt  bronze,  representing  tlie  trinity. 
The  archducai  treasury,  and  a  cabinet  oi 
*  curiosities  of  the  horse  of  Austria,  are 
as  great  rarities  as  any  in  the  world. 
Leopoldstadt  is  one  of  the  suburbs,  and 
seated  on  an  island,  forme .1  by  the  Da- 
nube ;  here  the  Jews  dwelt  formerly, 
but  they  were  banished  in  1670.  and  the 
suburb  turned  into  a  church.  There  is 
a  sort  of  harbour  on  the  U-muLe,  v.  here 
are  magazines  of  jiaval  stores,  and  ships 
have  beer,  fitted  out  to  serve  on  that 
river  against  tlie  Turks.  Vienna  is  tut 
archbishop's  see  ;  and  in  the  w  inter  sea- 
son is  frequently  visited  by  dreadful 
storms  which  rush  through  the  opening 
of  the  neighbouring  mountains.  It  is. 
seated  at  the  place  where  the  river  \  i- 
enna,  or  W  en,  falls  huo  the  Danube,  50 
miles  W  of  Presburg,  350  NNE  of  Home, 
520  SE  of  Amsterdam,  ar  d  565  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  16  22E,  lat.  48  16.  N. 

Vienna,  a  port  of  entry  and  post  town 
in  Dorchester  county,  Maryland;  situa- 
ted on  the  W  side  of  N  anticoke  river,  13 
Utiles  NW  of  Salisbury,  on  the  Wicomico, 
33  of  Snow  Hill,  in  the  same  direction, 
am;  30  SE  of  Boston. 

Vienna,  the  capital  of  Ohio  county,  Ken- 


tucky ;  lying  on  the^E  side  of  Green  rives, 
about  thirty  miles  above  its  entrance  into 
the  Ohio,  and  20  NW  of  Hartford,  in  die 

same  county.        P  '  '^tKs8| 

Vienne,ii  considerable  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Iserc,  and  huj  prov- 
ince of  Dauphiny.  It  was  formerly  an 
archiepiscopal  ste.  Tlie  cathedral  is  a 
handsome  Gothic  structure:  Vienneis  ]j 
miles  S  of  Lyons,  and  265  SE  of  Paris. 
Lam.  4  55E,'l..t.  45  31  N. 

Vienna,  a  c^par  \ mentM'  France,  formed 
of  part  of  vhVt.latc  province  of  Ppitou. 
It  takes  its  name  from  a  river  which  rises 
in  tiie  department  of  Oorreze,  and  falls' 
into  the  Loire  between  Chmon  and  Sau- 
mur.    Poitiers  is  the  capital 

Vienne,  Upper,  a  department  of  Trance, 
comprising  the  laie  province  of  Limosin. 
Limoges  is  the  capital. 

Vierdrrfetii  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  seated  on  the 
Vesle,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Oder^ 
Lon.  14  20  E,  lat.  53  .2  NV 

Vievzon,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Cher,  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Bern.  It  is  seated  on  the  Cher 
;md  Yevre,in  the  most  fertile  part  of  tlie 
department,  17  miles  N\A*  oi'  fconrges, 
and  100  S\Y  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  10  EytfaL 

47  12  N. 

Viesti^a  town  cf  Italy  in  Naples,  with 
an  archbishop's  sec.  It  is  seate^on  the 
g-uU  of  Venice,  in  the  place  called  tlie 
Spur  of  the  Boot,  and  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Garden,  25  miles  NE  oT  Manfredonia, 
and  117  of  Naples.  Lon.  16  40  E,  lat. 
41  51  N. 

Vis- an,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gard,  and  late  province  of 
Lanu'ucdf,c. 

Vigctvanc,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Milan,  capital  of  the  Vigcvcnasco, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  strong  castle 
on  a  rock.  It  was  formerly  the  residence 
t)f  the  dukes  of  Milan,  and'  is  scaled 
near  the  TeS'into,  12  miles  SE  oT  Novara, 
and  15  SW  of  Milan.    Lon.  S  54  E,  lat. 

r  Vignam'ont,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the, 
bishopric  of  Liege,  two  mdek.X  of  Huv. 
Lon.  5  22  E,  lat.  50  34  N . 

Vigndt,  a  town  of  FranGe,  in.  the  $ 
partment  of  Meuse.    Lon.  5  25  E,  iat. 

48  46  N.  ''^wSr  ^fjffi  jViil  hIB 
Vigv.u-Ja,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 

of  Modena. 

Vigo,  a  town  of  tlie  kingdom  of  Gah- 
cia,  with,  an  old  castle,  a  fort  and  a  har- 
bour. The  town  is  surrounded  with  i 
smgle  wall,  that  has  four  bastions,  but  is 
inc.-tpable  of  sustaining  a  long  siege.  The 
harbour  is  remarkable  for  a  sea-fight  be- 
tween sir  George  Rook,  command^?  of 


V  I  L 

die  English  and  Dutch"  fleets  and  a  squa-j 
(Iron  of  French  men  of  war,  with  13  Span- 1 
ish  galleon/tiridcr  their  convoy.  Aamiral ! 
II  >pson  broke  through  the  boom  laid 
across  the  mq'uth  of  the  harbour, and  the 
English  took  five  men  of  war  and  four 
,  galleons,  and  the  Dutch  five  galleons, 
'  and  one  large  man  war.  Fourteen 
men  of  war  and  four  galleons  were  de- 
stroyed, with  a  great  quantity  of  plate 
and  oiher  rich  effects.  Though  a  great 
deal  of  the  silver  was  carried  ashore,  yet 
avast  quanti  y  was  taken.  While  this 
was  doin  c  the  duke  of  Ormond  with  a 
body  of  land  forces,  drove  the  Spaniard* 
from  the  castles  which  defended  the  har- 
bour. Vigo  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  At- 
lantic, 8  miles  SW  of  Khedondelia,  and 
250  VVNW  of  Madrid.  Lon.  8  28  W,  lat. 
42  14  N. 

Viliers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine,  and  late  province  of 
Anjou,  seated  on  a  lake",  20  miles  S  of 
Angers,  and  162  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  29 
IV,  lat.  47  8  N. 

Vilaine,  a  river  of  France,  which  rises 
in  the  department  of  Maine,  and  enters 
the  bay  of  Biscay,  below  Roche  Bernard. 

Villa-del- Rey,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Es> 
tramadura,  on  the  frontiers  of  Portugal, 
taken  by  the  allies  in  1706.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Guadiana,  17  miles  XW  of  Bud., 
joz.    Lon.  7  1U  V/,  lat.  38  43  N. 

VMa-do-Conde,  a  seaport  of  Portugal, 
in  the  province  of  Entre-Douero-e-Minho. 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Ava.    Near  it  is  an 
L  ancient  aqueduct.  It  is  10  miles  E  of  Bar- 
El  celos,  and  20  XW  of  Oporto.    Lon.  8  23 
W,  lat.  41  14  X. 

Villa-do-Hovta,  the  capital  of  the  island 
of  Fayal,  one  of  the  Azores.  It  has  an 
excellent  and  commodious  harbour,  land- 
locked  on  all  sides  except  the  E  and  NE, 
and  the  harbour  is  defended  bv  several 
forts..   Lon.  28  36  W,  lat.  33  32  X. 

Villa  Flor,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Tra-los-.Xlontes,  seated  on  a 
river  that  falls  into  the  Douero,  and  de- 
fended bv  a  custle  on,  a  mountain.  It  is 
40  miles  E  of  Villa  Real. 

Ydla-Franca,  a  seaport  of  Laly,  in  the 
county  of  Nice,  wilh^a  castle  and  fort. 
In  1744  it  was  taken  by  the  French  and 
Spaniards,  but  restored  ;  and  the  French 
again  took  it  in  1792.  It  is  three  miles  E 
of  Nice.  Lou,  7  75  E,  lat.  43  42  N. 

Villa-Franca,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Veronese,  with  a  silk  manufacture,  1,0 
miles  S  of  Verona.  Lon.  11  23  E,  lat.  45 

I'illa-Franca,  the  capital  of  the  islind 
of  St.  Michael,  one  of  the  Azores.  Lon. 
35*35  W,  lat.  37  50  N. 

Villa-Frajfca,  a  town  of  Spain,,  in  Es- 


V  I  L 

tremadura,  seated  on  the  Tonnes,  54 
miles  SE  of  Salamanca.  Lon.  4  34  W,  lat. 

.40-2$. N..;  .  /  ; 

J'illa-Franca-de-Panades,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Catalonia.  It  is  surrounded  by 
wails,  and  seated  near  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 18  miles  W  of  Barcelona,  and  20 
XE  of  Tarragona.  Lon.  1  55  E,  lat.  41 
26  N. 

ViHa-Hermosa.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Va- 
lencia, near  the  river  M;las,  52  miles  NW 
of  Volenc.a.    Lon.  0  25  W,  lat.  40  20  N. 

Villa- Hermosa,  a  town  of  New  Spam,  in 
North  America  in  the  province  of  Tabas- 
co, seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name. 
Lon.  94  5  W,  lat.  17  45  X. 

Villa-Joiosa,  or  Joysu,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  V.dencia.    Lon.  5  15  E,  lat.  38  42  N. 

Villa-J\"ova-da-Cei~oera,  sl  town  of  Por- 
tugal, in  the  province  of  Entre-Douero-e- 
Minho.    Lon.  8  40  W,  lat.  41  55  N. 

Viila-JS'ova-de-Pcrta,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
in  theprovir.ee  of  En. re  Douero-e-Minho, 
seated  on  the  river  Douero,  opposite  O- 
orto  (on which  it  depends)  and  defended 
by  sever.al  forts.  It  contains  about  3000 
inhabitants. 

Villa-J\ova-di-Porti?nao,  a  seaport  of 
Portugal,  in  the  province  of  Algarva. 
Lon.  8  41  W,  lat.  37  5  N. 

Villa- JK'uova-d'Jlsti,  a  town  of  Pied- 
mont, in  the  county  of  Asti,  10  mile^s  E 
•if  Turin.    Lon.  7  59  E,  lut.  45  50  X. 

Villa-Panda,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
with  an  arsenal,  and  a  palar  e  belonging 
o  the  constable  of  Castile  It  is  26  miles 
X  of  Toro.    Lon.  5  0  W,  iat.  42  5  N. 

f  ilia- Real,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Tra-los-Montes,  and  capital 
of  Comarea,  in  a  very  pleasant  situation, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Corgo  and  Ri- 
btra,  15  miles  XE  of  Lamego,  and  45  S 
K  of  Braga.    Lon.  7  20  W,  lat.  41  9  X. 

Villa-Peal,  a  town  o:' Spain,  in  the  pro- 
\ince  of  Valencia,  26  miles  X  of  Valen- 
cia.   Lon.  0  20  E,  lat.  39  46  X. 

J  ilia-Real,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Guipus- 
y^-^pJL'"*?  >,  *  ;  t:0*'  « 

ViHa-Ricu,  a  seaport  of  Xew  Spain,  in 
North  America,  in  Mexico,  seated  on  the 
ulf  of  Mexieo,  200  miles  E  of  the  ciiv 
of  Mexico.-  ■  Lon.  97  15  W,  lat, 20  26  X. 

Villa  Rica,  a  town  of  Chili,  seated  on 
the  lake  Malabaugen,  62  miesfrom  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  72  41  V/,  lat.  39  15  S. 

Villa-Viciosa,  a  fortified  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Alen'ejo,  with  an  oldcnstle,  and 
t  palace,  where  the  dukes  of  Braganza 
formerly  resided.  It  is  a  pretty  large 
place  fortified  in  the  modern  taste  and  in 
i he  suburb  is  an  ancient  temple,  origi- 
nally built  to  the  honour  of  Proserpine, 
as  appears  from  the  inscription:;.  The 
soil  about  this  town  is  extremely  fertile, 


V  I  L 

and  there  arc  quarries  of  fine  green  mar- 
ble. It  sustained  ..  t',  i.  im,  sictv  against 
the  Spaniards,  in  1667;  \Vfiich  occasioned 
a  battle  in  a  neighbouring  plains,  llu 
event  of  which  placed  the  crown  of  Por- 
tugal on  the  head  of  the  duke  of  Bra- 
gauza.  It  is  16  miles  SW  of  Eivas,  and 
83  8 E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  16  W,  lat.  38 
36  N. 

Villa  Viciosa,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in 
Asturia  d'Oviedo, :  sea;.d  on  the  bay  of 
Biscay,  22  mdes  NE^of  Oviedo.    Lon.  5 

24  W,  lat.  43  22  X. 

Villa-Viciosa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  six  milesNE  of  Brihuega,  and 49 
NE  of  Madrid. 

Villac,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  du 
chy  of  Carinthia,  belonging  to  the  bishop 
of  Bamberg,  with  a  castle.  Its  inhabi- 
tants carry  on  a  great  trade  with  the  Ve- 
netians, and  near  it  are  the  baths  of  To-, 
plitz.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Drave  and  Geil,  surrounded  by  moun- 
tains, 12  miles  SW  of  Glagenfurt,  and 
88  NE  of  Brixen.  Lon.  14  3  E,  lat.  46 
50  N. 

Ville  D'eu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Channel,  and  late  pro- 
vince; ofNormarirt}',  12  miles  NNE  of  Av- 
ranches,  and  H  SE  of  Goutances.  Lon. 
1  8  W,  lat.  48  52  N. 

ViUefort,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lozere,  and  la'e  province 
of  Languedoc,  18  miles  E  of  Mende, 
and  1Q  N  of  Alais.  Lon.  3  50  E,  lat.  44 
27  N.  | 1 

Yilie-Franche,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Lyonnois.  It  is  surrounded 
by  walls,  and  seated  on  the  river  Mor- 
gon,  18  miles  NW  of  Lvons,  aud  233 
S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  51  E,  lat.  45 
59  N. 

Ville-Franche,  a  strong  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Eastern  Pyrenees, 
and  late  province  of  Roussilon  with  a 
cas'le.  In  one  of  the  neighbouring  moun- 
tains is  a  curious  cavern.  It  is  seated  ar 
the  foot  of  the.  Pyrenees,  on  the.  river 
Tet,  22  miles  NE  of  Puycerda.    Lon.  2 

25  E,  lat.  42  25  N.? 
Ville*Frandie,n  town  of  France,  in  the 

department  of  Ave'iron,  and  late  pro  *  ;  ■ 
of  Rouerque.    It  has  a  great  trade  in 
linen  cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the  Aveiron, 
13  miles  W  of  Rodez.  and  260  S  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  30  E,  lat.  44  24  N. 

Vtlle-Juive,  a  town  of  France,  4  miles 
S  of  Paris,  on  the  road  to  Lyons. 

Villemur,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc,  seated  on  the  Ta"u. 
12  miles  NNE  of  Toulouse. 

Vitlena,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pio- 


V  I  N 

v'mce  of  Murcia.    Lon.  0  49  "W,  lat.  S8 

40  n.  ^.JHR:        ..  j?;> 

Villeneuve,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot  and  Garonn*  . 

Villeneitva,  a  town  of  France  in  the  dr- 

ipiu'imenl of  Card.  -  UsSt^HSK 
-  -  VUleiwuvq,  a  town  of  Swisserland  in  | 
the  « -anion  of  Bern.    Lon.  6  53  E,  lat.  46 
24  N. 

Villcneiive-dt-brvg,  a  town  of  France  in 
the  department  of  Aiveche,  and  iate  pro- 
vince of  the  Isle  o?'  France. 

Fillers  C'otei  ets,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Qise,  with  a  <.  as;le, 
10  imles  SE  of  Gomp  cue.  Lon.  3  12  E, 
lat.  40 14tN^f , ',  "/J 

VUlingen,  a  town  of  German}  in  Suabia, 
in  the  Brisgaw,  seated  in  the  Black  For- 
est, between  the  sources  or  the  Dam:  be, 
and  Neckar,  28  miles  E  bv  S  of  Friburg. 
Lon.  8  37  E,  lat.  48  8  N. 

Velshofetif  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  oJ  Lower  Bavaria,  situated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  N  ils  and  Danube.  Lon. 
IS  21  E,  lat.  48  29  N. 

Vilvorde,  a  town  of  Austrian  Bn;bant, 
seated  on  the  canal  from  Brussels  to  the 
Scheldt,  seven  miles  NE  of  Brussels. 
Lon.  4  31  E,  lat .  50  56  N. 

tfitiiioso',  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  tjie 
province  of  Tra-los-Montc  s.    Lon.  6  30 

Vincemies,  a  post  town  in  Knox  county, 
and  the  capital  of  Indiana  territory;  si- 
tuated on  the  E  bank  of  Wabash  river, 
160  miles  NE  of  Kaskaskia,  and  136,-jT 
W  of  Louisville  in  Kentucky'.  Here  is  j 
a  small  fortificaiion,  and  the  town  con- 
tained 715  inhabitants;  at  the  last  enume- 
ration, As  this  town  is  the  seat  of  ter- 
ritorial jurisdiction,  and  lies  in  the 
>osom  of  a  fertile  country,  it  will  pro- 
gress rapidly  in  population  and  improve- 
ment.' ^       VltC^ffff^ft' '^WrWSWr^  • 

Vincent,  Ccpe  St.  the  -most  southern 
promontory  of  Portugal,  25  miles  W  by 
S  of  Cape  Lagos.  Oft'  this  cape  in  1797, 
udrftjrul  Sir  Jonn  .farvis  defeated  a  Span- 
sh  fleet  of  double  the  number  of  ships 
and  treb'e  the  number  of  guns.    Lon.  9  0 

Vivt&mtx  St.  one  of  the  Windward  Ca- 
ribbee  Lsi  nds,  in  the  W  Indies.   It  is  in- 
habited by  Caribs,  a  warlike  race,  be- 
i  veon.whom  and  the  inhabitants  of  the  . 
hy*gei3  islands  there  is  a  manifest  dis- 
tinction. Dr.  Robertson  conjectures  that 
they  were  originally  a  colon)  from  North 
America,  their  fierce  manners  approach- 
ing nearer  to  those  of  the  original  natives 
f  th  -t  continent,  than  they  do  to  those 
ol  S  America,  and  their  language  also 
;.\  .ngsome  affinity  to  that  spoken  in 
Florida.    In  their  wars  they  preserve 


V  I  N 


V  I  R 


iheir  ancient  practice  of  destroying-  all 
tiie  mules,  and  preserving-  the  women 
ei.bcr  for  servitude  or  for  breed. ng-.  St. 
Vincent  was  long  a  neutral  island;  but 
at  the  peace  of  1763,  the  French  agreed 
that  tiit  right  to  i  should  be  vested  in 
the  English  ;  wh  >,  in  the  sequel,  at  the 
instance  of  s  nne  rapacious  planters  en- 
gaged in  an  uijust  war  against  the  0  - 
4'ibnces,  who  mbabra'd  the  windward 
side  of  the  island,  ;  no!  who  were  obliged 
to  consent  to  a  peace,  by  which  the} 
codec:  a  very  large  tract  of  valuable  i  nd 
to  the  crown.  The  consequence^  of  this 
was,  th;.t  in  the  next  war,  in  1779,  they 
greatly  contribute  ;  to  the  reduction  of 
this  island  by  the  French,  who,  how- 
ever, restored  it  by  the  peace  of  1783. 
Since  that  time  it  h.-s  continued  in  the 
possession  of  Great  Britain.  During  the 
present  war,  the  Caiibs  revolted  ;  and, 
assisted  by  the  French,  spread  desolation 
over  the  whole  island.  By  the  exertions 
of  the  governor,  however,  and  the  British 
forces  in  the  West  Indies,  the  re  volt  is 
in  a  great  measure  quelled,  though  il 
will  be  long  before  things  are  restored 
to  their  former  state.  St.  Vincent  i.n  i.. 
length  about  24  miles,  and  about  18  in 
bread  h ;  in  circumference  between  60 
and  70.  Tiie  china  e  is  very  warm  :  at 
least  in  the  judgment  of  the  Europeans. 
Tiie  country  is  in  general  hilly,  in  some 
places  mountainous  ;  out  interspersed 
with  a  variety  of  pleasant  vallies,  and 
some  luxuriant  plains,  the  soil  being 
every  where  fertile, and  the  high  grounds 
are  at  least  in  general  easy  of  ascent. 
Few  islands  of  its  extent  ure  so  w»-li 
watered ;  for  several  rivers  run  down 
from  the  mo.intu.ins,  and  smaller  streams 
from  almost  every  hill;  there  are  like- 
wise several  very  fine  springs  at  a  htile 
distance  from  the  sea.  The  inhabitants 
raise  all  kinds  of  ground  provisions  in 
plenty,  and  with  little  trouble.  The  'ri- 
vers supply  them  with,  a  variety  of  fish  ; 
and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  sea  that 
washes  their  coasts.  They  have  abun- 
dance of  excellent  fruits,  and  very  fine 
ti.ober  fit  for  almost  every  use  ;  arid- 
widPvhicb  they  formerly  suppl  <.  d  iltcir- 
neighbrurs.  Ir  is  55  miles  W  of  Barba-r 
does.  Here  is  a  botanical  garden,  b 
which  the  bread-trees,  Jb^ovght  Iron;  Ot;>- 
heite,  are  now  in  a  flourishing  condition. 
Loi  GLOW,  lat.  13  1QN. ' 

Vincent,  St.  an  uninhabited  island  or. 
the  coas  ol  Africa,  and  one  of  the-CapV 
Wrd  Islands,   i  here  is  a  bay  on  the  ^ 
side  of  4t,  and  near  it  are  caught  vast 
guiantrries  of  T&i&%\t 

Vincent,St.  a  maritime  province  of  Bra- 
zil, in  South  America.  The  capital  of  the 


same  name,  has  a  good  harbour.  Lon.  46 
JO  W,  lat.  24  15  S. 

Vincent,  St.  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
Old  Castile,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  a 
hill,  near  die  fover  Ebro,  138  miles  NE 
of  Madrid.    Lon.  2  40  W,  lat,  42  30  N. 

Vinctnt,^  township  or  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  SW  side  of 
:?e  uvlkill,  between  Pikelarid,  and  East 
X.-.ntmiil.  French  creek  runs  nearly 
through  the  middle  of  it.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  stated  at  1630  by  the  census  of 
1810.  v  ^ 

Vingorla,  a  Dutch  settlement  in  the 
peninsula  of  Kindoostan,  on  the  coast  of 
Co-.can,  a  little  N  of  Goa.  Lon.  73  22  E, 
la;  15,57  N.  | 
VingoHa  Jiocks,  rocks  lying  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  possessed  by  the  Malwans, 
a  tribe  of  Pirates.  Lon.  73  16  W,  lat.  15 
52  N.  • 

Vintitn:g!ia,an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  republic  of  Genoa,  with  a  small 
harbour,  and  a  strong  castle  on  a  high 
rjpek.  It  has  been  often  taken  and  retaken, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Rotta,  20  miles  EXE  of 
Nice,  and  7u  SW  of  Genoa.  Lon.  7  37  E, 
lat.  43  53  X. 

f'/re,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados,  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  with  several  manufactures  of 
coarse  woollen  cloths.  It  is  seated  on 
the  A  ire,  30  miles  SE  of  Courances,  and 
150  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  45  W,  lat.  48 
48  N.  & 

Virgil,  a  township  of  Courtlandt  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  913  inhabitants 
in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Chenango  river  160  miles  W  of  Albany. 

Virgin  Cape,  a  c::pe  of  Patagonia.  Lon. 
67  54  W,  lat.  52  23  S.  JL*%> 

Virgin  Gordo.  See  Virgin  LJands. 
Virgin  Islands,  about  30  islands  and 
keys  in  the  W  Indies,  between  St.  Juan 
de  Puerto  Rico  and  The  Leeward  Carib- 
beC;  Islands.  They  were  called  Las  Vir- 
i-ines  by  the  Spaniards,  in  honour  of  tl^e 
il,000  virgins  of  the  legend.  They  are 
possessed  by  the  English  and  Danes.  In 
the  first  division  belonging  to  the  Eng- 
lish, is  Tortola,  the  principal,  to  which 
belongs  Jost  Van  D.ke's  and  Little  Van- 
's ka's,  Guana  Isle,  with  Beef  and  Thatch 
is.  In  the  second  division  is  Virgin 
.Gorda,  to  which  belong  Anegada,  or 
prowjigd  Isle.  Nicker,  Prickly  Pear,  and 
Mu'tfkifo  Is!  nds,  the  Commanoes,  Scrub 
and  Dog  Islands,  the  Fader  City  (two 
eoeky  islets  c  ose  together,  at  a  d. stance 
resembling  ruins)  'be  Round  Rock,  Gin- 
ger, Copper's  3ait*islind,  Peter's  Island, 
ir\d  the  i)e:  i  'a  -  » •  he  Danish  di- 
vision, the  principal  islands  are  St.  Tho- 


( 


V  I  R 

mas  and  St.  John.  Lon.  from  63  45  to 
64  55  \Y,  lat.  from  17  10  to  18  30  N, 

Virginia,  one  of  the  ''United  States  o; 
North  America,  and  thg  first  coiony 
plained  here  by  the  British  government. 
The  patent  ob.aiued  by  Sir  Wafer  R  - 
leigh  from  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  the  fust 
adventurers  sent  hither  was  in  1584  and 
1585.  It  is' situated  between  36  30  and 
40  45  N  lat.  and  between  75  30*a^d  83* 
15  W  Ion.  containing  about  70,000  square 
miles,  inclusive  of  .bays  and  rivers.  0,i 
the  E  it  is  bounded  by  Chesapeake  bay 
and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  on  the  N  by  Ma- 
ryland, Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio;  on  thi? 
NW  by  the  last  mentioned  state;  on  the 
"W  by  Kentucky ;  and  on  the  S  by  Ten- 
nessee and  North  Carolina.  It  is  divided 
into  95  counties,  Mid,  according  to  the 
census  of  1810,  it  contains  974,622  inha- 
bitants, including  392, 5  ^slaves.  'Til: 
the  Revolution,  Episcopalians  were  the 
predominant  sect,  ,  but  at  present  the 
Presbyterians  are  perhaps  the  most  nu- 
merous. The  principal  rivers  are  James. 
York,  Rappahannock,  and  Potomac,  which 
ati'.-rd  numerous  convenient  harbours, 
besides  what  are  to  be  found  in  the 
smaller  streams.  Vast  ranges  of  moun- 
tains pierce  through  tiie  western  part  of 
this  state,  nearly  from  S\V  to  NE.  These 
render  it,  on  tiie  whole,  a  rough  and  bro- 
ken country  ;  but  the  intervales  contain 
nevertheless  many  fertile  amLwell  peop 
led  counties.  The  champaign  country, 
which  extends  many  m/les  from  tiie  sea- 
c  Kist,  is  a  ii  .ht  and  sandy  soil,  imer- 
s  :  rsed  with  some  rich  bottoms.  As 
you  approach  the  first  range  of  mou'n- 
t.dns,Hhe  land  improves  and  consists  of 
lo  :n,  ciay,  ajxl  sand,  variously/  inter- 
mixed; producjftg  large  crops  of  all  he 
valuable  grains.  But  the  general  stave 
of  agriculture  is  .rather  at  a  low  ebb. 
There  is  a  great  number  of  medicinal 
plants,  natives  of  Virginia;  such  as  snake 
root,  valerian,  senna,  gentian,  palma 
Christi,  mallows,  he.  &c.  In  forest  trees 
there  is  no  material  difference  from  the 
silvan  productions  of  Pennsylvania  and 
the  other  middle  states.  The  orchards 
are  well  stocked  with  fruit  trees,  parti- 
cularly apples  and  peaches;  from  the 
latter  large  quantities  of  peach  brandy 
are  Jistillt  d.  annually.  Great  droves  of 
cattle  are  driven  every  year  from  the 
Western  counties  of  the  state  to  the 
market's  of  Philadelphia  and  BaUim»  re  ; 
the  climate  and  extensive  forests  of  Vir- 
ginia bring  propitious  to  their  prcpaga'- 
tl6.n  and  sustenance:.  Nor  must  we  omit, 
the  breed  of  handsome  horses,  originally 
imported  <#tem  England,  which  engages 
so  much  of 'the  attention' of  the  Virginia 


VIS 

sportsmen.  The  mineral  riches  of  the 
state  are  very  considerable.  One  of  the 
most  productive  is  the  coal-mines  near 
Richmond,  on  .lames  River;  yielding 
many  thousand  chauldrons  of  an  excel- 
lent coal,  every  year.  Lead  has  also 
been  discovered  near  the  falls  of  the 
great  Kenhawa,  affording  60  lb.  of  pure 
metal  from  100  lb^of  Washed  ore.  Spe- 
cimens of  copper  ore  have  been  exhibit- 
ed. Numerous  iron  mines  have  been 
worked  to  a  great  account ;  some  of 
which  have  produced  a  metal  of  a  supe- 
rior quality,  for  the  purpose  of  castings. 
Large  quantities  of  salt  is  made  in  the 
western  part  of  the  state  on  the  Kanhawa 
river;  the  principal  establishments  are 
aboiit  70  m  iles  above  its  mouth,  and  ma- 
nufacture from  700  to  1000  bushels  per 
day;  about  120  gallons  qf  the  impreg- 
nated water  yielding  a  bushel  of  salt. 
The  discovery  of  this  great  gift  of  Pro- 
vidence is  recent  and  is  of  much  impor- 
tance to  a  great  extent  of  country  along 
the  Ohio  river.  Salt  is  sold  at  the  works 
for  6u  cents  per  bushel  of  50  lb.  and  can 
be  freighted  to  Pittsburg  for  about  37 
cents,  affording  to  the  inhabitants  on  the 
margin  of  the  Ohio  for  many  hundred 
miles,  this  indispensable  article  50  and 
in  many  cases  100  per  cent  less  than 
they  were  obliged  to  pay  but  a  few  years 
since.  There  are  many  mineral  springs 
in  the  state  ;  and  those  in  Berkley  coun- 
ty have  long  been  noted  for  their  medi- 
cinal qualities.  Among  the  peasantry 
of  Virginia,  there  is  not  that  proportion 
of  haidy,  industrious,  independent  farm- 
ers, as  is  to  be  found  in  the  eastern  and 
miiklle  states.  The  gentry  are  £eneraliy 
well  informed,  polite,  and  hospitable. 
The  principal  public  school  is  the  col- 
lege of  Wdliam  and  Mary  at  Williams- 
hurg,  which  was  founded  in  1692  by  Wil- 
liam and  Mary,  king '  and  queen  of  Eng- 
land.and  endowed  by  them  with  a  grant 
of  20,000  acres  of  land,  together  with 
many  considerable  privileges.  There  is 
.  not  her  college  in  Prince  Edward  county, 
and  several  academies  in  other  parts  of 
the  state.  Most  of  the  counties  areOJro- 
vided  with  common  English  schools, 
where  children  areata nght  to  read,  write, 
and  cast  accounts.  The  capital  of  the 
state  is, Richmond,  situated  on  the  north 
Sicle  of  :Jamcs  River.  -  Tl^^^R 

Virnenberg;  a  town  of  Germany,  in  "the 
circle  of  Westphalia.  It  is  20  miles  W 
of  Coblentz.    Lon.  7  5  E,  lat.  50  27  «.. 

Virtan,  a  town  of  Austrian  Luxemburg, 
22  miles  W  of  Luxemburg.  Loa.  5  41 
E,  lat.  49  36  N. 

Yisagapatam,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Efmdoostan.    Lon.  83  40  E,  lat.  1745  N. 


U  I  s 


V  I  T 


Vischma,  a  town  of  Russia  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tobolsk.  Lou.  61  22  E,  lut. 
62  36  N.  £ . 

Fir'»eJ,  a  town  pftke  Netherlands,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  scaled  on  ihe  Maese, 
7  miles  N  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  40  E,  lat.  50 
44  N.  C  ' 

Vishnei-Volotchok,  a  town  of  Russia,  in 
:the  government  of  Tver.  It  is  one  of  tbe 
imperial  villages  enfranchized  by  the  em- 
press, and  endowed  with  considerable 
privileges,  has  already  reaped  many  be- 
nefits from  its  new  immunities.  The  hi- 
ll, bitants,  raised  from  the  situation  oi 
slaves  to  that  of  freemen,  see  n  to  have 
shaken  off  then*  former  indolence,  am! 
to  have  caught  a  new  spirit  ofe'mtdutinn 
and  industry  ;  they  have  turned  their  V.- 
tention  to  trade  ;  and  are  aw. ike  r  ed  to  a 
sense  of  the  commercial  advant;  ges  pos- 
sessed by  tlie  place  of  their  abode. '  The 
town  is  divided  into  regular  streets,  and 
#is  already  provided  with  a  Iffrgc  rangjjMri 
shops  and  warehouses.  All  tin  buddings 
are  of  wood,  excepting  he  court  or'  jus- 
tice erected  at  the  charge  of  the  empress, 
and  four  brick  houses  belonging  to'arich 
burgher.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Zua, 
59  miles  NAV  of  Tver.  Lon.  35  0  E,  lat. 
57  23  X.  '  * 

Yiftiapour,  or  B?jupovr,  a  considerable 
city  of  the  Dec  can  ot  Hindoostan,  former- 
ly the  capital  of  a  large  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  now  Aubject  'o  die  Poonah 
Mahratus.  It  is  136  miles  E  of  Poonah. 
and  234  SE  of  Bombay.  Lon.  75  19  E, 
lut.  17  26  X. 

Visogorod,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Maso- 
via,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Vistula, 
50  miles  NW  of  Warsaw. 

Uist,  North  and  South,  two  isl,  nds  o' 
the  Hebrides,  on  ihe  W  coast  of  Sen- 
laivl,  viz. 

List,  North  which  lies  to  the  south 
ward  of  Harris,  separate  d  by  a  channel 
of  about  nine  miles  over,  is  somewhat 
more  considerable,  being  about  30  mdes 
in  circumference.  i^Toe  E  side  is  moon 
tajnous, covered  with  heath',' and  fitter  for 
pasturage  than  cultivation  ;  but  the  wes- 
tern part  is  ar  ude,  and  produces  grain 
in  plenty,  yielding  from  10. to  30  fold  in 
a  favourable  season,  and  when  manured 
with  sea  Ware.  L  ch  Maddy  is  situated 
in  this  island,  about  five  mdes  r,  i!.e 
southward  of  H  rrnetra',  and  has  its  nam 
from  three  rocks  on  ;ts  S  side,  on  whic*1 
grow  plenty  of  large-  muscles,  called  mad- 
dies.  It  forms  a  most  c;  pacious  havbour 
capable  of  containing  some  hundreds  <A 
vessels  of  any  burden,  and  has  several  is- 
lands Within  it,  wlrch  contribute  greatlv 
to  its,  security.  Noith  List  is  15  miles  S 
of  the  Isle  of  Sk;e.  And, 


Uist,  South,  is  r  bout  21  hides  in  length, 
and  3  or  4  in  breadth.  It  very  much  re* 
serables  North  Uist  in  its  soil  and  pro* 
duciions,  and  e^eh  in  the  external  appear- 
ance of  the  count! y  ;  being-  mount ;'..». ous 
and  hbathy  on  the  E,  but  plain  and  ara- 
ble on  the  \V.  It  likewise  abounds  in 
fresh  water  lakes,  which  have  plenty  of 
trouts  and  eels,  bul  do  a  considerably 
deal  of  damage  to  the  arable  ground,  by 
overflowing  it  in  the  winter.  South  Lust 
is  2U  miles  W  of  the  Isle  of  Skye. 

Vistula,  a  large  fiver  which  rises  in 
Mount  Crapach,  on  the  confines  of  Silesia 
ancTKungary,  crosses  Poland  and  Prus- 
sia, and  falls  by  three  mouths  into  the 
Baltic,  below  Dantzlc. 

Vitcrhq,  an  cp.scypai  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  pat  rim  on  v  of  at.  Peter.  It  co  fains 
10  0O0  inhabitants,  1 6  parish  cbui  hes, 
:.nd  many  palaces  and  fountains.  Near 
it  is  a  spring*Sb  hot,  that  it  will  not  only 
boii  an  egg,  but  even  flesh.  It  is  seated 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  fi\  m  the  top 
of  which,  the  city  of  Rome  and  the  Me- 
diterranean Sea  may  be  seen  ;  the  latter 
at  the  distance  of  near  50  mih-s.  It  is  20 
mihs  SE  of  Orvieto,  and  35  X  by  W  of 
Rome.     Lon  12  26  E,  lat.  42  25  X.  J 

Yitre,  a  town  ot  Fra;  ce,  in  the  depart" 
■rent  of  Isle  and  Vilathe,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Brittany,  with  a  trade  i$u  linen 
loth,  andTcnit  stocking  s  and  gloves..  It 
•  s-  seated  on  the  V'da'me,  2j  miles  NE  of 
Rei.neS.  and  52  SE  of  St.  Main.  Lon.  1W$  f 
Wr\iX.  48  14  N. 

Vitri-Ie-Bnile,  a  villi:.. e  of'France,  in 
the  department  of  Maine,  and.4fcte  pro- 
vince of  Champagne. 

Vitril&-I?rancoisf  a  well  built  and  con- 
siderable town  or  France,  in  the  depart- 
^nt  of  Marne,  and  late  province  of 
Champagne  The  houtyte  are  of  wood; 
and  there  is  a  fine  square  in  winch  the 
church  stands.  It  has  a  great  trade, 
o.u-t: -'-.larly.  in  grain,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Marne,  15  miles  SE  of  Chalons,  and 
fOO  V  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  38  E,  lat,  48  44  N, 

Vitrihijfc  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
c;rele  of  Austria,  seated  on  a  lake,  call- 
ed the  Wordtsee,  four  milts  $W  of  Cla* 
cenftirt. 

Vitteaitx,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
pttrtm^nx.  Of*  Core  d'O'r,  and  U?e -province 
■  f  Burgundy,  seated  on  tin*  river  Biaine, 
among  5 he  mountains,  \yju^3ffl£r«. .are 
quarries  of  marble,  12  'miles  SE  of  Se- 
,d  27  W  of  D;jon.  Lon.  4  27  E, 
iai.  £7  2m'N.     '  \  r> 

Vitforia,  or  Victoria,  a  considerable 
town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  capital  of  the 
province  o*  Al.iba**  It  is  surrounded  by 
double  -walls,,  r.r.d  in  she  principal  sqtifare 
are  the  town-house,  two  convents,  and  in 
4  Z 


U  L  I 


U  L  S 


the  middle  a  fine  fountain.  The  large  I 
streets  are  bordered  with  fine  trees, 
which  are  a  good  defence  against  the 
heat  of  the  sun.  It  lias  great  trade  in 
hardware,  particularly  in  sword-blades, 
which  are  made  here  in  great  quantities. 
It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  at  the  end  of 
a  plain,  fertile  in  corn  and  grapes,  32 
nj  I  s  SE  of  Bilboa,  and  155  N  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  2  56  W,  lat.  42  55  N. 

Vivarais,  a  late  small  province  of 
France,  .<nd  now  included  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ard«che. 

Vivero,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  steep  mountain, 
near  the  river  Landrova,  whose  month 
forms  a  large  harbour  on  the  Atlunii  ,3'/ 
mih  s  NW  of  Mondonnedo.  Lon.  7  31-  W, 
lat.  43  50  X. 

Viviers,  an  episcopal  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  \rdeche,  and  la  e 
province  of  Languedoc,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  it  is  seated  among  rocks  (on  one 
of  which  the  cathedral  is  bull;)  on  the 
river  lid  one,  20  miles  N  of  Orange,  and 
70  NE  of  Montpellier.  Lon.  4  46  E,  lat. 
44  2u  N. 

Visa,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Romania,  with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see, 
seated  at  the  fooi  of  a  mountain,  at  the 
source  of  the  river  Glieenero. 

Ukenskoi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go 
verniflfent  or'  Tobolsk,  at  the  junction  of 
the  iViyih  and  Oby.  Lon.  GO  15  E,  lat.  61 
10  N.  " 

Ukraine,  a  Wge  country  of  Europe,  ly 
ing  oil  life  borders  of  Turkey  in  Europe , 
Foland,  Russia,  and  Little  Tartary.  I  s 
name  properly  signifies  a  frontier.  By 
treaty  between  Russia  and  Foiand  in  1693, 
the  latter  remained  in  possesion  of  all 
that  part  of  the  Ukraine  lying  on  the  \& 
side  of  the  r.ver  Dnieper,  which  is  but  in- 
differently cultivated;  while  the  country 
on  the  E  side,  inhabited  by  the  Cossacs, 
is  in  much  better  condition.  4  The  Rus- 
sian part  is  comprised  in  the  government 
of  Kiof;  and  the  empress  of  Russia  hav- 
ing obtained  the  Foiish  palatinate  of  Ki- 
of  bv  tne  treaty  of  partition  in  1793,  the 
whole  of  the  Ukraine  on  both  sitJes  of  the 
Dnieper,  belongs  now  to  that!  ambition 
and  formidable  po\*cr..  The  principal 
tow.i  is  Kiof.   See  C'jvs.tcs. 

Vh.'dimir,.     bee  l  oiodimiv. 

Ultulislaio.  *  See  Inewladislaio-.  • 

Uleu,  or  Ulaborg,  a  seaport  of  Swe- 
de", fa  Ease  Bothnia.  Lon.  22  20  E,  lat. 
65  4G-N. 

Vlieland.    Sec*'Flie.  ••  • 

Uuerbeck,  a  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
two  miles  E  of  Louyain,  and  11  SE  of 
Meeidin.    Lon  52  E,  lat.  5o  53  X. 

UlieWa,  one  of  the  Society  loL«,  in  the 


Pacific  Ocean.    Lon    151  31  W,  lat.  U 

45  8 

Ullsxvuter,  a  lake  of  Westmoreland,  10 
mues  N  o.  Ambelside,  ..iia  14  S\V  of 
Penrith.  It  is  eight  miles  long,  and  a- 
bounds  with  char,  and  a  variety  of  other 
fish. 

(Jim,  a  free  imperial  city  ot  Germany, 
in  the  cireie  of  Suabia,  and  the  chief  of  v 
that  order  in  the  circle,  where  the  ar- 
chives thereof  are  deposited.  It  is  forti- 
fied ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  where 
it  receives  the  liter,  with  a  handsome 
bridge  over  the  former.  Here  is  a  good 
college  ;  and  in  the  cathedral  winch  is  a 
handsome  structure,  are  63  copper  ves- 
sels full  of  water,  ready  for  the  extin- 
guishing of  fire.  The  inhabitants  are 
protestants,  and  have  a  good  trade  in  li- 
nens, fustians,  hardware  and  wool.  The 
duke  of  Bavaria  took  it  in  l/o2,  by  stra- 
tagem, but  surrendered  it  afi.tr  the  bat- 
tle-of  Blenheim.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French,  in  1796;  but  they  were  obliged 
to  abandon  it  the  same  month.  Upon  the 
conclusion  of  an  armistice  between  the 
French  and  Austr'mns,  in  1800,  it  was  de- 
livered up  as  an  hostage  to  the  French, 
who  perfidiously  and  contrary  to  agree- 
ment, demolished  the  fortifications.  It 
is  36  miles  \V  of  Augsburg,  47  SE  of 
Stutgard,  and  63  X  of  Munich.  Lon.  10  12 
E,  lat.  48  25  X. 

Ulmen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  thearch- 
b  shopric  of  Mentz,  30  miles  XL  of 
Treves.    Lon.  7  8  E,  lat.  50  7  X. 

U.'otho,  or  VJotfurw,  a  town  of  Germany, 
m  Westpb.dia.  It  is  six  miles  S  of  Min- 
deri. 

Ulricshamn,  a  town  of  Sweden,  ;n  W 
Gothland.  Its  name  was  changed  in  com- 
phmeni  ,o  queen  Ulrica  Eleanora.  Lon. 
14  22  E,  lat.  57  10  X. 

Ulster,  a  province  of  Ireland,  116  miles 
l  »ng,  and  100  broad  ;  bounued  on  ihe  E 
by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  X  by  (he  North- 
ern Ocean,  on  ihe  W  b)  the  Atlainic  O- 
cean,  on  the  S  by  the  province  of  Fein- 
s' er,  and  on  the  SW  by  that  of  Connaught. 
Tiie  principal  rivers  are  die  Bann,  Foyle, 
Swilly,  Xewry  water,  and  Laggvn  :  and 
.t  abouiuU  with  large  lakes.  The,  sod, 
m  general,  is  fruitful  in  corn  anc  gras^  ; 
and  there  are  plenty  of  horses,  sheep,  and 
beeves.  It  contains  one  archbishopric, 
six  bishoprics,  ten  counties,  and  865  pa- 
rishes. The  principal  place  is  London- 
derry. 

Ulster,  a  county  of  Xew  York  state, 
containing  26,576  inhabitants  in  1810.  It. 
is  bounded  XVV  by  Delaware  count}.  X 
>v  Gieene  county,  E  by  Hudson's  river, 
3  by  Orange  county,  and  W  by  Suliivan 
couiU.y.    The  chiet  to wn  is  Kingston. 


U  N  D 


U  N  I 


Ultzen,  or  Veltzen,  a  town  of  Germany 
in  the  circle  o  Lower  Saxony,  seated  on 
the  llmenan.  Lon.  10  38*  E,  lat.  52 
55  iS'  •  -v  >*  ' 

Ulverstone,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  wi  ; 
a  market  on  Monday.  The  country  peo- 
ple call  it  Ouston,  and  it  is  sea  ed  at  the 
foo  of  a  swift  des<  ent  of  hills  to  the  SE, 
near  a  shallow  arm  of  ihe  Irish  Sea.  It 
is  the  p  t  of  the  district  of  Furness.  I 
is  18  miles  NW  of  Lancaster,  and  267 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  3  12  W,  lat.  54 
14  N . 

Ut'itss??,  a  post  town  of  Seneca  county, 
New  York,  containing  3250  inhabitants 
in  1810.    Ii  is  178  miles  W  of  Albany. 

Uinflf  or  Umea,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in 
W  Bothnia,  seated  on  the  river  Uma,  in 
the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  The  houses  are  built 
of  wood  ;  and  it  was  twice  burnt  by  the 
Russians.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  go- 
vernor of  W  Bothnia,  and  280  miles  X  ot 
Stockholm.    Lon.  19  9  E,  lat.  63  58  X. 

Xfmairo,  a  s  aport  of  Venetian  Istria. 
seated  between  the  g'ulf  of  La'rgena,  and 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Quieto. 

Umbagog,  a  lake  in  the  state  of  New 
Hampshire.  It  is  situated  in  Grafton 
county,  and  joins  the  divisional  line  that 
separates  this  state  from  the  district  of 
Maine. 

Umbriatico,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Xaples, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  though  now  reduced 
to  a  small  place,  having  only  about  50  hou- 
ses. It  is  seated  on  the  Lipuda,  15  miles 
N  bv  W  of  St.  Severina.  Lon.  17  10  E, 
lat.  .38  29  N. 

Unadilla,  a  post  town  in  Otsego  coun- 
ty, New-York  ;  lying  on  the  E  side  of  Una- 
dilla river,  a  stream  that  runs  into  the 
east  branch  of  Susquehannah  ;  about  10 
miles  XE  of  Jerico,  and  about  105  W 
of  Hudson.  jj^*3^iv. 

*>%fndersioen,  or  Underseen,  a  handsome 
town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  near  which  is  the  famous  cavern  of 
St.  Pat.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake  Thun, 
25  miles  SSE  of  Bern,  and  30  SE  of  Fri- 
burg.    Lon.  7  32  E,  lat.  46  32  X. 

Underwalden,  a  Canton  of  KWisserland, 
the  sixth  in  rank;  bounded  on  the  X  b\ 
the  canton  of  Lucern  and  the  Lake  of  the 
F'our  Cantons ;  on  the  E  by  high  moun- 
tains, which  separate  it  from  the  canton 
of  Uri ;  on  the  S  by  Mount  Brunich, 
which  parts  it  from  the  canton  of  Bern  ; 
and  on  the  W  by  that  of  Lucern.  It  takes 
its  name  from  a  wood,  which  runs  nearly 
in  the  middle  of  the  country,  from  N  to 
S.  I>  is  25  miles  long,  and  17  broad,  and 
is  divided  into  two  parts,  that  above  the 
wood,  and  that  below  it,  called'  Ober- 
wald  and  Underwald.  Fur  this  reason 
theie  are  two  councils,  two  justices,  two 


lands  gemeind  with  respect  to  external 
.flairs  ;  there  is  a  joint  council,  clu.sen  e- 
qually  by  the  t,wo  divisions.  The  inha- 
bitants «re  Roman  catholics.  Stantz  is 
the  capital. 

XJnghv>ars  a  town  of  Upper  IIu  gary, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  in 
an  island  formed  by  tfie  Ungh.  It  is  str-  ng 
'rom  its  situation  among  the  moun- 
tains of  Crap.-ich,  and  is  47*miles  E  of  Cas- 
sovia.  Lon.  22  23  E,  lat.  48  48  X. 

Union,  a  township  of  Mifflin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  1,114  inhabi- 
tants in  1810. 

Union,  a  county  in  the  state  of  South 
Carolina,  containing  10  995  inhabiants  in 
1810.  Situated  in.Pinckney  district,  and 
watered  by  the  head  streams  of  Broad 
river.    The  chief  town  Pinckneyville. 

Union,  a  township  of  Lincoln  county, 
in  the  district  of  Maine,  containing 
1,266  inhabitants  in  1810.  Situated  on 
George  river,  about  100  miles  XE  of 
Portland. 

Ur.ion,  a  post  town  in  Tioga  cotmtv, 
Xeu  -  York;  situated  on  the  \V  side  of  Che- 
nengo  river,  40  miles  E  by  X  of  Athens, 
or  Tyoga  point,  and  about  150  W  of  the 
city  of  Hudson. 

Utiion,  the  capital  of  Fayette  county, 
Pennsylvania,  12  raijes  SE  of  Brownsville, 
of  Washington,  45  of  Pittsburg, 
and  about  290  W  of  Philadelphia!  It  con- 
tains about  2000  inhabitants,  and  has  a 
pos  -ofMi  e. 

United  Provinces  of  the  J\'etherla?ids,  a 
republic  of  Europe,  consisting  of  seven 
province's,  which  extend  150  miles  from 
NT  to  S,  and  100  from  E  to  W.  They  are 
bounded  on  the  W  and  X  by  the  Ger- 
man Ocean,  on  the  S  by  Brabant  and  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  and  on  the  E  by  Ger- 
many. They  rank  in  the  following  or- 
der ;  Guelderland,  Holland,  Zealand,  U- 
trecht,  Friesland,  Overyssel,  and  Gronin- 
gen.  Besides  these  provinces,  are  the 
lands  of  th<r  Generality  (including  Dutch 
Brabant,  Flanders,  "and  Limburg,)  in 
which  are  the  towns  of  Bc/is^e-Duc,  Bre- 
da, Bergen-op  Zoom,  Maestri cht,  Yenlo, 
Sluys,  and  Hulst.  The  seven  United  Pro- 
vinces being  in  great  part  surrounded  by 
the  sea,  lying  low,  and  abounding  in  mar- 
shes, have  a  damp  and  unwholesome  air. 
Rains  and  fo.^s  are  frequent  ;  and  the 
gout,  scurv\,  rheumatism,  and  agues,  ve- 
ry common  and  difficult  of  cure.  The  ef- 
fects of  human  industry  here  are  wonder- 
ful in  the  dykes  and  dams  erected  for  de- 
fending the  cotintry  against  the  inunda- 
tions of  the  sea,  and  in  ditches,  canals, 
mills,  and  sluices,  for  draining  the  mar- 
shes. The  quantity  ot  grain  produced 
is  not  sufficient  for  home  consumption  ; 


U  N  I 


U  N  I 


but  the  pastures  in  the  marsb.es  are  so 
rich,  that  they  (fan  spare  a  great  deal  of 
bCFtrtev  and  cheese  for  i  xpprtation.  'i'!ie\ 
have  also  a  good  breed  of  sheep,  whose 
wool  is  highly  valued-  Their  turf,  mad- 
der, tobacco,  some  fruit,  and  iron;  but 
all  the  pit-coal  and  limber  used  in  this 
country,  antLindeed  most  of  the  necessa- 
ries of  life,  arc  imported.  All  the  prov- 
inces either  lie  upon  or  communicate 
with  the  North  Sea,  by  means  of  that 
called  the  Zuydcr,  or ;  South  Sea  which 
was  formed  partly  By. the  Rhine's  right 
branch,  then  increased)  by  the  Yecbt, 
which  has  now  another  outb-t,  overflow- 
ing' the  low  swampy  grounds  through 
winch  it  passed  j  and^artly  by  the  sea, 
in  the  13th  century,  break!  ig  in,  and  o 
vcrilowing;  a  large"  tract  of  ground,  conti- 
guous to  that  before  laved  under  water  hy 
the  Rhine.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Rhne,  t  he  Meuse,  the  Scheldt,  and  the 
Vech  .  There  are  many  smaller  rivers  that 
join  these,  and  a  vast  number  of  canals  ; 
yet  there  are  few  good  harbou«s  in  the 
provinces.  The  best  are  those  of  Rof.ei  - 
dam,  Hehoets-luvs,  and  Flushing.  As  to 
the  harbour  of  Amsterdam,  it  is  indeed 
one  of  the  largest  and  safest  in  Europe  ; 
but  there  is  a  bar  at  the  entrance  of  it,o- 
ver  which  large  vessels  cannot  pass  with- 
out being;  lightens  d  or  unloaded.  There 
are  no  mountains  i.  these  provinces  ;  and 
the  only  lake,  properly  so  called,  is  that 
of  H.-erlem.  The  provinces  ^re  ex  ? erne ' 
ly  well  cultivated,  and  very  populous  ; 
especially,  that  of  Holland;  which  in  this 
respect,  perhaps  has  not  its  equal  in  the 
universe.  The  towns  are  very  agreeable, 
being*kept  clean, and  having  canals,  in  the 
middle  of  the  streets,  planted  with  trees. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  is  computed 
at  2,000,000.  ThjIWimuls  hero  are  much 
the  same  as  in  England  :  but  their  horses 
and  horned  cattje  a  e  of  a  larger  size. 
Storks  build  am:  hatch  on  their  chimneys; 
but,  beme;  birds  of  passage,  they  leave 
the  co  untry  about  The  middle  of  August, 
with  'heir  vouug\  and  return  the  Eebrua- 
ry  following*.  It  As  said  there  are  some, 
wild  boars  and  wolves  here  ;  and  tin  T 
neither  oysters  nor  herrings  are  to  l  e 
found  upon  the  coast  *  but  of  other  fish 
they  have  the  several  sorts,  both  in  their 
seas  and  rivets  that  we  have  in  BritahV. 
The  established  religion  here  before  the 
Revolution  was  the  Presbyterian,  or  C;  1- 
vinism  :  none  but  presbyterians  were  ad- 
mitted  into  any  office  or  post  ;n  the  go- 
vernment, excepting  the  army  •  all  religi- 
ons and  sects,  however  Were  tolerated, 
an  had  their  respect  ye  meetings. or  \>s- 
seinldies  foftpublic  w  orship,  atn  mg  whit  h 
the  Papists  and  Jews  were  very  numer- 


ous. Since  the  late  alliance  with  France, 
no  particular  religion  is  established  ;  and 
'.he  phlegmatic  Dutch  have  drank  deep  of 
die  cup  of  infidelity,  mixed  by  their  new 
and  volatile  allies.  .With  regard  to  the 
commerce  of  this  countiy,-  \kt-n-  East  In- 
.i;;  company  had  the  monopoly  of  the  fine 
.-pices  for  more  than  lcO  years,  and  was 
long  the  most  opulent  and'.powerful  of  a- 
ny  in  the  world.  Though  the  country  it- 
self product,  s  very  few  thin  s,  yet  almost 
all  the  products  and  commodities  of  the 
globe  may  be  found  here,  nearly  as  cheap 
as  in  the  countries  where  they  are  made 
or  produced.  A  vast  variety  of  manufac- 
tures are  carried  on  in  the  provinces,  and 
with  extrabrdinaiy  skill  and  diligence; 
and  a  great  number  of  hands  are  employ- 
ed, and  much  wealth  acquired,  by  ihe 
herring,  cod,  and  whale  fisheries.  No  na- 

ion  has  equalled  them  in  the  curing  of 
herrings ;  those  cured  at  Glasgow,  in 
Scotland,  are  thought  to  come  nearestjtO 
ihem.  About  150  sail  were  annually  em- 
ployed sn  the  whale  fishery  and  about  200 
m  the  herring  The  profits  of  the  latter, 
in  a  good  year,  after  all  deductions,  were 
thought  to  amoui.t  to  200,000  Holland 
Guilders.  T::e  principal  manufactures 
here  are  those  of  linen,  paper,  and  earth- 
en ware  of  all  sorts.  Ship-building  also 
employed. vast  numbers  of  hands.  The 
trade  of  this  country,  however, upon  the 
whole,  has  long  been  declining;  owing 
partly  to  a  decline  of  their  ancient  parsi- 
mony and  industry  ;  but  chiefly  to  the 
improvement  of  manufactwes,  trade,  and 
navigation,  in  other  countries,  and  at  pre- 
sent (1800)  is  almost  annihilated.    As  to 

he  character  of  the  Dutch,-  the  boors  or 
husbandmen  are  industrious  enough,  but 
heavy,  and  slow  of  understanding.  The 
seamen  are  a  plain,  blunt,  but  rough,  sur- 
h  .  and  ill-mannered  sort  of  people.  Tbgjh* 
tradesmen  are  something  sharper,  and 
make  use  of  all  their  skill  to  take  advan- 
tage of  those  they  deal  with.  Every  class 
of  men  is  extremely  frugal.  All  appetites 
and  passions  run  lower  and  cooler  here 

nan  in  other  countries,  avarice  except- 
i  d.  Quarrels  are  very  rare,  revenge  is 
seldom  heard  of,  and  jealousy  scarcely 
ever  known.  It  is  very  uncommon  for  a- 
ny  of  them  to  be  really  in  love,  oj^even 
pretend  to  it ;  nor  do  the  women  seem  to 
care  whether  they  are  or  r  )t.  People 
converse  pretty  much  upon  a  le  vel  here  ; 

»'o»  is  it  easy  to  distinguish  the  man  from 

he  master,  nor  the  maid  from  tjhe 
mjstress,  such  liberties  do  they 'allow 
their-  servants,  or  rather  are  obliged  to 

.How  them;  for  they  may  not  be  struct: 
corrected  by  them,  be.t  ihe  dispute 

uust  be  left  to  t]ie  magistrate.  T] 


U  N  I 


U  N  I 


Dutch  are  tall  and  strong-  built ;  but  both 
men  a"d  women  have  the  grossest  shapes 
that  are  to  be  met  with  any  where.  Their 
garb,  except  among-  the  officers  of  the 
"army  ancT  some  few  others,  is  exceeding 
plain ,  and  the  fashions  change  as  seldom 
as  in  Spain.  The  men  are  addicted  to 
"drinking,  which  some  think  is  necessary 
"in  this  foggy  air,  bothv  for  their  health 
and  the  improvement  of  their  under- 
standings. Among  their  diversions,  that 
of  ska-king  in  winter  is  one  of  the  chief. 
It  is  amazing  to  see  the  crowds  in  a  hard 
frost  upon  the  ice,  and  their  dexterity  in 
skaiting ;  both  men  and  women  darting- 
along  with  inconceivable  velocity.  The 
Dutch  are  remarkable  for  their  cleanli- 
ness: nothing  can  exceed  the  nearness 
of  their  houses,  towns,  and*  villages. 
Many  of  them  have  distinguished  them- 
selves by  their  learning,  and  some  even 
"by  their  wit  and  ingenuity ;  witness 
Erasmus,  Grotius,  &c.  The  Dutch  excel 
also  in  painting-  and  engraving  ;  andsonu 
of  them  have  been  no  contemptible  sta- 
tuaries. In  consequence  of  the  Union 
(sec  Netherlands)  the  Seven  Province.1-, 
guarantee  each  other's  rights ;  they  make 
war  and  peace,  levy  taxes,  £cc.  in  their 
joint  capacity  ;  but  as  to  internal  govern- 
ment, each  province  is  independent. 
They  send  deputies  (chosen. out  of  the 
provincial  states)  to  the  general  assenV 
bly,  called  the  s' ates-general,  which  is 
invested  with  the  supreme  legislative 
power  of  the  confederation.  At  the 
head  of  this  government  there  l  as  usu- 
ally been  a  prince  stadtholder,  who  ex"- 
ercises  a  considerable  part  of  the  exe- 
cutive power.  Having  deserted  the  grand 
alliance  formed  against  the  disturbers  o 
the  peace  of  Europe,  and  the  office  oi 
the  stadtholder  being  abolished,  the 
Dutch  republic,  under  the  name,  of  ai 
ally,  is  now  in  reality  little  better  than 
a  province,  of  France.  The  consequence 
of  this  alliance  is  what  might  have  been 
expected.  The  British  government, 
obliged  to  attack  its  enemies  where- 
over  it  might  find  them,  commenced 
hostilities  against  the  United  Provinces, 
ancl  in  the  compass  of  a  very  short  pe  - 
riod wrested  from  them  their  most  va- 
luably possessions  both  in  the  East  and 
West  Indies.  Ams  erdam  is  the  cap' 
to:  ;  but  the  seat  of  the  states,  general 
at  the  Hague.    Sec  Scheldt. 

United  States  of  America,  a  republic  of 
North  Ame  rica,  consisting  originally,  in 
1783,  o:'  thirteen  states,  namely,  Massa- 
chusetts, Tlew  Hampshire,  Rhode  Island, 
Connecticut,  *  New  York,  New  Jersey; 
Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Vir- 
ginia, North  Carolina,  SouthCarolina,  and 


Georgia.    Only  eleven  of  these  states  ac- 
ceeded,  at  first,  to  the  new  federal  con- 
stitution, but  they  were  afterwards  join- 
ed by  North  Carolina  and  Rhode  Island  ; 
and  Kentucky,  Vermont,  Tennessee,  and 
Ohio^  having  since  been  added  to  them, 
the  present  number  of  the  states  that 
form  this  great  American  republic  is 
seventeen.    In  the  treaty  of  peace,  con- 
cluded in  1783,  the  limits  of  the  United 
States  are  thus   denned.     "And  that 
all  disputes  which  might  arise  in  future 
on  the  subject  of  .the  boundaries  of  the 
said  United  States  may  be  prevented,  it 
is  hereby  agreed  and  declared,  ihat  the 
following  are  and  shall  be  their  boun- 
daries, viz.  Frona  the  NW  angle  of  Nova- 
Scotia,  viz.  That  angle  which  is  formed 
by  a  line  drawn  due  N  from  the  source 
of  St.  Croix  river  to  the  Highlands,  along 
the  saiel  Highlands,  which  divide  those 
rivers  that  empty  themselves  into  the 
nver  St.  Lawrence,  from  those  which  fall 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  north- 
westernmost  head  of  Connecticut  river  ; 
thence' down  along  the  middle  of  that 
river  to  the  45th  degree  of  N  latitude  ; 
•rom  thence  by  a  line  due  W  on  said 
latitude,  until  it  strikes  the  river  Iro- 
quois or  Cataraquy :  thence   along  the 
middle  of  the  said  river  into  lake  Onta- 
rio, through  the  middle  of  said  Lfke, 
until  it  strikes  the  communication  by 
water,  between  that  lake  and  Lake  Erie  ; 
thence  along  the  middle  of  said  commu- 
nication  into  Lake  Erie,  through  the 
middle  of  said  lake,  until  it  arrives  at 
the  water  communication  between  that 
a.ke  and  Lake  Huron  ;  thence  through 
the  middle  of  said  lake  to  the  water 
communication  between  that  lake  and 
Lake  Superior;  thence  through  Lake  Su- 
perior northward  of  the  Isles  Royal  anel 
Phillipeaux  to  the  Long  Lake  ;  thence 
.•h rough  the  middle  of.  said  Long  Lake, 
and  the  water  communication  between  it 
and  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  the  said 
Lake  of  the  Woods;  thence  through  the 
.•saieLlake  to  the  most  northwesternmost 
point  thereof,  and  from  thence,  on  a  due 
W  course,   to  the  R.ver  Mississippi ; 
thence  by  a  line  to  be  drawn  along  the 
middle  of  said  River  Mississippi,  until  it 
.  ali  intersect  the  northernmost  part  of 
he  thirty-Mist  degree  of  N  latitude.  S, 
y  a  line  to  be  drawn  due  E  from  the  de- 
termination ot  the  line  last  mentioned, 
in  the  latitude  of  thirty-one  degrees  N 
of  the  equator,  to  the  middle  of  the  V  \  ■•vr 
\prd  .chicola,    or   Cal.-thouche;  thence, 
atong  the  middle,  thereof  to  its  junction 
with  the  Flint  R'ver    whence  straight  to 
the  head  of  Si.  Mary's  U  ye.*;  and  thence 
down  along  the  middle  of  St.  Mary's 


U  N  I 


u  n  r 


JRiver  lo  the  Atlantic  Ocean :  E,  by  a 
line  to  be  drawn  along"  the  middle  ot 
the  River  St.  Croix,  from  its  mouth  .in 
the  Bay  of  Fundy,  to  its  source  ;  a*nd 
from  its  source  directly  N,  to  the  afore- 
said Highlands,  which  divide  the  rivers 
that  fall  into  tue  Atlantic  Ocean,  from 
those  which  fall  into  .he  river  St.  Law- 
rence, comprehending1  all  islands  within 
twenty  leagues  of  any  part  of  the  shor  s 
of  the  United  States,  and  lying  between 
lines  to  be  drawn  due  E  from  the  points 
where  the  aforesu  d  boundaries  between 
Nova-Scotia  on  the  one  part,  and  E  Flo- 
rida on  the  other, shall  respectively  touch 
the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
excepting  such  Islands  as  now  are,  or 
heretofore  have  be  en,  within  the  limits 
of  he  said  province  of  Nova-Scotia." 
Tiiese  siates  long- flourished  >s  provinces 
of  Great  Britain  ;  but  parliament  at- 
tempting to  tax  them  b\  its  sole  autho- 
rity, without  the  intervention  of  their  as 
semblies  ;  a  civil  war  ensued.  Until  the 
fourth  of  July,  1776,  the  present  Thir- 
teen States  were  British  colonies.  On 
that  memorable  day,  the  Representatives 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  in  Con- 
gress assembled,  made  a  solemn  ^decla- 
ration, in  which  they  assigned  their  rea- 
sons for  withdrawing  their  allegiance 
from  the  king  of  Great  Britain.  Appeal- 
ing to  the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  world 
for  the  rectitude  of  their  intent'-ons,  they 
did,  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of 
the  good  people  of  the  colonies  solemnly 
publish  and  declare,  that  those  United 
Colonies  were,  and  of  right  ouglH  to 
be  ''Free  and  Independent  States,-"  that 
they  were  absolved  from  all  allegiance 
to  the  British  crown,  and  that  all  politi- 
cal connection  between  them  and  Great 
Britain  w;  s,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dis- 
solved ;  and  that  as  Free  and  Independent 
States,  they  had  full  power  to  levy  war, 
conclude  peace,  contract  alliances,  es- 
tablish commerce,  and  do  ail  other  acts 
and  things  which  Independent  S rates 
may  of  right  do.  For  the  support  of 
this  declaration,  with  a  firm  reliance  o  . 
the  protection  of  divine  providence,  tin 
delegates  then  in  Congress,  55  in  num- 
ber, mutually  pledged  to  each  other 
their  lives,  their  fortunes,  and  their  sacred 
honour.  At  the  same  time  they  pub- 
lished articles  of  Confederation  and  Per- 
petual Union  between  the  States,  in 
which  they  took  the  style  of  "The  Uni- 
ted States  of  America,"  and  agreed  thai 
each  state  should  retain  its  sovereign'}', 
freedom  and  independence,  and  every 
power,  juris  diet.  ion  and  right  not  express- 
ly delegated  to  Congress  by  the  coof^  de- 
ration.   Bv  these  articles  the  Thirteen 


United  States  severally  entered  into  a 
firm  league  of  friendship  with  ea<  h  oth- 
er for  their  common  defence,  the  security 
of  their  liberties,  «nd  ;heir  mutual  and 
general  welfare  and  bound  themselves  to 
assist  each  01  her,  against  all  force  offered 
to,  or  attacks  that  mi^'ht  be  made  upon 
all,  or  any  of  them,  on  account  of  reli- 
gion, sovereignty,  commerce,  or  any  oth-' 
er  pretence  whatever.  But  for  the  more 
convenient  management  of  the  general 
interests  of  the  United  States,  it  was 
determined  that  Delegates  should  be 
annually  appointed,  in  such  manner  as 
the  Legislature  of  each  State  should  di- 
rect, to  meet  in  Congress  the  first  Mon- 
day in  November  in  every  year.  General 
Washington  \vas  elected  the  first  presi- 
dent, re-elected  rn  1792,  and  on  his  re- 
tiring from  public  affairs,  in  1796,  Mr. 
Adams  was  elected  his  successor,  who 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Jefferson,  in  1800. 
lie  held  the  office  eight  years,  and  was 
succeeded  by  James  Madison,  who  at 
present  fills  that  office.  The  illustrious 
Washington  died  December  14,  1799. 
To  the  seventeen  states  before  mentioned 
must  be  added  all  th  country  to  the 
north  of  the  state  of  Oh  o,  extending  to 
the  Lakes,  and  from  die  western  boun- 
dary of  the  state  of  Ohio  .0  the  Missis- 
sippi on  the  west  ;  and  also  that  rornense 
undefined  and  unexplored  •  region,  ac- 
quired by  the  recent  purchase  from  Spain 
for  15,00u,o00  of  dollars,  extending  from 
the  Mississippi  river  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  United  States  exienafrom  31  to  49 
deg.  of  N  latitude,  and  from  67  to  98  deg. 
of  W  Ion. comprising  1,000,000  ot  square 
miles  a;.d  64^,000,000  acres  of  land. 
They  comprehend  a  great  variety  of  soils 
and  climates.  There  is  very  little  of  our 
country  as  rich  in  the  gifts  of  nature  as 
die  luxuriant  plains  of  South  America, 
and  still  less  as  barren  as  the  drear}'  re- 
gions of  Labrador.  The  soil  may  be  di- 
vided into  three  distinct  classes.  The 
first,  which  extends  50,  in  some  places 
100  miles,  from  the  sea  shore,  and  from 
the  head  of  Chesapeake  to  the  confines 
of  Florida,  is  generally  light  and  sandy, 
except  on  the  banks  and  near  the  estua- 
ries of  the  great  rivers,  and  is  covered 
with  pines,  cedars,  and  o  her  resinous 
trees.  The  second  ^embraces  the  greater 
part  of  Pennsylvania,  the  higher  dis- 
tricts of  Maryland,  Virginia,  the  Caro- 
lines, and  Georgia,  as  well  as  all  the  wes- 
tern states  and  territories, and  is  covered 
with  strong  timber,  as  oak,  walnur,  lo- 
cust, maple,  hickory,  &.c.  indicative  of  a 
rich  and  productive  soil.  Tl  e  t/iird,  of 
which  we  possess  but  an  inconsiderable 
strip,  in  New  Ybrk  and  the  New  England 


U  N  I 


V  O  G 


states,  is  of  a  sterile  quality,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished by  its  evergreens  of  pine,  tit, 
cedar,  cypress,  &c.  Being  situated  in  tne 
tenrfpetfate  zon6,  neither  the  heats  nor  the 
colds  of  the  United  States  are  so  long 
continue  J,  ;*>  in  many  oilier  portions  oi 
this  extv  nded  continent.  On  the  eastern 
side,  the  inhabitants  enjoy  the  benefit  os 
frequent  humid  breezes  from  the  occur, 
and,  on  the  Western,  they  are  often  re- 
freshed by  showers  waf.edfrom  the  high 
range  of  mountains,  thai  divide  the  wet, 
tern  from  the  atlantic  districts.  But  the 
climates  of  all  the  stales  have  one  uni- 
form feature,  and  are  distinguishable  l  y 
sudden  transitions  from  hea>  to  cola, 
and  the  reverse  ;  to  which  cause  perhaps 
are  owing  most  of  our  endemi^l  disor- 
ders. The  winters,  in  general,  are  cold 
er,  and  the  summers  hotter,  than  they  art 
in  correspondent,  latitudes  in  Europe. 
The  mountains  scattered  over  the  sur- 
face  of  the  United  States  are  numerous, 
and  furnish  the  springs  of  many  naviga- 
ble rivers  ;  though  none  of  them  exjual 
-the  Andes  of  South  America,  or  the 
principal  elevations  of  Europe.  The 
white  mountain  of  Xew  Hampshire,  which 
is  the  highest  ground  in  the  United 
States,  has  been  estimated  at  10,0u0  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  most 
celebrated  ridge,  by  .-ome  called  the 
buck-bone  of  the  United  States,  is  the 
Allegheny  or  sSpulac/uati  chain,  which 
runs  through  the  united  territories  from 
SW  to  \ E.  This  vast  chain,  which  has 
many  collateral  branches  under  different 
names,  has  been  traced  above  900  geogra- 
phical miles,  a  length  unrivalled  by  any 
of  the  mountains  of  Europe,  except  the 
Norwegian  Alps.  One  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous features  in  the  geography  o 
tlie  United  States,  is  those  vast  fresh 
Water  seas,  or  hikes,  that  separate  our 
country  from  the  British  dominions  in  Ca- 
nada. Lakes  Superior.  Michigan,  ami  Hu- 
ron, extend  from  42  to  48  deg.  X  latitude, 
comprising  a  .length  of  500  miles,  with  -a 
breadth  of  180  miles,  in  the.r  broadest 
p  u  t.  The  first  of  th,em  is  1500  idles  in 
circumference.  ITo  these  may  be  added 
lakes  Erie  and  Ontario.  The  latter  is 
about  600  miles  m  circumference,  an. 
pours  its  waters  through  the  Cataraqui 
into  the  great  river  St.  Lawrence.  Tin 
principal  rivers  have  been  noticed  al 
ready,  in  describing  the  districts  to 
which  they  more  particularly  belong  • 
the  same  may  be  said  of  the  most  notexl 
bays  and  capes.  The  mines  of  the  de- 
tect Stales  are  not  yet  sufficiently  known. 
Of  the  precious  metals  the  quantify  dis- 
covered is  of  inconsiderable  value.  X.  u 
Jersey,  and  Cabarras  county  in  North 


Carolina,  are  the  only  places  where  they 
iave  been  clearly  traced.  Copper  ore  has 
.  en  discovered  in  Massachusetts  and 
Xew  Jersey,  and  more  abundantly  in  the 
western  r<  gions.  A  rich  lead  mine  has 
been  Wrought  for  several  years,  near  the 
iianks  of  the  Kenawha  in  Virginia.  Iron 
mines  have  been  found  in  many  districts, 
nd  have  been  the  source  of  considerable 
\\alih  to  the  proprietors.    Large  veins 

limestone  pervade  most  of  the  states, 
loai  abounds  in  many  of  them.  Nor  are 
they  deficient  in  slate,  marble,  isinglass, 
bUek  lead,  alum,  ochre  or  marl.  Saline 
springs  abound  throughout  the  union, 
and  supply  the  indispensable  article  of 
salt  i  sufficient  quantities  for  the  con- 
sumption of  the  interior  country,  and  at 
nearly  the  same  price  it  is  sold  a  few 
miles  from  the  sea-board.  The  foreign 
and  domestic  Commerce  of  the  states  is 
-reat  and  extensive.  The  exports  have 
amounted,  on  the  medium  of  several 
years,  to  70,000,000  dollars,  and  the  ton- 
nage of  merchant  vessels,  on  winch  du- 
ties have  been  collected,  to  900,000  tons. 
The  capital  of  the  United  States,  and 
permanent  scat  of  the  federal  govern- 
ment is  WASHiireroafj  in  the  District  cf 
Columbia.  The  population  in  1810  a- 
nountedto  7,239,903  inhabitants. 

ifnityt  a  township  of  Westmoreland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  2,174 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  be- 
.ween  Loyalhannon  and  Big  Sevvickley 
crteks,  about  10  miles  E  of  Grecnsburg. 

Unua,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  circle 
cri  Westphalia,  in  the  countv  of  Marck, 
formerly  a  considerable  hanseatic  town, 
it  is  seated  on  a  brook  called  Kottelbeck, 
10  miles  NE  of  Dortmund,  and  35  S  of 
Munster.  'Lon.  7*49  .E*  lat.  51  28  XT. 

C'/uiu,  a  river  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
nvhiclj  runs  through  Croti'a,  passes  by 
Wihitch  and  Dubhza,  and  i'AU  into  the 
Save. 

Unst,  the  most  remote  of  the  Shetland 
inlands  extending  beyond  61  N  lat.  eight 
miles  long  and  lour  broad. 

Uwsiersetshi  a  twvvn  of  Swisserland,  in 
he  canton  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  28  E,  lat 
46  35  X. 

Uhziit  or  Unsha,  a  town  of  Russia,  in 
iyc  government  of  Kostroma.  Lon.  44 
15  E,  lat.  57  56  X. 

VoerdeUy  a  town  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Holland.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1795.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  10 
:  .i.ies  W  of  Un  ccht,  and  20  S  of  Amster- 
dam. Lon.  4  58  12,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Voglwru,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  dUchy  of  Mihn  and  territory  of  Pa- 
v;a.  It  is  pleasantly  seated  on  the  Staf- 
lora,  14  miles  SS\V  of  Pavia,  and  30 


VOL 


VOL 


by  W  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  >10  E,  lat.  44 
59  X. 

Voglabruck,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archduchy  of  Austria,  which  enjoys  tin 
privilege  of  granting1  protection  to  slaves. 
Lon.  13  40  E,  lat.  58  1  N. 

Vogouls,  a  people  in  Asia,  subject  to 
Russia,  who  have  established  their  habi- 
tations in  the  forests  on  the  N  side  of 
Mount  Oural,  extending  themselves  to 
the  W,  and  still  farther  on  \  he  plains  to 
the  E  of  this  chain  of  mountains.  Here 
they  have  dwelt  for'  time  immemorial, 
and  are  possessed  of  traditions  which 
have  a  treat  conformity  with  history. 
Sonic  authors  pretend  that  they  are  the 
brethren  of  the  ancient  Ougrians,  or  of 
the  present  Hungarians,  and  found  their 
conjecture  on  the  situation  of  the  Vogoul 
territory,  and  the  striking  resemblance 
there  is  between  the  languages  of  the 
two  nations.  This  people  was  subjected 
to  the  dominion  of  Russia  at  the  same 
time  with  Siberia.  T%  Vogouls  are 
hardly  of  a  middling  stature,  have  gene- 
rally black  hair,  and  for  the  most  part  a 
scanty  beard  They  have  some  traits  of 
the  Kalmonks  in  the  style  of  their  phy- 
siognomy. They  are  of  a  gay  disposition, 
teachable;  honest,  laborious,  and  acute  ; 
but  slovenly  and  fickle,  inclined  to  be 
disorderly  and  passionate  to"'  excess. 
Their  women  are  robust,  civil,  labori- 
ous, and  generally  speaking  well  made. 
They  have  neither  letters  nor  writing 
any  more  than  their  kindred  nations: 
they  do  not  reckon  their  time  by  \ear.->. 
though  tluy .mark  the  months,  and  name 
them  after  the  various  revolutions  of  na- 
ture which  they  observe  in  their  forests. 

Void,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  and  late  province  of 
Lor  rain. 

Voightland,  a  terrilory Of  Germany,  in 
Upp*  r  Saxony,  one  of  the  four  circles  of 
the  marqtiisate  of  Misnia.  It  is  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  BoWmia,  cn  the  N  by 
the  dtichj  of  AStenburg,  and  on  the  W 
by  Thuringia  and  Erascoata.  Pla.vven  is 
tiie  capiti  1.  '  .'.  V  ' 

Viigt  bn-g,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  S  xnny,  with  a  citadel. 

Vohvlmark,  or  fVulickm  :rk,  a  town  of 
Germany*,  in  the  circle  of  Austria.  Lon. 
14  56  E,"  lat.  46  \  'j  N. 

Voimw,  a  seaport  of  Italy  in  the  Fer- 
rarese,  seated  on  the  gulf  ol  Venice,  at 
one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Po^fr  40  .miles' 
E  of  Ferrara.  Loh.  12  36  E,  lat.' 44 
52  N. 

Volcano,  one  of  the  LVpari  Island^  in 
t lie  Mediterranean,  12  miles  in  circunv- 
ftreuce.  It  is  a,  volcano,  in  the  form  of  a- 
broken  ("one,  but  now  emits  smoke  only.  . 


Volcanello,  a  small  volcanic  island  in 
the  Mediterranean,  between  thai  of  Li- 
pari  and  Volcano. 

Volga,  the  largest  river  in  Europe, 
which  has  its  source  in  two  small  lakes, 
m  the  government  of  Pleskof,  in  Russia, 
about  80  miles  W  of  Tver.  It  b<  gins  to 
be  navigable  a  few  miles  above  that  town, 
and  is  considerably  augmented  here  by 
the  junction  of  the  Tverza,  which  is  a 
broader,  deeper,  and  more  rapid  river. 
By  means  of  the  Tverza,  a  communica- 
tion is  made  between  the  Volga  and  the 
Neva,  or,  in  other  words,  between  the 
Caspian  and  the  Baltic.  This  river  Wat- 
ers some  of  the  finest  provinces  --in  the 
Russian  empire,,  passes  by-  Yuroslaf, 
Kosstroma,  Nishne-Novogor*  d,  Kasan, 
Simbirsk,  and  Saratoi,  entering  the  Cas- 
pian Sea,  by  several  mouths,  below  As- 
tracan. 

Volhrnia,  a  palatinate  of  Russian  Po- 
land, oUU  miles  long  and  150  broad ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Polesia,  on  the  E 
b)  Kiof,  on  the  S  by  Podolia,  and  on  the 
W  by  Austrian  Poland.  It  consists 
chiefly  of  plains  watered  by  a  great  num-. 
ber  of  rivers.   Lucko  is  the  capital. 

Vollehhoven,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro-- 
viiu-es,  in  Overyssel?  capital  of  a  territo- 
ry of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  the'  Zuvder-Zee,  8  miles  SW  of 
Stetnwich,  and  12  XW  of  Zwoh  Lon.  5 
42  \%  lat..  52  44  N. 

JVo,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Janna,  with  a  strong  citadel  and  a  fort, 
it  was  taken,  and  almost  ruined,  in  1655, 
by  the  Venetians,  but  is  now  in  some  mea- 
sure re-established.  It  is  seated  on  a 
gulf  o,f  the  same  name,  where  there  is  a 
good  harbour,  30  .miles  SE  of  Larissa 
Lon.  22  55  Ey  lat.  39  21        ^  .- 

Volodimir,  or  I ladimir,  a  government  of 
(iussia,  formerly  a  province  of  Moscow, 
containing  14  districts. 

Volodimir,  or  Vladimir,  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, 'capital  of  the  government  of  that 
name,  and  once  the  metropolis  of  the 
Russian  empire.  It  is  seated  on  the  Kli? 
asma,  110  miles  E  by  N  of  Moscow. 

Vologda,  a  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly the  largest  province  of  Russia,  di- 
vided into  the  two  provinces  of  Vologda 
^id  Veliki-Ustlug,  and  containing  12 
districts. 

Vologda,  an  arc  hi  episcopal  town  of 
Russia,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
navne/  seated  in  a  marsh,  oiv  the  river  Vo- 
logda.   Lon.  39  46  E.  lat.  59  20  N.  <ii 

Volia,  a  rher  of  Africa,  which  runs 
fronVN  to  S,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic 

/  ulterra,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany, 
n  the  territory  of  Pisa,  with  a  bishop's 
s;e.    It  is  surrounded  by  \^nlls,  cb^. 


V  O  T 


vou 


t£uns  several  antiquities,  is  noted  for  its 
medicinal  waters,  and  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  '30  miles  SW  of  Florence, 
:  :ul  32  SE  of  Pisa.  Lon.  10  42  E,  lat. 
43  26  N. 

'  Voltei,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territon 
of  Genoa,  6  miles  \V  of  Genoa. 

Volturno,  a  river  of  Italy,  in  Naples, 
which  rises  in  the  Appennines,  passes  by 
lsernia  and  Capua,  and  falls  into  the  guh 
of  Gaieta. 

Foitnrara,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capi- 
tanata,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  at  the 
foot  of  the  Appennines,  20  miles  W  of 
Lucera,  and  32  NE  of  Naples.  Lon.  15 
14  E,  lat.  41  26  X. 

l  olvic,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Puy  de  Dome.  There  are  inv 
mense  quantities  of  Lava  in  its  vicinity 
which  is  formed  into  quarries,  and  is 
used  instead  of  stoj.e  in  building- the  ad- 
jacent towns. 

Voorn,  a  tort  of  Dutch  Guelderland,  on 
an  island  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
Wa  1  i  u  1  an  d  t  h  e  M  ae  se'. 

Voorii)  an  island  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  South  Holland,  between  the 
mouths  of  tiie  Maese.  lit  iei  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Voornhtnd,  a  territory  of  the  United 
Prorinces,  in  South  Holland,  consisting 
of  the  islands  of  Voorn,  Goree,  and  Over- 

t'o)  albcrgi  or  Vorarlberg,  a  district  of 
Upper  Austria;   comprising   the  four 
counties  of  Feldkirch,  Bregentz,  Plu 
dentz,  and  Sonnaberg. 

Vorden,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia.  Lon.  8*24  E,  lat. 
52  29  N. 

Voringeuy  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlv 
circle  of  Suabia.    Lon.  9  12  E;  lat.  48 

VoronetZy  a  government  of  Russia,  con- 
taining 15  districts. 

Vovonetz  a  town  of  Russia,  the  capi- 
tal of  a  government  of  the  same  name 
It  is  seated  on  the  Voronetz,  below  its 
junction  with  the  Don,  217  miles  S  In 
E  of  Moscow.  Lon.  39  14  E,  lat.  51 
36  X.  \.  */-     ;  ■■■ 

Vosgcty  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding that  part  of  Lor  rain,  which  was 
kately  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  so  called  from  a  chain  of  mountains, 
covered  with  wood,  that  separates  this 
department  from  the  departments  of  Up- 
per Saone,  and  Upper  Rhine. 

Votiaks,  the  name  of  a  people  who  in- 
habit the  land  between  the  rivers  Kama 
and  the  Viatka  ;  they  are  commonly  of  a 
middling  stature,  and  thin.  The  colour 
of  their  hair  is  various,  but  for  the  most 
part  reddish ;  and  they  resemble  the 


Finns  in  their  make  more  than  any  nation 
that  derives  its  origin  from  them.  The 
Votiaks  are  honest,  peaceable,  hospitable, 
sober;  but  superstitious,  of  cold  com- 
plexions, and  extremely  simple.  The 
women  have  winking  eyes,  and  small 
even  to  ugliness  ;  they  are  short  of  stat- 
ure, timid,  very  modest, and  consequently 
chaste,  laborious,  and  complaisant.  They 
are  assiduous  in  rural  ceconomy,  neglect- 
ing neither  the  culture  of  bees  nor  the 
chace,  in  which  latter  they  use  indiffer- 
ently the  bow  or  fire-arms.  In  their  lei- 
sure hours  mary  of  them  employ  them-i 
sehes  in  making  all  sorts  of  tuiney, 
such  as  cups,  spoons,  shuttles,  &.c. ;  and 
others  varnish  all  kinds  of  bowls  and 
cup 3.  The  women  are  employed  in  sew- 
ing, in  making  linen,  coarse  cloths,  and 
felts  ;  they  also  make  cloaths,  and  orna- 
ments of  embroidery.  Rich  folks  arc  not 
common  among  the  Votiaks ;  but  neither 
are  there  any  that  can  be  called  abso- 
lutely poor. 

Voir-hou-hien,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-naii,  and  jurisdiction 
of  Tay-ping-fou  ;  the  most  considerable, 
in  point  of  riches,  in  that  jurisdiction. 
It  is  52  miles  SW  of  Tay-ping-fou. 

VouUle,  a  village  of  France,  wltere 
was  fought  the  memorable  battle  be- 
tween Clovis  and  Alaric,  king  of  the  Vi- 
sigoths. + 

Voit-tchang--fo7i,  a  city  of  China,  and  ca- 
pital of  the  province  of  Hou-quang.  This 
city  is  the  rendezvous  of  aU  the  commer- 
ial  people  in  China.  It  suffered  greatly 
during  the  last  wars  ;  but  it  has  recover- 
ed so  much,  that  it  is  now  inferior  to 
none  of  the  other  cities,  in  extent,  opu- 
lence and  population.  As  every  branch 
of  trade  is  carried  on  here,  its  port,  si- 
tuated on  the  river  Vang-tse-kiang,  is  al- 
ways crowded  with  vessels  ;  the  river  is 
sometimes  covered  with  them  to  the  dis- 
tance of  two  leagues.  The  beautiful  crys- 
tal found  in  its  mountains,  the  plentiful 
crops  of  fine  tea  which  it  produces,  and 
the  prodigious  sale  of  the  br.mboo  p<«per 
made  here,  .no  less  contribute  to  render 
it  famous,  than  the  continual  influx  of 
strangers.  Its  ex'ent  is  compared  to  that 
of  Paris.  It  comprehends  in  its  district 
one  city  of  the  second  class,  and  nine  of 
the  third,  besides  a  fortified  town  and 
several  fortresses. 

Voii-tcheon-fuu,  or  Fou-tcheou-fon,  a  city 
of  China,  in  the  province  of  Kiang-si, 
formerly  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the 
empire  ;  but,  since  the  invasion  of  the 
Tartars,  it  has  been  a  1  eap  if  rt  ins, 
which,  however,  still  convey  some  idea 
of  its  ancient  mMgmficcncc.  Its  district* 
is  about  25  leagues  in  extent,  and  con- 
5  A 


UPS 


U  R  A 


l&inls  six  cities  of  the  third  class.  It  is 
15  '  miles  S  by  AV  of  Nanking.  Lon.  116 
25  fc,  lat  25  50  N. 

Upland,  a  province  of  Sweden,  which 
is  a  sow  of  peninsula,  bounded  on  the 
W  by  Wcstmania  and  Gestricia,  on  the 
NE  by  the  Baltic,  and  on  the  S  by  the 
sea  of  Sudermania.  It  is  70  miles  long 
and  45  broad,  enriched  with  inexhaust- 
ible mines  of  copper,  iron,  and  silver  ; 
and  the  peasants  are  chiefly  employed  in 
the  manufacture  f  those  metals.  Stock- 
holm is  the  capital. 

Upmhistep,  a  village  in  Essex,  seated 
on  a  lofty  eminence,  three  miles  SE  of 
Hum  lord. 

Upper  Dublin,  a  township  of  Montgo- 
mery county  Pennsylvania,  containing 
1,050  inhabitants  in  1810;  situated  be- 
tween Horsham  and  White-marsh,  5  miles 
NW  of  Jenkintown. 

Upper  Freehold,  a  township  of  Mon- 
mouth county,  New  Jersey,  situated  on 
the  S  side  of  the  river  Shrewsbury,  12 
nrles  S  of  Amboy.  It  contained  3,843  in- 
liabitaihts  in  1810. 

Upper  Marlborovgh,  a  village  with  ^ 
pos> -office,  in  Prince  George,  Maryland, 
18  mi  les  E  by  S  of  Washington,  and  20  S 
W  of  Annapolis. 

Uppingham,  a  town  of  Rutlandshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday  ;  seated  on 
an  eminence,  six  miles  S  of  Oakham,  and 
90  N  by  W  of  Loudon.  Lon.  0  45  W,  lat. 
52  36  N. 

Upsal,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Upland, 
with  a  famous  university,  and  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  It  stands  in  the  beginning 
of  an  open  plain  fertile  in  grain  and  pas- 
ture, is  a  small,  but  very  neat  town,  con- 
taining, exclusive  of  the  students,  about 
3000  inhabitants.  The  ground  plot  is  ex- 
tremely regular;  it  is  divided  into  two  al- 
most equal  parts  by  a  small  rivulet!  Sala  ; 
and  the  streets  are  drawn  at  right  angles 
from  a  central  kind  of  square  :  a  few  of 
the  houses  are  built  with  brick  and  s:ur- 
coed,  but  the  generality  are  constructed 
with  trunks  smoothed  into  the  shape  ot 
planks,  and  painted  red,  and  the  roofs 
are  covered  in  with  turf.  Each  hous 
has  its  small  court-yard,  or  garden.  Up- 
s>il  was  formerly  the  metropol  s  of  Swe- 
den, and  the  royal  residence.  The  anci- 
ent palace  which  was  finished  by  Eru 
XIV.  was  a  magnificent  building,  umi 
great  part  of  it  was  consumed. by  fire,  in 
1702  In  the  centre  of  the  town  stands  tbt 
cathedral,  a  large  Gothic,  structure  o' 
brxk,  in  which  the  kings  of  Sweden  were 
formerly  crowned.  It  has  been  several 
times  greatly  damaged  by  fire,  and  as  of 
ten  repaired  :  it  contains  the  monument 
of  the  famous  Gustayus  Vasa.   The  uni- 


versity is  the  most  ancient  in  Sweden* 
and  the  first  seminary  in  the  North  for  a- 
cademical education."  The  Royal  Society 
here  is  likewise  the  oldest  literary  acade- 
my in  the  North.  Here  is  a  botanical 
garden,  of  which  the  celebrated  Linne 
was  superintendent.  Upsal  is  seated  inJ 
avast  open  plain,  fertile  in  corn,  35miles 
NNW  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  48  E,  lat.  59 
52  N. 

Upton,  a  town  in  Worcestershire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday ;  seated  on  the 
Severn,  11  miles  S  of  Worcester,  and 
109  WNW  of  London.  Lon.  1  55  W,  lat 
51  59  N. 

Upton,  a  township  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  995  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  situated  about  35  miles 
SW  of  Boston. 

Urach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia.  Lon.  9  15  E,  lat.  48 
27  N. 

Ural,  a  river  of  Russia,  formerly  call- 
ed Yaik,  but  its  name  was  changed  on  the 
suppression  of  the  rebell  on  of  the  Cos- 
sacs,  which  rises  in  Mount  Caucasus,  and 
watering  Orenburg,'  Uralsk,  and  Gurief, 
fails  by  three  mouths  into  the  Caspian  Sea. 
See  the  next  article. 

Uralian  Cossacs,  a  Tartar  tribe  that  in- 
habit the  Russian  province  of  Orenburg^ 
on  the  S  side  of  the  Ural.  These  Cossacs 
are  descended  from  those  of  the  Don  • 
and  are  a  valiant  race.  They  profess  the 
Greek  religion  ;  but  there  are  dissenters 
from  the  established  religion,  whom  the 
Russians  called  Raskolniki,  or  Separat- 
ists, and  who  style  themselves  Starever 
ki,  or  Old  Believers.  These  consider  the 
service  of  the  established  church  as  pro- 
fane, and  have  their  own  priests  and  ce- 
remonies. The  Uralian  Cossacs.  are  all 
enthusiasts  for  the  ancient  ritual,  and 
prize  their  beards  almost  equal  to  theit 
lives.  They  are  rich  from  their  conside- 
rable fisheries  in  Sturgeons  ;  they  have 
also  acquired  a  spirit  of  revolt  and  inde~. 
pendence  by  being  situated  in  a  desert 
between  the  Calmucs  and  the  Kirghese, 
who  are  continually  at  variance  with  each 
other,  and  often  with  the  Cossacs  them 
selves.  A  Russian  officer  having  order- 
ed a  number  of  Cossac  recruits  to  be  pub- 
licly shaved  in  the  town  of  Yaitsk,  in 
1771,  this  wanton  insult  excited  an  in- 
surrection, which  was  suppressed  for  a 
time.  Many  of  the  rebels  made  their  es- 
c  aoe.  and,  retiring  into  the  desert,  chief- 
ly resorted  to  the  marshy  grounds  which 
lie  about  the  lake  Kamysh-Samara,  where 
they  derived  a  subsistence  from  fishing* 
and  shooting  wild  boars,  and  were  sup- 
plied occasionally  by  their  relations  with 
bread,  and  provisions.-   By  these  means 


U  R  G 


USE 


this  desperate  troop  supported  them 
selves  during1  ihe  space  of  two  years,  tin 
til  the  impostor  PugatChef,  having  as 
sumed  the  name  of  Peter  III.  appeared  a 
mong  them,  and,  taking  advantage  of  this 
circumstance,  roused  them  once  more 
into  open  rebellion  ;  the  river  Ya  k  was 
called  the  Ural ;  the  Yaik  Cossacs  were 
denominated  Uralian  Cossacs ;  and  the 
town  of  Yaitsk  was  named  Uralsk. 

Uralsk,  a  town  of  Russia  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Caucasus  and  province  of  Oren- 
burg, (see  the  preceding  article.)  Lon.  50 
10  E,  lat.  52  0  X. 

Uranieuburg,  once  a  magnificent  castle 
of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of  Huen.  It 
was  built  by  Tycho  Brahe,  a  celebrated 
astronomer,  who  called  it  the  castle  of 
the  Heavens,  and  here  made  his  observa- 
tions. It  is  now  in  ruins.  Lon.  12  52  E, 
lat.  55  54  N. 

i  Urbanea,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Urbino,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  was 
built  by  pope  Urban  YIH.  on  the  river 
Metro,'  12  miles  S  of  Urbino.  Lon.  12  40 
E,  lat.  43  34  N. 

Urbanna,  a  seaport  and  post  town  in 
Middlesex  county,  Virginia ;  situated 
on  the  SE  side  of  Rappahannock  river, 
12  miles  SW  of  Lancaster,  and  47  N  of 
York,  and  60  N  by  W  of  Williams- 
burg. It  lies  in  lat.  37  36  X,  and  lon. 
76  30  W. 

Urbino,  a  duchy  of  Italy,  in  the  Eccle- 
siastical State,  55  miles  long,  and  43 
broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  on  the  S  by  Perugino  and  Spo- 
letto,  on  the.  E  by  Ancona,  and  on  the 
W  by  Tuscany  and  Romagna.  The  air 
is  not  very  wholesome,  nor  is  the  soil 
fertile. 

Urbino,  an  archiepiscopal  town  of  Ita- 
ly, capital  of  the  duchy  of  Urbino,  with 
a  citadel,  and  a  palace,  where  the  dukes 
formerly  resided.  The  houses  are  well 
built,  and  great  quantities  of  fine  earth- 
en ware  are  made. here  It  is  remarkable 
on  account  of  its  being  the  birthplace 
of  the  illustrious  Raphael.  This  town 
was  taken  by  the  French  army  in  1796, 
and  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  between  the 
rivers  Metro  and  Foglia,  18  miles  S  of 
Rimini,  58  E  of  Florence,  and  120  NE  of 
Rome.  Lon.  12  40  E,  lat.  46  46  N. 

Vreden,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia.  Lon.  78  E,  lat. 
52  8  N. 

Urgantz,  or  Jurgantz,  a  town  of  the 
country  of  the  Turcomans,  formerly  a 
considerable  place,  four  miles  in  circum- 
ference, but  now  in  ruins,  and  no  pub- 
lic buildings  remain  but  a  mosque.  It  is 
240  nv'les  E  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  70  S 


of  the  lake  Aral.  Lon.  60  25  E,  lat.  48 
55  N. 

Urgely  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia,  capital  of  a  county  of  die  same 
name,  with  a  bishop-"  s  see.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Sagra,  in  a  fertile  plain,  sur- 
rounded by  mountains,  planted  with  vine- 
iards,  60  miles  XV  of  Pcrpignan,  and  75 
\T  bv  W  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  1  44  E,  lat 
42  32  N. 

Uri,  the  most  southern  canton  of  Swis- 
serland,  and  the  fourth  m  rank.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  canton  of 
Schwitz  and  the  Lake  of  the  Four  Can- 
tons, on  Lhe  E  by  the  country  of  the  Gri- 
sons  and  the  Canton  of  Glarus,  on  the  S 
by  the  bailiwics  of  Italy,  and  on  the  W 
by  the  cantons  of  Underwalden  and  Bern, 
It  is  30  miles  long,  and  12  broad.  See 
Schiveitz. 

Uri,  Lake  of.    See  Waldstcetter  See. 
Urmimd,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia. 

Ursel,  a  town  of  Cermany,  in  the  circle 
r>f  Upper  Rhine,  18  miles  NE  of  Mentz. 
Lon.  8  28  E,  lat.  50  9  N. 

Urseren,  a  town  of -Swisserland.  Lon. 
11  20  E,  lat.  49  8  N. 

Ursitz,  St.  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Basle,  seated  on  the 
Doubs,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge,  7 
miles  S  of  Porentru. 

Usbec  Tartar//,  a  vast  country  of  Wes- 
tern- Tartary,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
country  of  the  Kalmucks,  on  the  E  by 
"hibct,  on  the  S  by  Hindoostan,  and  on 
the  W  by  Persia  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 
These  Tartars  are  divided  into  several 
tribes,  governed  by  their  respective 
Khans, 'or  princes.  When  under  one 
sovereign,  they  were  the  most  powerful 
of  all  the  Tartarian  nations.  The  princi- 
pal Khans  pride  themselves  in  being  des- 
cended from  Ta'merlane,  whose  birth- 
place was  the  ancient  city  of  Samarkand, 
the  present  capital  of  the  country  .  The 


Usbec 


thei 


ir  persons,  are  said  to  have 
better  complexions  and  more  engagh  g 
features  than  the  Kalmucs.  Their  reli- 
gion ia  Mahomet. mism  ;  and  they  differ 
in  general,  very  little  from  the  people  of 
the  northern  pro-uiLes  of  Hindoostan. 
Uscapia.  See  Scopia. 
Us'tdom,  an  island  of  Prussian  Pomera- 
nia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Oder,  in  the 
Baltic  Sea,  between  which  and  the  island 
of  Wollin,  is  a  passage  culled  the  Swin.  It 
had  formerly  ft  considerable  town  of  the 
same  name,  which  was  almost  reduced 
to  ashes  in  1473.  Lon.  14  11  E,  lat, 
54  6  N. 

Userche,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Correze  and  late  province  oi' 


UTR 


W  A  A 


Lorrain,  seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  at  the 
foot  of  which  flows  the  Vezere,  37  fftileis 
SE  of  Limoges,  and  217  S  of  Paris.  Lon. 
1  37  E,  lat.  5  27  X. 

U shanty  an  island  of  France,  on  the 
coast  of  the  department  of  Finisterre,  and 
late  province  of  Brittany,  opposite  ioCon- 
quet.  It  is  8  miles  in  circumu  -rence,  aftd 
contains  several  hamlets  and  a  castle, 
ton,  5  4  W,  lat.  48  28  X. 

tftingen,  a  town  qf  Gerirumy,  in -the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Rhine  and  principality  of 
Nassau  Weiburg,  22  miles  XE  ot  Mentz.' 
Lon.  8  25  E,  lat.  50  10  X. 

psk,  a  town  in  .Monmouthshire,  with 
a  market  on  Monday  ;  sea'ed  on  the  river 
Usk,  12  miles  SW  of  Monmouth,  and  140 
W  by  X  of  London.  Lon.  2  35  W,  lat. 
St  41  X. 

Usk,  a  river  of  South  Wales,  which 
rises  on  the  W  side  of  Brecknockshire, 
divides  Monmouthshire  into  unequal 
portions,  and  falls'  into  the  Bristol  Chan- 
»el. 

Usscl,  a  town  ot  France,  in  tnfc  depart- 
ment of  Correze,  and  late  province  of  Li- 
mosin,  32  miles  XE  of  Tulles.  Lon.  2  15 
E,  la< .  45  32  N. 

Ustanio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Cremo- 
nese,  seated  on  the  Oglio,  12  miles  XEof 
Cremona.  Lon.  10  8  E,  l&i.  45  17  X. 

Ustiug,  a  tovyn  of  Russia,  in  the  gov 
eminent  of  Vologda.  Lon.  16  30  E,  lat.  61 
15  X. 

Utoxeter,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday  :  seated  on  a  ris- 
ing ground  near  the  THer  Dovey  13  miles 
NE  of  Stafford,  and  136  XN  \V  -ofLondon. 
Lon.  1  50  W,  I  t.  33  10  X. 

Utica,  a  post  town  in  Oneida  county, 
New  York  ;  lying  on  the  W  bank  of  Mo 
hock  river,  opposite  took!  Fort  Schu\!ei\ 
17  miles  XE  of  Sangerneld,  20  XW  or 
German  Flats  Town,  and  81  W  by  N  o> 
Skencetady.  This  is  a  very  thriyinjr 
town  ;  it  has  grown  in  about  12  years  from 
a  solitary  farm,  to  coutain  more  than  2000 
inhabitants. 

Utrecht)  one  of  the  United  Provinces  of 
the  Netherlands,.  30  miles  long  and  20 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  X  by  the  Zuider 
Zee  and  Holland,  on  the  E  by  Guelder 
land,  on  the  S  by  the  Rhine,  and  on  the  W 
by  Holland.  The  air  is  very  healthy  here  ; 
nor  are  there  any  inundations  to  fear  as 
in  other  provinces  :  and  the  soil  is  fertile, 
and  the  country  pit  asant. 

Utrecht,  a  celebrated  citvof  the  Unit- 
ed Provinces,  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
game  name,  with  a  famous  university.  It 
is  well  fortified,  of  a  square  form,  and  a- 
bout  three  miles  in  circumference,  with- 
out its  four  suburbs,  which  are  consider- 


able. The  steeple  of  theculhedral  is*  u. 
ry  high,  :,nd  the  handsomest  in  the  Unit- 
ed Provinces.  There is  a  great  number 
of  churches  and  hospitals.  The  environs/, 
;ire  full  of  gardens,  walks,  and  groves,  . 
which  added  to  the  purit-i  qf  the  air,  ren- 
der  Utrecht  o  ;e  of  the  mo%t  agreeable 
places  for  p(  sidehce  in  these  parts,  and 
accordingly'  u  great,  many  people  of  dis- 
tinction resort  hither.  Mere  the  union  of 
the.  seven  United  Provinces  was  bei;un  in 
1579;  and  here  Ivas jconcluded,  in  1713, 
the  peace  which  terminated  the  wars  of 
queen  Ann.  Utrecht  was  taken  by  ihe 
French  in  1795  w ';hout  resistance.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  18  miles  SE  of 
Amsterdam,  27  NE  of  Rotterdam,  ai  d 
35  XW  of  Ximeguen.  Lon.  5  8  E,  lat, 
52  7  N. 

Utrecht,  .Yew,  a  township  of  King's 
county,  New  York, '..situated  on  Long  Is- 
land, about  8  miles  S  of  Xew  York,  and 
containing  907  inhabitants  in  1810.  * 

Utznuch,  an.  elegantly  built  town  of 
Swisserland, '  in  a  bailiwic  belonging  to  ' 
the  can  torts  of  Schweitz  and  Glarus. 

Vurla,  a  seaport  of  Turkey,  in  the.  Asia- 
tic province  of  Xatolia.  Lon.  27  58  E, 
lat.  38  27  X. 

Uxbridge,  a  corporate  town  in  Middle'-' 
sex,  with  a  market  on  Thursday.  Near 
this  town  are  the  remains  ot  an  ancient 
camp.  Uxbridge  is  15  miles  W  bv  X  of 
London     Lon.  0  23  W,  lat.  51  31  X. 

UxbridgSy  a  post  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  5  miles  W  of 
Mendon,  and  about  40  SW  of  Boston,  and 
56  XE  of  Hartford,  Connecticut.  It  con- 
tained 1404  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Uzeda,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Xew  Castile, 
capital  of  a  duch\  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  cas  le.  It  Us  seated  on  the  Cogolluda, 
26  miles  XXE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  13  W, 
int.  40  461V. 

Uzel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North  Coast,  and  late  province 
of  Bpetagne,  17  miles  SW  of  St.  Brieux. 
Lon.  2  52  W,  lat.  48  16  -N. 

Uzesy  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Card,  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  seated  in  a  country  abounding  in 
corn,  oil,  silk,  and  good  wine,  12  miles 
X  of  Xismis,  and  20  SW  of  Orange.  Lon 
4  27  E,  lat.  44  2  N. 

w. 


WAA €KHA USEiY,  a  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony. 

Wang,  a  river  of  Hungary,  which  rise? 


W  A  I 


WA  L 


in  the  Carpathian  mountains,  passes  by 
Leopoldstadt,  and  falfcs  into  the  Danube, 
opposite  the  island  of  Schut. 

Waal,  a  river  of  the  United  provinces, 
being  the  S  branch  from  the  Rhine  below 
Emmerick.  It  runs  from  E  to  W  through 
Guelderland,  passes  by  Njmeguen,  Tiel, 
Bommel,  and  Gorcum,  and  falls  into  the 
Maese,  at  Briel. 

frafrush  a  ar-ge  navigable  river  of  In- 
diana  territory,  which  flows  into  the  Ohio 
on  its  north  side,  1022  miles  below  Pitts- 
burg. IL  is  in  several  places  interrupted 
by  rapids,  especially  those  between  White 
and  Deche  rivers.  About  28  miles  about 
O  iuonon,  on  the  N  side  of  the  river,  a 
silver  mine  has  been  discovered.  When 
the  water  of  the  Ohio  is  high,  the  banks 
of  the  Wabash  are  overflowed  for  several 
miles.  At  its  mouth,  the  common  width 
is  about  400  yards. 

W'achenheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Rhine.  Lon.  8  16  E,  lat.  49 
20  N.  ';>.,4 -H-. 

tf'achovkt,  a  tract  of  land  in  N  Carolina, 
situated  between  the  rivers  Dan  and  Yad- 
kin, 10  miles  S  of  Pilot  Mountain,  in  the 
county  of  Surry,  consisting-  of  100,000 
acres.  In  1755,  by  an  act  of  assembly,  it 
was  made  a  separate  parish,  called  Dobb's 
Paris)). 

Wachtendonck,  a  town  ofPrussian  Guel- 
derland, seated  in  a  morass,  on  the  river 
\  crs,  5  miles  S  of  Gueldres.  Lon.  6  7  E, 
lat.  51  23  N. 

JVadesboro\  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Anson  county,  N  Carolina  ;  seated  on  the 
S  side  of  Brown  creek,  a  branch  of  the 
Great  Pedee  river,  22  miles  W  of  Rock- 
ingham,  and  70  W  of  Fayetteville. 

Wadstena,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  E  Gothland,  with  a  castle, 
built  by  Gustavus  Vasu,  in  1544,  it  is 
seated  on  the  lake  Wetter,  160  miles  S 
AV  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  15  37  E,  lat.  58 
18  N. 

Wageningen,  a  town  of  Dsitch  Guekler- 
land,  seated  on  the  Leek,  lu  miles  N\V 
of  Nimeguen.  Lon.  5  31  K,  lat,  52  U  N. 

Wageria,  or  H'agerland,  a  fertile  terri- 
tory, in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  20  miles 
in  length,  and  15  in  breadth  ;  bounded 
on  the  NE  by  the  Baltic  Sea  ;  on  the  S 
by  the  river  Trave  ;  and  on  the  W  b) 
Proper  Holstein,  and  Stomaria.  It  is  ve- 
ry fertile  in  corn  ;  and  Lubec  is  the  prin- 
cipal town. 

Waigats,  straits  between  Nova  Zembla 
and  Russia,  through  which  the  Dutch 
attempted  to  find  a  NE  passage  to  Chi- 
na, and  sailed  as  far  as  75  degrees  E  lon. 
in  lat  72  25  N. 

fVaihlinqen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia.  ^  ***L- 


n'ainfleet,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  near 
the  sea,  in  a  fenny  part  of  the  country, 
and  on  the  river  With  am,  14  miles  NE  of 
Boston,  and  130  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon. 
0  20  E,  lat.  53  10N. 

I Fait zen,  or  JVaitz,  a  town  of  Hungary, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Danube, 
72  miles  ESE  of  Presburg.  Lon.  18l 38  E, 
lat.  47  29  N. 

JVake,  a  county  of  North  Carolina,  con- 
taining 17,086  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
siiuated  in  Hillsborough  district,  and  is 
watered  by  the  Upper  branches  of  Neus 
river.  The  chief  town  is  Raleigh,  which 
is  also  the  capital  of  the  state. 

M'akejield,  a  township  of  Strafford  coun  - 
ty,  New  Hampshire,  containing  1,166  in- 
habitants in  1810.  Situated  about  50  miles 
NW  ot  Portsmouth. 

Wakefield,  a  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Friday. 
Here  are  two  churches,  and  an  ancient 
stone  bridge  over  the  Calder,  on  which 
Edward  IV.  erected  a  chapel,  in  remem- 
brance of  those  who  lost  their  lives  in  the 
battle  near  this  place,  in  1460.  It  has  a 
trade  in  white  cloths  and  tammies,  and  is 
28  miles  S\V  of  York,  and  184  NNW  of 
London.  Lon.  28  W,  lat.  53  41  N. 

JP'alachia,  the  ancient  Dacia,  a  province 
of  Turkey  in  Europe;  225  miles  long  and 
125  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Molda- 
via and  Transylvania,  on  the  E  and  S  by 
the  river  Danube,  and  on  the  W  by  Tran- 
sylvania. It  abounds  in  good  horses  and 
cattle,  has  mines  of  several  kinds,  and 
produces  wine,  oil,  and  all  manner  of  Eii- 
ropean  fruits.  It  was  ceded  to  the  Turks 
by  the  treaty  of  Belgrade,  in  1739.  The 
i n h  ab  i tan t s  con s i s t  o f  II un gar i  ans ,  S axon s , 
and  original  natives,  wlio  are  very  iudo- 
leut  ;  a  few  only  take  the  trouble  to  till 
the  ground.  However  the  soil  is  so  fer- 
tile, that  it  is  capable  of  producing  any- 
thing ;  and  there  are  good  pastures  with 
wine,  oil,  and  all  manner  of  European 
fruits.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  the 
Greek  church.  Tergovists,  or  Tei'vis,  is 
the  capital. 

Walchereii,  an  island  of  the  United  Pro  - 
vinces, the  principal  one  of  Zealand.  It. 
is  separated  from  the  islands  of  N  and  S 
Reveland,  by  a  narrow  channel ;  and  from 
Dutch  Flanders  by  the  mouth  of  the 
Scheldt ;  being  bounded  on  the  other 
sides  by  the  German  Ocean.  It  is  nine 
niles  long  and  eight  broad,  and  being 
low  is  subject  to  inundations,  but  has 
^ood  arable  and  pasture  lands.  The  capi- 
tal of  this  island,  and  of  the  whoie  prov- 
ince, is  Middleburg. 

Walcovr,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands, in  the  county  of  Namur,  on 


W  A  L 


WAL 


the  confines  of  Ilainault,  between  the! 
Mouse  and  Saaibre.  In  1615,  it  was  en-, 
tirely  destroyed  by  lire.  The  French 
attempted  to  take  it  in  1689,  but  were 
defeated,  and  compelled  to  retire,  with 
great  less.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ileum,  12 
miles  S  of  Charleroy,  and  27  SVv  of  Na- 
mur.  Lon.  4  30  E,  l'at.  50  10  N. 

Waldeck,  a  principality  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  30  miles 
long  and  20  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E 
and  S  by  Hesse-Cassel,  and  on  the  W 
and  N  by  Westphalia.  It  is  a  mountain- 
ous country,  covered  with  woods;  and 
has  mines  of  iron,  copper,  quicksilver, 
and  alum. 

Waldeck,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  a  principality  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  strong-  castle,  seated  on  the  Steinhach, 
25  miles  WSW  of  Cassel.  Lon.  9  4  E, 
lat.  51  10  N. 

IVtdden,  or  Saffron  JFalden,  a  corpo- 
rate town  in  Essex,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  an  aseeni 
among  pleasant  fields  of  Saffron,  which 
is  here  cultivated.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  has  a  fine  large  Gothic  church, 
and  is  27  miles  NNW  of  Chelmsford, 
and  42  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  20  E, 
lat.  52  4  N. 

Wahlenbttrgi  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  situated 
on  the  Muldau.  Lon.  12  30'E,  lat.  50 
49  % 

Waldenburg,  Old,  a  town  of  Germany, 
'n  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  famous 
for  its  brown  and  earthen  ware. 

Waldenbuvg,  or  Wallenbnrg,  a  town  of 
Swisserland,  in  the  canton  of  Basle. 

Wald.rk,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Aus- 
trian Brisgaw,  and  in  an  island  formed  by 
the  river  Eltz,  five  miles  from  Friburg-. 
Lon.  8  3  E,  lat.  48  9  N. 

Waldabortj',  a  pest  town  and  port  of 
entry  in  Lincoln  county,  Maine  ;  lying 
on  Muskongus  river,  12  miles  S\V  of 
Warren,  12  NE  of  New  Castle,  and  24  E 
of  Wiscasset,  in  lat.  43  58  N,  and  lon.  68 
54  W. 

Waldschut,^  strong*  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Suabia,  and  one  of  the 
four  Forest  Towns,  subject  to  the  house 
of  Austria.  It  is  seated  opposite  the 
place  where  the  Aar  falls  into  the  Rhine, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Black  Forest, 
eight  miles  NE  of  LafFenburg,  and  17 
W  of  SchafThausen.  Lon.  8  12  E,  lat 
47  33  N. 

Wahhtitdte,  a  name  given  to  the  Swiss 
cantons  of  Lucern,  Uri,  Seliwei  z  and 
Underwalden.  It  signifies  Forest  Tow:i^  . 
these  caVitons  containing  a  great  nuinh 
of  forests.  This  district  must  no'  b< 
confounded  wath  the  Waklstwdte,  orFor- 


j  est  Towns  of  Suabia,  which  are  Lanffen- 
,  burg,  Waldschut,  Seckingen,  and  Rhein- 

s eld  e  n  ^MBBM  r!S.«  '^^^fat  * 

Wahhtxtter  See,,  or  Luke  of  the  Four 
Cantons,  one  of  the  finest  lakes  in  Swiss- 
erland.  It  consists  of  vhree  principal 
branches,  called  the  lakes  of  Lucern, 
Schweitz,  and  Uri.  The  upper  branch, 
or  lake  of  Lucern,  is  in  the  form  of  a 
cross;  the  sides  of  which  stretch  from 
Kussnatcht  to  Dullenwal,  a  village  near 
Stantz.  It  is  bounded  toward  the  town 
by  Cultivated  hills  sloping  gradually  to 
the  water,  contrasted  on  the  opposite 
side  1))'  an  enormous  mass  of  barren  and 
craggy  rocks,  Mount  Pilate,  one  of  the 
highest  mountains  in  Swisscrland,  ris- 
ing boldly  from  the  lake.  Toward  the  • 
E  of  this  branch,  the  lake  contracts  into 
a  narrow  creek,  scarcely  a  mile  across. 
Soon  after  it  again  widens,  and  forms 
,the  second  branch,  or  lake  of  Schweitz; 
on  the  VV  side  the  canton,  of  UnderwaJ-'. 
den,  on  the  Ev  that  of  Schweitz.  Here 
the  mountains  are  more  lofty,  and  in- 
finitely varied;  some  covered  to  the 
ry  summits  with  verdure,  others  per- 
pendicular and  craggy ;  here  forming* 
amphitheatres  of  wood;  there  jutting 
in.o  the  water  in  bold  promontories. 
Towards  the  end  of  this  branch  the 
1  ke  forms  a  considerable  bay  in  the 
midst  of  which,  lies  the  island  of  Bru- 
men,  near  which  commences  the  third 
bivnch,  or  lake  of  Uri;  the  scenery  of 
which  is  most  amazingly  grand  and  sub- 
lime. It  is  a  deep  and  narrow  lake  about 
nine  miles  in  length,  bordered  on  both 
sides  with  rocks  uncommonly  'wild  and 
romantic,  and,  for'  the  jnost  part,  per- 
pendicular;  with  forests  of  beech  and 
pine  growing  down  their  sides  to  the 
very  edge  of  the  water;  indeed  the  rocks 
are  so  entirely  steep  and  over-hanging, 
that  there  are  hardly  more  than  four  or 
five  landing  soots,  here  the  lake  is  as 
smooth  as  crystal;  and  the  silent,  solemn 
_;loom  which  reigns  iri  this  place,  is  not 
■ess  awful  and  affecting  than  the  tremen- 
dous roaring  of  the  cataract  in  the  other. 
Somewhat  farther  upon  the  highest  point 
of  the  Seelisberg,  there  i6  a  small  chapel 
that  seems  inaccessible.  On  the  oppo- 
site side,  but  farther  on,  appears  the  cha- 
pel of  William  Tell,  erected  in  honour 
of  that  hero,  and  upon  the  very  spot 
where  (;t  is  said)  he  leaped  from  the 
boat,  in  which  he  was  carrying  prisoner 
10  Kussnatcht.  It  is  built  upon  a  rock 
that  juts  out  into  the  lake  under  a  hang- 
ing wood:  a  situation  amid  scenes  so 
strikingly  awful,  as  cannot  fail  of  strong- 
ly affecting  even  the  most  dull  and  tor- 
pid imagination 


W  A  L 


W  A  L 


Wales,  a  principality  in  the  W  of  Eng- 
land, 120  miles  long  and  3U  bro^d  ;  boun- 
ded on  the  N  by  the  Irish  Se..,  on  the  W 

I  by  that  sea  and  St.  George's  Channel,  on 
the  S  by  the  Bristol  Channel,  and  on  the 
E'  by  the  counties  of  Chester,  Salop, 
Hereford,  and  Monmouth.  Ir  is  divided 
into  12  counties  ;  namely,  Anglesey,  Car- 
narvonshire, Denbighshire,  Flintshire. 
Merionethshire,  and  Montgomeryshire,  in 
N  Wales  ;  Brecknockshire,  Cardigan- 
siiire,  Carmarthenshire,  Glamorganshire, 

.  Pembrok  shire,  arid  Radnorshire,  in  S 
Wales.  It  is  die  country  to  which  the 
ancient  BrUans  fled,  when  Great  Britain 
was  invaded  by  the  Saxons.  They  are 
now  called  Welsh,  and  continue  to  pre- 
serve their  own  language.  It  contains 
751  parishes,  and  58  market-towns.  The 
air  is  clear  and  sharp,  the  cattle  small, 
and  provisions,  in  general,  good  and 
cheap.  Wales  is  a  mountainous  coun- 
try, and  is  particularly  remarkable  for 
goats,  which  delight  in  hilly  countries. 
It  is  watered  by  rnany  rivers,  the  p 


cipal  of  which  are  noted  in  the  different 
counties.  t ' 

Wales,  jyVfa)  Worth)  a  county  of  North 
America,  in  New  Britain,  lying  W  of 
Hudson's  Bay,  and  subject  to  Great  Bri- 
tain. 

Wales,  J\"eiv  South,  a  country  of  North 
America,  in  New  Britain,  lying  SVV.  of 
Hudson's  Bay,  and  subject  to  Great  Bri- 
tain. See  Britain,  JYeio;  Hudson'' s  Hay. 
and  Labrador. 

Wales,  J\"exv  South,  the  E  coast  of  New 
Holland,  extending  from  43  49  to  10  37 
S  lat.  being  the  N  and  S  extremities  of 
that  vast  island.  This  coast  was  first 
explored  by  captain  Cook,  in  1770  ;  and 
a  design  was  formed,  in  consequence  of 
his  recommendation,  to  settle  a  colony 
of  convicts  at  Botany  Bay.  Capt  Philips 
being  appointed  governor  of  the  intend- 
ed settlement,  as  well  as  commodore  on 
the  voyage,  sailed  fro  in  Portsmouth,  in 
May,  1787,  with  a>;  detachment  of  ma- 
rines, and  778  convicts,  of  which  220 
were  women.  He  arrived  at  Bo. any  Bay 
in  January  1788 ;  but  finding  this  bay 
very  ineligible  for  a  colony,  he  fixe.: 
upon  Port  Jackson,  about  three  leagues 
and  a  half  N  of  Cape  Banks  ;  and  here 
a  settlement  was  begun,  to  which  he 
gave  the  name  of  Sydney  Cove.  For 
the  subsequent,  proceedings  of  the  cole 
ny,  we  must  refer  to  governor  Philip's 
Voyage  to  Botany  Bay,  and  to  the  publi- 
cations of  captain  Tench  and  capti.j; 
Hunter  on  the  same  subject.  A  va> 
chain  of'  lofty  mountains  ren  nravly  in  c 
north  and  s-mth  direction  farther  than 
the  eye  can  trace,  about  60  mjtles  inland. 


The  general  face  of  the  country  is  pleas™ 
ing,  aiversitied  with  gentle  risings  and 
small  winding  valleys,  covered  for  the 
most  part  with  large  spreading  trees  af- 
fording a  succession  of  leaves  in  all  sea- 
sons. A  variety  of  flowering  shrubs, 
almost  all  entirely  new  to  an  European, 
and  of  exquisite  fragrance,  abound  in 
those  places  which  are  free  from  trees  ; 
and  among  these,  a  tall  shrub,  bearing 
an  elegant  flower,  which  smells  like 
English  may,  is  peculiarly  delightful, 
and  perfumes  the  air  to  a  great  distance. 
There  are  but  few  trees ;  and,  as  cap- 
tain Tench  and  others  relate,  of  so  bad 
a  grain,  that  they  can  scarcely  be  used 
for  any  purpose.  This,  however,  Mr 
Stockdale  ascribes  to  their  being  used 
in  an  unseasoned  state,  as  has  been  al- 
ready mentioned.  In  return  for  these 
bad  qualities,  however,  the  trees  yield 
vast  quantities  of  the  gum  already  men- 
tioned as  a  cure  for  the  dysentery.  The 
climate  of  this  country  appears  not  to 
be  disagreeable, notwithstanding  the  vio- 
lent complaints  which  some  have  made 
about  it.  Tiie  heat  has  never  been  ex- 
cessive in  summer,  nor  is  the  cold  intol- 
erable in  winter.  Storms  of  thunder  and 
lightning  are  frequent ;  but  these  are 
common  to  all  warm  countries  ;  and  it 
has  been  supposed  (though  upon  what 
foundation  does  "not  well  appear)  that 
were  the  country  cleared  of  wood,  and 
inhabited,  these  would  in  a  great  measure 
cease.  A  shock  of  an  earthquake  has 
likewise  been  felt ;  but  these  natural  ca- 
lamities are  incident  to  some  of  the  fi- 
nest countries  in  the  world.  It  is  not 
known  whether  there  are  any  volcanoes 
or  not.  The  quadrupeds  are*  principally 
of  the  opossum  kind,  of  which  the  most 
remarkable  is  the  kangaroo.  There  is 
also  a  species  of  dogs  very  different  from 
those  known  in  Europe ;  they  are  ex- 
tremely fierce,  and  can  never  be  brought 
to  the  same  degree  of  familiarity  as 
those  which  we  :ire  acquainted  with ; 
some  of  them  have  been  brought  to  Eng- 
land, but  still  retain  their  native  ferocity, 
Tne.se  dogs,  which  are  the  only  domestic 
animal  they  have,  are  called  dinge^ut 
ad  other  quadrupeds,  without  exception, 
they  name  kangaroo.  There  are  many 
beautiful  birds  of  various  kinds;  among 
which  *he  principal  are  a  black  swan,  its 
\ings  edged  with  white,  its  bill  tinged 
with  red;  and  the  ostrich  or  cassowary  y 
Which  I'requ,  ntly  reaches  the  height  of 
seven  feet  or  more.  Several  kinds  of 
ji (  . -pents,  large  spiders,  and  scolopendras, 
h  ive  also  been  met  with  ;  and  three  or 
to  .r  species  of  anis,  particularly  green 
ants,  which  build  their  nests  upon  trees 


W  A  L 


W  A  L 


in  a  very  singular  manner.  There  are 
likewise  many  curious  fishes ;  though 
the  finny  tribe  seem  not  to  be  so  plenti- 
ful on  the  coast  as  to  give  any  considera- 
ble assistance  in  the  way  of  provisions 
for  the  colony  :  some  very  large  sharks 
have  been  seen  in  Port  Jackson,  and  two 
smaller  species.  The  inhabitants  of  New 
Sou-.h  Wales  are  perhaps,  the  most  mi- 
serable and  savage  race  of  men  existing, 
going  entirely  naked.  They  were  pleased 
at  first  with  some  ornaments  that  were 
given  them,  but  soon  threw  them  away 
as  useless.  It  does  not  appear,  however, 
that  they  are  insensible  of  the  benefits 
of  cloathing,  or  of  some  of  the  conveni- 
ences which  their  new  neighbours  are 
possessed.  Some  of  them,  whom  the 
colonists  partly  cloathed,  seemed  to  be 
pleased  with  the  comfortable  warmth 
they  derived  from  it;  and  they  all  ex- 
press a  great  desire  for  our  iron  tools. 
Their  colour  is  rather  a  deep  chocolate 
than  a  full  black,  but  the  filth  with  which 
their  skin  is  covered,  prevents  ks  true 
colour  from  appearing.  Xotwith stand- 
ing their  disregard  for  European  finery, 
they  are  fond  of  adorning  their  bodies 
with  scars,  so  that  some  of  them  make 
a  very  hideous  figure.  Sometimes,  the 
skin  is  raised  several  inches  from  the 
flesh,  and  appears  as  if  iilled  with  wind  ; 
and  all  these  seem  to  be  reckoned 
marks  of  honour.  Some  of  them  perfo- 
rate the  cartilage  of  the  nose,  and  thrust, 
a  large  bone  through  it,  a  frightful  kind 
of  ornament,  humourously  called  by  the 
sailors  their  sprit  sail  yard.  Then;  hair 
is  generally  so  much  clotted  with  a  red 
gum,  that  they  resemble  a  mop.  They 
paint  themselves  w'nh  various  colours  : 
they  will  also  sometimes  ornament  them- 
selves with  beads  and  shells,  but'  make 
no  use  of  the 'beautiful  feathers  of  then- 
birds.  Most  of  the  men  want  one  of  the 
fore-teeth  in  the  upper  j  .w,  which  also 
appears  to  be  a  baelge  of  honour  among 
them.  It  is  common  for  the  women  to 
cut  off  two  joints  of  the  little  finger  ; 
which,  considering  the  clumsiness  of 
their  amputating  instruments,  must  be  a 
panful  operation.  The  X"ew  Hollanders 
appear  extremely  deficient  in  the  useful 
arts.  Of  the  cultivation  of  the  ground 
they  have  no  notion?  nor  can  they  be 
prevailed  upon  to  eat  our  bi'eacl  or 
dressed  meat.  Hence  they  depend  en- 
tirely for  subsistence  on  the  fraits  and 
roots  they  can  gather,  and  the  fisn 
they  catch.  They  frequently  set  fire- 
to  the  grass,  in  order  to  drive  out  the 
opossums,  and  other  animals,  from  their 
retreats ;  and  they  have  been  observed 
t9  set  decoys  for  quails.    As  all  these 


resources  must  be,  at  best,  precarious, 
it  is  no  wonder  that  they  are  frequently 
distressed  for  provisions.  Thus,  in  the 
summer,  they  would  eat  neither  the" 
shark  nor  the  sting  ray ;  but,  in  winter, 
any  "thing  was  acceptable.  A  young 
whale  being  driven  on  shore,  was  quick- 
ly cut  in  pieces,  and  carried  ofi":  they 
broiled  it  only  long  enough  to  scorch  the 
outside ;  and  in  this  raw  state  they  eat 
all  their  fish.  They  sometimes  bake 
their  provisions,  by  the  help  of  hot 
stones,  like  the  inhabitants  of  the  is- 
lands in  the  Southern  Ocean.  Among  the 
fruits  used  by  them  is  a  kind  of  wild 
fig;  and  they  eat  also  the  kernels  of  a 
fruit  resembling  tfie  pineapple.  The 
principal  part  of  their  subsistence,  how- 
ever, is  fish  ;  and  when  these  happened 
to  be  scarce,  they  were  wont  to  watch 
the  opportunity  when  the  colonists  haul- 
eel  the  seine,  and  often  seizeel  the  whole, 
though  a  part  had  formerLy  been  offered 
or  given  them.  They  sometimes  strike 
the  fish  from  the  canoes  with  spears, 
sometimes  catch  them  with  hooks,  and 
also  make  use  of  nets,  which  are  gene- 
rally made  of  the  fibres  of  the  flax  plant, 
with  very  little  preparation,  and  are 
stro  ig  and  heavy;  the  lines  of  which 
they  arc  composed  being  twisted  like 
whipcord.  Some  of  them,  however,  ap- 
pear to  be  made  of  the  fur  of  an  ani- 
mal, and  others  of  cotton.  _The  meshes 
of  the  nets  are  maele  of  large  loops  ar- 
tificially intersected  into  each  other, 
without  any  knots.  Their  hooks  are 
(hade  of  the  insi  e  of  a  shell  very  much, 
resembling  mother-of-pearl.  Tneir  ca- 
noes are  nothing  more  than  large  pie- 
ces of  bark  tied  up  at  both  ends  with 
vines  ;  and,  considering  the  slight  tex- 
ture of  these  vessels,  the  dexterity 
with  which  they  are  managed,  anel  the 
boldness  with  which  they  venture  out 
to  sea  in  them,  are  wonderful.  There  is 
no  good  reason  for  supposing  them  to  be 
cannibals,  but  tl*ey  eat  animal  substances 
raw,  or  nearly  so.  Some  of  their  vege- 
tables are  poisonous  when  raw,  but  not 
so  when  boiled.  They  could  never  be 
brought  to  taste  spirits  a  second  time.. 
Their  huts  consist  of 'pieces  of  bark 
laid  together  in  the  form  of  an  oven, 
open  at  one  end,  very  low,  but  long 
enough  for  a  man  to  lie  at  full  -  length, 
but  "they  seem  to  elepend  more  for 
.■.hcher  on  the  caverns  with  which  the 
recks  abound.  So  far  from  being  so 
inured  to  the  cold,  by  going1  invariably 
flaked,  as  to  be  insensible  to  the  inju- 
ries of  the  we.  ther,  the  colonists  had 
repeated  '  opportunities  of  seeing  them 
shivering  with  cold  in  the  winter,,  d£ 


W  A  L 


W  A  L 


huddling  together  in  heaps  in  their 
huts,  or  in  caverns,  till  a  fire  could  Ik 
kindled  to  warm  them.  It  is  provable, 
however,  notwithstanding  their  extreme 
barbarism,  that  some  knowledge  of  the 
nrts  may  be  introduced  among  them,  as 
some  have  been  seen  attentively  consi- 
dering the  utensils  and  conveniences  oi 
•the  Europeans,  with  a  view,  seemingly, 
of  making  similar  improve nients.  In 
some  things  also  they  possess  a  great 
power  of  imitation  ;  they  can  imitaie  the 
songs  and  language  of  the  Europeans 
almost  instantaneously,  much  better  than 
the  latter  can  imitate  theirs  by  lorrg  prac 
tice  ;  and  this  talent  is  discernible  in 
their  sculptures,  every  where  to  be  met 
with  on  ihe  rocks  ;  these  represent  men 
and  other  animals,  and,  though  rude,  are 
very  surprising  for  people  who  have  not 
the  knowledge  of  constructing  a  com- 
fortable habitation,  or  of  making  clothes. 
In  person,  they  are  active,  vigorous,  and 
.stout,  though  generally  lean.  The  wo- 
men have  sometimes  been  kept  back 
with  the  most  jealous  sensibility;  some- 
times offered  with  the  greatest  familiari- 
ty. Such  of  them  as  have  been  seen 
have  soft  and  pleasing  voices  ;  and  seem 
not  to  be  destitute  of  modesty.  The 
men  display  great  personal  bravery  on 
the  appearance  of  any  danger  ;  but,  with 
all  tlveir  courage,  they  are  much  afraid 
of  a  muskei,  and  almost  equally  so  of  a 
red  coat,  which  they  know  to  be  the 
martial  dress  of  the  Europeans.  The 
mischief  which  they  have  hitherto  done 
has  been  exercised  only  on  some  few 
straggling  convicts,  most  of  whom  pro-* 
bably  have  been  the  aggressors.  The;, 
certainly  burn  their  dead ;  which,  per- 
haps, has  given  rise  to  the  slory  of  their 
being  cannibals.  They  seem  very  little 
given  to  thieving,  in  comparison  with 
the  inhabitants  of  most  of  the  islands  in 
the 'Southern  Ocean  ;  and  they  are  very 
honest  among  themselves,  leaving  their 
spears  and  other  implements  on  the 
beach,  in  perfect  security  of  their  re- 
maining untouched.  They  arc  very  ex- 
pert at  throwing  their  javelins,  and  will 
hit  a  mark,  with  great  certainty,  at  a 
considerable  distance.  They  a»e  more- 
numerous  than  was  at  first'  imagined  ; 
though  still  their  numbers  must  be  ac- 
counted few,  in  comparison  to  the  extent 
of  the  country  ;  and  there  is  reason  to 
believe  that  the  interior  parts  are  unin- 
habited. With  regard  to  the  civil  ju- 
risdiction of  the  govern'  r  of  New  S 
Wales,  it  extends  from  43  49  to  10  37  S 
lat.  From  the  sea-coast  it  extends  west- 
ward as  far  as  135  E  Ion.  and  thence  pro- 
ceeding in  an  E  direction,  includes  all 


the  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  within 
the  above-mentioned  latitudes,  by  which 
partition  it  is  supposed  that  every  source 
of  litigation  will  be  cut  off,  as  all  these  are 
indisputably  the  discovery  of  the  British 
naviga.ors.  The  powers  of  the  governor 
are  absolutely  unlimited,  no  mention  be- 
ing made  of  a  council  to  assist  him  in 
anything;  and  as  no  stated  time  is  ap- 
pointed for  assembling  the  courts  similar 
to  the  assizes  and  gaol  deliveries  in 
England,  the  duration  of  imprisonment  is 
altogether  in  his  hands.  He  is  likewise 
nves'ed  with  a  power  of  summoning 
general  courts  martial  ;  but  the  inser- 
tion iti  the  marine  mutiny  act, of  a  smaller 
number  of  officers  than  13  being  able  to 
compose  such  a  tribunal,  has  been  neg- 
lected; so  that  a  military  court,  should 
detachments  be  made  from  head-quar- 
ters, or  sickness  prevail,  may  not  always 
lie  found  practicable  to  be  obtained,  un- 
less the  number  of  officers  in  the  settle- 
ment at  present  be  increased.  The  gov- 
ernor is  allowed  to  grant  pardons  in  all 
cases,  treason  and  wiiful  murder  except- 
ed ;  and  even  in  these  he  has  authority  to 
stay  the  execution  of  the  law  until  the 
king's  pleasure  shall  be  signified.  Incase 
of  the  governor's  death,  the  lieutenant 
governor  takes  his  place;  and  on  his  de- 
cease, tiic  authority  is  lodged  in  the  hands 
of  the  senior  officer. 

Walkofs  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  du- 
ch\  of  Courland.  Lon.  24  25  E,  lat.  56 
35'N. 

ll'nlkenrei(h  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thurin- 
g  a,  seated  on  the  Sorgc,  20  miles  SW 
of  Halberstadt.  Lon.  21  5  E,  lat.  51 
53  X. 

Ji~aller.starftka.  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  canton  of  Appenzal  ;  incorporated 
into  the  bailiiage  of  Sargans,  but  enjoys 
several  distinct  privileges.  This  little 
town  derives  its  existence  from  being 
be  pusst'ge  of  the  merchandise  trans- 
ported from  Germany  through  the  Ori- 
sons to  Italy.  This  communication  oc- 
casions the  frequent  resort  hither  of  Ita- 
lian merchants ;  and  that  language  is 
spoken  by  many  of  the  inhabitants.  This 
town  is  seated  at  the  E  end  of  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  nine  miles  W  of  Sargans, 
and  15  NW  of  Coire.  Lon.  9  14  E,  lat. 
47  1  N. 

TFullevstcult,  a  lake  of  Swisserland, 
About  sixteen  miles  in  length,  and  two  in 
Oiea  ith  :  it  is  entirely  bounded  by  ex- 
ceeding high  mountains,  except  to  the  E 
and  W.  From  this  situation,  a  breeze 
generally  blows  from  those  two  quarters, 
beginning  at  the  break  of  ciav,  and  con- 
tinuing for  some  hours  :  then  chances 
5  B 


W  A  L 


W  A  L 


from  W  to  E  till  sun-set:  this  breeze  is 
very  convenient  tor  the  transportation  of 
the  merchandise.  Sometimes  however  a 
violent  north-wind  rushes  down  from  the 
mountains,  and  renders  the  navigation 
dangerous.  We  were  assured  by  the 
watermen  (says  Mr.  Coxe,)  who  rowed 
us  from  Wallenstadt  to  this  place,  that 
the  breeze  above  mentioned  was  gene- 
rally constant:  but  we  cannot  attest  it 
from  Our  own  experience,  as  we  set  out 
this  morning  about  eight,  and  the  wind 
was  directly  contrary  the  whole  \va\, 
blowing  from  W  to  E.  The  weather, 
'tis  true,  was  heavy,  overcast,  and  rainy, 
which  might  cause  perhaps  this  occa- 
sional variation.  The  lake  is  uncom- 
monly wild  ami  picturesque,  and  affords 
a  perpetual  variety  of  beautiful  and  ro- 
mantic  scenes.  On  the  side  of  Claris, 
t he  mountains  which  border  upon  the 
take,  are  chiefly  cultivated;  enriched 
with  wood,  or  fine  meadows ;  and  stud- 
ded with  cottages,  churches,  and  small 
village^;  the  Alps  of  Glaris  rising  be- 
hind ;  their  tops  covered  with  snow.  On 
the  other  side,  for  the  most  part,  the 
rocks  are  exceedingly  grotesque,  craggy, 
inaccessible,  and  perpendicular:  but  here 
and  there  a  few  cultivated  necks  of  land 
are  formed  at  the  very  edge  of  the  lake, 
and  at  the  bottom  uf  these  very  rocks  ; 
exhibiting-  a  beautiful  contrast  to  the 
barrenness  above  and  around  them.  Num- 
berless water-falls,  occasioned  by  the 
melting  of  the  snows,  fall  down  the  sides 
of  these  rocks  from  a  very  considerable 
height,  and  With  an  almost  inconceiva- 
ble variety  ;  some  of  them  seeming  to 
glide  gently  in  circular  directions;  oth- 
ers fo rjning  vast  torrents,  and  rushing 
into  the  lake  with  noise  and  violence  : 
all  of  them  changing  their  form  and 
their  position  as  we  approached  or  rece- 
ded frohi  them.  The  lake  is  exceeding- 
ly clear,  deep,  and  cold,  and  as  we  were 
informed,  never  freezes.  Through  this 
lake  flows  the  Mat,  which,  soon  after 
join  tag  the  Linth,  forms  the  river  Lim- 
na'. 

JVrfler stein*  a  town  of  Suabia,  with  a 
cast!.,  belonging  to  the  counts  of  Octtin- 
ger.,  s"'X  mih  sSW  of  Oettingen. 

W^Uingfvrd,  a  borough  in  Berkshire, 
widi  a  marke;  on  Th  irsday  and  Saturday. 
It  a  as  once  surrounded  by  a  wall,  and 
had  a  strong  castle  now  demolished,  an 
fo?:r  churches.,  two  of  which  were  de- 
tnolished  in  the  civil  wars,  and  one  of 
which  onh  is  now  in  use.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Thames,  over  which  is  a  stone 
b;'ide-e,  li  miles  X\Y  of  Reading,  and 
46  \V  of  London.    Lon.  1  1  W,  'lat.  51 

3o  a. 


IVallingford,  a  town  of  Connecticut, 
in  New  Haven  county,  where  there  is 
a  post  office,  13  miles  N  of  New  Haven, 
27  S  by  W  of  Hartford,  and  21  NE  of 
Darby.    It  contains  2325  inhabitants. 

WalUngford,  a  township  of  Rutland 
county,  Vermont,  containing  1386  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Otter  river,  about  15  miles  S  of 
Rutland. 

Wallkill,  a  post  town  of  Orange  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  4213  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  the  river  Hudson,  65  miles  NNW 
of  New  York,  and  110  S  of  Albany. 

WallkilU  a  river  of  North  America. 
See  Droxvned  Lands. 

JJ'ulloons,  a  name  formerly  given  to  the 
inhabitants  of  a  considerable  part  of  the 
X norlands,  and  a  part  of  Flanders  and 
Brab.mt. 

Walneij,  an  island  of  England,  on  the 
coast  of  Lancashire. 

Jl'alpo,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  YValpo,  20  miles 
VV  of  Esseck,  and  110  S  of  Buda.  Lon. 
19  22  E,  lat.  45  35  N. 

Walpole,  a  post  town  in  Cheshire  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire  ;  lying  on  E  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  opposite  to  West- 
minster in  Vermont;  14  miles  NW  of 
Keen,  10  NE  of  Pulteney,  and  28  S  by  E 
of  Windsor,  (the  two  last  being  in  Ver- 
mont.) 

IJ'ulpo'e,  a  township  of  Norfolk  county, 
Massachusetts,  containing  1098  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  between 
Stoughton  and  Medway,  23  miles  SW  of 
Boston. 

Walsall,  a  corporate  town  in  Stafford- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday  and 
Friday.  It  has  several  manufactures  in 
iron,  such  as  nails,  bridlebits,  stirrups, 
spurs.,  buckles,  &c.  and  is  governed  by  a 
mayor.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  15  miles  S  of  Stafford,  and  116  N 
W  of  London.  Lon.  1  56  W,  lat.  52 
46  N. 

Walsham  J\'ort/i,  a  town  in  Norfolk, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  10  miles  Eof 
Norwich,  and  123  NNE  of  London.  Lon. 
1  31  E,  lat.  52  40  N. 

Walsingham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday  It  is  famous  for  the 
ruins  of  a  monastery,  which  had  a  shrine 
of  die  Virgin,  much  frequented  by  pil- 
grims. Among  these  ruins  are  two  un- 
covered wells,  one  of  whic  h  is  called  the 
Virgin  .Mary's,  or  the  Holy  Well;  and 
■:pon  a  stone  at  the  edge  of  it  is  a  cross, 
\  here  tne  people  used  to  kneel,  and  to 
•;>iow  in  a  piece  of  ^old  when  they  wish- 
ed /or  any  thing-  they  wanted.  Walsing- 


WAN 


WAR 


ham  is  25  miles  NW  of  Norwich,  and 
116  NNE  of  London.  Lon.  0  53  E,  1* 
52  56  N. 

Waltham,  a  township  of  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing-  101-^ 
inhabitants  in  1810. 

Waltham,  or  Bishop's  JValtham,  a 
town  in  Hampshire,  with  a  market  or 
Friday.  Waltham  is  8  miles  S  of  Winch- 
ester, and  65  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  1 
20  VV,  lat.  5057  N. 

Waltham  Abbey,  or  Waltham  Holy  Cross 
a  town  in  Essex  with  a  market  on  Tues; 
day.  It  received  its  second  appellator 
from  a  holy  cross,  pretended  to  have  beer, 
m.raculously  conveyed  here.  It  is  sea.ee1 
on  the  river  Lea,  which  here  forms  seve- 
ral islands,  12  miles  N  hy  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  3  E,  lat.  5142  JSf. 

Waltham  Cross,  or  West  Waltham,  a  vil- 
lage in  Hertfordshire,  which  takes  its 
first  appellation  from  a  cross  erected  heiv 
by  Edward  I.  It  is  seated  near  the  river 
Lea,  12  miles  N  by  E  of  London. 

Waltham  on  the  Would,  a  town  in  Lei- 
cestershire, with  a  market  on  Thursday, 
almost  disused.  It  is  19  miles  NE  of  Lei- 
cester, and  113  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  46  W,  lat.  52  51  N 

Waltinbruch,  a  town  of  German v,  in 
the  circle  of  Suabia,  on  the  river  Aich. 

Walton,  a  considerable  village  in  Sur- 
ry, seated  on  the  Thames,  over  which  at 
this  place  is  a  handsome  bridge,  and 
here  likewise  are  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  camp.  It  is  six  meils  W  by  S  of 
Kingston. 

Walton,  a  township  of  Delaware  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  1211  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  NW 
side  of  Mohawk  river  98  miles  S  W  of  Al- 
bany. 

I 'fancier sleben,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony. 

Wandi-wash,  a  town  of  Asia  in  Hin- 
doostan,  in  the  Carnatic,  27  miles  SSE 
of  Arcot,  and  38  NNW  of  Pondicherry. 

Wandsworth,  a  large  village  in  Surrv, 
seated  on  the  Wandle,  near  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Thames  five  miles  WS  W  ol 
London.  At  the  close  of  the  last  centu- 
ry, many  French  refugees  settled  here, 
and  established  a  French  church,  which 
is  now  a  meeting  for  the  methodists.  The 
dying  of  cloth  has  been  practised  here  for 
more  than  a  century  :  there  are  also  ma- 
nufactures for  bolting  cloth,  the  printing 
of  calicoes  and  kerseymeres,  and  the 
whitening  and  pressing  of  stuffs;  with 
oil,  iron,  and  whitelcad  mills,  vinegar 
works,  and  distilleries.  Here  is  a  qua"- 
ker's  meeting-house,  and  two  schools  fo: 
children  of  that  persuasion.  Tin  tower 
of  the  church  is- ancient  but  the  church 


itself  is-  a  modern  structure.  In  Garret 
Lune,  in  this  parish,  is  a  mock  election 
after  every  general  election  of  parliament, 
iif  a  mayor  of  Garret ;  to  which  Mr.  Foot's 
.1  .irn  ;tic  piece  of  that  name  gave  no  small 
oetebrhy. 

Wange7i,  an  imperial  town  of  Germa- 
ny in  Suabia.  Th-e  inhabitants  are  pa- 
pists, and  carry  on  a  great  trade  in  paper 
and  hardware.  It  is  seated  on  the  Over- 
a»g,  17  miles  NE  of  Lindau,  and  30  E  of 
Constance.    Lon.  9  56  E  lat.  47  38  N. 

JVangen,  a  town  of  Su  isserland,  in  Up- 
per Argau,  seated  on  the  river  Aar.  Lon. 
7  30  E,  lat.  47  16  N. 
.  Wangen,  a  town  of  r  ranee,  in  the  de<- 
partment  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
•nountain,  and  surrounded  bv  a  wall.  It 
s  8  miles  NW  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  42  E, 
lat.  48  38  N. 

Wangfried,  a  town  of  the  circle  of  Up- 
per  Rhine,  in  Germany.  Lon.  9  58  E,  lat. 
51  5  N. 

Wanlockhead,  a  village  of  Scotland,  near 
the  Lead  mines  of  Dumfriesshire,  and  on 
chat  account  it  has  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  Smelting  houses. 

Ji  (instead,  a  village  in  Essex,  famous 
for  one  of  the  most  magnificent  seats  in 
England,  called  Wanstead  House. 

Wantage,  a  town  in  Berkshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  famous  for  be- 
ing the  birthplace  of  king  Alfred,  and  is 
seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Ock,  12  miles 
S  by  W  of  Oxford,  and  60  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  16  E,  lat.  51  35  N. 

Wantage,  a  township  of  Sussex  county, 
New  Jersey  ;  situated  in  a  mountainous 
country  on  the  E  side  of  the  river  Dela- 
ware, and  containing  2969  inhabitants  in 
1810. 

Wantzenau,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace.  The  Austrians  took  this 
place  in  1793. 

Wanzleben,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  principali- 
of  Magdeburg,  10  miles  WS  W  of  M  agde- 
burg. 

Waradin,  Great,  a  strong  town  of  Up- 
per Hungary,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  strong  citadel,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks 
an  1660,  but  the  Austrians  retook  it  in 
1692.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Sebea 
Keres,  117  miles  NE  of  Peterwaradin, 
and  150  ESE  of  Buda.  Lon.  21  50  E, 
lat.  47  5  N. 

Waradin.  Little,  a  strong  town  of  Scla- 
vonia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  seated  <n  the  Drave,  28  miles  WS 
W  of  Kami  sea,  and  34  N  by  E  of  Zagrad. 
Lon.  1615  E,  lat.  46  48  N. 


W  A  R 


W  A  R 


Wavaiigole,  (the  Arinkill  of  Forishta) 
once  the  capital  of  Golconda,  in  he  Deci 
can  of  Hindoostan.  The  site  of  it  is  still 
eviden'  from  the  old  ramparts,  which  are 
amazingly  extensive  A  modern  fortress 
is  constructed  within  it,  and  is  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan.  It  is 
62  miles  NNTE  of  ilydrabad.  Lon.  79  XV 
E,  lat.  18  6  If.  '' 

Warburg,  a  seapori  of  Sweden,  in  W 
Gothland,  and  province" of  HalLnd,  with  a 
casile,  30  miles  S  of  Gottenbui  gh.  Lon. 
11  46  E,  lac.  57  12  N. 

Warburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  "West- 
phalia in  the  bishopric  of  Pader-born, 
formerly  imperial  and  hanseatic.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Dymel,  20  miles  SE  of  fin- 
der born.  Lon.  U  19  E,  lat.  51  33  N. 

Warcop,  a  village  in  Westmoreland; 
there  was  formerly  a  large  castle  here, 
which  took  up  an  acre  of  ground,  and  the 
walls  of  which  were  15  feet  thick. 

)Vavde,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N  Jut- 
land, near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  15  miles  N  of  Ripen. 

Wardhuys,  a  seaport  of  Danish  Lapland, 
seated  on  a  small  island  of  the  same  name, 
near  the  continent.  It  has  an  old  fort, 
where  the  governor  resides,  and  is  12U 
miles  SE  of  the  North  Cape.  Lon.  31  6  E, 
lat.  70  22  X. 

Wavdvbridge,  a  post  town  in  Orange 
county,  New  York ;  situated  on  the  K 
side  of  Walkill  river,  ten  miles  N  of 
Goshen,  27  miles  W  by  N  of  Newburg^ 
and  70  N  by  W  of  the  city  of  New  York. 

Ware,  a  town  of  Hertfortshire,  wii.li 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Lea,  by  which  a  great  trade  is 
carried  on  to  London  in  coin;  5000  quar- 
ters being  frequently  se  nt  in  a  week. 
Here  are  sluices  and  wears  in  the  river, 
to  preserve  it  from  floods.  It  is  21  miles 
N  of  London.    Lou.  0  3  E,  lat.5l  50  N. 

Wai>e,  a  township  of  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  996  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  Situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Ware  river,  16  miles  NE  of  Spring- 
field. 

Warbridge,  or  Vy'ardbridge,  a  town  in 
Cornwall,  with  a  market  ow  Saturday.  It 
has  a  bridge  over  the  river  Camel,  which 
is  the  handsomest  in  the  county,  and  sup- 
ported by  20  arches.  It  is  13  miles  SW 
of  Camelford,  and  241 W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  5  9  W,  lat.  50  36  N. 

Wareham,  a  post  town  in  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts ;  lying  at  the  head 
of  Buzzard's  bay,  13  miles  NVV  of  Barn- 
stable, 16  NE  of  New  Bedford,  and  61  S 
by  E  of  Boston,  in  lat.  41  48  N,  and  ion. 
70  40  \V. 

Wareham,  a  borough  and  seaport  in 
Dorsetshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 


It  is  seated  between  the  F  ome  and  Pid- 
dle, at  i  :eif  tali  into  Loch  ford  Lake,  the.  ^ 
\V  payjL  of  Poole  harbour.  I-  was  a  very 
i  .rge  place,  and  had  several  churches, 
:OvV  reduced  to  three;  it  al^o  had  a  wall 
and  a  castle  ;  but  it  has  suffered  so  much 
oy  die  various  tunis  of  fortune,  that  it 
,s  i:ow  only  iiie  shadow  of  what  it  was, 
(<*nd  its. harbour  is  choaked  up.  There  is 
a  good  salmon  fishery  here,  over  the  riv- 
er Frome,  and  this  town  is  famous  for  tc- 
bacco  pipe  clay,  10,000  tons  of  which  are 
annually  exported  to  London  and  other 
parts.  Wareham  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and  is 
20  miles  E  of  Dorchester,  and  114  W  by 
S  of  London.    Lon.  2  16  \V,  lat.  50  43  N. 

Warka,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palat  i- 
nate of  Masovia,  seated  on  the  river  Pilfa, 
Lon.  21 15  E,  lat.  51  35  N. 

Warhworth,  a  village  in  Northumber- 
land, 5  miles  SE  of  Alnwick,  seated  on  the 
river  Cocket,  with  a  castle,  in  winch  is  a 
chapel  cut  out  of  a  rock. 

ii'arminster,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  at  the  source 
of  the  Wdlybourn,"  22  miles  N  W  of  Sabs- 
burr,  and  97  \V  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2 
15  VV,  lat.  51  11  V 

ii'armhuter,  a  town  of  Virginia,  in  Am- 
herst county,  lying  on  the  N  side  of 
James  river,  ten  miles  S  of  Warren,  and 
23  E.of  Amherst  Court-house.  Here  is  a 
post  office. 

JVarniinster,  a  township  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, situated  in  Bucks  county,  between 
Southampton  and  Warrington,  10  miles 
SW  of  Newton,  and  containing  564  inha- 
bitants in  1810. 

//  uriiemu?ule,  a  seaport  of  Germanv, 
in  the  ch  cie  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy 
of  Mecklenburg.  The  Swedes  had  a 
house  here  o  take  toll;  but,  in  1710, 
when  their  afFahs  were  upon  the  decline, 
the  duke  of  Mecklenburg  put  a  garrison 
in  it.  It  is  stated  on  the  Baltic,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Warne,  26  miles  NE  of 
Wismar.  Lon.  12  26  E,  lat.  54  4  N. 

Jl'arncr,  a  township  of  Htlisboro'  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire*  containing  1838  in- 
habitants in  1810. 

I'/arneton,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
on  the  river  Lis,  8  miles  NW  of  Lisle. 
Lon.  3  4  E,  lat,  50  45  N.  ; 

)Yarren,  a  county  of  Kentucky*  con- 
taining 11,937  inhabitants  in  1810*.  Situ- 
ated on  both  sides,  of  the  Great  Banen  ri- 
ver.  Chief  town  Bowling  Green. 

Warren,  acounty  of  N Carolina,  situated 
on  the  S  side  of  the  river  lioanoke,  and  on 
the  Virginia  line.  It  contained  11,004 
inhabitants  in  1810.  The  chief  town  is 
-Warren  ton. 

Warren,  a  post  town  of  Herkimer  coun- 


WAR 


WAR 


iv,  Nt-w-York,  containing-  3976  inhabi- 
tants in  1810. 

Warren,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Penn- 
sylvania ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  M'Kean  ; 
on  the  S  by  JerFerson  and  Venango  ;  on 
the  \V  by  Crawford  and  Erie  ;  and  on  the 
N  by  the  state  o f  Xe w-York .  In  lSlJ  the 
inhabitants  were  827.  The  chief  town 
Warren. 

Warren,  a  post  town  in  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, Maine,  seven  miles  W  by  S  of  Tho- 
niaston  on  Penobscot  bay,  12  XE  of  Wald- 
boro'  and  24  E  of  New' Castle,  with  939 
inhabitants. 

Warren,  a  post  town  in  Bristol  county, 
Rhode  Island  ;  situated  on  Warren  river, 
four  mil  s  X  of  Bristol,  and  12  S  by  E  of 
Providence,  in  lat.  41  42  X.  and  Ion.  71 
18  W. 

Warrington,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  with 
u  market  on  Wednesday.  It  has  large 
and  considerable  manufactures  of  sail- 
cloth, coiton,  pins,  glass,  and  other  arti- 
cles. It  is  seated  on  the  Mersey,  over 
which  is  a  bridge,  18  miles  E  of  Liver- 
pool, and  183  NXW  of  London.  Lon.  2 
45  W,  lat.  53  23  X. 

Watrington,  a  township  of  York  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  X\V 
side  of  Conewago  creek,  and  containing 
1105  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Uarriore,  a  town  uf  Asia  in  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  tiie  Carnutic,  32  miles  XXE  of 
Tanjore,  and  55  SSW  of  Pondicherry. 

IW.ruaiv,  a  large  city  of  Poland,  the 
capital  of  thai  country,  and  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Masovia.  lis  situation  is  not  un- 
pleasant; it  is  built  partly  in  a  plain,  and 
partly  upon  a  gentle  ascent  rising  from 
tiie  banks  of  the  Vistula,  which  is  aboui 
as  broad  as  the  Thames  at  Westminster- 
Bridge,  but  very  shallow  in  summer. 
The  city  and  its  suburbs  occupy  a  vast 
extent  of  ground,  and  are  supposed  to 
contain  between  sixty  and  seventy  thou- 
sand inhabitants,  among  whom  are  a  pro- 
digious number  of  foreigners.  The  whole 
town  has  a  melancholy  appearance,  exhi- 
biting that  strong  contrast  of  wealth  and 
poverty,  luxury  and  distress,  which  per- 
vades every  party  of  this  unhappy  coun- 
try. The  streets  are  spacious,  but  ill-pa- 
ved ;  the  churches  and  public  buildings 
are  large  and  magnificent ;  the  palaces  of 
the  nobility  are  numerous  ar.d,splendid  ; 
but  tiie  greatest  part  of  the  houses,  par- 
.  ticuiarly  in  the  suburbs,  a^e  mean  and  ill- 
constructed  wooden  hovels.  In  the  be- 
ginning of  1794,  tiie  empress  of  Russ.it: 
put  a  garrison  into  this  city,  m  order  to 
compel  the  Poles  to  acquiesce  in  the  u- 
surpaiion  she  had  in  view,  but  this  gar- 
rison was  soon  expelled  by  the  citizens. 
The  insurrection  became  general  through- 


out Poland,  and  the  king  of  Prussia  laid' 
siege  to  Warsaw  in  July,  but  was  com- 
pelled to  raise  the  siege  in  September.  It 
was  undertaken,  however  by  the  Russians, 
who,  on  Xovember  4,  took  by  storm  the 
suburb  of  Praga ;  a  dreadful  massacre  en- 
sued ;  the  whole  of  the  suburb  was  near- 
ly reduced  to  ashes  ;  and  the  immediate 
consequence  was  the  surrender  of  the  ci- 
ty to  the  Russians,  who  made  their  tri- 
umphant entry  into  it  on  the  10th.  Thcy 
delivered  it  up  to  the  king  of  Prussia, 
and  in  January  1796,  his  troops,  to  the 
uumber  of  12,000,  entered  and  took  pos- 
session. Warsaw  is  160  miles  SE  of 
Dantzic,  130  XNE  of  Cracow,  and  300 
XE  of  Vienna.  Lon.  21  0  E,  lat.  52  14  X. 

Warta,  a  town  of  Great  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Siradia,  seated  on  the 
river  Warta,  12  miles  XE  of  Siradia,  and 
57  SE  of  Posnania.  Lon.  18  0  E,  lat.  51 
19  X. 

jrartenbwyf,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Si- 
lesia, capital  of  a  lordship  of  the  same 
name.  In  1742  it  was  entirely  reduced 
to  ashes,  except  the  castle.  It  is  22 
miles  XE  of  Breslaw.   Lon.  15  42  E,  lat. 

51  41  X. 

Warwick,  a  post  town  in  Orange  coun- 
ty, New-York ;  situat  ed  on  the  E  side  of 
Walkill  river,  10  miles  S  of  Goshen,  11 
X  of  Hamburg,  Xew  Jersey,  and  70  XW 
of  the  city  of  Xew  York. 

Warwick,  a  town  in  Rhode  Island,  the 
capital  of  Kent  county,  situated  about  10 
miles  S  of  Providence,  at  the  head  of 
Narraganzet  bay. 

Warwick,  a  post  town  in  Cecil  countv, 
Maryland,  lying  between  Sassafras  and 
Bohemia  rivers,  18  miles  S  of  Elkton,  27 
SW  of  Xewcastle,  (Delaware)  and  61  S 
\V  of  Philadelphia. 

Warwick,  the  county  town  of  Warwick- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  was 
fortified  with  a  wall,  now  in  ruins;  but 
it  has  still  a  fine  castle  of  the  ancient 
earls  of  Warwick,  inhabited  by  the  pre- 
sent possessor  of  that  title.  Warwick  i>s 
a  borough,  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  Jt 
principally  consists  of  one  regular-built 
street,  at  each  end  of  which  is  an  ancient 
gate.  It  had  anciently  six  monasteries 
and  six  churches  ;  of  the  latter  two  only 
remain :  it  has  likewise  a  handsome 
shire -house,  a  good  freeschool,  and  a  not- 
ed hospital  for  12  decayed  gentlemen.  It 
s  situated  on  a  rocky  eminence,  on  the 
l  iver  Avon,  and  all  the  passages  to  it  are 
<;ut  through  the  rock,  over' which  is  a 
stone  bridge,  15  miles  SSVv'  of  Coventry, 
and  93  HW  of  London.  Lon.  1  30  W,  lat. 

52  18  N. 

Warwick,  a  county  of  Virginia,  contain^ 


WAS 


W  A  S 


ing  1835  inhabitants  in  1810.  This  is  a 
small  county,  situated  near  the  mouth  of 
James  river  and  Hampton  Road. 

Warwick,  a  township  of  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  between 
Elizabeth  and  Rapho  townships,  and  join- 
ing Dauphin  county.  The  inhabitant  I 
were  3,439  according  to  the  census  ot 
1810. 

Warwickshire,  a  county  of  England.  47 
miles  long  and  30  broad  ;  bounded  at  ii.; 
N  extremity  by  a  point  of  Derbyshire,  on 
the  NW  by  Staffordshire,  on  the  NE  In 
Leicestershire,  on  the  W  by  Worcester- 
shire, on  the  E  by  Northamptonshire,  on 
ihe  S  W  by  Gloucestershire,  and  on  the  S 
E  by  Oxfordshire.  It  lies  partly  in  the 
diocese  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  and 
partly  in  that  of  Worcester  ;  contains 
four  hundreds  and  one  liberty,  one  city. 
12  market-towns,  and  158  parishes  ;  and 
sends  six  members  to  parliament.  The 
air  is  very  mild,  pleasant,  and  healthy. 
The  wood-land  division,  though  now  for 
the  most  part  cleared  and  cultivated, 
still  retains  somewhat  of  its  wild  charac- 
ter, being  interspersed  with  wide  heaths 
and  moors,  and  sprinkled  with  woods. 
The  northern  part  has  a  gravelly  soil ;  but 
this  changes  to  clay,  on  advancing  to- 
wards the  middle.  Much  cheese  of  a 
gt>od  kind  is  made  in  this  northern  pan 
of  the  county ;  and  it  contains  coal  and 
imestone.  The  southern  port-on,  lb'  - 
merly  called  the  Feldon,  is  a  tract  of 
great  fertility,  and  very  productive  of 
corn.  Its  chief  river  is  the  Learn,  which 
joins  the  Avon  near  Warwick.  Dunsmore- 
heath,  between  these  two  rivers,  now 
mostly  enclosed,  is  the  scene  of  some  of 
the  fabulous  stories  related  of  the  famous 
Guy,  earl  of  Warwick.  The  principal  riv- 
ers are  the  Avon,  Tame,  and  Arrow.  The 
capital  is  Warwick,  but  Birmingham  is 
the  largest  town. 

WASHINGTON,  the  Seat  of  the  gene- 
ral government  of  tlie  United  States,  in 
the  district  of  Columbia.  It  is  situated 
on  a  point  of  land,  formed  by  the  ■conflu- 
ence of  a  river,  called  the  East  Branch, 
with  the  Potomac,  in  lat.  38  deg.  53  mill. 
N,  and  Ion.  77  deg.  15  min.  W  from  Lon- 
don :  but  the  citizens  of  the  United  St.ites 
calculate  the  first  meridian  from  the  cen- 
tre of  Washington.  In  point  of  salubrity 
the  situation  is  excellent ;  the  soil  is  dry, 
and  f unwished  with  several  permanent 
springs  of  good  water.  The  grand  ave- 
nues of  the  city,  according  to  the  plan 
proposed,  are  from  120  to  160  feet  wide, 
and  all  the  other  streets  from  90  to  110. 
In  ill  of  them  an  ample  space  is  allotted 
for  foot-passengers,  on  both  sides- of  the  J 
streets.    Tiie  capital,  designed  for  tljie 


reception  of  Congress,  as  well  as  the  Pre- 
sident's p;dace,  art  on  considerable  emi- 
nences, about  one  mile  apart.  The  latter 
is  finished,  being  170  feet  wide,  and  85 
feet  deep,  two  stories  high,  and  cover- 
ed with  slate;  but  of  the  former,  the 
!  wings  only  are  erected  On  the  area  of 
the  city  there  are  about  850  houses  com- 
pleted, one  third  of  bricks,  the  rest  be- 
ing principally  of  wood  :  Lut  they  are 
•  ts  in  separate  groups,  some  of  them 
more  than  a  mile  apart,  and  many  of  them 
untenanted.  The  public  offices  are  kept 
in  buildings  erectcd'for  the  purpose,  near 
the  President's  House,  a  few  of  which 
are  executed  in  a  style  of  considerable  el- 
egance. This  metropolis  lies  39  mil^s  S 
W  by  S  of  Baltimore,  125  N  by  R  rff  Rich- 
mond, 135  SW  of  Philadelphia,  222  from 
New  York,  and  424  from  Boston,  in  the 
same  direction. 

Washington,  a  county  of  Virginia,  con- 
taining 12.136  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is 
a  mountainous  country,  situated  in  the  S 
.  W  corner  of  the  state,  watered  by  tine  up- 
per  branches  of  the  Hoiston  river,  nnd 
joining  the  state  of  Tennessee.  The  chief 
town  is  Abington. 

Washington,  a  county  in  the  slate  of 
Maryland,  containing  18,730  inhabitants 
in  1810.  It  is  situated  in  the  North  wes- 
tern corner  of  the  state,  having  Pennsyl- 
vania on  the  N,  and  the  river  Potomac 
which  separates  it  from  Virginia,  on  the 
S.  Though  broken  wi'h  mountains,  it 
has  many  rich  vallieSj  and  is  well  peo- 
pled.   The  chief  town  is  Elizabeth  town. 

Washington,  a  county  of  New  York, 
containing  44.289  inhabitanis  in  1810. 
Situated  between  the  river  Hudson,  and 
he  state  of  Vermont;  having  Kenssal- 
Ixr  county  on  the  S,  and  Essex  county 
on  the  N.    The  chief  town  >s  S:  lem. 

W'asiiington,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania, 
containing  36,289  inhabitants  in  1810.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  E  by  Fayette  county, 
on  the  NE  by  Westmoreland  and  Alleg- 
heny counties  ;  on  the  N  by  Beaver ;  on 
the  W  by  the  state  of  Ohio  ;  and  on  the 
S  by  Greene  county.  The  lands  in  this 
county  are  perhaps  as  rich  as  any  in  the 
state,  nor  are  they  broken  by  any  consid- 
erable mountains.  The  country  is  in  con- 
sequence filled  with  industrious  farmers. 
The  chief  town  is  Washington. 

Washington,  the  capital  of  Washington 
counU,  Pennsylvania,  8  miles  S  of  Ca- 
nonsb'urg,  26  SW  of  Pittsburg,  37  NW  of 
Union,  and  231  W  of  Philadelphia.  It  is 
situated  on  the  W  side  of  Charter's 
creek,  and  in  1800  contained  682  inhabi- 
tants. Erected-  into  a  seat  of  justice, 
i  Feb.  9,  1796.    Here  is  a  Post-office. 

Washington,  a  town  in  Culpepper  coun- 


W  A  T 


W  A  T 


v,  Virginia,  99  miles  from  the  city  of 
Washington.  Here  is  a  Post-office. 

Jl'dsui/igton,  the  capital  of  Mason  coun- 
ty, Kentucky,  about  4  miles  ttom  Mays- 
vile,  on  the  Ohio,  60  miles  NE  of  Lexing- 
ton, and  86  E  of  Frankfort.  Hei^|  is  a  post- 
office. 

Washington,  a  post  town  in  Beaufort 
county,  X  Carolina,  being  a  port  of  entry, 
situated  on  the  XE  side  of  Pamptico  riv- 
er, about  40  mdes  above  Pamptico  sound, 
28  miles  S  of  Plymouth,  and  35  X  of  Xew- 
bern,  in  lat.  35  deg.  3A»  min.  N,  and  Ion.  77 
deg\  30  min.  W.  Th?  inhabitants  amount 
to  about  6U0,  and  carry  on  a  brisk  trade 
in  lumber,  naval  stores,  corn  and  tobacco. 

Washington,  a  post  town  and  capital 
of  Wilkes  county,  Georgia,  20  miles  SW 
«f  Petersburg,  50  XW  of  Augusta,  and 
about  95  X  by  W  of  Louisville,  contain- 
ing about  300  inhabitants.  This  favourite 
name  has  been  given  to  several  other 
towns  and  counties  of  less  note. 

Wassenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
*he  circle  of  Westphalia. 

Wasserburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castie.  Lon.  12 
13  E,  lat.  48  4  N. 

IVatcbet,  a. town  in  Somersetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  the 
Bristol  Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  a  good 
harbour,  much  frequented  by  coal  ships, 
which  are  freighted  hence  with  lime- 
stone, and  various  other  articles.  It  is  14 
miles  XW  of  Bridgewater,  and  153  \l 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  25  W,  lat.  51  12  N. 

fVateeoor  an  island  in  the  South  Sea, 
discovered  by  Captain  Cook.  It  is  abou1 
six  leagues  in  circuit,  is  a  beautiful  spo 
with  a  surface  covered  with  verdure,  and 
composed  of  hills  and  plains.  The  soil, 
in  some  parts,  is  light  and  sandy ;  but 
farther  up  the  country,  a  reddish  cast 
was  seen  on  the  rising  grounds,  when 
the  islanders  build  their  houses,  which 
are  long  and  spacious.  The  manners  o- 
the  people  of  this  island,  their  general 
habits  of  life,  and  their  method  of  treat- 
ing stfangers,  greatly  resemble  those  that 
prevail  at  Oiaheite,  and  its  neighbouring 
islands.  There  is  also  a  great  similarity 
between  their  religious  opinions  and  cere- 
monies. From  every  circumstance,  in 
deed,  it  m:  y  be  considered  as  indubita 
ble,  that  the  inhabitants  of  Watetoo  de- 
rive their  descent  from  the  same  stock, 
which  has  so  remarkably  d if) used  itse'd 
over  the  immense  extant  of  the  Souther:' 
Oce.  n.     Lon.  158  15  W,  lat.  21  1  S. 

ffaterboro',  a  post  town  in  York  coun- 
ty, Maine-,  situated  on  the  NE  side  oi 
the  river  Mousm,  15  miles  NW  of  Ken- 
ne'Aink,  41  N  U]  Eot  Portsmouth  in  New 
Hampshire,  and  47  W  of  Portlaud. 


Watcrburv,  a  post  town  of  Connecticut, 
in  New  Haven  county,  at  the  distance  oi* 
19  miles  N  by  W  from  New  Haven,  10 
S  from  Bethelem,  and  about  25  SW  from 
Hertford. 

//  ateree,  a  river  of  South  Carolina,  ris- 
es in  North  Carolina,  and  joins  the  Con- 
garee  about  30  miles  below  Columbia, 
and  together  they  form  the  Santee.  It  is 
navigable  only  by  small  boats. 

WaterfVrd,  a  county  of  Ireland,  46  miles 
long  and  25  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  S  by 
Si.  George's  Channel,  on  the  W  by  Cork, 
on  the  X'  and  NE  by  the  river  Sure,  whicli 
separates  it  from  Tipperary  and  Kilkenny, 
and  on  the  E  by  Waterford  Haven,  which 
parts  it  from  Wexford.  It  contains  71 
parishes,  and  sends  10  members  to  par- 
liament. 

Waterford,  a  city  and  seaport  of  Ire- 
land, in  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  bishop's  see.  It  is  the  second  place  in 
the  kingdom,  and  has  an  excellent  har- 
bour, where  ships  of  the  greatest  burden 
may  ride  at  the  quay.  It  stands  on  the 
river  Sure,  eight  miles  Nof  St.  George's 
Channel,  26  S  of  Kilkenny,  and  75  S  by 
W  of  Dublin.  Lon.  6  54  W,  lat.  52  18  N. 

WcUersoyi  one.  of  the  Western  isles  of 
Scotland,  separated  from  S  Uist,  by  Chi- 
samul  Bay. 

Waterford,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire, 
with  a  great  corn  market  on  Tuesday.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Coin,  seven  miles 
S  by  W  of  St.  Alban's  and  14  N  W  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  0  17  W,  lat.  51  41  XT. 

Waterford,  a  post  town  in  York  county, 
.Maine,  10  miles  N  of  Otisfield,  and  53  N 
W  of  Portland,  with  535  inhabitants. 

Waterford,  a  post  town  in  Saratoga 
county,  New  York;  lying  on  the  W  side, 
of  Hudson  river,  opposite  to  Lansing 
burg,  six  miles  above  Troy,  and  11  above 
\lbany. 

Waterfo,rd,  a  post  town  in  Erie  county, 
Pennsylvania,  sometimes  called  Le  Bceuf, 
at  the  distance  of  10  miles  S  from 
I'resque-isle,  and  139  W  from  Pittsburg. 

Jl'aterto-wn,  a  post  town  in  Middle- 
sex county,  Massachusetts;  situated  on 
C!. .-.rles  river,  8  mdes  W  by  N  of  Boston. 

WatertoiL-n,  a  township  of  Litchfield 
county,  Connecticut,  containing  1714  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Nargatuck  river,  10  miles  SE  of 
Litchfield. 

Water  VIeit,  a  township  of  Albany  coun- 
j ,  New  York,  containing  2365  inhabitants 
in  1810.   It  is  ubout  9  miles  Nvf  Albany. 

IVutHngton,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire,  with 
i  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  un- 
dies' the  Chiltern  Hills,  on  a  brook,  which, 
\ ith  the  continued  ridge,  divides  the 
county  from  Buckinghamshire.    It  is  }4 


W  E  E 


W  E  I 


miles  SE  of  Oxford,  and  46  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  0  W,  lat.  51  $T  N. 

Wutten,  a  town  of  France,  in  the.  de- 
partment of  the  North,  and  lute  province 
of  French  Flanders,  seated  on  the  river 
Aa,  five  miles  from  St.  Omer. 

tl  atton,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  W  ednesday,  18  miles  S\V  of  Nor- 
wich, and  90  NNE  of  London.  Lon.  0  53 
E,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Waxholm,  a  fortress  on  the  coast  of 
Sweden  in  the  Baltic,  situated  on  a  small 
island  at  the  entrance  of  the  lake  Malar, 
where  all  homeward  bound  ships  are 
searched.   It  is  16  miles  E  of  Stockholm. 

H'tnjne,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  join- 
ing- the  river  Delaware,  which  separates 
it  from  New  Jersey,  and  had  4125  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  The  chief  town  is  Millbrd. 

H\u/ney  a  county  of  North  Carolina,  si- 
tuated in  Newbern  district,  on  the  upper 
branches  of  Neus  river,  and  containing 
8687  inhabitants  in  1810.  The  chief  town 
Wa\  nt  sborough. 

Wapiqabprmgh,  a  post  town  in  Greene 
county,  Pennsylvania;  25  miles  S  of 
Washington,  and  51  S  by  W  of  Pittsburg. 

Waynesborough,  a  post  town  in  Augais- 
ta  county,  Virginia;  12  miles  E  by  S  of 
Staunton,  and  30  NW  of  Moruicello,  the 
sea  of  the  late  president  Jefferson. 

Waynesbowugh,  a  post  town  and  the 
capital  of  Wayne  coun.y,  North  Carolina, 
situated  on  the  S  side  of  Nuse  river,  5b 
miles  SE  of  Raleigh,  and  69  W  of  New- 
bern. 

Wear,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  \V 
part  of  the  county  of  Durham,  and  di- 
vides it  into  two  parts-;  flowing  SE  b\ 
Stanhope  to  Bishop  Auckland, and  ti  en;  e 
NE  by  Durham  receives  numerous  tri- 
butary riils  train  the  mountains  and  fills 
into  the  Germ:  n  Ocean,  at  Sunderland. 

Weave,  a  township  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire,  containing  2634 
inhabitants  in  1810  It  is  about  55  miles 
W  of  Portsmouth. 

Wearmouih,  a  village  in  Durham,  oppo- 
site Sunderland.  This  place  is  famous 
for  a  bridge  which  has  the  largest  arch 
in  England,  is  built  of  iron,  and  the  span 
of  the  arch  is  236  feet. 

Weat'iersfield,  a  town  of  Windsor  coun- 
ty, Vermont. 

We  dens  chic  ril,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  canton  of  Zuric,  10  miles  SE  of  Zuric. 

Weert,  a  town  of  Dutch  Brabant.  The 
French  took  possession  of  it  in  1794.  It 
is  12  miles  W  of  Ruremonde.  Lon.  5  38 
E,  hit.  51  7  N. 

Weever,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  N 
part  of  Shropshire,  runs  across  thg  mid- 
dle of  Cheshire,  and  receiving-  the  Dane 
from  Vhe  E  discharges  itself  into  the  cs- 


tuarv  of  the  Mersey.  It  is  navjff  able  to 
Winsford,  some  miles  above  Northwich 
in  Cheshire. 

WeibataUty  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  20  miles  SE  of 
Heidelbejjg.    Lon.  9  23  E,  lat.  49  19  N. 

Wei chterbach,  a.  town  of  German v,  in 
Weteravia,  and  in  the  county  of  Isenberg-, 
seated  on  the  river  Kintz,  with  a  castle, 
where  the  count  resides. 

Weiden,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle and  palatinate  ef  Bavaria,  seateel  on 
the  Nat),  10  miles  N  W  of  Leuchstenberg. 
Lon.  12  10  E,  lat.  49  34  N. 

Weil^  or  Wylf  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirttmburg.  It 
is  a  free  and  imperial  town  and  the  inha- 
bitants are  Roman  Catholics.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Worm,  12  miles  W  of  Stutgarde 
and  20  N  of  Tubingen.  Lon.  8  50  E,  lat 
48  46  N. 

Weilbvrg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  and  county  of 
Nassau.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lahn,  22 
mdes  NE  of  Nassau,  22  NW  of  Franc- 
fort,  and  29  E  of  Mentz.    Lon.  8  26  E, 

iat.  50  mm 

WMlheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Sua- 
bia, in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  seated 
on  the  river  Lauter. 

Weimar,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  with  a  magnificent  castle,  the 
residence  of  the  duke  of  Saxe-Weimar. 
k  is  seated  on  the  llm,  20  miles  NE  of 
Erfurt,  and  20  WSW  of  Naumburg-.  Lon 
11  52  E,  lat.  51  6  N. 

ijffqing>arttrt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  the 
Printza,  four  miles  NE  of  Dourlach,  and 
nine  S  of  Philipsburg.  Lon.  9  30  E,  lat. 
t9  5  N. 

ireinluim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  10  miles  N  of 
Heidelberg.    Lon.  8  46  E,  lat.  49  35  N. 

Jf'eisbaden,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  die 
electorate  of  Mentz,  where  there  are  hoi 
baths  in  high  esteem.  It  is  eight  miles  X 
V.  of  Mentz,  and  15  W  ofFrancfort.  Lon. 
8  20  E,  lat.  49  56  N. 

JVeisbrain.    See  Vesperin. 

Wdsehmuid<\  a  fortress  of  Western 
Prussia,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Vis- 
tula, below  Dantzic,  whose  harbour  it  de- 
fends.   Lon  18  40  E,  lat.  54  24  N. 

Weissembv.rg,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  L  vner  Rhine.  Between 
this  place  -and  Lauterhurg,  are  the  fa- 
mous lines  from  which  the  French  drove 
the  Austrians  in  1744;  and,  the  French 
were  driven  from  the  same  position  in 
1793.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lauter,  10 
miles  SW  of  Landau,  and  22  NE  of  Si 4*4- 
bursr.    Lon.  8  11  E,  lat.  48  53  N. 

Weissembuvgt  a  free  imperial  town  of 


WE  L 


WEM 


Franconia,  in  .the  bishopric  of  Aichstadt. 
Tiu-  inhabitants  are  protestants.    It  is 

m  seated  on  the  Rednith,  five  miles  N  of 
Pappenheim,  and  30  S  W  of  -Nuremburgv 

|     Lon.  11  2  E*  Lat.  49  4  N. 

Weissemburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  duchy  of  Saxony,  20  miles  N  by  W 
of  JvVittembUrg,  and  20  NE.  of  Desiaw. 
Lon.  12  31  E,  hit.  52  8  N. 

li'eissembirrg,  or.  ^-2/6t/  Julia,  a  city  of 
Transylvania,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  an 
university.  Ii  is  seated  on  tiie  side  of  a 
hill,  near  the  river  Ompias,  35  m  des  YV 
of  Hermaustadt.  Lorn.  24  0  E,  lat.  46 
26  N. 

Weissembnrg,  or  Stvhhueisseinbui-g,  a 
town  of  Lower  Hungary,  seated  at  'he 
E  end  of  the  Flatten  sea,  36  miles  SW  of 
iiuda.    Lon.  18  30  E,  lat.  47  22  X. 

Weissemberg,  a  township  of  Northamp- 
ton county,  Pennsvlvania,  containing- 1046 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween Lynn  and  M  acung.y  townships  and 
joins  the  county  of  rBerks. 

Weissenfels,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia,  re- 
markable for  a  victory  which  the  Swedes 
gained  over  the  Austrians.  Above  'the 
town  is  a  line  citadel,  called  Augusius- 
burg,  the  residence  of  tlie  duke  oi'Saxe- 
Weissen-fels.  It  is  seated  on  the  Saale, 
17  miles  SW  of  Leipsick.  Lon.  12  15  E. 
lat.  51  9  N. 

We  He,  or  Wedely  a  seaport  of  Denmark, 
in  the  province  of  North  Jutland.  Lon. 
9  30  E,  lat.  55  45  N. 

fVeiltingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia.  Lon.  10  21  E,  lat.  48 
58  N. 

Weinsberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  famous  for*  its  wine. 
■    Lon.  9  15. E,  lat.  49  15  N. 

JVelland,  a  river,  which  rises  in  North- 
L  amptonshire,  and  separates  that  county 
from  Leicestershire,  Rutlandshire,  and 
•   Lincolnshire;  it  passes  by  Market  Har- 
borough  to  Stamford,  and  is  thence  \y,  vi- 
J^jguble  to  the  Fossdikc  Wash,  whi^h  it  en- 
ters below  Spalding-. 

Welifleet,  a  post  town,  in  Barnstable 
county,  Massachusetts,  lying  on  Earn 
stable  bay,  10  miles  N  of  Eastham,  22  N 
of  Chatham,  and  105  SE  of  Boston,  by 
land.  Boston  market  is  supplied  with 
fish,  particularly  oys'ersof  the  best  kind, 
from  this  small  seaport-town. 

Wellingborough,  a  town  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday. 
A  fire  happened  here  in  1738,  which  con- 
sumed above  800  houses.  It  is  seated  on 
the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  river  Nen,  12 
miles  NE  of  Northampton,  and  68  N  by 


W  of  London.  Lon.  0  59  W,  lat.  55 
16  N. 

Wellington,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  with 
■a  marke.  on  Thursday,  sealed  near  Wre- 
kin  II ill,  12  miles  E  of  Shrewsbury,  and. 
152  N  W  of  London.    Lon.  2  30  W,  lat. 

52  40  N. 

H  tllington,  a  (own  in  Somersetshire* 
with  a,  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on 
the  Tone,  15  miles  NE  of  Exeter,  and. 
147  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  25  W, 
lat.  00  57  N. 

Jl'clls.  a  seaport  in  Norfolk,  which  has 
a  largo-  church,  and  a  considerable  corn 
•rade.  It  is  27  miles  N  of  S  waff  ham, 
..nd  121  NNE  of  London.  Lon.  1  1  E,  lat. 

53  1  N.  j 

-{Fells,  a  city  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  If 
is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  and  lias  its 
.name  from  the  wells  and  springs  about 
it  ;  and  is  a  bishop's  see,  jointly  with 
Bath.  The  cathedral  is  a  stately  pile  ; 
and  the  bishop's  palace  is  like  a  castle, 
being  surrounded  with  walls  and  a  moat. 
The  city  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  the 
centre  of  a  great  manufacture  of  knit 
worsted  stockings.  It  is.  16  miles  S  of 
Bristol,  and  120  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  37 
W,  hit.  51  12  N« 

Wells,  a  town  of  the  LTnited  States  of 
North  America,  situated  on  Wells  bay, 
88  miles  NE  of  Boston.  Lon.  70  32  W, 
lat. '43  20, N. 

Wells,  a  i own  of  Germany  in  Upper 
Austria,  seated  on  the  Trawn.  18  miles 
S  of  Lintz.    Lon.  13  53  E,  lat.  48  4  N. 

Wells,  a  post  town  in  York  county* 
Maine;  situated  on  the  sea  shore,  six 
miles  S  of  Kennebunk,  16  N  of  York,  and 
2  i  N  by  E  of  Portsmouth,  New  Hamp- 
shire.' 

Welshpool,  a  town  in  Montgomeryshire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal trading  town  in  he  county,  being1 
the  great  mart  for  Welch  cottons,  flan- 
nels, Sec.  The  castle^called  Powis  castle* 
is  built-of  a  reddish  stone,  and  isa.large 
stately  structure.  It  is  seated  in  a  rich 
vale,  on  the  river  Severn,  nine  miles  N 
of  Montgomery,  and  169  NW  of  London, 
Lon.  3  5  W,  lat.  52  33  N. 

Weltenbnrg.    See  Aback. 

Wehtfyfy  a  village  in  Hertfordshire, 
of  which  I}r.  Yotmg  was  rector .  and 
here  were  written  his  celebrated  Nighfr 
Thoughts. 

Wem  a  town  in  Shropshire,  with  a 
market,  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the  Ilo- 
den,  nine  miles  N  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
164  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  40  W,  lat. 
52  50  N. 
5  C 


WER 


WES 


Wetullirigen,  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia.  Lon.  9  18  E,  Int.  43 
SB  H- 

W&ndover,  a  borough  in  Buckingham- 
shire-, with  a  marker  on  Thursday.  P 
sends  two  members  io  parliament,  and 
is  seven  miles  SE  of  Aiiesbury.  and  35 
W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  35  W,  lat 
51  46  N. 

Wenlock,  a  borough  in  Shropshire,  with 
a  market  on  Monday.  It  sen  is  two  mem 
bers  o  parliament,  and  is  12  miles  SE  ol 
Shrewsbury,  and  147.  NW  of  London 
Lon.  2  30  W,  lat.  52  36  N 

Winner,  the  larger  lake  of  Sweden, 
in  Yv'estGothland,NW  of  the  lake  Wet- 
ter. It  is  100  miles  in  length,  and,  in 
some  places,  40  in  breadth. 

Wennevsbvrgy  a  town  of  Sweden,-  in 
West  Gothland,  which  is  the  staple  for 
all  the  iron  sent  from  the  province  oi 
Weruieland  to-Gotheborg.  It  is  seated, 
at  the  SW  extremity  of  the  lake  Werner, 
15  n  iits  E  of  UddevaBa. 

H'cnsysstl,  a  peninsula  of  Denmark, 
which  makes  the  N  part  of  North  Jut- 
land ;  bounded  on  the  S  by  the  cUnul 
of  Alburn,  oil  the  E  by  the  Categate, 
and  on  the  N  and  W  by  the  German 
Ocean. 

Wenxyssel,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  North 
Jutland,  eapital  of  a  prefecture  of  the 
same  name.  It  Is  seated  on  the  Ryna, 
17  notes  NW  of  Alburg.  Lon.  9  40  -  E, 
lat.  57  4  N, 

fVc-nnvort/iy  a  village  in  Yorkshire,  3 
mil&g  N  W  of  Rotherham. 

WeohJu,  an  ancient  borough  in  Hfeue- 
fcrdshbre,  with  a  market  on  Teesdi.y.  I' 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  anu 
is  eight  miles  NW  of  Hereford,  and  141 
WNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  41  W,  lat.  52 
9  N. 

PFerben,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  old 
marc  he  of  Branden'hu-  g,  formerly  a  strong 
passage  on  die  river  Elbe, hut  now  ail  tin. 
fortifications  .ire  ruined.  It  is  seated  at 
the  plate  where  the  Fls  bel  falls'  into  th,e 
Elbe;  60  miles  NW  of  Berlin.  Lon.  12  12 
E,  lat^  53  5N. 

J'-'erc^crcn,  a  town  oV  Austrian  Bra- 
b- n t,  se  i  d  at  the  confluence  of  the 
D  me'-  and  Ovle,  nine  miles  E  of  Mech- 
lin.   Loi<.  4  49  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 

H'erden,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Marck,  with  an  abbey.  The 
inhabitants  ^rc  P. otetta.nts,  under  the 
protection  ot "Trbssia.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Roer,  10  miles  NE  of  D&sseldorf, 
and  10  E  of  Duisbei-g.  Lon.  7  1  E,  lat. 
51  17  N. 

}¥,>,)•  dtvbcvg,  a  town  of*  Swisserland, 
subject  to  the  canton  of  Glarus,  and  ca- 


pital of  a  country  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  strong  castle,  seated  on  an  eminence, 
commanding  a  beautiful  prospect.  It  is 
16  miles  NE  of  "Glarus.  Lon.  9  25  E,  Lai 

46  58  N.  *  .£|Fr 

IVerdenfelds,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Bavaria. 

IVerdchl,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  ot  Westphaha.  Lorn  7*22  E,  lat. 
51  14  N. 

Werle,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Westpha- 
lia, in  ihe  bishopric  of  Monster,  seated 

■u  the  river  Seisk,30  miies  S  of  Munster., 
Lon.  7  20  E,  lat.  51  35  N. 

TVermeland,  or  IVnrmelund,  a  province 
of  Sweden,  in  West  Gothland,  100  mile* 
long  and  50  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Dalecarlia,  on  the  E  by  the  Westma- 
nia  and  Nericia,  on  the  S  by  the  lakes 
W  emier  and  Dalia,  and  on  the  W  by 
the  mountains  of  Norway.  It  is  fertile, 
and  diversified  by  mountain^,  rocks, 
lulls,  and  dales,  clothed  with  forests  of 

urch,  poplar,  mountain  ash,  pine,  and 
fir.  It  also  abounds  wiih  lakes,  which 
succeed  each  other  almost  without  in- 
iermission  ;■  they  are  from  four  to  forty 
miles  in  circumference j  some  so  nar- 
row as  to  appear  like  broad  rivers,  and 
others  of  a  ciccnlaj  shape  ;  their  shores, 
in  suine  parts-,  sleep  and  rocky;  in  oth- 
ers gently  sloping^  and  feathered  with 
hanging  wood  to  the  margin  of  the 
water.  Nuirieions  rivulets  flow  from 
these  l  .kt  s,  a  id  torr,i,  sometimes,  small 
\i-c~  uresque  cataracts.  Carlstadt  is  the 
papital. 

Hem,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Munster,  with  a  monaste- 
ry, seated  near  the  Lippe,  28  miles  S 
by  W  of  Muns.er.  Lon.  7  30  E,  lat.  51 
35  N. 

Wonigev.d'i,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Upper  baxony,  with  a  trade  in  brewing, 
and  manufactures  of  clotH  and  stuff.  Lon. 
11  l0'E;.lat:  52  2  N. 

V.  'erra.    See  Jf'cser. 

We,  tti&im.  a  town  of  Franconia,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  confluence  of  the  Tauber  and 
•Maine,  20  milejs  W  of  Wurtzburg.  Lon. 
9  53'  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

We§<slt  a  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia'/ in  the  duchy  of  Cleves,  with  s. 
strongcitadel,  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Rhine  and  Lippe.  Mere  are  two  Calvin- 
is t  churches,  one  for  the  Lutherans,  and 
another  for  the  Papists  ;  but  the  regen- 
cy of  the  town  is  in  the  hands  of  the 
Galvinlsts.  It  was  formerly  an  imperial 
and  hanseatic  town,  but  now  belongs  to 
he  king  of  Prussia.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1759,  but  restored  in 


WES 


WES 


1762.  It  is  25  miles  SE  of  Cleves,  and 
45  N  of  Cologne.    Lon.  6  37  E,  lat.  51 

y>  ;^lK^- 
llesel,  a  town  of  Germany,    in  the 
archbishopric  of  Treves,  20  miles  S  -f 
Cohlentz,  and  46  EXE  of  Treves.  Lon. 
7  30  E,  lat.  50  4  N. 

Weseiidurg^  a  fortified  town  of  Russia, 
■  in  che  government  of  Esthonia,  seated 
on  the  Wt-  .  55  miles  SE  of  Revel,  and 
55  NW  of  Narval    Lon.  25  48  E,  lat.  59 
10  N. 

Weser,  a  considerable  river  of  Ger- 
man \,  which  rises  in  the  cou  nty  of  Hei- 
Iieburg,  bein^  then  called  the  Werra 
It  passes  t>y  Smalki  id,  crosses  a  corner 
of  T'mringia,  enters  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, and  receives  the  Fuldey  at  Mun- 
den.  It  then  assumes  the  name  of  We- 
ser,  runs  along  the  confines  of  the  cir- 
cles of  Westphajia  and  Lower  Saxony, 
waters  Ilamelin,  Minden,  and  Hoye  j  re- 
ceives the  Aller,  below  Arerden  ;  and, 
passing  by  Bremen,  enters  the  German 
Ocean.  't. 

West  Bridc^ewiter,  a  post  town  in  Ply- 
mouth county,  Massachusetts;  about  22 
miles  S  of  Boston. 

Westbury,  a- borough  in  Wiltshire,  with 
a  market  on  Frid'y.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  is  26  miles  NW 
of  Salisbury,  and  101  W  of  London.  Lon. 
2  13  W,  lat.  51 16  X. 

West  Chester^  a  populous  connty  in  the 
state  of  Xew  York,  Containing  30,272 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  bounded  X 
by  Dutchess  county ;  E  by  Connecticut 
and  Long  Island  sound  ;  S  by  East  river, 
and  W  by  Haerlem  and  Hudson  rivers. 
The  chief  town  is  West  Chester. 

West  Cltestery  a  post  town,  ihe  capital 
of  Chester  county,  25  miles  W  of  Phila- 
delphia, containingabout  300  inhabitants. 
It  was  divided  from  Delaware  county, 
and  erected  into  a  separate  jurisdiction, 
September  26,  1789. 

Wfsterham,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday.  This  place  had  the 
honour  of  producing  general  Wolfe,  who 
is  interred  in  the  church.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Darent.  Lon.  0  6  E,  lat.  51 
18  X  / 

Westerly,  a  post  town  in  Washington 
county,  Rhode  Island,  si'uattd  on  the  E 
side  of  Pawcatuck  river,  opposite  to  Sto- 
nington,  in  Connerticut,  13  miles  W  oi 
Charleston,  34  of  Newport,  and  20  E  o* 
New  London. 

Westerns,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of 
We  si.mania,  with  a  bishop's  see,  a  citadel 
and  a  famous  college.  It  carries  on  a 
considerable  commerce  with  Stockholm, 
across  the  lake  Macler  ;  pai  icutarly  in 
coj>per  and  in  iron  from  the  neighbour- 


ing mines,  which  abound  in  theprovinee 

of  Westmanl;  nd.  It  is  a  large  straggling 
town,  composed  of  wooden  houses  and 
contains  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  palace, 
formerly  mh  bited  by  the  kings  of  Swe» 
den,  and  the  cathedral,  which  is  built  of 
brick,  is  celebrated  for  the  tower,  es- 
teemed the  highest  in  the  kingdom  :  the 
lower  part  of  this  tower  is  square,  and 
supports  a  hexagon  spire  tapering  gra- 
dually like  a  pyramid,  and  covered  with 
painted  metal.  Within  the  cathedral  is 
the  tomb  of  that  Unfortunate  monarch 
Eric  XIV.  Wt-steros  is  seated  on  the 
lake  Mueler,  45  miles  NW  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.  17  0  E,  lat.  59  38  N. 

Wesierburg,  a  town  of  German}',  in 
'lie  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  in  Wetera- 
via,  with  a  castle.  It  is  the  capital  of 
a  lordship  of  the  same  name,  and  35 
miles  X  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8  18  E,  lat. 
50 '26  X. 

Western  Islands.  Sec  Azores  and  If*, 
brides. 

JVestern  Territory,  a  country  in  North 
America,  compn  bending  all  thatpart  of 
.he  Unred  States  which  lies  to  the  NW 
of  the  river  Ohio.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W  by  the  Mississippi,  on  the  N  by  the 
Lakes,  on  the  E  by  Pennsylvania,  and  on 
the  SE  and  S  by  the  Ohio.  It  contains 
11,000  square  miles,  equal  to  263,040,000 
acres  ;  from  which,  if  we  deduct  43,040, 
900  for  water,  there  will  remain  220,000, 
J00  acres,  belonging  to  the  federal  gov- 
ernment, to  be  sold  for  the  discharge  of 
lie  national  debt.  The  country  on  the 
Ohio  is  every  where  pleasant,  with  large 
level  spots  of  rich  land  ;  and  remarkably 
healthy.  One  general  remark  of  this 
nature  will  serve  for  the  whole  tract  of 
die  globe  comprehending  between  the 
western  skirts  of  the  Alleghany  moun- 
ains  ;  thence  running  south-westwardly 
to  the  distance  of  500  miles  to  the  Ohio 
falls ;  then  crossing  them  northerly  to 
lue  heads  of  the  rivers  that  empty  them* 
s  Ives  into  the  Ohio  ;  thence  E  along  the 
ridge  that  sep  rates  the  lakes  and  Ohio's 
st reams,  to  French  creek.  This  country 
•nay,  from  a  proper  knowledge,  be  affirm, 
d  to  be  the  most  healthy,  the  most  plea- 
sant, the  most  commodious  and  most  fer- 
de  sp<*  of  e<>rth,  known  to  the  Europe- 
an people.  Very  little  waste  land  is  to 
be  found  in  any  part  of  this  tract  of 
country.  There  are  no  swamps;  and 
hough  the  hills  are  frequent,  they  are 
gentle  and  swelling,  no  where  high,  nor 
incapable  of  tillage.  They  are  of  a  deep 
I'icb  soil,  covered  with  a  heavy  growth 
of  timber,  and  well  adapted  to  the  pro- 
luction  of  wheat,  rye,  indigo,  tobacco,  &c 
Westerwald.    See  Wetterorvia. 


W  E  S 


WES 


Wester-nick,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in 
Smoland,  seated  on  the  Bailie,  50  miles 
N  of  Ca.mar,  and  1'2(J  SW  of  Stockholm. 
Lou.  16  0  E,  lat.  57  40  N. 

Westfiefd,  a  post  town  in  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  lying1  on  'the  S 
side  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  1 1 
mi  es  W  of  Springfield,  34  E  of.  Stock- 
bridge,  and  35  N  by  W  of  Hartford  (Con- 
nection-.). 

Wesijield,    a  township 'of  Richmond 
counu,  Stamen  Island,  and  state  of  Ne'..' 
York,  co^winirt^'   1,444  inhabitants  wfi 
1810. 

Jfcstford,  a  township  of  Middlesex 
coui.tv  .  Massuchuset.s,  situated  on  the'E 
side  ot  Stoney  i'i,ver,  5  miles  KW  of  Co- 
cord,  und  containing-  1330  inliabitants  in 
1810.  :  ' ■  -  '  <'? 

West  Greenwich,  a  township  of  Kent 
comity  Rhode  Island,  containing  1619  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  between 
Covc;;,ry  and  Exeter  townships,  and  joins 
the  state  of  Connecticut  in  the  west. 

Wssthofen,  a  town  of  Germany,'  in  the 
circle  of  Hie  Rhine. 

Westhofen,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  prov- 
ince of  Alsace. 

Westmunia,  or  Westmanhmd.  a  province 
of  Sweden  Proper,  between  Sudei mania, 
Ge";tricia,  Nericia,  and  Upland.  It  is  75 
miles  long  and  45  bro \d,  and  abounds  in 
copper  and  iron  mines.  The  face  of  the 
country  is  diversified  like  Wermeland. 
Wes  eros  is  the  capital. 

,  Westminster,  a  city  of 'Middlesex,  the 
residence  of  die  monarchs  of  Great  B, ;- 
tain,  the  seat  of  the  parliament  and  oi 
the  hrsfh  courts  of  justice,  and  constitut- 
ing with  London  und  Southwark,  tlie  me- 
tropolis of  the  British  empire.  This  city 
had  its  name  from  the  situation  of  its 
abbey,  arfciently  called  a 4ninsfert  tfr  res- 
pect of  that  of  St.  Raul.  Tha  .  part  pro- 
perly cidled  the  city  of  Westminster, 
comprehending  the  parishes  of  St.  John 
and  St.  Margaret,  was  once  an  island 
forim  d  bv  the  TJh  nv.-s,  called  Thorney 
Island,  from  the  Ttforns  with  which  it 
was  over-run  ;  \nd  the  -abbey  that  stood 
in  i  ,  Thorney  Abbey.  The  liberties  of 
Westminster  contain  the  several  parishes 
of  St.  Martin  in  the  Fields,  St.  James's, 
St.  Anne,  St.  Pau  ,  Movent  Garden,  St. 
Ma-y  le  Strand,  St  Clement  Danes.  Sc. 
George's  Hanover  Square  and  tlie  pre- 
cinct of  the  S  tvoy.  i'he  government 
both  of  the  city  ;it\d  liberties,  is  undei 
the  jurisdiction  bf  tlie  dean  and  chapter 
of  Westminster,^  ci'dl  as  well  as  eccle- 
siastical affairs  ;  and  their  authority  ex- 
tends to  the  precinct  of  St.  Martin  le 
Graud,  by  Newgate  street,  and  in  some 


towns  of  Essex,  that  are  exempted  from 

die  jurisdiction  of  the  bishop  of  London 
md  die  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  but 
the  management  of  the  civil  part  has, 
ever  since  the  Reformation,  been  in  ihe 
hands  of  laymen,  elected  from  time  to 
tinte,  ,and  confirmed  by  the  dean  and 
chapter.    See  London. 

Westmiiist/sr,  a  township  in  Massflchu- 
setts,  situated  in  Worcester  county,  and 
containing-  1419  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Westminster,  a  post  town  in  Vermont, 
in  Windham 'county,  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  opposite  to 
Walpole,  18  miles  N  of  Rrattleboro',  29 

5  of  Windsor,  and  15  NW  of  Keen  (New 
Hampshire). 

JVestminxtcr,  a  post  town  in  Frederick 
county,  Maryland,  30  miles  NW  of  Bal- 
timore,- and  75  N  by  E  of  Washington. 

Jl'estmorelandy  a  county  of  England,  em 
dosed  between  those  of  Cumberland, 
York,  and  Lancaster  ;  the  first  bounding 
it 'on  the  N  and  NW;  the  second  on  the 

6  ;  and  the  last  on  the  S  and  SW.  It  has 
'lie  natural  boundaries  of  lakes,  streams, 

nd  mountains,  almost  every  where  ex- 
istept  to  the  S,  where  it  sinks  undistin- 
gufshably-  into  Lancashire.  From  the 
sea  it  is  excluded  by  the  detached 
part  of  Lancashire;  and  only  just  tou- 
ches upon  the  bottom  of  that  wide  san- 
dy wash  which  separates  the  two  parts 
of  that  county.  Its  shape  is  irregu- 
larly angular,  somewhat  resembling-  that 
of  a  vinedeaf.  Its  size  is  less  than  that 
of  the.other  northern  counties;  yet,  in 
its  greatest  length  and  breadth,  it  mea- 
sure.- about  forty  miles.  The  name  of 
;  his  County  is  descriptive  of  its  nature. 
It  is  the  West  moor -land ;  a  region  of. 
lofty  mountains,  naked  hills,  and  black 
barren  moors,  which  here,  as  well  as  in 
Cumberland,  are  also  called  fells.  The  val- 
ues in  which  the  rivers  run  are  tolerably, 
1' f  ile;  and  in  the  north-eastern  quarter 
here  is  a  considerable  tract  of  cultivated 
plain.1  The  rest  of  the  county  affords' 
only  narrow  dells  and  glens  of  fertility 
a -ndst  tlie  dreary  hills  and  extended 
^  ;stes.  Neither  are  its  mineral  treasure-! 
s  onsiderable.  It  wants  coals  ;  and  the 
•  etallic  ores  it  contains  either  lie 
dead,  or  are  so  remotely  situated,  as  not 
1  be  worth  working,  ft  abounds  in  slate 
of  the  finest  quality,  large  quantities  fcf 
hich  are  exported.  The  principal  riv~ 
e:  s  are  the  Eden,  Lone,  and  Ken.  It  has 
lso  several  fine  lakes,  the  principal  of 
.'hich  is  Winnander-mere,  or  Winder- 
ai  re  water.  In  the  forest  of  Martin- 
dale,  to  the  S  of  Ulls-water,  the  breed  of 
i  deer  stills  exists  in  a  wild  state.  Ap- 
pleby is  the  county -town. 


WES 


WE  X 


Westmoreland,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  ' 
50  miles  long  and  40  broad.    In  1810,  it- 
contained   25,392  inhabitants.  Greens- 
burg  is  the  capital. 

Westmoreland,  a  post  town  in  Oneida 
county,  New  York,  12  miles  E  of  Oneida, 
and  about  the  same  distance  W  of  Utica, 
or  old  Fort  Schuyler. 

r  Westmoreland,  a  county  of  Virginia, 
containing  8102  inhabitants  in  1810,  more 
than  one  half  slaves.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween the  Potomac  and  Rappahannock 
rivers,  having  King  George  county  on 
the  N,  and  Northumberland  county  on 
the  S,  about  65  miles  S  of  the  city  of 
Washington. 

Westmoreland,  a  township  of  Cheshire 
county,  New  Hampshire,  containing  1937 
inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Connecticut  river,  which 
separates  it  from  the  state  of  Vermont. 

Weston,  a  township  of  Conneciicut,  si- 
tuated in  Fairfield  county,  7  miles  N  of 
Fairfield, and  containing  2618  inhabitants 
in  1810. 

Westphalia,  one  of  the  circles  of  Ger- 
many, bounded  on  the  E  by  Lower  Sax- 
ony ;  on  the  S  by  Hesse,  Westerwald, 
and  the  Rhine  ;  on  the  W  by  the  United 
Provinces  ;  and  on  the  N  by  the  German 
Ocean.  The  soil  produces  pastures  ami 
some  corn,  though  there  are  a  great  many 
marshes.  The"  horses  are  large,  and  the 
hogs  in  high  esteem,  especially  the  hams, 
known  by  the  name  of  Westphalia  hams. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  \Veser,Embs, 
Lippe,  and  Roer.  It  contains  the  sove- 
reign bishoprics  of  Osnaburg,  Minister, 
and  Paderborn  ;  the  principality  of  Mi  li- 
nen ;  the  counties  of  Ravensburg,  Teck- 
lengburg,  Ritburgh,  Lippe,  Lemgow,  Spi- 
gelburg,  Shauenburg,  Hoye,  Diepholt, 
Delmenhorst,  Oldenburg,  Einbden  or 
East  Friesland,  Bentheim,  and  Lingen. 
These  arc  to  the  N  of  the  river  Lippe. 
To  the  S  of  it  are  the  abbics  of  Essen 
and  Verden  ;  the  town  of  Dortmund  ;  the 
counties  of  Marck  and  Homburgh  ;  and 
the  duchies  of  Westphalia,  Berg,' and 
Cleves.  Munster  is  the  most  considera- 
ble city  in  this  circle. 

Westphalia*  a  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  40  miles  long  and 
25  broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  bish- 
oprics of  Munster  and  Osnaburg,  and  the 
county  of  Lippe;  on  the  W  by  that  of 
Marck;  on  the  S  by  the  territories  of 
Nassau  ;  and  on  the  E  by  the  counties  of 
Witgenstein,  Hartzfeld,  Waldeck,  and 
the  landgravate  of  Hesse,  being  about  40 
miles  in  length,  and  25  in  breadth.  It  is 
a  mountainous  country,  but  moderately 
fertile;  and  is  subject  to  the  elector  of 
Cologne.    Arensberg  is  the  capital. 


Westport,  a  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the 
countv  of  Mayo.  Lon.  9  22  W,  lat.  53 
48  N. 

Wesport,  a  township  of  Bristol  county, 
Massachusetts,  containing  2585  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  a  seaport  situated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Akeaxet. 

Jl'estra,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  8 
miles  long  and  from  1  to  3  broad,  con- 
taining about  1300  inhabitants. 

West  Springfield,  a  post  town  in  Hamp- 
shire cdunlj ,  Massachusetts  ;  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  Connecticut  river,  oppo- 
si.e  Springfield,  1-8  miles  S  of  Northamp- 
ton, 30  miles  W  by  S  of  Brookfield,  and 
29  N  of  Hartford  (Connecticut)  contain- 
ing about  800  inhabitants.' 

Westrogothia.    See  Gothland. 

Wetherhxf,^ town  of  Yorkshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday  Lon.  1  20  W,  lat. 
53  57  N 

Wether.field,  a  post  town  in  Hartford 
county,  Connecticut  ;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  '3  miles  S  of 
Hartford,  11  N  of  Middleton.  and  34  N 
by  E  of  New  Haven,  containing  3961  in- 
habitants in  1810. 

Wetter,  a  Like  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland, 
with  an  island  in  the  middle  of  it,  SE  of 
the  lake  V'  enner.  It  is  100  miles  from  N 
toS,  and  25  from  E  to  W. 

IVetteravia,  or  Wettera-w,  a  province  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Upper  Ri  ine, 
having  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine  on 
the  W,  and  Hesse  and  Euldc  on  the  E. 
It  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  river 
Lahn :  one  called  Wetteravia  Proper, 
and  the  other  North  Wetteravia,  or  Wes- 
terwald. 

J  Vetting,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxonv,  situated  on  the 
Saalj|^  Lon.'  11 40  E,  lat.  51  35  N. 

Wcttingen,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  on 
the  Limmat,  one  mile  S  of  Baden.  Here 
is  a  beautiful  bridge,  the  last  work  of 
Grubenman,  the  self  taught  architect, 
240  feet  long,  and  suspended  20  feet 
above  the  water.  It  is  a  much  more  ele- 
gant bridge  than  that  at  Shaff  hausen. 

Wetzlav,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Wetteravia,  surrounded  by  dit- 
ches and  walls  flanked,  with  towers.  The 
inhabitants  are  >  protestants,  and  have  a 
council  of  24  members.  In  1693,  the 
imperial  chamber  was  transferred  hith- 
er from  Spire,  on  account  of  the  wars 
which  ravaged  the  palatinate.  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  confluence  of  the  Lahn,  Dilse, 
and  Dillen,  five  miles  S  of  Solms,  and 
78  N  bv  E  of  Spire.  Lon.  8  32  E,  lat.  50 
26  N.  " 

Wexford,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Muster,  38  miles  long  and 
24  broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  WTick- 


W  H  E 


WHI 


low,  on  the  E  by  St.  George's  Channel, 
on  the  S  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the 
W  by  Waterford  and  Kilkenny,  and  on 
the  NW  by  Catherloughj  It  contains  109 
p  Irishes,  sends  18  members  10  purlia,- 
men  ,  and  is  fruitful  in  corn  and  grass. 

Wexford,  a.  considerable  seaport  of  Ire- 
land, capnal  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  was  once  reckoned  the  chief 
city  in  Ireland,  being-  the  first  colony  ot 
the  Englisn,  and  lias  a  very  c  ommodious 
harbour  at  the  mouth  ipf  ,the  Slana,  on  a 
bay  of  St.  George's  Channel.  The  Irish 
rebels  took  this  town  in  May  1793,  and 
held  it  three  weeks,  but  after  'he  wen- 
defeated  by  the  reg'ular  troops  at  Eunis- 
cp'fthy  on  the  22d  June,  the)  were  driven 
out  of  it.  It  is  33  miles  E-NE  of  Water- 
fordi  and  75  S  of  Dublin.  Lon.  fc  3  W, 
lit.  52  18  E 

Wexi<b  an  episcopal  town  of  Sweden, 
in  K-  ;o hind,  with  :>  harbour.  It  is  seated 
on  -..  lake,  in  wid  'h  there  are  several  is- 
lands. It  is,  veiy  small,  and  the  houses 
mos.ly  of  wood.  It  is  50  miles  W  of  Cai- 
rn-, a  id  155  SW  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  4 
57  E,  la1 .  56  44  ffr. 

Wty,  r  "t  r  of  England,  which  has  its 
sour?  -  in  Hampshi,  e,  and  flowing  throu  jrh 
Surry  by  Guddford,  talis  into  the  Thames 
at  We  vbr  dge. 

Wey  bridge,  a  village  in  Surry,  seated 
•n  Hie  Wey,  at  its  entrance  into  the 
Thames,  ;.wo  miles  E  of  Cher^sey. 

Weyhill,  a  vilUge  in  Hampshire,  three 
miles  W  of  Andover,  famous  for  aw  annual 
fair  on  the  10th  of  October,  for  sheep,  lea- 
ther, hops,  and  cheese. 

Weymouth,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  in- 
corporated with  that  of  Mehornb  Reg-is, 
but  a  distinct  borough.  It  is  seated  on 
the  W  side  of  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  but  r 
port  is  injured  by  the  sand,  so  that  its 
trade  when  was  "once  Considerable,  is 
much  reduced,  a  fe\y.  ships  only  being 
sent  hence  to  Newfoundland.  This  town, 
is  remarkably  well  situated  for  bathing 
having  an  excellent  sandy  beach,  md  o. 
that  account  is  resorted  to  by  persons  oj 
all  ranks,  and  their  majesties  and  the 
royal  family  generally  honour  this  plact 
with  their  residence  a  fe«v  week',  every 
year.  This  in  some  degree  compensates 
for  the  loss  of  its  trade.  A  few  plain  and 
striped  cottons  are  made  here.  Wevmnti-h 
is  130  miles  WSW  of  London.  See  Mel- 
comh  Regis. 

Weymouth,  a  township  of  Norfolk  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  1,889  inha- 
bitants in  1810.  Situated  about  ten  miles 
SE  of  Roston. 

Wheeling,  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Ohio  county.  Virginia;  lying"  on  th*  *; 
side  of  Ohio  river,  8  miles  E  of  St.  Clairs- 


ville,  47  W  by  S  of  Washington,  and  73  S 

\X  of  Pittsburg. 

Whi'ddh,  a  kingdom  of  Guinea,  on  the 
Slave  Coast,  extending-  about  10  miles  a- 
loug  the  Atlantic,  uuder  6  29  N  lat.  It 
is  i  very  populous  country,  and  very  well 
furnished  with  large  villages;  and  there 

u  e  so  many  small  ones,  that  they  are  not 

bove  a  musquet  shot  from  each  other. 
The  houses  are  small,  and  round  at  the 
t  p.  and  encompassed  with  mud  walls  or 
hedges,  together  with  a  great  number  of 
nil  sorts  of  beautiful  and  lofty  trees, 
which  afford  the  most  beautiful  prospect 
in  the  world;  insomuch,  that  those  who 
have  been  here,  represent  it  as  a  perfect 
iWadfse.  The  fields  are  always  green, 
and  they  cultivate  beans,  potatoes,  and 
fruits  ;  nor  will  the  negroes  here  let  a 
foot  off  ground  remain  uncultivated.  Be- 
sides, they  sow  again  the  very  next  day 
after  they  have  reaped.  The  inhabitants 
are  greatly  civilised  and  very  respectful 
+o  earh  other:  especially  to  their  superi- 
ors, and  they  are  also  so  industrious,  that" 
even  the  women  are  never  idle.  These 
brew  the  beer,  dress  the  victuals,  and 
sell  all  sorts  of  coinmod.ties  at  the  mar- 
ket. Those  that  are  rich,  employ  their 
SFives  and  slaves  in  tilling  the  land,  ?nd 
tltey  carry  on  :>  considerable  trade  with 
the  product  as  Well  as  in  slaves  ;  for  some 

■f  them  are  able  to  deliver  10Q0  of  the 
latter  every  month.  The  chief  men  have 
generall-  40  or  50  wives,  the  principal 

\.ptains  3  or  4t)0,  and  the  king  4  or  5000, 
However,  'hey  are  extremely  jealous, 
i  nd,  on  the  least  suspicion,  will  sell  them 
f  >  Europeans  for  slaves.  If  any  one  nap- 
pens  to  toi !ch  the  king's  wives  accidc.nt- 

iiy,  he  is  doomed  to  perpetual  slavery. 
This  being-  considered,  it  is  no  wonder 
that  the  women  are  not  fond  of  being  the 
kind's  wives  ;  nay,  some  of  them  will 
prefer  a  speedy  death  to  such  a  misera- 

le  life.  The  king  sets  little  value  upon 
his  daughters,  for  he  will  dispose  of  them 
.  )  the  factors  of  the  English  company,  or 

he  masters  of  ships  that  come  there. 
They  live  in  a  manner  by  guess  ;  for  they 
osfvje  no  festivals  nor  distinction  of  days, 

m  urs  weeks,  months,  or  years.  The  cus- 

om  of  circumcision  is  used  here ;  but 
dicy  are  not  able  to  tell  why  they  use  it, 
nor  from  whence  it  is  derived.  They  are 
such  great  gamesters,  that  they  will  stake 
dl  they  have  at  play,  not  excepting  their 
wives  and  children.  Their  religion  is  ve- 

y  superstitious;  for  they  have  a  vast 
•umber  of  idols;  and  they  deify  the 
most  contemptible  animal  that  they  see 

\st  in  a  morning,  not  excepting  even 
stocks  and  stones.  However,  they  have 
a  principal  regard  for  snakes,  very  high 


WHI 


W  H  I 


trees,  and  the  sea.  An  English  factor 
new  come  over,  found  a  snake  in  the 
house  belong^1??  10  tne  factory,  and  kill- 
ed it  w  ithout  the  least  scruple  ;  which  so 
incensed  the  negroes,  tnat  they  were  for 
revenging'  the  death  of  the  snake,  nol  on- 
ly upon  him  that  killed  it;  but  upon  the 
w..oi  -  factory;  but  by  the  force  of  pre- 
sents, and  the  interposition  of  the  people 
of  the  other  factories,  this  affair  was 
made  up,  and  the  snake  honourably  in- 
terred. However,  to  prevent  the  like  ac- 
cidents, they  give  them  warning-  not  to 
do  the  like  for  the  future.  With  regard 
to  the  an.mals,  they  have  oxen,  cows, 
gotit.s,  sheep,  and  hogs,  as  well  as  tame 
fo*ls  ;  such  as  uirkies,  dncks,  and  hens, 
which  last  are  extremely  plenty.  There 
art  many  wild  beasts  with!',  land,  stu  b  is 
elephants,  buffaloes,  tigers,  several  kinds 
of  deer,  and  e.  sort  of  hares,  wilh  several 
uncommon  animals,  which  we  have  net 
room  to  describe.  The  fruits  are  citrons, 
lemons,  oranges,  banunoes,  tamarinds, 
and  several  others ;  and  they  have  vast 
numbers  of  palm-trees,  from  .vhicii  they 
get  their  wine.  All  the  common  people 
go  m.ked  here,  as  in  oilier  parts  of  6ui- 
nea,  only  they  have  a  cloth  or  clou;  to  co- 
ver their  nakedness.  Their  trade  con- 
sisted of  slaves,  elephant's  teeth,  wax, 
and  honey.  The  English  factory  is  200 
miles  E  of  Cape  Coast  Castle,  within 
land.  Bows,  arrows,  beau  iful  assaga)  s, 
and  clubs,  are  the  principal  weapons  of 
the  nation.  Xavier,  or  Sabi,  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Whitby,  a  seaport  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday 
seated  near  he  mouth  of  the  Esk.  It  is 
a  considerable  town  widi  a  great  traffic 
in  the  building  of  ships,  and  the  carrying 
business.  Us  harbour  is  the  best  on  this 
coast,  and  is  protected  by  a  fine  pier  ; 
but  it  has  no  river  communication  with 
the  inland  country.  Several  ships  are 
sent  from  hence  to  the  Greenland  fishery. 
This  place  had.  the  honour  of  producing 
the  greatest  navigator  that  the  world  ever 
saw,  the  much  lamented  Captain  Cook. 
In  the  neighbourhood  of  Whitby  are 
large  works,  in  which  alum  is  procured 
from  a  kind  of  slate.  In  December  1787, 
a  strong  n»w-built  quay,  fell  into  the  sea 
with  a  thundering"  crash,  followed  by 
large  masses  of  the  cliff.  The  remains  of 
the  massy  church  of  an  ancient  abbey 
stood  on  this  cliff,  till  November  1794, 
when  the  most  part  of  it  fell  to  the 
ground.  Whitby  is  48  miles  NNE  of  York, 
and  243  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  24  W,  lat. 
54  30  N. 

Whitchurch,  a  decayed  borough  in 
Hampshire,  with  a  market  on  Friday.  It 


sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and  is 
24  indes  E  by  N  of  Salisbury,  and  58  W 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  1  10  W,  lat.  51 
15  N. 

Whitchurch,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  with 
amarketon  Friday,  20  miles  N  of  Shrews- 
bury, and  161  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  40 
W,Tat.  52  Q  X. 

Whitchurch,  or  Little  Stunmore,  a  vil- 
lage near  Edgeware,  m  Middlesex,  eight 
miles  X'W  or  London.  It  has  a  chuich 
which  contains -the  remains  of  the  mag- 
nificent seat  of  Canons,  which  belonged  to 
the  Duke  of  CUantUiS,  built  m  1712,  by 
James  first  duke  of  Chandos,  who  lived 
here  in  a  "kind  of  regal  state,  and  died  in 
1744.  It  was  demolished  in  1747,  and 
the  materials  were  sold  by  auction.  The 
church  contains  all  that  now  remains  of 
die  magnificent  seat  of  the  duke  of  Chan- 
dos,  called  of  C.mons. 

White  Cloy.- Creek,  a  hundred  of  New 
Casde  co  ;::t\ ,  Delaware,  containing  1701 
inhabitants  .in  1810. 

Whitzh{dl,  a  post  town  in  Washington 
coun  y,  New  York;  situated  at  the  head 
of  laUe  Ch.unplain,  22  miles  N  of  Fort 
Edward,  and  41  W  of  Rutland,  contain- 
ing 1&Q4  inhabitants.  This  place  was 
formerly  crdlcd  Skeenesborougii,  from 
major  Skeene,  of  the  British  army. 

Whitehall,  a  township  of  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  2,551 
inhabitants  in  1810.  Situated  on  the  W 
sike  of  Lehigh  river,  between  Heidelberg 
and  Salisbury  townships,  about  20  miles 
W  of  Easton. 

IVhitehaveri,  a  town  of  Cumberland,  10 
miles  SW  from  Cockermouth,  56  fiom 
Carlisle,  and  290  from  London,  is  so  call- 
ed from  the  white  cliils  near  it,  that 
shelter  the  harbour  from  tempests.  It  is 
a  populous  rich  town,  clue  fly  beholden 
for  its  improvement  to  the  Lowther  fa- 
mily, containing  at  lea*st  12,000  inhabi- 
tants, and  has  about  300  ships  employed 
in  trade.  It  has  a  good  artificial  harbour, 
-with  a  long  pier.  In  1566,  it  had  but  six 
houses,  and  one  fishing  boat ;  in  1582,  12 
small  ships.  The  coal-mines  here  are 
the  most  extraordinary  in  the  world,  be- 
ing sunk  to  the  depth  of  130  fathoms,  and 
extended  under  the  sea  to  places  where 
there  ife  over  them  depth  of  water  for 
ships  of  large  burden.  In  1791,  part  of 
the  earth  of  three  gardens  suddenly 
suf.k :  by  this  accident  several  lives 
were  lost,  and  one  building  Was  consid- 
erably damaged.  Coals  had  been  wrought 
under  the  places  where  the  apertures  ap- 
peared about  50  years  preceding  1791. 
Four  fire  engines  belong  to  a  colliery 
here,  which,  when  at  work,  discharge  at 
the  rate  of  1,768,620  gallons  of  water  in 


W  H  I 


W  I  B 


24  hours.  Here  are  copperas-works, 
which  yield  considerable  profit.  Its  chief 
trade  is  furnishing-  Ireland  and  part  of 
Scotland  with  salt  and  coal;  it  is  the 
most  eminent  port  in  England,  next  to 
Newc  stle,  for  the  coal  trade,  and  lord 
Lonsdale  is  said  to  send  as  many  coals 
from  hence  to  Ireland  and  the  Isle  of 
Man,  as  bring  him  in  near  16,000/.  a  year. 
It  is  10  miles  SW  of  Cockermouth,  and 
305  NW  of  London.  Lon.  3  34  W,  lat. 
54  36  N. 

Whitehorn,  a  royal  borough  of  Scot- 
land, in  Wigtonshire.  This  place  is  said 
to  have  been  the  first  bishop's  see  in 
Scotland. 

Whitemarsh,  a  village  with  a  post  of- 
fice in  Montgomery  county,  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  12  miles  X  of  Philadelphia. 
The  township  has  1085  inhabitants.  Here 
was  one  of  general  Washington's  encamp- 
ments in  the  winter  of  1777. 

White  Mountains,  the  highest  part  of  a 
ridge  of  mountains,  in  the  state  of  New 
Hampshire,  in  North  America.  They 
extend  NE  and  SW  to  a  length  not  yet 
ascertained.  The  height  of  these  moun- 
tains above  an  adjacent  meadow,  is  reck- 
oned from  observations  made  in  1784,  to 
be  5500  feet;  and  the  meadow  is  3500  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  snow 
and  ice  cover  them  nine  or  ten  months  in 
the  year,  during  which  time  they  exhibit 
that  bright  appearance  from  which  they 
are  denominated  the  White  Mountains. 
Although  they  are  70  miles  within  land, 
they  are  seen  many  leagues  off  at  sea, 
and  appear  like  an  exceedingly  bright 
cloud  in  the  horizon.  Their  highest 
summit  is  in  lat.  44  deg.  N. 

White  Plains,  a  post  town  in  Wes 
Chester  coumv,  New  York,  15  miles  N 
of  Kingsbridg'e,  and  30  of  the  city  of  New 
York.    This  was  the  scene  of  considera- 
ble military  operations  in  the  American 

war.  vV'Sfe^    *'v  -^Id:  >'*'  '  . 

White  Sea,  a  bay  of  the  Frozen  Ocean 
in  the  N  of  Russia,  situated  between 
Russia,  Lapland,  and  Satnoje.de,  at  the 
bottom  of  which  stands  Archangel  ;  this 
was  the  only  communication  winch  the 
Russians  had  with  the  sea,,  before  the 
conquest  of  Livonia  from  vhe  Swedes  in 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  by 
the  czar  Peter  the  Great. 

Whitest  own,  .a  post  town  in  Oneida 
county,  New  York,  situated  on  the  S  s*le 
of  Mohock  river,  four  miles  above  old 
fort  Schuyler,  25  E  of  Oneida  lake,  44 
NW  of  Oonajohary,  and  85  of  Skenecta- 
dy.  This  is  a  thriving  town  ;  the  inha- 
bitants at  l  ist  census  were  4912.  , 

W.'i/ts'oitixle  Island,  one  of  the  New  He- 
brides, in  the  Pacific  .Ocean.    It  is  12 


miles  long  and  five  broad,  and  was  disco- 
\  ered  by  captain  Wallis,  on  Whitsunday, 
1767.    Lon.  168  20  E,  lat  15  44  S. 

WJdttlebwn)  Forest,  a  forest  in  the  S 
part  of  Northamptonshire,  nine  miles  in 
length,  and,  in  some  parts,  above  three 
in  breadth.  Here  the  wild  cat  is  still 
found  It  is  according  to  an  accurate 
survey  of  it,  nine  miles,  two  furlongs, 
and  twenty-six  perches  in  length,  from 
the  river  Ouse  on  the  SE,  to  the  NW  end 
of  Wapenham  wood.  It  is  a  royal  forest 
and  the  dnke  of  Grafton  is  ranger. 

Wiblingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Austrian  Suabia,  3  miles  SW  of  Ulm. 

Wiburg,  a  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly Russian  Finland,  and  comprised  in 
Carelia.  It  was  ceded  by  the  Swedes  to 
the  Russians,  partly  by  the  peace  of  Nys- 
tad  in  1721,  and  partly  by  the  treaty  of 
Abo  in  1743.  This  province  retains  most 
of  its  ancient  privileges,  with  some  occa- 
sional modifications,  which  have  been  ne- 
cessarily introduced  under  the  new  go- 
vernment. The  country  produces,  be- 
sides pasture,  rye,  oats,  and  barley,  but 
not  sufficient  for  the  inhabitants.  Wi- 
burg  retains  its  own  civil  and  criminal 
courts  of  justice:  in  penal  cases,  not  ca- 
pital, the  punishments  prescribed  by  the 
provincial  judicature  are  inflicted  ;  but 
whenever  a  criminal  is  condemned  to 
death,  the  Russian  laws  interpose,  and, 
reprieving  him  from  the  sentence  of  be- 
heading or  hanging,  as  enjoined  by  the 
dish  code,  consign  him  to  the  knout 
and  transportation  to  Siberia.  In  the  go- 
vernor's court,  business  is  transacted  in 
the  Swedish,  German,  and  Russian 
ungues.  The  peasants  talk  only  the 
Finnish  dialect,  but  the  inhabitants  of 
the  towns  understand  Swedish  also,  and 
many  of  them  German.  Lutheranism  is 
the  established  religion  ;  but  the  Greek 
worship  has  been  introduced  by  the  Rus- 
sians. 

Wiburg,  a  commercial  seaport  of  Rus- 
sia, capital  of  a  government  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  strong 
citadel,  containing  about  9000  inhabi- 
tants. The  houses  are  constructed  of 
wood,  except  some  few  which  are  of 
brick.  It  was  ceded  to  Russia,  by  'he 
Swedes  in  1721,  and  is  seated  on  the  NE 
point  of  the  gulf  of  Finland,  110  miles  N 
NW  of  Petersburg,  and  250  NE  of  Riga. 
Lon.  29  10  E,  lat.  60  56  N. 

Wiburg,  a  considerable  town  of  Den 
mark,  in  North  Jutland,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  chief  court  of 
justice  in  the  province.  In  1726,  a  terri- 
ble fire  burnt  the  cathedral,  a  church,  the; 
townhouse  and  the  bishop's  palace  ;  but 
f  they  have  ail  been  rebuilt  in  a  more  mag- 


I 


W  I  E 

nificent  style.  It  is  seated  on  a  lake,  in. 
a  peninsula,  95  miles  N  of  Sleswick,  and 
110  NW  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  9  50  E, 
lat.  56  20  N. 

Wick,  a  town  in  Caithnessliirc,  with 
u  harbour,  seated  on  an  inlet  of  the  Ger- 
man Ocean.    Lon.  3  2  VV,  lut.  53  30  N. 

Wick,  a  fortified  town  of  Dutch  Lim- 
burg,  seated  on  the  Maese.  It  has  a  com- 
.  munication  with  Maastricht  by  a  bridge. 
Lo»:  5  41  E,  lat.  50  52  N, 

Wich-by-Diterstede,  a  town  of  the  Unit- 
ed Provinces,  in  Utrecht,  with  a  strong- 
castle;  seated  at  the  place  wherp  the. 
Leek  branches  ofFfrom  the  Rhine,  9  miles 
\V  of  Uhenen,  and  15  SE  oi  Utrecht:  Lon. 
5  22  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Wickford,  a  post  town  in  Was': 
county,  Rhode  Island  ;  lying-  on  the  W 
side  of  Narraganzet  bay,  21 'miles  S  of 
Providence,  and  9  W  of  Newport.    *  -; 

Wickiuw,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Leinster,  33  miles  long,  and 
20  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Dublffk, 
on  the  E  by  the  Irish  Sea,  on 'the  S  by 
Wexford,  on  the  W  by  Cateriough  and 
Kildare,  and  on  the  NW  by  Kitdare.  It 
is  indifferently  fruitful,  contains  54  pa- 
rishes, and  sends  10  members  to  parlia- 
ment. 

Wickloto,  the  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  in  Ireland,  seated  on  the  I- 
rish  Sea,  with  a  narrow  harbour,  at  t lie 
mouth  of  the  river  Leitrim,  over  whit  h 
stands  a  rock,  instead  of  a  castle,  sur- 
rounded by  a  strong  wall,  24  miles  S  of 
Dublin.    Lon.  6  7  W,  lat.  52  55  N. 

fVickware,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
governed  by  a  mayor,  wuh  a  market  on 
Monday.  It  is  if  miles  NE  of  Bristol1, 
and  111  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  16  W,  lat. 
51  26  N. 

Widdin,  a  Greek  archiepiscopnl  town 
of  Turkey  in  Europe.  This  town  bfts 
been  long  a  subject  of  contention  between 
the  Turks  and  Austrian*,  and  has  several 
times  been  taken  and  retaken.  It  is  now 
well  known  on  account  of  being  t  he  capital 
of  the  government  of  the  late  Pacha  Pas- 
wan  Oglou,  who  has  been  in  arms  for  se- 
veral years  of  late,  and  has  repeatedly 
discomfited  the  Turkish  armies  sent  a- 
gainst  him.  In  1799  the  Porte  were  o- 
bligedtb  make  peace  with  him  almost  oi; 
his  own  terms,  from  which  we  may  infer 
he  is  no  despicable  enemv.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Danube,  88  miles  XE  of  Nissa,  and 
150  SE  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  24  27  E,  lat. 
44  12  N. 

Wind,  a  principality  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine. 

Wiedenbruck,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westpnalia.  Lon.  7  50  E.  lat.  51 
48  N. 


W  I  £ 

Wieiith,  a  town  of  Great  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Siiwdia.  It  was  ruined  by 
the  Swedes  in  1656,  but  has  been  since 
rebuilt,  and  H.s  a  good  castle.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  river  which  falls  into  the  Warta, 
20  miles  S  of  Siradia.  Lon.  18  55  E,  lat. 
51  12  X. 

If'iclitska,  a  village  of  Poland,  lately 
included  in  the  palatinate  of  Cracow,  but 
now  comprised  in  the  Austrian  kingdom 
of  Lodon;eria.  It  is  celebrated  for  its 
salt  mines,  which  lie  eight  miles  SE  of 
Gracow.  They  appear  to  be  inexhausti- 
ble, as  will  easily  be  conceived  from  the 
following  account  of  its  dimensions.  Its 
knr.\«. n  breadth  is  1115  feet;  its  length 
6.69,1  feet;  and  depth  743;  and  the  best 
judges  on  tne  spot  suppose,  with  the 
greatest  appearance  of  probability,  this 
solid  body  of  salt  to  blanch  into  various 
directions,  the  extent  of  which  cannot  be 
known  ;  of  that  part  which  has  been  per- 
forated, the  depth  is  only  calculated  as 
far  as  they  have  hitherto  dug":  and  who 
can  asc  ertain  lunv  much  farther  it  may 
descend.  Here  are  several  small  chapels 
excavated'  in  the  salt,  in  which  mass  is 
.sa'.d  on  certain  days  of  the  year;  one  of 
these  chapels  is  above  30  feet  long  and 
25  broad :  the  altar,  the  crucifix,  the  or- 
naments of  the  church,  the  statues  of  se- 
veral saints,  are  all  carved  out  of  the  salt. 
Many  of  the  excavations  or  chambers, 
from  whence  the  salt  has  been  dug,  are 
of  an  immense  size  ;  some  are  supported 
with  timber,  others  by  vast  pillars  of  salt, 
which  arc  left  standing  for  that  purpose  : 
several  of  vast  dimensions  are  without  a- 
nv  Mipnort  in  the  middle.  I  remarked 
(says  Mr,  Coxe)  one  of  this  latter  sort  in 
particular,  Which  was  certainly  80  feet  in 
height,  and  so  extremely  long  and  broad, 
$s  almost  to  appear  amid  the  subterrane- 
ous gloom  without  limits.  The  roofs  of 
these  vaults  are  not  arched  but  flat.  The 
immense  size  of  these  chambers,  with, 
the  spacious  passages  or  galleries,  toge- 
ther with  the  chapels  above-mentioned, 
and  a  few  sheds  built  for  the  horses 
which  are  foddered  below,  probably  gave 
rise  to  the  exaggerated  accounts  of  some 
travellers,  that  these  mines  contain  seve- 
ral villages  inhabited  by  colonies  of  mi- 
ners who  never  see  the  light,  It  is  cer- 
tain that  there  is  room  sufficient  for  such 
purposes;  but^the  fact  is,  that  the  mi- 
ners have  wo  dwellings  under  ground, 
none  of  them  remaining  below  more  than 
eight  hours  at  a  time,  when  they  are  re- 
lieved by  others  from  above.  In  tn 
these  mines  are  of  most  stupendous  ex- 
tent and  depth,  and  are  sufficiently  won- 
derful  without  the  least  exaggeration, 
We  found  them  as  dry  as  a  room,  with- 
5  D 


.WIG 


WIG 


out  the  least  damp  or  moisture  ;  observ- 
ing- only  in  our  whole  progress  one  small 
spring  of  water,  winch  is  impregnated 
with  suit  as  it  runs  through  the  mine. 
These  mines  have  been  worked  abo\e 
600  years.  Before  the  partition  of  Po- 
land, in  1772,  they  furnished  a  consider- 
able part  of  the  revenue  of  the  king,  who 
drew  from  them  an  average  profii  01 
about  97,000/. 

JViesetiteig,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia.  Lon.  10  2  E,  lat.  48 
30  X. 

Wigan,  a  borough  in  Lancashire,  with 
a  market  on  Monday  and  Friday.  It  is 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  Here  the  strong- 
est checks  are  made,  and  other  articles 
of  iinen  and  cotton  manufacture.  That 
most  elegant  species  of  coal,  called 
Canncl,  is  found  in  plenty  and  great 
perfection  in  the  neighbourhood.  The 
small  stream  the  Douglas  is  made  navi'- 
guble  hence  to  the  Kibble;  and  iv  is 
joined  by  a  canal  from  Liverpool.  Wi- 
gan is  30  miles  S  of  Lancaster,  and  196 
MW  of  London.  Lon.  2  50  W,  lat.  53 
34  X.  ... 

Wight,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Hamp- 
shire, from  which  it  is  separated  bj  a 
narrow  channel.  It  is  in  length  about 
thirteen  miles,  in  breadth  tweoiy-jne.  It 
is  nearly  divided  into  two  equal  parts  by 
the  river  Cowes,  which,  rising  in  the 
S  angle,  discharges  itself  at  the  N  into 
the  channel,  opposite  the  mouth  of  South- 
ampton-bay.  The  E  and  W  points  of  the 
island  are  almost  cut  off  from  the  body 
by  arms  of  die  sea.  The  S  coast  is  ed.  ect 
with  very  steep  cliffs  of  chalk  and  free- 
stone, hollowed  out  into  caverns  in  vari- 
ous parts.  The  VV  side  is  fenced  with 
ridges  of  rocks,  of  which  he  most  re- 
markable are  tuose  called,  from  their 
sharp  extremities,  the  Needles.  Between 
the  island  and  the  main  are  various  sand- 
banks, especially  off  the  E  part,  where 
is  the  safe  road  of  St.  Helen's.  Across 
the  island  from  E  to  \V  runs  a  ridge  or 
hills,  forming  a  tract  of  fin  downs,  with 
a  chalky  or  marly  soil,  which  feed  a  gYca' 
number  of  fine-fleeced  sheep.  Rabble 
are  also  very  plentiful  here  To  the  N 
of  this  ridge  the  land  js  eluefiy  pasture  ; 
to  the  S  of  it  is  a  rich  arable  country, 
producing  great  crops  of-  corn.  The  va- 
riety of  prospects  which  this  island  af- 
fords, its  mild  air,  and  the  neat  manner 
in  which  the  fields  are  laid  out,  render 
it  a  very  delightful  spot.  It  is  devoteo 
almost  soleiy  to  husbandry,  and  has  n< 
ma  ufactory.  It  is  one  of  the  principal 
resources  of  the  London  market  for  un- 
waited  barley.   Among  its  products  art 


to  be  reckoned  a  pure  white  pipe  clay, 
and  a  fine  white  crystaline  sand  ;  of  the 
latter  of  which  great  quantities  are  ex- 
ported for  the  use  of  the  glass-works  m 
various  parts.  Its  principal  town  is  the 
borough  of  Newport :  it  likewise  con- 
tains the  two  small  boroughs  of  Newton 
and  Yarmouth. 

tf  ighton,  a  town  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day, seated  at  the  source  of  the  Skel- 
ster,  16  miles  SE  of  York,  and  192  N 
by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  40  W,  lat.  53 
52  N. 

IViq  ton,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  seated  among  the 
moors,  12  miles  SW  of  Carlisle,  and  304 
XX  W  of  London.    Lon.  3  4  W,  lat.  54 

30  X. 

I!  igton,  a  borough  and  seaport,  the 
county-town  of  Wigtonshire.  Here  are 
several  vestiges  of  antiquity,  and  to  the 
X"E  is  a  great  marsh,  called"  the  Moss  of 
Cree.  It  is  situated  on  a  hill,  which  over- 
looks the  bay  of  Wigton.  Lon.  4  43  W, 
'.at.  55  0  N. 

Hlgtomhire,  a  county  in  Scotland, 
comprehending  the  W  part  of  Galloway, 
and  the  Regali  y  of  Glenluce,  extends 
about  31  miles  in  length  from  E  to  W, 
and  as  much  from  N  to  S,  is  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Ayrshire,  and  on  the  W  by 
the  Irish  Sea.  This  part  of  it  stretches 
into  the  sea  inform  of  a  peninsula,  in- 
dented on  both  sides  by  two  inlets  cal- 
led Loehrian  and  the  bay  of  Glenluce. 
Galloway  is  a  hilly  country,  well  water- 
ed with  lak  s  and  running  streams,  and 
having  several  commodious  creeks  and 
harbours,  but  is  destitute  of  wood  and 
fuel.  The  people  employ  themselves 
perpetually  in  fishing  on  the  coasts,  as 
we L;  as  in  the  lakes  and  rivers  ;  in  which 
last  they  catch  innumerable  multitudes 
of  eels,  part  of  which  they  salt  for  ex- 
portation.— Those  who  do  not  employ 
hemselves  in  this  manner,  enga.e  them- 
selves in  f  rmiiii  ,or  in  breeding  of  sheep, 
Whose  wo<d  turns  out  to  great  advantage  ; 
or  in  raising  black  cattle,  of  which 
50,000  are  annually  exported  to  England. 
They  have  likewise  a  small  breed  of  hor- 
ses peculiar  to  the  county,  and  called 
Galloways;  which  are  very  strong,  gen- 
ie, and  fit  for  labour.  The  land  that 
p'ojects  into  the  sea  between  the  two 
hays  of  Loehrian  and  Glenluce,  is  called 
the  Kennes  of  Galloway,  and  counted  one 
>f  the  most  barren  and  rugged  parts  of 
Scotland  On  the  W  coast  if  port  Pa- 
rick,  from  whence  the  packet  boat  Sails 
o  Douaghadee,  in  Ireland  ;  tm  channel 
■  •l  this  place  being  not  more  than  twenty 
miles  over.   From  a  neighbouring  hilh 


W  I  L 


WIL 


one  may  see,  in  a  fine  day,  Ireland  to 
the  S\V,  the  coast  of  Cumberland,  and 
the  Isle  of  Man  to  the  SE,  and  to  the 
N,  the  island  of  Hay  and  the  Mull  of 
Kintyre. 

Wihitsch,  a  frontier  town  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  in  Bosnia,  seated  on  a  lake 
formed  by  the  river  Unna,  40  miles  S 
E  of  Carlstadt.'    Lon.  16  10  E,  lat.  45 

Wilbad,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Suabia,  with  warm  baths.  Lon.  8 
35  E,  lat  48  43  N. 

Wilbraham,  a  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  1776 
inhabitants  in  1810.  Situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Ware  river,  6  miles  NE  of  East 
Springfield. 

Wildberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  situated  on  the  Nagold. 
Lon.  8  38  E,  lat.  48  38  N. 

Wildehazisen,^  town  of  Westphalia,  ca- 
pital of  a  small  bailiwic,  united  to  the 
duchy  of  Bremen.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Hunde,  18  miles  SW  of  Bremen.  Lon.  8 
27  E,  lat.  52  55  N. 

Wilkes,  a  county  of  North  Carolina, 
containing  9054  inhabitants  in  1810 ;  si- 
tuated in  the  NW  corner  of  the  state, 
adjoining  to  Virginia.  It  lies  on  the  E 
side  of  the  Allegheny  mountain,  and  is 
watered  by  the  river  Yadkin. 

Wilkesbarre,  a  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Luzerne  county,  Pennsylvania;  situ,  ted 
on  die  E  bank  of  Susquehannah  river,  62 
miles  NW  of  Easton  on  the  Del ;  ware,  37 
NE  of  Catawessey,  and  58  of  Northum- 
berland. The  inhabitants  at  last  enu- 
meration were  1225. 

Wilkomier,  a  town  of  Poland  in  Lithua- 
nia, in  the  palatinate  of  Wilna,  seated  on 
the  Sweita,  45  miles  NW  of  Wilna.  Lon. 
24  54  E,  lat.  55  19  X. 

William  Fort.    See  Calcutta. 

William  Fort,  a  fort  in  Invernesshire, 
Scotland. 

Williamsborough,  a  post  town,  the  ca- 
pital of  Greenville  count),  North  Caro- 
lina; situated  on  the  W  side  of  Nut- 
bush  creek,  a  branch  of  the  Roanoke, 
17  miles  W  of  Warrenton,  about  37  W 
by  N  of  Halifax,  and  49  NE  of  Hillsbo- 
rough. 

Williamsburg,  a  post  town,  the  capita' 
of  James  City  county,  and  formerly  the 
metropolis  of  Virginia.  It  is  situated 
on  the  east  side  of  a  small  creek  tha: 
runs  into  James  river,  in  lat.  37  16  N, 
and  lon.  76  48  W,  and  at  the  distance 
of  12  miles  W  from  York,  32  E  by  S 
from  Richmond,  and  175  S  by  E  from 
Washington.  This  ancient  city  was 
made  the  seat  of  colonial  government  in 
1698;  having  been  removed  from  James 


town,  on  account  of  a  lire  that  consumed 
the  public  records  with  great  part  of 
the  town,  and  continued  to  enjoy  this 
privilege  till  the  revolution.  The  streets 
are  laid  out  with  great  regularity,  and 
the  public  edifices  exhibit  the  ruins  of 
comparative  grandeur,  particularly  the 
capitol  and  the  college.  In  the  former  was 
erected  a  marble  statue  in  honour  of  the 
virtuous  lord  Boutetourt,  the  patron  of 
science  and  the  colony,  which  is  now  mi- 
serably defaced  by  the  gothic  hands  of 
negroes  and  others.  The  college  called 
the  college  of  William  and  Mary,  which 
was  endowed  by  the  royal  government, 
with  a  clear  and  certain  revenue  of  3000J. 
per  annum,  still  remains  to  reproach  the 
ancient  dominion  ;  though  built  to  ac- 
commodate 100  pu,pils,  it  has  seldom 
more  than  forty.  "jsknj:' 

Williamsburg-,  a  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massa;  husetts,  containing  1122 
inhabitants  in  1810. 

Williamsport,  a  post  town  in  Lycoming 
dpuhty,  Pennsylvania  ;  standing  on  the  N 
side  of  the  W  branch  of  Susquehannah, 
65  miles  S  of  Tyoga,  56  N  by  W  of 
Northumberland,  and  160  NW  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

.  Williamsport,  a  post  town  in  Washington 
county,  Maryland  ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Potomac  river,  6  miles  SW  of  Hagers- 
town,  32  NW  of  Fredericktown,  and  78 
from  Baltimore. 

Wil!ii  mslo?i,  a  post  town  in  Orange 
county,  Vermont;  situated  between  Wash- 
ington and  Northfiela,  14  miles  N  of  Ran- 
dolph, about  46  N  of  Windsor,  and  about 
he  same  distance  SE  of  Burlington,  on 
iake  Champlaine. 

Williamston,  a  post  town  in  Berkshire, 
Massachusetts  ;  20  miles  N  of  Pittsfield, 
and  13  S  of  Bennington,  in  Vermont; 
situated  in  the  NW  corner  of  the  state, 
containing  2086  inhabitants. 

IVilliaimton.  a  post  town,  the  capital 
of  OTartin  county.  North  Carolina  ;  lying 
on  the  S  side  of  Roanoke  river,  25  miles 
W  of  Plymouth,  53  NW  of  Washington 
on  Pamptico  river,  and  about  45  SE  of 
H:  lifax,  with  about  300  inhabitants.  ' 

Willmmstonvn,  a  township  of  Vermont, 
situated  in  Orange  county,  between 
Washington  and  Northfield  townships, 
and  containing  1353  inhabitants  in  1810. 

W'Uium3to-ivn.  a  township  of  Massa- 
chusetts, sit-,  ated  in  Berkshire  county, 
in  the  NW  corner  of  the  state,  joining 
Vermont  in  the  N,  and  New  York  in 
the  W.  It  contained  1843  inhabitants  in 
1810. 

WilHamstadt,  a  strong  seaport  of  Hol- 
land, built  bv  William  I.  prince  of  O- 
range,  in  1585.   The  river  near  which  it 


W  I  L 


WIL 


stands,  is  called  Butierfliet,  or  Holland  | 
D;ep,  and  is  one  of  the  bulwarks  of  the 
Dutch  on  tin-  side  of  Brabant.  The 
French  laid  siege  to  this  place  in  1793, 
but  were  obliged  to  raise  the  siege,  after 
a  gallant  defence;  but  they  took  it  in 
1795  It  is  15  mites  NE  of  Bergen-op- 
Zoom,  and  12  SWbf  Dort.  Lon  4  30  E, 
lat.  51  39  N. 

JV!!li{i'  Island,  a  rocky  island  at  the  N 
end  of  tne  island  of  Southern  Georgia. 
It  WaS  discovered  in  1775,  and  is  covered 
with  the  nests  of  manv  thousand  shags. 
Lon.  38  29  W,  lac.  54  OS. 

Willisawt  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canvon  of  Lucern,  seated  among  high 
mountains  on  the  river  Wiger,  25  miles 
NW  o)  Lucern. 

WiUhtoivn,  a  township  of  Pennsylvania, 
situated  i  Chester  county,  between  Go- 
shen tnd  £astown  townships,  and  con- 
taining 1175  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Willistoion,  a  township  of  Vermont, 
situated  in  Chittenden  county,  on  the  S 
W  side  of  Onion  river,  about  10  miles 
SE  of  Burlington  on  iake  Champlaipe. 
It  contained  1,195  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Willsborough,  a  post  town  in  Essex 
county,  New  York  ;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  lake  Champlaine,  and  command- 
ing an  extensive  view  of  that  water, 
and  nine  miles  NE  of  Elizabeth  town. 
It  supports  a  regular  communication, 
across  the  lake,  with  Burlington  and 
Vergennes  in  Vermont ;  being  15  miles 
NWof  the  latter,  and  about  25  SW  of 
the  former,  and  214  N  of  the  city  of  New- 
York. 

Wihnanstrand,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Wiburg,  famous  for  a  bat- 
tle fought  in  its  vicinity,  between  16,000 
Russians,  and  3,000  Swedes  ;  ,wlierein 
the  latter  were  defeated.  Lon.  27  54  E, 
lat.  61  20  N. 

Wilmington,  a  post  town  in  Windham 
county,  Vermont ;  15  miles  W  of  Brat- 
tleborough,  and  21  E  of  Benningtoff,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Green  Mountain,  having 
about  1000  inhabitants. 

Wilmington,  the  capital  of  New  Han- 
over county,  North  Carolina,  being  a  post 
town,  and  port  of  entry,  situated  on  the 
E  bank  of  Cape  Fear  river,  about  30 
miles  from  the  sea,  97  miles  S  by  W  of 
Newbern,  and  about  the  same  distance 
S  by  E  of  Fayetteville,  in  the  lat,  of  34 
deg.  10  N,  and  Ion.  of  78  deg.  10  W. 
This  is  one  of  the  principal  sea-ports 
in  North  Carolina.  The  annual  exports 
amount  to  150,000  dollars,  and  the  in- 
habitants, are  1,689,  two  thirds  being 
slaves. 

Wilmngtm*  a  post  town  and  port  of 


entry  in  Newcastle  county,  being  the 
largest  town  in  Delaware  Slate.  It  is 
seated  on  theN  bank  of  Christiana  creek, 
ne;>r  its  entrance  into  the  Delaware,  28 
miles  SW  of  Philadelphia^  74  NE  of  Bal- 
timore, and  117  from  Washington.  The 
town  is  incorporated,  and  governed  by 
two  burgesses,  and  six  assistants,  who,  x 
are  elected  annually.  It  is  regularly  built, 
the  houses  are  mostly  of  bricks,  and  con- 
tains about  3000  souls.  The'  principal 
foreign  trade  of  the  sute  passes  through 
this  port,  the  exports  in  1802  amounting 
i.o  44l>,500  dollars,  and  those  chiefly  in 
domestic  produce.  The  principal  pub- 
lic edifice  is  a  poor-house,  and  hospital, 
120  feet  wide  by  40  feet  deep,  and  three 
stories  high,  built  on  a  considerable 
etpinence  and  a  very  healthy  situation. 
It  lies- in  lat.  39  deg.  43  N,  and  lon.  75 
deg.  32  W. 

Wilna,  a  commercial  city  of  Lithuania, 
in  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with  a. 
bishop's  see,  an  university,  an  ancient 
castle,  and  a  palace.  The  houses  are  all 
built  of  wood.  It  was  taken  by  the  Rus- 
sians in  1794;  and  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Vilia  and  Wilna,  15  miles 
E  of  Troki,  and  215  NE  of  Warsaw.  Lon. 
25  39  E,  lat.  54  38  N. 

Wilsdvvf,  or  Wilsdorf,  a  town  of  Ger^ 
many,  in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxonv. 
Lon.  13  28  E,  lat.  51  5  N. 

Witshoveh,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ba- 
varia, seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Wils  and  Danube,  thirty  miles  NW  of 
Passau. 

Wil'snach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
margravate  of  Brandenburg,  sealed  on  a 
rivulet  that  falls  not  far  from  it  into  the 
Elbe. 

Wilson,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ten 
nessee,  situated  in  Mero  district,  and 
containing  11,952  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Wilton,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  county,  but  is  now  of 
small  note,  though  it  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  has  a  manufacture  of 
carpets  and  thin  woollen  stuffs.  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  confluence  of  the  Willy  and 
Nadder,  7  miles  NW  of  Salisburv,  and 
85  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  1  52  W,  lat. 
51  5  N. 

Wiltshire,  a  county  of  England,  so  cal- 
led from  the  town  of  Wilton;  once  its 
capital.  It  is  53  miles  long,  and  38  broad, 
bounded  on  the  NE  by  B  rkshire,  en  the 
E  by  Berkshire  and  Hampshire,  on  the 
W  by  Somersetshire,  on  the  S  by  Dor- 
setshire and  Hampshire,  and  on  the  NW 
aud  N  by  Gloucester.  The  land  in  this 
county  is  of  various  quality,  but  in  gene- 


W  I  M 


W  I  N 


ral  dry  and  elevated.  The  N  part,  for- 
merly over-run  with  forests,  and  at  pre- 
sent sprinkled  with  woods,  is  hilly,  but 
fertile,  and  affords  pasture  for  cattle. 
The  height  of  this  tract  is  proved  by  the 
various  rivers  which  have  their  sources 
in  it.  The  heads  of  the  Thames  in  Glou- 
cestershire are  very  near  the  border  of 
this  county  ;  and  several  of  its  tributary 
rills  rise  in  the  N  of  Wiltshire.  The 
chalk  hills  occupy  by  their  various  rid- 
g-es  a  considerable  part  of  the  middle  of 
this  county,  forming  wide  downs  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Marlborough.  Below 
the  middle  begins  that  extensive  tract 
of  open  downs'  and  heaths,  great  part  of 
which  bears  the  name  of  Salisbury  plain, 
the  most  remarkable  spot  of  the  kind  in 
England.  Over  these  wilds,  stretching 
beyond  the  reach  of  sight,  wander  vast 
flocks  of  sheep  with  their  solitary  shep- 
herds, the  sole  tenants  of  the  plain, 
except  the  bustard,  the  wheat-ear,  and 
a  few  other  lovers  of  the  desert.  Ruins 
of  Roman,  Saxon  and  Danish  monuments 
are  scattered  through  these  districts ; 
among  which  the  famous  Stonehenge 
rises  distinguished  to  the  view.  The 
soil  of  this  uncultivated  waste  is  said  to 
be  naturally  good,  producing  wild  bur- 
net,  and  fine  grasses  excellent  for  sheep. 
Its  edges  are  fertilized  by  folding  the 
flocks  upon  the  ploughed  land,  and  yield 
abundant  crops  of  rye,  barley,  and  wheat. 
To  the  south  of  the  largest  tract  of  plain 
is  a  rich  well-inhabited  country,  watered 
by  various  streams.  Between  the  rivers 
Willy  and  Nadder  lies  the  Chicklatle 
ridj=  e  of  hills,  among  which  is  Chilmark, 
noted  for  its  quarries.  Beyond  the  Nad- 
der, to  the  borders  of  Dorsetshire,  the 
open  plain  re-appears.  The  chief  manu- 
factures are  the  different  branches  of  the 
clothing  trade.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Upper  and  Lower  Avon,  the  Nadder, 
Willy,  Bourne,  and  Kennet.  This  coun- 
ty lies  in  the  diocese  of  Salisbury;  con-, 
tarns  29  hundreds,  one  city,  24  market- 
towns,  and  304  parishes  ;  and  sends  34 
members  to  parliament.  Salisbury  is  the 
capital. 

Wimbleton,  a  village  in  Surry,  on  an 
elevated  heath.  Here  is  a  park  belong- 
ing to  Karl  Spencer,  whence  may  be  seen 
19  parish  churches,  exclusive  of  those  of 
London  and  Westminster.  On  Wimble- 
ton  Common,  is  a  circular  encampment, 
including  seven  acres  :  the  trench  very 
deep  and  perfect.  Cambden  supposes  it 
to  have  been  the  site  of  a  battle  in  568, 
between  Ceaulin  king  of  the  West  Sax- 
ons, and  Ethelbert  king  of  Kent,  in  which 
the  latter  was  defeated.   At  Wimbleton 


are  copper  mills,  a  manufacture  for  print- 
ing calicoes,  and  another  of  japan  ware. 

Wimmis,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  canton  of  Bern,  seated  on  the  Sib- 
nen,  18  miles  S  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  8  E, 
lat.  46  34  N. 

Wimpfen,  a  free  imperial  town  of  Ger- 
many in  Suabia,  seated  on  the  Neckar,  8 
miles  N  of  Hailbron,  and  22  E  of  Heidel- 
berg.   Lon.  9  25  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Winborn,  or  Winbom  Minster,  a  town 
in  Dorsetshire,  with  a  market  on  Fri- 
day. It  is  a  pretty  large  well-inhabited 
place,  has  a  handsome  church,  called 
the  Minster,  and  had  a  monastery,  in 
which  were  interred  some  West  Saxon 
kings.  It  is  seated  between  the  Stour 
and  Allen,  six  miles  N  of  Poole,  and 
102  SW  of  London.    Lon.  2  1  W,  lat 

50  47  N. 

Wincaunton,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on 
the  side  of  a  hill,  24  miles  S  of  Bath,  and 
108  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  18  W,  lat. 

51  1  N. 

Jfinchcomb,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  was  for- 
merly noted  for  its  abbey,  whose  mitred 
abbot  had  a  seat  in  parliament.  It  is 
seated  in  a  deep  bottom,  16  miles  NE  of 
Gloucester,  and  93  WNW  of  London. 
Lon.  2  0  W,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Jl'inchelsea,  a  town  in  Sussex,  one  of 
the  cinque  ports.  It  was  built  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.  on  the  destruction  of 
a  more  ancient  town  of  the  same  name, 
with  18  churches,  and  distant  about  3 
miles.  It  was  swallowed  up  by  the  sea, 
in  a  terrible  tempest,  and  the  new  town 
being  sacked  by  the  French  and  Spani- 
ards, and  deserted  by  the  sea,  dwindled 
t©  a  mean  place.  It  is  a  corporation, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament. 
It  is  seated  on  a  rocky  cliff,  on  an  in- 
let of  the  sea,  and  had  a  haven  now 
chouked  up.  Three  of  the  gates  are 
still  standing,  but  much  decayed.  Win- 
chelsea  is  two  miles  SW  of  Rye,  and  71 
SW  of  London.  Lon.  0  44  E,  lat.  50 
58  N. 

Wichcndom,  a  post  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  35  miles  NW  of 
Worcester,  and  65  W  by  N  of  Boston, 
containing  1173  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Winchester,  a  city  of  Hampshire,  with 
two  markets,  on  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day. It  is  pleasantly  seated  in  a  valley 
between  hills,  on  the  delightful  river 
Itching,  and  is  about  one  mile  and  a  half 
in  circumference  round  the  walls,  through 
which  there  are  four  gates :  however, 
there  is  some  waste  ground  within  the 
walls,  and  at  present  but  five  parish 


W  I  N 


WIN 


churches  besides, the  cathedral,  which  is 
a  lr-.rge  -  n  l  beautiful  structure,  and  in 
wh  ch  are  interred  several  Saxon  kings 
and  queens,  and  its  altar  piece  is  sam  to 
he  the  finest  in  England.  The  other  re- 
markable building's  are  'he  bishop's  pa- 
lace, the  hall  where  the  assizes  are  kept, 
anu  the  college  or  school,  winch  last  is 
without  the  walls.  fcingCharies  H.  appoin- 
ted Sir  Christopher  Wren  to  build  a  royai 
palace  Here,  but  he  never  lived  to  see  it,  fi- 
nished :  nor  has  it  been  hitherto  cod- 
ing to  the  original  plan.  In  the  late  Wars 
it  was  htted  tip  for  the  reception  of  pri- 
soners, but  is  now  inhabited  by  a  great 
number  of  the  French  emigrant  clergy. 
Near  the  S  end  of  the  city  is  the  hospiu  I 
of  St.  Cross,  founded  by  a  bisliop  of  V\h 
see,  for  a  master,  nine  poor  brethren,  and 
four  out-pensioners.  All  travellers,  who 
call  at  this  hospital,  have  a  ri;  hi  to  de- 
mand some  bread  and  Ik er,  winch  is  al- 
ways brought  to  them.  Near  the  E  gate 
of  the  city  is  St.  John's  hospital,  in  the 
hall  of  which  the  corporation  give  their 
entertainments.  The  city  is  inter&pei  scd 
with  a  great  many  gardens  which  contri- 
bute to  its  healthiness  and  beauty.  Win- 
chester was  of  great  note  in  the  time  of 
the  Saxons,  and  here  Egbert  wa;>  crown- 
ed the  first  sole  monarch  of  England. 
The  city  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  ami 
sends  iwo  members  to  parliament.  It 
seated  in  a  valley  on  tne  river  Itchen,  21 
miles  NW  of  Chichester,  and.  63  W  in 
N  of  London.    Lon.  1  21  W,  lat,  51  5  N. 

Winchester,  a  post  town  and  the  capiu.i 
of  Frederick  county,  Virginia,  17  r#i)es 
W  by  N  of  Ailrby's  ferry  on  Shenandoah 
river,  18  N  of  Strasburg,  and  82  NW  of 
Washington.  This  is  one  of  '.he  oldest; 
towns  in  western  Virginia,  being  a  place 
of  considerable  rendezvous  at  the  time 
of  Braddock's  defeat.  It  is  now  in  a  thriv- 
ing state  and  carries  oil  a  large  inland 
trade.  It  is  incorporated  and  contains  a- 
bout  2500  inhabitants. 

Winchester,  a  township  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, situated  in  Ch  shire  county,  on  tin 
the  E  side  of  the  Ashueh't  liver,  ami 
containing'  1478  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Windaiv,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  C  ur 
land,  with  a  Castle',  and  a  harbour  at  lb 
mouth  of  die  Wetaw,  in  ihe  B.dtic,  ?d 
miles  NW  of  Mit  aw,  and  100  N  of  Me 
mel.  Lon.  22  5  E  lat.  57  2';  X. 

Windermere-water,  or  Winander-mei*e, 
the  most  extensive  lake  in  England,  ly- 
ing between  Westm  .r.  land  :»nd  Lanrp- 
•shire.  It  extends  10  miles  from  N  to  S, 
but  in  no  part  broader  than  a  m;le;.  and 
exhibits  a  greater  variety  of  fine  lands 
caries  than  any  lake  in  England.    It  is  fa- 


mous for  its  fine  char,  and  abounds  also 
with  trout,  perch,  pike,  and  eel.  It  has 
a  communication  on  the  W  with  Esth- 
waite  water;  and  its  principal  feeders 
are  the  rivers  Rothayund  Bratbay,  This 
lake  is  frequen  ly  intersected  by  promon-? 
lories,  and  spotted  wi  h  islands.  Among 
e,  the  Holme,  or  Great  Island,  an  ob- 
long tract  of  30  .acres  crosses  the  lake  in 
an  oblique  line,  surrounded  by  a  number 
of  irdecio?  isles,  finely  ^wooded,  Not  one 
ind-rush,  or  swamp>  reed,  defile's  the. 
m^rgttfr  of  dus  lake.  "'^f^S^fej^a^"'-^1 '  $ 

)f '  tnhi  jn.     -ia.  JViimondlnm. 

iiind>.um\  a  Count}  of  Vermont,  con- 
t.miing  26.76o  Lfchabit  .mis' in  1810.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E  b;  Connecticut  river 
w  hich  separates  it  f-om  the  state  of  Con- 
necticut ;  on  the  N  by  Windsor  county; 
on  the  !  W  hv  Bennington  ;  and  on  the  S 
by  the  state  of  Massachusetts.  The  chief 
town  New  Fane. 

Windham,  a  county  of  Connecticut, 
containing  2b. 641  inhabitants  in  1810.  It 
is  bouivteu  on  t!ie  E  by  Rhode  Is. and; 
on  the  N  by  Massachusetts  ;  on  the  V  by 
Tolland  county  ;  •••ml  on  the  S  by  New 
London  conu.y.  T'ne  chief  town  is  Wind- 
ham. r Wj  x^'" A&J v> •^yiJ^'a^lSKsS* 

Windham,  a  posi  town  in  Rockingham 
county  New  Hampshire,  8  miles  S  by  E 
:  L  intlonderry^  Ao  SW  of  Furtsmouth, 
and  29  W  of  N<  wb.iryport. 

Windham,  a'pos  town,  the  capital  of 
i\  i;,cJ!iam  conn  y  C  imecticut,  10  miles 
W  or  Canterbury,  12  N  by  "W  of  Norwich, 
.nd  32  E  of  Hartford,  containing  about 
500  iniiab'rants. 

IVindismerk,  a  territory  of  Germany, 
i.Mui.n  ■•  tW  Impart  ofCarniola.  Metiing 
is  t  he  ap'nal, 

ll'nullingen,  a  town  of  Germany  in 
Suabn,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg, 
*eate'd  oil  the  Neckar,  12  miles  from  Stut- 
g~ard. }  ■     *  i*    ,\         >j  ■ 

Wnuhhcim,  an  imperial  town  of  Ger- 

irv  in  Fi  anconia.  Lon.  10  25  E,  lat. 
49- 25  N. 

Windsor,  a  township  of  Pennsylvania, 
:  itH&ted  m  York  county,  on  the  SW  side 
of  S usquehannah,  about  ten  miles  E  of 
'.   br  rough  of  York,  and  containing  1739 
inhabitants  in  1810. 

Windsor,  the  capital  of  Windsor  coun- 
v.  Vermont,  situated  on  ihe  W  side  of 
onnecticul  river.  40. miles  E  by  S  of 
R  Hand,  and  22  S  by  W  of  Dartmouth 
college,  New  Hampshire.  The  seat  of 
government  alternates  between  this  town 
u:d  Rutland. 

Windsor,  a  post  town  in  Hartford  coun- 
ty, Connecticut;  lying  on  the  W  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  7  miles  N  of  Han- 


WIN 


ford,  and  22  S 
Massachusetts, 
in  1810.  -t&lL^ll 
Windsor*,  a  considerable 
Berkshire.   It  is  pleasun 
banks  of  the  Thames,  on 
iuence.    It  is  celebrated 


by  W  of  Springfield,  [Lodge 
It' had  2868  inhabitant* 


borough  ir 
is  seated  r.  tht 
a  beautiful  em 
for  its  magnifi 


jfei&nt  castle,  built  originally  by  Will.am 
the  Conqueror,  and  enlarged  by  Henry  I. 
It  has  been  enlarged  and  repaired  by  se- 
veral monarchs,  and  Charles  II.  restored 
the  castle  to  its  pristine  splendour :  he 
enlarged  the  windows,  and  made  them 
regular;  funushed  theroyal  apartment* 
with  paintings;   enlarged  the  terrace 
walk,  made  by  queen  Elizabeth  on  the  N 
side  of  the  castie  ;  and  carried  another 
terrace  round  the  E  and  S  sidea.  His 
present  majesty  has  also  made  very  fine 
improvements  in  it.    This  castle  is  seat- 
ed on  a  high  hill,  which  rises  by  a  gentle 
ascent,    it  isapla.ee  of  great  strength  on 
(account  of  its  situation,  as  it  stands  on 
an  eminence  and  affords  a  most  delightful 
and  extensive  prospect  over  the  country 
to  a  considerable  distance.    The  royal 
foundations  in  this  castle  are;  the  or- 
der of  the  garter,  instituted  in  1349,  con- 
sisting of  the  sovereign,  and  25  knights 
companions,  exclusive  of  the  princes  of 
the  blood-royal;  and  the  royal  college  6i 
St.  George,  consisting  of  a  dean,  12  ca- 
nons,/minor  canons, and  18poor  ki.ights; 
and  the  ceremony  of  installing  the  knights 
of  the  Garter  isperformed  on  St.  George's 
day,  with  great  pomp  and  magnificence  ; 
and  St.  George's  Hall,  which  is  paved 
with,  marble,  is  one  of  the  finest  rooms  in 
Europe.    The  ro)al  chapel  at  the  E  end 
of  it,  is  also  paved  with  marble  and  a- 
dorned  with  carved  work,  exceeding!) 
curious.    St.  George's  chapel,  in  which 
the  knights  of  the  Garter  are  installed, 
is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  stately- 
Gothic  buildings  in  the  world  ;  in  the 
choir  are  the  stalls  for  the  26  knights, 
with  banners  over  them,  and  a  throne  for 
the  sovereign.  As  the  knights  die,  their 
banners  are  taken  down,  and  their  titles 
and  coats  of  arms  engraved  on  little  cop- 
per plates  and  nailed  to  the  stalls,  from 
whence  they  are  never  removed.    The  a- 
partments  of  tins  palace  are  adorned  with 
curious  paintings,  and  the  rooms  are 
large  and  lofty,  insomuch  that  they  are 
hardly  to  ue  paralleled  in  Europe.  Op- 
posite the  SE  side  of  tiie  castie,  is  a  mo- 
dern-built mansion,  called  the  Queen  s 
L  'dge.    Adjoining  the  Queen's  Lodge  is 
the  Little  Park.    O  .    he  S  side  of  the 
to  m  is  the  Great  P  -  k,  which  is,  14 
ftules  in  circumference.    It  has  a  nobl 
ro   1  from  the  town,  through  a  double 
plantation  of  trees,  to   tb^e  Ranger's 


W  I  N 

On  the  elea;h  of  the  last  ranger, 
Henry  Frederic  duke  of  Cumberland,  his 
majesty  took  the  management  of  this 
park  into  his  own  hands  :  and  the  im- 
provements made  by  his  majesty,  are  ve- 
ry considerable  with  respect  to  agricul- 
tural utility,  as  well  as  rural  beauty. 
W  indsor  is  17  miles  E  by  N  of  Reading, 
and  22  W  of  London  Lon.  0  36  W,  lat. 
51  30  N. 

Windsor  Fptest,  a  forest  in  the  E  part 
of  i-rikshire,  30  miles  in  circumference, 
i  hough  the  soil  is  generally  barren  and 
uncultivated,  it  has  long  been  famous  for 
its  rural  beauties,  and  for  the  pleasures 
of  the  chase  which  it  has  afforded  to  a 
long  series  of  our  monarchs.  It  was  the 
(heme  of  the  juvenile  muse  of  Pope,  who 
was  born  within  its  precincts.  Within 
the  forest  is  contained  the  Great  Park, 
covered  with  noble  trees,  and  stocked 
with  numerous  herds  of  deer.  It  contains 
several  towns  and  villages,  of  which  O- 
kingham,  nea*r  the  centre  of  the  forest,  is 
the  principal.  See  Bivfeid. 

Wihihdixrd;  Islands,  such  of  the  Carrib- 
beun,  in  the  W  est  Indies,  as  commence  at 
Mart'imco,  and  extend  to  Tobago. 

IVinthji.rd  Passage.,  the  strait  between 
Point  Maizi,  at  the  E  end  of  the  Island  of 
Cuba,  and  Cape  St.  Nicholas,  at  the  NW 
xtremity  of  St  Domingo. 

IVumendeii,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Sua- 
bia,  12  miles  ENE  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  16 
K,  lat.  48  49  N. 

li  iuvicza,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  in 
Podolia,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name  with  a  castle.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Cossacks  in  1658,  but  retaken  soon  after. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Hog,  35  miles 
H  of  Bracklaw.  Lon.  28  12  E,  lat.  49 
23  N. 

lViimsboro\  a  town  of  South  Carolina, 
Fairfield  count)',  and  30  miles.  N  by  W 
of  Columbia,  about  the  same  distance  W 
of  Camelen,  and  143  N  by  W  of  Charles- 
ton. Here  is  a  post  office,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants are  about  200. 

Winsckoten,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Groningen,  where  the  Prince  of 
Orange  first  defeated  the  Spaniards  in 
1548'  It  is  6  miles  SW  of  Dollart  Bay, 
and  16  SE  of  Groningen.  Lon.  6  58  E,  lat. 
53  3  N. 

Wi'nsen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Lunenburg,  seat- 
ed at  the  confluence  of  the  Elbe  and  II- 
menau,  13  miles  NW  of  Lunenburg.  Lon. 
10  11  E,  lat.  53  24N7& 

Winshiem,  an  imperial  town  of  Germa- 
ny in  Franconia,  in  the  margravate  of 
Anspach.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  good 
am  part,  a  double  ditch  and  thick  walls 
Hanked  with  twenty  tov/ers.    The  inha- 


W  I  R 


W  I  S 


bitants  are  protestants.  In  1T30,  a  fire 
reduced  almost  the  whole  town  to  ashes. 
It  is  sealed  on  the  Aisch,  30  miles  NW 
of  Nuremburg.     Lon.  10  31  E,  lat.  49 

32  N. 

lVinslow%  a  town  in  Buckinghamshire, 
with  a  market  oil  Tuesday,  7  miles  NW 
of  Ailesburv,  and  50  WNVV  of  London. 
Lon.  0  45  W,  lat.  51  57  N. 

JVinsloiv,  a  post  town  in  Kennebec 
county,  Maine  ;  situated  at  the  conflu- 
ence ot  Kennebec  and  Sibasticook  rivers, 
27  miles  W  of  Pitistbtt,  and  45  N  of  Wis- 
casset,  with  1250  inhabitants. 

Jl'mster,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  which 
h;is  no  market  but  a  meeting  for  the  sale 
of  provisions  on  Saturday.  It  is  five 
miles  NW  of  Derby,  and  152  NNW  of 
London. 

ITmterberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia.  Lon.  8  15  E,  lat. 
51  5  N. 

IVinterburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Rhine. 

Winteringham,  a  corporate  town  in  Lin- 
colnshire, whose  mayor  can  only  be  cho- 
sen from  one  particular  street.  It  has  a 
fair  in  July. 

Wintevthur,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  canton  of  Zuric,  where  there  is  a  rich, 
library  and  a  mineral  spring.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  river  Ulach, 
15  miles  NE  of  Zuric.  Lon.  8  45  E,  lat. 
47  31  N. 

Wintertonnes,  the  NE  cape  of  Norfolk, 
five  miles  N  of  Yarmouth. 

Winthrop,  a  post  town  in  Kennebec 
county,  Maine,  ten  miles  W  of  Augusta, 
five  NE  of  Monmouth,  and  60  N  by  E  of 
Portland,  containing  1444  inhabitants. 

JVipperfurt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  WTestphalia,  seated  near  the 
source  of  the  Wipper. 

U'lpni,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony.  Lon.  11  20  E,  lat. 
51  30  N. 

Wirksvsovt,  a  populous  town  in  Derby- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is 
seated  in  a  valley,  near  the  source  of  the 
Ecclesbonv,  and'  remarkable  for  having 
the  greatest  lead  market  in  England.  It 
is  13  miles  N  by  W  of  Derby,  and  139 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  1  30  W,  lat.  53 
6N. 

Wirtemberg,  or  JFuxfcmburg,  a  sove- 
reign duchy  of  Germany,- in  the  circle  of 
Suabia;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Franconia, 
the  archbishopric  of  Mentz,  and  the  pa- 
latinate of  the  Rhine  ;  on  the  E  by  the 
county  of  Oetlng,  the  marquisate  of  Bur- 
law, and  Uie  territory  of  Ulrn  ;  on  the  S 
by  the  principality  of  ilohenzollern,  the 
county  of  Furstenburg,  and  the  marqui- 
sate of  Hohenburg  ;  and  on  the  W  by  the 


marquisate  of  Baden,  and  the  Black  Fo- 
rest. It  is  65  miles  in  length,  and  near- 
ly as  much  in  breadth.  Though  there 
are  many  mountains  and  woods,  it  is  one 
of  the  most  populous  and  fertile  conn- 
tries  in  Germany,  producing  plenty  of 
pasture,  corn,  fruit,  and  a  great  deal  of 
wine.  There  are  also  mines  and  salt 
springs,  and  much  game.  Stutgard  is 
the  capital. 

Wisbaden,  a. town  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Nassau,  capital  of  a  lord- 
ship of  the  same  name,  subject  to  the 
prince  of  Nassau  Saarbruck.  It  is  fa- 
moustfor  its  warm  baths,  and  mineral  wa- 
fers ;  and  is  5  miles  N  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8 
20  E,  lat.  49  56  N. 

JVisbeach,  a  town  in  Cambridgeshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
in  a  fenny  country,  in  the  lakes  of  Bly, 
between  two  rivers,  and  possesses  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  the  export  of  corn,  and 
of  oil  pressed  from  seeds  at  mills  in  its 
neighbourhood.  Barges  only  can  come 
up  its  river,  large  vessels  stopping  six 
miles  below.  It  is  89  miles  N  by  E  of 
London.    Lon.  0  6  E;  lat.  52  38  N. 

H'isby,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the  isle 
of  Gothland,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated 
on  the  side  of  a  rock,  on  the  Baltic,  88 
miles  SE  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  18  41  E, 
lat.  57  36  N. 

Jf'iscassety  a  port  of  entry,  and  post 
town  in  Lincoln  county,  Maine ;  lying 
on  the  E  side  of  Sheepscut  river,  13 
miles  NE  of  Bath,  18  S  of  Pittston,  and 
55  NE  of  Portland,  in  lat.  43  deg.  58  min 
N,  arid  lon.  69  deg.  22  min.  W.  The  inha- 
bitants are  estimated  at  2083  ;  they  have 
a  bank,  and  their  annual  exports  amount 
to  $23,000. 

IViset,  a  small  fortified  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  the  duchy  of  Limburg, 
seated  on  the  Maese,  7  miles  N  of  Liege, 
and  20  NW  of  Limburg.  Lon.  5  40  E, 
lat.  50  41  N. 

Wischgrod,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Plocksko,  seated  on  the  Vistu- 
la, 58  miles  NW  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  19  50 
E,  lat.  52  44  N. 

Wisloche,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  the  El- 
satz,  8  miles  S  of  Heidelberg.  Lon.  8  48 
E,  lat.  49  18  N. 

Wismar,  a  strong  seaport  of  Germany, 
in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  seated  at 
the  bottom  of  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  36 
miles  E  of  Lubec,  and  66  W  bv  S  of 
Stralsund.    Lon.  11  44  E,  lat,  53  54  N. 

Wiston,  a  corporate  town  in  Pembroke- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It 
is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  was  former- 
ly strengthened  with  a  castle,  which  is 
now  a  gentleman's  seat.   It  is  ten  miles 


W  I  T 


wort 


X  of  Pembroke,  and  225  WNW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  4  52  W,  lat.  51  53  X. 

H'nc'nvood,  X\\c  only  forest  in  Oxford- 
shire wo/thy  of  notice. 

IFitipski,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  capital 
of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
♦jgastle.  The  fortifications  are  so  good, 
that  the  Russians  have  besieged  it  seve- 
ral times  in  vain.  It  is  seated  in  a  mo- 
rass, at  the  confluence  of  the  Dwina  and 
W  idsha.  65  miles  E  of  Polotsk,  and  80  W 
NW  of  Smolensko.  Lon.  29  40  E,  lat.  55 
43  N. 

H'ifham,  a  town  in  Essex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday.  Its  church,  an  ancient 
Gothic  structure,  stands  one  mile  worn 
the  lown,  at  a  place  called  Chipping  Hill. 
It  is  eight  miles  XL'  of  Chelmsford,  and 
37  ENE  of  London.  Lon.  0  41  E,  iat.  51 
51  X. 

ft'it/mm,  a  river  in  the  district  of  Kes- 
teven  in  Lincolnshire,  which  rising- in  the" 
SW  corner,  flows  by  Lincoln,  and  enters 
the  German  Ocean,  below  Boston.  It  is 
but  a  shallow  stream,  and  abounds  in 
vast  quantities  of  Pike.  From  Lincoln  it 
has  a  communication  with  the  Trent,  by 
a  navigable  canal  called  the  Fosdike,  cut 
by  kirifc  Henry  I. 

IViVisth,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Treves,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  river  Leser. 

Witney,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  Here  are  manu- 
factures of  the  finest  blankets,  and  other 
thick  woollens,  called  bearskins  and  ker- 
seys. It  is  eight  miles  NW  of  Oxford, 
and  64  WNW  of  London.  Lorn  1  18  W, 
lat.  51  52  N. 

fJ'itshavsen,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
landgravate  of  Hesse  Cassel.  Lon.  9  46 
E,  lat.  51  24  N. 

Wittemberg,  a  strong  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  capi- 
tal of  the  duchy  of  Saxony,  with  a  fa- 
mous university,  and  a  castle.  It  is  the 
place  where  the  general  assemblies  of 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony  are  heid.  It 
is  famous  for  being  the  place  where  Mar- 
tin Luther  was  professor  in  the  universi- 
ty, and  is  buried  in  a  chapel  belouging  to 
the  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  55 
miles  NW  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  47  E, 
lat.  51  49  N. 

Wittenbergen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony.  Lon.  11  48 
E,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Wittemleiri,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Livonia,  %Q  fides  S  of  Re- 
vel.   I x>n.  24  39  E,  lat.  58  47  X. 

JVittimund,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  seated  near  the 
German  Ocean.  Lon.  7  4  E,  lat.  53  41  X. 


JVittlesea-Mer?,  a  lake  in  the  XE  p  \V* 
of  Huntingdonshire,  six  miles  long  and 
three  broad.  It  is  four  miles  S  of  Peter- 
borough. 

WittUch,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
eircle  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  electorate  of 
Treves,  38  miles  SW  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  6 
27  K,  lat.  50  7  X.  * 

Witts'Soae-t  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony.  Lon.  12  30  E, 
lat.  53  10  X. 

IVtolescomb,  a  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  20  miles  XX 
E  of  Exeter,  and  155  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  3  28  W,  lat.  51  4  X. 

JHosimeitz.  a  town  of  Little  Poland, 
capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  in 
Volhinia,  with  a  ci'.stle.  It  is  seated  on 
he  Luy,  which  falls  into  the  Rug,  36 
miles  W  of  Lucho,.and  56  X  of  Lemburg. 
Lon.  24  30  E,  lat.  513  X. 

\Yoahoo\  o:v  of  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
seven  leagues  NW  of  Morotoi.  From  die 
appearance  of  the  ]SE  and  NW  parts,  it 
is  the  finest  island  of  the  group.  A  bay 
is  formed  by  the  X  and  W  extremities, 
into  which  a  fine  river  empties  itself, 
through  a  deep  valley;  but  tiie  water  is 
brackish  for  200  yards  from  the  entrance. 
It  contains 60,000  inhabitants.  Lieutenant 
Mergist,  commander  of  the  Daedalus 
storeship,  who  had  been  sent  from  Eng- 
land, in  1791,  with  a  supply  of  provisions 
tor  the  Discovery  sloop,  captain  Vancou- 
ver, then  on  a  voyage  of  discovery,  was 
here  surprised  and  murdered  by  the  na- 
tives, together  With  Mr.  Gooch,  the  as- 
tronomer.   Lon.  157  51  W,  lat.  21  43  X. 

D'obur-n,  a  town  in  Bediordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
rising  ground,  and  was  formerly  famous 
for  its  abbey,  which  now  belongs  to  the 
duke  of  Bedford,  and  is  his  country  seat. 
Woburn  was  burnt  down  in  1724,  but  has 
been  neatly  rebuilt,  and  has  a  free-school, 
and  aclian  y-school,  founded  by  iheduke 
of  Bedford.  Near  it  is  found  great  plen- 
ty of  fuller's  earth.  It  is  12  miles  S  of 
Bedford,  and  42  XNW  of  London.  Lon. 
0  32  W,  lat.  52  2  X. 

lVobum,  a  small  post  town  in  ?*Iiddle- 
sex  county,  Massachusetts,  8  miles  S  of 
Andover,  33  SW  of  Newbury  port,  and  It 
NW  of  Boston. 

Wodncy,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  th© 
circle  of  Prach,  seated  on  the  Bianit2,  12 
miles  NW  of  Budweis.and  56  S  of  Prague. 
Lon.  14  50  E,  lat.  42  9  X. 

li'oerdcn,  a  town  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces, in  Holland,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
18  miles  S  of  Amsterdam.  This  town 
was  taken  by  the  French,  in  1794.  Lon, 
4  51  E,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Wohlau,  a  strong  town  of  Bohemia,  in, 
5  E 


WOL 


WOO 


Silesia,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  castle.  The  greatest  part 
of  the  inhabitants  are  employed  in  a 
woollen  manufacture.  It  is  seated  near 
the  Oder,  20  miles  NW  of  Breslaw,  and 
.2  SE  of  Glowgaw.  Lon.  16  54  E,  lat. 
51  18  N. 

Wokingham.    See  Okinghani. 

Wolbeck,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia. 

Wolcott,  a  township  of  Connecticut,  si- 
tuated m  New  Haven  county,  and  con- 
tai n  ng  952  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Wolfenbuttle,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony  and  duchy 
of  Brunswick,  with  a  castle,  where  the 
duke  of  Brunswick  Wolfenbuttle  resides. 
It  is  one  of  the  strongest  places  in  Ger- 
many. Here  is  an  excellem  library,  with 
a  cabinet  of  curiosities  relating  to  natural 
history.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ocker,  seven 
miles  S  of  Brunswick,  and  30  W  of  Hal- 
berstadt.    Lon.  10  42  E,  lat.  52  18  N. 

Woffersdike,  an  island  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Zealand,  between  N  Beve- 
land  and  S  Beveland. 

JFolfsperg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Low 
cr  Cai ■inthia,  with  a  castle,  on  which  the 
district  about  it  depends.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Lavand,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain 
covered  with  wood,  and  full  of  wolves, 
whence  the  town  took  its  name.  It  is  36 
miles  E  of  Clagcnfurt.  Lon.  15  10  E,  lat. 
46  56  N. 

Walgast,  a  considerable  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Swedish  Pomerania,  capital  of  ; 
territory  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle 
and  one  of  the  best  and  largest  harbours 
on  the  Baltic.  It  is  seated  on  the  Psin, 
12  miles  SE  ofGripswald,  25  SE  of  Steal- 
sund,  and  45  NWof  Stetin.  Lon.  14  4  E. 
lat.  54  IN. 

Wolkoskov,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Novogorod,  100  miles  S 
E  of  Novogorod.  Lon.  34  20  E,  lat.  57 
30  N. 

Wolkowskjt,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Novogrodeck,  seated  on  tin 
Ros,23  miles  SE  of  Grodno.  Lon.  24  46 
E,  lat.  53  4  N. 

Wooler,  a  town  in  Northumberland, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  In  a  plain 
near  this  town  was  fought  a  battle  so 
bloody  as  to  give  the  name  of  Redriggs 
to  the  place  where  it  was  fought.  Lon.  1 
46  W,  lat.  55  34  N. 

Wollin,  a  seaport  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony  in  Prussian  Po- 
merania, capital  of  an  island  of  the  same 
name,  in  i he  mouth  of  the  Oder.  It  is 
JO  miles  W  of  Cammin.  Lon.  14  39  E 
lat.  54  4  N. 

Wolmur,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Livonia,  seated  on  the  Aa, 


38  miles  N  of  Riga.    Lon.  24  25  E,  laL-' 

Wolverhampt on,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,^ 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  has  an 
ancient  collegiate  church,  annexed  to  the? 
deanery  of  Windsor,  and  a  handsome  cha- 
pel. It  is  chiefly  noted  for  a  great  iron 
manufacture,  consisting  of  locks,  hinges, 
buckles,  cork  screws  and  japanned  ware. 
It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  13  miles  S  of  Staf- 
ford, and  124  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  0 
VV,  lat.  52  47  N. 

Wolvey,  a  village  in  Warwickshire, 
five  miles  SE  of  Nuneaton.  Here  Ed- 
ward IV.  was  surprised  and  taken  pri- 
soner by  Richard  Nevil  earl  of  War- 
wick. 

Womeldorff,z  flourishing  town  of  Berks 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Tulpehocken  creek,  about  18 
miles  NW  of  the  borough  of  Reading. 

Wood,  a  county  of  Virginia,  contain- 
ing 3036  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  a 
mountainous  country,  situated  W  of  the 
Laurel  Mountain. 

Woodbridgc,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on  the  E 
sideof  a  sandy  hill,  on  the  river  Deben, 
eight  miles  from  the  sea.  It  has  docks 
for  building  ships,  carries  on  a  great 
corn  trade,  is  famous  for  refining  salt, 
^nd  much  lime  is  burned  here  from  fos- 
sil sea  shells.  It  had  an  abbey,  of  which 
there  are  no  remarkable  ruins.  It  is 
seven  miles  ENE  of  Tpswich,  and  76  N 
E  of  London.    Lon.  1  25  E,  lat.  52  11  N. 

Woodbridge,  a  village  with  a  postoffice, 
in  Middlesex  county,  New  Jersev,  3  miles 
N  of  Amboy,  4  S  of  Rahway,  and  10  NE 
of  New  Brunswick. 

Woodbridge,  a  township  of  Connecti- 
cut, situated  in  New  Haven  county, 
about  seven  miles  NW  of  the  city  of  New 
Haven,  and  containing  2030  inhabitants 
m  1810. 

■  Woodbury,  a  town  in  Litchfield  county, 
Connecticut,  10  miles  S  of  Bethlehem,  and 
19  N  by  W  of  New-Haven.  Here  is  a 
post  office. 

Woodbury,  a  post  town  in  Gloucester 
county,  New  Jersey,  near  red  bank,  and 
10  miles  S  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  the 
principal  seat  of  justice  in  the  county, 
and  contains  500  inhabitants. 

Woodchester,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, where  some  antiquities  have  lately 
beer,  discovered. 

Woodford,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  con- 
taining 9659  inhabitants  in  1810.  The 
hief  town  is^Versailles. 

Woodstock,  a  borons.' h  in  Oxfordshire, 
vith  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  has  a 
manufactory  of  ornamental  goods  in  po- 
usJied  steel,  which  employs  a  few  hands*. 


woo 


WOR 


and  another  of  gloves.  It  was  formerly 
i  famous  for  its  royal  park,  in  the  intricate 
recesses,  of  winch  king"  Henry  II.  con- 
cealed his  mistress,  the  fair  Rosamond 
The  spot  is  now  no  less  celebrated  for 
the  magnificent  seat  of  Blenheim,  a  gift 
of  the  British  parliament  to  the  great 
duke  of  Marlborough,  on  account  of  his 
signal  victory  over  the  French  at  Hoch 
stet,  or  Blenheim  in  Germany.  It  is  one 
of  the  noblest  seats  in  Europe.  One  of 
the  passages  to  it  is  over  a  bridge  with 
one  arch,  190  feet  in  diameter,  resem- 
bling the  Rialto  at  Venice.  The  gar- 
dens take  up  100  acres  of  ground  ;  and 
the  offices  which  are  very  grand,  have 
room  enough  to  accommodate  300  peo- 
ple. The  apartments  of  the  palace  are 
magnificently  furnished,  and  the  stair- 
cases, statues,  paintings  and  tapestry, 
surprisingly  fine.  Chaucer  the  poet,  was 
born,  lived,  and  died  here.  It  is  eight 
miles  NW  of  Oxford,  and  62  WNW  of 
London.    Lon.  1  15  W,  lat.  51  52  N. 

Woodstock,  a  post  town,  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Shenandoah  county,  Virginia,  12 
miles  S  by  Wof  Strasburg,  30  S  of  Win- 
chester, 20  N  of  New  Market,  and  112 
from  Washington.  It  stands  on  the  E 
side  of  North  river,  a  branch  of  Shenan- 
doah. 

Woodstock-,  a  town  of  Connecticut,  si- 
tuated in  Windham  county,  about  20 
miles  N  of  Windham,  and  containing 
2654  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Woodstown,  a  post  town  in  Salem  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  1 1  miles  N  by  E  of  Salem, 
and  26  S  of  Philadelphia,  and  bps  300  in 
habitants. 

Woolpit,  a  town  in  Suffolk  famous  for 
the  manufacture  of  white  bricks. 

Woolwich,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday.  Here  are  several  fine 
docks,  rope-yards,  and  spacious  maga- 
zines, this  place  being  wholly  taken  up 
and  raised  by  the  works  erected  for  the 
naval  service.  Besides  the  stores  of 
plank,  masts,  pitch,  tar,  Sec.  there  is  the 
gunyard  called  the  Warren  or  Park, 
where  they  make  trial  of  the  guns,  mor- 
tars, &c.  in  which  may  be  seek  some 
thousand  pieces  of  ordnance  for  ships 
and  batteries,  besides  mortars,  bombs, 
ike.  without  number.  Under  the  mili- 
tary branch  is  the  Warren,  where  artille- 
ry of  all  kinds  and  dimensions  are  cast. 
Here  is  also  a  laboratory,  where  the  mat- 
trosses  are  employed  in  the  composition 
of  fire  works  and  cartridges,  and  in  char- 
ging bombs,  carcases,  grenadoes.  A  roy- 
al academy  is  established  here,  under  the 
board  of  ordnance,  for  the  instructing 
and  qualifying  of  young  gentlemen  in- 
tended as  candidates  for  the  office  of 


engineer  in  the  military  branch  of  that 
office.  The  largest  ships  ride  here  safer 
ly,  even  at  low  water.  Some  hulks  are 
moored  off  this  town,  for  the  reception 
of  convicts  who  are  employed  in  raising 
gravel  from  the  river.  It  is'  10  miles  E  of 
London.    Lon.  0  10  E^t.  51  30  N. 

Worcester,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ma- 
ryland, containing  16,971  inhabitants  in 
1810  ;  situated  on  the  Eastern  shore  be- 
tween Somerset  county  and  Delaware  bay. 
The  chief  town,  Snow-Hili. 

Worcester,  a  city  in  Worcestershire, 
capital  of  that  county,  with  a  market  on 
YVednesday,  Friday,  and  Saturday,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  contains  nine  churches, 
besides  the  cathedra],  and  St.  Michael's, 
without  the  liberties  of  the  city;  and  has 
also  three  grammar-schools,  seven  hospi- 
tals, and  a  well-contrived  quay.  It  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayor,  sends  two  members 
to  parliament  It  is  a  large  well  inhabit- 
ed city,  carrying  on  a  considerable  trade 
in  gloves,  and  has  likewise  a  large  manu- 
facture of  elegant  china  ware.  Here 
Cromwell,  in  1651,  obtained  what  he  cal- 
led his  crowning  victory  over  the  Scotch 
army,  which  had  marched  into  England 
to  reinstate  Charles  II.  who,  after  this 
defeat,  underwent  such  fatigue  and  ro- 
mantic hazards  in  escaping  from  his  ene- 
mies. Worcester  is  seated  on-  a  gentle 
ascent,  on  the  Severn,  36  miles  NNE  of 
Bristol,  and  118  WNW  of  London.  Lon. 
2  0  W,  lat.  52  9  N. 

Worcestershire,  a  county  of  England, 
30  miles  long,  and  20  broad  ;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Shropshire  and  Staffordshire, 
on  the  E  by  Warwickshire,  on  the  W  by 
Herefordshire,  on  the  SE  and  S  by  Glou- 
cestershire, being  in  circuit  124  miles, 
and  contains  600,000  square  acres.  It  is 
divided  into  five  hundreds,  and  contains 
one  city,  10  market  towns,  and  70,000  in- 
habitants. It  is  in  the  diocese  of  Wor- 
cester, and  sends  nine  members  to  par- 
liament. The  air  of  Worcestershire  is 
very  healthy,  and  the  soil  in  the  vales 
and  meadows  very  rich,  producing  corn 
and  pasture,  particularly  the  rich  vale 
of  Evesham,  which  is  justly  styled  the 
granary  of  these  parts.  The  hills  have 
generally  an  easy  ascent,  except  Mal- 
vern hill;  and  feed  large  flocks  of  sheep. 
This  county  had  formerly  two  large 
forests,  but  the*iron  and  salt  works  have 
in  a  manner  destroyed  them  ;  and  there- 
fore these  works  are  now  chiefly  carried 
on  with  coal,  with  which  this  county 
abounds.  A  number  of  rivers  and  rivu- 
lets water  the  fine  meadows,  and  give 
them  a  richness  that  is"  easily  perceived 
in  the  butter  and  cheese.  Here  is  plenty 
of  fruits  of  most  sorts,  especially  pears? 


WOR 


W  R  E 


which  are  in  many  places  ffeund  growing 
in  the  hedges,  and  On  that  accouiu  perry 
is  here  in  great  repute.  The  chief  com- 
modities are  coals,  corn,  hops*  cheese, 
cider,  perry,  and  sa.lt.  Its  chief  manu- 
factures are  carpeting,  china  and  earthen 
ware,  woollens,  and  stockings.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  theBevcrn,  Terae  or  Tend, 
and  Avon. 

Worcester,  a  populous  count}**  in  the 
state  of  Massachusetts,  containing  64, 
910  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  E  by  Middlesex  and  Norfolk  conn- 
ties  ;  on  the  N  by  the  states  of  New 
Hampshire  and  Vermor.t ;  in  the  W  hv 
Hampshire  county  ;  and  in  the  S  by  the 
states  of  Rhode  island  and  Connecticut. 
The  principal  town  is  Worcester. 

Worcester,  a  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing-  868  in- 
habit aits  in  1810  It  is  a  sm^township* 
situated  between  Gained  and  Norilo':, 
cn  the  E  s:de  of  Skippack  creek. 

Worcester,  the  capital  of  V,' ore  ester 
county,  Massaclmsetts  ;  46  miles  Vv'  of 
Boston,  34  N  bv  W  of  Providence  (Rhode 
Island),  and  50  NE  of  Springfield  (Mas- 
sachusetts). This  is  esteemed  one  of  the 
largest  inland  towns  in  the  stale,  con- 
taining 2411  inhabitants,  and  carries  on 
some  manufactures,  particularly  print- 
ing, with  great  spirit.  Isaiah  Thomas,  ot 
this  town,  has  published  as  many  books 
as  any  bookseller  in  the  United  States. 

Worcum,  a  town  of  Dutch  P  :  •:>-, 
seated  on  the  Maese.  Lon.  4  52  E,  lat. 
51  52  N. 

Worcum,  a  seaport  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Friesland,  seated  on  the  Zui- 
der-Zee,  18  miles  SW  of  Lewarden.  Lon. 
5  15  E,  lat.  53  0  N. 

Warden,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony.  • 

Wordingberg,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in 
the  island  of  Zealand.  Lon.  11  58  E,  lat. 
55  3  N- 

Woringen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Cologne,  seated  on  theRhine, 
8  miles  from  Cologne. 

Workington,  a  seaport  in  Cumberland, 
seated  on  the  Derwent,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge.  This  was  the  landing  place 
of  the  unfortunate  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
when  she  was  driven  to  take  refuge  in  the 
dominions  of  her  insidious  .  rival,  Eliza- 
beth. In  its  neighbourhood  is  a  large 
iron  foundery.  Workington  is  7  miles  "W 
of  Cockermouth,  and  307  N  of  London. 
Lon.  3  35  W,  lat.  53  42  NT. 

Worksop,  a  town  in  Nottinghamshire, 
with  a  market  on  WedncfcT.y.  Quanti- 
ties  of  lieorice  are  grown  in  its  vicinity, 
and  there  are  a  great  many  noblemen's 
scats  neurit.    The  .canal  from  the  Trent 


to  Chesterffetd  passes  by  this  phr  c  T# 
is  24  miles  N  of  Nottingham,  and  146  N 
bv  W  of  London.    Lon.  1  0  Ytf,  'lat.  53  , 

20  N. 

Worms,  an  imperial  city  of  Germany^ 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  with  an 
episcopal  see,  whose  bishop  is  a  prince 
of  the  empire.  It  is  famous  lor  a  diet 
:eld  in  1521,  at  which  Luther  assisted 
in  person.  The  protestants  have  a  church 
here,  where  Luther  is  represented  as  ap-' 
pearing  at  the  diet.  Worms  is  noted  for 
an  excellent  wine,  called  our  Lady's 
milk,  which  is  made  i.i  the  neighbour- 
hood. The  French  took  this  town  in 
1794.  It  is  seated  on  the  W  bank  of  the 
Rhine,  20  miles  SE  of  Mentz,  and  32  9 
W  of  Francfort.  Lon.  8  29  E,  lat.  49  32  N\ 

Worsted,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  noted  lor  being  the 
place,  where  worsteds  were  first  made. 
£tJs  12  miles  N  of  Norwich,  and.  120  NE 
of  London.  Lon.  1  26  E,  lat.  52  52  N. 

Worthingion,'*  post  town  in  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  10  miles  W  of 
Northampton,  19  E  of  Pittsfield,  and  44 
XAV  of  Brookfield;  containing  1223  in- 
habitants. 

Wotton  Basset,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated 
near  the  Forest  of  Brandon,  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  30  miles 
N  of  Salisbury,  and  89  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  54  W,  lat.  51  31  N. 

Wotton-nnder-Edge,  a  corporate  town 
in  Gloucestershire j  with  a  market  on  Fri- 
day. It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  inha- 
bited chiefly  by  clothiers  It  is  seated 
under  the  hills,  20  miles  NE  of  Bristol, 
antl  108  WNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  11  W, 
lat.  51  40  N". 

IVrug-uv,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  11  miles  ENE  of 


Linco 


and  144  N  of  London.    Lon.  0 


10  W,  lat.  53  18  N. 

JJ  ritth,  Cape,  a  vast  promontory  in  Su- 
therland shire,  which  forms  the  N  W  point 
of  Great  Britain.  It  is  the  dread  of  ma- 
riners',- for  against  its  rugged  and  lofty 
cliffs  the  rapid  tide  bursts  with  incredi- 
ble fury. 

Wrejultam,  a  post  town  in  Norfolk 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  26  miles  S  by  W 
of  Boston,  and  19  NE  of  Providence, 
(Rhode  Island).  It  has  2061  inhabitants. 

Wrexltaivty*  town  in  Denbighshire, with 
a  market  on  Monday  and  Thursday.  \ 
is  the  most  populous  town  in  all  N  Wales, 
and  a  place  of  considerable  traffic  in  Welsh 
Hannels.  It  has  a  Gothic  church,  the  lofty 
steeple  of  which  is  the  boast  of  this  part 
of  the  country.  In  the  vicinity  of  Wrexhair: 
is  a  large  foundery  for  cannon  and  other 
articles.    It  is  seated  on  a  river,  in  a 


w  u  s 


X  A  G 


country  affording-  plenty  of  lead.  Lon.  3 
l(fcW,*iat.  53  2  N. 

Wrinton,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  Mr.  Locke,  is  noted  for  cala- 
mine, and  seated  among  the  Mendip-hills, 
11  miles  WNWof  Wells,  and  125  W  of 
London.  Lon.  2  8  W,  lat.  51  21  N.  See 
JLaver. 

Wrotham,-  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday,  11  miles  WNWof  Maid- 
stone, and  24  SE  of  London.  Lon.  0  24 
E,  lat.  51  18  N. 

IVuanenherg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia.  It  is  14  miles  S  of 
Paderborn.    Lon.  8  15  E,  lat.  51  26  N. 

Wumiedd,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  with  mines  of  cop- 
per, and  quarries  of  marble,  in  its  vici- 
nity.   Lon.  12  24  E,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Wunstorf,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony. 

Jl'urtenburg.    See  Wirtembnrg* 

Wuvtzbnrg,  a  bishopric  of  Germany, 
comprehending  the  principal  part  of 
Franconia  ;  bounded  by  the  county  of 
Henneberg,  the  duchy  of  Coburg,  the 
abbey  of  Fulde,  the  archbishopric  of 
Mentz,  the  marquisate  of  Anspach,  the 
bishopric  of  Bamberg-,  and  the  county  of 
Wertheim, being  about  65  miles  in  length 
and  50  in  breadth.  The  soil  is  very  fer- 
tile, and  produces  more  corn  and  wine 
than  the  inhabitants  consume.  The  ter- 
ritories of  the  bishop,  comprehend  above 
400  towns  and  villages,  of  which  he  is 
sovereign,  being  one  of  the  greatest  ec- 
clesiastic princes  of  the  empire. 

JVurtzburg,  a  city  of  Germany,  in  Fran- 
conia. It  is  defended  with  good  fortifi- 
cations, and  has  a  magnificent  palace,  an 
university,  an  arsenal,  and  a  handsome 
hospital.  The  castle  stands  on  an  emi- 
nence, and  communicates  with  the  city 
by  a  stone  bridge,  on  which  are  12  sta- 
tues, representing  as  many  saints.  Wurtz- 
burg  was  taken  in  1796,  by  the  French, 
but  npon  their  defeat  in  September  fol- 
lowing, it  was  retaken.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Maine,  40  miles  SW  of  Bamberg,  and 
300  XW  of  Vienna.  Lon.  10  13  E,  lat. 
49  46  N. 

J't  nrznch,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia.  Lon.  10  5  E,  lat.  48  6  N. 

Wurzen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  territory  of 
Leipsic,  with  a  citadel.  Lon.  12  40  E, 
lat.  51  19  N. 

Tl'vsterhawen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony.  Lon.  i2  30 
E,  lat.  52  53  X. 

Wttzterliausen,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  the  middle  marche  of  Brandenburg-, 
II  miles  SSEof  Berlin. 


Wyahising,  a  post  town,  in  Luzerne 
county,  Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  X 
bank  of  Susquehannah,  near  the  mouth  of 
Wyalusing  creek,  28  miles  NW  of  Har- 
lem, and  62  NW  of  Wilkesbarre. 

Wye,  a  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market  on 
Thursday,  seated  on  the  Stour,  10  miles  S 
of  Canterbury,  and  56  SE  of  London. 
Lon.  1  4  E,  lat.  51  10  X. 

Wye,  a  river  of  Wales,  which  rises  on 
the  confines  of  Cardiganshire,  and  run- 
ning SE  divides  the  counties  of  Radnor 
and  Brecknock  ;  then  crosses  Hereford- 
shire, passes  by  Hereford,  and  turning 
directly  S,  runs  by  Monmouth,  and  falls 
into  the  mouth  of  the  Severn  at  Chep- 
stow. 

Wye,  a  river  in  Derbyshire,  which  rises 
in  the  NW  part,  above  Buxton,  and  flow- 
ing SE  falls  into  the  Derwent,  below 
Bake  well. 

Wye,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  a  terri- 
tory of  the  abbey  of  St.  Gallen,  with  a 
palace.  It  is  built  on  an  eminence,  16 
miles  SSW  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  4  E,  l»t 
47  34  N. 

Wyl    See  Weil 

Wynendale,  a  town  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders, where  general  Webb,  in  1708,  with 
6000  men  only,  defeated  24,000  French, 
It  is  8  miles  EXE  of  Dixmude. 

Wyre,  a  river  in  Lancashire,  which  rises 
near  Wyresdale,  6  mdes  SE  of  Lancaster, 
and  passing  by  Garstang,  enters  the  Irish 
Sea,  below  Poulton. 

Wythe,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Virgi- 
nia, containing  8356  inhabitants  in  1810, 
It  is  bounded  on  the  E  by  Grayson  coun- 
ty ;  on  the  N  by  Montgomery  county; 
on  the  W  by  Washington  county ;  and  on 
the  S  by  North  Carolina.  It  is  watered 
by  the  Great  Kenhawa  river,  on  ihe  banks 
of  which  have  been  discovered  some  rich 
lead  mines. 

Wythe,  C.  II.  ti  e  seat  of  justice  in 
Wythe  county,  Virginia ;  where  there  is 
a  post  office,  58  miles  XE  of  Abington, 
31  SW  of  lnglisville,  and  351  from 
Washington. 


X. 


XABEA,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Va- 
lencia.   Lon.  0  25  E,  lat.  38  40  N. 

Xacca,  or  Sacca,  a  seaport  of  Sicily, 
with  an  old  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
S  coast  of  the  island,  at  the  foot  of  a. 
mountain,  20  miles  SE  of  Mazara,  and  41 
SSW  of  Palermo.  Lon.  13  2  E,  lat.  37 
41  N. 

Xagiia,  a  seaport  on  the  S  coast  of  tbt- 


X  I  X 


Y  A  R 


island  of  Cuba,  one  of  the  finest  in  Ame- 
rica. 84  miles  SE  of  Havanna.  Lon.  80  45 
W,  lat.  22  10  N. 

Xalapa,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  Tlascala,  wi  h  a  bishop's  see. 
Lon.  98  20  \V,  lat  19  32  N. 

Xalisco,  a  town  of  New  Sprun;  in  the 
province  of  Guadalajara  Proper,  seated 
on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  400  miles  W  o 
Mexico.    Lon.  110  5  W,  lat.  22  3  > 

Xativa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  VaVncia: 
It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hilt;  at  tin 
foot  of  which  runs  the  Zucar,  32  miles 
SW  of  Valencia,  and  50  N\V  of  Alicant. 
Lon  0  H  W,  lat.  59  4  N. 

Xavier,  or  Sabi,  the  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  Whidah,  on  the  Slave  Coast  of 
Guinea.  It  is  noted  for  its  great  mar- 
ket, which  is  held  at  the  distance  of  a 
mile  from  the  walls.  The  market-place 
is  surrounded  by  sutler's  booths,  which 
are  only  permitted  to  sell  certain  sorts 
of  meat,  as  beef,  pork,  and  the  flesh  of 
goats  and  dogs.  Here  slaves  of  both  sexes 
are  bought  and  sold,  as  well  as  oxen, 
sheep,  dog's,  hogs,  fish,  and  birds.  Here 
are  to  be  found  various  commodities  of 
Whidau  manufacture,  and  every  thing  of 
European,  Asiatic,  or  African  production. 
Xavier  is  seated  one  mile  from  the  river 
Euphrates. 

Xavier,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre, 
35  miles  SE  of  Pampeluna. 

Xavier,  St.  a  town  of  Paraguay,  in  the 
province  of  La  Plata.  200  miles  W  of  Rio 
Janeiro.    Lon.  50  6  W,  lat.  24  0  S. 

Xeres-He-Buth,joz,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Estremadura,  and  in  die  territory  of  Tra- 
la-Guadiana,  seated  on  the  rivulet  of  Ar 
dilla,  27  miles  SE  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  6  52 
W,  lat.  38  9  N. 

Xeres-de-Guadiana,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  seated  on  the  Guadiana,  18 
miles  N  of  Ayamonte.  Lon.  7  15  W,  lat. 
37  30  N. 

Xeres-de-la-Frontera,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia,  famous  for  excellent  wine  ; 
and  hence  is  derived  the  name  of  tint 
we  call  Sherry.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gua- 
daleta,  5  miles  N  of  Port  St.  Marv,  and 
110  S  by  W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  59  W, 
lat.  36  42  N. 

Xeres-de-la-Frontera,  a  town  of  New 
Spain,  in  the-  audience  of  Guadalajara. 
Lon.  104  25  W,  lat.  22  35  N. 

Xicoco,  an  island  of  Japan,  between 
Niphon  and  Saikoka. 

Ximo,  an  island  of  Japan,  the  second 
in  size  and  eminence,  to  the  SW  of  Ni- 
phon, from  which  it  is  divided  by  a  nar- 
row channel.  >  It  is  300  miles  in  circum 
ference. 

Xixona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
and  in  the  territory  of  Segura,  with  a 


strong  castle.  It  is  seated  among  moun-. 
t  uns,  in  a  country  that  produces  excel-' 
1  nt  win* ,  15  miles  SW  of  Alicant.  Lon. 

0  10  W,  lat.  38  6  N. 

Xucar,  a  river  of  Spain,- which  rises  in'' 
\T(  *  Castile,  m  the  Sierra-de-Cuenza.  It' 
p  .sses  by  Cuenza,  and  entering  the  pro- 
duce of  Valencia,  runs  into  the  gulf  of 
Valencia,  a*  the  town  of  CuJleru 

Xudtiorrod,  a  town  o*  TurklslvCroafi^J 
17  moes  \T  of  Sepenicft,  and  '67  E  of  Kza- 
ra.    Lou.  16  51  E,  lat.  40  34  N. 


Y. 


^,.an  arm  of  the  Zuider  Zee,  wbidi 
enters  that  sea,  five  miles  E  of  Ai  ;s;er- 
dam.    It  forms  the  boun  fciry  I).,  rween  N 
and  S  Holland,  and  is  prom  'inced  Ey. 
Yadkin  Hirer.    See  Prd^e, 
Yuik.    See  Ural. 

Yaik  Cossacks.    See  Uralir.n  Cossacks. 
Yuitsk.    See  Uralsk. 
Yakutsk,  one  of  the  four  provinces  df 
the  Russian  government  of  Irkutsk,  in 
the  eastern  part  of  Siberia. 

Yakutsk,  a  town  of  Siberia,  caphal  of 
a  Russian  province  of  ihe  same  name, 
seated  on  he  river  Lena.  Lon.  129  53  E, 
lat.  62  1  N. 

Yale,  the  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  island  of  Ceylon. 

Yambo,  a  seaport  of  Arabia,  with  a 
castle,  on  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  60 
miles  SW  of  Medina.  Lon.  40  10  E,  lat, 
23  40  N  - 

Yamburg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go* 
yermnem  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  28  16  E, 
lat.  59  15  N. 

Yanceyville,  a  post  town  in  Louisa 
county,  Virginia,  14  miles  S  of  Louisa 
Court-house,  14  N  of  Caroline  Court- 
house, aim  60 N  W  of  Richmond. 

Yang-tcheou,  a  populous  city  of  China, 
in  tire  province  of  Kiang-nan.  It  is  45 
mile*  NE  of  Nan-king. 

Yang-tse-kiang,  a  great  river  of  China, 
which  rises  in  the  province  of  Yunman, 
and  having  crossed  Hou-quang  and  Ki- 
ang-nan, enters  the  Eastern  Ocean,  op- 
posite the  isle  of  Tsong-ming,  which  is 
formed  by  the  sand  accumulated  at  its 
mouth.  In  the  months  of  April  and  May 
great  number  of  excellent  fish  are 
caught  in  this  river  which  are  sent  to 
court,  covered  with  ice  in  barques  kept 
for  the  purpose. 

Y  :rp,  a  river  in  Norfolk. 
Tarkan.    See  Ireken. 
Yarmouth,  a  borough  in  Norfolk,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday 


Y  A  R 


YEN 


It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yare, 
and  has  long-  been  known  as  one  of  the 
principal  sea-ports  in  England;  and  tho' 
from  die  fluctuation  of  trade  several 
newer  ones  have  outstripped  it  in  busi- 
ness, it  still  retains  considerable  conse- 
quence in  its  double  capacity  of  a  port 
and  a  fishing-  to>vn.  By  means  of  iis 
rivers  it  enjoys  all  the  import  and  export 
trade  of  Norwich,  and  various  places  on 
that  side  of  Norfolk  and  Sutiolk.  '  To 
them  it  conveys  coal,  timber,  and  fo- 
reign products ;  and  by  its  means  are 
exported  their  corn  and  malt  in  vast 
quantities,  and  their  manufactured  goods. 
Jts  harbour  will  not  admit  ships  of  large 
burden,  but  is  extremely  convenient  for 
business,  the  vessels  lying  in  the  river 
along  a  very  extensive  and  beautiful 
quay.  The  foreign  trade  of  this  port  is 
cha  tty  to  the  Baltic,  Holland,  Portugal, 
and  the  Mediterranean.  It  also  sends 
ships  to  the  Greenland  fishery.  The 
home  fishing  is  carried  on  at  two  sea- 
sons :  that  for  mackrei  in  May  and  June, 
and  that  for  herring  in  October  and  No- 
vember. The  latter  is  the  most  consi- 
derable ;  and,  besides  the  boats  belong- 
ing to  the  town,  many  cobles  from  the 
Yorkshire  coas' ,  hired  for  the  purpose, 
are  employed  in  it.  Yarmouth  is  much 
frequented  in  the  season  as  a  place  for 
sea-bathing.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament. 
The  market-place  is  very  spacious  ;  but 
the  streets  in  general  are  very  narrow, 
and  just  wide  enough  for  their  little  car- 
riages to  pass  through.  These  carriages 
are  a  kind  of  sledge,  drawn  by  one  horse, 
and  calculated  entirely  for  these  narrow 
slreets.  Here  are  two  churches  ;  that  of 
St.  Nicholas  has  a  lofty  steeple,  whicj 
serves  as  a  seamark,  and  which  ever  wa\ 
it  io  viewed,  it  appears  crooked.  Off  the 
mouth  of  the  harbour  is  a  bar,  which 
prevents  the  entry  of  sh.ps  of  large  bur- 
den ;  and  the  many  sandbanks  off  tin 
coast,  at  a  distance,  form  the  Yarmouth 
Roads,  so  noted  for  frequent  shipwrecks. 
Yarmouth  is  27  miles  E  of  Norwich,  and 
112  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  55  E,  lal  52 
45  ^. 

Yarmouth,  a  borough  in  Hampshire, 
on  the  W  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
with  a  strong  castle.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on  a 
creek,  eight  miles  \V  of  Newport,  and 
123  SW  of  London.  Lon.  1  28  W,  lat. 
50  40  N. 

Yarmouth,  a  post  town  in  Barnstable 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  situated  5  miles 
E  by  N  of  Barnstable,  and  76  SE  of  Bos- 
ton, with  1727  inhabitants. 

YaroLlqf,  a  government  of  Russia,  for- 


merly a  province  of  the  government  of 

Moscow. 

Yaroslaf,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of 
a  government  of  the  same  name,  seated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Volga.  Lon.  38 
59  E,  lat.  57  35~S. 

Yartitiii  a  town  in  the  N  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Teves,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge,  40  miles  NNW  of  York,  and 
238  N  by  M  of  London.  Lon.  1  12  W, 
lat.  54  31  N. 

Yaruhi,  a  village  of  South  America,  in 
Peru.  lLre  Ulloa  and  the  French  ma- 
thematicians measured  an  arch  of  the 
meridian. 

Yell,  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  to  the 
N  of  that  called  Mainland.  It  is  12  miles 
long  and  8  broad,  and  has  several  good 
harbours. 

Yellow  lliver,  or  Hoang-Ho,  a  large  ri- 
ver of  Asia,  which,  after  a  course  of* 
nearly  60Q  leagues  across  Tartary  and 
China,  enter's  the  Eastern  Sea,  to  the  N 
of  the  mouth  of  Yan-tse-kiang.  It  is  very 
broad  and  rapid, but  so  shallow  that  it  is 
scarcely  navigable.  It  is  called  the  Yel- 
low River,  because  the  clay  and  sand 
winch  it  washes  down,  especially  in  time 
of  ruin,  makes  its  water  appear  of  a  yel- 
low colour.-  % 

Yellow  Sea,  a  gulf  of  China,  between 
the  provinces  of  Pe-tcheli  and  Chang- 
tong  on  the  "W,  and  the  peninsula  of  Co* 
rea  on  the  E. 

Yenisei,  or  Jenisa,  a  river  of  Siberia, 
which  running  from  S  to  N,  enters  the 
Frozen  Ocean,  to  the  E  of  the  bay  of  Oby. 

Yeniseisk,  or  Jeniskoi,  a  large  and  po- 
pulous town  of  Siberia,  in  the  province 
of  Tomsk,  seated  on  the  river  Yenisei. 
Lon.  92  35  E,  lat.  57  46  N. 

Yen-ping-foii,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  hokiew.  It  lias  in  its  dis- 
ci ict  seven  cities  of  the  third  class;  it 
is  s  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre, 
upon  the  brow  of  a  mountain,  which  is 
vaslicd  by  the  river  Min-ho  ;  it  is  forti- 
fied by  inaccessible  mountains,  which 
cover  it  on  every  side,  and  all  the  barques; 
of  the  province  must  pass  by  the  foot  of 
its  wulls,  to  go  to  their  different  places 
of  destination.  It  is  275  miles  S  of  Nan- 
king. 

Yen-tclieou-fon,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Chang-tong.  The  jurisdic- 
tion of  this  city  is  very  extensive,  con- 
taining four  cities  of  the  second  and  23 
of  the  third  class  ;  and  it  is  seated  be- 
tween two  rivers,  275  miles  SE  of  Pekim 

Yen-tchi7ig;  a  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chang-tong,  and  jurisdiction  of 
Tsi-nan-fou,  where  a  kind  of  glass  is 
made,  so  delicate  and  brittle,  that  it 


Y  O  R 


Y  OR 


cracks  when  exposed  to  the  smallest  in- 
juries of  the  air. 

Yeovil,  or  Ivel,  a  corporate  town  in  So- 
mersetshire, with  a  market  on  Friday. 
Here  is  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  but  the 
principal  one  is  of  gloves.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Ivel,  20  milt's  S  of  Wells,  and  123 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  37  W,  lat. 
90  55  N. 

Yesdy  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac  Agemi, 
on  the  road  from  Kerman  to  Ispahan.  It 
has  a  silk  manufacture  ;  and  here  are 
made  the  finest  carpets  in  the  world.  It 
is  200  miles  ESE  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  56  50 
£,  lat.  32  0  N. 

Yonkers,  a  post  town  in  West  Chester 
county,  New  York,  11  miles  N  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  and  253  from  Washington. 
It  has  1365  inhabitants. 

Yonne,  a  department  of  France,  con- 
taining part  of  the  late  province  of  Bur- 
gundy. It  is  so  called  from  a  river  that 
rises  in  the  department  of  Nievre,  and 
passing  by  Chateau  Chinon,  Clamenci, 
Auxerre,  Joigny,  and  Sens,  falls  into  the 
3eine.    Auxerre  is  the  capital. 

Yoriman,  a  province  of  Guiana,  about 
150  miles  in  length,  on  the  river  Amazon. 

York,  a  city,  the  capital  of  Yorkshire, 
with  an  archbishop's  see,  and  a  market 
on  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday. 
It  is  the  Eooracum  of  the  Romans,  and 
many  of  their  coffins,  urns,  coins,  &c. 
have  been  found  here.  It  has  always 
been  considered  as  the  capital  of  the 
North,  and  in  point  of  rank,  as  the  se- 
cond city  in  the  kingdom  :  and,  although 
it  is  now  surpassed  in  wealth  and  po- 
pulousness  by  many  of  the  more  modern 
trading  towns,  it  still  supports  a  consi- 
derable degree  of  consequence,  and  is 
the  residence  of  many  genteel  families. 
The  cathedral  of  St.  Peter,  generally 
called  the  minster,  is  reckoned  the  most 
elegant  and  magnificent  Gothic  structure 
in  the  kingdom,  Lincoln  perhaps  excep- 
ted. From  its  top  is  seen  a  vast  extent 
of  country,  particularly  the  open  Wroulds 
to  the  E,  stretching  almost  to  the  sea 
Besides  this  cathedral,  York  contains  17 
churches  in  use.  It  is  divided  by  the 
tiuse  into  two  parts,  which  are  united 
by  a  stone  bridge  of  five  arches,  and  the 
river  is  navigable  to  this  city  for  vessels 
of  seventy  tons  burthen,  although  it  is 
60  miles  from  the  sea.  It  castle  built  by 
William  the  Conqueror,  is  now  a  county 
prison  for  debtors  and  felons.  This  city, 
which  is  a  liberty  independent  of  either 
of  the  ridings,  has  jurisdiction  over  36 
villages  and  hamlets  W  of  the  Ouse, 
called  the  Liberty  of  Ainsiy.  It  is  divi- 
ded ivito  four  wards,  has  28  parishes,  and 
is  wailed  round.  There  was  a  grea,t  trade 


here  formerly ;  but  it  has  decayed  since 
the  reformation,  and  the  abolition  of  the 
court  of  the  president  of  the  north.  The 
plenty  and  cheapness  of  provisions  here 
brings  abundance  of  strangers  hither 
tor  the  conveniency  of  boarding ;  and 
the  remains  that  are  still  to  be  seen  here, 
of  the  ingenuity  and  grandeur  of  the 
old  Romans,  besides  the  ruins  of  abbeys, 
castles,  and  churches,  of  a  later  date, 
attract  and  detain  every  traveller  who  is 
inquisitive  after  antiquities  or  curiosi- 
ties. It  is  a  dukedom  belonging  to  the 
royal  family  of  England.  The  Guild- 
hall, built  in  1446,  is  a  grand  structure, 
supported  by  two  rows  of  oak  pillars, 
each  pillar  a  single  tree.  The  corpora- 
tion built  a  mansion  house,  in  1728,  for 
the  lord  mayor:  and  here  also  is  a  thea- 
tre royal,  and  an  asylum  for  lunatics 
York  is  70  miles  S  by  E  of  Durham,  and 
193  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  1  W,  lat. 
53  59  N. 

Yorkshire,  a  county  of  England,  dou- 
ble in  size  to  any  of  the  other;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Durham  and  Westmoreland; 
on  the  E  by  the  German  Ocean ;  on  the 
W  by  Westmoreland  and  Lancashire  ; 
and  on  the  S  by  the  counties  of  Chester, 
Derby,  Nottingham  and  Lincoln.  Its 
most  remarkable  natural  inland  bounda- 
ries are,  the  river  Tees  to  the  N,  the 
ridge  of  hills  called  the  English  Appen- 
nines  to  the  W,  and  the  arm  of  the  sea 
named  the  Humber  to  the  SW.  The 
tength  of  this  county  is-  above  eighty- 
miles,  and  its  breadth  an  hundred.  From 
its  great  extent  it  has  been  distributed 
into  three  main  divisions,  called  Ridings. 
Of  these  the  N  riding  comprehends  the 
whole  northern  part  from  side  to  side, 
descending  to  the  capital  in  the  centre 
the  E  Riding  takes  the  south  eastern 
part,  from  the  river  Ouse  to  the  sea ;  and 
the  W  Riding  comprises  all  the  rest  oi 
the  county,  which  is  not  only  the  wes- 
tern, but  most  of  the  southern  part 
Yorkshire,  in  this  wide  compass,  contains 
an  abstract  of  the  whole  kingdom  with 
respect  to  soil,  products,  and  face  of 
country.  Towards  the  NW  and  W,  it 
possesses  all  the  grandeur  and  romantic 
variety  of  the  mountainous  regions.  The 
middle  part,  from  N  to  S,  is  equal  in  fer- 
tility to  most  tracts  of  land  in  England. 
Part  of  the  S  and  SE  is  marshy,  and  af- 
fords excellent  pasturage  for  cattle. 
Much  fiax  is  grown  in  parts  of  this  dis- 
trict. The  sea-coast  except  the  southern 
part  of  it,  is  in  general  naked  and  drea- 
ry, consisting  of  wide  extended  moors 
and  barren  hills.  This  county  is  ex- 
tremely well  watered,  and  its  rivers  are 
disposed  in  a  singularly  beautiful  manner 


Y  O  R 


Y  O  R 


They  rise,  in  general,  in  the  mountainous 
skirts  uf  the  county,  from  the  NE  round 
to  tiie  SW ;  and,  uniting  as  they  proceed 
towards  its  centre,  like  the  veins  of  a 
spreading  leaf,  at   length  terminate  in 
o;ie  main  trunk,  which  issues  in  the 
If  lumber.    Of  these  the  principal,  and 
that  which  alone  preserves  its  name  to 
the  Humber,  is  the  northern  Ouse.  From 
the  mouth  of  the  Tees  the  Yorkshire 
coast  commences  high  and  rude,  inter- 
spersed with  many  fishing  villages,  sin- 
gularly placed  like  nests  upon  the  led- 
ges of  the  rocks.    No  coast  in  England 
abounds  more  in  fish  of  various  kinds 
than  this  ;  and  it  breeds  an  industrious 
and  hardy  race  of  fishermen,  who  pur- 
sue their  prey   to  great  distances  ami 
supply  the  inland  country  for  a  large  ex 
tent.    The  district  of  Cleveland,  inland 
from  this  part  of  the  coast,  is  a  fertile 
though  mountainous  country,  aad  breeds 
great  numbers  of  cattle.     Tiie  worst 
parts  breed  lean  cattle  ;  but,  on  the  sides 
of  the  hills,  in  the  vallies  and  plains,  it 
produces  good  corn,  and  rich  pastures 
for  large  cattle.    Uichmondshire,  on  the 
NW  of  this  riding,  was  formerly  a  coun- 
ty of  itself:  here  many  lead  mines  arc 
worked  to  great  advantage.    In  York- 
shire likewise  are  the  districts  of  Cleve- 
land, llolderness,  and  Craven.    In  th:s 
last  district  are  two  of  the  highest  hills 
in  England  j  the  one  named  Warfistde, 
the  other  Ingh.borough.    The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Ous^,  'Don,  Derwent,  Col- 
der, Aire,  YVarf,  Nidd,  lire,  and  Hull,  all 
which  terminate  in  the  Humber,  which 
falls  into  the  German  Ocean  between 
Yorkshire  and  Lincolnshire. 

York,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, containing  31,958  inhabitants  in 
1810.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E  by  Lan- 
caster aud  Dauphine  counties  ;  on  the  N 
W  by  Cumberland  county ;  on  the  W  by 
Adams  county  ;  and  on  the  S  by  the  state 
of  Maryland.  The  chief  town  :s  York. 

York,  a  county  of  Virginia,  contain- 
ing 5187  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  lies  be- 
tween York  and  James  rivers,  near  the 
entrance  of  Chesapeake  bay.  The  chief 
town  is  York,  rendered  famous  by  the 
capture  of  a  British  army  under  general 
Cornwailis. 

York,  a  county  of  South  Carolina,  con- 
taining 10,032  inhabitants  in  1810,  nearly 
one  third  slaves  It  is  situated  in  Pink 
ney  district,  and  joins  the  state  of  North 
Carolina.  It  is  a  fertile  and  healthy 
country,  being  well  watered,  and  lying 
at  the  foot  of  "the  first  considerable  ridge 
of  mountains. 

York,  the  capital  of  York  county  ,  Penn- 
sylvania, 12  .miles  W  of  Columbia  ort  the 


Susquehannah,  23  from  Lancaster,  .86 
from  Philadelphia,  aud  50  N  of  Balti- 
more.  It  stands  on  the  E  side  ot  Godo* 
rus  creek.  It  is  incorporated,  and  c  >n« 
tains  2847  inhabitants,  who  carry  on  a 
lively  retail  trade. 

Yui -fc,thc  capital  of  York  countv,Ma'u\e, 
situated  on  York  river,  near  the  oceaiij 
10  miles  NE  of  Portsmouth,  16  S  of 
Wells,  and  22  of  Kennebunk,  in  lal .  43  12 
N,  and  Ion.  70  39  W.  The  inhabitants 
who  are  estimated  at  2776  are  princi- 
pally engaged  in  the  fisheries. 

York,  .Yew,  one  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  bounded  on  the  SE  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  ;  on  the  E  by  Connecti- 
cut, Massachusetts,  and  Yermont ;  on 
the  N  by  the  45  deg.  of  lat.  Which  di- 
vides it  from  Canada;  on  the  N\V  bv 
the  river  St.  Li.wrence,  and  the  likes 
Ontario  and  Erie  j  and  on  the  SW  aud  S 
by  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey.  It  is 
350  miles  long  and  300  broad,  and  is 
iivided  into  forty-five  counties,  contain- 
ing 44,000  square  miles,  and  959,220  in- 
habitants. New  York,  in  general,  is  in- 
tersected by  ridges  of  mountains,  run- 
ning in  a  NE  and  SW  direction.  Beyond 
the  Allegheny  mountains,  however,  the 
country  is  quite  level,  of  a  fine  rich  soil, 
covered  in  its  natural  state,  with  various 
kinds  of  trees.  East  of  the  Allegheny 
mountains  the  country  is  broken  into 
hills  with  rich,  intervening  vallies.  The 
hills  are  clothed  thick  with  /imber,  and 
when  cleared  afford  fine  pasture.  The  val- 
lies when  cultivated,  produce  wheat, 
hemp,  Indian  corn,  &c  The  h  ills  are  cov- 
ered in  various  parts  of  the  State,  with  se- 
veral kinds  of  oak,  such  as  white,  red* 
yellow,  black  and  chesnut  oak.  Besides 
these  is  the  sumach,  which  bears  clus- 
ters of  red  berries';  the  Indians  chew 
the  leaves  instead  of  tobacco;  *he  ber- 
ies  arc  used  in  dyes.  Of  the  commodi- 
ties produced  from  culture  whoa!  is  the 
staple,  of  which  immense  quantities  are 
raised  .m:l  exported  Indian  corn  aud  peas 
are  likewise  raised  for  exportatioi  ,  and 
rye,  oats,  barley,  &e.  for  home  consump- 
tion. In  some  parts  of  the  state  large 
dairies  are  kept,  which  furnish  for  the 
market  butter  aud  cheese.  The  best 
lands  in  this  state,  which  lie  along  die 
Mohawk  river,  and  W  of  the  Allegheny 
mountains,  are  yet  in  a  state  of  nature* 
or  are  just  beginning  to  be  settled.  This 
state  abounds  with  several  fine  rivers  and 
lakes.  It  is  the  most  commercial  state 
in  the  union  ;  the  exports  have  in'  some 
years  amounted  to  16,000,000  dollars. 
The  capital  of  the  s^ajjs  and  scat  of 
government  is  Albany  on  the  river  Hud- 
son/. ■'\  '■■>  w  j  «    . • ' t^!^%fcfc#iA *-t  'j  • 

5  F 


Y  S  S 


YUN 


York  Ilivfr,  a  river  of  the  United 
States  of  North  America,  in  Virginia, 
formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Pamun- 
ky  and  Mattapony,  30  miles  above  York- 
Town,  below  which  place  it  enters  Che- 
s apeak  Hay. 

V'rrk  -town,  the  capital  of  York  county, 
Virginia  ;  a  port  town  and  port  of  entry. 
Tt  lies  on  the  S  side  of  York  river,  12 
miles  E  of  Williamsburg-,  65  E  by  S  of 
Richmond,  and  29  N  W  of  Norfolk,  in  lat. 
37  22  N,  and  Ion.  76  52  W.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  about  700.  Tins  town  is  render- 
ed famous  by  the  surrender  of  the  British 
army  under  Lord  Cornwall!*,  Oct.  19th 
1781. 

To-tcheou-fo}tf  a  commercial  city  of 
China,  in  the  province  of  Hou-quang, 
which  may  be  reckoned  one  of  the  weal- 
thiest cities  in  China.  Its  district  con- 
tains one  city  of  the  second,  and  seven  of 
the  third  class;  and  it  is  seated  on  the 
Yang-lse-kiang,275  miles  SW  of  Nan-king- 

y.;ughall,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  and  province  of  Minister, 
It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  has  a  very 
commodious  harbour,  with  a  well  defend- 
ed quay,  and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament. It  has  a  manufacture  of  earthen 
ware',  and  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Blackwater,  28 
miles  E  by  N  of  Cork.  Lon.  47  5  W,  lat. 
51  59  N. 

Ymtghiogeny,  a  river  of  Pennsylvania. 
It  rises  in  Virginia,  but  soon  enters  die 
Ibrmer  state,  and  runs  through  the  coun 
try  nearly  in  a  N\V  course  till  it  joins 
the  Monong-ahela,  about  15  miles  SE  of 
Pittsburgh. 

Young&to'tSn,  a  post  town  in  Trumbull 
county,  Ohio  ;  situated  on  a  branch  of 
Rig- Beaver  river,  eight  miles  NE  of  Can- 
fi  eld,  and  about  90  N  by  W  of  Pittsburg. 
TWe  inhabitants  are  about  500. 

Ypres,  a  large  city  of  Flanders,  with 
a  bishop's  see.  It  has  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  cloth  and  serges ;  and  e- 
very  year  in  lent  there  is  a  well  frequent- 
ed fair.  It  was  one  of  the  barrier  towns 
belonging  to  the  Dutch,  till  1781,  when 
they  were  obliged  by  the  emperor  to 
withdraw  their  garrison.  The  French 
took  this  town  in  1794.  It  is  seated  on 
t  he  Yperlcc,  12  miles  W  of  Courtrav,  15 
N  W  of  Lisle,  and  130  N  of  Paris 
48  E,  lat.  50  51  N. 


land,  12  miles  E  of  Cleves,  and  22  NE  ol 
Cueldres.    Lon.  6  15  E,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Ysselinondey  an  island  of  Holland,  situ- 
tuated  between  the  Merwe  and  a  branch 
of  the  Maese. 

Ysselstein,  a  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces in  Holland,  with  a  castle,  seated 
on  the  rives  Yssel,  5  miles  SW  of  Utrecht 
Lon.  5  5  E,  lat.  52  7  N. 


Yssengeaux,  a  town  of  France, 


th 


department  of  Upper  Loire,  and  latejjj 
province  of  Languedoc,  10  miles  NE  of  1 
Puy. 

Yvtadt,  or  Ydstadt,  a  seaport  of  Swe- 
den, in  the  province  of  Schonen,  26 
miles  SE  of  Lund.    Lon.  13  44  E,  lat.  55 

22  N.  ^^£3^1 
Ytlian.    See  Eithan. 
Yucatan.    See  Jucatan.+  Wmtf 
Yucn-iano-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Hou-quang.    Its  district  con- 
tains one  city  of  the  second,  and  six  of 
the  third  class.    It  is  300  miles  YV  of 
Nan-king. 

Yverdvn,  a  strong  town  of  Swisser- 
land,  in  the  Pays  de  Yaud,  capital  of  a 
bailiwic  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle. 
It  is  seated  in  a  flat  situation,  at  the  S 
end  of  the  lake  of  Yverdun,  on  the  rivers 
Orbe  and  Thiele,  30  miles  SW  of  Bern 
Lon.  6  50  E,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Yverdun,  Lake.    See  Aeuchatel. 
Yvetot,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  five  miles  NE  of 
Caudebec. 

Yuma,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands,  in 
the  W  Indies,  lying  to  the  N  of  Cuba ; 
55  mdes  in  length,  and  17  in  breadth. 

Yvmeto,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands,  in 
the  W  Indies,  to  the  N  of  the  isle  of  Yu- 
ma, lying  under  the  tropic  of  Cancer.  It 
is  37  miles  in  length. 

Yun,  the  largest  canal  in  China,  called 
also  The  Imperial  Canal.  This  celebrat- 
ed canal  winch  extends  from  Canton  to 
Pekin,  forms  a  communication  between 
the  N  and  S  provinces.  In  the  course  of 
its  navigation  a  great  number  of  lock* 
are  found,  which  the  want  of  water  suf- 
ficient to  carry  large  barks  has  rendered 
necessary.  The  obstacles  which  nature 
opposed  to  the  execution  of  this  magni- 
ficent work,  the  strong  and  long  dikes 


i£T  town  of 


Yteii(li,ck';  a  small  but  str 
Dutch  Flanders,  in  the  isle  of  C-.dsand, 
seated  on  a  branch  of  the  river  Scheldt, 
called  Blie,  eight  miles  E  of  Stays,  and 
18  KW  of  Ghent.  Lon.  3  38  E,  lat.  51 
20  N. 

Ysicl.    See  Lsel. 

Ysselburg,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guclder- 


Lon.  2  i  by  which  it  is  contained,  its  banks  deco- 
rated and  often  lined  with  cut  stone,  the 
ingenious  mechanism  of  its  locks,  all  ren- 
der it  an  object  of  admiration  to  the  Eu- 
ropean traveller 

Ywte-ppig-fov,  a  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Pe-tcheli.  Its  district  con- 
tains one  city  of  the  second  and  five  of 
•he  third  class  ?  and  is  87  miles  E  of 
Pekin. 


Z  AQ 


Z  A  M 


Yu-htng-fou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ho-nan.  Its  district  contains 
two  cities  of  the  second  and  12  of  the 
third  class.  Its  175  miles  NW  of  Nan. 
.king. 

Yun-nan,  one  of  the  most  fertile  and 
opulent  provinces  in  China;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Se-tchuen  and  Thibet,  on  the  E 
by  Quang-si  and  Koei-tcheou,  on  the  S  by 
the  kingdoms  of  Laos  and  Tonquin,  and 
on  the  W  by  those  of  Burmah  and  Pe.sru. 
This  province  is  reckoned  one  of  the 
most  fertile  and  opulent  in  China  ;  its  in- 
habitants are  brave,  robust,  affable,  and 
fond  of  the  sciences,  which  they  cultivate 
with  success ;  its  rivers,  gold,  copper 
and  tin  mines  ;  its  amber,  rubies,  sap- 
phires, agates,  pearls,  precious  stones, 
marble,  musk,  silk,  elephants,  horses, 
gums,  medicinal  plants  and  linen,  have 
procured  it  a  reputation  which  renders  it 
respectable  to  the  Chinese.  Its  commerce 
is  immense,  as  well  as  its  riches,  which 
are  said  to  be  inexhaustible. 

Yun-nan-fmi,  the  capital  of  the  province 
0$  Yun-nan,  in  China,  once  remarkable 
for  its  extent  and  the  beauty  of  its  pub- 
lic buildings,  all  which  have  been  des- 
troyed by  the  Tartars,  in  their  different 
invasions.  Its  district  contains  four  ci- 
ties of  the  second  and  third  class.  It  is 
430  miles  NW  of  Canton. 

Yurcup,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in 
Caramania.    Lon.  34  30  E,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Yvoy,  a  town  of  France,  seated  on  the 
Cher.  Lon.  5  4  E,  lat.  49  32  N. 


z. 


ZABERX,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
jaLtinate  of  the  Rhine,  15  miles  W  of 
Philipsburg.    Lon.  8  10  E,  lat.  49  U  N. 

Zabola,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  on  the 
confines  of  Moldavia,  five  mdes  SW  of 
\eumark. 

Zabnrn,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace,  15  miles  N  of  Strasburg. 
Lon.  7  50  E,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Zachan,  or  Sochan,  a  town  of  Germany, 
n  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxonv.  Lon.  15 
16  E,  lat.  53  18  N. 

Zafra,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadu- 
ra,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Guadaxiera, 
20  miles  SW  of  Medina.  Lon.  6  12  W, 
Tat.  38  19  N. 

ZugatuUa,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in  the 


audience  of  Mexico,  200  miles  SW  of 
that  city,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the. 
same  name.  Lon.  104  35  W,  lat.  17 
50  N. 

Zagara,  a  famous  mountain  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  in  Livadia,  on  the  gulf  of 
Corinth,  near  mount  Parnassus,  and  al- 
most always  covered  with  snow.  It  is 
the  ancient  Hellicon,  from  which  issued 
the  fountain,  Ilippocrene. 

Zagrad,  a  strong  town  of  Sclavonia, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Save,  25  miles  NE  of  Carlstadt,  and 
137  SW  of  Buda.  Lon.  15  41  E,  lat.  46 
20  N. 

Zahara,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  and 
defended  by  a  citadel.  It  is  47  miles 
SE  of  Seville.    Lon.  4  55  W,  lat.  36  52  N. 

Zahara,  or  the  Desert,  a  vast  country 
of  Africa,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Barba- 
ry,  on  the  E  by  Fezzan  and  Cashna,  on 
th  »  S  by  Tombuctoo,  and  on  the  "N  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  air  is  very  hot, 
but  wholesome  to  the  natives.  It  is  a 
mere  desert,  as  the  name  imports,  and 
so  parched  for  want  of  water,  that  the 
caravans  from  Morocco  and  Negroland 
are  obliged  to  carry  both  water  and  pro- 
visions, the  province  producing  hardly 
any  thing  for  the  support  of  life.  The 
inhabitants  are  wild  and  ignorant.  They 
have  a  number  of  petty  princes  ;  and  the 
Mahometan  religion  is  professed  through- 
out the  country. 

Zahna,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony.  Lon.  12  40  E, 
lat.  51  53  N. 

Zaire,  a  large  river  of  Africa,  which, 
rising  in  the  kingdom  of  Macoco,  divides 
the  kingdoms  Loango  and  Congo,  and 
fulls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  below 
Sogno. 

Zamora,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
Leon,  with  a  bishop's  see.  In  its  environs 
fine  turcois  stones  are  found.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Douero,  over 
which  is  a  bridge  of  17  arches,  135 
miles  N  of  Salamanca,  and  150  NW  of 
Madrid.    Lon.  5  18  W,  lat.  41  41  N. 

Zamora,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  au- 
dience of  Quito.  In  its  neighbourhood 
are  rich  mines  of  gold,  and  it  is  seated 
near  the  Andes,  230  miles  S  of  Quito,* 
Lon.  75  55  AV,  lat.  5  6  S. 

Zamora,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  Guadalajara,  30  miles  SE  of 
Guadalajara.  Lon'.  104  30  W,  lat.  2030  N, 

Zamori,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Constantine,  250  mdes  W  of 
Hamamet,  Lon.  6  25  E,  lat.  36  20  N. 

Zamoski,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  in 
Red  Russia,  now  the  Austrian  kingdom 


Z  A  N 


Z  BO 


of  Lodomeria.  It  has  a  citadel,  and  is 
37  miles  NW  of  Lemburg.  Lon.  23  26  E, 
lat.  50  52  N. 

Zamptifigo,  a  town  of  New  Spain,  in 
the  province  of  Mexico  proper,  25  miles 
N  of  Acapulco. 

Zancsville,  a  post  town  in  Muskingham 
county,  Ohio  ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Muskingham  river,  76  miles  XEv'6f  Chili  - 
cotha,  and  65  W  of  St-  Clairsville.  It  cor.- 
tains  2,154  inhabitants. 

Zanfara,  a  kingdom  of  Negroland,  to 
the  W  of  the  kingdom  of  Zegzeg.  The 
inhabitants  are  tall  in  stature,  of  aver} 
black  complexion,  with  broad  faces, 
and  savage  dispositions.  It  is  very  little 
known  io  Europeans. 

Zanguebar,  a  country  on  the  E  coast 
of  Africa,  between  3  cleg.  N  and  lSdeg. 
S  lat  It  includes  several  petty  kingdoms, 
in  which  ihe  Portuguese  have  settlements. 
The  inhabitants  except  those  con- 
verted by  tile  Portuguese,  are  either 
Mahometans  or  pagans,  the  latter  rn  ch 
the  more  numerous.  The  principal  ter- 
ritories are  Mombaza,  Lamo,  Melinda. 
Quiola,  Mosambique,  and  Sofala.  The 
Portuguese  trade  for  slaves,  ivory,  gold, 
ostrich  feathers,  wax,  and  drugs.  The 
productions  are  much  the  same  as  in 
other  parts  of  Africa,  between  the  tropics, 

Zante,  an  island  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, near  the  coast  of  the  Morea,  17 
miles  SE  of  the  island  of  Cephalonia. 
It  is  24  miles  long  and  12  broad,  and  ve- 
ry fertile.  Its  principal  riches  consist 
in  currants,  which  are  uncultivated  in  a 
large  plain,  under  the  shelter  of  moun- 
tains, which  gives  the  sun  greater  power 
to  bring  them  to  maturity.  Here  are 
also  the  finest  peaches,  in  the  world, 
each  of  which  weighs  eight  or  ten 
ounces  t  also  excellent  fi^s  and  oil.  In 
short,  it  would  be  a  perfect  paradise  if 
wood  were  not  so  dear,  though  this  is- 
land was  formerly  full  of  forests.  The 
natives  speak  both  Greek  and  Italian, 
though  there  are  very  few  Roman  ca- 
tholics among  them  ;  but  they  have  a 
bishop  as  well  as  the  Greeks.  This 
place  has  no  fortification,  but  there  is 
a  fortress  upon  an  eminence  planted 
with  cannon.  In  one  part  of  this  island 
is  a  place  which  shakes  when  trod  upon, 
like  a  a  quagmire  ;  and  a  spring  which 
throws  out  a  great  deal  of  bitumen,  es- 
pecially at  the  time  of  an  earthquake. 
It  serves  instead  of  pitch  to  pay  the  bot- 
toms of  the  ships,  and  about  100  bar- 
rels in  a  year  are  used  for  this  purpose. 
This  island  belongs  to  the  Venetians, 
who  have  constantly  a  governor  residing 
in  the  fortress.  There  are  about  50 
villages,  but  no  other  large  jtown  than 


Zante,  which  is  seated  on  the  E  side  of  ] 
the  island,  and  has  a  good  harbour.  It 
contains  near  20,000  inhabitants;  and 
the  houses  are  low,  on  account  of  the 
frequent  .earthquakes.  The  English  and 
Dutch  have  each  a  factoiy  and  consul  •' 
here.    Lon.  21  3  E,  lat.  37  53  X. 

Zanzibar,  an  island  of  Africa,  on  the- 
coast  of  Zanguebar,  between  the  islands 
of  Pemba  and  Monsia,  with  the  title  of  a  ^ 
kingdom  tributary  to  Portugal.  It  a-* 
bounds  in  sugar  canes  and  citrons.  The  M 
inhabitants  are  Mahometans.  Lon.  38  25  j| 
E,  lat.  6  0S. 

Zara,  a  strong  city  of  Venetian  Dalma-  " 
tin,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
with  an  archbishop's  see,  a  citadel,  and 
a  harbour.  It  was  formerly  much  more 
considerable,  the  circumference  of  the 
walls  being  now  but  two  miles,  and  the 
inhabitants  not  above  6000.  Near  the 
church,  winch  the  Greeks  call  St.  Helina, 
are  two  fluted  columns  of  the  Corinthian 
order,  supposed  to  have  been  part  of  the 
temple  of  Juno.  There  are  fine  painting's 
in  the  churches,  done  by  the  best  mas- 
ters ;  and  they  pretend  to  have  the  body 
of  St.  Simeon,  brought  from  Judea,  and 
kept  in  a  shrine  with  a  crystal  before  it:-.  $ 
Zara  is  seated  on  a  small  peninsula,  in 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  80  miles  SW  of  Jaic- 
za,  and  150  SE  of  Venice.  Lon.  16  6  E, 
lat.  44  30  N. 

fcarnate,  a  strong  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  the  Morea,  *greeably  seated 
on  an  eminence,  20  miles  W  of  Misitra. 

Zarnaw,  a  town  of  Little  Poland,  in  % 
the  palatinate  of  Sandomir,  63  miles  N  of 
Cracow.    Lon.  19  5b  E,  lat.  51  13  X. 

Zasla-w,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Volhinia, 
seated  on  the  Horin,  15  miles  SE  of  Os- 
trog.  Lon.  27  11  E,  lat.  50  20  X. 

Zatmar,  a  strong  town  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  a  small  lake  form- 
ed by  the  river  Samos,  50  miles  E  by  S 
of  Tockav,  and  130  E  of  Buda.  Lon.  22 
34  E,  lat.' 47  50  X. 

Zutov,  a  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a 
starosty  of  the  same  name,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Cracow,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  near  the  river  Vistu- 
la, 20  miles  SW  of  Cracow,  and  50  SE  of 
Ratisbon.    Lon.  19  42  E,  lat.  49  54  X. 

Zcrweh, '  a  town  of  Persia,  situated  20 
miles  from  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Zaivila.    See  Zueela. 

Zbaraz,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia, 
70  miles  N  by  W  of  Kaminieck. 

Zboroiu,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Lemburg.  Here,  in 
1649,  wTas  fought  a  battle  between  John 
Casimir,  king  of  Poland,  with  20,000 

men,  and  110,000  Cossacks  and  Tartars. 

1 


Z  E  A 


Z  E  A 


Zborow  is  25  miles  W  of  Zbaraz,  and  52 
E  bv  S  of  Lemburg.  Lon.  25  46  E,  lat. 
49  46  N. 

Zealand,  an  island  of  Denmark,  almost 
of  a  round  form,  700  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence, and  the  largest  of  the  isles  belong- 
ing- to  the  king-  of  Denmark.  It  lies  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Baltic,  having  the 
Schaggerach  Sea  on  the  N,  the  Sound  on 
the  E,  the  Baltic  on  the  S,  and  the  Great 
Belt  on  the  W.  It  is  exceedingly  fer- 
tile ;  producing  grain  of  all  sorts,  and  in 
great  plenty,  and  abounding  with  excel- 
lent pasture.  It  is  particularly  famou* 
for  its  breed  of  horses.  A  fourth  part  of 
this  island  consists  of  a  forest,  in  which 
there  is  plenty  of  game  ;  there  are  also  a 
great  many  deer  and  wild  boars,  which 
are  reserved  for  the  king's  own  hunting. 
Copenhagen  is  not  only  the  capital  of  this 
island,  but  of  the  whole  kingdom. 

Zealand,  one  of  the  seven  United  Pro- 
vinces of  the  Netherlands,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  isles  of  Holland,  on  the  E 
by  Dutch  Brabant,  on  the  S  by  Dutch 
Flanders,  and  on  the  W  and  NW  by  the 
German  Ocean.  It  is  composed  of  seve- 
ral islands,  the  principal  of  which  are 
Walcheren,  Schovven,  N  and  S  Beveland, 
Tolen,  Duyveland,  and  Wolfersdike.  The 
inhabitants  are  at  a  great  expense  to  de- 
fend themselves  from  the  encroachments 
of  the  sea,  and  in  keeping  up  their  dikes. 
The  river  Scheldt  forms  the  most  of  these 
islands;  and  the  soil  of  them  is  fruitful, 
but  the  air  is  unhealthy,  especially  for 
strangers.  The  inhabitants  are  excellent 
seamen.  The  principal  towns  are  Middle- 
burg  and  Flushing. 

Zealand,  J\'eu;  an  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  by  Tasman,  in  1642. 
He  traversed  the  E  coast  from  lat.  34  to 
43  deg.  S,  and  entered  a  strait  -.  but  be- 
ing attacked  by  the  natives,  soon  after  he 
came  to  an  anchor,  in  the  place  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  of  Murderers  Bay  ;  he 
did  not  go  on  shore.  He  called  the  coun- 
try Staten  Land,  in  honour  of  the  States 
General,  though  it  has  been  generally 
distinguished  in  our  maps  and  charts  by 
the  name  of  New  Zealand.  From  the 
time  of  Tasman,  the  whole  country,  ex- 
cept that  part  of  the  co-ist  which  was  seen 
by  him,  remained  altogether  unknown, 
and  was  by  many  supposed  to  make  part 
of  a  southern  continent,  till  the  year  1770, 
when  it  was  circumnavigated  by  captain 
Cook,  who  found  it  to  consist  of  two  large 
islands,  separated  by  a  strait  four  or  five 
leagues  broad,  to  which  he  gives  his  own 
name.  On  '.-he  W  side  of  this  strait,  in 
lat.  41  S,  Queen  Charlotte's  Sound  is  si- 
tuated, which  was  made  a  principal  place 
of  rendezvous  in  his  subsequent  voyages. 


These  islands  lie  between  the  lat.  34  and 
48  S,  and  between  the  lon.  ofT66  and  180 
E.  The  winters  are  milder  than  in  Eng- 
land, and  the  summers  not  hotter,  though 
more  equally  warm.  Among- the  vegeta- 
ble productions,  the  trees  claim  a  princi- 
pal place.  There  are  forests  of  vast  ex- 
tent, full  of  the  straightest  and  largest 
timber,  fit  for  buildings  of  any  kind.  The 
trees  are  chiefly  of  two  sorts ;  one  as 
large  as  an  oak,  distinguished  by  a  scar- 
let flower,  the  wood  of  which  is  hard  and 
heavy  :  another  remarkably  tall  and 
straight,  of  which  probably  very  fine 
masts  might  be  made.  Captain  Cook,  in 
1773,  planted  several  spots  of  ground 
with  European  garden  seeds  ;  and  in 
1777,  in  several  of  these  spots,  although 
totally  neglected  and  over-run  with, 
weeds,  were  found  cabbages,  onions, 
leeks,  purslain,  radishes,  mustard,  &c. 
and  a  few  fine  potatoes,  greatly  improved 
by  change  of  sod.  In  other  places  every 
thing  had  been  rooted  out,  to  make 
room  for  temporary  villages.  The  only 
quadrupeds  are  dogs  and  rats  ;  the  for- 
mer are  domestic,  and  for  food  ;  and  the 
latter,  though  not  numerous,  seem  also  to 
be  eaten.  The  birds,  like  the  vegetable 
productions,  are  almost  entirely  peculiar 
to  the  country;  and  though  it  is  difficult 
to  follow  them  in  the  woods,  on  account 
of  the  underwood,  and  climbing  plants, 
yet  a  person  by  remaining  in  one  place, 
may  shoot  as  many  in  a  day,  as  will  serve 
for  six  or  eight  others.  Captain  Cook  in- 
troduced European  poultry,  and  on  his 
last  visit  had  the  satisfaction  to  find  them 
increased,  both  in  a  wild  and  domestic 
state,  beyond  all  danger  of  being  ever  ex- 
terminated. Their  creeks  swarm  with 
fish,  which  are  not  only  wholesome,  but 
equally  delicious  with  those  of  Europe. 
The  rocks  are  furnished  with  g'reat  quan- 
tities of  excellent  muscle  s,  one  sort  of 
which  measures  above  a  foot  in  length, 
and  with  great  variety  of  other  shell  fish. 
The  men  are  siout,  well  made,  and  fleshy , 
but  none  of  them  corpulent,  like  the  lazy 
and  luxuriant  inhabitants  of  Otaheite  and 
the  Society  isles  ;  and  they  are  also  ex- 
ceedingly vigorous  and  active.  The  wo 
men  in  general,  are  smalier  and  not  so 
tall  as  the  men  ;  but  possessing*  few  pe- 
culiar graces  of  form  or  person,  are  chief- 
ly distinguished  by  the  softness  of  their 
voices.  Their  colour  in  general  is  brown, 
but  in  few  deeper  than  that  of  the  Spani- 
ard who  has  been  exposed  to  the  sun,  ard 
in  many  not  so  deep  ;  and  both  sexes 
have  good  features.  Their  dress  is  very 
uncouth,  and  they  mark  their  bodies  in 
a  manner  similar  io  the  inhabitants  of  O 
tuheite,  and  which  is  called  tattowing. 


Z  E  h 


Z  I  A 


Their  principal  weapons  are  lances,  darts, 
and  a  kind  of  battle-axes :  and  they  have 
gr<  nerally  shown  themselves  very  hostile 
to  the  Europeans  who  have  visited  them. 
The  people  are  cannibals  ;  and  tor  such 
continual  wars,  and  the  inhuman  banquet 
that  is  the  consequence  of  victory,  among- 
a  people  in  other  respects  mild  and  gen- 
tle, perhaps  no  better  reason  can  be  as- 
signed, thaw  what  at  first  originated  in 
necessity,  has  been  perpetuated  by  habit, 
and  exasperated  by  revenge. 

Zebid,  a  city  of  Arabia.  Lon.  43  16  E, 
lat.  14  13  N. 

Zebu,  or  Cebu,  one  of  the  Philippines, 
140  miles  long,  and  30  broad. 

Zedicy  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Bar- 
bary. 

Zegedin,  or  Seged,  a  town  of  Hungan, 
68  miles  N  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  21  5  E, 
lat.  46  8  N. 

Zegzcg,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  in  Negro- 
land,  lying  on  the  river  Niger,  by  which 
it  is  separated,  on  the  N,  from  the  em- 
pire of  Cashna.  On  the  E  it  is  bounded 
by  Zansara,  on  the  S  by  Benin,  and  on 
the  W  by  unknown  deserts.  It  consists 
partly  of  plains  and  partly  of  mountains. 
The  latter  are  extremely  cold,  while  the 
former  are  intolerably  hot;  but  abound 
with  water,  and  are  exceedingly  fruitful. 

Zeighenheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  landgravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  3(5  miles 
S  of  Cassel.    Lon.  9  19  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Zeil,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  circle 
of  Suabia,  70  miles  S  of  Uhn. 

Zeitgit,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe  in 


unfortunate  sister  the  queen  of  Denmark, 
who  died  here.  Zell  is  seated  on  the 
Aller,  31  miles  NW  of  Brunswick,  and 

47  S  by  W  of  Lunenburg.  Lon.  10  12  E, 
lat.  52  49  N. 

Zelli  an  imperial  town  of  Germany,  ill 
the  circle  of  Suabia.    Lon.  8  8  e|  lat. 

48  22  N. 

Zellany.    See  Jeso.   ;  I  •  %  v'*t^*  vr 

Zellerfdd,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  Hartz  fo- 
rest ;  six  miles  SSW  of  Goslar. 

Zembla,  JVova,  a  larjse  island,  in  the 
Northern  Ocean,  to  the  N  of  Russia,  from 
which  it  is  .separated  by  the  strait  of 
Waigate.  It  has  no  inhabitants  except 
wild  beasts,  particularly  white  foxes  and 
bears.  In  1595,  a  Dutch  vessel  was  cast 
away  on  the  coast,  and  the  crew  were  o- 
bliged  to  winter  here:  they  did  not  see 
the  sun  from  the  4th  of  November  to  tl)e 
beginning  of  February}  and  had  great 
aifficulty  to  keep  themselves  from  being 
frozen  to  death. 

Zemlin,  or  Zeviplin,  a  town  of  Uppor 
Hungary,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Bodrog,  25 
miles  SE  of  Cassovia,  and  27  NE  of  Toe- 
kay.    Lon.  21  35  E,  lat.  48  36  N. 

Zenguia,  a  town  of  Turkev  in  Asia. 
Lon.  37  50  E,  lat.  36  25  N. 

Zentiiy  a  town  of  Hungary,  where  the 
Turks  under  Mustapha  II.  were  defeated 
by  Prince  Eugene.  Lon.  21  30  E,  lat.  46 
5  N. 

Zerbi.    See  Crerbes. 

Zerbst,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  circle 


Janna,  with  a  castle  and  an  archbishop's  i  of  Upper  Saxony,  capital  of  a  district  of 
see.  It  is  a  small  place,  and  seated  on  a  j  that  name,  in  the  principality  of  Anhalt, 
hill,  by  the  gulf  of  the  same  name,  near  ;  with  a  castle,  where  the  princes  common- 
the  river  Ealayda,  50  miles  SE  of  Larissa.  [  ly  reside.  The  inhabitants  are  partly 
Zeitz,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  j  Lutherans  and  partly  Calvinists,  and  are 
duchy  of  Naumburg,  with  a  castle,  and 
a  well  frequented  college.    It  is  seated 


on  the  Ester,  25  miles  SW  of  Leipsick, 
and  45  E  of  Erfurt.    Lon.  12  8  E,  lat.  50 

59  N. 

Zclly  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Lower  Saxony,  capital  of  a  duchy  of 
the  same  name,  which  devolved  to  the 
house  of  Hanover  by  marriage.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  ditches  and  ramparts,  on 
which  are  planted  chesnut  and  lime  trees. 
It  is  a  small  town  without  trade  or  ma- 
nufactures, but  the  high  courts  of  ap- 
peal for  all  the  territories  of  the  electo- 
ral house  of  Crunswick-Lunenberg  are 
held  here,  and  the  inhabitants  derive 
their  principal  means  of  subsistence  from 
this  circumstance.  The  casilc,  a  stately 
building,  surrounded  by  a  moat,  was  for- 
merly the  residence'of  the  dukes  of  Zell : 
and  was  repaired  by  George  111.  king  of 
Great  Britain,  for  the  residence  of  his 


famous  for  brewing  good  beer.  It  is  27 
miles  NW  of  Wittemberg.  Lon.  12  13  E, 
lat.  52  0  N. 

Zeviga,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac -Ara- 
bia, seated  in  a  narrow  plain,  between 
mountains.  It  has  produced  several  very 
famous  Arabian  Authors. 

Zi4t  an  island  of  the  Archipelago,  one 
of  the  Cycladcs,  to  the  SW  of  Negropont. 
It  is  15  miles  long,  and  8  broad,  and  well 
cultivated.  It  abounds  in  barley,  wine, 
and  silk ;  also  a  fine  sort  of  oak,  whose 
fruit,  called  Villain,  is  the  best  trading 
commodity  of  the  island,  and  of  which 
they  sell  vast  quantities  in  a  year,  it  be- 
ing used  by  dyers  and  tanners.  The  prin- 
cipal town  is  of  the  same  name,  and  seat- 
eel  on  an  eminence,  30  miles  from  the  har- 
bour, at  the  farther  end  of  a  disagreeable 
valley.  It  resembles  an  amphitheatre, 
and  contains  about  2500  houses,  all  flat  at 
the  top.    It  belongs  to  the  Turks,  but 


Z  OB 


Z  U  G 


ijnost  of  the  inhabitants  are  Greeks,  and 
they  have  u  bishop  who  resides  at  Zia. 

Zibit,  a  territory  in  Arabia  Felix,  ex- 
pending" from  the  principality  of  Mecca 
to  that  of  Mocha,  being-  bounded  on  the 
j;  by  the  principality  of  Tehama,  and  on 
the'W  by  the  lied  Sea.  The  Turks  were 
formerly  masters  of  this  country,  but  it 
now  belongs  to  an  Arabian  prince. 

Zilit,  a  trading-  town  of  Arabia  Felix, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Zibit,  150  miles  NW 
of  Aden. 

Zigett  a  strong  town  of  Hungary.  It 
|  has  been  often  taken  and  retaken  by  the 
[  Turks  and  Imperialists.  Lon.  17  42  E, 
:  lat.  46  21  N. 

Ziriczce,  a  strong-  town  of  the  United 
Provinces  in  Zealand,  and  the  principal 
of  the  isle  of  Scho.Weri,  12  miles  NE  of 
Middleburg,  and  18  SW  of  Uriel.  Lon. 
4  10  E,  lat".  51  35  N. 

Zittaiv,  a  for  Lifted  town  of  Germany,  in 
t  Lusatia,  subject  to  the  elector  of  Saxony. 
It  is  a  handsome  place  Mid  surrounded 
!  with  a  wall,  and  has  ditches  and  bastions. 
Besides  the  suburbs  and  handsome  gar- 
dens that  surround  it  on  all  sides,  there 
are  a  number  of  fine  villages  that  depend 
thereon.  The  principal  business  of  ihe 
inhabitants  is  brewing-  beer;  but  there  are 
above  100  clothiers,  ;;nd  in  the  neighbour- 
ing1 villages-  above  IjOO  weavers.  Its 
merchants  trade  with  those  of  Prague 
and  Leipsic,  and  extend  their  commerce 
as  far  as  Holland.  The  cathedral  has 
tiiree  organs,  and  two  high  steeples. 
Near  it  is  a  college,  where  the  Lnguages, 
drawing,  and  other  arts,  are  taught  gra- 
tis. Joining-  to  the  cloisters  is  a  library: 
the  finest  in  ail  Lusatia;  and  at  a  small 
distance  from  it  is  ihe  orphan  house.  11 
was  pillaged  by  the  Austrians  in  1757.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Neisle,  17  miles  SW  of 
Gorlitz,  and  25  SE  of  Dresden.  Lon.  15 
5E,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Znaim,  a  strong-  town  of  Germany,  in 
Moravia,  with  a  castle,  in  which  are  a 
great  many  pagan  antiquities.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Teya.  24  miles  SW  of 
Brirfn,  and  32  N  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  40 
E,  lat.  48  38  N. 

Zoara,  a  fortified  town  on  the  coast  of 
Piarbarv,  with  a  good  harbour,  60  miles 
W  of  Tripoli.  Lon.  11  55  E,  lal.  32  45  N. 

Zoblitz,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony;  the  chief  subsis- 
tence of  the  inhabitants  is  working  the 
serpent  stone,  which  is  found  in  the 
neighbourhood,  into  tea  and  coffee  cups, 
&c  A  red  species  of  this  stone  is  also 
found  here,  which  is  considered  as  the 
finest,  and  therefore  claimed  by  the  so- 


vereign as  his  property.  It  is  17  miles  S 
of  Freyburg. 

ZojShtg^n,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  canton  of  Bern,  with  an  e  leg-ant 
church,  and  a  public  library,  containing 
several  curious  manuscripts.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  a  large  forest,  which  contains 
the  best  pine-trees,  in  all  Swisserland,1 
three  miles  from  Arburg.  Lon.  7  6  E,  lat. 
47-5  N, 

Z'jlnoc/j,  a  town  in  Upper  Hungary,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1554,  and  re- 
taken in  16o5.  It  is  seated  on  the  Teyssc, 
where  the  Sa.  elia  lal i s  into  it,  62  miles 
NE  of  Cblocza,  and  62  E  of  Buda.  Lon, 
20  50  E,  iktj  47  10  X. 

,Z'jmdovf,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  the 
new  mareiie  of  Brandenburg,  famous  for 
a  battle  between  the  king  of  Prussia,  and 
the  Russians. 

Zov.t  Pan,  a  curious  salt  lake  in  the 
country  ot  the  Hottentots,  situated  a  few 
miles  N  of  Fomt  Padron.  It  is  a  plain, 
much  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  be- 
tween three  and  lour  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. At  some  seasons  of  the  year  it  is 
formed  into  an  entire  mass  of  fine  white 
salt,  which  has  a  very  striking  appear- 
ance. It  was  visited  in  December  i/78, 
by  lieutenant  Patcrson,  who  found  that  a 
short  time  before  his  arrival,  the  middle 
part  of  it  had  been  dissolved  by  the 
heavy  rains,  but  that  round  the  sides 
was  a  hard  crust  of  salt  exactly  resem- 
bling ice. 

Zaeela,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Fezzan, 
situated  in  a  district  of  remarkable  fer- 
tilhy,  in  which  the  remnants  of  ancient 
buildings,  the  number  and  size  of  the 
cisterns,  and  the  construction  of  the 
vaulted  caves,  intended  perhaps  as  re-' 
positories  of  corn,  exhibit  such  vestiges 
of  ancient  splendour,  as  will  probably 
attrtict  and  highly  reward  the  attention 
of  future  travellers.  It  is  140  miles  E  of 
Moorzook.    Lon.  16  34  E,  lat.  27  59  N. 

Zucf,  a  small  canton  of  Swisserland, 
bounded  on  the  E  and  N  by  that  of  Zu- 
ric,  on  the  W  by  that  of  Lucern  and  the 
free  Provinces,  and  on  the  S  by  that  of 
Schweitz.  It  is  rich  in  pasturage,  has 
plenty  of  various  kinds  of  stone  fruit, 
as  well  as  walnuts  and  chesuuts;  and  its 
wine  is  of  a  very  acid  flavour.  The  in- 
habitants are  Roman  catholics,  and  the 
government  is  democratic.  The  inhabi  - 
tants of  this  canton,  and  especially  of 
the  town  of  Zug,  have  somewhat  more 
influence,  and  enjoy  a  greater  share  in 
the  administration  of  affairs,  than  those 
of  the  capital  burghs  in  the  five  other 
democratical  cantons. 


Z  U  R 


Z  U  R 


Zug,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capital  of 
a  canton  of  the  same  name,  and  the  onl) 
walled  town  of  all  the  popular  ones, 
stands  delightfully  upon  the  edge  of  a 
beautiful  lake,  In  a  fertile  valley,  aboun- 
ding in  corn,  pasture-ground,  and  fruit- 
trees.  In  1435,  a  street  which  was  on 
the  side  of  the  hike  was  swallowed  up. 
There  are  several  handsome  churches, 
and  a  good  town-house.  Zug  is  12  miles 
NE  of  Lucern,  and  42  SE  of  Basil.  Lon. 
8  16  E,  hit.  47  10  N. 

Ziti dcr-  Zee ,  a  great  bay  of  the  German 
Ocean,  which  extends  from  S  to  N  in  the 
United  Provinces,  between  Friesland, 
Own  ssel,  Guelderiand  and  Holland. 

Znlpha,  a  town  of  Persia,  almost  close 
to  L-jKihan,  to  which  it  is  a  sort  of  suburb, 
and  separated  from  it  by  the  river  San- 
derou.  It  is  peopled  by  a  colony  of  Ar- 
menians, who  were  brought  into  Persia 
by  Shah  Abbas.  It  is  an  archbishop's 
see,  and  contains  several  churches  and 
monasteries. 

Zulpich,  or  Zulch,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  duchy  of  .luliers,  belonging  to  the 
archbishop  of  Cologne.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Nassel,  10  miles  S  of  Juliers,  and  10 
W  of  Donna.  Lon.  6  40  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Zuric,  a  canton  of  Swisserland,  50 
miles  long  and  30  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  Rhine,  which  separates  it 
from  the  canton  of  Schaufl'hausen  on  the 
S  by  that  of  Schweitz,  on  the  E  by 
Thu'rgaw  and  the  county  of  Tockenburg, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  canton  of  Zug  and 
the  Free  Provinces.  Zuric  was  formerly 
an  imperial  city,  and  obtained  from  the 
emperor  Frederic  II.  very  considerable 
privileges ;  which  were  acknowledged 
;»ul  augmented  by  several  of  his  succes- 
sors. The  civil  war  between  the  magis- 
trates and  the  people,  in  1335,  was  very 
near  reducing  the  city  to  ruins  ;  but  the 
former  being  banished,  the  citizens,  in 
1337,  established  a  new  form  of  govern- 
ment, which  was  confirmed  by  the  em- 
peror Louis  of  Bavaria.  The  exiles,  after 
several  fruitless  attempts,  were  at  length 
re-admitted;  but  it  being  discovered  that  j 
they  had  engaged  in  a  conspiracy  against 
the  citizens,  they  were  all  of  them  put 
to  death.  In  consequence  of  this  tran- 
saction, the  nobles  in  the  neighbourhood 
took  up  arms  against  the  town  :  the  lat- 
ter, alter  having  applied  ineffectually  for 
assistance  to  the  emperor  Charles  IV. 
entered  into  ait  alliance  with  the  four 
cantons,  Lucern,  Uri,  Schweitz,  and  Un- 
derwalden,  and  was  admitted  a  member 
of  their  confederacy.  This  event  hap- 
pened in  the  year  135L  The  four  can-i 
tons  yielded  the  pre-eminence  to  Zuric  :| 


which  privilege  it  enjoys  at  present ;  be- 
ing  the  first  canton  in  rank,  and  the  most 
considerable  in  extent  both  of  territory 
and  power  next  to  Berne.  This  canton, 
in  1784,  contained  174,572  souls,  inclu- 
ding lU,5Q0  in  the  capital.  It  abounds 
in  wine  and  excellent  pasture  ;  but  as 
there  is  not  a  sufficient  supply  of  corn, 
for  interior  consumption,,  the  deficiency 
is  chiefly  supplied  from  Suabia.  The 
sovereign  power  resides  exclusively  in 
the  burgesses  of  the  town,  consisting 
of  about  2000,  which  are  divided  into  13 
tribes.  The  legislative  authority  is  ves- 
ted by  the  burghers  in  the  sovereign 
council  of  206  members  drawn  from  the 
13  tribes.  This  council  comprises  the 
Senate,  or  Little  council  (composed  of  50 
members,  including  the  two  burgomas- 
ters) which  has  a  jurisdiction  in  all  civil 
and  criminal  causes.  The  burghers,  more- 
over, enjoy  the  sole  right  of  commerce ; 
all  strangers,  and  even  subjects,  being 
excluded  from  purchasing  wrought  ma- 
nufactures in  any  part  of  the  canton. 

Zuric,  a  considerable  city  of  Swisser- 
land, capital  of  a  canton  of  the  samo 
name.  It  stands  at  the  N  end  of  lake 
Zuric,  and  occupies  both  sides  of  the 
rapid  and  transparent  Limmat,  which 
issues  from  that  lake,  and  divides  the. 
town  into  two  unequal  parts,  which  com- 
municate by  three  bridges.  It  was  for- 
merly an  imperial  city,  and  is  one  of  the 
best  built  in  this  country,  but  the  streets 
are  narrow,  and  the  houses  high.  The 
cathedral  was  founded  by  Charlemagnfe,- 
and  is  adorned  with  a  statue  of  that  em- 
peror. Zuric  was  the  first  town  in  Swis- 
serland that  separated  from  the  church 
of  Rome,  being  converted  by  the  a 
ments  of  Zuinglius.  The  two  divisions 
of  Zuric  are  called  the  Old  Town  and  the 
Suburbs.  The  former  is  surrounded  by 
the  same  battlements  and  towers  that 
existed  in  the  loth  century ;  the  latter 
are  streng'thened  by  fortifications  in  the 
modern  style.  The  arsenal  is  well  sup- 
plied with  cannon  and  ammunition,  and 
contains  musquets  for  30,000  men.  Here 
arc  several  manufactures;  particularly 
muslins,  cottons,  linens,  and  silk  hand- 
kerchiefs, Zuric  is  35  miles  SW  of  Con- 
stance, 40  SE  of  Basle,  and  55  NE  of 
Bern.    Lon.  8  30  E,  lat.  47  20  N. 

Zuric,  a  lake  of  Swisserland,  near  10 
leagues  in  length,  and  one  in  breadth. 
In  the  vicinity  of  Zuric,  the  edges  of  the 
lake  are  skirted  with  a  continued  range 
of  vallies,  which  being  intermixed  among 
vineyards  and  pasture  grounds,  produce 
a  most  pleasing  effect.  The  adjacent 
country  is  finely  cultivated  and  we}l  peo* 


Z  WI 


Z  YT 


pled  ;  and  the  southern  part  of  the  lake 
appears  at  some  little  distance  bounded 
with  the  high  stupendous  mountains  of 
Schweitz  and  Glarus  :  the  scenery  all  to- 
gether is  picturesque,  lively,  and  diver- 
sified. The  rivei  Limmat  runs  through 
the  whole  length  of  this  lake  to  the  city 
of  Zuric. 

Zurita,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Tajo,  verv 
near  Toledo.  Lon.  3  17  W,  lat.  3*9 
50  N. 

Zurzachy  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
county  of  Baden,  seated  on  thr  Rhine. 

Zutphen,  a  strong  and  considerable 
town  of  Dutch  Guelderland,  capital  of  a 
couut-  of  tbe  same  name.  It  was  taken 
in  1672,  b\  the  French,  who  restored  it 
in  1674.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
theBerkel  and  Yssel,  nine  miles  S  by  E 
of  Derventer,  and  55  E  bv  S  of  Amster- 
dam.   Lon.  6  0E,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Zuyst  a  village  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, five  miles  from  Utrecht.  The  Mo- 
ravian brethren  are  employed  here  in 
various  kinds  of  manufacture,  and  their 
workmanship  far  excels  that  of  any  other 
pan  of  Holland. 

Zxvichau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  formerly  impe- 
rial, but  now  subject  to  the  elector  of 
Saxony.  The  place  where  the  inhabi- 
tants are  buried  is  in  Voigtland,  and. 
therefore  it  is  commonly  said  that  the} 
are  Misnians  while  alive,  but  Yoigtlan- 


ders  after  they  are  dead.  Zwichau  is 
seated  on  the  Muldaw,  15  miles  S  of  AH 
tenburg,  and  20  NE  of  Plawen.  Lon.  12 
26  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Zxvingenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
'.he  landgravate  of  Hesse  Darmstadt, 
eight  miles  S  of  Darmstadt,  and  12  N  of 
Worms-  a 

Zwo/Z,  a  town  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Overs  ssel,  and  in  the  district  of  Zai- 
iant.  It  is  defended  by  some  fortificati- 
ons ;  and  the  canal,  which  begins  near  this 
place,  and  extends  to  the  river  Yssel,  is 
defended  by  several  forts.  Near  it  is  the 
mountain  of  St.  Agnes,  where  there  was 
formerly  an  Augustine  convent,  in  which 
Thomas  Kempis  lived  71  years,  and  died 
in  1471.  It  was  formerly  an  imperial 
and  hanseatic  town,  and  is  seated  on  an 
eminence,  on  the  rivers  Aa  and  Yssel,  five 
miles  S  of  Hasselt,  and  eight  SE  of  Cam- 
pen.    Lon.  6  10  E,  lat.  52  33  N. 

Zyge$ht  a  strong  town  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  citadel.  It  was  besieged, 
in  1566,  by  Solyman  II.  emperor  of  the 
Turks,  and  taken  three  days  after  his 
death  ;  bu*  was  afterward  retaken  by  the 
Austrians.  It  is  seated  in  a  morass,  made 
by  the  river  Alma,  50  miles  NVV  of  Es- 
seek.    Lon.  18  58  E,  lat.  46  17  N. 

Zytomierzy  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Vol- 
ninia,  seated  on  the  Ciecirief,  70  miles 
W  of  Kiof,  and  120  E  of  Lucko.  Lon. 
29  22  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 


4 


APPENDIX. 


Containing1  the  names  of  a  number  of  AMERICAN  TOWNS,  COUNTIES, 
TOWNSHIPS,  Sic.  with  their  number  of  INHABITANTS  in  1810. 

A  small  part  of  this  volume  was  printed  before  the  editors  could  possess  them- 
selves of  a  copy  of  the  census,  and  the  present  appendix  is  given  to  supply  the  dp= 
fieiencv. 


Names 

of 
Places, 


A 


Inhabi- 
tants in 
1810. 


Abbeville,  Sec.   The  district  of, 
Addison,  &c.  Pennsylvania 
Acton,  is  a  township  of  Middlesex, 
and  not  Cheshire  county,  Massa- 
chusetts 

Adams,  a  township  in  Coos,  not 
Grafton  county,  New  Hampshire 
Adams,  a  county  of  Mississippi 
'  territory 

Addison,  a  township  of  Addison 
county  Vermont 

AZau-ort'h,  read  Acworth,  in  Chesh- 
ire county  New  Hampshire 

Albany,  a  county  in  the  state  of 
New  York, 

'Albany,  city  of,  capital  of  New 
York 

Alexandria,  a  town  in  the  district 
("  of  Columbia 

Alexandria,  in  Hunterdon  county, 

New  Jersey 
Alford,  in  Berkshire  Massachusetts 
Alfred,  in  York  county  Maine 
Allburg,  in  Grand  isle,  not  Frank- 
lin county  Vermont 
Alleghany,  a  county  of  Pennsylva- 
nia 

Alsace,  a  township  of  Berks  coun- 
ty Pennsylvania 

Alton,  in  Strafford  county  New 
Hampshire 

Amelia,  a  county  of  Virginia 

Armenia,  in  Duchess  county  New 
York 

Amzvell,  in  Hunterdon  county  New 
Jersey 

Amherst  in  Hillsborough  county 
New  Hampshire 

Amherst,  a  county  of  Virginia 

Amsterdam,  in  Montgomery  coun- 
ty New  York 

Ando-cer,  in  Windsor  county  Ver- 
mont 

Andovcr,  in  Hillsborough  county 

New  Hampshire 
Arlington,  in  Bennington  county 

Vermont 


21156 
678 


885 

244 

10002 

1100 

1523 

34661 

9356 

7227 

2271 
552 
1106 

1106 

25317 

1275 

1279 
10594 

3073 

5777 

1554. 
10548 


J039 


957 


1259 
1468 


Names 

of 
Places. 


Inhabi- 
tants in 
1810. 


Armagh,   in  Mifflin,  not  -  Centre 

county  Pennsylvania  1306 
Armstrong,  a  county  of  Pennsyl- 
vania 614?- 
Arundel,  in  York  county  Maine  2371 
Ashe,  a  county  of  North  Carolina  3694 
As/if  or  d,  in  Windham  county  Con- 
necticut 2532 
At/wl,  in  Worcester  county  Massa- 
chusetts 1041 
Augusta,    in    Kennebec  county 

Maine  1805 
Augzista,  a  county  in  Virginia  14308 
Augusta,  the  capital  of  Georgia  1321 
Anrelius,  in  Cayuga  county  New 

York  4642 


B 


Ballston,  in  Saratoga  county  New 
York 

Baltimore,  in  Baltimore  county 
Maryland 

Bangor,  in  Hancock  county  Maine 

Barkumpstead,  in  Litchfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut 

Barnard,  in  Windsor  county  Ver- 
mont 

Burnet,  in  Caledonia  county  Ver- 
mont 

Barnestead,   in  Strafford  county 

New  Hampshire 
Bavre  in  Worcester  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 
Barringion,  in  Strafford  county 

New  Hampshire 
Barringion,    in    Bristol  county 

Rhode  Island 
Bath,    Ln   Steuben   county  New 
York 

Bath,  a  county  in  Virginia 
Bath,   in   Grafton   county  New 

Hampshire 
Bath,  in  Lincoln  county  Maine 


2155 

35583 
850 

1506 

1648 

1301 

1477 

1971 

3564 

604 

1033 
4837 

1316 

2491 


APPENDIX. 


&eaufovtt  a  district  in  South  Ca- 
rolina 25887 

Beaufort,  a  county  of  North  Caro- 
lina 7203 

Beaver,  a  county  in  Pennsylvania  12168 

Beaver,  in  Northumberland  coun- 
ty Pennsylvania  1502 

Bedford,  in  West  Chester  county 

New  York  •  2347 

Bedford,  capital  of  Bedford  county 

Pennsylvania  547 

Bedford)  a  county  in  Virginia  16143 

Bedford  in  Middlesex  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 592 

Belcherton,  in  Hampshire  county 

Massachusetts  2270 

B-fast,  in  Hancock  county  Maine  1274 

Belgrade,  in  Kennebec  county 
Maine  996 

Bennington}*  county  of  Vermont  15893 

Bennington,  capital  of  Benning  ton 

county  2524 

Bensalem,  in  Bucks  county  Penn- 
sylvania 1434 

Benson,  in  Rutland  county  Ver- 
mont 1561 

Bergen,  a  county  of  New  Jersey  16603 

Berkley,  a  county  of  Virginia  11479 

Berkley,  in  Bristol  county  Massa- 
chusetts 1014. 

Berkshire,  a  county  of  Massachu- 
setts .  359Q7 

Berks,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania  43146 

Berlin,  in  Hartford  county  Connec- 
ticut 2798 

Bernards,  in  Somerset  countv  New 

Jersey  <  '  1879 

BernardstoSvn,  in  Hampshire  coun- 
ty Massachusetts  811 

Berne,   in   Albany   county  New 

York  5136 

Bertie,  a.  county  of  North  Carolina  11218 

Berwick,  in  York  county  Maine  4555 

Bethel,  in  Windsor  county  Ver- 
mont 1041 

Bethlehem,  in  Northampton  coun- 
ty Pennsylvania  1436 

Bethlehem,  in  Albany  county  New 

York    '  4430 

Beverly  in  Essex  county  Massa- 
v.chuset's  4608., 

Biddeford,  in  York  county  Maine  1563 

Bilierica,   in   Middlesex  county 

Massachusetts  1289 

Birmingham,  in  Delaware  county 

Pennsylvania  586 

Birmingham,    in  Chester  county 

Pennsylvania  290 

Blockley,  in  Philadelphia  county 

Pennsylvania  1618 

Bolton,  in  Worcester  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 103" 

BordenUmm,  in  Burlington  county 
New  Jersey 


Boseaiaen,  in  Hillsborough  county 

New  Hampshire 
Boston,  capital  of  Massachusetts 
Boston  Nexv,  in  Hillsborough  coun- 
ty New  Hampshire 
Botetourt,  a  county  of  Virginia 
Bourbon,  a  county  of  Kentucky 
Bowdoin,  in  Lincoln  county  Maine 
Boiflston,   in   Worcester  county 

Massachusetts 
Brack-en,  a  county  of  Kentucky 
Bradford,  East  and  West,  in  Ches- 
ter county  Pennsylvania 
Bradford,  in  Essex  county  Massa- 
chusetts 

Bradford,  in  Hillsborough  county 
New  Hampshire 

Braintree,  in  Norfolk  county, 
Massachusetts 

Brandon,  in  Rutland  county  Ver- 
mont 

Brandyioine,  in  New  castle  county 

Delaware 
Brandford,  in  New  Haven  county 

Connecticut 
Brati'ebo^ough,  inWTindham  coun- 
ty Vermont 
Brecknock,  in  Lancaster  county 

Pennsylvania 
Brentwood,  in  Rockingham  county 

New  Hampshire 
Burke,  a  county  of  North  Carolina 
Burlington,  a  city  in  New  Jersey 
B'n-lington,  in  Chittenden  county 

Vermont 
Butler,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania 
Butternuts  in  Otsego  county  New 

York 

B'/,vto?i  in  York  county  Maine 
By  berry,  in  Philadelphia  county 
Pennsylvania 


Caernarvon,  in  Lancaster  county 
Pennsylvania 

Carnarvon,  in  Berks  county  Penn- 
sylvania 

Calais,  in  Caledonia  county  Ver- 
mont 

Caledonia,  a  county  of  Vermont 
Cain,  E<<st  and  West,  in  Chester 

county  Pennsylvania 
Calvert,  a  county  of  Maryland 
Cainbria,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania 
Cambridge,  in  Middlesex  county 

M..ssachtt  setts 
Cambridge,  in  Washington  county 

N.-w  York 
Cam'  den,  a  county  of  North  Caro- 
lina 


185 

332.: 


1619 
13301 
1800? 

1649 


APPENDIX. 


11001 


Canaan,  in  Columbia  coumy  New 

Canaan,  in  Somerset  not  Kenne- 
bec county  Maine 

Canaan,  in  Grafton  county  New 
Hampshire 

Canaan,  in  Litchfield  county  Con- 
necticut 

Conajoharie,  in  Mont  go  mew  coun- 
ty New  York 

Canandaiyua,  in  Ontario  county 
New  York 

Camlia,  in  Rockingham  county 
New  Hampshire 

Canterbury,  in  Windham  county 
Connecticut 

Canterbury,  in  Rockingham  coun- 
ty New  Hampshire 

Canton,  in  Norfolk  county  Massa- 
chusetts 

Canton,   in    Washington  county 

Pennsylvania 
Carlisle,'  in   Cumberland  county 

Pennsylvania 
Carolina  North,  state  of 
Carolina  South,  state  of 
Caroline  a  county  of  Maryland 
Caroline,  a  county  of  Virginia 
Carter,  a  county  of  East  Tennessee 
Carteret,  a  county  of  North  Caro- 
lina 

Carver,  in  Plymouth  county  M..s- 

sachuset  s 
Castine,  in  Hancock  county  Maine 
Castleton,  in  Rutland  county  Ver- 
mont 

Cast  let  ovrti,  in  Richmond  county 
New  York 
ACattsk-ill,  in  Greene  county  New 
York 

Cavendish,  in  Windsor  county 
Vermont 

Cayuga,  a  county  of  New  York 

Caze7iovia,  in  Madison,  not  Che- 
nango county  New  York 

Cecil,  a  county  of  Maryland 

Chance 'ford,  Upper  and  Loiver,  in 
York  county,  Pennsylvania 

Champlaine,  in  Clinton  county 
Nc-'.v  Yoik 

Charlemonte  in  Hampshire  county 
Massachusetts 

Charles,  a  county  of  Maryland 

Charleston,  a  city  of  South  Carolina  24?  1 1 

Charlestoivn,  in  Washington  coun- 
ty Rhodt  Island 

Charlestoivn,  in  Cheshire  county 
New  Hampshire 

Charlestoivn,  in  Middlesex  county 
Massachusetts**^'* 

Cr  rhtte,  in  Chittenden  county 
\    mont  1679 


4941 

1275 

1094 

2203 

4010 

2392 

1290 

1812 

1526 

1353 

134# 

2491 
555500 
415115 
'  9453 
17544 
4190 

4823 

858 
1036 

1420 

T301 

4245 

1295 
29840 

3151 

13066 

1784 

1210 

987 
20245 


1174 


.1501 


4959 


Charlton,    in  Worcester  county 

Massachusetts  2180 

Charlton,  in  Saratoga  county  New 
York  1946 

Chatham,  in  Barnstable  county 
Massachusetts  1334 

Chatham,    in  Coos,   not  Grafton 

county  New  Hampshire  201 

Chatham,  in  Columbia  county  New 
York  3381 

Chatham,  in  Middlesex  county 
Connecticut  3258 

Chatham,  a  county  of  North  Caro- 
lina 12977 

Chelmsford,  in  Middlesex  county 
Massachusetts  1396 

Chelsea,  in  Suffolk  county  Massa- 
chusetts 594' 

Cheltenham  in  Montgomery  coun- 
ty Pennsylvania  k  783 

Chemung  >  not  Chemingo,  in  Tioga 
county  New  York  683 

Cherry -vallev,    in  Otsego  county 

New  York  2911 

Cheshire,  in  New  Haven  county 
Connecticut  2288. 

Chestiire,  in  Berks  county  Massa- 
chusetts 1315 

Chester,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania  39596 

Chester,  in  Windsor  county  Ver- 
mont 2370 

Chester,  in  Rockingham  county 
New  Hampshire  2030 

Chesterfield,  in  Cheshire  county 
New  Hampshire  1839 

Chesterfield,  in  Essex  county  New 
York  631 

Chesterfield^  a  county  of  Virginia  9979 

Chichester,  Upper  and  Loiver,  in 
Delaware  county  Pennsylvania  928 

Chilicothe,  in  Ross  county  Ohio  1369 

Chowan,  a  county  of  North  Caro- 
lina 5297 

Cincinati,  in  Hamilton  county  Ohio  2540 

Clair,  St.  in  Bedford  county  Penn- 
sylvania 1847 

Claremont,  in  Cheshire  county 
New  Hampshire  2094 

Clarendon,  in  Rutland  county  Ver- 
mont 1797 

Clermont,  in  Columbia  county  New 
Yoik  1090 

Clinton,  a  county  of  New  York  8032 

Clintjn,  in  Duchess  countv  New 
York  5494 

Cocalico,    in    Lancaster  county 

Pennsylvania  4024 

Cockbume,  in  Coos,  not  Grafton 
county  New  Hampshire  142 

Cache,  a  county  of  East  Tennes- 
see 5154 

Colchester,  in  New  London  county 
Connecticut  2697 


APPENDIX. 


Colebrooke,  in  Litchfield  county 
Connecticut 

Coleraine,  in  Hampshire  county 
Massachusetts 

Coleraine,  in  Lancaster  county 
Pennsylvania 

Coleraine,  in  Bedford  county  Penn- 
sylvania 

Columbia,  a  county  of  New  Yorfe 

Conine,  in  Berks  county  Pennsyl- 
vania 

Cmajohary,  in  Montgomery  coun- 
ty New  York 

Concord,  in  Delaware  county  Pen* 
s\ Ivania 

(foil  cord,    in  Middlesex 
Massachusetts 


1243 


2016 

834 

876 
52370 

2017 

4010 


county 
county 
county 


New  Hampshire 
Conestogoe,  in  Lancaster 

Pennsylvania 
Connecticut,  the  state  of 
Co?inelsville,   in   Fayette  county 

Pennsylvania 
Con-vcif,    in   Hampshire  county 
\  Massachusetts 

Conn-ay,  in  Strafford  county  Con- 
necticut 

Coopers' own,  in  Otsego  county 
New  York 

Corinth,  in  Orange  county  Ver- 
mont 

Cornish,  in  Cheshire  county  New 
Hampshire 

Cornish,  in  York  county  Maine 

Cornwall,  in  Litchfield  county 
Connecticut 

Cornwall,  in  Addison  county  Ver- 
mont 

Courtlandt,  in  Westchester  coun- 
ty New  York 

Coventry,  in  Chester  county  Penn- 
sylvania ..; 

Coventry,  in  Kent  county  Rhode 
Island 

Coventry,  in  Tolland  county  Con- 
necticut 

Coxsackie,  in  Greene  county  New 
York 

&oftmanst  in  Albany  county  New 
York 

Cranston,  in  Providence  county 

Rhode  Island 
Craven,  a  county  of  North  Carolina 
Crawford,  a  county  of  Pennsylva- 
nia 

Cross  creek,  in  Washington  county 

Pennsylvania 
Crown  plint,  in  Essex  county  New 

York  ' 
Culpepper,  aconnty  of  Virginia 
Cumberland,  a  county  of  Virginia 
Cumberland,  a  county  of  Pennsyl- 
vania 


1061 


163; 


239; 


1506 
261942 

498 

1784 

1080 

3962 

1876 

1606 
971 

1602 

1279 

3054 

1608 

2928 

1938 

4057 

3574 

2161 
12676 

6178 

1847 

1082 
18967 
9992 

26757 


Cumberland,   a  county   of  New 
Jfcpsey 

Cumberland,  a  county  of  Maine 
Cumberland,  a  county  of  North 
Carolina 

Cumberland,  a  county  of  Kentucky 
Cumberland,  in  Providence  county 

Rhode  Island 
Cashing-,  in  Lincoln  county  Maine 


12670 
42831 

9382 
6191 

2118 

532 


D 


Dalton,  in  Coos,  not  Grafton  coun- 
ty New  Hampshire  235 

Dalton,  in  Berkshire  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 779 

Danby,  in  Rutland  county  Ver- 
mont 1730 

Banbury,  in  Fairfield  county  Con- 

I  necticut  3606 

Danvers,  in  Essex  county  Massa- 
chusetts 3127 

Danville,  in  Mercer  county  Ken- 
tucky 432 

Danville,  in  Caledonia  county  Ver- 
mont ;    22*40  ■ 

Darby,  Upper  and  Lower,  in  Dela- 
ware county  Pennsylvania  2051 
Darlington,  a  county  "of  South  Ca- 
rolina 9047 
Dartmouth,  in  Bristol  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 3219 

Davidson,  a  countv  of  West  Tenes- 

se?  15608 

Dauphine,  a  county  of  Pennsyl- 
vania 31883 

Dedham,  in  Norfolk  county  Massa- 
chusetts 2172 
Deerfeld,  in  Hampshire  county 
Massachusetts  1570  * 

Deerfield,  in  Rockingham  county 

New  Hampshire  1851 

Delaware,  the  state  of  72674 

Delaware,  a  county  of  Pennsylva- 
nia 14734 

Delaware,  a  county  of  New  York  20313 

Dennis,    in    Barnstable  county 

|   Massachusetts  1739 

Derby,  in  New  Haven  county  Con- 
necticut 2051 

Derry,  in  Westmoreland  county 

Pennsylvania  2380 

De  liuyter,  in  Modison,  not  Che- 
nango county  New  York  1503 

Dickinson,  in  Cumberland  county 

Pennsylvania  '  1749 

Pi r /.ton,  in  Bristol  county  Massa- 
chusetts 1659 

Dinwiddie,  a  county  of  Virginia  12524 

Donegal,  In  Lancaster  county 
Pennsylvania  3516 


APPENDIX, 


Dorchester,  a  county  of  Maryland  18108 

Dorchester,  in  Norfolk  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 2930 

Dorset,  in  Bennington  county  Ver- 
mont 1294 

Dover,  in  Strafford  county  New 
Hampshire  2228 

Dover,  in  York  county  Pennsylva- 
nia 1882 

Dover,  in  Monmouth  county  New 

Jersey  1882 

Douglas,  in  Montgomery  county 

Pennsylvania  687 

Douglas,   in    Worcester  county 

Massachusetts  1142 

Dresden,  m  Lincoln  county  Maine  1096 

Dromore,    in    Lancaster  county 

Pennsylvania  1295 

Dry  den,  in  Cayuga  county  New 

York  1890 

Duanesburg,  in  Skenectady,  not  Al- 
bany county  New  York  3088 

Dublin,  Upper  and  Lower,  m  Phila- 
delphia and  Montgomery  coun- 
ties Pennsylvania  3244 

Dudley,  in  Worcester  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 1226 

Dummerion,  in  Windham  county- 
Vermont  1704 

Dummcr,   in   Coos   not  Grafton 

county  New  Hampshire  7 

Dunbar,  in  Fayette  county  Penn- 
sylvania ,2066 

Dunbarton,  in  Hillsborough  coun- 
ty New  Hampshire  1256 

Dunkard,  in  Greene  county  Penn- 
sylvania 1055 

Dunstable,  in  Hillsborough  county 
New  Hampshire  1049 
MDunstable,  in  Middlesex  county 

Massachusetts  475 

Duplin,  a  county  of  North  Carolina  7863 

Dwham,  in  Strafford  county  New 
Hampshire  1449 

Durham,  in  Middlesex,  not  New 

Haven  county  Connecticut  1101 

Durham,   in  Cumberland  county 

Maine  1772 

Durham,  in  Bucks  county  Penn- 
sylvania 404 

Dutchess,  a  county  of  New  York  51412 

Duxbury,  in  Plymouth,  county 
Massachusetts  2201 


E 


Earl,  in  Berks  county  Pennsyl- 
vania 

East  Greenwich,  in  Kent  county 
Rhode  IslandVj^v. 

East  Haddam,  in  Middlesex  coun- 
ty Connecticut 


'94 


1530 


251 


Eastham,  .in  Barnstable  county 

Massachusetts  751 

East  Hampton,  in  Hampshire  coun- 
ty Massachusetts  660 

East  Haven,  in  New  Haven  county 

Connecticut  1209 

Easton,  in  Northampton  county 

Pennsylvania  1657 

Easton,  in  Bristol  county  Massa- 
chusetts 1557 

Easton,   in  Washington  county 

New  York  3253 

Eastport,  in  Washington  county 

Maine  1511 

Edgartawn,  in  Duke's  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 1365 

Edgmont,    in   Delaware  county 

Pennsylvania  611 

Edgecombe,  a  county  in  North  Ca- 
rolina 12423 

Edgefield,  a  county  in  South  Ca- 
rolina 23160 

Effingham,  a  county  in  Georgia  2586 

Elbert,  a  county  in  Georg  ia  12156 

Enfield,  in  Hartford  county  Con- 
necticut 1846 

Enfield,  in  Grafton  county  New 

Hampshire  1291 

Enosburg,  in  Franklin  county  Ver- 
mont 704 

Epping,   in  Rockingham  county 

New  Hampshire  11S2 

Epsom,  in  Rockingham  county 
.New  Hampshire  1156 

Essex,  a  county  in  New  Jersey  25984 

Eseex,  a  county  in  Virginia  9376 

Essex,  a  county  ifr  Massachusetts  71888 

Essex,  a  counly  in  Vermont  #  30087 

Essex,  a  county  in  New  York  ^525 

Elizabeth  to-urn,  in  Essex  county 
New  York  1362 

Elizabeth  city,  a  county  in  Virginia  3608 

Elizabeth,   in  Allegheny  county 

Perm  sylvan  ia  2368 

Evesham,   in  Burlington  county 

New  Jersey  3445 

Exeter,  in  Rockingham  county 

New  Hampshire  1759 

Exeter,  in  Washington,  not  Kent 

county  Rhode  Island  2256 

Exeter,  in  Otsego  county  New 

f  York  1420 

Exeter,  in  Berks  county  Pennsyl- 
vania 1194 


Fabius,  in  Onondago  county  New 

York  1865 
Fairfax,  a  county  in  Virginia  13111 
Fairfax,  in  Franklin  couWty  Ver- 
mont 1301 


APPENDIX. ' 


Fairfield,  in  Fairfield  county  Con- 
necticut ^125 

Fairfield,  a  county  in  Connecticut  40950 

Fairfield^  a  county  in  South  Ca- 
rolina 11857 

Fairfield,  in  Herkimer  county  New 

York  2705 

Fairhave?i,  in  Rutland  county  Ver- 
mont "  645 

Fallowfield,    East  and    West,  I  in 

Chester  county  Pennsylvania  2147 

Falmouth,  in  Barnstable  county 

Massachusetts  2237 

Falmouth,  in  Cumberland  county 
|Maine  i  4105 

Fannet,  in  Franklin  county  Penn- 
sylvania ' •  1398 

Faquier,  a  county  in  Virginia  22689 

Farmington,  in  Kennebec  county 

Maine  1639 

Farmington,  in  Hartford  county 
Connecticut  2748 

Farmington,    in   Ontario  county 

New  York  1908 

Fuion^  in  York  county  Pennsyl- 
vania .  1402 

'Fayette,  in  Kennebec  county  Maine  804 

Fayette,  a  county  in  Kentucky  21370 

Fayette,  a  county  in  Pennsylvania  24714 

Fermanagh,    in    Mifflin  county 

Pennsylvania  1954 

Ferrisbiirg,    in   Addison  county 

Vermont  1647 

Finley,    in    Washington  county 

Pennsylvania  1636 

Fire  place,  in  Suffolk  county  New 
Yflrk^  ■ 

Fashing -creek,  in  Northumberland 

county  Pennsylvania  628 

Fishkill,  in  Dutchess  county  New 

York  6930 

Fitzhbnrg,  not  Fitchburg,  in  Wor- 
cester county  Massachusetts  1566 

Fitz-William,  in  Cheshire  county 

New  Hampshire  1301 

Flatbicsh,   in  Kings  county  New 

York  1159 

Fleming,  a  county  in  Kentueky  8947 

Florida,   in  Montgomery  county 

New  York  2777 

Flmhing,  in  Queen's  county  New 

York  223: n 

Fluvanna,  a  county  in  Virginia  4775 

Fordham,  in  West  Chester  county 
New  York 

Fort  Ed-ward,  in  Washington 
county  ]Sew  York 

Fort  George,  in  Washington  coun- 
ty New  York 

Foster,     in    Providence  county 

Rhode  Island  2613 

Foxborough,  in  Norfolk  county 
Massachusetts  870 


Framivgham,  in  Middlesex  county  * 
Massachusetts  1670 

Francistown,  in  Hillsboro'  county  '***'' 
New  Hampshire  1451 

Franconip^  'm  Montgomery  county 
«  Pennsylvania  656 

Frankfort,  in  Philadelphia  county 

Pennsylvania  1233 

Frankfurt,    in    Hancock  county 

M;.ine  1493 

Frankfort,'  in    Herkimer  county 
New  York 

Franklin,  a  county  in  Pennsylvania 

Franklin,  a  county  in  Virginia 

Frank-it  own,  in  Huntington  county 
Pennsylvania 

Frankfort,  in  Franklin  county  Ken- 
tucky 

Franklin,  a  county  in  Kentucky 
Frederick,  a  county  in  Virginia 
Frederick,  a  county  in  Maryland 
Freehold,  in  Monmouth  county 
^  New  Jersey 

Freeport,  in  Cumberland  county 
Maine 

Freetown,  in  Bristol  county  Massa- 
chuset  s 

Freybnrg,  in   Oxford,  not  York 
■    county  Maine 


Galliopolis,  in  Gallia  county  Ohio  44J 
Gal-way,  in  Saratoga  jcounty  New 

York  270^ 
Garard,  a  county  in  Kentucky  91 8£ 
Gardner,    in   Worcester  county 

Massachusetts  81' 
Garratsville,    in   Otsego  county 

New  York 
Gates,  a  county  in  North  Carolina  596^ 
Genesee,  a  county  of  New  York  1264< 
Geneva,  in  Ontario  county  New 

York 

Georgetown,  in  Lincoln  county 
Maine  199* 

Georgetown,  in  Scott  county  Ken- 
tucky 52<j 

Georgia,  the  state  of  25243!; 

Georgia,  in  Franklin  county  Ver- 
n.o.,,  176C 

German  Flats,  in  Herkimer  coun- 
ty New  Yo,  k  2228 

Germantown.  in  Philadelphia  coun- 

u  Pennsylvania  424!: 

Gerniuntown,  in  Columbia  county 
New  York  69C 

Gerry,  in  Worcester  county  Mas- 
s  cn.jseits  83S 

Getiisburg,  in  Adams  county  Penn- 
sylvania 


APPENDIX. 


Oilman  town,  in  StrafFdrd  county- 
New  Hampshire  4338 

Glastonbury,   in  Hartford  county 
Connecticut  2766 

G-anville,  not  Glenville,  in  Wash- 
ing" on  county  New  York  3717 

Gloucester,  in  Essex  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 5943 

Gloucester,  a  county  of  Virginia  10427 

Gloucester,  in  Providence  coun- 
ty Rhode  Island  2310 

Gloucester,  a  county  of  New  Jersey  19744 

Goffstown,  in  Hillsborough  county 
New  Hampshire  2000 

Goochland,  a.  county  in  Virginia  10203 

Goldsborough,  in  Hancock  county 
Maine  471 

Gorluim,   in  Cumberland  county 
Maine  2632 

Goshen,   in  Orange  county  New 
York  _  3155 

Goshen,  in  Hampshire  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 652 

Goshen,  in  Litchfield  county  Con- 
necticut 1641 

Goshen,  in  Chester  county  Penn- 
sylvania 1273 

Grafton,  a  county  in  New  Hamp- 
shire 23462 

Grafton,  in  Grafton  county  New 

,  Hampshire  931 

Graf  on,    in   Worcester  county 
Massachusetts  946 

Granby,    in    Hamps  are  county 

Massachusetts       Mfe  85o 

Granby,  in  Hartford  county  Con- 
necticut 2696 

Granville,  in  Washington  county 
ANcw  York  3717 
^/pranville,  in  Hampshire  county 

-  Massachusetts  1504 

Granville,  a  countv  of  North  Ca- 
rolina 15576 

Grayson,  a  county  in  Virginia  4941 

Great   Bcrrington,   in  Berkshire 
coumy  Massachusetts         «g  1784 

Gree,r  m  Kennebec  county  Maine  1277 

Green,  a  county  in  Pennsylvania  12544 

Greene,  a  county  i:.  New  York  19536 

Greene,?  count\  inNoi*th  0ai  )lina  4867 

Greenbrier,  a  cou-tv  in  Virginia  5914 

Greenbnsh.  in  Renssallaer  county 
New  York  4458 

Greenfield,  in  Hampshire  county 
Massachusetts  1165 

Greenfield,   in   Saratoga  county 
New  York  3087 

Green,  in  Franklin  county  Penn- 
sylvania 1497 

Qreensburg,    in  Westmoreland 
county  Pennsylvania  685 

Greemburg,  in  Green  county  Ken- 
tucky 132 


Greenville,  in  Mecklenburg  County 

Kentucky 
Greenville,  a  county  in  South  Ca- 

rolinia 

Greenwich,  in  Fairfield  county  Con- 
necticut 

Greenwich,  in  Hampshire  county 
Massachusetts 

Greenwich,  in  Berks  county  Penn- 
sylvania 

Greenwich  East,  in  Kent  county 
Rhode  Island 

Greenwood,  in  Mifflin  county 
Pennsylvania 

Groton,  in  Middlesex  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 

Groton,  in  New  London  county 

.  Connecticut 

Greenwich,  in  Sussex  county  New 
Jersey 

Guildford,  in  New  Haven  county 
Connecticut 

Guildford,  a  county  in  North  Ca- 
rolina 

Guildford,   in   Windham  county 

Vermont 
Guildford,    in    Franklin  county 

Pennsylvania 


H 


Hack  hi  sack,  in  Bergen  county  New 

Jersey 

ILiddam,  in  Middlesex  county 
Connecticut  ^ 

Hadley.  in  Hampshire  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 

Halifax,  a  district  in  North  Caro- 
lina 

Tfjlifax,  a  county  in  Virginia 
Halifax,  in  Windham  county  Ver- 
%  mont 

Holluv^  in  York  county  Penhsyt- 

.-.nia 

Hallowed,  in  Kennebec  county 
Maine 

Halifax,  a  county  in  North  Caro- 
lina 

Hamilton,  in  Essex  county  Massa- 

t-khusc  tts 

Hamilton,  in  Albany  county  New 
York 

Hi  milt  on,  in  Madison,  not  Chenan- 
go county  New  York 

Ifomilton,  in  Franklin  county  Penn- 
s  ivania 

Hamilton,  a  county  in  Ohio  state 

tumilton,  a  district  in  East  Te- 
nessoe 

Hamilton's  ban,  in  Adam's  county 

Pennsylvania 
Hampden,  in  Hancock  county  Maine 
5  H 


75 
13133 
3533 
1225 
1104 
1530 
1182 
1886 
4451 
2528 
3845 
11420 
1872 
1961 


1918 

2205 

'1247 

75550 
22133 

1758 

1410 

2068 
15620 


2220 

1263 
15258 

42465 
1279 


APPENDIX. , 


Hampshire,  a  county  in  Virginia  9784 

Hampshire,  a  county  in  Massachu- 
setts 76275 

Hampshire  J\"ew,  the  state  of  214360 

Hampsteadi  in  Rockingham  county 

New  Hampshire  738 

Hampton,  in  Washington  county 

New  York  820 

Hampton,  in  "Windham  county  Con- 
necticut 1274 

Hampton,   in  Rockingham  county 

New  Hampshire  990 

Hancock,  a  county  in  Georgia  13330 

Hancock,  in  Berkshire  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 1049 

Hancock,  a  county  in  Maine  30031 

Hanover,  a  county  in  Virginia  151)82 

Hanover,  in  Luzerne  county  Penn- 
sylvania 635 

Hanover,  in  Plymouth  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 1171 

Hanover,  in  Grafton  county  New 

Hampshire  2135 

Harden,*,  county  in  Kentucky  7531 

Hardwicke,  in  Worcester  county 

Massachusetts  1657 

Hardy,  a  county  in  Virginia  5525 

Hartford,  in  Hartford  county  Conr 

necticut  3945 

Hartford,  a  county  in  Connecticut  44733 

Harford,  a  county  in  Maryland  21258 

Harper sf> 'eld,  in  Delaware  county 

New"  York  16$1 

Harrisburgh,  in  Dauphin  county 

Pennsylvania  2287 

JIartland,  in  Windsor  county  Ver- 
mont 2352 

Harvard,    in   Worcester  county 

Massachusetts  1431 

Harwich,   in  Barnstable  county 

Massachusetts  1942 

Harwington,  in  Litchfield  county 

Connecticut  1718 

Ilaverford,   in   Delaware   county  ^ 
Pennsylvania  754 

Ifaverhilf,  in  Essex  county  Massa- 
chusetts 2682 

Haverhill,  in  Grafton  county  New 

Hampshire  '  1105 

Haycock,  in  Bucks  county  Penn- 
sylvania 8"6 

Hebron,  in  Tolland  county  Con- 
necticut 2002 

Hbron,    in    Washington  county 
New  York  2436 

llcmpfeht,    in   Lancaster  county 

Pennsylvania  3431 

Hempfield,  in  Westmoreland  coun- 
ty Pennsylvania  3444 

Hempstead,  on  Long  Island,  New 

York  3804 

Henderson,  a  county  in  Kentucky  4073 

tfenrko,  a  county  in  Virginia  9945 

jfenry,  a  county  in  Kentucky  0777 


Herkimer,  a  county  in  New  York     22060  • 

Hillsborough,  a  district  in  North 

Carolina  94285 

Hillsborough,   a  county  in  New 

Hampshire  49149 

Hillsborough,  in  HillsborV  county 

New  Hampshire  1592 

JLllsdale,  in  Columbia  county  New  r 
York  4182 

Hilltown,  in  Bucks  county  Pennsyl- 
vania 1335 

Hinesburg,   in  Chittenden  county 

Vermont  1238 

Hingham,    in    Plymouth  county 

Massachusetts  #k  2382 

Hofden,  in  Worcester  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 1072 

Holder ness,  in  Grafton  county  New 

Hampshire  835 

Holies,    in   Hillsborough  county 

New  Hampshire  1529 

Hoosack,    in    Renssallaer  county 

New  York  3117 

Hopewell,    in    Hunterdon  county 

New  Jersey  2565 

Hopewell,  in  York  cpunty  Pennsyl- 
vania 1577 

Hopewell,   in  Washington  county 

Pennsylvania       .       ,  2193 

Hopkinton,  in  Hillsborough  county 

New  Hampshire  2216 

Hopkinton,  in  AVashington  county 

Rhode  Island  1774 

Horsham,  in  Montgomery  county 

Pennsylvania   |  938 

Hubbardstown,  in  Worcester  couo-' 

'    ty  Massachusetts  1127 

Hudson,  in  Columbia  county  New 

York  4048 

Hunterdon,  a  county  in  New  Jersey  24553; 

Huntingdon,  a  county  in  Pennsyl- 
vania 14778 

Huntingdon,  in  Chittenden  county 

Vermont  514 

Huntingdon,  in   Fairfield  county 

Connecticut  2770 

Huntingdon,  in  Suffolk  county  New 
York  4424 

Huntsburg,    in   Franklin  county 
Vermont 

Hyde,  a  county  in  North  Carolina  6029 


IJ 


Jamaica,  in  Queen's  county  New 

York  21 1Q 

James  city,  a  county  in  Virginia  4094 
Jay,  in  Essex  county  New  York  1164 
Jefferson,  a  county  hi  Georgia  6111 
Jefferson,  a  county  in  Kentucky  13399 
Jcffersons  a  county  in  Ohio  17260 


APPENDIX. 


Jefferson,  a  county  in  Virginia  11851 
Jefferson,  a  county  in  New  York  15144 
Jericho,  in  Chenango  county  New 

York  1608 
Jersey  JVetv,  the  state  of  245562 
Jerusalem,  in  Ontario  county  New 

York 

Johnston,  in  Montgomery  county 
New  York 

Ipswich,  in  Essex  county  Massa- 
chusetts 

Islip,  in  Suffolk  county  New  York 


K 


Keen,  in  Cheshire  county  New 

Hampshire 
Kinderhook,  in  Columbia  county 

New  York 
Kingston,  in  Rockingham  county 

New  Hampshire 
Kingston,  in  Ulster  county  New 

York  ,  * 


450 

6225 

3569 
885 


1646 


3709 
746 


5760 


Kort-vright,  in  Delaware  coujity 
New  York  299C 


Tjcmcaster,  in  Coos,  not  Grafton 

county  New  Hampshire  717 

Lancsboro*  in   Berkshire  county 

Massachusetts  1303 

Lansinburg,  in  Renssallaer  county 

New  York  1658 

Laurens,-  a  county  in  South  Caro- 
lina 14982 

TJmington,  in  York  county  Maine  1774 

Lenox,  in  Berkshire  county  Mas- 
sachusetts 1310 

Leominster  in  Worcester  county 

Massachusetts  1584 

Lexoistotvn,  in  Lincoln  county  Maine  1033 

Le-wistoicn,  in  Mifflin  county  Penn- 
sylvania 474 

Lexington,  in  Fayette  county  Ken- 
tucky ^  4326 


THE  END 


0 


